[{"question": "Compounds that are capable of accepting electrons, such as o 2 or f2, are called what?", "context": "Oxidants and Reductants Compounds that are capable of accepting electrons, such as O 2 or F2, are calledoxidants (or oxidizing agents) because they can oxidize other compounds. In the process of accepting electrons, an oxidant is reduced. Compounds that are capable of donating electrons, such as sodium metal or cyclohexane (C6H12), are calledreductants (or reducing agents) because they can cause the reduction of another compound. In the process of donating electrons, a reductant is oxidized. These relationships are summarized in Equation 3.30: Equation 3.30 Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. | Options: oxidants|antioxidants|Oxygen|residues", "answer": "oxidants", "id": "sciq_extra_0", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term in biotechnology means a genetically exact copy of an organism?", "context": "But transgenic animals just have one novel gene. What about an animal with a whole new genome? Could a clone , a genetically exact copy of an organism, be developed using techniques associated with biotechnology? It could be argued that human cloning is one of the inevitable outcomes of modern biotechnology. It \"simply\" involves the removal of the nucleus from a somatic cell and its placement into an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed. This new cell would mimic the zygote, the first diploid cell of a new organism. This new zygote is allowed to become established, and a few days later is placed into the uterus of a surrogate mother. Theoretically this would result in an individual genetically identical to the donor. Obviously, there are many ethical and legal issues associated with human cloning, and of course, it is not a \"simple\" procedure. But animal cloning is arguably a different story. | Options: clone|adult|male|phenotype", "answer": "clone", "id": "sciq_extra_1", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vertebrata are characterized by the presence of what?", "context": "Figure 29.7 Vertebrata are characterized by the presence of a backbone, such as the one that runs through the middle of this fish. All vertebrates are in the Craniata clade and have a cranium. (credit: Ernest V. More; taken at Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. | Options: backbone|Bones|Muscles|Thumbs", "answer": "backbone", "id": "sciq_extra_2", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the height above or below sea level called?", "context": "As you know, the surface of Earth is not flat. Some places are high, and some places are low. For example, mountain ranges like the Sierra Nevada in California or the Andes in South America are high above the surrounding areas. An accurate location must take into account the third dimension. Elevation is the height above or below sea level. Sea level refers to the height of the ocean’s surface. This is the midpoint between high and low tide. Sea level can vary from place to place, but scientists base their elevation measurements on the average, or mean, sea level to make sure they have a standard reference point. | Options: elevation|depth|latitude|variation", "answer": "elevation", "id": "sciq_extra_3", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ice cores, varves and what else indicate the environmental conditions at the time of their creation?", "context": "Tree rings, ice cores, and varves indicate the environmental conditions at the time they were made. | Options: tree rings|mountain ranges|fossils|magma", "answer": "tree rings", "id": "sciq_extra_4", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What chemical signals in plants control different processes?", "context": "Plant hormones are chemical signals that control different processes in plants. | Options: plant hormones|produce hormones|nitrogen hormones|Human Hormones", "answer": "plant hormones", "id": "sciq_extra_5", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Meiosis is part of the process of gametogenesis, which is the production of what?", "context": "Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis) Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, involves the process of meiosis. During meiosis, two nuclear divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the nucleus and then separate the chromatids that were made during an earlier stage of the cell’s life cycle. Meiosis and its associated cell divisions produces haploid cells with half of each pair of chromosomes normally found in diploid cells. The production of sperm is called spermatogenesis and the production of eggs is called oogenesis. Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis occurs in the wall of the seminiferous tubules, with the most primitive cells at the periphery of the tube and the most mature sperm at the lumen of the tube (Figure 18.14). Immediately under the capsule of the tubule are diploid, undifferentiated cells. These stem cells, each called a spermatogonium (pl. spermatogonia), go through mitosis to produce one cell that remains as a stem cell and a second cell called a primary spermatocyte that will undergo meiosis to produce sperm. The diploid primary spermatocyte goes through meiosis I to produce two haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes. Each secondary spermatocyte divides after meiosis II to produce two cells called spermatids. The spermatids eventually reach the lumen of the tubule and grow a flagellum, becoming sperm cells. Four sperm result from each primary spermatocyte that goes through meiosis. | Options: sperm and eggs|chromosomes|egg only|sperm on", "answer": "sperm and eggs", "id": "sciq_extra_6", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which type of tree is dominant in temperate forests?", "context": "Figure 44.18 Deciduous trees are the dominant plant in the temperate forest. (credit: Oliver Herold). | Options: deciduous|vines|fungus|shrubs", "answer": "deciduous", "id": "sciq_extra_7", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of viscosity is found in long-chain hydrocarbons?", "context": "There is also a correlation between viscosity and molecular shape. Liquids consisting of long, flexible molecules tend to have higher viscosities than those composed of more spherical or shorter-chain molecules. The longer the molecules, the easier it is for them to become “tangled” with one another, making it more difficult for them to move past one another. London dispersion forces also increase with chain length. Due to a combination of these two effects, long-chain hydrocarbons (such as motor oils) are highly viscous. | Options: highly viscous|increased viscosity|low viscosity|intense viscosity", "answer": "highly viscous", "id": "sciq_extra_8", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions in this?", "context": "Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions in a regular array. The lattice energy (U) of an ionic substance is defined as the energy required to dissociate the solid into gaseous ions; U can be calculated from the charges on the ions, the arrangement of the ions in the solid, and the internuclear distance. Because U depends on the product of the ionic charges, substances with dior tripositive cations and/or di- or trinegative anions tend to have higher lattice energies than their singly charged counterparts. Higher lattice energies typically result in higher melting points and increased hardnessbecause more thermal energy is needed to overcome the forces that hold the ions together. Lattice energies cannot be measured directly but are obtained from a thermochemical cycle called the Born–Haber cycle, in which Hess’s law is used to calculate the lattice energy from the measured enthalpy of formation of the ionic compound, along with other thermochemical data. The Born–Haber cycle can be used to predict which ionic compounds are likely to form. Sublimation, the conversion of a solid directly to a gas, has an accompanying enthalpy change called the enthalpy of sublimation. | Options: regular array|incorrect array|normal array|occasional array", "answer": "regular array", "id": "sciq_extra_9", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "About how tall can mid-ocean ridges be?", "context": "Besides seamounts, there are long, very tall (about 2 km) mountain ranges. These ranges are connected so that they form huge ridge systems called mid-ocean ridges ( Figure below ). The mid-ocean ridges form from volcanic eruptions. Lava from inside Earth breaks through the crust and creates the mountains. | Options: about 2 km|about 2 meters|about 2 feet|2 inches", "answer": "about 2 km", "id": "sciq_extra_10", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are by far the most common type of invertebrate?", "context": "This Monarch caterpillar is an invertebrate. It is also an insect and an arthropod. Of all the animal species, it is estimated that well over 90% are invertebrates. Of all invertebrates, the insects are by far the most numerous. There are so many species of insects that scientists have yet to discover them all, let alone name or count them. Estimates of the total number of insect species fall in the range of 1 to 30 million. So, it helps if there are methods to classify not just the insects, but all invertebrates. | Options: insects|spiders|crustaceans|corals", "answer": "insects", "id": "sciq_extra_11", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do waves deposit to form sandbars and barrier islands?", "context": "Waves may also deposit sediments to form sandbars and barrier islands . You can see examples of these landforms in Figure below . | Options: sediments|magma|organisms|glaciers", "answer": "sediments", "id": "sciq_extra_12", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Penis, testes, and epididymis are organs in what system?", "context": "Male reproductive organs include the penis, testes, and epididymis. | Options: male reproductive system|virus reproductive system​|plant reproductive system​|female reproductive system​", "answer": "male reproductive system", "id": "sciq_extra_13", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Only about one percent of plants have lost what ability, turning them into consumers and even predators, instead of producers?", "context": "Almost all plants make food by photosynthesis . Only about 1 percent of the estimated 300,000 species of plants have lost the ability to photosynthesize. These other species are consumers, many of them predators. How do plants prey on other organisms? The Venus fly trap in Figure below shows one way this occurs. | Options: photosynthesis|flowering|rooting|growth", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_14", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How does a neon light produce visible light?", "context": "A neon light produces visible light by electroluminescence. The bulb is a glass tube that contains the noble gas neon. When electricity passes through the gas, it excites electrons of neon atoms, causing them to give off visible light. Neon produces red light. Other noble gases are also used in lights, and they produce light of different colors. For example, krypton produces violet light, and argon produces blue light. | Options: electroluminescence|luminescence|radiation|mitosis", "answer": "electroluminescence", "id": "sciq_extra_15", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The bird ancestor that lived in trees developed what feature commonly associated with birds?", "context": "Wings evolved in a bird ancestor that lived in trees. Thus, wings are modified arms that helped the animal glide from branch to branch. | Options: wings|tails|webbed feet|beaks", "answer": "wings", "id": "sciq_extra_16", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do most living things use to make atp from glucose?", "context": "Today, most living things use oxygen to make ATP from glucose. However, many living things can also make ATP without oxygen. This is true of some plants and fungi and also of many bacteria. These organisms use aerobic respiration when oxygen is present, but when oxygen is in short supply, they use anaerobic respiration instead. Certain bacteria can only use anaerobic respiration. In fact, they may not be able to survive at all in the presence of oxygen. | Options: oxygen|enzymes|carbon|nitrogen", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_17", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the two most common silicates?", "context": "Feldspar and quartz are the two most common silicates. In beryl, the silicate pyramids join together as rings. Biotite is mica. It can be broken apart into thin, flexible sheets. Compare the beryl and the biotite shown in Figure below . | Options: feldspar and quartz|Olivine and quartz|Micas\t and feldspar|Micas\t and quartz", "answer": "feldspar and quartz", "id": "sciq_extra_18", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term means the amount of water vapor in the air?", "context": "Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. High humidity increases the chances of clouds and precipitation. | Options: humidity|temperature|pressure|ambient", "answer": "humidity", "id": "sciq_extra_19", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Paracrine signals move by what method through the extracellular matrix?", "context": "Paracrine Signaling Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals. Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix. These types of signals usually elicit quick responses that last only a short amount of time. In order to keep the response localized, paracrine ligand molecules are normally quickly degraded by enzymes or removed by neighboring cells. Removing the signals will reestablish the concentration gradient for the signal, allowing them to quickly diffuse through the intracellular space if released again. One example of paracrine signaling is the transfer of signals across synapses between nerve cells. A nerve cell consists of a cell body, several short, branched extensions called dendrites that receive stimuli, and a long extension called an axon, which transmits signals to other nerve cells or muscle cells. The junction between nerve cells where signal transmission occurs is called a synapse. A synaptic signal is a chemical signal that travels between nerve cells. Signals within the nerve cells are propagated by fast-moving electrical impulses. When these impulses reach the end of the axon, the signal continues on to a dendrite of the next cell by the release of chemical ligands called neurotransmitters by the presynaptic cell (the cell emitting the signal). The neurotransmitters are transported across the very small distances between nerve cells, which are called chemical synapses (Figure 9.3). The sma", "answer": "diffusion", "id": "sciq_extra_20", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Presence of a cell wall, large central vacuole, and organelles called plastids distinguish what type of cell?", "context": "All but one of the structures described above are found in plant cells as well as animal cells. The only exception is centrioles, which are not found in plant cells. Plant cells have three additional structures that are not found in animals cells. These include a cell wall, large central vacuole, and organelles called plastids. You can see these structures in the model of a plant cell in Figure below . You can also see them in the interactive plant cell at this link:. | Options: plant|animal|reproductive|heterotroph", "answer": "plant", "id": "sciq_extra_21", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens when mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin?", "context": "Mammals raise their hair with tiny muscles in the skin. Even humans automatically contract these muscles when they are cold. They cause “goosebumps,” as shown here. | Options: goosebumps|bleeding|balding|bruising", "answer": "goosebumps", "id": "sciq_extra_22", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are people with osteoporosis at increased risk of?", "context": "For a long time, scientists considered fungi to be members of the plant kingdom because they have obvious similarities with plants. Both fungi and plants are immobile, have cell walls, and grow in soil. Some fungi, such as lichens , even look like plants (see Figure below ). | Options: bone fractures|epilepsy|senility|growth spurt", "answer": "bone fractures", "id": "sciq_extra_23", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where is energy stored in a chemical substance?", "context": "energy that is stored in the connections between atoms in a chemical substance. | Options: between atoms|on the surface|in molecules|inside atoms", "answer": "between atoms", "id": "sciq_extra_24", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "By the year 2050, 25 percent of the population of the united states will be 60 years of age or older. the cdc estimates that 80 percent of those 60 years and older have one or more chronic disease associated with deficiencies of this?", "context": "Immune System By the year 2050, 25 percent of the population of the United States will be 60 years of age or older. The CDC estimates that 80 percent of those 60 years and older have one or more chronic disease associated with deficiencies of the immune systems. This loss of immune function with age is called immunosenescence. To treat this growing population, medical professionals must better understand the aging process. One major cause of age-related immune deficiencies is thymic involution, the shrinking of the thymus gland that begins at birth, at a rate of about three percent tissue loss per year, and continues until 35–45 years of age, when the rate declines to about one percent loss per year for the rest of one’s life. At that pace, the total loss of thymic epithelial tissue and thymocytes would occur at about 120 years of age. Thus, this age is a theoretical limit to a healthy human lifespan. Thymic involution has been observed in all vertebrate species that have a thymus gland. Animal studies have shown that transplanted thymic grafts between inbred strains of mice involuted according to the age of the donor and not of the recipient, implying the process is genetically programmed. There is evidence that the thymic microenvironment, so vital to the development of naïve T cells, loses thymic epithelial cells according to the decreasing expression of the FOXN1 gene with age. It is also known that thymic involution can be altered by hormone levels. Sex hormones such as ", "answer": "immune system", "id": "sciq_extra_25", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Upon death of an organism, during composition, what returns to the soil as ammonium ions?", "context": "When organisms die and decompose, their nitrogen is returned to the soil as ammonium ions. Nitrifying bacteria change some of the ammonium ions into nitrates. | Options: nitrogen|potasium|calcium|hydrogen", "answer": "nitrogen", "id": "sciq_extra_26", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most insects reproduce quickly and through what type of reproduction?", "context": "Most insects can reproduce very quickly within a short period of time. With a short generation time, they evolve faster and can quickly adjust to environmental changes. Most insects reproduce by sexual reproduction . The female produces eggs, which are fertilized by the male, and then the eggs are usually placed near the required food. In some insects, there is asexual reproduction during which the offspring come from a single parent. In this type of reproduction, the offspring are almost identical to the mother. This is most often seen in aphids and scale insects. | Options: sexual reproduction|spores|photosynthesis|asexual reproduction", "answer": "sexual reproduction", "id": "sciq_extra_27", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Digestion of proteins begins with acids in what organ?", "context": "24.4 Protein Metabolism Digestion of proteins begins in the stomach, where HCl and pepsin begin the process of breaking down proteins into their constituent amino acids. As the chyme enters the small intestine, it mixes with bicarbonate and digestive enzymes. The bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic HCl, and the digestive enzymes break down the proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. Digestive hormones secretin and CCK are released from the small intestine to aid in digestive processes, and digestive proenzymes are released from the pancreas (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen). Enterokinase, an enzyme located in the wall of the small intestine, activates trypsin, which in turn activates chymotrypsin. These enzymes liberate the individual amino acids that are then transported via sodium-amino acid transporters across the intestinal wall into the cell. The amino acids are then transported into the bloodstream for dispersal to the liver and cells throughout the body to be used to create new proteins. When in excess, the amino acids are processed and stored as glucose or ketones. The nitrogen waste that is liberated in this process is converted to urea in the urea acid cycle and eliminated in the urine. In times of starvation, amino acids can be used as an energy source and processed through the Krebs cycle. | Options: stomach|colon|liver|brain", "answer": "stomach", "id": "sciq_extra_28", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Many species of rotifers exhibit haplodiploidy, which is a method of what?", "context": "Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/rotifers) to see rotifers feeding. Rotifers are pseudocoelomates commonly found in fresh water and some salt water environments throughout the world. Figure 28.17 shows the anatomy of a rotifer belonging to class Bdelloidea. About 2,200 species of rotifers have been identified. Rotifers are dioecious organisms (having either male or female genitalia) and exhibit sexual dimorphism (males and females have different forms). Many species are parthenogenic and exhibit haplodiploidy, a method of gender determination in which a fertilized egg develops into a female and an unfertilized egg develops into a male. In many dioecious species, males are short-lived and smaller with no digestive system and a single testis. Females can produce eggs that are capable of dormancy for protection during harsh environmental conditions. | Options: gender determination|circulation|digestion|respiration", "answer": "gender determination", "id": "sciq_extra_29", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most abundant metal of the earth's crust?", "context": "Metals represent approximately 25% of the elemental makeup of the Earth's crust. The bulk of these metals, primarily aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, are typically found in combined form. The most abundant metal is aluminum, which occurs almost exclusively as the ionic mineral bauxite. The other most common metals, including iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, are also found primarily as the cationic portion of an ionic compound. Very few metals actually occur naturally as pure substances. The ones that do are often referred to as precious or semi-precious metals. | Options: aluminum|calcium|copper|magnetite", "answer": "aluminum", "id": "sciq_extra_30", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter?", "context": "The total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter is called thermal energy. | Options: thermal energy|heavy energy|mechanical energy|Newton's energy", "answer": "thermal energy", "id": "sciq_extra_31", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the eye allows light to enter?", "context": "Take-Home Experiment: The Pupil Look at the central transparent area of someone’s eye, the pupil, in normal room light. Estimate the diameter of the pupil. Now turn off the lights and darken the room. After a few minutes turn on the lights and promptly estimate the diameter of the pupil. What happens to the pupil as the eye adjusts to the room light? Explain your observations. The eye can detect an impressive amount of detail, considering how small the image is on the retina. To get some idea of how small the image can be, consider the following example. | Options: pupil|eyelid|retina|iris", "answer": "pupil", "id": "sciq_extra_32", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The body cannot sustain for very long the bursts of energy mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones associated with what stress response?", "context": "Watch this Discovery Channel animation (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/adrenaline) describing the flight-or-flight response. Long-term Stress Response Long-term stress response differs from short-term stress response. The body cannot sustain the bursts of energy mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine for long times. Instead, other hormones come into play. In a long-term stress response, the hypothalamus triggers the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland. The adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH to release steroid hormones called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids turn on transcription of certain genes in the nuclei of target cells. They change enzyme concentrations in the cytoplasm and affect cellular metabolism. There are two main corticosteroids: glucocorticoids such as cortisol, and mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. These hormones target the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in the adipose tissue. The fatty acids are released into the bloodstream for other tissues to use for ATP production. The glucocorticoids primarily affect glucose metabolism by stimulating glucose synthesis. Glucocorticoids also have anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of the immune system. For example, cortisone is used as an anti-inflammatory medication; however, it cannot be used long term as it increases susceptibility to disease due to its immune-suppressing effects. Mineralocorticoids function to regulate ion and water balance of the body. The hormone aldosterone st", "answer": "fight-or-flight", "id": "sciq_extra_33", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system enters the brain stem and influences activity in the cerebellum, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex?", "context": "14.2 Central Processing Sensory input to the brain enters through pathways that travel through either the spinal cord (for somatosensory input from the body) or the brain stem (for everything else, except the visual and olfactory systems) to reach the diencephalon. In the diencephalon, sensory pathways reach the thalamus. This is necessary for all sensory systems to reach the cerebral cortex, except for the olfactory system that is directly connected to the frontal and temporal lobes. The two major tracts in the spinal cord, originating from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, are the dorsal column system and the spinothalamic tract. The major differences between the two are in the type of information that is relayed to the brain and where the tracts decussate. The dorsal column system primarily carries information about touch and proprioception and crosses the midline in the medulla. The spinothalamic tract is primarily responsible for pain and temperature sensation and crosses the midline in the spinal cord at the level at which it enters. The trigeminal nerve adds similar sensation information from the head to these pathways. The auditory pathway passes through multiple nuclei in the brain stem in which additional information is extracted from the basic frequency stimuli processed by the cochlea. Sound localization is made possible through the activity of these brain stem structures. The vestibular system enters the brain stem and influences activity in the cerebel", "answer": "vestibular system", "id": "sciq_extra_34", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In what type of animals may a body cavity be present or absent?", "context": "Options: triploblastic|vertebrate|bicellular|nonvascular", "answer": "triploblastic", "id": "sciq_extra_35", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Chemical reactions involve a transfer of heat energy. measured in what?", "context": "Chemical reactions involve a transfer of heat energy. Measured in joules. | Options: joules|amps|amperes|thermals", "answer": "joules", "id": "sciq_extra_36", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Trees and shrubs are example of what type of plant?", "context": "Options: perennials|biennial|annuals|grasses", "answer": "perennials", "id": "sciq_extra_37", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The products of what process are needed for cellular respiration, and vice versa?", "context": "Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are like two sides of the same coin. This is clear from the diagram in Figure below . The products of photosynthesis are needed for cellular respiration. The products of cellular respiration are needed for photosynthesis. Together, the two processes store and release energy in virtually all living things. | Options: photosynthesis|digestion|spermatogenesis|circulation", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_38", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most fungi get organic compounds from what?", "context": "Most fungi get organic compounds from dead organisms. They are decomposers called saprotrophs. A saprotroph feeds on any remaining organic matter after other decomposers do their work. Fungi use enzymes to digest organic remains and then absorb the resulting organic compounds. As decomposers, fungi are vital for the health of ecosystems. They break down nonliving organic matter and release the nutrients into the soil. Plants can then use the nutrients and pass them on to herbivores and other consumers. | Options: dead organisms|inorganic material|living organisms|carnivorous organisms", "answer": "dead organisms", "id": "sciq_extra_39", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How do very massive stars end their lives?", "context": "A more massive star ends its life in a more dramatic way. Very massive stars become red supergiants . Unlike a red giant, when all the helium in a red supergiant is gone, fusion continues. Lighter atoms fuse into heavier atoms up to iron atoms. Creating elements heavier than iron through fusion uses more energy than it produces. For this reason, stars do not ordinarily form any heavier elements. When there are no more elements for the star to fuse, the core succumbs to gravity and collapses. | Options: become red supergiants|become super novas|explode|consumed by black hole", "answer": "become red supergiants", "id": "sciq_extra_40", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Pairs of nitrogenous bases are attached to each other by?", "context": "Options: hydrogen bonds|potassium bonds|ionic bonds|magnetism", "answer": "hydrogen bonds", "id": "sciq_extra_41", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Rupture can cause fragments of what to travel via the bloodstream and become lodged in other arteries?", "context": "Options: plaque|enamel|red blood cells|white blood cells", "answer": "plaque", "id": "sciq_extra_42", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The strength of a base depends on the concentration of _______ it produces when dissolved in water?", "context": "The strength of a base depends on the concentration of hydroxide ions it produces when dissolved in water. For example, sodium hydroxide completely breaks down into ions in water, so it is a strong base. However, only a fraction of ammonia breaks down into ions, so it is a weak base. | Options: hydroxide ions|combustion ions|calcium ions|monoxide ions", "answer": "hydroxide ions", "id": "sciq_extra_43", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The overall voltage of the battery is therefore the sum of ________ of the individual cells.", "context": "Batteries There are two basic kinds of batteries: disposable, or primary, batteries, in which the electrode reactions are effectively irreversible and which cannot be recharged; andrechargeable, or secondary, batteries, which form an insoluble product that adheres to the electrodes. These batteries can be recharged by applying an electrical potential in the reverse direction. The recharging process temporarily converts a rechargeable battery from a galvanic cell to an electrolytic cell. Batteries are cleverly engineered devices that are based on the same fundamental laws as galvanic cells. The major difference between batteries and the galvanic cells we have previously described is that commercial batteries use solids or pastes rather than solutions as reactants to maximize the electrical output per unit mass. The use of highly concentrated or solid reactants has another beneficial effect: the concentrations of the reactants and the products do not change greatly as the battery is discharged; consequently, the output voltage remains remarkably constant during the discharge process. This behavior is in contrast to that of the Zn/Cu cell, whose output decreases logarithmically as the reaction proceeds (Figure 19.11 \"The Variation of \"). When a battery consists of more than one galvanic cell, the cells are usually connected in series—that is, with the positive (+) terminal of one cell connected to the negative (−) terminal of the next, and so forth. The overall voltage of the ba", "answer": "voltages", "id": "sciq_extra_44", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Organisms that live deep in the ocean must be able to withstand what?", "context": "Organisms that live deep in the ocean must be able to withstand extreme water pressure, very cold water, and complete darkness. However, even here, thriving communities of living things can be found. Organisms cluster around hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor. The vents release hot water containing chemicals that would be toxic to most other living things. The producers among them are single-celled chemoautotrophs. They make food using energy stored in the chemicals. The tube worms in this chapter's opening photo depend on these chemoautotrophs for food. | Options: extreme water pressure|the sun|significant water pressure|tsunamis", "answer": "extreme water pressure", "id": "sciq_extra_45", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which system are the brain and spinal cord apart of?", "context": "The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain serves as the control center of the nervous system and the body as a whole. It consists of three major parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The spinal cord carries nerve impulses back and forth between the body and brain. | Options: central nervous system|large nervous system|cerebral cortex|limbic system", "answer": "central nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_46", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are biochemical catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions?", "context": "Enzymes are biochemical catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. Without enzymes, most chemical reactions in living things would occur too slowly to keep organisms alive. | Options: enzymes|inhibitor|metabolites|polymers", "answer": "enzymes", "id": "sciq_extra_47", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process can cause harmful alleles to become fixed?", "context": "Options: genetic drift|natural selection|migration|mutation", "answer": "genetic drift", "id": "sciq_extra_48", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What record shows that dinosaurs originated 200-250 million years ago?", "context": "Options: fossil record|ancient record|biological record|species record", "answer": "fossil record", "id": "sciq_extra_49", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What instrument is used to make very sensitive mass measurements in a laboratory, usually in grams?", "context": "An analytical balance makes very sensitive mass measurements in a laboratory, usually in grams. | Options: analytical balance|speedometer|thermometer|scale", "answer": "analytical balance", "id": "sciq_extra_50", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the purpose of bright colors on a flower's petals?", "context": "Flowers Flowers are modified leaves, or sporophylls, organized around a central stalk. Although they vary greatly in appearance, all flowers contain the same structures: sepals, petals, carpels, and stamens. The peduncle attaches the flower to the plant. A whorl of sepals (collectively called the calyx) is located at the base of the peduncle and encloses the unopened floral bud. Sepals are usually photosynthetic organs, although there are some exceptions. For example, the corolla in lilies and tulips consists of three sepals and three petals that look virtually identical. Petals, collectively the corolla, are located inside the whorl of sepals and often display vivid colors to attract pollinators. Flowers pollinated by wind are usually small, feathery, and visually inconspicuous. Sepals and petals together form the perianth. The sexual organs (carpels and stamens) are located at the center of the flower. As illustrated in Figure 26.14, styles, stigmas, and ovules constitute the female organ: the gynoecium or carpel. Flower structure is very diverse, and carpels may be singular, multiple, or fused. Multiple fused carpels comprise a pistil. The megaspores and the female gametophytes are produced and protected by the thick tissues of the carpel. A long, thin structure called a style leads from the sticky stigma, where pollen is deposited, to the ovary, enclosed in the carpel. The ovary houses one or more ovules, each of which will develop into a seed upon fertilization. The male", "answer": "to attract pollinators", "id": "sciq_extra_51", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Collateral ganglia controls organs in which cavity in the body?", "context": "To continue with the analogy of the circuit diagram, there are three different types of “junctions” that operate within the sympathetic system (Figure 15.3). The first type is most direct: the sympathetic nerve projects to the chain ganglion at the same level as the target effector (the organ, tissue, or gland to be innervated). An example of this type is spinal nerve T1 that synapses with the T1 chain ganglion to innervate the trachea. The fibers of this branch are called white rami communicantes (singular = ramus communicans); they are myelinated and therefore referred to as white (see Figure 15.3a). The axon from the central neuron (the preganglionic fiber shown as a solid line) synapses with the ganglionic neuron (with the postganglionic fiber shown as a dashed line). This neuron then projects to a target effector—in this case, the trachea—via gray rami communicantes, which are unmyelinated axons. In some cases, the target effectors are located superior or inferior to the spinal segment at which the preganglionic fiber emerges. With respect to the “wiring” involved, the synapse with the ganglionic neuron occurs at chain ganglia superior or inferior to the location of the central neuron. An example of this is spinal nerve T1 that innervates the eye. The spinal nerve tracks up through the chain until it reaches the superior cervical ganglion, where it synapses with the postganglionic neuron (see Figure 15.3b). The cervical ganglia are referred to as paravertebral ganglia, g", "answer": "abdominal", "id": "sciq_extra_52", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A bee will sometimes do a dance to tell other bees in the hive where to find what?", "context": "There are many other examples of innate behaviors. For example, did you know that honeybees dance? The honeybee pictured below has found a source of food ( Figure below ). When the bee returns to its hive, it will do a dance. This dance is called the waggle dance . The way the bee moves during its dance tells other bees in the hive where to find the food. Honeybees can do the waggle dance without learning it from other bees, so it is an innate behavior. | Options: food|enemies|water|honey", "answer": "food", "id": "sciq_extra_53", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The lens focuses light on the retina , which covers the back of the inside of the eye. the retina has light-sensing photoreceptor cells called?", "context": "The lens focuses light on the retina , which covers the back of the inside of the eye. The retina has light-sensing photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods let us see in dim light. Cones let us detect light of different colors. | Options: rods and cones|cones and tubes|holes and cones|tubes and rods", "answer": "rods and cones", "id": "sciq_extra_54", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Temperature, water, soil, and air are examples of nonliving factors of an ecosystem, also termed what?", "context": "Ecology is the study of ecosystems. That is, ecology is the study of how living organisms interact with each other and with the nonliving part of their environment. An ecosystem consists of all the nonliving factors and living organisms interacting in the same habitat . Recall that living organisms are biotic factors . The biotic factors of an ecosystem include all the populations in a habitat, such as all the species of plants, animals, and fungi, as well as all the micro-organisms. Also recall that the nonliving factors are called abiotic factors . Abiotic factors include temperature, water, soil, and air. | Options: abiotic factors|nucleic factors|conditional factors|diverse factors", "answer": "abiotic factors", "id": "sciq_extra_55", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ibuprofen and albuterol are examples of drugs whose _________ have different effects.", "context": "Options: enantiomers|nanoparticles|misnomers|analogous", "answer": "enantiomers", "id": "sciq_extra_56", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Although magma once filled our moon's craters, what is thought to have ended there over a billion years ago?", "context": "When you look at the Moon from Earth, you notice dark and light areas. The maria are dark, solid, flat areas of lava (mostly basalt). Maria covers around 16% of the Moon’s surface, mostly on the near side. The maria formed about 3.0 to 4.0 billion years ago, when the Moon was continually bombarded by meteoroids ( Figure below ). Large meteorites broke through the Moon’s newly formed surface. This eventually caused magma to flow out and fill the craters. Scientists estimate volcanic activity on the Moon ended about 1.2 billion years ago. | Options: volcanic activity|mineral activity|oceanic activity|deserts activity", "answer": "volcanic activity", "id": "sciq_extra_57", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sensory nerves carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors to what system?", "context": "Human senses include sight, hearing, balance, taste, smell, and touch. Sensory organs such as the eyes contain cells called sensory receptors that respond to particular sensory stimuli. Sensory nerves carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. The brain interprets the nerve impulses to form a response. | Options: central nervous|MUSCULAR SYSTEM|ENDOCRINE SYSTEM|IRCULATORY SYSTEM", "answer": "central nervous", "id": "sciq_extra_58", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which kind of muscle regulates air flow in lungs?", "context": "Smooth muscle regulates air flow in lungs. | Options: smooth|vascular|striated|alveoli", "answer": "smooth", "id": "sciq_extra_59", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of bonds are formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals?", "context": "Sigma bonds are formed by the end-to-end overlap of bonding orbitals. Pi bonds are formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals. Single bonds are normally sigma bonds. A double or triple bond consists of one sigma bond and either one or two pi bonds. | Options: pi bonds|sigma bonds|omega bonds|theta bonds", "answer": "pi bonds", "id": "sciq_extra_60", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "On what day of the cycle does ovulation usually occur?", "context": "After menstruation, the endometrium begins to build up again. At the same time, a follicle starts maturing in an ovary. Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the cycle. After it occurs, the endometrium continues to build up in preparation for a fertilized egg. What happens next depends on whether the egg is fertilized. | Options: 14th|17th|7th|1st", "answer": "14th", "id": "sciq_extra_61", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The majority of animals belong to what category, characterized by the lack of a backbone?", "context": "The majority of living animals are invertebrates. Invertebrates lack a backbone. | Options: invertebrate|vertebrate|nematode|arthropod", "answer": "invertebrate", "id": "sciq_extra_62", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is another name for the vertebral column?", "context": "animal in Phylum Chordata that has a vertebral column, or backbone. | Options: backbone|nerve column|pillar|brain stem", "answer": "backbone", "id": "sciq_extra_63", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The temperature at which a substance melts is called its what point?", "context": "The temperature at which a substance melts is called its melting point. Melting point is a physical property of matter. The gold pictured in the Figure above , for example, has a melting point of 1064°C. This is a high melting point, and most other metals also have high melting points. The melting point of ice, in comparison, is much lower at 0°C. Many substances have even lower melting points. For example, the melting point of oxygen is -222°C. | Options: melting|boiling|change|freezing", "answer": "melting", "id": "sciq_extra_64", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oogenesis, which is gametogenesis in females, begins with what type of ste cells?", "context": "Oogenesis Gametogenesis in females is called oogenesis. The process begins with the ovarian stem cells, or oogonia (Figure 27.11). Oogonia are formed during fetal development, and divide via mitosis, much like spermatogonia in the testis. Unlike spermatogonia, however, oogonia form primary oocytes in the fetal ovary prior to birth. These primary oocytes are then arrested in this stage of meiosis I, only to resume it years later, beginning at puberty and continuing until the woman is near menopause (the cessation of a woman’s reproductive functions). The number of primary oocytes present in the ovaries declines from one to two million in an infant, to approximately 400,000 at puberty, to zero by the end of menopause. The initiation of ovulation—the release of an oocyte from the ovary—marks the transition from puberty into reproductive maturity for women. From then on, throughout a woman’s reproductive years, ovulation occurs approximately once every 28 days. Just prior to ovulation, a surge of luteinizing hormone triggers the resumption of meiosis in a primary oocyte. This initiates the transition from primary to secondary oocyte. However, as you can see in Figure 27.11, this cell division does not result in two identical cells. Instead, the cytoplasm is divided unequally, and one daughter cell is much larger than the other. This larger cell, the secondary oocyte, eventually leaves the ovary during ovulation. The smaller cell, called the first polar body, may or may not comple", "answer": "ovarian", "id": "sciq_extra_65", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Humans are among the most versatile of mammals with what type of diet?", "context": "Options: omnivore|carnivore|herbivore|vegetarian", "answer": "omnivore", "id": "sciq_extra_66", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Solute potential is also called osmotic potential because solutes affect the direction of what?", "context": "Options: osmosis|permeability|electrolysis|electrolysis", "answer": "osmosis", "id": "sciq_extra_67", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Newton’s second law of what is more than a definition; it is a relationship among acceleration, force, and mass?", "context": "9.80 m/s 2 . When we say that an acceleration is 45 g 's, it is 45×9.80 m/s 2 , which is approximately 440 m/s 2 . ) While living subjects are not used any more, land speeds of 10,000 km/h have been obtained with rocket sleds. In this example, as in the preceding one, the system of interest is obvious. We will see in later examples that choosing the system of interest is crucial—and the choice is not always obvious. Newton’s second law of motion is more than a definition; it is a relationship among acceleration, force, and mass. It can help us make predictions. Each of those physical quantities can be defined independently, so the second law tells us something basic and universal about nature. The next section introduces the third and final law of motion. | Options: motion|gravity|change|interference", "answer": "motion", "id": "sciq_extra_68", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the physical transformation of an insect moving through stages of life?", "context": "With a few exceptions, all insect life begins as an egg. After leaving the egg, insects must grow and transform until reaching adulthood. Only the adult insect can mate and reproduce. The physical transformation of an insect from one stage of its life cycle to another is known as metamorphosis . | Options: metamorphosis|Transition|Growth and Development|parthenogenesis", "answer": "metamorphosis", "id": "sciq_extra_69", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When equal amounts of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid are mixed with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the result is what kind of solution?", "context": "When equal amounts of a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid are mixed with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the result is a neutral solution. The products of the reaction do not have the characteristics of either an acid or a base. Here is the balanced molecular equation. | Options: a neutral one|a economical one|a lateral one|a thermodynamic one", "answer": "a neutral one", "id": "sciq_extra_70", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are fast moving rivers of air that are going in opposite directions called?", "context": "Jet streams are fast moving rivers of air going in opposite directions. | Options: jet streams|air streams|cause streams|burst streams", "answer": "jet streams", "id": "sciq_extra_71", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Nephrons, renal tubules and the loop of henle are part of the process of blood filtration by what organs?", "context": "Kidney Function and Physiology Kidneys filter blood in a three-step process. First, the nephrons filter blood that runs through the capillary network in the glomerulus. Almost all solutes, except for proteins, are filtered out into the glomerulus by a process called glomerular filtration. Second, the filtrate is collected in the renal tubules. Most of the solutes get reabsorbed in the PCT by a process called tubular reabsorption. In the loop of Henle, the filtrate continues to exchange solutes and water with the renal medulla and the peritubular capillary network. Water is also reabsorbed during this step. Then, additional solutes and wastes are secreted into the kidney tubules during tubular secretion, which is, in essence, the opposite process to tubular reabsorption. The collecting ducts collect filtrate coming from the nephrons and fuse in the medullary papillae. From here, the papillae deliver the filtrate, now called urine, into the minor calyces that eventually connect to the ureters through the renal pelvis. This entire process is illustrated in Figure 41.7. | Options: kidneys|bladder|lungs|liver", "answer": "kidneys", "id": "sciq_extra_72", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Fungi, such as black bread mold (rhizopus nigricans), have haploid-dominant what?", "context": "Figure 11.9 Fungi, such as black bread mold (Rhizopus nigricans), have haploid-dominant life cycles. The haploid multicellular stage produces specialized haploid cells by mitosis that fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. Each spore gives rise to a multicellular haploid organism by mitosis. (credit “zygomycota” micrograph: modification of work by “Fanaberka”/Wikimedia Commons). | Options: life cycles|birth cycles|gene pools|mutations", "answer": "life cycles", "id": "sciq_extra_73", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The electrode at which oxidation occurs is called?", "context": "The electrode at which oxidation occurs is called the anode . The zinc anode gradually diminishes as the cell operates due to the loss of zinc metal. The zinc ion concentration in the half-cell increases. Because of the production of electrons at the anode, it is labeled as the negative electrode. | Options: the anode|diode|cathode|calomel", "answer": "the anode", "id": "sciq_extra_74", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "There are about 6200 known species of what?", "context": "Options: amphibians|primates|mammals|reptiles", "answer": "amphibians", "id": "sciq_extra_75", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The lens and other parts of the eye work together to focus a real image on what eye structure?", "context": "As just described, the eyes collect and focus visible light. The lens and other structures of the eye work together to focus a real image on the retina. The image is upside-down and reduced in size, as you can see in Figure below . The image reaches the brain as electrical signals that travel through the optic nerve. The brain interprets the signals as shape, color, and brightness. It also interprets the image as though it were right-side up. The brain does this automatically, so what we see is always right-side up. The brain also “tells” us what we are seeing. | Options: retina|iris|pupil|cornea", "answer": "retina", "id": "sciq_extra_76", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is required to move or change matter from one state to another?", "context": "Energy provides the ability to move or change matter from one state to another (for example, from solid to liquid). Every living thing needs energy to live and grow. Your body gets its energy from food, but that is only a small part of the energy you use every day. Cooking your food takes energy, and so does keeping it cold in the refrigerator or the freezer. The same is true for heating or cooling your home. Whether you are turning on a light in the kitchen or riding in a car to school, you are using energy. Billions of people all around the world use energy, so there is a huge demand for resources to provide all of this energy. Why do we need so much energy? The main reason is that almost everything that happens on Earth involves energy. | Options: energy|food|gravity|evolution", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_77", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A food web can be broken up into what further subdivision that usually has a few links in it?", "context": "Options: food chain|food pyramid|oxygen chain|water chain", "answer": "food chain", "id": "sciq_extra_78", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What living species of bird is considered the  largest of the raptors?", "context": "Although not as famous as its bald cousin, Golden Eagles are much easier to find in Northern California - one of the largest breeding populations for Golden Eagles. The largest of the raptors, Golden Eagles weigh typically between 8 and 12 pounds, and their wing span is around 6 to 7 feet. These eagles dive towards earth to catch prey, and can reach speeds of up to 200 mph! Meet one of the largest birds of prey at http://www. kqed. org/quest/television/cool-critters-the-golden-eagle . | Options: golden eagles|California condor|peregrine falcon|pteradactyl", "answer": "golden eagles", "id": "sciq_extra_79", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What contains positive protons and neutral neutrons?", "context": "The nucleus is at the center of the atom. It contains positive protons and neutral neutrons. Negative electrons constantly move about the nucleus. | Options: nucleus|electrons|ions|epidermis", "answer": "nucleus", "id": "sciq_extra_80", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Horny ridges on the jaws serve the same function as what, for turtles?", "context": "Turtles may appear slow and harmless when they are out of the water, but in the water is another story. Turtles can be either herbivores or carnivores, with most sea turtles carnivorous . Turtles have a rigid beak and use their jaws to cut and chew food. Instead of teeth, the upper and lower jaws of the turtle are covered by horny ridges. Carnivorous, or animal-eating turtles usually have knife-sharp ridges for slicing through their prey. But as the turtle is not a very fast animal, and it cannot quickly turn its head to snap at prey, it does have some limitations. Sea turtles typically feed on jellyfish, sponges and other soft-bodied organisms. Some species of sea turtle with stronger jaws eat shellfish, while other species, such as the green sea turtle, do not eat any meat at all. Herbivorous turtles have serrated ridges that help them cut through tough plants. | Options: teeth|skin|taste buds|hairs", "answer": "teeth", "id": "sciq_extra_81", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Natural gas is the predominately made up of?", "context": "Natural gas is mostly methane. Natural gas is usually found with petroleum. People prefer to burn natural gas when possible because it is relatively clean. | Options: methane|hydrogen|carbon|sulfur", "answer": "methane", "id": "sciq_extra_82", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which  organs control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine?", "context": "The kidneys play many vital roles in homeostasis. They filter all the blood in the body many times each day and produce a total of about 1.5 liters of urine. The kidneys control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine. The kidneys also secrete hormones that help maintain homeostasis. Erythropoietin, for example, is a kidney hormone that stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells when more are needed. The kidneys themselves are also regulated by hormones. For example, antidiuretic hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the kidneys to produce more concentrated urine when the body is low on water. | Options: kidneys|lungs|tongue|ears", "answer": "kidneys", "id": "sciq_extra_83", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What unit of measurement is defined to be the number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12?", "context": "The relative scale of atomic masses in amu is also a relative scale of masses in grams. We said before that the mole is officially equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. In other words, one carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12 amu, and one mole of carbon atoms has a mass of exactly 12 grams. This relationship is true for all substances. If one atom of helium has a mass of 4.00 amu, one mole of helium atoms has a mass of 4.00 g. One molecule of water has a mass of 18.0 amu, so one mole of water molecules has a mass of 18.0 grams. Molar mass is defined as the mass of one mole of representative particles of a substance. It is expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol). | Options: one mole|one quark|one joule|one ohm", "answer": "one mole", "id": "sciq_extra_84", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What involves sensing and focusing light from people and objects?", "context": "Vision involves sensing and focusing light from people and objects. The steps involved are as follows:. | Options: vision|echolocation|sensory perception|projection", "answer": "vision", "id": "sciq_extra_85", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a therian mammal in which the embryo is born at an early, immature stage?", "context": "Marsupials have a different way of reproducing that reduces the mother’s risks. A marsupial is a therian mammal in which the embryo is born at an early, immature stage. The embryo completes its development outside the mother’s body in a pouch on her belly. Only a minority of therian mammals are marsupials. They live mainly in Australia. Examples of marsupials are pictured in Figure below . | Options: a marsupial|rodent|bat|carnivore", "answer": "a marsupial", "id": "sciq_extra_86", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are fungi which feed on living cells called?", "context": "23.24 Nutrition Fungi are saprophytes. When they find a source of food (e. dead wood, orange peel) , they decompose it and digest it. The enzymes break down larger organic molecules in the substrate into smaller molecules. These smaller molecules diffuse into the fungus, where they are used to allow growth and repair. Fungi which feed on living cells are parasitic. For example, athlete's foot grows on the human foot. These kinds of fungi produce hyphae called haustoria, which can penetrate host cells without immediately killing them. However, they are friendlier species of fungi. Many fungi live symbiotically with plants or animals. For example, most trees have fungi living in close contact with their roots. In this relationship, known as a mycorrhiza, there are many benefits: • Growing around the plant roots and often entering plant cells, the hyphae absorb minerals from the soil and release them in the roots. The fungi gets its source of food (organic nutrients) while delivering food to the plant. • The mycelium here would increase the surface area, thus the absorptive surface, of the plant roots. • The fungal cells help to maintain air and water flow in the soil around the roots. • The fungi may prevent other potentially pathogenic fungi to attack the tree. | Options: parasitic|static|predatory|symbiotic", "answer": "parasitic", "id": "sciq_extra_87", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What rock group offers the richest source of fossils?", "context": "Options: sedimentary|metamorphic|igneous|geode", "answer": "sedimentary", "id": "sciq_extra_88", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient", "context": "Figure 3.7 Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient. If a membrane is permeable to water, though not to a solute, water will equalize its own concentration by diffusing to the side of lower water concentration (and thus the side of higher solute concentration). In the beaker on the left, the solution on the right side of the membrane is hypertonic. | Options: osmosis|nutrients|mirrors|Permable", "answer": "osmosis", "id": "sciq_extra_89", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Isotopes are named for their number of protons plus what?", "context": "Isotopes are named for their number of protons plus neutrons. If a carbon atom had seven neutrons, what would it be named?. | Options: neutrons|isomers|electrons|nuclei", "answer": "neutrons", "id": "sciq_extra_90", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Movements in the mantle cause the plates to move over time in a process called what?", "context": "Options: continental drift|continental expansion|continental shift|boundary drift", "answer": "continental drift", "id": "sciq_extra_91", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In phyisics, what is considered to be the rotational version of force?", "context": "Torque is equal to the cross product as stated above. In general, one can simplify by saying that the torque is equal to the force acting on the object multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the application of the force to the rotational axis. Say you had a seesaw. It is easier to exert torque, get the seesaw to move, if you pushed on the board near the end rather than near the middle. It is the rotational version of Force. | Options: torque|work|energy|pressure", "answer": "torque", "id": "sciq_extra_92", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called what?", "context": "Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called tendons (see Figure above ). Many skeletal muscles are attached to the ends of bones that meet at a joint . The muscles span the joint and connect the bones. When the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing them to move. | Options: tendons|fibers|veins|cords", "answer": "tendons", "id": "sciq_extra_93", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the ability to see called?", "context": "The ability to see is called vision . This ability depends on more than healthy eyes. It also depends on certain parts of the brain, because the brain and eyes work together to allow us to see. The eyes collect and focus visible light. The lens and other structures of the eye work together to focus an image on the retina. The image is upside-down and reduced in size, as you can see in the Figure below . Cells in the retina change the image to electrical signals that travel to the brain through the optic nerve. The brain interprets the electrical signals as shape, color, and brightness. It also interprets the image as though it were right-side up. The brain does this automatically, so what we see always appears right-side up. The brain also interprets what we are seeing. | Options: vision|thought|smell|hearing", "answer": "vision", "id": "sciq_extra_94", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which two major innovations allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water?", "context": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants Seed plants appeared about one million years ago, during the Carboniferous period. Two major innovations—seed and pollen—allowed seed plants to reproduce in the absence of water. The gametophytes of seed plants shrank, while the sporophytes became prominent structures and the diploid stage became the longest phase of the lifecycle. Gymnosperms became the dominant group during the Triassic. In these, pollen grains and seeds protect against desiccation. The seed, unlike a spore, is a diploid embryo surrounded by storage tissue and protective layers. It is equipped to delay germination until growth conditions are optimal. Angiosperms bear both flowers and fruit. The structures protect the gametes and the embryo during its development. Angiosperms appeared during the Mesozoic era and have become the dominant plant life in terrestrial habitats. | Options: seed and pollen|bee and pollen|root and pollen|salt and pollen", "answer": "seed and pollen", "id": "sciq_extra_95", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases by the addition of what?", "context": "Chemistry in Everyday Life Decomposition of Water / Production of Hydrogen Water consists of the elements hydrogen and oxygen combined in a 2 to 1 ratio. Water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gases by the addition of energy. One way to do this is with a battery or power supply, as shown in (Figure 1.15). | Options: energy|motion|mineral|demand", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_96", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What anatomical feature is shared by all chordates?", "context": "Did you know that fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all related? They are all chordates. Chordates are a group of animals that includes vertebrates, as well as several closely related invertebrates. Chordates (phylum Chordata ) are named after a feature they all share, a notochord. A notochord is a hollow nerve cord along the back. | Options: notochord|isochord|botachord|laxchord", "answer": "notochord", "id": "sciq_extra_97", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "With wavelengths from 400-700 nm, what kind of light represents only a very small portion of the spectrum?", "context": "The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a very wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. Visible light is only a very small portion of the spectrum with wavelengths from 400-700 nm. | Options: visible light|invisible light|sunlight|ultraviolet light", "answer": "visible light", "id": "sciq_extra_98", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In humans, the only haploid cells are what reproductive cells?", "context": "The life cycle of a plant is very different from the life cycle of an animal. Humans are made entirely of diploid cells (cells with two sets of chromosomes, referred to as ''2n''). Our only cells that are haploid cells (cells with one set of chromosomes, ''n'') are sperm and egg cells. Plants, however, can live when they are are at the stage of having haploid cells or diploid cells. If a plant has a haploid chromosome number of 20, what is the diploid chromosome number? If the diploid chromosome number is 20, what is the haploid number?. | Options: sperm and egg|dna and egg|sperm and dna|uteral and sperm", "answer": "sperm and egg", "id": "sciq_extra_99", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where is the spinal trigeminal nucleus located?", "context": "Options: medulla|spinal cord|pons|cerebrum", "answer": "medulla", "id": "sciq_extra_100", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The lithosphere is divided into a dozen major and several minor what?", "context": "The lithosphere is divided into a dozen major and several minor plates. Each plate is named for the continent or ocean basin it contains. Some plates are made of all oceanic lithosphere. A few are all continental lithosphere. But most plates are made of a combination of both. | Options: plates|zones|crystals|faults", "answer": "plates", "id": "sciq_extra_101", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During the first year after birth, what is a baby called?", "context": "For the first year after birth, a baby is called an infant. Childhood begins at age two and continues until adolescence. Adolescence is the last stage of life before adulthood. | Options: infant|toddler|newborn|fetus", "answer": "infant", "id": "sciq_extra_102", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are used to indicate the number of atoms of an element that are in the compound?", "context": "Prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of an element that are in the compound. | Options: prefixes|indices|suffixes|digits", "answer": "prefixes", "id": "sciq_extra_103", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Area, volume, and speed are all examples of what type of units?", "context": "Derived units can be expressed as some combination of base units. Examples of derived units are area, volume, and speed. | Options: derived units|fundamental units|calculated measure|known units", "answer": "derived units", "id": "sciq_extra_104", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Anything moving has what type of energy?", "context": "Why do the air and sand of Death Valley feel so hot? It’s because their particles are moving very rapidly. Anything that is moving has kinetic energy, and the faster it is moving, the more kinetic energy it has. The total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter is called thermal energy . It’s not just hot things such as the air and sand of Death Valley that have thermal energy. All matter has thermal energy, even matter that feels cold. That’s because the particles of all matter are in constant motion and have kinetic energy. | Options: kinetic|magnetic|potential|thermal", "answer": "kinetic", "id": "sciq_extra_105", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A skydiver will reach what when the air drag equals their weight?", "context": "viscosity. Using the equation of the previous problem, find the viscosity of motor oil in which a steel ball of radius 0.8 mm falls with a terminal speed of 4.32 cm/s. The densities of the ball and the oil are 7.86 and 0.88 g/mL, respectively. A skydiver will reach a terminal velocity when the air drag equals their weight. For a skydiver with high speed and a large body, turbulence is a factor. The drag force then is approximately proportional to the square of the velocity. Taking the drag force to be F D = 1 ρAv 2 and setting this 2 equal to the person’s weight, find the terminal speed for a person falling “spread eagle. ” Find both a formula and a number for v t , with assumptions as to size. A layer of oil 1.50 mm thick is placed between two microscope slides. Researchers find that a force of 5.50×10 −4 N is required to glide one over the other at a speed of 1.00 cm/s when their contact area is 6.00 cm 2 . What is the oil’s viscosity? What type of oil might it be? 42. (a) Verify that a 19.0% decrease in laminar flow through a tube is caused by a 5.00% decrease in radius, assuming that all other factors remain constant, as stated in the text. (b) What increase in flow is obtained from a 5.00% increase in radius, again assuming all other factors remain constant? 43. Example 12.8 dealt with the flow of saline solution in an IV system. (a) Verify that a pressure of 1.62×10 4 N/m 2 is created at a depth of 1.61 m in a saline solution, assuming its density to be that of sea wate", "answer": "terminal velocity", "id": "sciq_extra_106", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What organs are considered the female gonads?", "context": "27.2 | Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the structure and function of the organs of the female reproductive system • List the steps of oogenesis • Describe the hormonal changes that occur during the ovarian and menstrual cycles • Trace the path of an oocyte from ovary to fertilization The female reproductive system functions to produce gametes and reproductive hormones, just like the male reproductive system; however, it also has the additional task of supporting the developing fetus and delivering it to the outside world. Unlike its male counterpart, the female reproductive system is located primarily inside the pelvic cavity (Figure 27.9). Recall that the ovaries are the female gonads. The gamete they produce is called an oocyte. We’ll discuss the production of oocytes in detail shortly. First, let’s look at some of the structures of the female reproductive system. | Options: ovaries|testes|uterus|fallopian tubes", "answer": "ovaries", "id": "sciq_extra_107", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the adaptation that certain animals use to become less visible to predators and prey?", "context": "Camouflage by the dead leaf mantis makes it less visible to both its predators and prey. If alarmed, it lies motionless on the rainforest floor of Madagascar, Africa, camouflaged among the actual dead leaves. It eats other animals up to the size of small lizards. | Options: camouflage|skeletons|speed|insulation", "answer": "camouflage", "id": "sciq_extra_108", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is another term for blood clotting?", "context": "Positive Feedback Loop A positive feedback loop maintains the direction of the stimulus, possibly accelerating it. Few examples of positive feedback loops exist in animal bodies, but one is found in the cascade of chemical reactions that result in blood clotting, or coagulation. As one clotting factor is activated, it activates the next factor in sequence until a fibrin clot is achieved. The direction is maintained, not changed, so this is positive feedback. Another example of positive feedback is uterine contractions during childbirth, as illustrated in Figure 33.21. The hormone oxytocin, made by the endocrine system, stimulates the contraction of the uterus. This produces pain sensed by the nervous system. Instead of lowering the oxytocin and causing the pain to subside, more oxytocin is produced until the contractions are powerful enough to produce childbirth. | Options: coagulation|adulation|oxidation|differentiation", "answer": "coagulation", "id": "sciq_extra_109", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call the study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other?", "context": "Most biological sciences are specialized areas of study. Biology includes biochemistry, cell biology, microbiology, immunology, genetics, physiology, zoology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and botany. Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals that make up life. Cell biology is the study of life at the level of the cell. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. Immunology is the study of an organism's resistance to disease. Genetics is the study of how organisms pass traits to their offspring. The study of how the human body works is called physiology. Zoology is the study of animals. The study of how organisms interact with their environment and each other is called ecology. Evolutionary biology is the study of how populations and species change over time. Botany is the study of plants. The four unifying principles are important foundations for each and every field of biology. Applied fields of biology such as medicine and genetic research involve many specialized areas of study. | Options: ecology|biology|biochemistry|climatology", "answer": "ecology", "id": "sciq_extra_110", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Childbirth usually starts when which sac breaks?", "context": "During childbirth , a baby passes from the uterus, through the vagina, and out of the mother’s body. Childbirth usually starts when the amniotic sac breaks. | Options: amniotic|umbilical|uterine|protein", "answer": "amniotic", "id": "sciq_extra_111", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What phenomenon, which is most important in small populations, occurs because the alleles in an offspring generation are a random sample of the alleles in the parent generation?", "context": "Genetic Drift Another way a population’s allele frequencies can change is genetic drift (Figure 11.7), which is simply the effect of chance. Genetic drift is most important in small populations. Drift would be completely absent in a population with infinite individuals, but, of course, no population is this large. Genetic drift occurs because the alleles in an offspring generation are a random sample of the alleles in the parent generation. Alleles may or may not make it into the next generation due to chance events including mortality of an individual, events affecting finding a mate, and even the events affecting which gametes end up in fertilizations. If one individual in a population of ten individuals happens to die before it leaves any offspring to the next generation, all of its genes—a tenth of the population’s gene pool—will be suddenly lost. In a population of 100, that 1 individual represents only 1 percent of the overall gene pool; therefore, it has much less impact on the population’s genetic structure and is unlikely to remove all copies of even a relatively rare allele. Imagine a population of ten individuals, half with allele A and half with allele a (the individuals are haploid). In a stable population, the next generation will also have ten individuals. Choose that generation randomly by flipping a coin ten times and let heads be A and tails be a. It is unlikely that the next generation will have exactly half of each allele. There might be six of one and fou", "answer": "genetic drift", "id": "sciq_extra_112", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for when an embryo fixes itself to the side of the uterus?", "context": "Implantation occurs when the developing embryo fixes itself to the side of the uterus. | Options: implantation|bacterial|parasite|exploration", "answer": "implantation", "id": "sciq_extra_113", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When exposed to ultraviolet, some substances, such as minerals, glow in characteristic visible wavelengths, a process called this?", "context": "When exposed to ultraviolet, some substances, such as minerals, glow in characteristic visible wavelengths, a process called fluorescence. So-called black lights emit ultraviolet to cause posters and clothing to fluoresce in the visible. Ultraviolet is also used in special microscopes to detect details smaller than those observable with longer-wavelength visible-light microscopes. Things Great and Small: A Submicroscopic View of X-Ray Production X-rays can be created in a high-voltage discharge. They are emitted in the material struck by electrons in the discharge current. There are two mechanisms by which the electrons create X-rays. The first method is illustrated in Figure 24.18. An electron is accelerated in an evacuated tube by a high positive voltage. The electron strikes a metal plate (e. , copper) and produces X-rays. Since this is a high-voltage discharge, the electron gains sufficient energy to ionize the atom. | Options: fluorescence|plasma|chemical reaction|pigment", "answer": "fluorescence", "id": "sciq_extra_114", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What disease occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated?", "context": "Cancer is a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated. Cancer cells grow rapidly and may form a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor. | Options: cancer|allergy|schizophrenia|malnutrition", "answer": "cancer", "id": "sciq_extra_115", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If a lump of clay is dropped into water, what will occur?", "context": "Floating and Sinking Drop a lump of clay in water. It will sink. Then mold the lump of clay into the shape of a boat, and it will float. Because of its shape, the boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force. The same is true of steel ships. | Options: it will sink|Will float|Will dissolve|Will break up", "answer": "it will sink", "id": "sciq_extra_116", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Nerve cells that sense touch are found mainly where?", "context": "Touch is the ability to sense pain, pressure, or temperature. Nerve cells that sense touch are found mainly in the skin. The skin on the palms, soles, face, and lips has the most neurons. Neurons that sense pain are also found inside the body inside the body in the tongue, joints, muscles, and other organs. | Options: skin|stomach|brain|lungs", "answer": "skin", "id": "sciq_extra_117", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do concentric circles on a topographic map indicate?", "context": "Courtesy of the US Geological Survey. Concentric circles on a topographic map indicate a hill . Public Domain. | Options: a hill|a forest|a lake|a crater", "answer": "a hill", "id": "sciq_extra_118", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Arthropods today have two unusual hox genes, both of which influence what?", "context": "Options: segmentation|compression|reproduction|motility", "answer": "segmentation", "id": "sciq_extra_119", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the little sacs at the end of the bronchioles called?", "context": "The bronchioles lead to the alveoli. Alveoli are the little sacs at the end of the bronchioles ( Figure below ). They look like little bunches of grapes. Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli. That means oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide moves out of the blood. The gases are exchanged between the blood and alveoli by simple diffusion. | Options: alveoli|lung|respiratory sacs|ganglion", "answer": "alveoli", "id": "sciq_extra_120", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How often should women perform a breast self-exam?", "context": "If you are a young woman, getting in the habit of performing a monthly breast self-exam is a good idea. Lumps or other subtle changes in the breasts may indicate breast cancer. The outcome is typically better if breast cancer is caught and treated early. | Options: monthly|yearly|weekly|quarterly", "answer": "monthly", "id": "sciq_extra_121", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The spokes of what structures that distinguish saturn appear seasonally, with an origin as yet unknown?", "context": "An animation of dark spokes in Saturn’s rings is seen here: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:Saturn_ring_spokes_PIA11144_300px_secs15.5to23_20080926. ogv . The spokes appear seasonally and their origin is as yet unknown. | Options: rings|moons|craters|satellites", "answer": "rings", "id": "sciq_extra_122", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Circulating the air prevents ethylene from accumulating, and carbon dioxide inhibits synthesis of new what?", "context": "Options: ethylene|alcohol|sulfur|cellulose", "answer": "ethylene", "id": "sciq_extra_123", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a fiber that is found only in mammals?", "context": "Hair is a fiber that is found only in mammals. Its main component is keratin. A hair shaft consists of dead, keratin-filled cells that overlap each other like the shingles on a roof (see Figure below ). Like roof shingles, the overlapping cells help shed water from the hair. | Options: hair|muscle|muscle|feathers", "answer": "hair", "id": "sciq_extra_124", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The sternocleidomastoid is the major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates what?", "context": "Muscles That Move the Head The head, attached to the top of the vertebral column, is balanced, moved, and rotated by the neck muscles (Table 11.5). When these muscles act unilaterally, the head rotates. When they contract bilaterally, the head flexes or extends. The major muscle that laterally flexes and rotates the head is the sternocleidomastoid. In addition, both muscles working together are the flexors of the head. Place your fingers on both sides of the neck and turn your head to the left and to the right. You will feel the movement originate there. This muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles when viewed from the side (Figure 11.14). | Options: head|tongue|eye|knee", "answer": "head", "id": "sciq_extra_125", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of plants does human welfare depend greatly on?", "context": "30.4 Human welfare depends greatly on seed plants. | Options: seed plants|mosses|ferns|fertilizer plants", "answer": "seed plants", "id": "sciq_extra_126", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What forms when secondary alcohols oxidize?", "context": "Secondary alcohols are oxidized to form ketones. | Options: ketones|chromosomes|ions|electrons", "answer": "ketones", "id": "sciq_extra_127", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are cells without a nucleus called?", "context": "Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus. They are found in single-celled organisms. Eukaryotic cells are cells with a nucleus and other organelles. They are found mainly in multicellular organisms. | Options: prokaryotic cells|Monocyte Cells|heterogeneous cells|crustal cells", "answer": "prokaryotic cells", "id": "sciq_extra_128", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Bones, cartilage, and what other thing make up the skeletal system?", "context": "Bones, cartilage, and ligaments make up the skeletal system. | Options: ligaments|muscles|organs|lungs", "answer": "ligaments", "id": "sciq_extra_129", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The hypothalamus is actually part of the brain, but it also secretes what?", "context": "The hypothalamus is actually part of the brain, but it also secretes hormones. Some of its hormones go directly to the pituitary gland in the endocrine system. These hypothalamus hormones tell the pituitary to either secrete or stop secreting its hormones. In this way, the hypothalamus provides a link between the nervous and endocrine systems. | Options: hormones|enzymes|acids|electrolytes", "answer": "hormones", "id": "sciq_extra_130", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What disease characterized by the extreme swelling of the limbs is caused by infection with a type of roundworm?", "context": "Roundworms can be free-living organisms, but they are probably best known for their role as significant plant and animal parasites. Most Nematodes are parasitic, with over 16,000 parasitic species described. Heartworms, which cause serious disease in dogs while living in the heart and blood vessels, are a type of roundworm. Roundworms can also cause disease in humans. Elephantiasis, a disease characterized by the extreme swelling of the limbs ( Figure below ), is caused by infection with a type of roundworm. | Options: elephantiasis|pulmonary edema|gigantism|fibrosis", "answer": "elephantiasis", "id": "sciq_extra_131", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the study of water movement, including waves and ocean currents?", "context": "There are many branches of oceanography. Physical oceanography is the study of water movement, like waves and ocean currents. Physical oceanographers ask when or if a tsunami will hit a shoreline. Marine geologists look at rocks and structures in the ocean basins. These scientists ask how new ocean crust forms. Chemical oceanographers study the natural elements in ocean water. Chemical oceanographers might be concerned with where carbon dioxide goes in the oceans. Marine biologists look at marine life. There are lots of questions to ask about marine life!. | Options: physical oceanography|theoretical oceanography|experimental oceanography|thermal oceanography", "answer": "physical oceanography", "id": "sciq_extra_132", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the sperm contains the nucleus?", "context": "The head of the sperm contains the nucleus. The nucleus holds the DNA of the cell. The head also contains enzymes that help the sperm break through the cell membrane of an egg. | Options: head|body|tail|nucleus", "answer": "head", "id": "sciq_extra_133", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "There are many types of asexual spores. conidiospores are unicellular or multicellular spores that are released directly from the tip or side of this?", "context": "There are many types of asexual spores. Conidiospores are unicellular or multicellular spores that are released directly from the tip or side of the hypha. Other asexual spores originate in the fragmentation of a hypha to form single cells that are released as spores; some of these have a thick wall surrounding the fragment. Yet others bud off the vegetative parent cell. Sporangiospores are produced in a sporangium (Figure 24.9). | Options: hypha|ganglion|idioma|goychay", "answer": "hypha", "id": "sciq_extra_134", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What forms when nitrogen and sulfur oxides in air dissolve in rain?", "context": "Acid rain forms when nitrogen and sulfur oxides in air dissolve in rain ( Figure below ). This forms nitric and sulfuric acids. Both are strong acids. Acid rain with a pH as low as 4.0 is now common in many areas. Acid fog may be even more acidic than acid rain. Fog with a pH as low as 1.7 has been recorded. That’s the same pH as toilet bowl cleaner!. | Options: acid rain|carbon rain|dioxide rain|acid snow", "answer": "acid rain", "id": "sciq_extra_135", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do mushrooms get their energy?", "context": "Mushrooms gain their energy from decomposing dead organisms. Explain why a mushroom is not a plant. | Options: decomposing dead organisms|killing organisms|accumulating dead organisms|producing dead organisms", "answer": "decomposing dead organisms", "id": "sciq_extra_136", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the hormones that cause a plant to grow?", "context": "Gibberellins are hormones that cause the plant to grow. When gibberellins are applied to plants by scientists, the stems grow longer. Some gardeners or horticulture scientists add gibberellins to increase the growth of plants. Dwarf plants (small plants), on the other hand, have low levels of gibberellins ( Figure below ). Another function of gibberellins is to stop dormancy (resting time) of seeds and buds. Gibberellins signal that it’s time for a seed to germinate (sprout) or for a bud to open. | Options: gibberellins|sporozoans|pores|pistills", "answer": "gibberellins", "id": "sciq_extra_137", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The ileum is the last part of what digestive system organ?", "context": "The ileum is the last part of the small intestine. It is covered with villi like the jejunum. A few remaining nutrients are absorbed in the ileum. From the ileum, any remaining food waste passes into the large intestine. | Options: small intestine|stomach|esophagus|large intestine", "answer": "small intestine", "id": "sciq_extra_138", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms?", "context": "If you zoom in very close on a leaf of a plant, or on the skin on your hand, or a drop of blood, you will find cells, you will find cells ( Figure below ). Cells are the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Most cells are so small that they are usually visible only through a microscope. Some organisms, like bacteria, plankton that live in the ocean, or the Paramecium, shown in Figure below , are unicellular, made of just one cell. Other organisms have millions, billions, or trillions of cells. | Options: cells|neutrons|lipids|proteins", "answer": "cells", "id": "sciq_extra_139", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Clubfoot, also known as talipes, is a congenital (present at birth) disorder of unknown cause and is the most common deformity of what?", "context": "Appendicular System: Congenital Clubfoot Clubfoot, also known as talipes, is a congenital (present at birth) disorder of unknown cause and is the most common deformity of the lower limb. It affects the foot and ankle, causing the foot to be twisted inward at a sharp angle, like the head of a golf club (Figure 8.21). Clubfoot has a frequency of about 1 out of every 1,000 births, and is twice as likely to occur in a male child as in a female child. In 50 percent of cases, both feet are affected. | Options: lower limb|upper limb|genitals|cranium", "answer": "lower limb", "id": "sciq_extra_140", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Somatic cells come from the body and are not what, like sperm or eggs are?", "context": "In the case of Dolly, cells from the mammary glands were taken from the adult that was to be cloned. But other somatic cells can be used. Somatic cells come from the body and are not gametes like sperm or egg. | Options: gametes|spores|toxins|organic", "answer": "gametes", "id": "sciq_extra_141", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What forms when nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures?", "context": "Nitrogen oxides include nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Nitrogen oxides form when nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures. This occurs in hot exhausts from vehicles, factories, and power plants. | Options: nitrogen oxides|hydrocarbons|nitric acid|calcium oxides", "answer": "nitrogen oxides", "id": "sciq_extra_142", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width is called?", "context": "Bar graphs are especially useful for comparing values for different types of things. The bar graph in Figure below shows the number of vehicles of each type that passed the checkpoint. | Options: bar graph|pie chart|venn diagram|circle graph", "answer": "bar graph", "id": "sciq_extra_143", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What opens two strands of dna?", "context": "DNA replication. The two DNA strands are opened by helicase. The strands are held open by a single strand of binding proteins, preventing premature reannealing. Topoisomerase solves the problem caused by tension generated by winding/unwinding of DNA. This enzyme wraps around DNA and makes a cut permitting the helix to spin and relax. Once DNA is relaxed, topoisomerase reconnects broken strands. DNA primase synthesizes a short RNA primer which initiates the Okazaki fragment. Okazaki fragments are attached by DNA ligase. | Options: helicase|replication|adenylate|chromosome", "answer": "helicase", "id": "sciq_extra_144", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What come together to create continents and supercontinents?", "context": "Microcontinents come together to create continents and supercontinents. | Options: microcontinents|islands|volcanic sediment|mountains", "answer": "microcontinents", "id": "sciq_extra_145", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most hybrids are sterile because what genetic structures are not homologous and cannot pair during meiosis?", "context": "Options: chromosomes|zygotes|ribosomes|phenotypes", "answer": "chromosomes", "id": "sciq_extra_146", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vultures, raccoons and blowflies are examples of what?", "context": "Scavengers consume the soft tissues of dead animals. Examples of scavengers include vultures, raccoons, and blowflies. | Options: scavengers|producer|predator|consumer", "answer": "scavengers", "id": "sciq_extra_147", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are classified by climatic factors and types of primary producers?", "context": "Terrestrial biomes are classified by climatic factors and types of primary producers. The world map in Figure below shows where 13 major terrestrial biomes are found. | Options: terrestrial biomes|equivalent biomes|old biomes|fossil biomes", "answer": "terrestrial biomes", "id": "sciq_extra_148", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All organisms can be classified into one of three of this least specific grouping?", "context": "Modern taxonomists have reordered many groups of organisms since Linnaeus. The main categories that biologists use are listed here from the most specific to the least specific category ( Figure below ). All organisms can be classified into one of three domains , the least specific grouping. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The Kingdom is the next category after the Domain. All life is divided among six kingdoms: Kingdom Bacteria, Kingdom Archaea, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, and Kingdom Animalia. | Options: domains|aspects|phlylum|species", "answer": "domains", "id": "sciq_extra_149", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What artery takes blood to the brain?", "context": "Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of blood vessels (Figure 40.15). Arteries take blood away from the heart. The main artery is the aorta that branches into major arteries that take blood to different limbs and organs. These major arteries include the carotid artery that takes blood to the brain, the brachial arteries that take blood to the arms, and the thoracic artery that takes blood to the thorax and then into the hepatic, renal, and gastric arteries for the liver, kidney, and stomach, respectively. The iliac artery takes blood to the lower limbs. The major arteries diverge into minor arteries, and then smaller vessels called arterioles, to reach more deeply into the muscles and organs of the body. | Options: carotid|veins|pulmonary|coronary", "answer": "carotid", "id": "sciq_extra_150", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The bohr model works only for which atom?", "context": "The Bohr model works only for the hydrogen atom. | Options: hydrogen|helium|carbon|boron", "answer": "hydrogen", "id": "sciq_extra_151", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What holds together adenine and thymine?", "context": "The base-pairing nature of DNA. Adenine always pairs with thymine, and they are held together with two hydrogen bonds. The guanine-cytosine base pair is held together with three hydrogen bonds. Note that one sugar-phosphate backbone is in the 5’ → 3’ direction, with the other strand in the opposite 3’ → 5’ orientation. Notice that the 5'-end begins with a free (not attached to the sugar of another nucleotide) phosphate group, while the 3'-end has a free (not attached to the phosphate group of another nucleotide) deoxyribose sugar. | Options: hydrogen bonds|covalent bonds|potassium bonds|helium bonds", "answer": "hydrogen bonds", "id": "sciq_extra_152", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Approximately 20% of the atmosphere is made of which element?", "context": "Approximately 20% of the atmosphere is oxygen. This gas is essential for life. In environments where oxygen is in low supply, it can be provided from a tank. Since gases are very compressible, a large amount of oxygen can be stored in a relatively small container. When it is released, the volume expands and the pressure decreases. The gas is then available for breathing under normal pressure. | Options: oxygen|hydrogen|carbon|nitrogen", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_153", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Compound forms when atoms of nonmetals form molecules that are held together by what?", "context": "Compound forms when atoms of nonmetals form molecules that are held together by covalent bonds. | Options: covalent bonds|phenotype bonds|magnetic bonds|dissonance bonds", "answer": "covalent bonds", "id": "sciq_extra_154", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which property of diamond makes it so hard?", "context": "Diamond is the hardest natural material known on Earth. Yet diamond is just pure carbon. What is special about this element that makes diamond so hard? Bonds. Chemical bonds. In a perfect diamond crystal, each C atom makes four connections—bonds—to four other C atoms in a three-dimensional matrix. Four is the greatest number of bonds that is commonly made by atoms, so C atoms maximize their interactions with other atoms. This threedimensional array of connections extends throughout the diamond crystal, making it essentially one large molecule. Breaking a diamond means breaking every bond at once. Also, the bonds are moderately strong. There are stronger interactions known, but the carboncarbon connection is fairly strong itself. Not only does a person have to break many connections at once, but also the bonds are strong connections from the start. There are other substances that have similar bonding arrangements as diamond does. Silicon dioxide and boron nitride have some similarities, but neither of them comes close to the ultimate hardness of diamond. How do atoms make compounds? Typically they join together in such a way that they lose their identities as elements and adopt a new identity as a compound. These joins are called chemical bonds. But how do atoms join together? Ultimately, it all comes down to electrons. Before we discuss how electrons interact, we need to introduce a tool to simply illustrate electrons in an atom. | Options: chemical bonds|non-covalent bonds|m", "answer": "chemical bonds", "id": "sciq_extra_155", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which has a higher metabolic rate, a mouse or an elephant?", "context": "Figure 33.4 The mouse has a much higher metabolic rate than the elephant. (credit “mouse”: modification of work by Magnus Kjaergaard; credit “elephant”: modification of work by “TheLizardQueen”/Flickr). | Options: mouse|rat|rabbit|elephant", "answer": "mouse", "id": "sciq_extra_156", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The bony socket that houses the eyeball and associated muscles is called?", "context": "The Orbit The orbit is the bony socket that houses the eyeball and contains the muscles that move the eyeball or open the upper eyelid. Each orbit is cone-shaped, with a narrow posterior region that widens toward the large anterior opening. To help protect the eye, the bony margins of the anterior opening are thickened and somewhat constricted. The medial walls of the two orbits are parallel to each other but each lateral wall diverges away from the midline at a 45° angle. This divergence provides greater lateral peripheral vision. The walls of each orbit include contributions from seven skull bones (Figure 7.16). The frontal bone forms the roof and the zygomatic bone forms the lateral wall and lateral floor. The medial floor is primarily formed by the maxilla, with a small contribution from the palatine bone. The ethmoid bone and lacrimal bone make up much of the medial wall and the sphenoid bone forms the posterior orbit. At the posterior apex of the orbit is the opening of the optic canal, which allows for passage of the optic nerve from the retina to the brain. Lateral to this is the elongated and irregularly shaped superior orbital fissure, which provides passage for the artery that supplies the eyeball, sensory nerves, and the nerves that supply the muscles involved in eye movements. | Options: orbit|cavity|glenoid fossa|acetabulum", "answer": "orbit", "id": "sciq_extra_157", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where does the energy produced by plants come from?", "context": "They are full of energy. Energy in the form of glucose. Fruit and vegetable plants, like all plants, are autotrophs and producers, producing energy from sunlight. The energy from sunlight is briefly held in NADPH and ATP, which is needed to drive the formation of sugars such as glucose. And this all happens in the Calvin Cycle. | Options: sunlight|groundwater|animals|evaporation", "answer": "sunlight", "id": "sciq_extra_158", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Humans cannot digest what primary structural material of plants, which is one of the most abundant organic substances on earth?", "context": "Starches (a) and cellulose (b) differ in the connection between glucose units and the amount of branching in the molecule. Starches can be coiled or branched, whereas cellulose, the primary structural material of plants, has long, unbranched chains held together by hydrogen bonds. Cellulose is the primary structural material of plants and one of the most abundant organic substances on Earth. Because our enzymes are not able to hydrolyze the bonds between the glucose units in cellulose, we are unable to digest it. A recently marketed product containing a high percentage of cellulose was sold as a dietetic substance for rapid weight loss, but those who consumed it experienced severe intestinal discomfort because the cellulose could not be digested. The product was quickly removed from the market. | Options: cellulose|sulfur|carbonate|zinc", "answer": "cellulose", "id": "sciq_extra_159", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The cell walls of what organisms are strengthened by chitin, unlike plant cell walls, which contain cellulose?", "context": "Options: fungi|virus|bacterium|yeast", "answer": "fungi", "id": "sciq_extra_160", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What three parts is the earth divided into?", "context": "From outside to inside, Earth is divided into crust, mantle, and core. Each has a different chemical makeup. Earth can also be divided into layers with different properties. The two most important are lithosphere and asthenosphere. | Options: crust, mantle, core|crust, core, magma|oceans, land, air|troposphere, atomosphere, xerosphere", "answer": "crust, mantle, core", "id": "sciq_extra_161", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ac is better than dc for doing what?", "context": "Alternating Current (AC): Voltage pushes (so current flows) in alternate directions, back and forth. In the US they reverse direction 60 times a second (60 Hz). AC is more convenient than DC for transporting electrical energy. Below is a plot of voltage vs. time for a standard circuit in the USA. | Options: transporting electrcal energy|cooking electrcal energy|storing electrical energy|stopping electrical ebergy", "answer": "transporting electrcal energy", "id": "sciq_extra_162", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What arises due to crossing over, independent assortment, and the random union of gametes?", "context": "Asexual reproduction has the advantage of occurring quickly. Sexual reproduction has the advantage of creating genetic variation. This can help a species adapt to environmental change. The genetic variation arises due to crossing over, independent assortment, and the random union of gametes. | Options: genetic variation|susceptible variation|recessive variation|alternative variation", "answer": "genetic variation", "id": "sciq_extra_163", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Myofibrils are long cylindrical structures that lie parallel to and run the entire length of what fibers?", "context": "Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure and Function Each skeletal muscle fiber is a skeletal muscle cell. Within each muscle fiber are myofibrils, long cylindrical structures that lie parallel to the muscle fiber. Myofibrils run the entire length of the muscle fiber. They attach to the plasma membrane, called the sarcolemma, at their ends, so that as myofibrils shorten, the entire muscle cell contracts (Figure 16.18). | Options: skeletal muscle fibers|uplift muscle fibers|luminous muscle fibers|heart muscle fibers", "answer": "skeletal muscle fibers", "id": "sciq_extra_164", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hydrogen atoms form only one covalent bond because they have only one have one of what to pair with it?", "context": "Hydrogen atoms form only one covalent bond because they have only one valence electron to pair. | Options: valence electron|loops electron|modular electron|Water electron", "answer": "valence electron", "id": "sciq_extra_165", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The ionic end of a detergent can either be a sulfate or what?", "context": "Figure 11.33 Detergents contain a nonpolar hydrocarbon end (blue) and an ionic end (red). The ionic end can be either a sulfate or a sulfonate. The length of the hydrocarbon end can vary from detergent to detergent. | Options: sulfonate|molecule|calcite|phosphate", "answer": "sulfonate", "id": "sciq_extra_166", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels. the inside of the small intestine is called this?", "context": "The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels. The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen. Figure 34.19 Which of the following statements about digestive processes is true? a. Amylase, maltase and lactase in the mouth digest carbohydrates. Trypsin and lipase in the stomach digest protein. Bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine. No food is absorbed until the small intestine. | Options: lumen|reticular|porous|osmotic", "answer": "lumen", "id": "sciq_extra_167", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why do fish have short esophaguses?", "context": "Options: no lungs|big tail|no intestines|no mouths", "answer": "no lungs", "id": "sciq_extra_168", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What broad animal group is thought to have evolved from theropod dinosaurs around 150 million years ago?", "context": "Birds are thought to have evolved from theropod dinosaurs around 150 million years ago. Their ancestor may have been similar to the extinct theropod Deinonychus, whose fossils convinced most scientists that birds evolved from dinosaurs. Scientist still don’t know how or why wings and flight evolved, but they continue to search for answers. | Options: birds|insects|mammals|reptiles", "answer": "birds", "id": "sciq_extra_169", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During evolution, something happened to increase the size of what organ in humans, relative to that of the chimpanzee?", "context": "Compared with the nearest evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee, the human has a brain that is huge. At a point in the past, a common ancestor gave rise to the two species of humans and chimpanzees. That evolutionary history is long and is still an area of intense study. But something happened to increase the size of the human brain relative to the chimpanzee. Read this article (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/hugebrain) in which the author explores the current understanding of why this happened. According to one hypothesis about the expansion of brain size, what tissue might have been sacrificed so energy was available to grow our larger brain? Based on what you know about that tissue and nervous tissue, why would there be a trade-off between them in terms of energy use?. | Options: brain|stomach|lung|liver", "answer": "brain", "id": "sciq_extra_170", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the protein in red blood cells which transports oxygen around the body?", "context": "What do you see when you look at this picture? Is it just a mass of tangled ribbons? Look closely. It’s actually a complex pattern of three-dimensional shapes. It represents the structure of a common chemical found inside living cells. The chemical is a protein called hemoglobin. It is the protein in red blood cells which transports oxygen around the body. | Options: hemoglobin|plasma|hydrogen|hematocrit", "answer": "hemoglobin", "id": "sciq_extra_171", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The glass hydrometer is filled with air and weighted with lead at the bottom. it floats highest in the densest fluids and has been calibrated and labeled so that you can read this from it?", "context": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability Working with garden pea plants, Mendel found that crosses between parents that differed by one trait produced F1 offspring that all expressed the traits of one parent. Observable traits are referred to as dominant, and non-expressed traits are described as recessive. When the offspring in Mendel’s experiment were self-crossed, the F2 offspring exhibited the dominant trait or the recessive trait in a 3:1 ratio, confirming that the recessive trait had been transmitted faithfully from the original P0 parent. Reciprocal crosses generated identical F1 and F2 offspring ratios. By examining sample sizes, Mendel showed that his crosses behaved reproducibly according to the laws of probability, and that the traits were inherited as independent events. Two rules in probability can be used to find the expected proportions of offspring of different traits from different crosses. To find the probability of two or more independent events occurring together, apply the product rule and multiply the probabilities of the individual events. The use of the word “and” suggests the appropriate application of the product rule. To find the probability of two or more events occurring in combination, apply the sum rule and add their individual probabilities together. The use of the word “or” suggests the appropriate application of the sum rule. | Options: specific gravity|volume|mass|density", "answer": "specific gravity", "id": "sciq_extra_172", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system provides a major route for heat flow between the interior and exterior of the body?", "context": "Options: the circulatory system|excretory system|nervous system|respiratory system", "answer": "the circulatory system", "id": "sciq_extra_173", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Organs involved in digestion that do not have food pass through them are called?", "context": "Other organs involved in digestion include the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. They are called accessory organs because food does not pass through them. Instead, they secrete or store substances needed for digestion. | Options: accessory organs|vestigial organs|layer organs|bypass organs", "answer": "accessory organs", "id": "sciq_extra_174", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "At a synapse, what objects are released to carry a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?", "context": "Laura Guerin. At a synapse, neurotransmitters are released to carry a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next . CC BY-NC 3.0. | Options: neurotransmitters|viruses|receptors|microorganisms", "answer": "neurotransmitters", "id": "sciq_extra_175", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All cells have a jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended. what is that substance?", "context": "Options: cytosol|glycerol|plasma|cortisol", "answer": "cytosol", "id": "sciq_extra_176", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In physics, when one subtracts the frictional force from the applied force what is the result?", "context": "The net force is found by subtracting the frictional force from the applied force. | Options: net force|rolled force|quarter force|kinetic force", "answer": "net force", "id": "sciq_extra_177", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the force that brings objects toward the earth?", "context": "Options: gravity|weight|light|centrifugal", "answer": "gravity", "id": "sciq_extra_178", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Skyscrapers and other large structures built on soft ground must be anchored to what, located below the ground surface?", "context": "Skyscrapers and other large structures built on soft ground must be anchored to bedrock. Sometimes the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the ground surface. | Options: bedrock|ocean floor|groundwater|water table", "answer": "bedrock", "id": "sciq_extra_179", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When your brain senses that your body temperature is increasing, it sends messages to the blood vessels in the skin to increase in what?", "context": "The cardiovascular system also plays a role in maintaining body temperature. It helps to keep you warm by moving warm blood around your body. Your blood vessels also control your body temperature to keep you from getting too hot or too cold. When your brain senses that your body temperature is increasing, it sends messages to the blood vessels in the skin to increase in diameter. Increasing the diameter of the blood vessels increases the amount of blood and heat that moves near the skin's surface. The heat is then released from the skin. This helps you cool down. What do you think your blood vessels do when your body temperature is decreasing?. | Options: diameter|surface|height|weight", "answer": "diameter", "id": "sciq_extra_180", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ingestion and propulsion are the first two steps in which process that describes how humans process and consume food?", "context": "Digestive Processes The processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. The first of these processes, ingestion, refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth. There, the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin breaking down the carbohydrates in the food plus some lipid digestion via lingual lipase. Chewing increases the surface area of the food and allows an appropriately sized bolus to be produced. Food leaves the mouth when the tongue and pharyngeal muscles propel it into the esophagus. This act of swallowing, the last voluntary act until defecation, is an example of propulsion, which refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract. It includes both the voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis. Peristalsis consists of sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along (Figure 23.5). These waves also play a role in mixing food with digestive juices. Peristalsis is so powerful that foods and liquids you swallow enter your stomach even if you are standing on your head. | Options: digestion|absorption|regeneration|respiration", "answer": "digestion", "id": "sciq_extra_181", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which fish has a round sucker used to suck the blood of other fish?", "context": "Lampreys Lampreys lack scales but have fins and a partial backbone. Their mouth is surrounded by a large round sucker with teeth. They use the sucker to suck the blood of other fish. lampreys. | Options: lamprey|shark|abalone|moray", "answer": "lamprey", "id": "sciq_extra_182", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of change is undergone when the physical properties of a substance are changed?", "context": "Any time the physical properties of a substance are changed, we can say the substance has undergone a physical change . All substances undergo physical changes where there is a change in the form of the substance but not in its chemical composition. For instance, the grinding of granular sugar into powdered sugar is a physical change. Similarly, dissolving sugar in water is a physical change. We can also use physical changes to separate mixtures into their components. There are a variety of methods used, and the best procedure depends largely on the nature of the mixture. Depending on the states of matter involved, the relative sizes of the mixtures components, and whether the mixture is homogeneous or heterogeneous will determine the necessary separation technique. | Options: physical|thermal|genetic|atmospheric", "answer": "physical", "id": "sciq_extra_183", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Digestive enzymes are released, or secreted, by the organs of which body system?", "context": "Digestive enzymes are released, or secreted, by the organs of the digestive system. These enzymes include proteases that digest proteins, and nucleases that digest nucleic acids. Examples of digestive enzymes are:. | Options: digestive system|nervous system|urinary system|endocrine system", "answer": "digestive system", "id": "sciq_extra_184", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When water is aerated it can provide a plant's roots with what gas for cellular respiration?", "context": "Options: oxygen|nitrogen|carbon|carbon dioxide", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_185", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where on a jellyfish is the mouth opening located?", "context": "In the jellyfish, a mouth opening is present on the underside of the animal, surrounded by tentacles bearing nematocysts. Scyphozoans live most of their life cycle as free-swimming, solitary carnivores. The mouth leads to the gastrovascular cavity, which may be sectioned into four interconnected sacs, called diverticuli. In some species, the digestive system may be further branched into radial canals. Like the septa in anthozoans, the branched gastrovascular cells serve two functions: to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption and diffusion; thus, more cells are in direct contact with the nutrients in the gastrovascular cavity. In scyphozoans, nerve cells are scattered all over the body. Neurons may even be present in clusters called rhopalia. These animals possess a ring of muscles lining the dome of the body, which provides the contractile force required to swim through water. Scyphozoans are dioecious animals, that is, the sexes are separate. The gonads are formed from the gastrodermis and gametes are expelled through the mouth. Planula larvae are formed by external fertilization; they settle on a substratum in a polypoid form known as scyphistoma. These forms may produce additional polyps by budding or may transform into the medusoid form. The life cycle (Figure 28.10) of these animals can be described as polymorphic, because they exhibit both a medusal and polypoid body plan at some point in their life cycle. | Options: underside|left side|right side|top", "answer": "underside", "id": "sciq_extra_186", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Calcium ion is an example of what kind of messenger?", "context": "Second Messengers Second messengers are small molecules that propagate a signal after it has been initiated by the binding of the signaling molecule to the receptor. These molecules help to spread a signal through the cytoplasm by altering the behavior of certain cellular proteins. Calcium ion is a widely used second messenger. The free concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) within a cell is very low because ion pumps in the plasma membrane continuously use adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) to remove it. For signaling purposes, Ca2+ is stored in cytoplasmic vesicles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, or accessed from outside the cell. When signaling occurs, ligand-gated calcium ion channels allow the higher levels of Ca2+ that are present outside the cell (or in intracellular storage compartments) to flow into the cytoplasm, which raises the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+. The response to the increase in Ca2+ varies, depending on the cell type involved. For example, in the β-cells of the pancreas, Ca2+ signaling leads to the release of insulin, and in muscle cells, an increase in Ca 2+ leads to muscle contractions. Another second messenger utilized in many different cell types is cyclic AMP (cAMP). Cyclic AMP is synthesized by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase from ATP (Figure 9.12). The main role of cAMP in cells is to bind to and activate an enzyme called cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase). A-kinase regulates many vital metabolic pathways: It phosphorylates serine and threonine res", "answer": "second", "id": "sciq_extra_187", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Aspirin and ibuprofen reduce pain by inhibiting the synthesis of what?", "context": "Options: prostaglandins|triglycerides|lipids|hormones", "answer": "prostaglandins", "id": "sciq_extra_188", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What unit do astronomers use to describe distances in space?", "context": "Astronomers use light years as the unit to describe distances in space. Remember that a light year is the distance light travels in one year. | Options: light years|quantum years|light months|gravity years", "answer": "light years", "id": "sciq_extra_189", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process by which water moves through semi-permeable membranes from one part of the body to another?", "context": "26.1 | Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the importance of water in the body • Contrast the composition of the intracellular fluid with that of the extracellular fluid • Explain the importance of protein channels in the movement of solutes • Identify the causes and symptoms of edema The chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions. The dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes. In the human body, solutes vary in different parts of the body, but may include proteins—including those that transport lipids, carbohydrates, and, very importantly, electrolytes. Often in medicine, a mineral dissociated from a salt that carries an electrical charge (an ion) is called and electrolyte. For instance, sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-) are often referred to as electrolytes. In the body, water moves through semi-permeable membranes of cells and from one compartment of the body to another by a process called osmosis. Osmosis is basically the diffusion of water from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration, along an osmotic gradient across a semi-permeable membrane. As a result, water will move into and out of cells and tissues, depending on the relative concentrations of the water and solutes found there. An appropriate balance of solutes inside and outside of cells must be maintained to ensure normal function. | Options: osmosis|diffusion|electrolysis|mitosis", "answer": "osmosis", "id": "sciq_extra_190", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the phenotypic range of a particular genotype called?", "context": "Options: norm of reaction|diversity|natural selection|range of motion", "answer": "norm of reaction", "id": "sciq_extra_191", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What cells are the basis of nervous tissue?", "context": "Neurons Neurons are the cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. They are responsible for the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations, and that produce movements in response to those stimuli, along with inducing thought processes within the brain. An important part of the function of neurons is in their structure, or shape. The threedimensional shape of these cells makes the immense numbers of connections within the nervous system possible. | Options: neurons|erythrocytes|lipocytes|osteoclasts", "answer": "neurons", "id": "sciq_extra_192", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Pure carbon can exist in different forms, depending on how its atoms are arranged. the forms include diamond, graphite, and what else?", "context": "Pure carbon can exist in different forms, depending on how its atoms are arranged. The forms include diamond, graphite, and fullerenes. All three forms exist as crystals, but they have different structures. Their different structures, in turn, give them different properties. You can learn more about them in Table below . | Options: fullerenes|calcites|lead|ligands", "answer": "fullerenes", "id": "sciq_extra_193", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which cavity, filled with lubricating serous fluid, lies between the epicardium and the pericardium?", "context": "and is part of the heart wall. The pericardial cavity, filled with lubricating serous fluid, lies between the epicardium and the pericardium. In most organs within the body, visceral serous membranes such as the epicardium are microscopic. However, in the case of the heart, it is not a microscopic layer but rather a macroscopic layer, consisting of a simple squamous epithelium called a mesothelium, reinforced with loose, irregular, or areolar connective tissue that attaches to the pericardium. This mesothelium secretes the lubricating serous fluid that fills the pericardial cavity and reduces friction as the heart contracts. Figure 19.5 illustrates the pericardial membrane and the layers of the heart. | Options: pericardial cavity|cranial cavity|oral cavity|thoracic cavity", "answer": "pericardial cavity", "id": "sciq_extra_194", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the male reproductive system is involved with the most common disorders?", "context": "Most common disorders of the male reproductive system involve the testes. They include injuries and cancer. | Options: the testes|the ureter|the penis|the glans", "answer": "the testes", "id": "sciq_extra_195", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Layers of what create a volcano?", "context": "Magma beneath a volcano erupts onto the volcano’s surface. Layer upon layer of lava creates a volcano. | Options: lava|rock|limestone|crust", "answer": "lava", "id": "sciq_extra_196", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, blood flow is directed in two circuits: one through the lungs and back to the heart, which is called what?", "context": "In amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, blood flow is directed in two circuits: one through the lungs and back to the heart, which is called pulmonary circulation, and the other throughout the rest of the body and its organs including the brain (systemic circulation). In amphibians, gas exchange also occurs through the skin during pulmonary circulation and is referred to as pulmocutaneous circulation. As shown in Figure 40.4b, amphibians have a three-chambered heart that has two atria and one ventricle rather than the two-chambered heart of fish. The two atria (superior heart chambers) receive blood from the two different circuits (the lungs and the systems), and then there is some mixing of the blood in the heart’s ventricle (inferior heart chamber), which reduces the efficiency of oxygenation. The advantage to this arrangement is that high pressure in the vessels pushes blood to the lungs and body. The mixing is mitigated by a ridge within the ventricle that diverts oxygen-rich blood through the systemic circulatory system and deoxygenated blood to the pulmocutaneous circuit. For this reason, amphibians are often described as having double circulation. Most reptiles also have a three-chambered heart similar to the amphibian heart that directs blood to the pulmonary and systemic circuits, as shown in Figure 40.4c. The ventricle is divided more effectively by a partial septum, which results in less mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Some reptiles (alligators an", "answer": "pulmonary circulation", "id": "sciq_extra_197", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Non-human organisms that mainly consume plants/other primary producers are known as what?", "context": "Options: herbivores|amphibians|carnivores|omnivores", "answer": "herbivores", "id": "sciq_extra_198", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In the microbiology lab, what technique refers to the procedures that are carried out under sterile conditions?", "context": "In the microbiology lab, aseptic technique refers to the procedures that are carried out under sterile conditions. Scientists who study microbes are called microbiologists. Microbiologists must carry out their lab work using the aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination of themselves, contamination of the environment they are working in, including work surfaces or equipment, and contamination of the sample they are working on. Bacteria live on just about every surface on Earth, so if a scientist wants to grow a particular type of bacterium in the lab, he or she needs to be able to sterilize their equipment to prevent contamination by other bacteria or microorganisms. The aseptic technique is also used in medicine, where it is important to keep the human body free of contamination. | Options: aseptic|personal hygiene|experimental control|ionization", "answer": "aseptic", "id": "sciq_extra_199", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Connecting a magnesium rod to an underground steel pipeline protects the pipeline from corrosion. because magnesium (e° = −2.37 v) is much more easily oxidized than iron (e° = −0.45 v), the mg rod acts as the anode in a what?", "context": "Connecting a magnesium rod to an underground steel pipeline protects the pipeline from corrosion. Because magnesium (E° = −2.37 V) is much more easily oxidized than iron (E° = −0.45 V), the Mg rod acts as the anode in a galvanic cell. The pipeline is therefore forced to act as the cathode at which oxygen is reduced. The soil between the anode and the cathode acts as a salt bridge that completes the electrical circuit and maintains electrical neutrality. As Mg(s) is oxidized to Mg2+ at the anode, anions in the soil, such as nitrate, diffuse toward the anode to neutralize the positive charge. Simultaneously, cations in the soil, such as H+ or NH4+, diffuse toward the cathode, where they replenish the protons that are consumed as oxygen is reduced. A similar strategy uses many miles of somewhat less reactive zinc wire to protect the Alaska oil pipeline. | Options: galvanic cell|anode cell|stimulation cell|voltaic cell", "answer": "galvanic cell", "id": "sciq_extra_200", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Matrix is the term for the fluid-filled interior of what structure, where most of the cell’s atp is made?", "context": "As the Figure below (a) and (b) shows, a mitochondrion has two phospholipids membranes. The smooth outer membrane separates the mitochondrion from the cytosol. The inner membrane has many folds, called cristae . These cristae greatly increase the membrane surface area for integral proteins. Many proteins involved in cellular respiration are embedded in this inner membrane. The greater surface area allows more proteins to be located there, resulting in more cellular respiration reactions, and more ATP synthesis. ATP is produced by the enzyme ATP synthase, which is a membrane protein of the mitochondria inner membrane. The fluid-filled inside of the mitochondrian, called matrix , is where most of the cell’s ATP is made. | Options: mitochondria|nucleus|Golgi apparatus|enzyme", "answer": "mitochondria", "id": "sciq_extra_201", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi. the cell wall protects the cell from what?", "context": "Like plant cells, fungal cells are surrounded by a thick cell wall; however, the rigid layers contain the complex polysaccharides chitin and glucan and not cellulose that is used by plants. Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi. The cell wall protects the cell from desiccation and predators. Fungi have plasma membranes similar to other eukaryotes, except that the structure is stabilized by ergosterol, a steroid molecule that functions like the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes. Most members of the kingdom Fungi are nonmotile. Flagella are produced only by the gametes in the primitive division Chytridiomycota. Growth and Reproduction The vegetative body of a fungus is called a thallus and can be unicellular or multicellular. Some fungi are dimorphic because they can go from being unicellular to multicellular depending on environmental conditions. Unicellular fungi are generally referred to as yeasts. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) and Candida species (the agents of thrush, a common fungal infection) are examples of unicellular fungi. Most fungi are multicellular organisms. They display two distinct morphological stages: vegetative and reproductive. The vegetative stage is characterized by a tangle of slender thread-like structures called hyphae (singular, hypha), whereas the reproductive stage can be more conspicuous. A mass of hyphae is called a mycelium (Figure 13.22). It can grow on a surfac", "answer": "desiccation and predators", "id": "sciq_extra_202", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for air moving over earth’s surface?", "context": "Wind is only air moving over Earth’s surface, but it can cause a lot of erosion. Look at Figure below . It will give you an idea of just how much erosion wind can cause. The dust storm in the photo occurred in Arizona. All that dust in the air was picked up and carried by the wind. The wind may carry the dust for hundreds of kilometers before depositing it. | Options: wind|humidity|spin cycle|tidal", "answer": "wind", "id": "sciq_extra_203", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each of what paired organs is enclosed within a cavity surrounded by the pleura?", "context": "Pleura of the Lungs Each lung is enclosed within a cavity that is surrounded by the pleura. The pleura (plural = pleurae) is a serous membrane that surrounds the lung. The right and left pleurae, which enclose the right and left lungs, respectively, are separated by the mediastinum. The pleurae consist of two layers. The visceral pleura is the layer that is superficial to the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures (Figure 22.14). In contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The visceral and parietal pleurae connect to each other at the hilum. The pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal layers. | Options: lungs|bones|ovaries|heart", "answer": "lungs", "id": "sciq_extra_204", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the best-known extinct vertebrates?", "context": "Introduction Vertebrates are among the most recognizable organisms of the animal kingdom. More than 62,000 vertebrate species have been identified. The vertebrate species now living represent only a small portion of the vertebrates that have existed. The best-known extinct vertebrates are the dinosaurs, a unique group of reptiles, which reached sizes not seen before or after in terrestrial animals. They were the dominant terrestrial animals for 150 million years, until they died out in a mass extinction near the end of the Cretaceous period. Although it is not known with certainty what caused their extinction, a great deal is known about the anatomy of the dinosaurs, given the preservation of skeletal elements in the fossil record. Currently, a number of vertebrate species face extinction primarily due to habitat loss and pollution. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, more than 6,000 vertebrate species are classified as threatened. Amphibians and mammals are the classes with the greatest percentage of threatened species, with 29 percent of all amphibians and 21 percent of all mammals classified as threatened. Attempts are being made around the world to prevent the extinction of threatened species. For example, the Biodiversity Action Plan is an international program, ratified by 188 countries, which is designed to protect species and habitats. | Options: dinosaurs|snakes|trees|trilobites", "answer": "dinosaurs", "id": "sciq_extra_205", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Centrioles help organize the chromosomes before cell division so that each daughter cell has the correct number of what?", "context": "Centrioles are organelles involved in cell division. They help organize the chromosomes before cell division so that each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes after the cell divides. Centrioles are found only in animal cells and are located near the nucleus (see Figure above ). | Options: chromosomes|ribosomes|cells|receptors", "answer": "chromosomes", "id": "sciq_extra_206", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What development is less risky for the mother?", "context": "Marsupial development is less risky for the mother. However, the embryo is fragile, so it may be less likely to survive than the fetus of a placental mammal. | Options: marsupial|gastrointestinal|atypical|mutation", "answer": "marsupial", "id": "sciq_extra_207", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does the term decay in chemistry refer to with regards to atoms?", "context": "You probably associate the term decay with images like the one above. But when it comes to atoms, decay has a different meaning. Decay in chemistry refers to changes in the nuclei of certain atoms. | Options: changes in nuclei|pressures in nuclei|destruction of nuclei|separation of nuclei", "answer": "changes in nuclei", "id": "sciq_extra_208", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How does increasing the temperature of reactants affect the rate of their reaction?", "context": "When the temperature of reactants is higher, the rate of the reaction is faster. At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster. As a result, they are more likely to bump into one another and to collide with greater force. For example, food spoils because of chemical reactions, and these reactions occur faster at higher temperatures (see the bread on the left in the Figure below ). This is why we store foods in the refrigerator or freezer (like the bread on the right in the Figure below ). The lower temperature slows the rate of spoilage. | Options: it increases it|it patterns it|it is unchanged|it decreases it", "answer": "it increases it", "id": "sciq_extra_209", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of eclipse happens when a full moon moves through earth's shadow?", "context": "Sometimes a full moon moves through Earth's shadow. This is a lunar eclipse ( Figure below ). During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon travels completely in Earth’s umbra. During a partial lunar eclipse, only a portion of the Moon enters Earth’s umbra. When the Moon passes through Earth’s penumbra, it is a penumbral eclipse. Since Earth’s shadow is large, a lunar eclipse lasts for hours. Anyone with a view of the Moon can see a lunar eclipse. | Options: lunar|cycle|solar|planetary", "answer": "lunar", "id": "sciq_extra_210", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Dynamite is an example of what type of potential energy?", "context": "Dynamite is another example of chemical potential energy. The major component of dynamite is nitroglycerin, a very unstable material. By mixing it with diatomaceous earth, the stability is increased and it is less likely to explode if it receives a physical shock. When ignited, the nitroglycerin explodes rapidly, releasing large amounts of nitrogen and other gases along with a massive amount of heat. | Options: chemical|carbon|mineral|thermal", "answer": "chemical", "id": "sciq_extra_211", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All the atoms of a given element have the same number what?", "context": "All the atoms of a given element have the same number of protons and electrons, but they may vary in their numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element that differ in their numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. | Options: protons and electrons|neutrons and electrons|cells and electrons|neutrons and protons", "answer": "protons and electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_212", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What structures located on chromosomes control characteristics of life and are passed from parents to offspring?", "context": "Characteristics of life are controlled by genes, which are passed from parents to offspring, and are located on chromosomes, like the one shown here, that are found in every cell. The gene theory is one of the unifying principles of biology. | Options: genes|eggs|axons|cells", "answer": "genes", "id": "sciq_extra_213", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The lattice energy is usually the most important energy factor in determining the stability of what?", "context": "The lattice energy is usually the most important energy factor in determining the stability of an ionic compound. | Options: ionic compound|harmonic compound|magnetic compound|saline compound", "answer": "ionic compound", "id": "sciq_extra_214", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of organisms helps hold soil in place to slow erosion?", "context": "People remove a lot of vegetation. They log forests or prepare the land for farming or construction. Even just walking or riding your bike over the same place can kill the grass. But plants help to hold the soil in place ( Figure below ). Without plants to protect it, soil may be carried away by wind or running water. In many areas, soil is eroding faster than it is forming. In these locations, soil is a non-renewable resource. | Options: plants|flowers|bacteria|animals", "answer": "plants", "id": "sciq_extra_215", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Water found on the surface of the earth is referred to as what?", "context": "Options: surface water|groundwater|reservoir water|runoff", "answer": "surface water", "id": "sciq_extra_216", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which planet is named after the roman goddess of love?", "context": "Named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus is the only planet named after a female. Venus is sometimes called Earth’s “sister planet. ” But just how similar is Venus to Earth? Venus is our nearest neighbor. Venus is most like Earth in size. | Options: venus|Neptune|Mercury|Jupiter", "answer": "venus", "id": "sciq_extra_217", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In astronomy, what are so dense that not even light can escape their gravity?", "context": "If the core remaining after a supernova is more than about 5 times the mass of the Sun, the core collapses to become a black hole . Black holes are so dense that not even light can escape their gravity. For that reason, we can't see black holes. How can we know something exists if radiation can't escape it? We know a black hole is there by the effect that it has on objects around it. Also, some radiation leaks out around its edges. A black hole isn't a hole at all. It is the tremendously dense core of a supermassive star. | Options: black holes|black rods|dwarf stars|red holes", "answer": "black holes", "id": "sciq_extra_218", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the simplest organic compounds?", "context": "Summary Covalent inorganic compounds are named by a procedure similar to that used for ionic compounds, using prefixes to indicate the numbers of atoms in the molecular formula. The simplest organic compounds are the hydrocarbons, which containonly carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes contain only carbon–hydrogen and carbon–carbon single bonds, alkenes contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond, and alkynes contain one or more carbon–carbon triple bonds. Hydrocarbons can also be cyclic, with the. | Options: hydrocarbons|proteins|enzymes|carbohydrates", "answer": "hydrocarbons", "id": "sciq_extra_219", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Animals are classified according to morphological and developmental characteristics, such as a body plan. with the exception of sponges, the animal body plan is symmetrical. this means that their distribution of body parts is balanced along this?", "context": "Classification Features of Animals Animals are classified according to morphological and developmental characteristics, such as a body plan. With the exception of sponges, the animal body plan is symmetrical. This means that their distribution of body parts is balanced along an axis. Additional characteristics that contribute to animal classification include the number of tissue layers formed during development, the presence or absence of an internal body cavity, and other features of embryological development. | Options: axis|skull|radius|ulna", "answer": "axis", "id": "sciq_extra_220", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Competition that occurs between members of the same species, which improves the species’ adaptations, is called what?", "context": "Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. It improves the species’ adaptations. | Options: intraspecific competition|interspecies competition|commensalism|adaptive behavior", "answer": "intraspecific competition", "id": "sciq_extra_221", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When we were dealing with electrical effects, it was very useful to speak of an electric field that surrounded what?", "context": "When we were dealing with electrical effects, it was very useful to speak of an electric field that surrounded an electric charge. In the same way, we can imagine a magnetic field surrounding a magnetic pole. The force that one magnet exerts on another can be described as the interaction between one magnet and the magnetic field of the other magnet. Magnetic field lines go from the north magnetic pole to the south magnetic pole. We define the magnetic field at any point as a vector (represented by the letter B ) whose direction is from north to south magnetic poles. | Options: electrical charge|liquid charge|stellar charge|sunlight charge", "answer": "electrical charge", "id": "sciq_extra_222", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Plants require air, water, nutrients, and what in order to live and survive?", "context": "Options: light|money|gravity|entertainment", "answer": "light", "id": "sciq_extra_223", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Exothermic reactions, like all chemical reactions, require what to get started?", "context": "All chemical reactions, including exothermic reactions, need activation energy to get started. | Options: activation energy|surface energy|membrane energy|specific energy", "answer": "activation energy", "id": "sciq_extra_224", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What broad group of animals are the first true tetrapods, vertebrates with four limbs?", "context": "Amphibians are the first true tetrapods , or vertebrates with four limbs. Amphibians have less variation in size than fish, ranging in length from 1 centimeter (2.5 inches) to 1.5 meters (about 5 feet). They generally have moist skin without scales. Their skin contains keratin , a tough, fibrous protein found in the skin, scales, feathers, hair, and nails of tetrapod vertebrates, from amphibians to humans. Some forms of keratin are tougher than others. The form in amphibian skin is not very tough, and it allows gases and water to pass through their skin. | Options: amphibians|fish|reptiles|mammals", "answer": "amphibians", "id": "sciq_extra_225", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In most fungi, the haploid nuclei contributed by each parent do not do what right away?", "context": "Options: fuse|filter|disperse|vaporize", "answer": "fuse", "id": "sciq_extra_226", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is telomere shortening associated with?", "context": "Telomerase is not active in adult somatic cells. Adult somatic cells that undergo cell division continue to have their telomeres shortened. This essentially means that telomere shortening is associated with aging. In 2010, scientists found [1] that telomerase can reverse some age-related conditions in mice, and this may have potential in regenerative medicine. Mariella Jaskelioff, et al. , “Telomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in aged telomerase-deficient mice,” Nature, 469 (2011):102–7. | Options: aging|sleeping|reducing|changing", "answer": "aging", "id": "sciq_extra_227", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What gas is released when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose?", "context": "Carbon dioxide is given off when dead organisms and other organic materials decompose. | Options: carbon dioxide|hydrogen peroxide|carbon monoxide|nitrous oxide", "answer": "carbon dioxide", "id": "sciq_extra_228", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of lens is thicker at the edges than it is in the middle?", "context": "A concave lens is thicker at the edges than it is in the middle. This causes rays of light to diverge. The light forms a virtual image that is right-side up and smaller than the object. | Options: concave lens|convex lens|surface lens|glass lens", "answer": "concave lens", "id": "sciq_extra_229", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A collapsing nebula leads to what process?", "context": "Stars form from clouds of gas and dust called nebulas. Nebulas collapse until nuclear fusion starts. | Options: nuclear fusion|nuclear reaction|destructive fusion|chemical reaction", "answer": "nuclear fusion", "id": "sciq_extra_230", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Lenses that focus light are called what?", "context": "Lenses , made from curved pieces of glass, focus or de-focus light as it passes through. Lenses that focus light are called converging lenses, and these are the ones used to make telescopes and cameras. Lenses that de-focus light are called diverging lenses. | Options: converging lenses|active lenses|powering lenses|sensing lenses", "answer": "converging lenses", "id": "sciq_extra_231", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens to the pressure when more gas is added to a rigid container?", "context": "The acceleration of the car is in the same direction as the velocity. | Options: increases|occurs|changes|Higher", "answer": "increases", "id": "sciq_extra_232", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Often represented by an arrow, a vector is a measurement that has both size and what?", "context": "When both distance and direction are considered, motion can be represented by a vector. A vector is a measurement that has both size and direction. It may be represented by an arrow. If you are representing motion with an arrow, the length of the arrow represents distance, and the way the arrow points represents direction. The red arrows on the map in the Figure above are vectors for Jordan’s route from his house to the school and from the school to the post office. If you want to learn more about vectors, watch the video at this URL:. | Options: direction|pressure|location|reason", "answer": "direction", "id": "sciq_extra_233", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A solenoid wrapped around a bar of iron or other ferromagnetic material forms what?", "context": "Solenoids are the basis of electromagnets. An electromagnet is a solenoid wrapped around a bar of iron or other ferromagnetic material (see Figure below ). The electromagnetic field of the solenoid magnetizes the iron bar by aligning its magnetic domains. The combined magnetic force of the magnetized iron bar and the wire coil makes an electromagnet very strong. In fact, electromagnets are the strongest magnets made. Some of them are strong enough to lift a train. The maglev train described earlier, in the lesson \"Electricity and Magnetism,\" contains permanent magnets. Strong electromagnets in the track repel the train magnets, causing the train to levitate above the track. | Options: electromagnet|impoundment|compass|compress", "answer": "electromagnet", "id": "sciq_extra_234", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Enzymes can catalyze up to several million reactions per what?", "context": "Enzymes are extremely efficient in speeding up biochemical reactions. They can catalyze up to several million reactions per second. As a result, the difference in rates of biochemical reactions with and without enzymes may be enormous. A typical biochemical reaction might take hours or even days to occur under normal cellular conditions without an enzyme, but less than a second with the enzyme. | Options: second|minute|hour|day", "answer": "second", "id": "sciq_extra_235", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar are the four basic types of what?", "context": "While there are many defined neuron cell subtypes, neurons are broadly divided into four basic types: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar. Figure 35.5 illustrates these four basic neuron types. Unipolar neurons have only one structure that extends away from the soma. These neurons are not found in vertebrates but are found in insects where they stimulate muscles or glands. A bipolar neuron has one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma. An example of a bipolar neuron is a retinal bipolar cell, which receives signals from photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light and transmits these signals to ganglion cells that carry the signal to the brain. Multipolar neurons are the most common type of neuron. Each multipolar neuron contains one axon and multiple dendrites. Multipolar neurons can be found in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). An example of a multipolar neuron is a Purkinje cell in the cerebellum, which has many branching dendrites but only one axon. Pseudounipolar cells share characteristics with both unipolar and bipolar cells. A pseudounipolar cell has a single process that extends from the soma, like a unipolar cell, but this process later branches into two distinct structures, like a bipolar cell. Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar and have an axon that branches into two extensions: one connected to dendrites that receive sensory information and another that transmits this information to the spinal cord. | Options: neuro", "answer": "neurons", "id": "sciq_extra_236", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many families are known quarks divided into?", "context": "The known quarks are divided into three families, low energy, medium energy, and high energy. | Options: three|two|five|four", "answer": "three", "id": "sciq_extra_237", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The nervous system has two main parts, called the central nervous system and the what?", "context": "The nervous system has two main parts, called the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is described later in this lesson. The central nervous system is shown in Figure below . It includes the brain and spinal cord. | Options: peripheral nervous system|functional nervious system|useful nervous system|obsolete nervous system", "answer": "peripheral nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_238", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What makes up the dense outer layer of bones?", "context": "Compact bone makes up the dense outer layer of bone. It is very hard and strong. | Options: compact bone|adipose tissue|ligaments|plasma", "answer": "compact bone", "id": "sciq_extra_239", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of behaviors are rigid and predictable, and usually involve basic life functions?", "context": "Innate behaviors are rigid and predictable. All members of the species perform the behaviors in the same way. Innate behaviors usually involve basic life functions, such as finding food or caring for offspring. Several examples are shown in Figure below . If an animal were to perform such important behaviors incorrectly, it would be less likely to survive or reproduce. | Options: innate behaviors|diverse behaviors|protective behaviors|impulsive behaviors", "answer": "innate behaviors", "id": "sciq_extra_240", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are all different kinds of what?", "context": "Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are all different kinds of fungi. There may be as many as 1.5 million species of fungi ( Figure below ). You can easily see bread mold and mushrooms without a microscope, but most fungi you cannot see. Fungi are either too small to be seen without a microscope, or they live where you cannot see them easily—deep in the soil, under decaying logs, or inside plants or animals. Some fungi even live in, or on top of, other fungi. | Options: fungi|pollen|bacteria|fossil", "answer": "fungi", "id": "sciq_extra_241", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past?", "context": "Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past. The soft parts of organisms almost always decompose quickly after death. On occasion, the hard parts—mainly bones, teeth, or shells—remain long enough to mineralize and form fossils. An example of a complete fossil skeleton is shown in Figure below . The fossil record is the record of life that unfolded over four billion years and pieced back together through the analysis of fossils. | Options: fossils|corals|bones|detritis", "answer": "fossils", "id": "sciq_extra_242", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process, which is analogous to mitosis, is a series of events that arrange and separate chromosomes and chromatids into daughter cells?", "context": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 11.1 The Process of Meiosis Sexual reproduction requires that diploid organisms produce haploid cells that can fuse during fertilization to form diploid offspring. As with mitosis, DNA replication occurs prior to meiosis during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Meiosis is a series of events that arrange and separate chromosomes and chromatids into daughter cells. During the interphases of meiosis, each chromosome is duplicated. In meiosis, there are two rounds of nuclear division resulting in four nuclei and usually four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The first separates homologs, and the second—like mitosis—separates chromatids into individual chromosomes. During meiosis, variation in the daughter. | Options: meiosis|apoptosis|inhibition|digestion", "answer": "meiosis", "id": "sciq_extra_243", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All of the elements in group 9 have nine of which electrons?", "context": "All of the elements in group 9 have nine valence electrons. | Options: valence|shell|ionic|gradient", "answer": "valence", "id": "sciq_extra_244", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The force of attraction between a positively charged metal ion and the valence electrons it shares with other ions of the metal is called?", "context": "A metallic bond is the force of attraction between a positively charged metal ion and the valence electrons it shares with other ions of the metal. The electrons move freely around the positive ions, which form a lattice-like structure. | Options: metallic bond|ionic bond|metallic yield|temporal bond", "answer": "metallic bond", "id": "sciq_extra_245", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When a car is brought to a stop by friction on level ground, it loses what?", "context": "How Nonconservative Forces Affect Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy may not be conserved when nonconservative forces act. For example, when a car is brought to a stop by friction on level ground, it loses kinetic energy, which is dissipated as thermal energy, reducing its mechanical energy. Figure 7.15 compares the effects of conservative and nonconservative forces. We often choose to understand simpler systems such as that described in Figure 7.15(a) first before studying more complicated systems as in Figure 7.15(b). | Options: kinetic energy|residual energy|exhibit energy|mass energy", "answer": "kinetic energy", "id": "sciq_extra_246", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system of the body is responsible for transmitting, processing, and responding to most of the sensory information that is created by various stimuli?", "context": "Animals can detect environmental stimuli, such as light, sound, and touch. Stimuli are detected by sensory nerve cells. The information is transmitted and processed by the nervous system. The nervous system, in turn, may direct the body to respond. Animal Eyes at http://www. surenmanvelyan. com/eyes/animal-eyes/ has 26 images of the eyes of various animals. | Options: nervous system|respiratory system|circulatory system|attentive system", "answer": "nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_247", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Do vascular or nonvascular plants lack tracheids?", "context": "Options: nonvascular|vascular|neither do|both do", "answer": "nonvascular", "id": "sciq_extra_248", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When the earth is between the moon and the sun, what type of moon shows?", "context": "A full moon occurs when the whole side facing Earth is lit. This happens when Earth is between the Moon and the Sun. About one week later, the Moon enters the quarter-moon phase. Only half of the Moon’s lit surface is visible from Earth, so it appears as a half circle. When the Moon moves between Earth and the Sun, the side facing Earth is completely dark. This is called the new moon phase. Sometimes you can just barely make out the outline of the new moon in the sky. This is because some sunlight reflects off the Earth and hits the Moon. Before and after the quarter-moon phases are the gibbous and crescent phases. During the crescent moon phase, the Moon is less than half lit. It is seen as only a sliver or crescent shape. During the gibbous moon phase, the Moon is more than half lit. It is not full. The Moon undergoes a complete cycle of phases about every 29.5 days. | Options: a full moon|waning moon|half moon|crescent moon", "answer": "a full moon", "id": "sciq_extra_249", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The stored chemical energy of trees and other plants is called what?", "context": "The stored chemical energy of trees and other plants is called biomass energy. When plant materials are burned, they produce thermal energy that can be used for heating, cooking, or generating electricity. Biomass—especially wood—is an important energy source in countries where most people can’t afford fossil fuels. Some plants can also be used to make ethanol, a fuel that is added to gasoline. Ethanol produces less pollution than gasoline, but large areas of land are needed to grow the plants needed to make it. | Options: biomass energy|decomposition energy|biocomposte energy|byproduct energy", "answer": "biomass energy", "id": "sciq_extra_250", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the star nearest the earth named?", "context": "Astronomers are used to really big numbers. While the moon is only 406,697 km from earth at its maximum distance, the sun is much further away (150 million km). Proxima Centauri, the star nearest the earth, is 39, 900, 000, 000, 000 km away and we have just started on long distances. On the other end of the scale, some biologists deal with very small numbers: a typical fungus could be as small as 30 μmeters (0.000030 meters) in length and a virus might only be 0.03 μmeters (0.00000003 meters) long. | Options: proxima centauri|apollinaris centauri|andromeda centauri|alpha centauri", "answer": "proxima centauri", "id": "sciq_extra_251", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the majority of solution properties dependent upon?", "context": "The properties of a solution are different from those of either the pure solute(s) or solvent. Many solution properties are dependent upon the chemical identity of the solute. Compared to pure water, a solution of hydrogen chloride is more acidic, a solution of ammonia is more basic, a solution of sodium chloride is more dense, and a solution of sucrose is more viscous. There are a few solution properties, however, that depend only upon the total concentration of solute species, regardless of their identities. These colligative properties include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. This small set of properties is of central importance to many natural phenomena and technological applications, as will be described in this module. | Options: chemical state of solute|similar state of solute|gas state of solute|acid state of solute", "answer": "chemical state of solute", "id": "sciq_extra_252", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What must be combined with a halogen to give it a positive oxidation number?", "context": "Halogens (Cl, Br, I) have negative oxidation numbers when they form halide compounds. When combined with oxygen, they have positive numbers. In the chlorate ion (ClO 3 - ), the oxidation number of Cl +5, and the oxidation number of O is -2. | Options: oxygen|nitrogen|calcium|carbon", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_253", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hormones are often regulated through what?", "context": "Options: feedback loops|alternating loops|response loops|intensity loops", "answer": "feedback loops", "id": "sciq_extra_254", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Surging hormones will cause adolescents to have what?", "context": "Adolescents may have mood swings because of surging hormones . | Options: mood swings|blackouts|growth spurts|bulging muscles", "answer": "mood swings", "id": "sciq_extra_255", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the force that a magnet exerts on certain materials?", "context": "The force that a magnet exerts on certain materials is called magnetic force . Like electric force, magnetic force is exerted over a distance and includes forces of attraction and repulsion. North and south poles of two magnets attract each other, while two north poles or two south poles repel each other. | Options: magnetic force|positive force|gravitational force|potential force", "answer": "magnetic force", "id": "sciq_extra_256", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What cells does the skeletal system make?", "context": "The skeletal system makes blood cells. Most blood cells are produced inside certain types of bones. | Options: blood cells|Osteoclast|Dendritic cells|brain cells", "answer": "blood cells", "id": "sciq_extra_257", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When a stream or river slows down, it starts dropping its what?", "context": "When a stream or river slows down, it starts dropping its sediments. Larger sediments are dropped in steep areas, but smaller sediments can still be carried. Smaller sediments are dropped as the slope becomes less steep. | Options: sediments|fragments|organisms|pollutants", "answer": "sediments", "id": "sciq_extra_258", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process, which is in many ways the opposite of photosynthesis, shows the interdependence of producers and consumers?", "context": "Cellular respiration, in many ways the opposite of photosynthesis, shows the interdependence of producers and consumers. Combined, the two equations demonstrate how energy flows and the carbon and oxygen cycle between organisms and environment. | Options: cellular respiration|primarily respiration|decomposition|osmosis", "answer": "cellular respiration", "id": "sciq_extra_259", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which membranous organelles in a cell sequence enzyme and electron molecules for efficient cellular respiration?", "context": "Mitochondria, shown here as the green ovals in this animal cell, are membranous organelles which sequence enzyme and electron carrier molecules to make cellular respiration highly efficient. Mitochondria have both an inner and outer membrane, with a matrix inside the inner membrane. The inner membrane has many internal folds, increasing the surface area for proteins and molecules involved in cellular respiration. | Options: mitochondria|glucose|protons|bacterial", "answer": "mitochondria", "id": "sciq_extra_260", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In a plant, the flower contains what?", "context": "Options: pollen and eggs|bees and blossoms|seed and leaves|bud and stem", "answer": "pollen and eggs", "id": "sciq_extra_261", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What forms when one substances dissolves in another?", "context": "A solution forms when one substance dissolves in another. The substance that dissolves is called the solute. The substance that dissolves it is called the solvent. | Options: a solution|a transition|concentrate|complex", "answer": "a solution", "id": "sciq_extra_262", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are thought to have evolved at least 200 million years ago from gymnosperms like gnetae?", "context": "Flowering plants are thought to have evolved at least 200 million years ago from gymnosperms like Gnetae. The earliest known fossils of flowering plants are about 125 million years old. The fossil flowers have male and female reproductive organs but no petals or sepals. | Options: flowering plants|yeasts|cone-bearing plants|deciduous trees", "answer": "flowering plants", "id": "sciq_extra_263", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The chemical and/or physical agents that cause mutations are called what?", "context": "mutation. The chemical and/or physical agents that cause mutations are called mutagens. Diseases that occur due to mutations in critical DNA sequences are referred to as genetic diseases. Viruses are infectious agents composed of a tightly packed central core of nucleic acids enclosed by a protective shell of proteins. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but not both. Some RNA viruses, calledretroviruses, synthesize DNA in the host cell from their RNA genome. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | Options: mutagens|dioxins|organelles|genes", "answer": "mutagens", "id": "sciq_extra_264", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching?", "context": "Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching. Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth. Friction is greater when objects have rougher surfaces or are heavier so they press together with greater force. | Options: friction|tension|vibration|gravity", "answer": "friction", "id": "sciq_extra_265", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth are all types of what?", "context": "There are three different types of muscle tissue in the human body: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle tissues. All three types consist mainly of muscle fibers, but the fibers have different arrangements. You can see how each type of muscle tissue looks in Figure below . | Options: muscle|Nervous|Epithelial|Connective", "answer": "muscle", "id": "sciq_extra_266", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The speed of a wave through connected harmonic oscillators depends on the distance between them, the spring constant, and the what?", "context": "Most wave media act like a series of connected oscillators. For instance, a rope can be thought of as a large number of masses (molecules) connected by springs (intermolecular forces). The speed of a wave through connected harmonic oscillators depends on the distance between them, the spring constant, and the mass. In this way, we can model wave media using the principles of simple harmonic motion. | Options: mass|density|concentrations|temperature", "answer": "mass", "id": "sciq_extra_267", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Traits may also be controlled by multiple alleles or multiple what?", "context": "Inheritance is more complex for traits in which there is codominance or incomplete dominance. Traits may also be controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes. Many traits are influenced by the environment as well. | Options: genes|chromosomes|lesions|eggs", "answer": "genes", "id": "sciq_extra_268", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many atoms does water contain?", "context": "Water, like carbon, has a special role in living things. It is needed by all known forms of life. Water is a simple molecule, containing just three atoms. Nonetheless, water’s structure gives it unique properties that help explain why it is vital to all living organisms. | Options: 3|4|6|9", "answer": "3", "id": "sciq_extra_269", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the only light that people can see?", "context": "Visible light consists of a very narrow range of wavelengths that falls between infrared light and ultraviolet light. It is the only light that people can see. Different wavelengths of visible light appear as different colors. | Options: visible light|spectrum light|infrared light|UV light", "answer": "visible light", "id": "sciq_extra_270", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the system that consists of a hierarchy of taxa, from the kingdom to the species?", "context": "The Linnaean system is based on similarities in obvious physical traits. It consists of a hierarchy of taxa, from the kingdom to the species. | Options: linnaean system|Bohr's law|Mendelian system|zoology", "answer": "linnaean system", "id": "sciq_extra_271", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If the dna from all 46 chromosomes in a human cell nucleus was laid out end to end, it would measure approximately how long?", "context": "Eukaryotic Chromosomal Structure and Compaction If the DNA from all 46 chromosomes in a human cell nucleus was laid out end to end, it would measure approximately two meters; however, its diameter would be only 2 nm. Considering that the size of a typical human cell is about 10 µm (100,000 cells lined up to equal one meter), DNA must be tightly packaged to fit in the cell’s nucleus. At the same time, it must also be readily accessible for the genes to be expressed. During some stages of the cell cycle, the long strands of DNA are condensed into compact chromosomes. There are a number of ways that chromosomes are compacted. In the first level of compaction, short stretches of the DNA double helix wrap around a core of eight histone proteins at regular intervals along the entire length of the chromosome (Figure 10.4). The DNA-histone complex is called chromatin. The beadlike, histone DNA complex is called a nucleosome, and DNA connecting the nucleosomes is called linker DNA. A DNA molecule in this form is about seven times shorter than the double helix without the histones, and the beads are about 10 nm in diameter, in contrast with the 2-nm diameter of a DNA double helix. The next level of compaction occurs as the nucleosomes and the linker DNA between them are coiled into a 30-nm chromatin fiber. This coiling further shortens the chromosome so that it is now about 50 times shorter than the extended form. In the third level of packing, a variety of fibrous proteins is used to ", "answer": "two meters", "id": "sciq_extra_272", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a mixture of a solute in a solvent called?", "context": "Imagine you have a cup that has 100ml water, and you add 15g of table sugar to the water. The sugar dissolves and the mixture that is now in the cup is made up of a solute (the sugar) that is dissolved in the solvent (the water). The mixture of a solute in a solvent is called a solution . | Options: solution|link|structure|transition", "answer": "solution", "id": "sciq_extra_273", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Silver is an example of a mineral containing only one kind of what?", "context": "All minerals have a definite chemical makeup. A few minerals are made of only one kind of element. Silver is a mineral made only of silver atoms. Diamond and graphite are both made only of the element carbon. | Options: element|matter|mass|chemical", "answer": "element", "id": "sciq_extra_274", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What particles ancient greeks propose that matter consists of ?", "context": "Summary 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory The ancient Greeks proposed that matter consists of extremely small particles called atoms. Dalton postulated that each element has a characteristic type of atom that differs in properties from atoms of all other elements, and that atoms of different elements can combine in fixed, small, whole-number ratios to form compounds. Samples of a particular compound all have the same elemental proportions by mass. When two elements form different compounds, a given mass of one element will combine with masses of the other element in a small, whole-number ratio. During any chemical change, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory Although no one has actually seen the inside of an atom, experiments have demonstrated much about atomic structure. Thomson’s cathode ray tube showed that atoms contain small, negatively charged particles called electrons. Millikan discovered that there is a fundamental electric charge—the charge of an electron. Rutherford’s gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus; the positively charged particles within the nucleus are called protons. Chadwick discovered that the nucleus also contains neutral particles called neutrons. Soddy demonstrated that atoms of the same element can differ in mass; these are called isotopes. 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism An atom consists of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons. The nucleus c", "answer": "atoms", "id": "sciq_extra_275", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Repolarization occurs when the membrane potential begins to move back toward its resting what?", "context": "As the membrane potential reaches +30 mV, other voltage-gated channels are opening in the membrane. These channels are specific for the potassium ion. A concentration gradient acts on K+, as well. As K+ starts to leave the cell, taking a positive charge with it, the membrane potential begins to move back toward its resting voltage. This is called repolarization, meaning that the membrane voltage moves back toward the -70 mV value of the resting membrane potential. Repolarization returns the membrane potential to the -70 mV value that indicates the resting potential, but it actually overshoots that value. Potassium ions reach equilibrium when the membrane voltage is below -70 mV, so a period of hyperpolarization occurs while the K+ channels are open. Those K+ channels are slightly delayed in closing, accounting for this short overshoot. What has been described here is the action potential, which is presented as a graph of voltage over time in Figure 12.23. It is the electrical signal that nervous tissue generates for communication. The change in the membrane voltage from -70 mV at rest to +30 mV at the end of depolarization is a 100-mV change. That can also be written as a 0.1-V change. To put that value in perspective, think about a battery. An AA battery that you might find in a television remote has a voltage of 1.5 V, or a 9-V battery (the rectangular battery with two posts on one end) is, obviously, 9 V. The change seen in the action potential is one or two orders of magn", "answer": "voltage", "id": "sciq_extra_276", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Mollusks have a true coelom and a complete what?", "context": "Mollusks have a true coelom and complete digestive system. They also have circulatory and excretory systems. They have a heart that pumps blood, and organs that filter out wastes from the blood. | Options: digestive system|skeletal system|nerve system|tissues system", "answer": "digestive system", "id": "sciq_extra_277", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which organelles, made of protein and ribosomal rna, build cellular proteins in the cytoplasm?", "context": "The nucleus of many cells also contains an organelle called a nucleolus , shown in Figure below . The nucleolus is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. Ribosomes are organelles made of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and they build cellular proteins in the cytoplasm. The function of the rRNA is to provide a way of decoding the genetic messages within another type of RNA, called mRNA for messenger RNA, into amino acids. After being made in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they direct protein synthesis. | Options: ribosomes|chloroplasts|dna|chromosomes", "answer": "ribosomes", "id": "sciq_extra_278", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of matter makes up most of the universe?", "context": "Can you guess what this picture shows? The purple and blue \"flames\" are matter in a particular state. You’re probably familiar with the states of matter most common on Earth — solids, liquids, and gases. But these \"flames\" are a state of matter called plasma. This plasma ball was made by humans. Plasma also occurs in nature. In fact, plasma makes up most of the matter in the universe. | Options: plasma|carbon|liquid|gas", "answer": "plasma", "id": "sciq_extra_279", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most mammals are viviparous, which refers to what reproductive result?", "context": "Most mammals are viviparous. Their young are born live. They are born either as relatively large, well-developed fetuses or as tiny, immature embryos. Mammals that are viviparous are called therian mammals . Only a few mammals lay eggs instead of giving birth to an infant or embryo. | Options: live birth|identical twins|spawning|laying eggs", "answer": "live birth", "id": "sciq_extra_280", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Proteins are polymers of what kind of acids?", "context": "Proteins are polymers of amino acids, which act as the monomers. | Options: amino|lipids|lactic|acetic", "answer": "amino", "id": "sciq_extra_281", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the official name for the study of life?", "context": "The study of biology is the study of life. Concept Biology Advanced is the CK-12 Foundation's most extensive material describing the study of life. Concept Biology Advanced presents biology as a set of 18 concepts, with each concept centered around a specific category, such as cell biology or plants. Each concept is comprised of a series of lessons, with each lesson focusing on one specific topic. The complete Concept Biology Advanced is comprised of over 550 lessons. This material has been developed to complement the most advanced secondary-level biology course. | Options: biology|chemistry|geology|botany", "answer": "biology", "id": "sciq_extra_282", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does an invertebrate, like a snail, not have?", "context": "Snails are an example of invertebrates, animals without a backbone. | Options: backbone|reproductive organs|eyes|a heart", "answer": "backbone", "id": "sciq_extra_283", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the dinosaur genus that's closest to modern birds?", "context": "Deinonychus is the genus name of an extinct dinosaur that is considered to be one of the closest non-bird relatives of modern birds. It lived about 110 million years ago in what is now North America. Deinonychus was a predatory carnivore with many bird-like features. For example, it had feathers and wings. It also had strong legs with clawed feet, similar to modern raptors. Its respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems were similar to those of birds as well. The location of fossilized eggs near Deinonychus fossils suggests that it may have brooded its eggs. This would mean that it was endothermic. (Can you explain why?) On the other hand, Deinonychus retained a number of reptile-like traits, such as jaws with teeth and hands with claws at the tips of its wings. | Options: deinonychus|sauropods|diplodocus|Rapter", "answer": "deinonychus", "id": "sciq_extra_284", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In what type of organisms are daughter cells individuals?", "context": "6.4 | Prokaryotic Cell Division By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the process of binary fission in prokaryotes • Explain how FtsZ and tubulin proteins are examples of homology Prokaryotes such as bacteria propagate by binary fission. For unicellular organisms, cell division is the only method to produce new individuals. In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the outcome of cell reproduction is a pair of daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. In unicellular organisms, daughter cells are individuals. To achieve the outcome of identical daughter cells, some steps are essential. The genomic DNA must be replicated and then allocated into the daughter cells; the cytoplasmic contents must also be divided to give both new cells the machinery to sustain life. In bacterial cells, the genome consists of a single, circular DNA chromosome; therefore, the process of cell division is simplified. Mitosis is unnecessary because there is no nucleus or multiple chromosomes. This type of cell division is called binary fission. | Options: unicellular organisms|multicellular organisms|macroscopic organisms|hematopoietic organisms", "answer": "unicellular organisms", "id": "sciq_extra_285", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What group was long considered part of the plant kingdom because of obvious similarities; both are immobile, have cell walls, and grow in soil?", "context": "For a long time, scientists considered fungi to be members of the plant kingdom because they have obvious similarities with plants. Both fungi and plants are immobile, have cell walls, and grow in soil. Some fungi, such as lichens, even look like plants (see Figure below ). | Options: fungi|mosses|coral|bacteria", "answer": "fungi", "id": "sciq_extra_286", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of waves transmit the energy of an earthquake?", "context": "An earthquake is sudden ground movement. This movement is caused by the sudden release of the energy stored in rocks. An earthquake happens when so much stress builds up in the rocks that the rocks break. An earthquake’s energy is transmitted by seismic waves. Each year, there are more than 150,000 earthquakes strong enough to be felt by people. An amazing 900,000 are recorded by seismometers. | Options: seismic waves|tectonic waves|sonic waves|volcanic waves", "answer": "seismic waves", "id": "sciq_extra_287", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In our bodies, the chest cavity is a clear example of a system at what?", "context": "It is interesting that the widths of the resonance curves shown in Figure 16.27 depend on damping: the less the damping, the narrower the resonance. The message is that if you want a driven oscillator to resonate at a very specific frequency, you need as little damping as possible. Little damping is the case for piano strings and many other musical instruments. Conversely, if you want small-amplitude oscillations, such as in a car’s suspension system, then you want heavy damping. Heavy damping reduces the amplitude, but the tradeoff is that the system responds at more frequencies. These features of driven harmonic oscillators apply to a huge variety of systems. When you tune a radio, for example, you are adjusting its resonant frequency so that it only oscillates to the desired station’s broadcast (driving) frequency. The more selective the radio is in discriminating between stations, the smaller its damping. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used medical diagnostic tool in which atomic nuclei (mostly hydrogen nuclei) are made to resonate by incoming radio waves (on the order of 100 MHz). A child on a swing is driven by a parent at the swing’s natural frequency to achieve maximum amplitude. In all of these cases, the efficiency of energy transfer from the driving force into the oscillator is best at resonance. Speed bumps and gravel roads prove that even a car’s suspension system is not immune to resonance. In spite of finely engineered shock absorbers, which ordin", "answer": "resonance", "id": "sciq_extra_288", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How do prokaryotic cells divide?", "context": "Prokaryotic cells grow to a certain size. Then they divide by binary fission. This is a type of asexual reproduction. It produces genetically identical offspring. Genetic transfer increases genetic variation in prokaryotes. | Options: binary fission|Fusion|function fission|multiple fission", "answer": "binary fission", "id": "sciq_extra_289", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for a series of biochemical reactions by which an organism converts a given reactant to a specific end product?", "context": "A metabolic pathway is a series of biochemical reactions by which an organism converts a given reactant to a specific end product. As you will learn in Section 20.5 \"Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism\" through Section 20.7 \"Stage II of Protein Catabolism\", there are specific metabolic pathways—which are different for carbohydrates, triglycerides, and proteins—that break down the products of stage I of catabolism (monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids) to produce a common end product, acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in stage II of catabolism. Acetyl-CoA is shown in Figure 20.10 \"The Structure of Acetyl-Coenzyme A (AcetylCoA)\". The acetyl unit, derived (as we will see) from the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, is attached to coenzyme A, making the acetyl unit more reactive. Acetyl-CoA is used in a myriad of biochemical pathways. For example, it may be used as the starting material for the biosynthesis of lipids (such as triglycerides, phospholipids, or cholesterol and other steroids). Most importantly for energy generation, it may enter the citric acid cycle and be oxidized to produce energy, if energy is needed and oxygen is available. The various fates or uses of acetyl-CoA are summarized in Figure 20.11 \"Cell Chemistry\". Figure 20.10 The Structure of Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA). | Options: metabolic pathway|internal pathway|direct pathway|hydrogen pathway", "answer": "metabolic pathway", "id": "sciq_extra_290", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Exemplified by sea stars and sand dollars, echinoderms have a calcareous structure developed by pigment cells and made of ossicles, which is called what?", "context": "Phylum Echinodermata Echinodermata are so named owing to their spiny skin (from the Greek “echinos” meaning “spiny” and “dermos” meaning “skin”), and this phylum is a collection of about 7,000 described living species. Echinodermata are exclusively marine organisms. Sea stars (Figure 28.44), sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars, and brittle stars are all examples of echinoderms. To date, no freshwater or terrestrial echinoderms are known. Morphology and Anatomy Adult echinoderms exhibit pentaradial symmetry and have a calcareous endoskeleton made of ossicles, although the early larval stages of all echinoderms have bilateral symmetry. The endoskeleton is developed by epidermal cells and may possess pigment cells, giving vivid colors to these animals, as well as cells laden with toxins. Gonads are present in each arm. In echinoderms like sea stars, every arm bears two rows of tube feet on the oral side. These tube feet help in attachment to the substratum. These animals possess a true coelom that is modified into a unique circulatory system called a water vascular system. An interesting feature of these animals is their power to regenerate, even when over 75 percent of their body mass is lost. | Options: endoskeleton|hydrostatic skeleton|exoskeleton|thorax", "answer": "endoskeleton", "id": "sciq_extra_291", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What phase does the nuclear envelope begin to break down?", "context": "Prophase I: The nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the chromosomes condense. Centrioles start moving to opposite poles of the cell, and a spindle begins to form. Importantly, homologous chromosomes pair up, which is unique to prophase I. In prophase of mitosis and meiosis II, homologous chromosomes do not form pairs in this way. During prophase I, crossing-over occurs (see below). | Options: prophase i|nitrogenase i|pasiphaë i|interphase", "answer": "prophase i", "id": "sciq_extra_292", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are formed when cells from the male and female parts of the plant combine?", "context": "Options: seeds|varieties|trees|atoms.", "answer": "seeds", "id": "sciq_extra_293", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is another name for anther pollen sacs?", "context": "Options: microsporangia|ganglia|Megasporangia|Gametangia", "answer": "microsporangia", "id": "sciq_extra_294", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is released to lubricate the vagina to facilitate intercourse?", "context": "The vagina is a muscular tube that serves several purposes. It allows menstrual flow to leave the body. It is the receptacle for the penis during intercourse and the vessel for the delivery of offspring. It is lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells to protect the underlying tissue. Sexual Response during Intercourse The sexual response in humans is both psychological and physiological. Both sexes experience sexual arousal through psychological and physical stimulation. There are four phases of the sexual response. During phase one, called excitement, vasodilation leads to vasocongestion in erectile tissues in both men and women. The nipples, clitoris, labia, and penis engorge with blood and become enlarged. Vaginal secretions are released to lubricate the vagina to facilitate intercourse. During the second phase, called the plateau, stimulation continues, the outer third of the vaginal wall enlarges with blood, and breathing and heart rate increase. During phase three, or orgasm, rhythmic, involuntary contractions of muscles occur in both sexes. In the male, the reproductive accessory glands and tubules constrict placing semen in the urethra, then the urethra contracts expelling the semen through the penis. In women, the uterus and vaginal muscles contract in waves that may last slightly less than a second each. During phase four, or resolution, the processes described in the first three phases reverse themselves and return to their normal state. Men experience a refra", "answer": "vaginal secretions", "id": "sciq_extra_295", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cnidarians are an example of organisms that possess a simple type of what system, used for sensing touch?", "context": "Cnidarians have a simple nervous system. It consists of a net of nerves that can sense touch. You can see a sketch of the nerve net in a hydra in Figure below . Some cnidarians also have other sensory structures. For example, jellyfish have light-sensing structures and gravity-sensing structures. | Options: nervous system|circulatory system|lymphatic system|bacterial system", "answer": "nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_296", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What can we learn about a wave by finding the product of the wavelength and frequency?", "context": "The speed of a wave is a product of its wavelength and frequency. Because all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through space, a wave with a shorter wavelength must have a higher frequency, and vice versa. This relationship is represented by the equation:. | Options: speed|decibels|volume|type", "answer": "speed", "id": "sciq_extra_297", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where are liverworts most often found?", "context": "Liverworts have two distinct appearances: they can either be leafy like mosses or flattened and ribbon-like. Liverworts get their name from the type with the flattened bodies, which can resemble a liver ( Figure below ). Liverworts can often be found along stream beds. | Options: along stream beds|in the ocean|on mountains|in deserts", "answer": "along stream beds", "id": "sciq_extra_298", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does a continuous string of earthquakes indicate about a volcano?", "context": "Earthquakes may take place every day near a volcano. But before an eruption, the number and size of earthquakes increases. This is the result of magma pushing upward into the magma chamber. This motion causes stresses on neighboring rock to build up. Eventually the ground shakes. A continuous string of earthquakes may indicate that a volcano is about to erupt. Scientists use seismographs to record the length and strength of each earthquake. | Options: eruption is close|extinction is close|it is cooling down|it is heating up", "answer": "eruption is close", "id": "sciq_extra_299", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is used to describe  the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur?", "context": "Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic differences among them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur. Scientists have identified about 1.9 million species alive today. They are divided into the six kingdoms of life shown in Figure below . Scientists are still discovering new species. Thus, they do not know for sure how many species really exist today. Most estimates range from 5 to 30 million species. | Options: biodiversity|biosphere|habitat|evolution", "answer": "biodiversity", "id": "sciq_extra_300", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of a disorder is tay-sachs disease?", "context": "Options: inherited disorder|vitamin difficiency|a type of cancer|accumulated disease", "answer": "inherited disorder", "id": "sciq_extra_301", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A rock that contains important minerals is called what, a term associated with mining?", "context": "An ore is a rock that contains important minerals. | Options: ore|jewel|coal|gem", "answer": "ore", "id": "sciq_extra_302", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Besides the size of their crystals, how are igneous rocks grouped?", "context": "Igneous rocks are grouped by the size of their crystals and the minerals they contain. The minerals in igneous rocks are grouped into families. Some contain mostly lighter colored minerals, some have a combination of light and dark minerals, and some have mostly darker minerals. The combination of minerals is determined by the composition of the magma. Magmas that produce lighter colored minerals are higher in silica. These create rocks such as granite and rhyolite. Darker colored minerals are found in rocks such as gabbro and basalt. | Options: minerals they contain|by shapes|impurities they contain|by color", "answer": "minerals they contain", "id": "sciq_extra_303", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Convection is the heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a what?", "context": "14.4 Heat Transfer Methods Equally as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which this occurs. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. Heat transfer may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice chest. We can control rates of heat transfer by choosing materials (such as thick wool clothing for the winter), controlling air movement (such as the use of weather stripping around doors), or by choice of color (such as a white roof to reflect summer sunlight). So many processes involve heat transfer, so that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet every process involving heat transfer takes place by only three methods: 1. Conduction is heat transfer through stationary matter by physical contact. (The matter is stationary on a macroscopic scale—we know there is thermal motion of the atoms and molecules at any temperature above absolute zero. ) Heat transferred between the electric burner of a stove and the bottom of a pan is transferred by conduction. Convection is the heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of a fluid. This type of transfer takes place in a forced-air furnace and in weather systems, for example. Heat transfer by radiation occurs when microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, or another form of electromagnetic radiation is emitted or absorbed. An obvious example is the warming of the Earth by the Sun. A less obvi", "answer": "fluid", "id": "sciq_extra_304", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hypersection by an endocrine gland is often caused by what?", "context": "Hypersecretion by an endocrine gland is often caused by a tumor. For example, a tumor of the pituitary gland can cause hypersecretion of growth hormone. If this occurs in childhood, it results in very long arms and legs and abnormally tall stature by adulthood. The condition is commonly known as gigantism (see Figure below ). See Giants - Part 1 - Pituitary Gigantism and Acromegaly at http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=Ebhf1qKVA9A for information about pituitary giants. | Options: tumor|calcium|inflammation|viruses", "answer": "tumor", "id": "sciq_extra_305", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What gland secretes growth hormones?", "context": "Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth in several ways. It triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates, resulting in the increasing length of long bones. GH also increases calcium retention, which enhances mineralization, and stimulates osteoblastic activity, which improves bone density. GH is not alone in stimulating bone growth and maintaining osseous tissue. Thyroxine, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix. During puberty, the sex hormones (estrogen in girls, testosterone in boys) also come into play. They too promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix, and in addition, are responsible for the growth spurt that often occurs during adolescence. They also promote the conversion of the epiphyseal plate to the epiphyseal line (i. , cartilage to its bony remnant), thus bringing an end to the longitudinal growth of bones. Additionally, calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract. | Options: pituitary|pineal|adrenal|thyroid", "answer": "pituitary", "id": "sciq_extra_306", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "We must remember that the formal charge calculated for an atom is not the actual charge of the atom in the molecule. formal charge is only a useful bookkeeping procedure; it does not indicate the presence of these?", "context": "Calculating Formal Charge The formal charge of an atom in a molecule is the hypothetical charge the atom would have if we could redistribute the electrons in the bonds evenly between the atoms. Another way of saying this is that formal charge results when we take the number of valence electrons of a neutral atom, subtract the nonbonding electrons, and then subtract the number of bonds connected to that atom in the Lewis structure. Thus, we calculate formal charge as follows: formal charge = # valence shell electrons (free atom) − # lone pair electrons − 1 # bonding electrons 2 We can double-check formal charge calculations by determining the sum of the formal charges for the whole structure. The sum of the formal charges of all atoms in a molecule must be zero; the sum of the formal charges in an ion should equal the charge of the ion. We must remember that the formal charge calculated for an atom is not the actual charge of the atom in the molecule. Formal charge is only a useful bookkeeping procedure; it does not indicate the presence of actual charges. | Options: actual charges|isotopes|negative charges|electron bonds", "answer": "actual charges", "id": "sciq_extra_307", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of rock layer makes up the bottom of an aquifer?", "context": "A rock layer must be porous and permeable to be a good aquifer. An impermeable layer makes up the bottom of an aquifer. | Options: impermeable|invisible|porous|crystalline", "answer": "impermeable", "id": "sciq_extra_308", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The amniotic egg is a shared ancestral character for which clade?", "context": "What is the largest clade in this diagram? Shared Characteristics Organisms evolve from common ancestors and then diversify. Scientists use the phrase “descent with modification” because even though related organisms have many of the same characteristics and genetic codes, changes occur. This pattern repeats over and over as one goes through the phylogenetic tree of life: 1. A change in the genetic makeup of an organism leads to a new trait which becomes prevalent in the group. Many organisms descend from this point and have this trait. New variations continue to arise: some are adaptive and persist, leading to new traits. With new traits, a new branch point is determined (go back to step 1 and repeat). If a characteristic is found in the ancestor of a group, it is considered a shared ancestral character because all of the organisms in the taxon or clade have that trait. The vertebrate in Figure 20.10 is a shared ancestral character. Now consider the amniotic egg characteristic in the same figure. Only some of the organisms in Figure 20.10 have this trait, and to those that do, it is called a shared derived character because this trait derived at some point but does not include all of the ancestors in the tree. The tricky aspect to shared ancestral and shared derived characters is the fact that these terms are relative. The same trait can be considered one or the other depending on the particular diagram being used. Returning to Figure 20.10, note that the amniotic egg is a s", "answer": "amniota", "id": "sciq_extra_309", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Lyme disease is caused by what kind of organim?", "context": "Humans have literally walked into some new bacterial diseases. When people come into contact with wild populations, they may become part of natural cycles of disease transmission. Consider Lyme disease. It’s caused by bacteria that normally infect small, wild mammals, such as mice. A tick bites a mouse and picks up the bacteria. The tick may then bite a human who invades the natural habitat. Through the bite, the bacteria are transmitted to the human host. | Options: bacteria|Virus|bacterium|algae", "answer": "bacteria", "id": "sciq_extra_310", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the side to side movement of the mandible called?", "context": "Excursion Excursion is the side to side movement of the mandible. Lateral excursion moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side. Medial excursion returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline. | Options: excursion|twitching|cycling|shifting", "answer": "excursion", "id": "sciq_extra_311", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A moraine is sediment deposited by what?", "context": "A moraine is sediment deposited by a glacier. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. An end moraine is a low ridge of sediments deposited at the end of the glacier. It marks the greatest distance the glacier advanced. | Options: glacier|human-caused scarring|river erosion|wind", "answer": "glacier", "id": "sciq_extra_312", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The development of the respiratory system in the fetus begins at about?", "context": "22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System The development of the respiratory system in the fetus begins at about 4 weeks and continues into childhood. Ectodermal tissue in the anterior portion of the head region invaginates posteriorly, forming olfactory pits, which ultimately fuse with endodermal tissue of the early pharynx. At about this same time, an protrusion of endodermal tissue extends anteriorly from the foregut, producing a lung bud, which continues to elongate until it forms the laryngotracheal bud. The proximal portion of this structure will mature into the trachea, whereas the bulbous end will branch to form two bronchial buds. These buds then branch repeatedly, so that at about week 16, all major airway structures are present. Development progresses after week 16 as respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts form, and extensive vascularization occurs. Alveolar type I cells also begin to take shape. Type II pulmonary cells develop and begin to produce small amounts of surfactant. As the fetus grows, the respiratory system continues to expand as more alveoli develop and more surfactant is produced. Beginning at about week 36 and lasting into childhood, alveolar precursors mature to become fully functional alveoli. At birth, compression of the thoracic cavity forces much of the fluid in the lungs to be expelled. The first inhalation inflates the lungs. Fetal breathing movements begin around week 20 or 21, and occur when contractions of the respiratory mus", "answer": "4 weeks", "id": "sciq_extra_313", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are plants that grow on other plants called?", "context": "Plants called epiphytes grow on other plants. They obtain moisture from the air instead of the soil. Most epiphytes are ferns or orchids that live in rainforests. Host trees provide support for the plants. They allow epiphytes to get air and sunlight high above the forest floor. This lets the plants get out of the shadows on the forest floor so they can get enough light for photosynthesis. Being elevated may also reduce the risk of being eaten by herbivores. In addition, it may increase the chances of pollination by wind. | Options: epiphytes|fungi|parasites|bryophytes", "answer": "epiphytes", "id": "sciq_extra_314", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An object attached to a spring sliding on a frictionless surface is an uncomplicated type of what device?", "context": "Figure 16.9 An object attached to a spring sliding on a frictionless surface is an uncomplicated simple harmonic oscillator. When displaced from equilibrium, the object performs simple harmonic motion that has an amplitude X and a period T . The object’s maximum speed occurs as it passes through equilibrium. The stiffer the spring is, the smaller the period. | Options: simple harmonic oscillator|wheel and axle|pendulum|atomic watch", "answer": "simple harmonic oscillator", "id": "sciq_extra_315", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What controls all five senses?", "context": "Options: nervous system|circulatory system|skin cells|endocrine system", "answer": "nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_316", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where in the target cells are intracellular receptor proteins found?", "context": "Options: cytoplasm or nucleus|mucus or nucleus|membrane or mitochondria|ribosomes or nucleus", "answer": "cytoplasm or nucleus", "id": "sciq_extra_317", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The components of a mixture keep their own identity when they combine, so they retain what type of properties, such as boiling point and ability to dissolve?", "context": "The components of a mixture keep their own identity when they combine, so they retain their physical properties. Examples of physical properties include boiling point, ability to dissolve, and particle size. When components of mixtures vary in physical properties such as these, processes such as boiling, dissolving, or filtering can be used to separate them. | Options: physical|thermal|internal|thermal", "answer": "physical", "id": "sciq_extra_318", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A thermite reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous, and because it is associated with a significant release of heat, it is regarded as what?", "context": "Thermodynamic spontaneity. The highly exothermic and dramatic thermite reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous. Reactants of aluminum and a metal oxide, usually iron, which are stable at room temperature, are ignited either in the presence of heat or by the reaction of potassium permanganate and glycerin. The resulting products are aluminum oxide, free and molten elemental metal, and a great deal of heat, which makes this an excellent method for on-site welding. Because this reaction has its own oxygen supply, it can be used for underwater welding as well. | Options: exothermic|biochemical|endotropic|endothermic", "answer": "exothermic", "id": "sciq_extra_319", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do nectar-feeding bats do to flowers?", "context": "Mammals also interact with other species in many symbiotic relationships. For example, bats have established mutually beneficial relationships with plants. Nectar-feeding bats receive a tasty treat from each flower, and, in return, they pollinate the flowers. That means they transfer pollen from one flower to another, allowing the plant to reproduce. Non-flying mammalian pollinators include marsupials, primates, and rodents. In most cases, these animals visit flowers to eat their nectar, and end up with pollen stuck to their bodies. When the animal visits another flower to eat the nectar, the pollen is transferred to that flower. | Options: pollinate|defecate|illuminate|consume", "answer": "pollinate", "id": "sciq_extra_320", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ecological succession refers to the change in the numbers and types of species that live in what groups?", "context": "Communities are not usually static. The numbers and types of species that live in them generally change over time. This is called ecological succession . Important cases of succession are primary and secondary succession. | Options: communities|movements|colonies|biomes", "answer": "communities", "id": "sciq_extra_321", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What broad group of organisms is characterized by sensory organs, the ability to move, internal digestion and sexual reproduction?", "context": "Animals are multicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls. All animals are heterotrophs. They have sensory organs, the ability to move, and internal digestion. They also have sexual reproduction. | Options: animals|protists|plants|fungi", "answer": "animals", "id": "sciq_extra_322", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Foodborne illness, food allergies, or a food intolerance cause symptoms in what system?", "context": "Most of the time, you probably aren’t aware of your digestive system. It works well without causing any problems. But most people have problems with their digestive system at least once in a while. Did you ever eat something that didn’t “agree” with you? Maybe you had a stomachache or felt sick to your stomach? Maybe you had diarrhea? These could be symptoms of foodborne illness, food allergies, or a food intolerance. | Options: digestive|respiratory|circulatory|skeletal", "answer": "digestive", "id": "sciq_extra_323", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The number of what subatomic particles determines an element’s atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another?", "context": "Atomic Number and Mass Atoms of each element contain a characteristic number of protons and electrons. The number of protons determines an element’s atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another. The number of neutrons is variable, resulting in isotopes, which are different forms of the same atom that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess. Together, the number of protons and the number of neutrons determine an element’s mass number, as illustrated in Figure 2.3. Note that the small contribution of mass from electrons is disregarded in calculating the mass number. This approximation of mass can be used to easily calculate how many neutrons an element has by simply subtracting the number of protons from the mass number. Since an element’s isotopes will have slightly different mass numbers, scientists also determine the atomic mass, which is the calculated mean of the mass number for its naturally occurring isotopes. Often, the resulting number contains a fraction. For example, the atomic mass of chlorine (Cl) is 35.45 because chlorine is composed of several isotopes, some (the majority) with atomic mass 35 (17 protons and 18 neutrons) and some with atomic mass 37 (17 protons and 20 neutrons). | Options: protons|neutrons|quarks|electrons", "answer": "protons", "id": "sciq_extra_324", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What regulates the time of flowering in many species?", "context": "Options: photoperiodism|wind patterns|spirogyra|pollenation", "answer": "photoperiodism", "id": "sciq_extra_325", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most common cause of down syndrome?", "context": "Options: trisomy 21|trisomy 22|gametes 21|chromosome 21", "answer": "trisomy 21", "id": "sciq_extra_326", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs not only as organisms grow, but as they reproduce.", "context": "Cell division occurs not only as organisms grow. It also occurs when they reproduce. | Options: cell division|proteins division|experimental division|flight division", "answer": "cell division", "id": "sciq_extra_327", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What useful tool helps scientists work with, understand and make predictions about extremely complex systems?", "context": "Scientific models are useful tools for scientists. Most of Earth's systems are extremely complex. Models allow scientists to work with systems that are nearly impossible to study as a whole. Models help scientists to understand these systems. They can analyze and make predictions about them using the models. There are different types of models. | Options: models|guesses|assumptions|speculation", "answer": "models", "id": "sciq_extra_328", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A dilute solution is one that has a relatively small amount of what?", "context": "There are cultures that have no numbers above three. Anything greater than that is simply referred to as “much” or “many”. We recognize how limited this form of calculation is, but we do some of the same thing. There are several ways to express the amount of solute in a solution in a quantitative manner. The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a relatively large amount of dissolved solute. A dilute solution is one that has a relatively small amount of dissolved solute. However, those terms are vague and we need to be able to express concentration with numbers. | Options: dissolved solute|density|saturated fat|pH level", "answer": "dissolved solute", "id": "sciq_extra_329", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each bond includes a sharing of electrons between atoms. two electrons are shared in a single bond; four electrons are shared in a double bond; and six electrons are shared in this?", "context": "Each bond includes a sharing of electrons between atoms. Two electrons are shared in a single bond; four electrons are shared in a double bond; and six electrons are shared in a triple bond. | Options: triple bond|ionic bond|quadruple bond|magnetic bond", "answer": "triple bond", "id": "sciq_extra_330", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process of breaking an individual into parts followed by regeneration called?", "context": "View this video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/budding_hydra2) to see a hydra budding. Fragmentation Fragmentation is the breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration. If the animal is capable of fragmentation, and the parts are big enough, a separate individual will regrow from each part. Fragmentation may occur through accidental damage, damage from predators, or as a natural form of reproduction. Reproduction through. | Options: fragmentation|minimization|erosion|destruction", "answer": "fragmentation", "id": "sciq_extra_331", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from which organs?", "context": "The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. | Options: lungs|pancreas|brain|liver", "answer": "lungs", "id": "sciq_extra_332", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If the water vapor condenses in liquid droplets as clouds form, what is released in the atmosphere?", "context": "Another important example of the combination of phase change and convection occurs when water evaporates from the oceans. Heat is removed from the ocean when water evaporates. If the water vapor condenses in liquid droplets as clouds form, heat is released in the atmosphere. Thus, there is an overall transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere. This process is the driving power behind thunderheads, those great cumulus clouds that rise as much as 20.0 km into the stratosphere. Water vapor carried in by convection condenses, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. This energy causes the air to expand and rise, where it is colder. More condensation occurs in these colder regions, which in turn drives the cloud even higher. Such a mechanism is called positive feedback, since the process reinforces and accelerates itself. These systems sometimes produce violent storms, with lightning and hail, and constitute the mechanism driving hurricanes. | Options: heat|oxygen|hydrogen|electricity", "answer": "heat", "id": "sciq_extra_333", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An increase in the number of gas molecules in the same volume container causes what to increase?", "context": "An increase in the number of gas molecules in the same volume container increases pressure. | Options: pressure|friction|energy|power", "answer": "pressure", "id": "sciq_extra_334", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do induction cooktops have under their surface?", "context": "Induction cooktops have electromagnets under their surface. The magnetic field is varied rapidly producing eddy currents in the base of the pot, causing the pot and its contents to increase in temperature. Induction cooktops have high efficiencies and good response times but the base of the pot needs to be ferromagnetic, iron or steel for induction to work. | Options: electromagnets|Chambers|clumps|screws", "answer": "electromagnets", "id": "sciq_extra_335", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many types of molecular orbitals can form from the overlap of two atomic s orbitals on adjacent atoms?", "context": "There are two types of molecular orbitals that can form from the overlap of two atomic s orbitals on adjacent atoms. The two types are illustrated in Figure 8.29. The in-phase combination produces a lower energy σs molecular orbital (read as \"sigma-s\") in which most of the electron density is directly between the nuclei. The out-of-phase addition (which can also be thought of as subtracting the wave functions) produces a higher energy molecular orbital (read as \"sigma-s-star\") molecular orbital in which there is a node between the nuclei. The asterisk signifies that the orbital is an antibonding orbital. Electrons in a σs orbital are attracted by both nuclei at the same time and are more stable (of lower energy) than they would be in the isolated atoms. Adding electrons to these orbitals creates a force that holds the two nuclei together, so we call these orbitals bonding orbitals. Electrons in the σ*s orbitals are located well away from the region between the two nuclei. The attractive force between the nuclei and these electrons pulls the two nuclei apart. Hence, these orbitals are called antibonding orbitals. Electrons fill the lower-energy bonding orbital before the higher-energy antibonding orbital, just as they fill lower-energy atomic orbitals before they fill higher-energy atomic orbitals. | Options: two|three|six|ten", "answer": "two", "id": "sciq_extra_336", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Salicylic acid is used in the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid, or more commonly called?", "context": "Salicylic acid is used in the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin. One gram dissolves in 460 mL of water to create a saturated solution with a pH of 2.40. | Options: aspirin|smelling salts|antacid|Tylenol", "answer": "aspirin", "id": "sciq_extra_337", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function, and describes how cells are organized?", "context": "Options: tissue|muscle|heart|kidney", "answer": "tissue", "id": "sciq_extra_338", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of weather do psychrophiles need to grow and reproduce?", "context": "Psychrophiles grow and reproduce in cold temperatures. The optimal growth temperature of some psychrophiles is 15°C or lower; they cannot grow in temperatures above 20°C. The environments that psychrophiles inhabit are found all over Earth. Psychrophiles live in such places as permafrost soils, deep-ocean waters, Arctic and Antarctic glaciers and snowfields. | Options: cold temperatures|mixed temperatures|Hot temperatures|water temperatures", "answer": "cold temperatures", "id": "sciq_extra_339", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What creates new seafloor in the rift valleys?", "context": "Volcanoes erupt at mid-ocean ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Seafloor spreading creates new seafloor in the rift valleys. This type of volcanism makes all of the ocean floor! Where a hotspot is located along the ridge, such as at Iceland, volcanoes grow high enough to create islands ( Figure below ). | Options: seafloor spreading|sedimentation|crust spreading|continental drift", "answer": "seafloor spreading", "id": "sciq_extra_340", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The building blocks of proteins are called what?", "context": "2.3 Biological Molecules Living things are carbon-based because carbon plays such a prominent role in the chemistry of living things. The four covalent bonding positions of the carbon atom can give rise to a wide diversity of compounds with many functions, accounting for the importance of carbon in living things. Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are a vital energy source for the cell, provide structural support to many organisms, and can be found on the surface of the cell as receptors or for cell recognition. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, depending on the number of monomers in the molecule. Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and hydrophobic in nature. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats and oils are a stored form of energy and can include triglycerides. Fats and oils are usually made up of fatty acids and glycerol. Proteins are a class of macromolecules that can perform a diverse range of functions for the cell. They help in metabolism by providing structural support and by acting as enzymes, carriers or as hormones. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Proteins are organized at four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Protein shape and function are intricately linked; any change in shape caused by changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure may lead to protein denaturation and a loss of function. | Options: ami", "answer": "amino acids", "id": "sciq_extra_341", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Type 1 diabetes and gigantism are examples of what type of disorder?", "context": "Endocrine system diseases are fairly common. An endocrine disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough hormone by an endocrine hormone. Examples of endocrine diseases are gigantism and Type 1 diabetes. | Options: endocrine diseases|cardiac diseases|respiratory diseases|inborn errors of metabolism", "answer": "endocrine diseases", "id": "sciq_extra_342", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In photosynthesis, what process involving carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through small, regulated openings called stomata?", "context": "Although the equation looks simple, the many steps that take place during photosynthesis are actually quite complex. Before learning the details of how photoautotrophs turn sunlight into food, it is important to become familiar with the structures involved. In plants, photosynthesis generally takes place in leaves, which consist of several layers of cells. The process of photosynthesis occurs in a middle layer called the mesophyll. The gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through small, regulated openings called stomata (singular: stoma), which also play roles in the regulation of gas exchange and water balance. The stomata are typically located on the underside of the leaf, which helps to minimize water loss. Each stoma is flanked by guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata by swelling or shrinking in response to osmotic changes. In all autotrophic eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside an organelle called a chloroplast. For plants, chloroplastcontaining cells exist in the mesophyll. Chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope (composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane). Within the chloroplast are stacked, disc-shaped structures called thylakoids. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane is chlorophyll, a pigment (molecule that absorbs light) responsible for the initial interaction between light and plant material, and numerous proteins that make up the electron transport chain. The thylakoid membrane encloses an internal space", "answer": "gas exchange", "id": "sciq_extra_343", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which molecules are made of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms?", "context": "Hydrocarbons are molecules made of one carbon and four hydrogen atoms. | Options: hydrocarbons|fats|proteins|particles", "answer": "hydrocarbons", "id": "sciq_extra_344", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Atoms of different elements have different numbers of what?", "context": "All protons are identical. For example, hydrogen protons are exactly the same as protons of helium and all other elements, or pure substances. However, atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. In fact, atoms of any given element have a unique number of protons that is different from the numbers of protons of all other elements. For example, a hydrogen atom has just one proton, whereas a helium atom has two protons. The number of protons in an atom determines the electrical charge of the nucleus. The nucleus also contains neutrons, but they are neutral in charge. The one proton in a hydrogen nucleus, for example, gives it a charge of +1, and the two protons in a helium nucleus give it a charge of +2. To learn more about the relationship between protons and elements, go to this URL:. | Options: protons|electrons|neutrons|nucleus", "answer": "protons", "id": "sciq_extra_345", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The lancelet lacks what feature that distinguishes vertebrates?", "context": "Options: backbone|feet|skin|mouth", "answer": "backbone", "id": "sciq_extra_346", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a reptiles skin covered in to protect them from drying out?", "context": "The cell cycle is a repeating series of events that cells go through. It includes growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division. In eukaryotic cells, there are two growth phases, and cell division includes mitosis. | Options: scales|bacteria|oil|dye", "answer": "scales", "id": "sciq_extra_347", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In sexual reproduction, the fusion of haploid gametes forms a diploid cell called what?", "context": "Options: zygote|gonad|fetus|gamete", "answer": "zygote", "id": "sciq_extra_348", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Gabbro is a dark dense rock that can be found in what?", "context": "Mark A. Wilson (Department of Geology, The College of Wooster). Gabbro is a dark dense rock that can be found in oceanic crust . Public Domain. | Options: oceanic crust|surface crust|mantle|soil", "answer": "oceanic crust", "id": "sciq_extra_349", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What provides clear evidence of evolution?", "context": "Fossils are a window into the past. They provide clear evidence that evolution has occurred. Scientists who find and study fossils are called paleontologists . How do they use fossils to understand the past? Consider the example of the horse, shown in the Figure below . The fossil record shows how the horse evolved. | Options: fossils|biologists|extinction|mutations", "answer": "fossils", "id": "sciq_extra_350", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "About half of what type of radiation is absorbed in the first 15 meters of water?", "context": "Options: solar|surface|polar|natural", "answer": "solar", "id": "sciq_extra_351", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What begins with a diploid cell and ends with four haploid cells?", "context": "Fertilization joins haploid gametes into a diploid zygote. How do gametes end up with half the amount, a haploid amount, of DNA? The mechanism that produces haploid cells is meiosis. Meiosis is a type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes. Meiosis is specific to gamete producing cells in the gonads. Meiosis begins with a diploid cell and ends with four haploid cells. These cells eventually differentiate into mature sperm or egg cells. During meiosis the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate and segregate randomly to produce gametes with one chromosome from each pair. Only germ cells like spermatocytes and oocytes, can undergo meiosis. | Options: meiosis|electrolysis|mitosis|urinalysis", "answer": "meiosis", "id": "sciq_extra_352", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Two smaller isotopes, more neutrons, and heat energy are the products of what type of reaction?", "context": "Nuclear fission reactions involve collision of a slow neuron with an element, usually uranium. The products of a fission reaction are two smaller isotopes, more neutrons, and heat energy. | Options: fission|Reaction|diffusion|fusion", "answer": "fission", "id": "sciq_extra_353", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What percentage of the field is tilled in traditional plowing?", "context": "Options: 100%|50 %|60 %|75%", "answer": "100%", "id": "sciq_extra_354", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes are called what?", "context": "Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits . One gene on the Y chromosome determines male sex. There are very few other genes on the Y chromosome, which is the smallest human chromosome. There are hundreds of genes on the much larger X chromosome. None is related to sex. Traits controlled by genes on the X chromosome are called X-linked traits. | Options: sex-linked traits|male-related traits|gender-linked traits|chromosome-linked traits", "answer": "sex-linked traits", "id": "sciq_extra_355", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What structures are at the end of the long air passages in the lungs?", "context": "During respiration, oxygen gets pulled into the lungs and enters the blood by passing across the thin alveoli membranes and into the capillaries. The alveoli are at the end of the long air passages. | Options: alveoli|Oral Cavity|chloride|Larynx", "answer": "alveoli", "id": "sciq_extra_356", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a disease caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox?", "context": "Shingles. Shingles is a disease caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox. | Options: shingles|gout|diabetes|hepatitis", "answer": "shingles", "id": "sciq_extra_357", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In a solution what is the substance a solute dissolves in is called?", "context": "A solution forms when one substance dissolves in another. The substance that dissolves is called the solute . The substance it dissolves in is called the solvent . For example, ocean water is a solution in which the solute is salt and the solvent is water. In this example, a solid (salt) is dissolved in a liquid (water). However, matter in any state can be the solute or solvent in a solution. Solutions may be gases, liquids, or solids. In Table below and the video at the URL below, you can learn about solutions involving other states of matter. | Options: solvent|particles|gas|atoms", "answer": "solvent", "id": "sciq_extra_358", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is it called when sound is reflected off an object?", "context": "Options: echo|signal|amplification|reverberation", "answer": "echo", "id": "sciq_extra_359", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Acidic hydrogen atoms are those which will be transferred to what?", "context": "Acids can further be categorized based on how many acidic hydrogen atoms they contain. Acidic hydrogen atoms are those which will be transferred to a base. A monoprotic acid has only one acidic hydrogen that would be transferred to a strong base, whereas a polyprotic acid has two or more. Common monoprotic acids include HCl, HBr, and HNO 3 . A common diprotic acid is sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), and phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) provides an example of a triprotic acid. In each case, all hydrogens are available to participate in acid-base reactions. However, that is not the case for all acidic molecules. For example, in acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), only the hydrogen bonded to the oxygen atom is acidic. The other three hydrogens are covalently bonded to carbon and cannot be removed by any of the bases that we will consider in this chapter. | Options: a base|water|a cup|another atom", "answer": "a base", "id": "sciq_extra_360", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In an ecosystem, what do you call organisms like lions that capture and kill other animals for food?", "context": "Consumers get their food in different ways Figure below . Grazers feed on living organisms without killing them. A rabbit nibbles on leaves and a mosquito sucks a drop of blood. Predators , like lions, capture and kill animals for food. The animals they eat are called prey . Even some plants are consumers. Pitcher plants trap insects in their sticky fluid in their “pitchers. ” The insects are their prey. Scavengers eat animals that are already dead. This hyena is eating the remains of a lion’s prey. Decomposers break down dead organisms and the wastes of living things. This dung beetle is rolling a ball of dung (animal waste) back to its nest. The beetle will use the dung to feed its young. The mushrooms pictured are growing on a dead log. They will slowly break it down. This releases its nutrients to the soil. | Options: predators|hunters|alphas|leaders", "answer": "predators", "id": "sciq_extra_361", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of diseases occur when the immune system attacks normal body cells?", "context": "Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks normal body cells. | Options: autoimmune|gastrointestinal|liver|inflammatory", "answer": "autoimmune", "id": "sciq_extra_362", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most modern seed plants are angiosperms, which produce seeds in the ovaries of what basic structure?", "context": "Most modern seed plants are angiosperms that produce seeds in the ovaries of flowers. Ovaries may develop into fruits. Flowers attract pollinators, and fruits are eaten by animals, which help disperse the seeds. | Options: flowers|stems|cells|leaves", "answer": "flowers", "id": "sciq_extra_363", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is produced by the end of meiosis?", "context": "At the end of meiosis, four haploid cells have been produced, but the cells are not yet gametes. The cells need to develop before they become mature gametes capable of fertilization. The development of haploid cells into gametes is called gametogenesis . | Options: four haploid cells|sixteen haploid cells|eight haploid cells|three haploid cells", "answer": "four haploid cells", "id": "sciq_extra_364", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In the u. s. , the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or what else?", "context": "In the U. S. , the majority of electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels. This causes air pollution that harms the health of living things. The air pollution also causes acid rain and contributes to global warming. In addition, fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources, so if we keep using them, they will eventually run out. The main advantage of nuclear energy is that it doesn’t release air pollution or cause the other environmental problems associated with the burning of fossil fuels. On the other other hand, radioactive elements are nonrenewable like fossil fuels and could eventually be used up. | Options: fossil fuels|hydroelectic|solar|wind power", "answer": "fossil fuels", "id": "sciq_extra_365", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Farming practices leave some soil exposed and vulnerable to what natural process?", "context": "Farming leaves some soil exposed to erosion. | Options: erosion|migration|rust|sediment", "answer": "erosion", "id": "sciq_extra_366", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Matter is made up of a mixture of things called what?", "context": "Matter is made up of a mixture of things called elements. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. There are more than 100 known elements, and 92 occur naturally around us. The others have been made only in the laboratory. | Options: elements|segments|compounds|structures", "answer": "elements", "id": "sciq_extra_367", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Water seeps into the ground through permeable material and stops when it reaches what?", "context": "Water seeps into the ground through permeable material and stops when it reaches an impermeable rock. Predict the purpose of the well in the diagram. | Options: impermeable rock|Bed Rock|Lava|Coral", "answer": "impermeable rock", "id": "sciq_extra_368", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vertebrate animals have two major body cavities, the dorsal and what is the other?", "context": "Figure 33.6 Vertebrate animals have two major body cavities. The dorsal cavity, indicated in green, contains the cranial and the spinal cavity. The ventral cavity, indicated in yellow, contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm. The thoracic cavity is separated into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity by an imaginary line parallel to the pelvis bones. (credit: modification of work by NCI). | Options: spinal cavity|anterior cavity|proximal cavity|functional cavity", "answer": "spinal cavity", "id": "sciq_extra_369", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "There are 20 different common amino acids needed to make what organic compound?", "context": "Proteins are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, in some cases, sulfur. These compounds may many essential functions within the cell (see below). Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids . There are 20 different common amino acids needed to make proteins. All amino acids have the same basic structure, which is shown in Figure below . Only the side chain (labeled R in the figure) differs from one amino acid to another. These side chains can vary in size from just one hydrogen atom in glycine to a large heterocyclic group in tryptophan. The variable side chain gives each amino acid unique properties. The side chains can also characterize the amino acid as (1) nonpolar or hydrophobic, (2) neutral (uncharged) but polar, (3) acidic, with a net negative charge, and (4) basic, with a net positive charge at neutral pH. | Options: proteins|lipids|nutron|cells", "answer": "proteins", "id": "sciq_extra_370", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sponges exemplify what type of arrangement, where different cells are specialized for different functions, but each cell works alone?", "context": "Sponges have cell-level organization, in which different cells are specialized for different functions, but each cell works alone. For example, some cells digest food, while other cells let water pass through the sponge. | Options: cell-level organization|independent organization|commensalism|organ-level organization", "answer": "cell-level organization", "id": "sciq_extra_371", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of chemical reactions release energy?", "context": "Some chemical reactions are exothermic, which means they release energy. Other chemical reactions are endothermic, which means they consume energy. | Options: exothermic reactions|sulfuric reactions|endothermic reactions|biochemical reactions", "answer": "exothermic reactions", "id": "sciq_extra_372", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Some types of minerals form balls called what?", "context": "Some types of minerals form balls called nodules. Nodules may be tiny or as big as basketballs. They contain manganese, iron, copper, and other useful minerals. As many as 500 billion tons of nodules lie on the ocean floor! However, mining them would be very costly and could be harmful to the ocean environment. | Options: nodules|cancers|microbes|fistulas", "answer": "nodules", "id": "sciq_extra_373", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "According to the special theory of relativity, no physical object can equal or exceed the speed of what?", "context": "A result of the special theory of relativity is that no physical object can equal or exceed the speed of light. From the equation for relativistic mass, it can be seen that as the object is accelerated faster and faster, its mass becomes greater and greater. The greater mass would require an even greater force to accelerate it. If the velocity of the mass ever reached the speed of light, the denominator of the equation would become zero and the mass would become infinite. The energy required to accelerate an infinite mass would also be infinite. The fact that light itself travels at the speed , implies that light has a zero rest mass. Of course, light is never at rest. | Options: light|air|energy|weight", "answer": "light", "id": "sciq_extra_374", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is another word for cellular drinking?", "context": "Pinocytosis , or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell, as shown in Figure below . When the channel is closed, the liquid is encircled within a pinocytic vesicle. | Options: pinocytosis|hypothalamus|cellular hydration|altostratus", "answer": "pinocytosis", "id": "sciq_extra_375", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call water that flows out of the ground where an aquifer meets the surface?", "context": "Water that flows out of the ground where an aquifer meets the surface is called a spring. Spring water may contain dissolved minerals. It may also be heated by magma in the crust. Heated groundwater that erupts from the ground under pressure is called a geyser. | Options: spring|oasis|waterfall|stream", "answer": "spring", "id": "sciq_extra_376", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call the basic units of the structure and function of living things?", "context": "If you look at living matter with a microscope—even a simple light microscope—you will see that it consists of cells. Cells are the basic units of the structure and function of living things. They are the smallest units that can carry out the processes of life. All organisms are made up of one or more cells, and all cells have many of the same structures and carry out the same basic life processes. Knowing the structures of cells and the processes they carry out is necessary to understanding life itself. | Options: cells|molecules|enzymes|proteins", "answer": "cells", "id": "sciq_extra_377", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the conversion of a solid to a gas called?", "context": "(a) Sublimation is the conversion of a solid (relatively high density) to a gas (much lesser density). This process yields a much greater dispersal of matter, since the molecules will occupy a much greater volume after the solid-to-gas transition. (b) Condensation is the conversion of a gas (relatively low density) to a liquid (much greater density). This process yields a much lesser dispersal of matter, since the molecules will occupy a much lesser volume after the solid-to-gas transition. (c) The process in question is dilution. The food dye molecules initially occupy a much smaller volume (the drop of dye solution) than they occupy once the process is complete (in the full glass of water). The process therefore entails a greater dispersal of matter. The process may also yield a more uniform dispersal of matter, since the initial state of the system involves two regions of different dye concentrations (high in the drop, zero in the water), and the final state of the system contains a single dye concentration throughout. | Options: sublimation|speciation|amplification|education", "answer": "sublimation", "id": "sciq_extra_378", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which form of dialysis has a patient’s blood pass through a length of tubing that travels through an artificial kidney machine?", "context": "In one form of dialysis, called hemodialysis, a patient’s blood is passed though a length of tubing that travels through an artificial kidney machine (also called adialysis machine). A section of tubing composed of a semipermeable membrane is immersed in a solution of sterile water, glucose, amino acids, and certain electrolytes. The osmotic pressure of the blood forces waste molecules and excess water through the membrane into the sterile solution. Red and white blood cells are too large to pass through the membrane, so they remain in the blood. After being cleansed in this way, the blood is returned to the body. Dialysis is a continuous process, as the osmosis of waste materials and excess water takes time. Typically, 5–10 lb of waste-containing fluid is removed in each dialysis session, which can last 2–8 hours and must be performed several times a week. Although some patients have been on dialysis for 30 or more years, dialysis is always a temporary solution because waste materials are constantly building up in the bloodstream. A more permanent solution is a kidney transplant. Cell walls are semipermeable membranes, so the osmotic pressures of the body’s fluids have important biological consequences. If solutions of different osmolarity exist on either side of the cells, solvent (water) may pass into or out of the cells, sometimes with disastrous results. Consider what happens if red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, meaning a solution of lower osmolarity th", "answer": "hemodialysis", "id": "sciq_extra_379", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the only type of elements capable of changing into different elements?", "context": "Some elements naturally change into different elements. To understand how this happens, first recall what an element is. An element is a unique substance, with a unique number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms. No two elements have the same number of protons. For example, carbon atoms always have six protons. If an atom has a different number of protons, it isn’t carbon. For an element to change into a different element, then, it must change the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms. This happens only in radioactive elements. | Options: radioactive elements|noble gases|metalloids|adjacent elements", "answer": "radioactive elements", "id": "sciq_extra_380", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does the inside of all cells also contain?", "context": "The inside of all cells also contain a jelly-like substance called cytosol . Cytosol is composed of water and other molecules, including enzymes , which are proteins that speed up the cell’s chemical reactions. Everything in the cell sits in the cytosol, like fruit in a jello mold. The term cytoplasm refers to the cytosol and all of the organelles, the specialized compartments of the cell. The cytoplasm does not include the nucleus. As a prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus, the DNA is in the cytoplasm. | Options: cytosol|chloroplasm|protein|chromosomes", "answer": "cytosol", "id": "sciq_extra_381", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What anatomical structures insulate, protect and provide sensory input?", "context": "Hair helps to insulate and protect the body. Head hair is especially important in preventing heat loss from the body. Eyelashes and eyebrows protect the eyes from water, dirt, and other irritants. Hairs in the nose trap dust particles and microorganisms in the air and prevent them from reaching the lungs. Hair also provides sensory input when objects brush against it or it sways in moving air. | Options: hair|teeth|fingernails|salivary glands", "answer": "hair", "id": "sciq_extra_382", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Known for its beautiful rings, what is the second largest planet in the solar system?", "context": "Saturn, shown in Figure below , is famous for its beautiful rings. Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system. Saturn’s mass is about 95 times Earth's mass. The gas giant is 755 times Earth’s volume. Despite its large size, Saturn is the least dense planet in our solar system. Saturn is actually less dense than water. This means that if there were a bathtub big enough, Saturn would float! In Roman mythology, Saturn was the father of Jupiter. Saturn orbits the Sun once about every 30 Earth years. | Options: saturn|Mars|jupiter|Venus", "answer": "saturn", "id": "sciq_extra_383", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of waves are used in radar guns?", "context": "Electromagnetic waves carry energy through matter or space as vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves have a wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. The complete range is called the electromagnetic spectrum. The Figure below shows all the waves of the spectrum. The waves used in radar guns are microwaves. | Options: microwaves|x-rays|WIFI|radio waves", "answer": "microwaves", "id": "sciq_extra_384", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "On what lobe of the liver is the gallbladder near?", "context": "The Gallbladder The gallbladder is 8–10 cm (~3–4 in) long and is nested in a shallow area on the posterior aspect of the right lobe of the liver. This muscular sac stores, concentrates, and, when stimulated, propels the bile into the duodenum via the common bile duct. It is divided into three regions. The fundus is the widest portion and tapers medially into the body, which in turn narrows to become the neck. The neck angles slightly superiorly as it approaches the hepatic duct. The cystic duct is 1–2 cm (less than 1 in) long and turns inferiorly as it bridges the neck and hepatic duct. The simple columnar epithelium of the gallbladder mucosa is organized in rugae, similar to those of the stomach. There is no submucosa in the gallbladder wall. The wall’s middle, muscular coat is made of smooth muscle fibers. When these fibers contract, the gallbladder’s contents are ejected through the cystic duct and into the bile duct (Figure 23.27). Visceral peritoneum reflected from the liver capsule holds the gallbladder against the liver and forms the outer coat of the gallbladder. The gallbladder's mucosa absorbs water and ions from bile, concentrating it by up to 10-fold. | Options: right lobe|left lobe|central lobe|internal lobe", "answer": "right lobe", "id": "sciq_extra_385", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process is used for cell growth, repair of cuts and replacement of worn out cells?", "context": "Yes, just like this car, cells cannot last forever. Cells do eventually wear out. At that point, they need to be replaced. This is one reason that your cells divide. New cells that result after cells divide are also used for growth and to repair cuts. | Options: cell division|reproduction|binary fission|pollination", "answer": "cell division", "id": "sciq_extra_386", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do astronomers term the stretching of space that causes the distance between galaxies to increase?", "context": "An inflating balloon is not exactly like the expanding Universe. The surface of a balloon has only two dimensions, while space has three dimensions. But it is true that space itself is stretching out between galaxies like the rubber stretches when a balloon is inflated. This stretching of space, which causes the distance between galaxies to increase, is what astronomers mean by the expansion of the Universe. | Options: expanding universe|maintaining universe|draining universe|contracting universe", "answer": "expanding universe", "id": "sciq_extra_387", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the two types of digestive systems invertebrates may have?", "context": "Invertebrates have one of two types of digestive system. They are called incomplete and complete digestive systems. Both are shown in Figure below . An incomplete digestive system consists of a digestive cavity with one opening. The single opening serves as both mouth and anus. A complete digestive system consists of a digestive tract with two openings. One opening is the mouth. The other is the anus. | Options: complete and incomplete|complete and simple|complete and fluid|gastric and monogastric", "answer": "complete and incomplete", "id": "sciq_extra_388", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does the gradient of bicoid protein determine?", "context": "Options: anterior-posterior axis|shallow - posterior axis|east-west axis|vertical-horizontal plane", "answer": "anterior-posterior axis", "id": "sciq_extra_389", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is used to describe a cancer that has spread?", "context": "Isotopes can be very useful in scans to locate cancer cells. This patient has multiple tumors that have spread (metastasized) from the main tumor. A radioisotope has been attached to antibodies that bind to specific cancer cells. The very dark spots in the armpits, neck, and groin represent areas where tumor cells exist. | Options: metastasized|destabilized|galvanized|ostracized", "answer": "metastasized", "id": "sciq_extra_390", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most abundant of all vertebrate classes, and the most recent to evolve?", "context": "Of all vertebrate classes, birds are the most numerous, even though they evolved most recently. Why have birds been so successful? The answer is flight. Being able to fly opened up a whole new world to birds: the world of the air above the land and water. | Options: birds|bony fishes|reptiles|mammals", "answer": "birds", "id": "sciq_extra_391", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many calories of energy does one gram of protein provide?", "context": "If you eat more protein than you need for these functions, the extra protein is used for energy. One gram of protein provides 4 Calories of energy, the same as carbohydrates. A 13-year-old needs to eat about 34 grams of protein a day. Figure below shows good food sources of protein. | Options: 4|2|1|5", "answer": "4", "id": "sciq_extra_392", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the cure of cancer known as?", "context": "If leukemia is treated early, it usually can be cured. In fact, many cancers can be cured, which is known as remission, if treated early. Treatment of cancer often involves removing a tumor with surgery. This may be followed by other types of treatments. These treatments may include drugs (known as chemotherapy) and radiation therapy, which kill cancer cells. | Options: remission|metabolism|rejuvenation|regeneration", "answer": "remission", "id": "sciq_extra_393", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the outer layer of the exoskeleton called?", "context": "Segmented bodies with an exoskeleton . The outer layer of the exoskeleton is called the cuticle . It is made up of two layers. The outer layer, or exocuticle , is thin, waxy, and water-resistant. The inner layer is much thicker. The exocuticle is extremely thin in many soft-bodied insects, such as caterpillars. | Options: cuticle|bristle|epidermis|epithelium", "answer": "cuticle", "id": "sciq_extra_394", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In what stage of their life cycle do insects begin developing their wings?", "context": "During pupa stage, wing development begins, after which the adult emerges. | Options: pupa|crystalline|larva|pupal", "answer": "pupa", "id": "sciq_extra_395", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The speed of sound depends on what?", "context": "The speed of sound depends on the medium. Medium (20°C) Speed of Sound Waves (m/s). | Options: medium|light|volume|temperature", "answer": "medium", "id": "sciq_extra_396", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why is the life cycle of plants so complex?", "context": "The life cycle of all plants is complex because it is characterized by alternation of generations. Plants alternate between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations, and between sexual and asexual reproduction. The ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually gives plants the flexibility to adapt to changing environments. Their complex life cycle allows for great variation. | Options: alternation of generation|metamorphosis|pollination process|asexual reproduction", "answer": "alternation of generation", "id": "sciq_extra_397", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "While elements are represented by chemical symbols, chemical formulas represent what?", "context": "Elements are represented by chemical symbols. Examples are H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. Compounds are represented by chemical formulas . You’ve already seen the chemical formula for water. It’s H 2 O. The subscript 2 after the H shows that there are two atoms of hydrogen in a molecule of water. The O for oxygen has no subscript. When there is just one atom of an element in a molecule, no subscript is used. Table below shows some other examples of compounds and their chemical formulas. | Options: compounds|extracts|pollutants|solutions", "answer": "compounds", "id": "sciq_extra_398", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a form of cell division in prokaryotic organisms that produces identical offspring?", "context": "Binary fission is a form of cell division in prokaryotic organisms that produces identical offspring. | Options: binary fission|nuclear fission|germination|mitosis", "answer": "binary fission", "id": "sciq_extra_399", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system consists of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients such as glucose?", "context": "The digestive system consists of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients such as glucose. Organs of the digestive system are shown in Figure below . Most of the organs make up the gastrointestinal tract . The rest of the organs are called accessory organs . | Options: digestive system|cardiovascular system|physical system|skeletal system", "answer": "digestive system", "id": "sciq_extra_400", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the transition from solid to vapor is called?", "context": "Sublimation is the transition from solid to vapor phase. You may have noticed that snow can disappear into thin air without a trace of liquid water, or the disappearance of ice cubes in a freezer. The reverse is also true: Frost can form on very cold windows without going through the liquid stage. A popular effect is the making of “smoke” from dry ice, which is solid carbon dioxide. Sublimation occurs because the equilibrium vapor pressure of solids is not zero. Certain air fresheners use the sublimation of a solid to inject a perfume into the room. Moth balls are a slightly toxic example of a phenol (an organic compound) that sublimates, while some solids, such as osmium tetroxide, are so toxic that they must be kept in sealed containers to prevent human exposure to their sublimation-produced vapors. | Options: sublimation|vaporization|deposition|ionization", "answer": "sublimation", "id": "sciq_extra_401", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In contrast with cnidarians, nematodes show a tubular morphology and circular cross-section. these animals are pseudocoelomates and show the presence of a complete digestive system with a distinct mouth and this?", "context": "present in all habitats with a large number of individuals of each species present in each. The free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans has been extensively used as a model system in laboratories all over the world. Morphology In contrast with cnidarians, nematodes show a tubular morphology and circular cross-section. These animals are pseudocoelomates and show the presence of a complete digestive system with a distinct mouth and anus. This is in contrast with the cnidarians, where only one opening is present (an incomplete digestive system). The cuticle of Nematodes is rich in collagen and a carbohydrate-protein polymer called chitin, and forms an external “skeleton” outside the epidermis. The cuticle also lines many of the organs internally, including the pharynx and rectum. The epidermis can be either a single layer of cells or a syncytium, which is a multinucleated cell formed from the fusion of uninucleated cells. The overall morphology of these worms is cylindrical, as seen in Figure 28.31. The head is radially symmetrical. A mouth opening is present at the anterior end with three or six lips as well as teeth in some species in the form of cuticle extensions. Some nematodes may present other external modifications like rings, head shields, or warts. Rings, however, do not reflect true internal body segmentation. The mouth leads to a muscular pharynx and intestine, which leads to a rectum and anal opening at the posterior end. The muscles of nematodes differ from th", "answer": "anus", "id": "sciq_extra_402", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The amount of heat required to raise a single mass unit of a substance by a single temperature unit is known as what?", "context": "When heat flows into an object, its thermal energy increases and so does its temperature. The amount of temperature increase depends on three things: 1) how much heat was added, 2) the size of the object, and 3) the material of which the object is made. When you add the same amount of heat to the same mass of different substances, the amount of temperature increase is different. Each substance has a specific heat, which is the amount of heat necessary to raise one mass unit of that substance by one temperature unit. | Options: specific heat|temperature variation|specific gravity|solitary heat", "answer": "specific heat", "id": "sciq_extra_403", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most important source of electromagnetic radiation on earth?", "context": "The most important source of electromagnetic radiation on Earth is the sun. Electromagnetic waves travel from the sun to Earth across space and provide virtually all the energy that supports life on our planet. Many other sources of electromagnetic waves that people use depend on technology. Radio waves, microwaves, and X rays are examples. We use these electromagnetic waves for communications, cooking, medicine, and many other purposes. You’ll learn about all these types of electromagnetic waves in this chapter’s lesson on \"The Electromagnetic Spectrum. \". | Options: the sun|the moon|volcanos|the oceans", "answer": "the sun", "id": "sciq_extra_404", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of drugs are formulated to help deal with hiv and herpes as well as influenza and two types of hepatitis?", "context": "Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with HIV and herpes viruses. Antivirals are also available for the influenza viruses and the Hepatitis B and C viruses, which can cause liver cancer. | Options: antiviral drugs|antibacterial drugs|steroid drugs|herbal remedies", "answer": "antiviral drugs", "id": "sciq_extra_405", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Trees, which can be planted and harvested, are an example of what type of resource?", "context": "Trees are renewable resources. Trees can be planted, grown up, and harvested for timber. Forests are a different thing, however. A forest is a mature ecosystem. It has trees of different sizes and ages, many other plants, and lots of animals. A forest is a renewable resource but it takes much more time to grow a forest than to grow a stand of trees. | Options: renewable|electric|fossil|geothermal", "answer": "renewable", "id": "sciq_extra_406", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "After a supernova, what part of a star remains?", "context": "After a supernova explosion, the star's core is left over. This material is extremely dense. What happens next depends on the core's mass. The core might be less than about four times the mass of the sun. In this case, the star will become a neutron star. A neutron star ( Figure below ) is made almost entirely of neutrons. A neutron star has more mass than the sun; yet, it is only a few kilometers in diameter. | Options: core|large|outer|superficial", "answer": "core", "id": "sciq_extra_407", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is essential for population of all species to expand greatly?", "context": "Options: abundant resources|foliage resources|chemical resources|liquid resources", "answer": "abundant resources", "id": "sciq_extra_408", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is usually the most visible part of the flower?", "context": "Petals are usually the most visible parts of a flower. They may be large and showy and are often brightly colored. Leaf-like green sepals protect the flower while it is still a bud. | Options: petals|cells|seeds|roots", "answer": "petals", "id": "sciq_extra_409", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do ionic bonds form between?", "context": "Ionic bonds form only between metals and nonmetals. That’s because metals “want” to give up electrons, and nonmetals “want” to gain electrons. | Options: metals and nonmetals|metals and carbonates|metals and freshwaters|metals and organisms", "answer": "metals and nonmetals", "id": "sciq_extra_410", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The interaction between atomic orbitals is greatest when they have the same what?", "context": "The number of molecular orbitals produced is the same as the number of atomic orbitals used to create them (the law of conservation of orbitals). As the overlap between two atomic orbitals increases, the difference in energy between the resulting bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals increases. When two atomic orbitals combine to form a pair of molecular orbitals, the bonding molecular orbital is stabilized about as much as the antibonding molecular orbital is destabilized. The interaction between atomic orbitals is greatest when they have the same energy. | Options: energy|temperature|mass|fuel", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_411", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs when competing species evolve different adaptations?", "context": "Instead of extinction, interspecific competition may lead to greater specialization. Specialization occurs when competing species evolve different adaptations. For example, they may evolve adaptations that allow them to use different food sources. Figure below describes an example. | Options: specialization|evolution|urbanization|Rate Adaption", "answer": "specialization", "id": "sciq_extra_412", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Haversian canals contain blood vessels and what else?", "context": "Compact bone tissue is made of cylindrical osteons that are aligned such that they travel the length of the bone. Haversian canals contain blood vessels only. Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. Spongy tissue is found on the interior of the bone, and compact bone tissue is found on the exterior. Figure 38.37 Which of the following statements about muscle contraction is true?. | Options: nerve fibers|muscle fibers|synovial fluid|collagen fibers", "answer": "nerve fibers", "id": "sciq_extra_413", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of telescopes collect and focus radio waves from distant objects?", "context": "Radio telescopes collect and focus radio waves from distant objects. | Options: radio telescopes|reflecting telescopes|refracting telescopes|space telescopes", "answer": "radio telescopes", "id": "sciq_extra_414", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cells have multiple repair mechanisms to fix mutations in what?", "context": "Many other mutations have no effect on the organism because they are repaired before protein synthesis occurs. Cells have multiple repair mechanisms to fix mutations in DNA. One way DNA can be repaired is illustrated in Figure below . If a cell’s DNA is permanently damaged and cannot be repaired, the cell is likely to be prevented from dividing. | Options: dna|amino acid chains|organ systems|RNA", "answer": "dna", "id": "sciq_extra_415", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are different versions of a gene known as?", "context": "The gene for a characteristic may have different versions. These different versions of a gene are known as alleles. | Options: alleles|modes|ion|genomes", "answer": "alleles", "id": "sciq_extra_416", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All chemical reactions involve both reactants and what else?", "context": "All chemical reactions involve both reactants and products. Reactants are substances that start a chemical reaction, and products are substances that are produced in the reaction. | Options: products|consumers|catalysts|energy", "answer": "products", "id": "sciq_extra_417", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Potassium hydroxide in soap is an example of what?", "context": "Bases are used for a variety of purposes. For example, soaps contain bases such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). Other uses of bases can be seen in the Figure below . | Options: base|enzyme|catalyst|acid", "answer": "base", "id": "sciq_extra_418", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring?", "context": "Reproduction is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring. It is one of the defining characteristics of living things. There are two basic types of reproduction: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. | Options: reproduction|differentiation|evolution|photosynthesis", "answer": "reproduction", "id": "sciq_extra_419", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction that gets its energy from what?", "context": "One of the most important series of endothermic reactions is photosynthesis. The energy needed for photosynthesis comes from light. | Options: light|wind|electricity|air", "answer": "light", "id": "sciq_extra_420", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Paramecium possess tiny hair-like cilia that help them do what?", "context": "Some protists, like these Paramecium , act much like animals. Notice the tiny hair-like cilia that help them move. The food vacuoles, where they digest their prey, are colored in orange. | Options: move|fight|look|breed", "answer": "move", "id": "sciq_extra_421", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the thermal energy to do work?", "context": "A combustion engine is a complex machine that burns fuel to produce thermal energy and then uses the thermal energy to do work. Combustion engines may by external or internal combustion engines, depending on where the fuel is burned. | Options: combustion engine|vapor engine|convection oven|battery", "answer": "combustion engine", "id": "sciq_extra_422", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, ribosomes are the non-membrane bound organelles where what main product of the cell is made?", "context": "In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, ribosomes are the non-membrane bound organelles where proteins are made. Ribosomes are like the machines in the factory that produce the factory's main product. Proteins are the main product of the cell. | Options: proteins|lipids|protons|sugars", "answer": "proteins", "id": "sciq_extra_423", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is it called when ice changes to liquid water?", "context": "Options: melting|vaporizing|boiling|condensing", "answer": "melting", "id": "sciq_extra_424", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Biological features from a common evolutionary origin are known as what?", "context": "Classification of Living Things be that different. Biological features from a common evolutionary origin are known as homologous. • Development • Biochemistry: Biochemical analysis of animals similar in appearance have yielded surprising results. For example, although guinea pigs were once considered to be rodents, like mice, biochemistry led them to be in their taxon of their own. | Options: homologous|monologous|heterologous|analogous", "answer": "homologous", "id": "sciq_extra_425", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Salts that are neither acidic nor basic do not affect what property of the solution when dissolved in water?", "context": "The simplest situation is a salt formed by combining a strong acid and a strong base. These salts are neither acidic nor basic, so they do not affect the pH of the solution when dissolved in water. For example, the ionic compound NaNO 3 could be prepared by combining the strong acid HNO 3 and the strong base NaOH. If we were to dissolve NaNO 3 in water, it would dissociate into Na + and NO 3 - ions. Neither ion is a strong enough acid or base to cause any noticeable proton transfers, so the pH of the pure water is not altered. | Options: ph|homeostasis|saturation|density", "answer": "ph", "id": "sciq_extra_426", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What protects the pollen of seed plants and spores of seedless plants?", "context": "The spores of seedless plants and the pollen of seed plants are surrounded by thick cell walls containing a tough polymer known as sporopollenin. This substance is characterized by long chains of organic molecules related to fatty acids and carotenoids, and gives most pollen its yellow color. Sporopollenin is unusually resistant to chemical and biological degradation. Its toughness explains the existence of well-preserved fossils of pollen. Sporopollenin was once thought to be an innovation of land plants; however, the green algae Coleochaetes is now known to form spores that contain sporopollenin. Protection of the embryo is a major requirement for land plants. The vulnerable embryo must be sheltered from desiccation and other environmental hazards. In both seedless and seed plants, the female gametophyte provides nutrition, and in seed plants, the embryo is also protected as it develops into the new generation of sporophyte. | Options: sporopollenin|cystosol|cocklebur|chlorophyll", "answer": "sporopollenin", "id": "sciq_extra_427", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cells that have a nucleus and other organelles which are membrane-bound are generally called what kinds of cells?", "context": "Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. This allows these cells to have complex functions. | Options: eukaryotic|Monocyte|Megakaryocyte|Erythrocyte", "answer": "eukaryotic", "id": "sciq_extra_428", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is first stage of cellular respiration?", "context": "The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis . It does not require oxygen, and it does not take place in the mitochondrion - it takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm. | Options: glycolsis|electrolysis|hydrolisis|metabolism", "answer": "glycolsis", "id": "sciq_extra_429", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are groups of stars called that are smaller than a galaxy?", "context": "Star clusters are groups of stars smaller than a galaxy. There are two main types, open clusters and globular clusters. Open clusters are groups of up to a few thousand stars held together by gravity. The Jewel Box, shown in Figure below , is an open cluster. Open clusters tend to be blue in color, and often contain glowing gas and dust. The stars in an open cluster are young stars that all formed from the same nebula. | Options: star clusters|Milky Way|nebuli|constellations", "answer": "star clusters", "id": "sciq_extra_430", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Expansion of a gas into a vacuum is irreversible because the external pressure is measurably less than the internal pressure of the gas, and no states of what exist?", "context": "can continue indefinitely. In contrast, the expansion of a gas into a vacuum (Pext = 0) is irreversible because the external pressure is measurably less than the internal pressure of the gas. No equilibrium states exist, and the gas expands irreversibly. When gas escapes from a microscopic hole in a balloon into a vacuum, for example, the process is irreversible; the direction of airflow cannot change. Because work done during the expansion of a gas depends on the opposing external pressure (w = PextΔV), work done in a reversible process is always equal to or greater than work done in a corresponding irreversible process: wrev ≥ wirrev. Whether a process is reversible or irreversible, ΔE = q + w. Because E is a state function, the magnitude of ΔE does not depend on reversibility and is independent of the path taken. So Equation 18.14. | Options: equilibrium|balance|liquid|composition", "answer": "equilibrium", "id": "sciq_extra_431", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "One important phenomenon related to the relative strength of cohesive and adhesive forces is capillary action—the tendency of a fluid to be raised or suppressed in a narrow tube, or called this?", "context": "One important phenomenon related to the relative strength of cohesive and adhesive forces is capillary action—the tendency of a fluid to be raised or suppressed in a narrow tube, or capillary tube. This action causes blood to be drawn into a small-diameter tube when the tube touches a drop. Capillary Action The tendency of a fluid to be raised or suppressed in a narrow tube, or capillary tube, is called capillary action. If a capillary tube is placed vertically into a liquid, as shown in Figure 11.34, capillary action will raise or suppress the liquid inside the tube depending on the combination of substances. The actual effect depends on the relative strength of the cohesive and adhesive forces and, thus, the contact angle θ given in the table. If θ is less than 90º , then the fluid will be raised; if θ is greater than 90º , it will be suppressed. Mercury, for example, has a very large surface tension and a large contact angle with glass. When placed in a tube, the surface of a column of mercury curves downward, somewhat like a drop. The curved surface of a fluid in a tube is called a meniscus. The tendency of surface tension is always to reduce the surface area. Surface tension thus flattens the curved liquid surface in a capillary tube. This results in a downward force in mercury and an upward force in water, as seen in Figure 11.34. | Options: capillary tube|melting tube|cohesive tube|pressure tube", "answer": "capillary tube", "id": "sciq_extra_432", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens to air density and pressure when gas molecules are warm?", "context": "When gas molecules are warm, they move vigorously. They take up more space. Air density and air pressure are lower. | Options: they are lower|they are unchanged|they are equal|they are greater", "answer": "they are lower", "id": "sciq_extra_433", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of reproduction generates most of the genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible?", "context": "Options: sexual reproduction|cloning|asexual reproduction|synthetic reproduction", "answer": "sexual reproduction", "id": "sciq_extra_434", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Can nematodes be a parasite of plants, animals, or both?", "context": "Nematodes can be parasites of plants and animals. | Options: both|neither|animals|plants", "answer": "both", "id": "sciq_extra_435", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of weather can you expect if a center of low pressure is moving your way?", "context": "Weather is very difficult to predict. That’s because it’s very complex and many factors are involved. Slight changes in even one factor can cause a big change in the weather. Still, certain “rules of thumb” generally apply. These “rules” help meteorologists forecast the weather. For example, low pressure is likely to bring stormy weather. So if a center of low pressure is moving your way, you can expect a storm. | Options: stormy|rain|rough|sunny", "answer": "stormy", "id": "sciq_extra_436", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a thin membrane stretched tight across the end of the ear canal that vibrates when sound waves strike it?", "context": "The eardrum is like the head of a drum. It’s a thin membrane stretched tight across the end of the ear canal. The eardrum vibrates when sound waves strike it, and it sends the vibrations on to the middle ear. | Options: eardrum|earlobe|cerebrum|auricle", "answer": "eardrum", "id": "sciq_extra_437", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Icy objects that have very elliptical orbits around the sun are called?", "context": "Comets are icy objects that have very elliptical orbits around the Sun. | Options: comets|meteors|asteroids|craters", "answer": "comets", "id": "sciq_extra_438", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What geologic era is also known as the age of mammals?", "context": "The Cenozoic Era literally means the era of “modern life. ” It is also called the age of mammals. Mammals took advantage of the extinction of the dinosaurs. They flourished and soon became the dominant animals on Earth. You can learn more about the evolution of mammals during the Cenozoic at the link below. The Cenozoic began 65 million years ago and continues to the present. It may be divided into the two periods described in Figure below . http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=H0uTGkCWXwQ. | Options: cenozoic era|mesozoic era|paleozoic era|cretaceous period", "answer": "cenozoic era", "id": "sciq_extra_439", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Radioactive atoms, nuclear explosions, and stars produce what types of rays.", "context": "Sources of gamma rays include radioactive atoms, nuclear explosions, and stars. Gamma rays from space are absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. | Options: gamma|plasma|neutron|beta", "answer": "gamma", "id": "sciq_extra_440", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The similarities and differences between the genomes confirm patterns of what?", "context": "The similarities and differences between the genomes confirm patterns of evolution. | Options: evolution|phylum|fossils|variation", "answer": "evolution", "id": "sciq_extra_441", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the two components of all solutions?", "context": "All solutions have two parts: the solute and the solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. Particles of solvent pull apart particles of solute, and the solute particles spread throughout the solvent. Salt water, such as the ocean water in the Figure below , is an example of a solution. In a saltwater solution, salt is the solute and water is the solvent. | Options: solute and solvent|sodium and solvent|solute and cytosol|concentration and solvent", "answer": "solute and solvent", "id": "sciq_extra_442", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "On how many of the continents do birds live and breed?", "context": "Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats on all seven continents. They occupy a wide range of ecological positions. Raptors are carnivores; aquatic birds eat fish or water plants; and perching birds may eat insects, fruit, honey, or nectar. Some birds are pollinators that co-evolved with plants. Human actions have caused the extinction of hundreds of species of birds, and some 1,200 species are threatened with extinction today. | Options: seven|three|four|eight", "answer": "seven", "id": "sciq_extra_443", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The hydrogen is oxidized because it undergoes a partial loss of what?", "context": "In the course of this reaction, electrons are shifted away from each hydrogen atom and towards the oxygen atom. The hydrogen is oxidized because it undergoes a partial loss of electrons. Even though the loss is not complete enough to form ions, the hydrogen atoms in water have less electron density near them than they did in the H 2 molecule. The oxygen is reduced because it undergoes a partial gain of electrons. The oxygen atom in water has greater electron density near it than they did in the O 2 molecule. | Options: electrons|density|protons|ions", "answer": "electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_444", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is land with permafrost, no trees, and small hardy plants?", "context": "Tundra is land with permafrost, no trees, and small hardy plants. | Options: tundra|subtropics|taiga|desert", "answer": "tundra", "id": "sciq_extra_445", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Viruses replicate only in where?", "context": "19.2 Viruses replicate only in host cells. | Options: host cells|traitor cells|compromised cells|weak cells", "answer": "host cells", "id": "sciq_extra_446", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Matter undergoing chemical reactions and physical changes can release or absorb heat. a change that releases heat is called what?", "context": "Matter undergoing chemical reactions and physical changes can release or absorb heat. A change that releases heat is called an exothermic process. For example, the combustion reaction that occurs when using an oxyacetylene torch is an exothermic process—this process also releases energy in the form of light as evidenced by the torch’s flame (Figure 5.7). A reaction or change that absorbs heat is an endothermic process. A cold pack used to treat muscle strains provides an example of an endothermic process. When the substances in the cold pack (water and a salt like ammonium nitrate) are brought together, the resulting process absorbs heat, leading to the sensation of cold. | Options: exothermic process|magnetic process|oxidized process|biochemical process", "answer": "exothermic process", "id": "sciq_extra_447", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What hormone secreted by the pineal gland controls sleep-wake cycles and several other processes?", "context": "The pineal gland is a tiny gland located at the base of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin . This hormone controls sleep-wake cycles and several other processes. | Options: melatonin|testosterone|t3|estrogen", "answer": "melatonin", "id": "sciq_extra_448", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is defined as the ability to do work?", "context": "Energy is the ability to do work. Fuel stores energy and can be released to do work. Heat is given off when fuel is burned. | Options: energy|fuel|heating|momentum", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_449", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What two types of tissue compose most of the non-pregnant and non-lactating female breast?", "context": "Structure of the Lactating Breast Mammary glands are modified sweat glands. The non-pregnant and non-lactating female breast is composed primarily of adipose and collagenous tissue, with mammary glands making up a very minor proportion of breast volume. The mammary gland is composed of milk-transporting lactiferous ducts, which expand and branch extensively during pregnancy in response to estrogen, growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin. Moreover, in response to progesterone, clusters of breast alveoli bud from the ducts and expand outward toward the chest wall. Breast alveoli are balloon-like structures lined with milk-secreting cuboidal cells, or lactocytes, that are surrounded by a net of contractile myoepithelial cells. Milk is secreted from the lactocytes, fills the alveoli, and is squeezed into the ducts. Clusters of alveoli that drain to a common duct are called lobules; the lactating female has 12–20 lobules organized radially around the nipple. Milk drains from lactiferous ducts into lactiferous sinuses that meet at 4 to 18 perforations in the nipple, called nipple pores. The small bumps of the areola (the darkened skin around the nipple) are called Montgomery glands. They secrete oil to cleanse the nipple opening and prevent chapping and cracking of the nipple during breastfeeding. | Options: adipose and collagenous|intestine and collagenous|silicone and collagenous|scar and collagenous", "answer": "adipose and collagenous", "id": "sciq_extra_450", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Control of the body can be somatic or autonomic, offering one way to divide what organ system by function?", "context": "Functional Divisions of the Nervous System The nervous system can also be divided on the basis of its functions, but anatomical divisions and functional divisions are different. The CNS and the PNS both contribute to the same functions, but those functions can be attributed to different regions of the brain (such as the cerebral cortex or the hypothalamus) or to different ganglia in the periphery. The problem with trying to fit functional differences into anatomical divisions is that sometimes the same structure can be part of several functions. For example, the optic nerve carries signals from the retina that are either used for the conscious perception of visual stimuli, which takes place in the cerebral cortex, or for the reflexive responses of smooth muscle tissue that are processed through the hypothalamus. There are two ways to consider how the nervous system is divided functionally. First, the basic functions of the nervous system are sensation, integration, and response. Secondly, control of the body can be somatic or autonomic—divisions that are largely defined by the structures that are involved in the response. There is also a region of the peripheral nervous system that is called the enteric nervous system that is responsible for a specific set of the functions within the realm of autonomic control related to gastrointestinal functions. | Options: nervous system|cardiovascular system|circulatory system|central system", "answer": "nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_451", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the female reproductive structure of a flower?", "context": "The pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower. It consists of a stigma, style , and ovary . The stigma is raised and sticky to help it catch pollen. The style supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary, which contains the egg. Petals attract pollinators to the flower. Petals are often brightly colored so pollinators will notice them. | Options: the pistil|the stamen|the seed|the flower", "answer": "the pistil", "id": "sciq_extra_452", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cysteine is a type of what fundamental building block of protein?", "context": "Food and Drink App: Amino Acids—Essential and Otherwise The text mentioned cysteine, an amino acid. Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, a major biological component. Proteins are a necessary part of the diet; meat, eggs, and certain vegetables such as beans and soy are good sources of protein and amino acids. All life on Earth—from the lowliest single-celled organism to humans to blue whales—relies on proteins for life, so all life on Earth is dependent on amino acids. The human body contains 20 different amino acids (curiously, other organisms may have a different number of amino acids). However, not all of them must be obtained from the diet. The body can synthesize 12 amino acids. The other 8 mustbe obtained from the diet. These 8 amino acids are called the essential amino acids. Daily requirements range from 4 mg per kilogram of body weight for tryptophan to 40 mg per kilogram of body weight for leucine. Infants and children need a greater mass per kg of body weight to support their growing bodies; also, the number of amino acids that are considered essential for infants and children is greater than for adults due to the greater protein synthesis associated with growth. Because of the existence of essential amino acids, a diet that is properly balanced in protein is necessary. Rice and beans, a very popular food dish Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. | Options: amino acid|atoms acid|proteins acid|salts acid", "answer": "amino acid", "id": "sciq_extra_453", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The leaves of what plant genus are the source of the compound ephedrine, which is used in medicine as a potent decongestant and is similar to amphetamines?", "context": "years. The genus Ephedra is represented in North America in dry areas of the southwestern United States and Mexico (Figure 14.23). Ephedra’s small, scale-like leaves are the source of the compound ephedrine, which is used in medicine as a potent decongestant. Because ephedrine is similar to amphetamines, both in chemical structure and neurological effects, its use is restricted to prescription drugs. Like angiosperms, but unlike other gymnosperms, all gnetophytes possess vessel elements in their xylem. | Options: ephedra|Stimulant|dietary|additive", "answer": "ephedra", "id": "sciq_extra_454", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The simplest organic compounds are known as what?", "context": "Opening Essay Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, but they have interesting physiological effects. These effects depend on the size of the hydrocarbon molecules and where on or in the body they are applied. Alkanes of low molar mass—those with from 1 to approximately 10 or so carbon atoms—are gases or light liquids that act as anesthetics. Inhaling (“sniffing”) these hydrocarbons in gasoline or aerosol propellants for their intoxicating effect is a major health problem that can lead to liver, kidney, or brain damage or to immediate death by asphyxiation by excluding oxygen. Swallowed, liquid alkanes do little harm while in the stomach. In the lungs, however, they cause “chemical” pneumonia by dissolving fatlike molecules from cell membranes in the tiny air sacs (alveoli). The lungs become unable to expel fluids, just as in pneumonia caused by bacteria or viruses. People who swallow gasoline or other liquid alkane mixtures should not be made to vomit, as this would increase the chance of getting alkanes into the lungs. (There is no home-treatment antidote for gasoline poisoning; call a poison control center. ) Liquid alkanes with approximately 5–16 carbon atoms per molecule wash away natural skin oils and cause drying and chapping of the skin, while heavier liquid alkanes (those with approximately 17 or more carbon atoms per molecule) act as emollients (skin softeners). Such alkane mixtures as mineral oil and petroleum jelly can be applied as a protective film. Wa", "answer": "hydrocarbons", "id": "sciq_extra_455", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Who developed a classification system that divided living things into several groups that we still use today, including mammals, insects, and reptiles?", "context": "People have been concerned with classifying organisms for thousands of years. Over 2,000 years ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle developed a classification system that divided living things into several groups that we still use today, including mammals, insects, and reptiles. | Options: aristotle|jung|darwin|harrold", "answer": "aristotle", "id": "sciq_extra_456", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All biochemical molecules have oxygen, carbon, and what other element?", "context": "All biochemical molecules contain hydrogen and oxygen as well as carbon. They may also contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and/or sulfur. Almost all biochemical compounds are polymers. Polymers are large molecules that consist of many smaller, repeating molecules, called monomers. Glucose is a monomer of biochemical compounds called starches. In starches and all other biochemical polymers, monomers are joined together by covalent bonds, in which atoms share pairs of valence electrons. | Options: hydrogen|helium|nitrogen|calcium", "answer": "hydrogen", "id": "sciq_extra_457", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a structure that is composed of one or more types of tissues?", "context": "Organ : Structure composed of one or more types of tissues. The tissues of an organ work together to perfume a specific function. Human organs include the brain, stomach, kidney, and liver. Plant organs include roots, stems, and leaves. | Options: organ|system|muscle|node", "answer": "organ", "id": "sciq_extra_458", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If the buoyant force is greater than the force of gravity acting on a ship, what will happen to the ship?", "context": "Now look at the ship’s hull in the Figure above . Its shape causes the ship to displace much more water than the ball. In fact, the weight of the displaced water is greater than the weight of the ship. As a result, the buoyant force is greater than the force of gravity acting on the ship, so the ship floats. | Options: it will float|it will sink|it will bobble|it will explode", "answer": "it will float", "id": "sciq_extra_459", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are different types of tissues organized into functional units called?", "context": "Options: organs|tendons|arteries|veins", "answer": "organs", "id": "sciq_extra_460", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Practitioners of what thought all matter was composed of different proportions of four basic elements, and that if you changed the proportions of these elements, you could change the substance itself?", "context": "Alchemy was a somewhat mystical and secretive approach to learning how to manipulate matter. Practitioners, called alchemists, thought that all matter was composed of different proportions of the four basic elements—fire, water, earth, and air—and believed that if you changed the relative proportions of these elements in a substance, you could change the substance. The long-standing attempts to “transmute” common metals into gold represented one goal of alchemy. Alchemy’s other major goal was to synthesize the philosopher’s stone, a material that could impart long life—even immortality. Alchemists used symbols to represent substances, some of which are shown in the accompanying figure. This was not done to better communicate ideas, as chemists do today, but to maintain the secrecy of alchemical knowledge, keeping others from sharing in it. | Options: alchemy|chemistry|biology|phrenology", "answer": "alchemy", "id": "sciq_extra_461", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are atoms of the same element that differ in their numbers of neutrons called?", "context": "The first plants were probably similar to the stoneworts in Figure below . Stoneworts are green algae. Like stoneworts, the first plants were aquatic. They may have had stalks but not stems. They also may have had hair-like structures called rhizoids but not roots. The first plants probably had male and female reproductive organs and needed water to reproduce. In stoneworts, sperm need at least a thin film of moisture to swim to eggs. | Options: isotopes|reactions|organisms|opposites", "answer": "isotopes", "id": "sciq_extra_462", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is added to a measured portion of a more concentrated stock solution to achieve a particular concentration?", "context": "Dilution is also a common means of preparing solutions of a desired concentration. By adding solvent to a measured portion of a more concentrated stock solution, we can achieve a particular concentration. For example, commercial pesticides are typically sold as solutions in which the active ingredients are far more concentrated than is appropriate for their application. Before they can be used on crops, the pesticides must be diluted. This is also a very common practice for the preparation of a number of common laboratory reagents (Figure 3.17). | Options: solvent|water|yeast|pigment", "answer": "solvent", "id": "sciq_extra_463", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do humans and bats have physically in common?", "context": "Both humans and bats have body hair, and both humans and bats can nurse their young. These are both characteristics of mammals, the class that both bats and humans belong to. | Options: body hair|wing size|gland hair|body oder", "answer": "body hair", "id": "sciq_extra_464", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Because optics fibers are thin, entering light may strike the inside surface at greater than the critical angle, requiring attention to what?", "context": "Fiber Optics: Endoscopes to Telephones Fiber optics is one application of total internal reflection that is in wide use. In communications, it is used to transmit telephone, internet, and cable TV signals. Fiber optics employs the transmission of light down fibers of plastic or glass. Because the fibers are thin, light entering one is likely to strike the inside surface at an angle greater than the critical angle and, thus, be totally reflected (See Figure 25.14. ) The index of refraction outside the fiber must be smaller than inside, a condition that is easily satisfied by coating the outside of the fiber with a material having an appropriate refractive index. In fact, most fibers have a varying refractive index to allow more light to be guided along the fiber through total internal refraction. Rays are reflected around corners as shown, making the fibers into tiny light pipes. | Options: refractive index|reflective point|electromagnetic index|wavelength", "answer": "refractive index", "id": "sciq_extra_465", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a vector quantity with the same direction as the force called?", "context": "Impulse is a vector quantity that has the same direction as the force. | Options: impulse|accelerated|inverted|simple", "answer": "impulse", "id": "sciq_extra_466", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns are examples of what type of plants?", "context": "Seedless Vascular Plants By the Late Devonian period (385 million years ago), plants had evolved vascular tissue, well-defined leaves, and root systems. With these advantages, plants increased in height and size. During the Carboniferous period (359–299 million years ago), swamp forests of club mosses and horsetails, with some specimens reaching more than 30 meters tall, covered most of the land. These forests gave rise to the extensive coal deposits that gave the Carboniferous its name. In seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte became the dominant phase of the lifecycle. Water is still required for fertilization of seedless vascular plants, and most favor a moist environment. Modern-day seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails, ferns, and whisk ferns. Club Mosses The club mosses, or Lycophyta, are the earliest group of seedless vascular plants. They dominated the landscape of the Carboniferous period, growing into tall trees and forming large swamp forests. Today’s club mosses are diminutive, evergreen plants consisting of a stem (which may be branched) and small leaves called microphylls (Figure 14.13). The division Lycophyta consists of close to 1,000 species, including quillworts (Isoetales), club mosses (Lycopodiales), and spike mosses (Selaginellales): none of which is a true moss. | Options: seedless vascular plants|cycads|gymnosperms|angiosperms", "answer": "seedless vascular plants", "id": "sciq_extra_467", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do seeds have that spores do not?", "context": "Options: a supply of stored food|DNA|pollenators|chlorophyll", "answer": "a supply of stored food", "id": "sciq_extra_468", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A vector is an organism that carries what disease-causing microorganisms from one person or animal to another?", "context": "Still other pathogens are spread by vectors . A vector is an organism that carries pathogens from one person or animal to another. Most vectors are insects, such as ticks and mosquitoes. These insects tend to transfer protozoan or viral parasites. When an insect bites an infected person or animal, it picks up the pathogen. Then the pathogen travels to the next person or animal it bites. Ticks carry the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. Mosquitoes ( Figure below ) carry West Nile virus. Both pathogens cause fever, headache, and tiredness. If the diseases are not treated, more serious symptoms may develop. Other diseases spread by mosquitoes include Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever. | Options: pathogen|microbe|microbe|genome", "answer": "pathogen", "id": "sciq_extra_469", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When explosion of gases creates pressure resulting in motion of a rocket, the force pushing the rocket is called what?", "context": "For a long time, many people believed that a rocket wouldn’t work in space. There would be nothing for the rocket to push against. But they do work! Fuel is ignited in a chamber. The gases in the chamber explode. The explosion creates pressure that forces the gases out of one side of the rocket. The rocket moves in the opposite direction ( Figure below ). The force pushing the rocket is called thrust . | Options: thrust|friction|stasis|temperature", "answer": "thrust", "id": "sciq_extra_470", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What once most common bird in north america became extinct in the 1800s?", "context": "Hundreds of species of birds have gone extinct as a result of human actions. A well-known example is the passenger pigeon. It was once the most common bird in North America, but overhunting and habitat destruction led to its extinction in the 1800s. Habitat destruction and use of the pesticide DDT explain the recent extinction of the dusky seaside sparrow. This native Florida bird was declared extinct in 1990. | Options: the passenger piegon|the dodo|the homing piegon|the rock penguin", "answer": "the passenger piegon", "id": "sciq_extra_471", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process called where nitrogen is repeatedly recycled through the biosphere?", "context": "Like water and carbon, nitrogen is also repeatedly recycled through the biosphere. This process is called the nitrogen cycle . Nitrogen is one of the most common elements in living organisms. It is important for creating both proteins and nucleic acids, like DNA. The air that we breathe is mostly nitrogen gas (N 2 ), but, unfortunately, animals and plants cannot use the nitrogen when it is a gas. In fact, plants often die from a lack of nitrogen even through they are surrounded by plenty of nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas (N 2 ) has two nitrogen atoms connected by a very strong triple bond. Most plants and animals cannot use the nitrogen in nitrogen gas because they cannot break that triple bond. | Options: nitrogen cycle|ammonia cycle|water cycle|nitrogen path", "answer": "nitrogen cycle", "id": "sciq_extra_472", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does pepsin help break down into amino acids?", "context": "Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids. | Options: proteins|glucose|carbohydrates|fats", "answer": "proteins", "id": "sciq_extra_473", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the most successful phylum of plants?", "context": "Angiosperms , in the phylum Anthophyta , are the most successful phylum of plants. This category also contains the largest number of individual plants ( Figure below ). Angiosperms evolved the structure of the flower, so they are also called the flowering plants. Angiosperms live in a variety of different environments. A water lily, an oak tree, and a barrel cactus, although different, are all angiosperms. | Options: angiosperms|spores|gymnosperms|ferns", "answer": "angiosperms", "id": "sciq_extra_474", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The muscular layer is much thicker in which ventricle of the heart?", "context": "Left Ventricle Recall that, although both sides of the heart will pump the same amount of blood, the muscular layer is much thicker in the left ventricle compared to the right (see Figure 19.8). Like the right ventricle, the left also has trabeculae carneae, but there is no moderator band. The mitral valve is connected to papillary muscles via chordae tendineae. There are two papillary muscles on the left—the anterior and posterior—as opposed to three on the right. The left ventricle is the major pumping chamber for the systemic circuit; it ejects blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve. | Options: left|middle|upper|right", "answer": "left", "id": "sciq_extra_475", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In many places, small hills rise above the ocean floor. these hills are undersea volcanoes, called what?", "context": "The ocean floor is not totally flat. In many places, small hills rise above the ocean floor. These hills are undersea volcanoes, called seamounts ( Figure above ). Some rise more than 1000 m above the seafloor. | Options: seamounts|reefs|corals|ridges", "answer": "seamounts", "id": "sciq_extra_476", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ants, termites, bees, and wasps live in what type of social structure that may include millions of individual insects?", "context": "Many species of insects have evolved complex social behaviors. They live together in large, organized colonies (see Figure below ). This is true of ants, termites, bees, and wasps. Colonies may include millions of individual insects. Colony members divide up the labor of the colony. Different insects are specialized for different jobs. Some reproduce, while others care for the young. Still others get food or defend the nest. | Options: colony|family|habitat|community", "answer": "colony", "id": "sciq_extra_477", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Schrödinger’s approach uses three quantum numbers (n, l, and ml) to specify any of what type of function, associated with a particular energy?", "context": "Each wave function is associated with a particular energy. As in Bohr’s model, the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; it can have only certain allowed values. The major difference between Bohr’s model and Schrödinger’s approach is that Bohr had to impose the idea of quantization arbitrarily, whereas in Schrödinger’s approach, quantization is a natural consequence of describing an electron as a standing wave. Quantum Numbers Schrödinger’s approach uses three quantum numbers (n, l, and ml) to specify any wave function. The quantum numbers provide information about the spatial distribution of an electron. Although n can be any positive integer, only certain values of l and ml are allowed for a given value of n. The Principal Quantum Number The principal quantum number (n) tells the average relative distance of an electron from the nucleus:. | Options: wave function|shift function|green function|rush function", "answer": "wave function", "id": "sciq_extra_478", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the ability of an atom to emit, or give off, charged particles and energy from its nucleus?", "context": "Radioactivity is the ability of an atom to emit, or give off, charged particles and energy from its nucleus. The charged particles and energy are called by the general term radiation . Only unstable nuclei emit radiation. They are unstable because they have too much energy, too many protons, or an unstable ratio of protons to neutrons. For example, all elements with more than 83 protons—such as uranium, radium, and polonium—have unstable nuclei. They are called radioactive elements. The nuclei of these elements must lose protons to become more stable. When they do, they become different elements. | Options: radioactivity|magnetism|electrical attraction|conductivity", "answer": "radioactivity", "id": "sciq_extra_479", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of fluid cushions the fetus and helps protect it from injury?", "context": "Another structure that supports the fetus is the amniotic sac. This is a membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus. It contains amniotic fluid, which consists of water and dissolved substances. The fluid allows the fetus to move freely until it grows to fill most of the available space. The fluid also cushions the fetus and helps protect it from injury. | Options: amniotic|plasmid|epithelial|aqueous", "answer": "amniotic", "id": "sciq_extra_480", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How can you prevent diseases such as whooping cough and flu?", "context": "Getting the recommended vaccinations can help prevent diseases, such as whooping cough and flu. In fact, a yearly flu vaccine is recommended for everyone who is at least 6 months of age. The flu vaccine is especially important for people who are at high risk of developing serious complications (like pneumonia) if they get sick with the flu. People who have certain medical conditions including asthma, diabetes, and chronic lung disease, pregnant women, and people younger than 5 years (and especially those younger than 2), and people 65 years and older should also make sure they get the yearly flu vaccine. | Options: preventive vaccinations|nutrition|exercise|vacuuming", "answer": "preventive vaccinations", "id": "sciq_extra_481", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why do snakes have venomous bites?", "context": "Some snakes have a venomous bite, which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by strangling them, and still others swallow their prey whole and alive. After eating, snakes enter a resting stage, while the process of digestion takes place. The process is highly efficient, with the snake’s digestive enzymes dissolving and absorbing everything but the prey’s hair and claws!. | Options: to kill prey|to clean themselves|to kill rival snakes|to scare humans", "answer": "to kill prey", "id": "sciq_extra_482", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Chelicerae in spiders are often modified into fangs that perform what function?", "context": "Chelicerae are mostly used for feeding, but in spiders, these are often modified into fangs that inject venom into their prey before feeding (Figure 28.43). Members of this subphylum have an open circulatory system with a heart that pumps blood into the hemocoel. Aquatic species have gills, whereas terrestrial species have either trachea or book lungs for gaseous exchange. | Options: inject venom|courtship display|chewing|tearing flesh", "answer": "inject venom", "id": "sciq_extra_483", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What results from uncontrolled cell division?", "context": "Many cancers result from uncontrolled cell division, when the regulation of the cycle is lost ( Figure below ). Recall that the cell cycle is the normal life of a cell. During this cycle, the cell performs its necessary functions, replicates its DNA and organelles, and divides through mitosis and cytokinesis, such that two genetically identical cells result. The cycle is highly regulated so that no phase proceeds before it is ready to do so. | Options: cancers|high blood pressure|obesity|diabetes", "answer": "cancers", "id": "sciq_extra_484", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do angiosperms form seeds?", "context": "Angiosperms, or flowering seed plants, form seeds in ovaries. As the seeds develop, the ovaries may develop into fruits. Flowers attract pollinators, and fruits encourage animals to disperse the seeds. | Options: ovaries|stamen|testes|cones", "answer": "ovaries", "id": "sciq_extra_485", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is used to describe the development of new technology?", "context": "Technological design is the development of new technology. The design process is based on evidence and logic. | Options: technological design|mechanical engineering|technological expansion|industrial design", "answer": "technological design", "id": "sciq_extra_486", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All of the populations that live in the same area make up what type of group, which includes populations of different organisms?", "context": "All of the populations that live in the same area make up a community . The community that includes the goldfish population also includes the populations of other fish, coral, and other organisms. | Options: community|environment|colony|hive", "answer": "community", "id": "sciq_extra_487", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What model describing atomic structure is often referred to as a planetary model?", "context": "According to the Bohr model, often referred to as a planetary model , the electrons encircle the nucleus of the atom in specific allowable paths called orbits. When the electron is in one of these orbits, its energy is fixed. The ground state of the hydrogen atom, where its energy is lowest, is when the electron is in the orbit that is closest to the nucleus. The orbits that are further from the nucleus are all of successively greater energy. The electron is not allowed to occupy any of the spaces in between the orbits. An everyday analogy to the Bohr model is the rungs of a ladder. As you move up or down a ladder, you can only occupy specific rungs and cannot be in the spaces in between rungs. Moving up the ladder increases your potential energy, while moving down the ladder decreases your energy. | Options: bohr model|Newton's model|kinetic model|Pascal model", "answer": "bohr model", "id": "sciq_extra_488", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The medium moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave in what type of wave?", "context": "In a longitudinal wave, the medium moves back and forth in the same direction as the wave. | Options: longitudinal wave|variable wave|kinetic wave|latitudinal wave", "answer": "longitudinal wave", "id": "sciq_extra_489", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A ramp is a type of simple machine called what?", "context": "Look at the ramp in the Figure below . A ramp is a type of simple machine called an inclined plane. It can be used to raise an object off the ground. The input distance is the length of the sloped surface of the ramp. This is the distance over which the input force is applied. The output distance is the height of the ramp, or the vertical distance the object is raised. For this ramp, the input distance is 6 m and the output distance is 2 meters. Therefore, the ideal mechanical advantage of this ramp is:. | Options: inclined plane|extension plane|allow plane|rough plane", "answer": "inclined plane", "id": "sciq_extra_490", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do plants take in air?", "context": "Options: their leaves|their flowers|their stems|their roots", "answer": "their leaves", "id": "sciq_extra_491", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Under the right conditions, what energy source can be used to eject electrons from a solid material?", "context": "Under the right conditions, light can be used to eject electrons from a solid material. | Options: light|force|weight|gravity", "answer": "light", "id": "sciq_extra_492", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The type of bond that forms between molecules is called what?", "context": "Opposites attract when it comes to charged molecules. In the case of water, the positive (hydrogen) end of one water molecule is attracted to the negative (oxygen) end of a nearby water molecule. Because of this attraction, weak bonds form between adjacent water molecules, as shown in Figure below . The type of bond that forms between molecules is called a hydrogen bond . Bonds between molecules are not as strong as bonds within molecules, but in water they are strong enough to hold together nearby molecules. | Options: hydrogen bond|fission bond|covalent bond|helium bond", "answer": "hydrogen bond", "id": "sciq_extra_493", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents are examples of what?", "context": "Examples of Mutagens. Types of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. Do you know of other examples of each type of mutagen shown here?. | Options: mutagens|inhibitors|catalysts|pathogens", "answer": "mutagens", "id": "sciq_extra_494", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name for a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to place genetic material into cells?", "context": "Geneticists often use viruses as vectors to introduce genes into cells that they are studying. A viral vector is a tool commonly used by molecular biologists to place genetic material into cells. To be a useful viral vector, the virus is modified so that it will not cause disease, and it will infect only certain types of cells. Phages are often used as vectors to genetically modify bacteria. | Options: a viral vector|a embryonic vector|an rna vector|a dna vector", "answer": "a viral vector", "id": "sciq_extra_495", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the study of how forces affect the motion of objects?", "context": "Section Summary 4.1 Development of Force Concept • Dynamics is the study of how forces affect the motion of objects. • Force is a push or pull that can be defined in terms of various standards, and it is a vector having both magnitude and direction. • External forces are any outside forces that act on a body. A free-body diagram is a drawing of all external forces acting on a body. | Options: dynamics|behaviors|acceleration|kinematics", "answer": "dynamics", "id": "sciq_extra_496", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Compounds containing which element are the basis of all known life?", "context": "Carbon has the ability to form very long chains of interconnecting C-C bonds. This property allows carbon to form the backbone of organic compounds , carbon-containing compounds, which are the basis of all known organic life. Nearly 10 million carbon-containing organic compounds are known. Types of carbon compounds in organisms include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The elements found in each type are listed in the table below. Elements other than carbon and hydrogen usually occur within organic compounds in smaller groups of elements called functional groups . When organic compounds react with other compounds, generally just the functional groups are involved. Therefore, functional groups generally determine the nature and functions of organic compounds. | Options: carbon|oxygen|helium|hydrogen", "answer": "carbon", "id": "sciq_extra_497", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or pressure?", "context": "3. Metamorphic rocks form when an existing rock is changed by heat or pressure. The minerals in the rock change but do not melt ( Figure below ). The rock experiences these changes within the Earth. | Options: metamorphic|Molten|igneous|sediments", "answer": "metamorphic", "id": "sciq_extra_498", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does jupiter reflect a lot of due to its size?", "context": "Jupiter is truly a giant! The planet has 318 times the mass of Earth, and over 1,300 times Earth’s volume. So Jupiter is much less dense than Earth. Because Jupiter is so large, it reflects a lot of sunlight. When it is visible, it is the brightest object in the night sky besides the Moon and Venus. Jupiter is quite far from Earth. The planet is more than five times as far from Earth as the Sun. It takes Jupiter about 12 Earth years to orbit once around the Sun. | Options: sunlight|carbon|molecules|moisture", "answer": "sunlight", "id": "sciq_extra_499", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Invertebrates (and higher animals) can also be placed in one of two groups based on how they develop as what?", "context": "Eight invertebrate phyla contain most invertebrate species. Invertebrates (and higher animals) can also be placed in one of two groups based on how they develop as embryos. | Options: embryos|chromosomes|hormones|cells", "answer": "embryos", "id": "sciq_extra_500", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which chemist developed a process to remove carbon and dust particles in smoke?", "context": "The carbon and dust particles in smoke are often colloidally dispersed and electrically charged. Frederick Cottrell, an American chemist, developed a process to remove these particles. | Options: frederick cottrell|james carpenter|roger granger|harold black", "answer": "frederick cottrell", "id": "sciq_extra_501", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are gases called that absorb heat in the atmosphere?", "context": "Gases that absorb heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases . They include carbon dioxide and water vapor. Human actions have increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere ( Figure below ). The added gases have caused a greater greenhouse effect. How do you think this affects Earth’s temperature?. | Options: greenhouse gases|microwave gases|ozone gases|carbonate gases", "answer": "greenhouse gases", "id": "sciq_extra_502", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the specialized cells that sponges have?", "context": "Sponges have specialized cells called collar cells. Describe how collar cells are specialized for the functions they serve. | Options: collar cells|tune cells|magnet cells|blood cells", "answer": "collar cells", "id": "sciq_extra_503", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What shape are the muscles that control the anus?", "context": "Circular muscles control the anus. They relax to let the feces pass out of the body through the anus. After feces pass out of the body, they are called stool. Releasing the stool from the body is referred to as a bowel movement. | Options: circular|elliptical|irregular|triangular", "answer": "circular", "id": "sciq_extra_504", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the small molecules or proteins produced by bacteria that regulate gene expression?", "context": "Figure 9.17 Autoinducers are small molecules or proteins produced by bacteria that regulate gene expression. | Options: autoinducers|fluxes|protazoas|sporozoans", "answer": "autoinducers", "id": "sciq_extra_505", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Channel proteins form what in the membrane?", "context": "Channel proteins form pores, or tiny holes, in the membrane. This allows water molecules and small ions to pass through the membrane without coming into contact with the hydrophobic tails of the lipid molecules in the interior of the membrane. | Options: pores|walls|fibers|atoms", "answer": "pores", "id": "sciq_extra_506", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The sun gives off energy in tiny packets called what?", "context": "The Sun gives off energy in tiny packets called photons . Photons travel in waves. These waves make up electromagnetic radiation . The image below models a wave of light ( Figure below ). Notice the wavelength in the figure. Waves with shorter wavelengths have more energy. | Options: photons|ions|electrons|atoms", "answer": "photons", "id": "sciq_extra_507", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a rock that contains important minerals called?", "context": "A rock that contains important minerals is called an ore . The concentration of valuable minerals in an ore may be high or low. | Options: ore|carbonic|steel|copper", "answer": "ore", "id": "sciq_extra_508", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A high metabolic rate and hair are ways mammals generate and conserve what?", "context": "Mammals have several ways of generating and conserving heat, such as a high metabolic rate and hair to trap heat. They also have several ways to stay cool, including sweating or panting. Mammals may be herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. They have four types of teeth, so they can eat a wide range of foods. Traits of the heart and lungs keep the cells of mammals well supplied with oxygen and nutrients. | Options: heat|resources|energy|water", "answer": "heat", "id": "sciq_extra_509", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is made of molecules of many different gases, and is something we usually can’t see, taste, or smell; we can only feel it when it moves?", "context": "Air is easy to forget about. We usually can’t see it, taste it, or smell it. We can only feel it when it moves. But air is actually made of molecules of many different gases. It also contains tiny particles of solid matter. | Options: air|water|light|sound", "answer": "air", "id": "sciq_extra_510", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What navigation technology works on the same principle as echolocation?", "context": "Sonar works on the same principle as echolocation. | Options: sonar|radar|GPS|topography", "answer": "sonar", "id": "sciq_extra_511", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A reaction producing heat is what type of reaction?", "context": "In the last lesson, we began investigating how a chemical equation can represent a given chemical reaction. In this lesson, we are going to study the ways in which chemical reactions are classified. There are literally thousands of chemical reactions that take place every day in our lives. Some reactions take place in the atmosphere, such as the combustion of fossil fuels. Others occur in solution, like the reactions responsible for photosynthesis or the reactions that break down our food to give us energy. Chemical reactions can take place in a variety of environments. Reactions happen on the sea floor, in our cells, and in the upper atmosphere. As we look at chemical reactions, we notice some commonalities and trends. When we studied the elements, we saw characteristics that allowed us to categorize them by family. There are also various ways to categorize chemical reactions. Some reactions produce heat, while others consume it. Some reactions are spontaneous, while others are not. Some reactions happen in nanoseconds, while others happen over longer spans of time. Some produce electricity, some emit light, and some release gaseous products. The products of chemical reactions tell us a lot about the chemistry of the process. In the above video, we see mercury(II) oxide decomposing into elemental mercury and oxygen gas. Decomposition was one of the first reaction types to be identified by chemists. Decomposition is one type of reaction you'll learn about in this lesson. | Op", "answer": "chemical", "id": "sciq_extra_512", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What evolutionary process has adapted protonephridia to different tasks in different environments?", "context": "Options: natural selection|natural reproduction|natural variety|natural change", "answer": "natural selection", "id": "sciq_extra_513", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Some bacteria cannot be cultured because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot be grown outside what?", "context": "Some prokaryotes, however, cannot grow in a laboratory setting. In fact, over 99 percent of bacteria and archaea are unculturable. For the most part, this is due to a lack of knowledge as to what to feed these organisms and how to grow them; they have special requirements for growth that remain unknown to scientists, such as needing specific micronutrients, pH, temperature, pressure, co-factors, or co-metabolites. Some bacteria cannot be cultured because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot be grown outside a host cell. In other cases, culturable organisms become unculturable under stressful conditions, even though the same organism could be cultured previously. Those organisms that cannot be cultured but are not dead are in a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. The VBNC state occurs when prokaryotes respond to environmental stressors by entering a dormant state that allows their survival. The criteria for entering into the VBNC state are not completely understood. In a process called resuscitation, the prokaryote can go back to “normal” life when environmental conditions improve. Is the VBNC state an unusual way of living for prokaryotes? In fact, most of the prokaryotes living in the soil or in oceanic waters are non-culturable. It has been said that only a small fraction, perhaps one percent, of prokaryotes can be cultured under laboratory conditions. If these organisms are non-culturable, then how is it known whether they are present and alive? Microbi", "answer": "host cell", "id": "sciq_extra_514", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are living things that produce food for themselves and other organisms called?", "context": "Producers are living things that produce food for themselves and other organisms. They use energy and simple inorganic molecules to make organic compounds. Producers are vital to all ecosystems because all organisms need organic compounds for energy. | Options: producers|growers|harvesters|refiners", "answer": "producers", "id": "sciq_extra_515", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the second largest class of elements?", "context": "Nonmetals are elements that do not conduct electricity. They are the second largest class of elements. Find the nonmetals in Figure above . They are all the elements on the right side of the table that are color-coded green. Examples of nonmetals include helium (He), carbon (C), and oxygen (O). | Options: nonmetals|carbonates|silicates|metalloids", "answer": "nonmetals", "id": "sciq_extra_516", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The process in which a gas changes to a liquid is called what?", "context": "The process in which a gas changes to a liquid is called condensation . Other examples of condensation are shown in Figure below . A gas condenses when it is cooled below its boiling point. At what temperature does water vapor condense?. | Options: condensation|diffusion|fermentation|vaporing", "answer": "condensation", "id": "sciq_extra_517", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are solids with high melting and boiling points?", "context": "Ionic compounds are solids with high melting and boiling points. They are good conductors of electricity but only when dissolved in water. Their crystals are rigid and brittle. | Options: ionic compounds|magnetic compounds|superheated compounds|metal alloys", "answer": "ionic compounds", "id": "sciq_extra_518", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of cells are polyribosomes found in?", "context": "Options: bacterial and eukaryotic|chloroplasts and nuclei|Prokaryotic and eukaryotic|yeast and prokaryotic", "answer": "bacterial and eukaryotic", "id": "sciq_extra_519", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?", "context": "The thyroid gland is controlled by a negative feedback loop that includes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. | Options: thyroid|stomach|adrenal|pituitary", "answer": "thyroid", "id": "sciq_extra_520", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term means the set of processes by which metals are extracted from their ores and converted to more useful forms?", "context": "Very few of the transition metals are found in nature as free metals. Consequently, almost all metallic elements must be isolated from metal oxide or metal sulfide ores. Metallurgy is the set of processes by which metals are extracted from their ores and converted to more useful forms. Metallurgy consists of three general steps: (1) mining the ore, (2) separating and concentrating the metal or the metal-containing compound, and (3) reducing the ore to the metal. Additional processes are sometimes required to improve the mechanical properties of the metal or increase its purity. Many ores contain relatively low concentrations of the desired metal; for example, copper ores that contain even 1% Cu by mass are considered commercially useful. After an ore has been mined, the first step in processing is usually to crush it because the rate of chemical reactions increases dramatically with increased surface area. Next, one of three general strategies is used to separate and concentrate the compound(s) of interest: settling and flotation, which are based on differences in density between the desired compound and impurities; pyrometallurgy, which uses chemical reduction at high temperatures; and hydrometallurgy, which employs chemical or electrochemical reduction of an aqueous solution of the metal. Other methods that take advantage of unusual physical or chemical properties of a particular compound may also be used. For example, crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) are tiny but rather power", "answer": "metallurgy", "id": "sciq_extra_521", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What blood-carrying structures contain one-way valves that contribute to the return of blood to the heart?", "context": "Options: veins|glands|clots|brains", "answer": "veins", "id": "sciq_extra_522", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of components of the biosphere do chemical elements and water pass through during ecosystem recycle?", "context": "The chemical elements and water that are needed by organisms continuously recycle in ecosystems. They pass through biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere. That’s why their cycles are called biogeochemical cycles . For example, a chemical might move from organisms ( bio ) to the atmosphere or ocean ( geo ) and back to organisms again. Elements or water may be held for various periods of time in different parts of a cycle. | Options: biotic and abiotic|photic and aphotic|tropic and subtropic|water and air", "answer": "biotic and abiotic", "id": "sciq_extra_523", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid is called what?", "context": "The Genetic Code To summarize what we know to this point, the cellular process of transcription generates messenger RNA (mRNA), a mobile molecular copy of one or more genes with an alphabet of A, C, G, and uracil (U). Translation of the mRNA template converts nucleotide-based genetic information into a protein product. Protein sequences consist of 20 commonly occurring amino acids; therefore, it can be said that the protein alphabet consists of 20 letters. Each amino acid is defined by a threenucleotide sequence called the triplet codon. The relationship between a nucleotide codon and its corresponding amino acid is called the genetic code. Given the different numbers of “letters” in the mRNA and protein “alphabets,” combinations of nucleotides corresponded to single amino acids. Using a three-nucleotide code means that there are a total of 64 (4 × 4 × 4) possible combinations; therefore, a given amino acid is encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet (Figure 9.20). | Options: genetic code|rna|dna|protein", "answer": "genetic code", "id": "sciq_extra_524", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Traditionally, what preventative measure used weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate the immune system?", "context": "Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones Traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate the immune system. Modern techniques use specific genes of microorganisms cloned into vectors and mass-produced in bacteria to make large quantities of specific substances to stimulate the immune system. The substance is then used as a vaccine. In some cases, such as the H1N1 flu vaccine, genes cloned from the virus have been used to combat the constantly changing strains of this virus. Antibiotics kill bacteria and are naturally produced by microorganisms such as fungi; penicillin is perhaps the most wellknown example. Antibiotics are produced on a large scale by cultivating and manipulating fungal cells. The fungal cells have typically been genetically modified to improve the yields of the antibiotic compound. Recombinant DNA technology was used to produce large-scale quantities of the human hormone insulin in E. coli as early as 1978. Previously, it was only possible to treat diabetes with pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions in many humans because of differences in the insulin molecule. In addition, human growth hormone (HGH) is used to treat growth disorders. | Options: vaccine|infection|assimilation|pathogen", "answer": "vaccine", "id": "sciq_extra_525", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the measurement of something along it's greatest dimension called?", "context": "Length is the measurement of the extent of something along its greatest dimension. | Options: length|stretch|stretch|height", "answer": "length", "id": "sciq_extra_526", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What form the skeletons of most organic molecules?", "context": "Options: carbon chains|hydrocarbons|amino acid chains|peptide groups", "answer": "carbon chains", "id": "sciq_extra_527", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell?", "context": "Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell, as shown in Figure below . Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such as a protein, or when the cell is getting rid of a waste product or a toxin. Newly made membrane proteins and membrane lipids are moved on top the plasma membrane by exocytosis. For a detailed animation of cellular secretion, see http://vcell. ndsu. edu/animations/constitutivesecretion/first. htm . | Options: exocytosis|biosynthesis|plasmosis|endocytosis", "answer": "exocytosis", "id": "sciq_extra_528", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A sealed, vacuum-insulated reaction flask approximates what condition, in which neither matter nor heat can be exchanged between system and surroundings?", "context": "Depending on the specific setup, a few different types of systems can be described. In an open system , both matter and heat can be freely exchanged between the reaction container (the system) and the surroundings. An example would be an open beaker, where any gaseous materials or vaporized molecules are free to leave the system and float off into the atmosphere. In a closed system , matter cannot enter or leave, but heat can flow between the system and surroundings. A stoppered reaction flask would be an example of a closed system. Finally, a situation in which neither matter nor heat can be exchanged between system and surroundings is referred to as an isolated system . Although truly isolated systems are not really possible, a sealed, vacuum-insulated reaction flask would come very close. | Options: isolated system|shared system|changing system|sure system", "answer": "isolated system", "id": "sciq_extra_529", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A metarteriole is a type of vessel that has structural characteristics of both an arteriole and this?", "context": "Metarterioles and Capillary Beds A metarteriole is a type of vessel that has structural characteristics of both an arteriole and a capillary. Slightly larger than the typical capillary, the smooth muscle of the tunica media of the metarteriole is not continuous but forms rings of smooth muscle (sphincters) prior to the entrance to the capillaries. Each metarteriole arises from a terminal arteriole and branches to supply blood to a capillary bed that may consist of 10–100 capillaries. The precapillary sphincters, circular smooth muscle cells that surround the capillary at its origin with the metarteriole, tightly regulate the flow of blood from a metarteriole to the capillaries it supplies. Their function is critical: If all of the capillary beds in the body were to open simultaneously, they would collectively hold every drop of blood in the body and there would be none in the arteries, arterioles, venules, veins, or the heart itself. Normally, the precapillary sphincters are closed. When the surrounding tissues need oxygen and have excess waste products, the precapillary sphincters open, allowing blood to flow through and exchange to occur before closing once more (Figure 20.6). If all of the precapillary sphincters in a capillary bed are closed, blood will flow from the metarteriole directly into a thoroughfare channel and then into the venous circulation, bypassing the capillary bed entirely. This creates what is known as a vascular shunt. In addition, an arteriovenous anas", "answer": "capillary", "id": "sciq_extra_530", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What sort of walls are helpful for keeping a slope stable?", "context": "Help to keep a slope stable by building retaining walls. Installing good drainage in a hillside may keep the soil from getting saturated. | Options: retaining walls|relocating walls|diverting walls|managing walls", "answer": "retaining walls", "id": "sciq_extra_531", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most direct way of recovering a metal from its ores?", "context": "Electrolysis is the most direct way of recovering a metal from its ores. However, the Na (aq)/Na(s), 2+. | Options: electrolysis|drilling|molecules|osmosis", "answer": "electrolysis", "id": "sciq_extra_532", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the minerals and vitamins that are not needed for providing the body with energy but are still essential for good health?", "context": "Micronutrients are nutrients the body needs in relatively small amounts. They include minerals and vitamins. These nutrients don’t provide the body with energy, but they are still essential for good health. | Options: micronutrients|salts|pigments|non-energetic nutrients", "answer": "micronutrients", "id": "sciq_extra_533", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of map reveals the shape of a landscape?", "context": "Topographic maps reveal the shape of a landscape. Elevations indicate height above sea level. | Options: topographic|meteorological|geologic|geographic", "answer": "topographic", "id": "sciq_extra_534", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Does atmospheric pressure increase or decrease as the altitude increases?", "context": "Atmospheric pressure decreases as the altitude increases. | Options: decreases|increase|stays the same|depends on other factors", "answer": "decreases", "id": "sciq_extra_535", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term always refers to acceleration in the direction opposite to the direction of the velocity and always reduces speed, unlike negative acceleration?", "context": "Misconception Alert: Deceleration vs. Negative Acceleration Deceleration always refers to acceleration in the direction opposite to the direction of the velocity. Deceleration always reduces speed. Negative acceleration, however, is acceleration in the negative direction in the chosen coordinate system. Negative acceleration may or may not be deceleration, and deceleration may or may not be considered negative acceleration. For example, consider Figure 2.14. | Options: deceleration|progression|extraction|calibration", "answer": "deceleration", "id": "sciq_extra_536", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call a quantity of motion that has both size as well as direction?", "context": "Direction is just as important as distance in describing motion. A vector is a quantity that has both size and direction. It can be used to represent the distance and direction of motion. | Options: vector|wave|vibration|speed", "answer": "vector", "id": "sciq_extra_537", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process done by bacteria makes them important producers in aquatic ecosystems?", "context": "type of bacteria that carry out photosynthesis and are important producers in aquatic ecosystems. | Options: photosynthesis|maturation|infection|reproduction", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_538", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are types of what kind of macromolecule?", "context": "3.2 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a group of macromolecules that are a vital energy source for the cell and provide structural support to plant cells, fungi, and all of the arthropods that include lobsters, crabs, shrimp, insects, and spiders. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of monomers in the molecule. Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds that are formed as a result of dehydration reactions, forming disaccharides and polysaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule for each bond formed. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are common monosaccharides, whereas common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Starch and glycogen, examples of polysaccharides, are the storage forms of glucose in plants and animals, respectively. The long polysaccharide chains may be branched or unbranched. Cellulose is an example of an unbranched polysaccharide, whereas amylopectin, a constituent of starch, is a highly branched molecule. Storage of glucose, in the form of polymers like starch of glycogen, makes it slightly less accessible for metabolism; however, this prevents it from leaking out of the cell or creating a high osmotic pressure that could cause excessive water uptake by the cell. | Options: carbohydrate|glucose|protein|nutrients", "answer": "carbohydrate", "id": "sciq_extra_539", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What action do particles of the same charge do to each other?", "context": "Matter and Antimatter The positron was only the first example of antimatter. Every particle in nature has an antimatter counterpart, although some particles, like the photon, are their own antiparticles. Antimatter has charge opposite to that of matter (for example, the positron is positive while the electron is negative) but is nearly identical otherwise, having the same mass, intrinsic spin, half-life, and so on. When a particle and its antimatter counterpart interact, they annihilate one another, usually totally converting their masses to pure energy in the form of photons as seen in Figure 33.13. Neutral particles, such as neutrons, have neutral antimatter counterparts, which also annihilate when they interact. Certain neutral particles are their own antiparticle and live 0 −8 correspondingly short lives. For example, the neutral pion π is its own antiparticle and has a half-life about 10 shorter than + − π and π , which are each other’s antiparticles. Without exception, nature is symmetric—all particles have antimatter counterparts. For example, antiprotons and antineutrons were first created in accelerator experiments in 1956 and the antiproton is negative. Antihydrogen atoms, consisting of an antiproton and antielectron, were observed in 1995 at CERN, too. It is possible to contain large-scale antimatter particles such as antiprotons by using electromagnetic traps that confine the particles within a magnetic field so that they don't annihilate with other particles. How", "answer": "repel", "id": "sciq_extra_540", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A cold front is formed when a cold air mass runs into what?", "context": "A cold front forms when a cold air mass runs into a warm air mass ( Figure below ). The cold air mass moves faster than the warm air mass. So the cold air mass lifts the warm air mass out of its way. As the warm air rises, its water vapor condenses. Clouds form, and precipitation falls. If the warm air is very humid, precipitation can be heavy. Temperature and pressure differences between the two air masses cause winds. Winds may be very strong along a cold front. | Options: warm air mass|hurricane|cool air mass|dry air mass", "answer": "warm air mass", "id": "sciq_extra_541", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the the process by which remains or traces of living things become fossils called?", "context": "The process by which remains or traces of living things become fossils is called fossilization ( Figure below ). Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rocks. | Options: fossilization|extirpation|gentrification|fasciculation", "answer": "fossilization", "id": "sciq_extra_542", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Light is a form of what kind of energy?", "context": "Options: electromagnetic energy|magnetic energy|static energy|gravitational energy", "answer": "electromagnetic energy", "id": "sciq_extra_543", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When compared to anaerobic respiration, what does aerobic respiration release more of?", "context": "A major advantage of aerobic respiration is the amount of energy it releases. Without oxygen, organisms can just split glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This releases only enough energy to make two ATP molecules. With oxygen, organisms can break down glucose all the way to carbon dioxide. This releases enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP molecules. Thus, aerobic respiration releases much more energy than anaerobic respiration. | Options: energy|heat|carbon dioxide|pressure", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_544", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "As the telencephalon enlarges and grows into the cranial cavity, it is limited by the space within what bone structure?", "context": "As the telencephalon enlarges and grows into the cranial cavity, it is limited by the space within the skull. The telencephalon is the most anterior region of what was the neural tube, but cannot grow past the limit of the frontal bone of the skull. Because the cerebrum fits into this space, it takes on a C-shaped formation, through the frontal, parietal, occipital, and finally temporal regions. The space within the telencephalon is stretched into this same C-shape. The two ventricles are in the left and right sides, and were at one time referred to as the first and second ventricles. The interventricular foramina connect the frontal region of the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. The third ventricle is the space bounded by the medial walls of the hypothalamus and thalamus. The two thalami touch in the center in most brains as the massa intermedia, which is surrounded by the third ventricle. The cerebral aqueduct opens just inferior to the epithalamus and passes through the midbrain. The tectum and tegmentum of the midbrain are the roof and floor of the cerebral aqueduct, respectively. The aqueduct opens up into the fourth ventricle. The floor of the fourth ventricle is the dorsal surface of the pons and upper medulla (that gray matter making a continuation of the tegmentum of the midbrain). The fourth ventricle then narrows into the central canal of the spinal cord. The ventricular system opens up to the subarachnoid space from the fourth ventricle. The single med", "answer": "skull", "id": "sciq_extra_545", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a relationship where one species benefits and the other is unaffected?", "context": "Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not affected. | Options: commensalism|pollenation|mutualism|parasitism", "answer": "commensalism", "id": "sciq_extra_546", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Quarks are very tiny particles of matter that make up what?", "context": "Quarks are even tinier particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons. Scientists have identified six different types of quarks. | Options: protons and neutrons|electrons and neutrons|protons and electrons|atoms and neutrons", "answer": "protons and neutrons", "id": "sciq_extra_547", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is used to describe  is the spontaneous emission of particles and radiation from atomic nuclei?", "context": "Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles and radiation from atomic nuclei. | Options: radioactivity|intensity|vibration|microscopic", "answer": "radioactivity", "id": "sciq_extra_548", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The right and left hip bones, with the addition of the sacrum and coccyx form what section of the skeleton?", "context": "Figure 8.12 Pelvis The pelvic girdle is formed by a single hip bone. The hip bone attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton through its articulation with the sacrum. The right and left hip bones, plus the sacrum and the coccyx, together form the pelvis. | Options: pelvis|necklash|tail bone|uterus", "answer": "pelvis", "id": "sciq_extra_549", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do metals start out as?", "context": "Minerals have to be removed from the ground and made into the products. All the metals we use start out as an ore. Mining the ore is just the first step. Next, the ore must be separated from the rest of the rock that is mined. Then, the minerals need to be separated out of the ore. | Options: ore|Metal molecules|aluminum|nickel", "answer": "ore", "id": "sciq_extra_550", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the si unit for weight?", "context": "Weight measures the force of gravity pulling on an object. Because weight measures force, the SI unit for weight is the newton (N) . On Earth, a mass of 1 kilogram has a weight of about 10 newtons because of the pull of Earth’s gravity On the moon, which has less gravity, the same mass would weigh less. Weight is measured with a scale, like the spring scale in Figure below . The scale measures the force with which gravity pulls an object downward. | Options: newton (n)|kilograms (kg)|meters (m)|pounds (lbs)", "answer": "newton (n)", "id": "sciq_extra_551", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for what function?", "context": "Options: sexual reproduction|asexual reproduction|nutrient production|protection from cold", "answer": "sexual reproduction", "id": "sciq_extra_552", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Recent evidence indicates some of what type of cells remain within the heart, continuing to divide and potentially replace dead cells?", "context": "Repair and Replacement Damaged cardiac muscle cells have extremely limited abilities to repair themselves or to replace dead cells via mitosis. Recent evidence indicates that at least some stem cells remain within the heart that continue to divide and at least potentially replace these dead cells. However, newly formed or repaired cells are rarely as functional as the original cells, and cardiac function is reduced. In the event of a heart attack or MI, dead cells are often replaced by patches of scar tissue. Autopsies performed on individuals who had successfully received heart transplants show some proliferation of original cells. If researchers can unlock the mechanism that generates new cells and restore full mitotic capabilities to heart muscle, the prognosis for heart attack survivors will be greatly enhanced. To date, myocardial cells produced within the patient (in situ) by cardiac stem cells seem to be nonfunctional, although those grown in Petri dishes (in vitro) do beat. Perhaps soon this mystery will be solved, and new advances in treatment will be commonplace. | Options: stem cells|osteoclast cells|human cells|dendritic cells", "answer": "stem cells", "id": "sciq_extra_553", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "About what percentage of the earth's water is fresh water?", "context": "Of all the water on Earth, about two percent is stored underground in spaces between rocks. A fraction of a percent exists in the air as water vapor, clouds, or precipitation. Another fraction of a percent occurs in the bodies of plants and animals. So where is most of Earth’s water? It’s on the surface of the planet. In fact, water covers about 70 percent of Earth’s surface. Of water on Earth’s surface, 97 percent is salt water, mainly in the ocean. Only 3 percent is fresh water . Most of the fresh water is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining fresh water occurs in rivers, lakes, and other fresh water features. | Options: three percent|two percent|nine percent|thirty percent", "answer": "three percent", "id": "sciq_extra_554", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "While numerous elements can undergo fission, only a few can be used as fuels in what nuclear devices?", "context": "Numerous elements can undergo fission, but only a few can be used as fuels in a reactor. What aspect of nuclear fission allows a nuclear chain reaction to occur?. | Options: reactors|colliders|laser beams|accelerators", "answer": "reactors", "id": "sciq_extra_555", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is an estimation of all of the organic matter available as food, and involves measuring biomass in terrestrial environments?", "context": "Abiotic Factors Influencing Plant Growth Temperature and moisture are important influences on plant production (primary productivity) and the amount of organic matter available as food (net primary productivity). Net primary productivity is an estimation of all of the organic matter available as food; it is calculated as the total amount of carbon fixed per year minus the amount that is oxidized during cellular respiration. In terrestrial environments, net primary productivity is estimated by measuring the aboveground biomass per unit area, which is the total mass of living plants, excluding roots. This means that a large percentage of plant biomass which exists underground is not included in this measurement. Net primary productivity is an important variable when considering differences in biomes. Very productive biomes have a high level of aboveground biomass. Annual biomass production is directly related to the abiotic components of the environment. Environments with the greatest amount of biomass have conditions in which photosynthesis, plant growth, and the resulting net primary productivity are optimized. The climate of these areas is warm and wet. Photosynthesis can proceed at a high rate, enzymes can work most efficiently, and stomata can remain open without the risk of excessive transpiration; together, these factors lead to the maximal amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) moving into the plant, resulting in high biomass production. The aboveground biomass produces several", "answer": "net primary productivity", "id": "sciq_extra_556", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Twenty-four hours before fertilization, the egg has finished meiosis and becomes a mature what?", "context": "Human Gestation Twenty-four hours before fertilization, the egg has finished meiosis and becomes a mature oocyte. When fertilized (at conception) the egg becomes known as a zygote. The zygote travels through the oviduct to the uterus (Figure 43.18). The developing embryo must implant into the wall of the uterus within seven days, or it will deteriorate and die. The outer layers of the zygote (blastocyst) grow into the endometrium by digesting the endometrial cells, and wound healing of the endometrium closes up the blastocyst into the tissue. Another layer of the blastocyst, the chorion, begins releasing a hormone called human beta chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) which makes its way to the corpus luteum and keeps that structure active. This ensures adequate levels of progesterone that will maintain the endometrium of the uterus for the support of the developing embryo. Pregnancy tests determine the level of β-HCG in urine or serum. If the hormone is present, the test is positive. | Options: oocyte|spermatozoa|fetus|zygote", "answer": "oocyte", "id": "sciq_extra_557", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oxygen is combined with what to form water?", "context": "Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and most other organisms for cellular respiration. We breathe in that oxygen, which is carried through our blood to all our cells. In our cells, oxygen allows cellular respiration to proceed. Cellular respiration works best in the presence of oxygen. Without oxygen, much less ATP would be produced. | Options: hydrogen|glucose|helium|carbon", "answer": "hydrogen", "id": "sciq_extra_558", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Does lava flow quickly or slowly when thick?", "context": "When lava is thick, it flows slowly. If thick lava makes it to the surface, it cannot flow far from the vent. It often stays right in the middle of a crater at the top of a volcano. Here the lava creates a large, round lava dome ( Figure below ). | Options: slowly|quickly|rapidly|steadily", "answer": "slowly", "id": "sciq_extra_559", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The evaporative loss of the most energetic water molecules does what to a surface?", "context": "Options: cools it|heats it|vents it|charges it", "answer": "cools it", "id": "sciq_extra_560", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Habitat loss caused by human actions is a prime culprit in what phenomenon, which appears to be occurring for a sixth time?", "context": "Evidence shows that a sixth mass extinction is occurring. The single biggest cause is habitat loss caused by human actions. There are many steps you can take to help protect biodiversity. For example, you can use less energy. | Options: mass extinction|spontaneous mutation|mass migrations|Big Bang", "answer": "mass extinction", "id": "sciq_extra_561", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What patterns in trees can be used to determine its age?", "context": "The distinctive patterns of tree rings, ice cores, and varves go back thousands of years. They can be used to determine the time they were made. | Options: rings|bark ridges|colors|veins", "answer": "rings", "id": "sciq_extra_562", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All of the petals together are called what?", "context": "All of the petals ( Figure below ) together are called the corolla . They are bright and colorful to attract a particular pollinator , an animal that carries pollen from one flower to another. Examples of pollinators include birds and insects. | Options: corolla|stamen|anthers|stalk", "answer": "corolla", "id": "sciq_extra_563", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Any nucleus that is unstable and decays spontaneously is said to be what?", "context": "-16O817O17oxygen -17O818O18oxygen -18 Because the number of neutrons is equal to A − Z, we see that the first isotope of oxygen has 8 neutrons, the second isotope 9 neutrons, and the third isotope 10 neutrons. Isotopes of all naturally occurring elements on Earth are present in nearly fixed proportions, with each proportion constituting an isotope’s natural abundance. For example, in a typical terrestrial sample of oxygen, 99.76% of the O atoms is oxygen-16, 0.20% is oxygen-18, and 0.04% is oxygen-17. Any nucleus that is unstable and decays spontaneously is said to be radioactive, emitting subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation. The emissions are collectively called radioactivity and can be measured. Isotopes that emit radiation are called radioisotopes. As you learned in Chapter 14 \"Chemical Kinetics\", the rate at which radioactive decay occurs is characteristic of the isotope and is generally reported as a half-life (t1/2), the amount of time required for half of the initial number of nuclei present to decay in a first-order reaction. (For more information on half-life, seeChapter 14 \"Chemical Kinetics\", Section 14.5 \"Half-Lives and Radioactive Decay Kinetics\". ) An isotope’s half-life can range from fractions of a second to billions of years and, among other applications, can be used to measure the age of ancient objects. Example 1 and its corresponding exercise review the calculations involving radioactive decay rates and half-lives. | Options: radioactive|neut", "answer": "radioactive", "id": "sciq_extra_564", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for viscous magmas that are high in silica and tend to stay below the surface or erupt explosively?", "context": "The chemistry of a magma determines the type of igneous rock it forms. The chemistry also determines how the magma moves. The higher the amount of silica in the magma, the higher the viscosity. Viscosity is a liquid's resistance to flow. Viscous magmas tend to stay below the surface or erupt explosively. These are felsic magmas, which are high in silica. When magma is fluid and runny, it is not viscous. This magma often reaches the surface by flowing out in rivers of lava. These are low-silica mafic magmas. | Options: felsic magmas|sedimentary magmas|compacted magmas|combustible magmas", "answer": "felsic magmas", "id": "sciq_extra_565", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many meters deep does the photic zone extend?", "context": "The photic zone extends to a maximum depth of 200 meters (656 feet) below the surface of the water. This is where enough sunlight penetrates for photosynthesis to occur. Algae and other photosynthetic organisms can make food and support food webs. | Options: 200|400|100|900", "answer": "200", "id": "sciq_extra_566", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the process in which the nuclei of uranium atoms are split?", "context": "Like fossil fuels, the radioactive element uranium can be used to generate electrical energy in power plants. In a nuclear power plant, the nuclei of uranium atoms are split in the process of nuclear fission. This process releases a tremendous amount of energy from just a small amount of uranium. The total supply of uranium in the world is quite limited, however, and cannot be replaced once it is used up. This makes nuclear energy a nonrenewable resource. Although using nuclear energy does not release carbon dioxide or cause air pollution, it does produce dangerous radioactive wastes. Accidents at nuclear power plants also have the potential to release large amounts of radioactive material into the environment. Figure below describes the nuclear disaster caused by a Japanese tsunami in 2011. You can learn more about the disaster and its aftermath at the URLs below. | Options: nuclear fission|critical fission|atomic fusion|nuclear fusion", "answer": "nuclear fission", "id": "sciq_extra_567", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of bonds are formed between atoms sharing electrons?", "context": "Covalent bonds are formed between atoms sharing electrons. | Options: covalent|neutron bonds|hydroxyl|ionic", "answer": "covalent", "id": "sciq_extra_568", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An individual virus is called what?", "context": "An individual virus is called a virion. It is a tiny particle much smaller than a prokaryotic cell. Because viruses do not consist of cells, they also lack cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and other cell organelles. Without these structures, they are unable to make proteins or even reproduce on their own. Instead, they must depend on a host cell to synthesize their proteins and to make copies of themselves. Viruses infect and live inside the cells of living organisms. When viruses infect the cells of their host, they may cause disease. For example, viruses cause AIDS, influenza (flu), chicken pox, and the common cold. | Options: a virion|a toxin|a polymer|a pathogen", "answer": "a virion", "id": "sciq_extra_569", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of particle collides with an atom of u-235 during the basic nuclear fission process?", "context": "The example above illustrates the basic nuclear fission process. A neutron (generally produced by some controlled process, not usually a natural event) collides with an atom of U-235. Momentarily, a U-236 atom forms which then splits into two smaller atoms (Kr-93 and Ba-141) in the diagram. This process results in the release of three new neutrons, which can then initiate fission reactions with more atoms. We will see later how this propagation of neutrons can be employed in a reactor for the generation of electricity. | Options: a neutron|an electron|a nuclei|a proton", "answer": "a neutron", "id": "sciq_extra_570", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What color is phosphate mineral turquoise?", "context": "Turquoise is a phosphate mineral with a beautiful blue color. The stone is not as rare as some minerals and is commonly used for jewelry. | Options: blue|white|green|purple", "answer": "blue", "id": "sciq_extra_571", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Groups of three bases form codons, and each codon stands for one what?", "context": "The genetic code consists of the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA. Groups of three bases form codons, and each codon stands for one amino acid (or start or stop). The codons are read in sequence following the start codon until a stop codon is reached. The genetic code is universal, unambiguous, and redundant. | Options: amino acid|compound acid|minimal acid|sulferic acid", "answer": "amino acid", "id": "sciq_extra_572", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Bees, wasps, ants, butterflies, moths, flies and beetles belong to what animal phylum?", "context": "Many arthropods have extremely important roles in ecosystems. Arthropods are of ecological importance because of their sheer numbers and extreme diversity. As mentioned above, bees, wasps, ants, butterflies, moths, flies and beetles are invaluable agents of pollination. Pollens and grains became accidentally attached to their chests and legs and are transferred to other agricultural crops as these animals move about, either by walking or flying. Most plants actually produce scents to send signals to insects that food (in the form of nectar) is available. | Options: arthropods|insects|crustaceans|cephalopods", "answer": "arthropods", "id": "sciq_extra_573", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many ways are there for a species to go extinct?", "context": "Most of the species that have lived have also gone extinct. There are two ways to go extinct. The most obvious way is to die out completely. The other way a species goes extinct is if it evolves into a different species. Extinction is a normal part of Earth's history. Most of the organisms that have lived have gone extinct. | Options: two|four|eight|Ten", "answer": "two", "id": "sciq_extra_574", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Often generated by molecular cloning, transgenic organisms possess what from a different species?", "context": "10.2 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture Genetic testing is performed to identify disease-causing genes, and can be used to benefit affected individuals and their relatives who have not developed disease symptoms yet. Gene therapy—by which functioning genes are incorporated into the genomes of individuals with a non-functioning mutant gene—has the potential to cure heritable diseases. Transgenic organisms possess DNA from a different species, usually generated by molecular cloning techniques. Vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones are examples of products obtained by recombinant DNA technology. Transgenic animals have been created for experimental purposes and some are used to produce some human proteins. Genes are inserted into plants, using plasmids in the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which infects plants. Transgenic plants have been created to improve the characteristics of crop plants—for example, by giving them insect resistance by inserting a gene for a bacterial toxin. | Options: dna|memories|organs|RNA", "answer": "dna", "id": "sciq_extra_575", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The skin disease impetigo is caused by spread of what type of microorganism?", "context": "Bacteria that cause the skin disease impetigo, which causes blisters, can spread when people share towels or clothes. The bacteria can also spread through direct skin contact in sports like wrestling. | Options: bacteria|viruses|tumors|algae", "answer": "bacteria", "id": "sciq_extra_576", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Plants go through seasonal changes after detecting differences in what?", "context": "Plants go through seasonal changes after detecting differences in day length. | Options: day length|temperature|weather|week length", "answer": "day length", "id": "sciq_extra_577", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What cycle is part of cellular respiration and makes atp and naph?", "context": "The Calvin cycle is part of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH. The Krebs cycle is part of cellular respiration. This cycle makes ATP and NAPH. | Options: krebs|vireos|water cycle|carbon cycle", "answer": "krebs", "id": "sciq_extra_578", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of mechanical weathering occurs when one rock bumps against another rock?", "context": "Abrasion is another type of mechanical weathering. With abrasion, one rock bumps against another rock. Gravity causes abrasion as a rock tumbles down a slope. Moving water causes abrasion; it moves rocks so that they bump against one another ( Figure below ). Strong winds cause abrasion by blasting sand against rock surfaces. Finally, the ice in glaciers cause abrasion. Pieces of rock embedded in ice at the bottom of a glacier scrape against the rock below. If you have ever collected beach glass or pebbles from a stream, you have witnessed the work of abrasion. | Options: abrasion|absorption|refraction|disintegration", "answer": "abrasion", "id": "sciq_extra_579", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of hormones serve many functions in addition to promoting gamete production?", "context": "Options: sex hormones|Multifaceted hormones|reflection hormones|Utility hormones", "answer": "sex hormones", "id": "sciq_extra_580", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female, thus, they are regarded as having what relationship?", "context": "produce a penis in males produce a clitoris in females. The tissue that will become the scrotum in a male becomes the labia in a female; that is, they are homologous structures. Male Reproductive Anatomy In the male reproductive system, the scrotum houses the testicles or testes (singular: testis), including providing passage for blood vessels, nerves, and muscles related to testicular function. The testes are a pair of male reproductive organs that produce sperm and some reproductive hormones. Each testis is approximately 2.5 by 3.8 cm (1.5 by 1 in) in size and divided into wedge-shaped lobules by connective tissue called septa. Coiled in each wedge are seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. Sperm are immobile at body temperature; therefore, the scrotum and penis are external to the body, as illustrated in Figure 43.8 so that a proper temperature is maintained for motility. In land mammals, the pair of testes must be suspended outside the body at about 2° C lower than body temperature to produce viable sperm. Infertility can occur in land mammals when the testes do not descend through the abdominal cavity during fetal development. | Options: homologous|opposite|symbiotic|mutual", "answer": "homologous", "id": "sciq_extra_581", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How frequently do high tides occur?", "context": "9. If the tidal cycle was actually 12 hours then high tides would occur at the same time every day. In reality, high tides occur about every 12 hours and 25 minutes. Can you think of why this would be the case?. | Options: every 12 hours|Every 96 hours|Every 24 hours|Every 48 hours", "answer": "every 12 hours", "id": "sciq_extra_582", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What phase does the cell make final preparations to divide?", "context": "Growth Phase 2 (G2): during this phase, the cell makes final preparations to divide. For example, it makes additional proteins and organelles. This phase is sometimes referred to as Gap 2. | Options: growth phase 2|growth phase 1|carbonate phase 2|dioxide phase 2", "answer": "growth phase 2", "id": "sciq_extra_583", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How do multicellular organisms grow in size?", "context": "Like plants, all living things have the capacity for growth. The ducklings in Figure below have a lot of growing to do to catch up in size to their mother. Multicellular organisms like ducks grow by increasing the size and number of their cells. Single-celled organisms just grow in size. | Options: increase size and number of cells|reduce size and number of cells|increase number of limbs|increase size and number of genes", "answer": "increase size and number of cells", "id": "sciq_extra_584", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What symbol is used to indicate directionality in chemical reactions?", "context": "The arrow (→) shows the direction in which the reaction occurs. In many reactions, the reaction also occurs in the opposite direction. This is represented with another arrow pointing in the opposite direction (←). | Options: arrow|triangle|circle|line", "answer": "arrow", "id": "sciq_extra_585", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Who wrote the book on the origin of species?", "context": "In his book On the Origin of Species , Darwin included evidence to show that evolution had taken place. He also made logical arguments to support his theory that evolution occurs by natural selection. Since Darwin’s time, much more evidence has been gathered. The evidence includes a huge number of fossils. It also includes more detailed knowledge of living things, right down to their DNA. | Options: darwin|Scopes|Sagan|cannon", "answer": "darwin", "id": "sciq_extra_586", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is considered a good source of calcium?", "context": "Milk is naturally a good source of calcium. Vitamin D is also often added to milk. Both these nutrients help build strong bones. | Options: milk|wheat|egg|corn", "answer": "milk", "id": "sciq_extra_587", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Exons are cut out before what leaves the nucleus?", "context": "Options: mrna|gene|dna|rna", "answer": "mrna", "id": "sciq_extra_588", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What nervous system is divided into two parts, the sensory division and the motor division?", "context": "The peripheral nervous system is divided into two parts, the sensory division and the motor division. How these divisions of the peripheral nervous system are related to the rest of the nervous system is shown below ( Figure below ). Refer to the figure as you read more about the peripheral nervous system in the text that follows. | Options: peripheral|physiological|developmental|central", "answer": "peripheral", "id": "sciq_extra_589", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What crucial role does beneficial fungi play?", "context": "Beneficial Fungi Fungi play a crucial role in the balance of ecosystems. They colonize most habitats on Earth, preferring dark, moist conditions. They can thrive in seemingly hostile environments, such as the tundra, thanks to a most successful symbiosis with photosynthetic organisms, like lichens. Fungi are not obvious in the way that large animals or tall trees are. Yet, like bacteria, they are major decomposers of nature. With their versatile metabolism, fungi break down organic matter that is insoluble and would not be recycled otherwise. Importance to Ecosystems Food webs would be incomplete without organisms that decompose organic matter and fungi are key participants in this process. Decomposition allows for cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus back into the environment so they are available to living things, rather than being trapped in dead organisms. Fungi are particularly important because they have evolved enzymes to break down cellulose and lignin, components of plant cell walls that few other organisms are able to digest, releasing their carbon content. Fungi are also involved in ecologically important coevolved symbioses, both mutually beneficial and pathogenic with organisms from the other kingdoms. Mycorrhiza, a term combining the Greek roots myco meaning fungus and rhizo. | Options: balance of ecosystems|cleaning the soil|cleaning water|killing bacteria", "answer": "balance of ecosystems", "id": "sciq_extra_590", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When mendel crossed purple flowered-plants and white flowered-plants, all the offspring had what color flowers?", "context": "Do you remember what happened when Mendel crossed purple flowered-plants and white flowered-plants? All the offspring had purple flowers. There was no blending of traits in any of Mendel's experiments. Mendel had to come up with a theory of inheritance to explain his results. He developed a theory called the law of segregation . | Options: purple|blue|red|yellow", "answer": "purple", "id": "sciq_extra_591", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When statoliths settle to the low point in the chamber, they stimulate what in that location?", "context": "Options: mechanoreceptors|dendrites|axons|nociceptors", "answer": "mechanoreceptors", "id": "sciq_extra_592", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The goal of this is the understand how and why things happen?", "context": "The goal of science is to understand how and why things happen. | Options: science|experience|inquiry|theory", "answer": "science", "id": "sciq_extra_593", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the most diverse organisms on earth, which are often classified by shape or how they react to gram stain?", "context": "Bacteria are the most diverse organisms on Earth. They are often classified by shape or how they react to Gram stain. | Options: bacteria|cultures|pathogens|algae", "answer": "bacteria", "id": "sciq_extra_594", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Breathing involves differences in what, measured in torr, between the inside of the lungs and the air outside?", "context": "Breathing involves pressure differences between the inside of the lungs and the air outside. The pressure differences are only a few torr. A normal breath is about 0.50 L. If room temperature is about 22°C, then the air has a temperature of about 295 K. With normal pressure being 1.0 atm, how many moles of air do we take in for every breath? The ideal gas law gives us an answer:. | Options: pressure|temperature|gravity|resistance", "answer": "pressure", "id": "sciq_extra_595", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Gymnamoebas constitute a large and varied group of what?", "context": "Options: amoebozoans|newborns|cells|sporozoans", "answer": "amoebozoans", "id": "sciq_extra_596", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Lymph vessels make up a circulatory system that is similar to the blood vessels of what system?", "context": "Lymph vessels make up a circulatory system that is similar to the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. However, lymph vessels circulate lymph instead of blood, and the heart does not pump lymph through the vessels. | Options: cardiovascular|nervous|cardiac|gastrointestinal", "answer": "cardiovascular", "id": "sciq_extra_597", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In weather terms, what do you call the boundary between two air masses?", "context": "When cold air masses move south from the poles, they run into warm air masses moving north from the tropics. The boundary between two air masses is called a front . Air masses usually don’t mix at a front. The differences in temperature and pressure cause clouds and precipitation. Types of fronts include cold, warm, occluded, and stationary fronts. | Options: front|cloud|mass|cover", "answer": "front", "id": "sciq_extra_598", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata?", "context": "Transpiration takes place when plants release water vapor through pores in their leaves called stomata. | Options: transpiration|evaporation|expiration|propagation", "answer": "transpiration", "id": "sciq_extra_599", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most hydrogen atoms have how many protons?", "context": "Hydrogen is a good example of isotopes because it has the simplest atoms. Three isotopes of hydrogen are modeled in Figure below . Most hydrogen atoms have just one proton and one electron and lack a neutron. They are just called hydrogen. Some hydrogen atoms have one neutron. These atoms are the isotope named deuterium. Other hydrogen atoms have two neutrons. These atoms are the isotope named tritium. | Options: one|two|three|four", "answer": "one", "id": "sciq_extra_600", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many viruses that can cause cancer in humans have been identified by scientists?", "context": "Options: 6|4|3|1", "answer": "6", "id": "sciq_extra_601", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is utilized to analyze simple mendelian inheritance?", "context": "Inheritance in humans is not as straight-forward as that in the pea plant. Though some traits are inherited in simple Mendelian fashion, many are not. To analyze simple Mendelian inheritance a pedigree is often utilized. This is especially helpful in tracking the inheritance of a specific trait, characteristic or disorder (or allele) through a family. | Options: pedigree|origins|dna|trait", "answer": "pedigree", "id": "sciq_extra_602", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the only animal phyla that does not consist exclusively of invertebrates?", "context": "Except for the chordates, all animal phyla consist only of invertebrates. | Options: chordates|arthropods|bacteria|eukaryotes", "answer": "chordates", "id": "sciq_extra_603", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Soap acts as what kind of agent between grease and water?", "context": "Butter and mayonnaise are examples of a class of colloids called emulsions . An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid. A stable emulsion requires an emulsifying agent to be present. Mayonnaise is made in part of oil and vinegar. Since oil is nonpolar and vinegar is an aqueous solution and polar, the two do not mix and would quickly separate into layers. However, the addition of egg yolk causes the mixture to become stable and not separate. Egg yolk is capable of interacting with both the polar vinegar and the nonpolar oil. The egg yolk is called the emulsifying agent. Soap acts as an emulsifying agent between grease and water. Grease cannot be simply rinsed off your hands or another surface because it is insoluble. However, the soap stabilizes a grease-water mixture because one end of a soap molecule is polar and the other end is nonpolar. This allows the grease to be removed from your hands or your clothing by washing with soapy water. | Options: emulsifying|lubricating|codifying|sterilizing", "answer": "emulsifying", "id": "sciq_extra_604", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The nucleus from a differentiated frog cell can direct development of what?", "context": "Options: tadpole|embryo|fetus|ovary", "answer": "tadpole", "id": "sciq_extra_605", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What can slow down the increase of viruses in the blood?", "context": "Medications can slow down the increase of viruses in the blood. But the medications cannot remove the viruses from the body. At present, there is no cure for HIV infection. A vaccine against HIV could stop this disease, and such a vaccine is in development, though it could take many years before it can be given to prevent this virus. | Options: medications|platelets|infections|androgens", "answer": "medications", "id": "sciq_extra_606", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In a few species, chloroplast genes are inherited only from what?", "context": "Options: sperm|mothers|siblings|eggs", "answer": "sperm", "id": "sciq_extra_607", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ions flow through atp synthase from the thylakoid space into the stroma in a process called known as what?", "context": "5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis In the first part of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reaction, pigment molecules absorb energy from sunlight. The most common and abundant pigment is chlorophyll a. A photon strikes photosystem II to initiate photosynthesis. Energy travels through the electron transport chain, which pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space. This forms an electrochemical gradient. The ions flow through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space into the stroma in a process called chemiosmosis to form molecules of ATP, which are used for the formation of sugar molecules in the second stage of photosynthesis. Photosystem I absorbs a second photon, which results in the formation of an NADPH molecule, another energy carrier for the Calvin cycle reactions. | Options: chemiosmosis|oxidation|respiration|fertilization", "answer": "chemiosmosis", "id": "sciq_extra_608", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plants?", "context": "Plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma ) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells. These junctions enable two cells to transport materials and communication between them. Plasmodesmata are similar to gap junctions of animal cells. Like gap junctions, plasmodesmata enable direct intercellular transport of substances between cells. However, unlike other junctions, plasmodesmata do not seem to be protein based. Rather, they are made from membrane and cell wall material. Plasmodesmata move various types of molecules, including transport proteins (including transcription factors), short interfering RNA, messenger RNA and viral genomes from cell to cell. A typical plant cell may have between 1,000 and 100,000 plasmodesmata connecting it with adjacent cells. | Options: plasmodesmata|chloroplasts|sphenopalatine|notochord", "answer": "plasmodesmata", "id": "sciq_extra_609", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Like the platypus, the echnida is a what?", "context": "Echidna. Like the platypus, the echnida is a monotreme. The only living monotreme species inhabit Australia and New Guinea. | Options: monotreme|prosauropod|Gives Live birth|dugongs", "answer": "monotreme", "id": "sciq_extra_610", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The cell membrane consists of two layers of what?", "context": "The cell membrane consists of two layers of phospholipids. Transport proteins are embedded in the layers. The movement of substances across the cell membrane may be by passive or active transport. | Options: phospholipids|chlorophyll|epidermis|filaments", "answer": "phospholipids", "id": "sciq_extra_611", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is an adaptation?", "context": "Adaptations are favorable traits that organisms inherit. Adaptations develop from variations within a population and help organisms to survive in their given environment. | Options: favorable trait|harmful mutation|unfavorable trait|inherited gene", "answer": "favorable trait", "id": "sciq_extra_612", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where fossils of the genus eomaia found?", "context": "The earliest placental mammals may have evolved about 110 million years ago. The ancestor of placental mammals may be the extinct genus Eomaia . Fossils of Eomaia have been found in what is now China. It was only about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long. It was a tree climber and probably ate insects and worms. Eomaia had several traits of placental mammals. Figure below shows an Eomaia fossil. | Options: china|Japan|Egypt|India", "answer": "china", "id": "sciq_extra_613", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "By exploding what the space probes get separated from their launchers?", "context": "Space probes may be separated from their launchers by exploding bolts. (They bolt away from one another. ) Suppose a 4800-kg satellite uses this method to separate from the 1500-kg remains of its launcher, and that 5000 J of kinetic energy is supplied to the two parts. What are their subsequent velocities using the frame of reference in which they were at rest before separation?. | Options: bolts|frames|doors|walls", "answer": "bolts", "id": "sciq_extra_614", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure?", "context": "Options: potential energy|kinetic energy|mechanical energy|thermal energy", "answer": "potential energy", "id": "sciq_extra_615", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the relatively stable state inside the body of an animal?", "context": "16.1 | Homeostasis and Osmoregulation By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the concept of homeostasis • Describe thermoregulation of endothermic and ectothermic animals • Explain how the kidneys serve as the main osmoregulatory organs in the human body Homeostasis refers to the relatively stable state inside the body of an animal. Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes in order to maintain this steady state. Examples of internal conditions maintained homeostatically are the level of blood glucose, body temperature, blood calcium level. These conditions remain stable because of physiologic processes that result in negative feedback relationships. If the blood glucose or calcium rises, this sends a signal to organs responsible for lowering blood glucose or calcium. The signals that restore the normal levels are examples of negative feedback. When homeostatic mechanisms fail, the results can be unfavorable for the animal. Homeostatic mechanisms keep the body in dynamic equilibrium by constantly adjusting to the changes that the body’s systems encounter. Even an animal that is apparently inactive is maintaining this homeostatic equilibrium. Two examples of factors that are regulated homeostatically are temperature and water content. The processes that maintain homeostasis of these two factors are called thermoregulation and osmoregulation. | Options: homeostasis|metabolism|dormancy|consciousness", "answer": "homeostasis", "id": "sciq_extra_616", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the middle layer of connective tissue called?", "context": "Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into individual bundles, each called a fascicle, by a middle layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. This fascicular organization is common in muscles of the limbs; it allows the nervous system to trigger a specific movement of a muscle by activating a subset of muscle fibers within a bundle, or fascicle of the muscle. Inside each fascicle, each muscle fiber is encased in a thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers called the endomysium. The endomysium contains the extracellular fluid and nutrients to support the muscle fiber. These nutrients are supplied via blood to the muscle tissue. In skeletal muscles that work with tendons to pull on bones, the collagen in the three tissue layers (the mysia) intertwines with the collagen of a tendon. At the other end of the tendon, it fuses with the periosteum coating the bone. The tension created by contraction of the muscle fibers is then transferred though the mysia, to the tendon, and then to the periosteum to pull on the bone for movement of the skeleton. In other places, the mysia may fuse with a broad, tendon-like sheet called an aponeurosis, or to fascia, the connective tissue between skin and bones. The broad sheet of connective tissue in the lower back that the latissimus dorsi muscles (the “lats”) fuse into is an example of an aponeurosis. Every skeletal muscle is also richly supplied by blood vessels for nourishment, oxygen delivery, and w", "answer": "perimysium", "id": "sciq_extra_617", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Unlike prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are what?", "context": "Telomere replication Unlike prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are linear. As you’ve learned, the enzyme DNA pol can add nucleotides only in the 5' to 3' direction. In the leading strand, synthesis continues until the end of the chromosome is reached. On the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short stretches, each of which is initiated by a separate primer. When the replication fork reaches the end of the linear chromosome, there is no place for a primer to be made for the DNA fragment to be copied at the end of the chromosome. These ends thus remain unpaired, and over time these ends may get progressively shorter as cells continue to divide. The ends of the linear chromosomes are known as telomeres, which have repetitive sequences that code for no particular gene. In a way, these telomeres protect the genes from getting deleted as cells continue to divide. In humans, a six base pair sequence, TTAGGG, is repeated 100 to 1000 times. The discovery of the enzyme telomerase (Figure 14.16) helped in the understanding of how chromosome ends are maintained. The telomerase enzyme contains a catalytic part and a built-in RNA template. It attaches to the end of the chromosome, and complementary bases to the RNA template are added on the 3' end of the DNA strand. Once the 3' end of the lagging strand template is sufficiently elongated, DNA polymerase can add the nucleotides complementary to the ends of the chromosomes. Thus, the ends of the chromosomes are replicated. | ", "answer": "linear", "id": "sciq_extra_618", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Reversible reactions are indicated by what kinds of arrows?", "context": "Options: opposite-headed|double-headed|resonance arrows|equilibrium arrows", "answer": "opposite-headed", "id": "sciq_extra_619", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Downhill skiiers gain little advantage from a running start because the initial kinetic energy is small compared with the gain in what other energy form?", "context": "In a downhill ski race, surprisingly, little advantage is gained by getting a running start. (This is because the initial kinetic energy is small compared with the gain in gravitational potential energy on even small hills. ) To demonstrate this, find the final speed and the time taken for a skier who skies 70.0 m along a 30º slope neglecting friction: (a) Starting from rest. (b) Starting with an initial speed of 2.50 m/s. (c) Does the answer surprise you? Discuss why it is still advantageous to get a running start in very competitive events. | Options: gravitational potential energy|gravitational kinetic energy|chemical energy|thermal energy", "answer": "gravitational potential energy", "id": "sciq_extra_620", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Population size is the number of what in a population?", "context": "Population size is the number of individuals in a population. | Options: individuals|humans|subdivisions|proteins", "answer": "individuals", "id": "sciq_extra_621", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the cause of common mold allergies?", "context": "Mold allergies are very common. They are caused by airborne mold spores. When the spores enter the respiratory tract, the immune system responds to them as though they were harmful microbes. Symptoms may include sneezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. The symptoms are likely to be more severe in people with asthma or other respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure to mold spores may also weaken the immune system. | Options: airborne mold spores|immobile mold spores|bacteria|viruses", "answer": "airborne mold spores", "id": "sciq_extra_622", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which sphincter is located at the stomach end of the esophagus and opens to allow the bolus to enter the stomach?", "context": "A ring-like muscle called a sphincter forms valves in the digestive system. The gastro-esophageal sphincter is located at the stomach end of the esophagus. In response to swallowing and the pressure exerted by the bolus of food, this sphincter opens, and the bolus enters the stomach. When there is no swallowing action, this sphincter is shut and prevents the contents of the stomach from traveling up the esophagus. Many animals have a true sphincter; however, in humans, there is no true. | Options: gastro-esophageal sphincter|pupillary sphincter|pyloric sphincter|urethral sphincter", "answer": "gastro-esophageal sphincter", "id": "sciq_extra_623", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What adaptation helps prey hide and predators sneak up on prey?", "context": "Both predators and prey have adaptations to predation that evolve through natural selection. Predator adaptations help them capture prey. Prey adaptations help them avoid predators. A common adaptation in both predator and prey is camouflage . Several examples are shown in Figure below . Camouflage in prey helps them hide from predators. Camouflage in predators helps them sneak up on prey. | Options: camouflage|scent|claws|variation", "answer": "camouflage", "id": "sciq_extra_624", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near what?", "context": "Bursitis Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near a joint. This will cause pain, swelling, or tenderness of the bursa and surrounding area, and may also result in joint stiffness. Bursitis is most commonly associated with the bursae found at or near the shoulder, hip, knee, or elbow joints. At the shoulder, subacromial bursitis may occur in the bursa that separates the acromion of the scapula from the tendon of a shoulder muscle as it passes deep to the acromion. In the hip region, trochanteric bursitis can occur in the bursa that overlies the greater trochanter of the femur, just below the lateral side of the hip. Ischial bursitis occurs in the bursa that separates the skin from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis, the bony structure that is weight bearing when sitting. At the knee, inflammation and swelling of the bursa located between the skin and patella bone is prepatellar bursitis (“housemaid’s knee”), a condition more commonly seen today in roofers or floor and carpet installers who do not use knee pads. At the elbow, olecranon bursitis is inflammation of the bursa between the skin and olecranon process of the ulna. The olecranon forms the bony tip of the elbow, and bursitis here is also known as “student’s elbow. ” Bursitis can be either acute (lasting only a few days) or chronic. It can arise from muscle overuse, trauma, excessive or prolonged pressure on the skin, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or infection of the joint. Repeated acute episodes of bursitis can res", "answer": "joint", "id": "sciq_extra_625", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is one thing that cell membranes are permeable to?", "context": "Options: specific ions|nutrients|gas|metals", "answer": "specific ions", "id": "sciq_extra_626", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of a process is corrosion?", "context": "Note the Pattern Corrosion is a galvanic process. Under ambient conditions, the oxidation of most metals is thermodynamically spontaneous, with the notable exception of gold and platinum. Hence it is actually somewhat surprising that any metals are useful at all in Earth’s moist, oxygen-rich atmosphere. Some metals, however, are resistant to corrosion for kinetic reasons. For example, aluminum in soft-drink cans and airplanes is protected by a thin coating of metal oxide that forms on the surface of the metal and acts as an impenetrable barrier that prevents further destruction. Aluminum cans also have a thin plastic layer to prevent reaction of the oxide with acid in the soft drink. Chromium, magnesium, and nickel also form protective oxide films. Stainless steels are remarkably resistant to corrosion because they usually contain a significant proportion of chromium, nickel, or both. In contrast to these metals, when iron corrodes, it forms a red-brown hydrated metal oxide (Fe2O3·xH2O), commonly known as rust, that does not provide a tight protective film (Figure 19.17 \"Rust, the Result of Corrosion of. | Options: galvanic|electrolysis|oxidation|electromagnetic", "answer": "galvanic", "id": "sciq_extra_627", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is equal to the angular acceleration multiplied by the radius of the rotating object?", "context": "linear acceleration a is equal to the angular acceleration multiplied by the radius of the rotating object. | Options: linear acceleration|equilibrium|peak velocity|momentum", "answer": "linear acceleration", "id": "sciq_extra_628", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the membrane lining the back of the eye called?", "context": "The retina is a membrane lining the back of the eye. The retina has nerve cells called rods and cones that change images to electrical signals. Rods are good at sensing dim light but can’t distinguish different colors of light. Cones can sense colors but not in dim light. There are three different types of cones. Each type senses one of the three primary colors of light. | Options: retina|lens|cornea|aperture", "answer": "retina", "id": "sciq_extra_629", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What group of animals has adapted to live in both water and on land?", "context": "What group of animals begins its life in the water, but then spends most of its life on land? Amphibians! Amphibians are a group of vertebrates that has adapted to live in both water and on land. Amphibian larvae are born and live in water, and they breathe using gills. The adults live on land for part of the time and breathe both through their skin and with their lungs as their lungs are not sufficient to provide the necessary amount of oxygen. | Options: amphibians|herbivores|reptiles|omnivores", "answer": "amphibians", "id": "sciq_extra_630", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Animals breath in air in order to obtain what element?", "context": "Options: oxygen|water|nitrogen|carbon", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_631", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where are pressure receptors mainly found?", "context": "Touch is the ability to sense pressure. Pressure receptors are found mainly in the skin. They are especially concentrated on the tongue, lips, face, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. Some touch receptors sense differences in temperature or pain. How do pain receptors help maintain homeostasis? (Hint: What might happen if we couldn’t feel pain?). | Options: the skin|the nerves|the tissue|the muscles", "answer": "the skin", "id": "sciq_extra_632", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Monomers of condensation polymers must contain how many functional groups so that each monomer can link up with two other monomers?", "context": "A condensation polymer is a polymer formed by condensation reactions. Monomers of condensation polymers must contain two functional groups so that each monomer can link up with two other monomers. One type of condensation polymer is called a polyamide. An amide is characterized by the functional group shown below wherein the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to the nitrogen of an amine. | Options: two|three|four|one", "answer": "two", "id": "sciq_extra_633", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the skull that covers the brain and protects it?", "context": "a cranium, or bony skull, that encloses and protects the brain;. | Options: the cranium|cerebrum|Nasal bone|mandible", "answer": "the cranium", "id": "sciq_extra_634", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Silk and cotton are examples of what kind of fiber?", "context": "The fibers that compose the materials for our clothes are either natural or human-made. Silk and cotton would be examples of natural fibers. Silk is produced by the silkworm and cotton is grown as a plant. Human-made fabrics include nylon, orlon, and a number of other polymers. These materials are made from hydrocarbons found in petroleum products. Synthetic polymers are also used in shoes, raingear, and camping items. The synthetic fabrics tend to be lighter than the natural ones and can be treated to make them more water-resistant and durable. | Options: natural|pure|artificial|simple", "answer": "natural", "id": "sciq_extra_635", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Reacting with metal is one thing that distinguishes acids from what?", "context": "A: A property that is shared by bases and acids is the ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Some ways bases and acids are different is that acids taste sour whereas bases taste bitter. Also, acids but not bases react with metals. For other differences between bases and acids, as well as why they differ in these ways, read the short article at this URL: http://www. chem4kids. com/files/react_acidbase. html. | Options: bases|metals|minerals|protiens", "answer": "bases", "id": "sciq_extra_636", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens to light when it passed from air to water?", "context": "Refraction is another way that waves interact with matter. Refraction occurs when waves bend as they enter a new medium at an angle. You can see an example of refraction in the Figure below . Light bends when it passes from air to water or from water to air. The bending of the light traveling from the fish to the man’s eyes causes the fish to appear to be in a different place from where it actually is. | Options: it bends|it contracts|it brightens|it speeds up", "answer": "it bends", "id": "sciq_extra_637", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The basic voltaic cell variations are the dry cell and the what?", "context": "Two variations on the basic voltaic cell are the dry cell and the lead storage battery. | Options: lead storage battery|lead flood battery|positive terminal|lead electricity battery", "answer": "lead storage battery", "id": "sciq_extra_638", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In a solution, what is the substance present in the lesser amount called?", "context": "Most chemical reactions are carried out in solutions, which are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. In a solution, a solute (the substance present in the lesser amount) is dispersed in a solvent (the substance present in the greater amount). Aqueous solutions contain water as the solvent, whereas nonaqueous solutions have solvents other than water. Polar substances, such as water, contain asymmetric arrangements of polar bonds, in which electrons are shared unequally between bonded atoms. Polar substances and ionic compounds tend to be most soluble in water because they interact favorably with its structure. In aqueous solution, dissolved ions becomehydrated; that is, a shell of water molecules surrounds them. Substances that dissolve in water can be categorized according to whether the resulting aqueous solutions conduct electricity. Strong electrolytes dissociate completely into ions to produce solutions that conduct electricity well. Weak electrolytes produce a relatively small number of ions, resulting in solutions that conduct electricity poorly. Nonelectrolytes dissolve as uncharged molecules and have no effect on the electrical conductivity of water. | Options: solute|molecules|compound|fluids", "answer": "solute", "id": "sciq_extra_639", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the difference between oils and fats at room temperature?", "context": "A lipid is a member of a class of water-insoluble compounds that includes oils, fats, and waxes. Oils and fats are based on the same general structure, but fats are solids at room temperature, while oils are liquids. Butter is an example of a fat and is derived from animals. Some oils include olive oil and canola oil, which are obtained from plants. Lipids are an essential part of a healthy diet, though excess dietary fat can be harmful. Lipids store energy in the body and are also needed to keep cell membranes healthy. | Options: liquid and solid states|solid and gas states|saturated and unsaturated|liquid and gas states", "answer": "liquid and solid states", "id": "sciq_extra_640", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A cochlear implant aims to restore loss of what sense?", "context": "consists of a microphone that picks up sound. A speech processor selects sounds in the range of human speech, and a transmitter converts these sounds to electrical impulses, which are then sent to the auditory nerve. Which of the following types of hearing loss would not be restored by a cochlear implant? a. Hearing loss resulting from absence or loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti. Hearing loss resulting from an abnormal auditory nerve. Hearing loss resulting from fracture of the cochlea. | Options: hearing|vision|touch|taste", "answer": "hearing", "id": "sciq_extra_641", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In which constellation is the helix nebula located?", "context": "The Helix nebula, located about 700 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius, belongs to a class of objects called planetary nebulae . Planetary nebulae are the remains of stars that once looked a lot like our sun. When sun-like stars die, they puff out their outer gaseous layers. These layers are heated by the hot core of the dead star, called a white dwarf, and shine with infrared and visible colors. Scientists can study the birth and death of stars by analyzing the types of light that are emitted from nebulae. | Options: aquarius|prometheus|zodiac|gemini", "answer": "aquarius", "id": "sciq_extra_642", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The chains in cellulose stack in parallel rows held together by hydrogen bonds between which groups?", "context": "that produce a coiled structure. The glucose units in cellulose, in contrast, are linked to give long, unbranched chains. The chains in cellulose stack in parallel rows held together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups. This arrangement produces a rigid structure that is insoluble in water. Figure 24.22 The Polysaccharides Starch and Cellulose. | Options: hydroxl groups|disc groups|carbon groups|soda groups", "answer": "hydroxl groups", "id": "sciq_extra_643", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The small, rocky bodies that orbit the sun are called what?", "context": "Asteroids are small rocky bodies that orbit the Sun. | Options: asteroids|comets|meteorites|fossils", "answer": "asteroids", "id": "sciq_extra_644", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Water is used by the plant to move materials up from the roots to make what?", "context": "Options: food|light|chlorophyll|fruit", "answer": "food", "id": "sciq_extra_645", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Magnets have a \"north\" and a \"south\" what?", "context": "Figure 22.3 Magnets come in various shapes, sizes, and strengths. All have both a north pole and a south pole. There is never an isolated pole (a monopole). | Options: pole|arch|grid|temperature", "answer": "pole", "id": "sciq_extra_646", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Exemplified by organisms that grow in geysers, hyperthermophiles \"love\" what?", "context": "Hyperthermophiles are organisms that \"love\" heat. Some archaeans can survive at very high temperatures. For example, they can grow in hot springs and geysers. One archaean species can even reproduce at 122 °C (252 °F). This is higher than the boiling point of water. It is the highest recorded temperature for any organism. | Options: heat|humidity|cold|rainfall", "answer": "heat", "id": "sciq_extra_647", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the multi-phase process in which the nucleus of the cell divides?", "context": "The first step is mitosis , a multi-phase process in which the nucleus of the cell divides. During mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down and later reforms. The chromosomes are also sorted and separated to ensure that each daughter cell receives a diploid number (2 sets) of chromosomes. In humans, that number of chromosomes is 46 (23 pairs). Mitosis is described in greater detail in a subsequent concept. | Options: mitosis|cytokinesis|mutation|epistasis", "answer": "mitosis", "id": "sciq_extra_648", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Fungi often make specialized reproductive structures, such as what?", "context": "Fungi often make specialized reproductive structures, such as a mushroom. | Options: mushrooms|pieces|Fungus|herbs", "answer": "mushrooms", "id": "sciq_extra_649", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which is a more reliable trait or measure to identify minerals?", "context": "Streak is more reliable than color to identify minerals. The color of a mineral may vary. Streak does not vary. Also, different minerals may be the same color, but they may have a different color streak. For example, samples of hematite and galena can both be dark gray. They can be told apart because hematite has a red streak and galena has a gray streak. | Options: streak|color|shape|weight", "answer": "streak", "id": "sciq_extra_650", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Inside female cones, female spores develop into female what?", "context": "Cones form on a mature sporophyte plant. Inside male cones, male spores develop into male gametophytes. Each male gametophyte consists of several cells enclosed within a grain of pollen . Inside female cones, female spores develop into female gametophytes. Each female gametophyte produces an egg inside an ovule. | Options: gametophytes|gymnosperms|filaments|tubules", "answer": "gametophytes", "id": "sciq_extra_651", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the molecule which has one carbon and four hydrogen atoms?", "context": "Hydrocarbons are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. This molecule with one carbon and four hydrogen atoms is methane. | Options: methane|carbohydrate|sulfur|carbon monoxide", "answer": "methane", "id": "sciq_extra_652", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "On a global scale, plants and other photosynthetic organisms have generated all of what element in the air?", "context": "Options: oxygen|nitrogen|carbon dioxide|methane", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_653", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What living creatures comprise the \"rainforests of the oceans\"?", "context": "Corals and other animals create limestone rock reefs near the shore. Coral reefs are the “rainforests of the oceans. ” They have a tremendous amount of species diversity ( Figure below ). | Options: coral reefs|kelp|krill|algae", "answer": "coral reefs", "id": "sciq_extra_654", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of reactions absorb heat from their surroundings?", "context": "Endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings. | Options: endothermic|geothermic|hypothermic|exothermic", "answer": "endothermic", "id": "sciq_extra_655", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Two significant parts of the heat include the atrium and its counterpart, which is what?", "context": "through the branching bronchi, reaching the respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles open up into the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Because there are so many alveoli and alveolar sacs in the lung, the surface area for gas exchange is very large. The mammalian circulatory system is a closed system with double circulation passing through the lungs and the body. It consists of a network of vessels containing blood that circulates because of pressure differences generated by the heart. The heart contains two pumps that move blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations. There is one atrium and one ventricle on the right side and one atrium and one ventricle on the left side. The pumping of the heart is a function of cardiomyocytes, distinctive muscle cells that are striated like skeletal muscle but pump rhythmically and involuntarily like smooth muscle. The signal for contraction begins in the wall of the right atrium. The electrochemical signal causes the two atria to contract in unison; then the signal causes the ventricles to contract. The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of blood vessels; arteries take blood away from the heart, and veins bring blood back to the heart. | Options: ventricle|cells|skeletal|valve", "answer": "ventricle", "id": "sciq_extra_656", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Bigger ocean waves and waves that carry more sediment cause a greater extent of what?", "context": "Runoff, streams, and rivers carry sediment to the oceans. The sediment in ocean water acts like sandpaper. Over time, they erode the shore. The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause. | Options: erosion|drowning|silt|sand dunes", "answer": "erosion", "id": "sciq_extra_657", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which science is an extension of genetics, evolution, anatomy, physiology, and other biological disciplines?", "context": "45.7 | Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Compare innate and learned behavior • Discuss how movement and migration behaviors are a result of natural selection • Discuss the different ways members of a population communicate with each other • Give examples of how species use energy for mating displays and other courtship behaviors • Differentiate between various mating systems • Describe different ways that species learn Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus. Behavioral biology is the study of the biological and evolutionary bases for such changes. The idea that behaviors evolved as a result of the pressures of natural selection is not new. Animal behavior has been studied for decades, by biologists in the science of ethology, by psychologists in the science of comparative psychology, and by scientists of many disciplines in the study of neurobiology. Although there is overlap between these disciplines, scientists in these behavioral fields take different approaches. Comparative psychology is an extension of work done in human and behavioral psychology. Ethology is an extension of genetics, evolution, anatomy, physiology, and other biological disciplines. Still, one cannot study behavioral biology without touching on both comparative psychology and ethology. One goal of behavioral biology is to dissect out the innate behaviors, which have a strong genetic compone", "answer": "ethology", "id": "sciq_extra_658", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are catalysts in living things called?", "context": "Chemical reactions constantly occur inside living things. Many of these reactions require catalysts so they will occur quickly enough to support life. Catalysts in living things are called enzymes. Enzymes may be extremely effective. A reaction that takes a split second to occur with an enzyme might take many years without it!. | Options: enzymes|proteins|carbohydrates|carbohydrates", "answer": "enzymes", "id": "sciq_extra_659", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is part of a large fungus that lives underground?", "context": "Mushrooms aren't around just so you can put them on your pizza. The mushroom is part of a large fungus that lives underground. The mushroom develops above the ground when the fungus is ready to reproduce. | Options: mushroom|bamboo|mold|bark", "answer": "mushroom", "id": "sciq_extra_660", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When sediments settle out of water, what do they form?", "context": "When sediments settle out of water, they form horizontal layers. A layer of sediment is deposited. Then the next layer is deposited on top of that layer. So each layer in a sedimentary rock is younger than the layer under it ( Figure below ). | Options: horizontal layers|separated layers|erosion|magnetic layers", "answer": "horizontal layers", "id": "sciq_extra_661", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In the inner ear, the vibrations are changed to electrical signals by hair cells lining what?", "context": "In the inner ear, the vibrations are changed to electrical signals by hair cells lining the cochlea. The electrical signals then travel to the brain. | Options: the cochlea|ear canal|hammer|ear lobe", "answer": "the cochlea", "id": "sciq_extra_662", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What causes cells to divide if cytokinins are added to it?", "context": "Options: auxin|osmosis|apoptosis|hyptoxin", "answer": "auxin", "id": "sciq_extra_663", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Angiosperm seed develops inside of what?", "context": "In gymnosperms, a seed develops on the scale of a cone. Only an angiosperm seed develops inside an ovary. | Options: an ovary|fallopian tubes|a kidney|the pancreas", "answer": "an ovary", "id": "sciq_extra_664", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The efficiency of a machine is a measure of how well it reduces what force?", "context": "The efficiency of a machine is a measure of how well it reduces friction. It is calculated as the percent of input work that becomes output work. | Options: friction|tension|vibration|sound", "answer": "friction", "id": "sciq_extra_665", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Algae produce food using what process?", "context": "The green scum in this canal consists of billions of single-celled green algae. Algae are plant-like microorganisms that produce food by photosynthesis. | Options: photosynthesis|glycolysis|cellular respiration|spermatogenesis", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_666", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens to energy when work is done by a system?", "context": "Work done on a system puts energy into it. Work done by a system removes energy from it. Give an example for each statement. When solving for speed in Example 7.4, we kept only the positive root. Why?. | Options: removed|stored|added|multiplied", "answer": "removed", "id": "sciq_extra_667", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is used to describe organic compounds such as sugars and starches?", "context": "Carbohydrates are organic compounds such as sugars and starches. They provide energy and form structures such as cell walls. | Options: carbohydrates|fats|proteins|vegetables", "answer": "carbohydrates", "id": "sciq_extra_668", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What indicates horizontal distance and are also found on the map legend?", "context": "Scales indicate horizontal distance and are also found on the map legend. | Options: scales|spikes|edges|variations", "answer": "scales", "id": "sciq_extra_669", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the blood in the body pumped with?", "context": "A main body cavity with an expanded circulatory system. Blood is pumped by a heart located near the back. | Options: heart|systolic pressure|respiratory|lung", "answer": "heart", "id": "sciq_extra_670", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of diffusion do small hydrophobic molecules squeeze through lipid molecules?", "context": "Problems can occur with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other parts of the blood. Many blood disorders are genetic, meaning they are inherited from a parent. Some blood diseases are caused by not getting enough of a certain nutrient, while others are cancers of the blood. | Options: simple|difficult|slippery|complex", "answer": "simple", "id": "sciq_extra_671", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called?", "context": "The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels . The different trophic levels are defined in the Table below . Examples are also given in the table. All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels. Generally, there are a maximum of four trophic levels. | Options: trophic levels|secondary levels|producer levels|consumer levels", "answer": "trophic levels", "id": "sciq_extra_672", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Parasites infect the host's what?", "context": "Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria . The parasites are spread by a mosquito vector. Parasites enter a host’s blood through the bite of an infected mosquito. The parasites infect the host’s red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, joint pain, anemia, and fatigue. | Options: red blood cells|platelets|plasma|white blood cells", "answer": "red blood cells", "id": "sciq_extra_673", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as which other waves?", "context": "Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as transverse waves. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends longitudinal waves through underground rocks in all directions from the disturbance. Earthquake waves that travel this way are called primary, or P, waves. They are illustrated in Figure below . | Options: transverse|aural|irregular|electromagnetic", "answer": "transverse", "id": "sciq_extra_674", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How does the water cycle end?", "context": "Two common home heating systems are hot-water and warm-air heating systems. They burn fuel for thermal energy and transfer the energy to water or air. The heated water or air circulates throughout the house, transferring thermal energy to the air in each room. | Options: it repeats itself|ocean evaporation|freezing glaciers|cloud precipitation", "answer": "it repeats itself", "id": "sciq_extra_675", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Light travels more quickly in air than what?", "context": "When light is refracted, it changes direction as it passes into a new medium and changes speed. The straw in the Figure below looks bent where light travels from water to air. Light travels more quickly in air than in water and changes direction. For a detailed explanation of how this happens, watch the animation at this URL:. | Options: water|earth|glass|metal", "answer": "water", "id": "sciq_extra_676", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are chromosomes made of?", "context": "Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are the form of the genetic material of a cell during cell division. It is this coiled structure that ensures proper segregation of the chromosomes during cell division. During other phases of the cell cycle, DNA is not coiled into chromosomes. Instead, it exists as a grainy material called chromatin . | Options: dna and proteins|amino acids|sperm and proteins|muscle tissue", "answer": "dna and proteins", "id": "sciq_extra_677", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the general name for a group of atoms derived from an alkane?", "context": "The general name for a group of atoms derived from an alkane is an alkyl group. The name of an alkyl group is derived from the name of the alkane by adding the suffix -yl. Thus the – CH3 fragment is a methyl group, the –CH2CH3 fragment is an ethyl group, and so forth, where the dash represents a single bond to some other atom or group. Similarly, groups of atoms derived from aromatic hydrocarbons are aryl groups, which sometimes have unexpected names. For example, the –C6H5 fragment is derived from benzene, but it is called a phenyl group. In general formulas and structures, alkyl and aryl groups are often abbreviated as R. | Options: alkyl group|anode group|oxidation group|acid group", "answer": "alkyl group", "id": "sciq_extra_678", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are most cells surrounded by?", "context": "Options: water|fat|lipids|air", "answer": "water", "id": "sciq_extra_679", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for materials that have both a defined shape and a defined volume?", "context": "Solids are materials that have both a defined shape and a defined volume. They do not take on the shape of their container, as liquids and gases do. Solids can be either amorphous or crystalline. Amorphous solids (such as glass) do not have a well organized three-dimensional arrangement of molecules or atoms, so they lack a high level of order. On the other hand, crystalline solids display a highly ordered and predictable three-dimensional structure. In this section we will discuss the different types of crystalline solids. | Options: solids|liquids|matter|gases", "answer": "solids", "id": "sciq_extra_680", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause what?", "context": "Options: cancer|Infections|DNA|Mutations", "answer": "cancer", "id": "sciq_extra_681", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the radioactive process used in nuclear power plants and one type of nuclear bomb?", "context": "Note Fission is the radioactive process used in nuclear power plants and one type of nuclear bomb. | Options: fission|fusion|radiation|decay", "answer": "fission", "id": "sciq_extra_682", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where does a crossover occur on a chromosome?", "context": "Figure 17.11 Crossover may occur at different locations on the chromosome. Recombination between genes A and B is more frequent than recombination between genes B and C because genes A and B are farther apart; a crossover is therefore more likely to occur between them. | Options: at different locations|at no locations|at one-two locations|at the same location", "answer": "at different locations", "id": "sciq_extra_683", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the biggest groups of stars called?", "context": "The biggest groups of stars are called galaxies. A few million to many billions of stars may make up a galaxy. With the unaided eye, every star you can see is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. All the other galaxies are extremely far away. The closest spiral galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, shown in Figure below , is 2,500,000 light years away and contains one trillion stars!. | Options: galaxies|cells|novas|orbits", "answer": "galaxies", "id": "sciq_extra_684", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is defined as the act of contaminating the environment with waste?", "context": "Left: Ciar; Right: Jeff Keacher. Bread left out grows mold, bread in refrigerator stays fresh . Left: Public Domain; Right: CC BY 2.0. | Options: pollution|purifying|climate change|global warming", "answer": "pollution", "id": "sciq_extra_685", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of energy is produced when two objects move together?", "context": "Options: mechanical|internal|kinetic|fluid", "answer": "mechanical", "id": "sciq_extra_686", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the mechanism by which favorable traits become more common in organisms over the course of generations?", "context": "Natural selection can change a species or even make a new species. Natural processes favor some traits over others in a population. This causes those traits to be more common in subsequent generations. | Options: natural selection|evolution|environmental selection|birth", "answer": "natural selection", "id": "sciq_extra_687", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Evaporation of moisture is greatest where it is?", "context": "Evaporation of moisture is greatest where it is hot and sunny. Therefore, cold climates with low precipitation may not be as dry as warm climates with the same amount of precipitation. | Options: hot and sunny|cool and snowy|sunny and populated|rainy and hot", "answer": "hot and sunny", "id": "sciq_extra_688", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the structural and functional units of the kidneys?", "context": "The actual removal of wastes from the blood occurs in tiny units inside the kidneys called nephrons. Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidneys. A single kidney may have more than a million nephrons! This is further discussed in the Urinary System concept. | Options: nephrons|interneurons|fat cells|dendrites", "answer": "nephrons", "id": "sciq_extra_689", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does the ovule mature into after double fertilization?", "context": "Options: a seed|a spore|a twin|a sister chromatid", "answer": "a seed", "id": "sciq_extra_690", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The gap between two dna fragments is sealed by what?", "context": "DNA polymerase starts adding nucleotides to the 3'-OH end of the primer. Elongation of both the lagging and the leading strand continues. RNA primers are removed by exonuclease activity. Gaps are filled by DNA pol by adding dNTPs. The gap between the two DNA fragments is sealed by DNA ligase, which helps in the formation of phosphodiester bonds. Table 14.1 summarizes the enzymes involved in prokaryotic DNA replication and the functions of each. | Options: by dna ligase|reductase|rna ligase|enzymes", "answer": "by dna ligase", "id": "sciq_extra_691", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "\"incident\" and \"reflected\" are two types of what?", "context": "In the Figure below , you can see how both types of reflection occur. Waves of light are represented by arrows called rays. Rays that strike the surface are referred to as incident rays, and rays that reflect off the surface are known as reflected rays. In regular reflection, all the rays are reflected in the same direction. This explains why regular reflection forms a clear image. In diffuse reflection, the rays are reflected in many different directions. This is why diffuse reflection forms, at best, a blurry image. You can see animations of both types of reflection at this URL: http://toolboxes. flexiblelearning. net. au/demosites/series5/508/Laboratory/StudyNotes/snReflectionMirrors. htm. | Options: rays|cells|mirrors|collisions", "answer": "rays", "id": "sciq_extra_692", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where does most of the earth's energy come from?", "context": "Almost all energy on Earth comes from the Sun. The Sun’s energy heats the planet and the air around it. Sunlight also powers photosynthesis and life on Earth. | Options: sun|cover|fire|heat", "answer": "sun", "id": "sciq_extra_693", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we call a carbohydrate formed by two monosaccharides bonding together?", "context": "If two monosaccharides bond together, they form a carbohydrate called a disaccharide . Two monosaccharides will bond together through a dehydration reaction, in which a water molecule is lost. A dehydration reaction is a condensation reaction , a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form one single molecule, losing a small molecule in the process. In the dehydration reaction, this small molecule is water. The bond between two monosaccharides is known as a glycosidic bond . | Options: disaccharide|Nitrate|olivine|calcite", "answer": "disaccharide", "id": "sciq_extra_694", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What determines how long a planet's orbit is around the sun?", "context": "The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, so they take shorter times to make one orbit. Mercury takes only about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun. All of the other planets take longer amounts of time. The exact amount depends on the planet's distance from the Sun. Saturn takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun. | Options: distance|size|age|direction", "answer": "distance", "id": "sciq_extra_695", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Anaerobic cellular respiration does not require the presence of what (by the very fact it is anaerobic, specifically)?", "context": "In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule, O2. If aerobic respiration occurs, then ATP will be produced using the energy of high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. If aerobic respiration does not occur, NADH must be reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse as an electron carrier for the glycolytic pathway to continue. How is this done? Some living systems use an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor. Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH are collectively referred to as fermentation. In contrast, some living systems use an inorganic molecule as a final electron acceptor. Both methods are called anaerobic cellular respiration in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen. | Options: oxygen|carbon|helium|nitrogen", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_696", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The three-dimensional spaces with specific shapes that are components of electrons shells are known as what?", "context": "Options: orbitals|arrays|isotopes|ventricals", "answer": "orbitals", "id": "sciq_extra_697", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In relation to electrical current, what property will a narrow wire have more of than a wide wire?", "context": "A wide wire has less resistance than a narrow wire of the same material. Electricity flowing through a wire is like water flowing through a hose. More water can flow through a wide hose than a narrow hose. In a similar way, more current can flow through a wide wire than a narrow wire. | Options: resistance|voltage|wattage|current", "answer": "resistance", "id": "sciq_extra_698", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oil and water do not mix, instead forming two distinct layers called what?", "context": "Oil and water do not mix, instead forming two distinct layers called phases. The oil phase is less dense than the water phase and so the oil floats on top of the water. | Options: phases|changes|stages|surfaces", "answer": "phases", "id": "sciq_extra_699", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oranges and lemons are examples of fruits that contain what acid?", "context": "Many carboxylic acids occur naturally in plants and animals. Citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain citric acid. | Options: citric acid|nitric acid|urea acid|beryllium acid", "answer": "citric acid", "id": "sciq_extra_700", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for buildup of cell debris and cholesterol inside the arteries?", "context": "Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside arteries (see Figure below ). Plaque consists of cell debris, cholesterol, and other substances. Factors that contribute to plaque buildup include a high-fat diet and smoking. As plaque builds up, it narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. You can watch an animation about atherosclerosis at these links: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=fLonh7ZesKs and http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=qRK7-DCDKEA . | Options: atherosclerosis|fibrosis|phimosis|sclerosis", "answer": "atherosclerosis", "id": "sciq_extra_701", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In the body, in which organ does chemical digestion mainly take place?", "context": "Chemical digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine. | Options: small intestine|liver|kidneys|large intestine", "answer": "small intestine", "id": "sciq_extra_702", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Excessive exposure to what is the main cause of skin cancer?", "context": "Skin cancer is a disease in which skin cells grow out of control. It is caused mainly by excessive exposure to UV light. People with lighter skin are at greater risk of developing skin cancer because they have less melanin to block harmful UV radiation. The best way to prevent skin cancer is to avoid UV exposure by using sunscreen and wearing protective clothing. | Options: uv light|LED light|fluorescent light|incandescent light", "answer": "uv light", "id": "sciq_extra_703", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Mitosis actually occurs in how many phases?", "context": "Mitosis actually occurs in four phases. The phases are called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. They are shown in Figure below and described in greater detail in the following sections. | Options: four|Seven|six|two", "answer": "four", "id": "sciq_extra_704", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where are b cells produced in the body?", "context": "There are two main types of lymphocytes, called B cells and T cells. Both types of lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow. They are named for the sites where they grow and mature. The B in B cells stands for bone marrow, where B cells mature. The T in T cells stands for thymus gland, where T cells mature. Both B cells and T cells must be “switched on” in order to fight a specific pathogen. Once this happens, they produce an “army” of cells that are ready to fight that particular pathogen. | Options: lymphocytes|keratinocytes|tumors|lungs", "answer": "lymphocytes", "id": "sciq_extra_705", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Three body segments, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages are features of what invertebrate group, which includes spider and insects?", "context": "Arthropods are invertebrates in the Phylum Arthropoda. They include insects, spiders, centipedes, and lobsters. Traits of arthropods include three body segments, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. The arthropod life cycle may include larva and pupa stages and the process of metamorphosis. | Options: arthropod|annelid|sauropod|crustacean", "answer": "arthropod", "id": "sciq_extra_706", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of mirror is shaped like the outside of a bowl?", "context": "The other type of curved mirror, a convex mirror, is shaped like the outside of a bowl. Because of its shape, it can gather and reflect light from a wide area. As you can see in the Figure below , a convex mirror forms only virtual images that are right-side up and smaller than the actual object. You can see how a convex mirror forms an image in the animation at this URL: http://physics. slss. ie/resources/convex%20mirror. swf. | Options: convex|slope|concave|vertex", "answer": "convex", "id": "sciq_extra_707", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When do gases and liquids become solids?", "context": "We tend to think of solids as those materials that are solid at room temperature. However, all materials have melting points of some sort. Gases become solids at extremely low temperatures, and liquids will also become solid if the temperature is low enough. The Table below gives the melting points of some common materials. | Options: at low temperatures|at relative temperatures|at hot temperatures|at high temperatures", "answer": "at low temperatures", "id": "sciq_extra_708", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The full range of wavelengths and frequencies of electromagnetic radiation make up the ____________", "context": "The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of wavelengths and frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Wavelength, frequency, and energy change continuously across the electromagnetic spectrum. | Options: electromagnetic spectrum|electronic spectrum|mechanical spectrum|anomalous spectrum", "answer": "electromagnetic spectrum", "id": "sciq_extra_709", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What divide on their own by a process that resembles binary fission in prokaryotes?", "context": "Mitochondria divide on their own by a process that resembles binary fission in prokaryotes. Mitochondria have their own circular DNA chromosome that carries genes similar to those expressed by bacteria. Mitochondria also have special ribosomes and transfer RNAs that resemble these components in prokaryotes. These features all support that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are one type of plastid, a group of related organelles in plant cells that are involved in the storage of starches, fats, proteins, and pigments. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll and play a role in photosynthesis. Genetic and morphological studies suggest that plastids evolved from the endosymbiosis of an ancestral cell that engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium. Plastids are similar in size and shape to cyanobacteria and are enveloped by two or more membranes, corresponding to the inner and outer membranes of cyanobacteria. Like mitochondria, plastids also contain circular genomes and divide by a process reminiscent of prokaryotic cell division. The chloroplasts of red and green algae. | Options: mitochondria|protazoa|proteins|bacteria", "answer": "mitochondria", "id": "sciq_extra_710", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are tiny hairs that line the bronchi called?", "context": "In the chest, the trachea divides as it enters the lungs to form the right and left bronchi. The bronchi contain cartilage, which prevents them from collapsing. Mucus in the bronchi traps any remaining particles in air. Tiny hairs called cilia line the bronchi and sweep the particles and mucus toward the throat so they can be expelled from the body. | Options: cilia|antennae|alveoli|flagella", "answer": "cilia", "id": "sciq_extra_711", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What cycle occurs in women of reproductive age, as a long as a sperm does not enter an egg?", "context": "If a sperm does not enter an egg, the lining of the uterus breaks down. Blood and other tissues from the lining break off from the uterus. They pass through the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation . Menstruation is also called a menstrual period. It lasts about 4 days, on average. When the menstrual period ends, the cycle repeats. Some women feel discomfort during this process. | Options: menstrual cycle|extraction cycle|tissue cycle|menopausal cycle", "answer": "menstrual cycle", "id": "sciq_extra_712", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Corrosion is usually defined as the degradation of metals due to what?", "context": "Corrosion is usually defined as the degradation of metals due to an electrochemical process. The formation of rust on iron, tarnish on silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are all examples of corrosion. The total cost of corrosion in the United States is significant, with estimates in excess of half a trillion dollars a year. | Options: electrochemical process|crystalline process|nuclear process|oscillatory process", "answer": "electrochemical process", "id": "sciq_extra_713", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of organism generally lives in or on its host?", "context": "A parasite generally lives in or on its host. An example of a parasite that lives in its host is the hookworm. Figure below shows two hookworms living inside a human host’s intestines. The hookworms obtain nutrients and shelter from their host, which is harmed by the loss of nutrients and blood. | Options: parasite|predator|bacteria|insect", "answer": "parasite", "id": "sciq_extra_714", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What causes the alpine tundra to be so cold?", "context": "Alpine tundra climates occur at high altitudes at any latitude. They are also called highland climates. These regions are very cold because they are so far above sea level. The alpine tundra climate is very similar to the polar tundra climate. | Options: high altitude above sea level|moderate altitude|low altitude|low air density", "answer": "high altitude above sea level", "id": "sciq_extra_715", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Like the frame of a house, what gives the cell an internal structure?", "context": "Cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton gives the cell an internal structure, like the frame of a house. In this photograph, filaments and tubules of the cytoskeleton are green and red, respectively. The blue dots are cell nuclei. | Options: cytoskeleton|cytoplasm|cellulose|endoskeleton", "answer": "cytoskeleton", "id": "sciq_extra_716", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A species that benefits and harms the host organism is called a what?", "context": "species that benefits and harms a host in a parasitic relationship. | Options: parasite|viruses|predators|host", "answer": "parasite", "id": "sciq_extra_717", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When liquid water changes to water vapor it is called?", "context": "Options: evaporation|absorption|transpiration|evaporation", "answer": "evaporation", "id": "sciq_extra_718", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Chewing insects mechanically damage plants and lessen the surface area of leaves for what?", "context": "Options: photosynthesis|vegetation|tissues|nutrients", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_719", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Reptiles are described by what term that means their internal temperature depends on the temperature of their environment?", "context": "Reptiles are tetrapods (four-legged) and ectothermic , meaning their internal temperature depends on the temperature of their environment. This is why you may see reptiles sunbathing as they use the energy from the sun to warm their bodies. Usually the sense organs of reptiles, like ears, are well developed, though snakes do not have external ears. All reptiles have advanced eyesight. Reptiles also have a sense of smell. Crocodilians, turtles, and tortoises smell like most other land vertebrates. But, some lizards, and all snakes, smell with their tongues, which is flicked out of the mouth to pick up scent molecules from the air. | Options: ectothermic|zygomorphic|endothermic|actinomorphic", "answer": "ectothermic", "id": "sciq_extra_720", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What lines the passages of the nose and senses chemicals in the air?", "context": "Odor receptors line the passages of the nose (see Figure below ). They sense chemicals in the air. In fact, odor receptors can sense hundreds of different chemicals. Did you ever notice that food seems to have less taste when you have a stuffy nose? This occurs because the sense of smell contributes to the sense of taste, and a stuffy nose interferes with the ability to smell. | Options: odor receptors|matter receptors|consumption receptors|optic receptors", "answer": "odor receptors", "id": "sciq_extra_721", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Telomerase is typically active in germ cells and adult what?", "context": "Telomerase is typically active in germ cells and adult stem cells. It is not active in adult somatic cells. For her discovery of telomerase and its action, Elizabeth Blackburn (Figure 14.16) received the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 2009. | Options: stem cells|human growth hormone|chromosomes|sex cells", "answer": "stem cells", "id": "sciq_extra_722", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call materials able to conduct electricity with 100% efficiency, meaning that no energy is lost during the electrical transmission?", "context": "Many chemists are currently working in the field of superconductivity. Superconductors are materials that are able to conduct electricity with 100% efficiency, meaning that no energy is lost during the electrical transmission, as happens with conventional conducting materials like copper cable. The challenge is to design materials that can act as superconductors at normal temperatures, as opposed to only being able to superconduct at very low temperatures. | Options: superconductors|poor conductors|electromagnets|super-insulators", "answer": "superconductors", "id": "sciq_extra_723", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does scientific notation use to write very large or very small numbers?", "context": "Scientific notation is a way of writing very large or very small numbers that uses exponents. Numbers are written in this format:. | Options: exponents|whole numbers|zeros|coefficients", "answer": "exponents", "id": "sciq_extra_724", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Speed, loudness, and pitch are properties of what?", "context": "Properties of sound include speed, loudness, and pitch. The speed of sound varies in different media. The loudness of sound depends on the intensity of sound waves. The pitch of sound depends on the frequency of sound waves. | Options: sound|metal|colour|light", "answer": "sound", "id": "sciq_extra_725", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Radioactive nuclei and particles are represented by which symbols?", "context": "Radioactive nuclei and particles are represented by nuclear symbols that indicate their numbers of protons and neutrons. For example, an alpha particle (helium nucleus) is represented by the symbol , where He is the chemical symbol for helium, the subscript 2 is the number of protons, and the superscript 4 is the mass number (2 protons + 2 neutrons). | Options: nuclear|energy|greek|compound", "answer": "nuclear", "id": "sciq_extra_726", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Properties of matter can be considered physical or?", "context": "Options: chemical|gas|mineral|liquid", "answer": "chemical", "id": "sciq_extra_727", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are alveoli?", "context": "Mammalian lungs have millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli . They provide a very large surface area for gas exchange. | Options: tiny air sacs in the lungs|tiny air natalensis in the lungs|sacs in the diaphragm|cilia in the throat", "answer": "tiny air sacs in the lungs", "id": "sciq_extra_728", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Railroad tracks and roadways can buckle on hot days if they lack sufficient what?", "context": "Forces and pressures created by thermal stress are typically as great as that in the example above. Railroad tracks and roadways can buckle on hot days if they lack sufficient expansion joints. (See Figure 13.14. ) Power lines sag more in the summer than in the winter, and will snap in cold weather if there is insufficient slack. Cracks open and close in plaster walls as a house warms and cools. Glass cooking pans will crack if cooled rapidly or unevenly, because of differential contraction and the. | Options: expansion joints|cartilaginous joints|contraction joints|attraction joints", "answer": "expansion joints", "id": "sciq_extra_729", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the complex mixture that consists of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals?", "context": "Milk is a complex mixture of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals. While the minerals and carbohydrates are water-soluble, the fats and some of the proteins do not dissolve but are held in suspension. | Options: milk|plasma|blood|sperm", "answer": "milk", "id": "sciq_extra_730", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What disease is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms regulating the cell cycle?", "context": "6.3 Cancer and the Cell Cycle Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms regulating the cell cycle. The loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. Faulty instructions lead to a protein that does not function as it should. Any disruption of the monitoring system can allow other mistakes to be passed on to the daughter cells. Each successive cell division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage. Eventually, all checkpoints become nonfunctional, and rapidly reproducing cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in tumorous growth. | Options: cancer|gout|dementia|diabetes", "answer": "cancer", "id": "sciq_extra_731", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for an exact genetic copy?", "context": "Recombinant DNA technology is used in gene cloning. A clone is an exact genetic copy. Genes are cloned for many reasons, including use in medicine and in agriculture. | Options: clone|genetic recreation|duplication|genetic repeat", "answer": "clone", "id": "sciq_extra_732", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do recent rocks point towards on earth?", "context": "Rocks on different continents that are the same age point to different locations. Only recent rocks point to the current north magnetic pole. | Options: north magnetic pole|space|equator|south magnetic pole", "answer": "north magnetic pole", "id": "sciq_extra_733", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of cell function relies on microfilaments, which are the actin components of the cytoskeleton?", "context": "Options: muscle|neurons|skin cells|nephrons", "answer": "muscle", "id": "sciq_extra_734", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The two simplest models of population growth use what to describe the rate of change in the size of a population over time?", "context": "Population Growth The two simplest models of population growth use deterministic equations (equations that do not account for random events) to describe the rate of change in the size of a population over time. The first of these models, exponential growth, describes theoretical populations that increase in numbers without any limits to their growth. The second model, logistic growth, introduces limits to reproductive growth that become more intense as the population size increases. Neither model adequately describes natural populations, but they provide points of comparison. Exponential Growth Charles Darwin, in developing his theory of natural selection, was influenced by the English clergyman Thomas Malthus. Malthus published his book in 1798 stating that populations with abundant natural resources grow very rapidly; however, they limit further growth by depleting their resources. The early pattern of accelerating population size is called exponential growth. The best example of exponential growth in organisms is seen in bacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotes that reproduce largely by binary fission. This division takes about an hour for many bacterial species. If 1000 bacteria are placed in a large flask with an abundant supply of nutrients (so the nutrients will not become quickly depleted), the number of bacteria will have doubled from 1000 to 2000 after just an hour. In another hour, each of the 2000 bacteria will divide, producing 4000 bacteria. After the third hour, ther", "answer": "deterministic equations", "id": "sciq_extra_735", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves?", "context": "Dissociation is the separation of ions that occurs when a solid ionic compound dissolves. | Options: dissociation|combustion|decomposition|inflammation", "answer": "dissociation", "id": "sciq_extra_736", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do charged particles in motion generate?", "context": "Paints can be both toxic and flammable. Paints may spill on the ground or be thrown improperly in the trash. | Options: magnetic fields|fission|electricity|gravitational fields", "answer": "magnetic fields", "id": "sciq_extra_737", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What bonding is formed in polar amino acid side chains?", "context": "Hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding forms between a highly electronegative oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom and a hydrogen atom attached to another oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom, such as those found in polar amino acid side chains. Hydrogen bonding (as well as ionic attractions) is extremely important in both the intra- and intermolecular interactions of proteins (part (b) of http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch18_s04_s01_f05). Disulfide linkages. Two cysteine amino acid units may be brought close together as the protein molecule folds. Subsequent oxidation and linkage of the sulfur atoms in the highly reactive sulfhydryl (SH) groups leads to the formation of cystine (part (c) ofhttp://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch18_s04_s01_f05). Intrachain disulfide linkages are found in many proteins, including insulin (yellow bars in http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch18_s04_s01_f01) and have a strong stabilizing effect on the tertiary structure. | Options: hydrogen bonding|calcium bonding|carbon bonding|helium bonding", "answer": "hydrogen bonding", "id": "sciq_extra_738", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name for the energy waves that radiate out from the center of an earthquake?", "context": "Geologists study earthquake waves to “see” Earth's interior. Waves of energy radiate out from an earthquake’s focus. These waves are called seismic waves ( Figure below ). Seismic waves go different speeds through different materials. They change speed when they go from one type of material to another. This causes them to bend. Some seismic waves do not travel through liquids or gases. They just stop. Scientists use information from seismic waves to understand what makes up the Earth’s interior. | Options: seismic waves|deep waves|volcanic waves|particle waves", "answer": "seismic waves", "id": "sciq_extra_739", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During a human pregnancy, which trimester exhibits the greatest growth of the fetus and culminates in labor and delivery?", "context": "43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth Human pregnancy begins with fertilization of an egg and proceeds through the three trimesters of gestation. The labor process has three stages (contractions, delivery of the fetus, expulsion of the placenta), each propelled by hormones. The first trimester lays down the basic structures of the body, including the limb buds, heart, eyes, and the liver. The second trimester continues the development of all of the organs and systems. The third trimester exhibits the greatest growth of the fetus and culminates in labor and delivery. Prevention of a pregnancy can be accomplished through a variety of methods including barriers, hormones, or other means. Assisted reproductive technologies may help individuals who have infertility problems. | Options: third trimester|fourth trimester|first trimester|second trimester", "answer": "third trimester", "id": "sciq_extra_740", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do ecologists study at every level?", "context": "Ecologists study ecosystems at every level, from the individual organism to the whole ecosystem and biosphere. They can ask different types of questions at each level. Examples of these questions are given in Table below , using the zebra ( Equus zebra ) as an example. | Options: ecosystems|taxonomy|solar system|plants", "answer": "ecosystems", "id": "sciq_extra_741", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The main shaft of the penis is covered by relatively thick what?", "context": "Options: skin|bone|cellulose|collagen", "answer": "skin", "id": "sciq_extra_742", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the broadest category in the linnaean system?", "context": "The broadest category in the Linnaean system is the kingdom . Figure above shows the Animal Kingdom because Homo sapiens belongs to that kingdom. Other kingdoms include the Plant Kingdom, Fungus Kingdom, and Protist Kingdom. | Options: kingdom|phylum|class|domain", "answer": "kingdom", "id": "sciq_extra_743", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Reactants may also be present in such low concentrations that it is unlikely they will meet and do what?", "context": "Most chemical reactions within organisms would be impossible under the normal conditions within cell. For example, the body temperature of most organisms is too low for reactions to occur quickly enough to carry out life processes. Reactants may also be present in such low concentrations that it is unlikely they will meet and collide. Therefore, the rate of most biochemical reactions must be increased by a catalyst. A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up chemical reactions. In organisms, catalysts are called enzymes . | Options: collide|explode|depart|melt", "answer": "collide", "id": "sciq_extra_744", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The three main body segments of an arthropod are head, thorax, and what?", "context": "Insects range in length from less than a millimeter to about the length of your arm. They can be found in most habitats, but they are mainly terrestrial. Many can fly, so they are also aerial. Like other arthropods, insects have a head, thorax, and abdomen. They have a wide variety of appendages, including six legs attached to the thorax. | Options: abdomen|legs|tail|gluteus", "answer": "abdomen", "id": "sciq_extra_745", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for what the earth rotates on?", "context": "This Concept deals with some Earth basics. Earth is a planet and has the characteristics of a planet. Like other planets, it is nearly round. This is because it has enough mass for its gravity to pull material into a round shape. Earth's gravity has also pulled in small objects, like asteroids. So the planet's orbit is cleared. Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around its star. As a result of its rotation, Earth has a day-night cycle. The tilt of its axis creates the seasons. Earth has layers from crust to mantle to core. The core is divided into a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. The liquid outer core has convection, which generates the magnetic field. The mantle is solid rock. The crust has two major types: continental and oceanic. The crust and uppermost mantle make up the lithosphere. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is brittle and will break. The asthenosphere can flow. | Options: axis|radius|tip|compass", "answer": "axis", "id": "sciq_extra_746", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the end product of glycolysis?", "context": "Options: pyruvate|fructose|gluclose|hydrolysis", "answer": "pyruvate", "id": "sciq_extra_747", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A vector is any quantity that has magnitude and what?", "context": "A vector is any quantity that has magnitude and direction. A scalar is any quantity that has magnitude but no direction. Displacement and velocity are vectors, whereas distance and speed are scalars. In one-dimensional motion, direction is specified by a plus or minus sign to signify left or right, up or down, and the like. | Options: direction|length|longitude|latitude", "answer": "direction", "id": "sciq_extra_748", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The softer connective tissue that fills the interior of most bone is referred to as what?", "context": "Mineral Storage, Energy Storage, and Hematopoiesis On a metabolic level, bone tissue performs several critical functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium, and phosphorus. These minerals, incorporated into bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream to maintain levels needed to support physiological processes. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling the flow of other ions involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Bone also serves as a site for fat storage and blood cell production. The softer connective tissue that fills the interior of most bone is referred to as bone marrow (Figure 6.5). There are two types of bone marrow: yellow marrow and red marrow. Yellow marrow contains adipose tissue; the triglycerides stored in the adipocytes of the tissue can serve as a source of. | Options: bone marrow|solid marrow|liquid marrow|attached marrow", "answer": "bone marrow", "id": "sciq_extra_749", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells by humans and other vertebrates?", "context": "Options: glycogen|glucose|protein|amylopectin", "answer": "glycogen", "id": "sciq_extra_750", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What soil is common in deciduous forests?", "context": "Pedalfer is the soil common in deciduous forests. Pedalfer is dark brown and fertile. | Options: pedalfer|sandy soil|xerophyte|loam", "answer": "pedalfer", "id": "sciq_extra_751", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do voltmeters measure across a resistor?", "context": "Ammeters and voltmeters are cleverly designed for the way they are used. Ammeters measure the current of a circuit, and voltmeters measure the voltage drop across a resistor. It is important in the design and use of these meters that they don't change the circuit in such a way as to influence the readings. While both types of meters are technically resistors, they are specifically designed to make their readings without changing the circuit itself. | Options: the voltage drop|the vibration drop|amplitude|energy loss", "answer": "the voltage drop", "id": "sciq_extra_752", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cardiac muscle is found only in which part of the heart?", "context": "Cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart. When cardiac muscle contracts, the heart beats and pumps blood. Cardiac muscle contains a great many mitochondria, which produce ATP for energy. This helps the heart resist fatigue. Contractions of cardiac muscle are involuntary, like those of smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, is arranged in bundles, so it appears striated , or striped. | Options: the walls|the ridges|the left side|the bottom", "answer": "the walls", "id": "sciq_extra_753", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Wearing personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves during an experiment is an example of what?", "context": "Safety precautions are in place to help prevent accidents. Always wear personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves when recommended to do so by your teacher. | Options: safety precaution|pollution precaution|lab organization|office politics", "answer": "safety precaution", "id": "sciq_extra_754", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The concentration of the hydrogen ion in a solution can be calculated when what is known?", "context": "When the pH of a solution is known, the concentration of the hydrogen ion can be calculated. The inverse of the logarithm (or antilog) is the 10 x key on a calculator. | Options: ph|temperature|velocity|pressure", "answer": "ph", "id": "sciq_extra_755", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A fever also causes the immune system to make more of what?", "context": "White blood cells also make chemicals that cause a fever. A fever is a higher-than-normal body temperature. Normal human body temperature is 98.6°F (37°C). Most bacteria and viruses that infect people reproduce fastest at this temperature. When the temperature is higher, the pathogens cannot reproduce as fast, so the body raises the temperature to kill them. A fever also causes the immune system to make more white blood cells. In these ways, a fever helps the body fight infection. | Options: white blood cells|insulin|red blood cells|urea", "answer": "white blood cells", "id": "sciq_extra_756", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vascular plants all have roots, stems, and what?", "context": "Vascular plants also have roots, stems, and leaves. | Options: leaves|beans|flowers|fruits", "answer": "leaves", "id": "sciq_extra_757", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In an aqueous solution, what is the solvent?", "context": "Options: water|oil|any liquid|saltwater", "answer": "water", "id": "sciq_extra_758", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do scientists think to be the oldest eukaryotes?", "context": "Scientists think that protists are the oldest eukaryotes. If so, they must have evolved from prokaryotes. How did this happen? How did cells without organelles acquire them? What was the origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles?. | Options: protists|bivalves|arthropods|ciliate", "answer": "protists", "id": "sciq_extra_759", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Carpal, metacarpal and phalanx bones comprise what part of the body?", "context": "Figure 8.7 Bones of the Wrist and Hand The eight carpal bones form the base of the hand. These are arranged into proximal and distal rows of four bones each. The metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand. The thumb and fingers consist of the phalanx bones. | Options: hand|thumb|pelvis|foot", "answer": "hand", "id": "sciq_extra_760", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How did the first seed plants form seeds?", "context": "The first seed plants formed seeds in cones. Cones are made up of overlapping scales, which are modified leaves (see Figure below ). Male cones contain pollen, and female cones contain eggs. Seeds also develop in female cones. Modern seed plants that produce seeds in cones are called gymnosperms . | Options: in cones|in leaves|in folds|in stems", "answer": "in cones", "id": "sciq_extra_761", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What green cell structures of a leaf are visible under a high power microscope?", "context": "High power microscopic photo of the upper part of a Winter Jasmine leaf. Viewed under a microscope many green chloroplasts are visible. | Options: chloroplasts|fibroblasts|golgi apparatus|veins", "answer": "chloroplasts", "id": "sciq_extra_762", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What indicates the speed at which a reaction proceeds?", "context": "The reaction rate indicates how fast the reaction proceeds. | Options: the reaction rate|the transform rate|time zone|reaction scale", "answer": "the reaction rate", "id": "sciq_extra_763", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of climate does the coast of california have?", "context": "Mediterranean climates are found on the western coasts of continents. The latitudes are between 30° and 45°. The coast of California has a Mediterranean climate. Temperatures are mild and rainfall is moderate. Most of the rain falls in the winter, and summers are dry. To make it through the dry summers, short woody plants are common. | Options: mediterranean|rainforest|tropical|arctic", "answer": "mediterranean", "id": "sciq_extra_764", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Solutions of nonelectrolytes such as ethanol do not contain dissolved ions and cannot conduct what?", "context": "Figure 11.7 Solutions of nonelectrolytes such as ethanol do not contain dissolved ions and cannot conduct electricity. Solutions of electrolytes contain ions that permit the passage of electricity. The conductivity of an electrolyte solution is related to the strength of the electrolyte. | Options: electricity|sound|current|light", "answer": "electricity", "id": "sciq_extra_765", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most diplomonads and parabasalids are found in what kind of environment?", "context": "Options: anaerobic|acidic|enzymatic|skeletal", "answer": "anaerobic", "id": "sciq_extra_766", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oxygen is an element in what form of matter?", "context": "Physical properties include the state of matter and its color and odor. For example, oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas. Chlorine is a greenish gas with a strong, sharp odor. Other physical properties include hardness, freezing and boiling points, the ability to dissolve in other substances, and the ability to conduct heat or electricity. These properties are demonstrated in Figure below . Can you think of other physical properties?. | Options: gas|liquid|solid|plasma", "answer": "gas", "id": "sciq_extra_767", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do experts estimate is the cause for the extinction of hundreds of species every year?", "context": "Options: human activities|migration|predation|intraspecies competition", "answer": "human activities", "id": "sciq_extra_768", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What branch of science is concerned with matter and the changes that it can undergo?", "context": "Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter can undergo. | Options: chemistry|geology|physiology|biology", "answer": "chemistry", "id": "sciq_extra_769", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "No charge is actually created or destroyed when charges are separated as we have been discussing. rather, existing charges are moved about. in fact, in all situations the total amount of charge is always this?", "context": "No charge is actually created or destroyed when charges are separated as we have been discussing. Rather, existing charges are moved about. In fact, in all situations the total amount of charge is always constant. This universally obeyed law of nature is called the law of conservation of charge. Law of Conservation of Charge Total charge is constant in any process. | Options: constant|more|smaller|less", "answer": "constant", "id": "sciq_extra_770", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of molecules help the plasma membrane keep its shape?", "context": "The plasma membrane contains molecules other than phospholipids, primarily other lipids and proteins. The green molecules in Figure below , for example, are the lipid cholesterol. Molecules of cholesterol help the plasma membrane keep its shape. Many of the proteins in the plasma membrane assist other substances in crossing the membrane. | Options: cholesterol|proteins|magnesium|metabolic", "answer": "cholesterol", "id": "sciq_extra_771", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Unlike matter, which is continuously recycled through ecosystems, what must constantly be added to an ecosystem for use by organisms?", "context": "Energy must constantly be added to an ecosystem for use by organisms. Matter, on the other hand, is continuously recycled through ecosystems. | Options: energy|hydrogen|fuel|carbon", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_772", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What form of matter has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape?", "context": "Ocean water is an example of a liquid. A liquid is matter that has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. Instead, a liquid takes the shape of its container. If the volume of a liquid is less than the volume of its container, the top surface will be exposed to the air, like the oil in the bottles in Figure below . | Options: liquid|mixture|gas|solid", "answer": "liquid", "id": "sciq_extra_773", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why is closed reduction simpler than open reduction in bone repair?", "context": "6.5 | Fractures: Bone Repair By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Differentiate among the different types of fractures • Describe the steps involved in bone repair A fracture is a broken bone. It will heal whether or not a physician resets it in its anatomical position. If the bone is not reset correctly, the healing process will keep the bone in its deformed position. When a broken bone is manipulated and set into its natural position without surgery, the procedure is called a closed reduction. Open reduction requires surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone. While some fractures can be minor, others are quite severe and result in grave complications. For example, a fractured diaphysis of the femur has the potential to release fat globules into the bloodstream. These can become lodged in the capillary beds of the lungs, leading to respiratory distress and if not treated quickly, death. | Options: no surgery needed|no medicine needed|no pain pills needed|no treatment needed", "answer": "no surgery needed", "id": "sciq_extra_774", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do methanogens act as in sewage treatment plants?", "context": "Options: as decomposers|creators|fertilizers|killers", "answer": "as decomposers", "id": "sciq_extra_775", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When resources are limited, populations exhibit what type of growth?", "context": "Figure 45.9 When resources are unlimited, populations exhibit exponential growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. When resources are limited, populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, and it levels off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve. | Options: logistic growth|efficient growth|component growth|lasting growth", "answer": "logistic growth", "id": "sciq_extra_776", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What protects the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system?", "context": "35.3 The Central Nervous System The vertebrate central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal cord, which are covered and protected by three meninges. The brain contains structurally and functionally defined regions. In mammals, these include the cortex (which can be broken down into four primary functional lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal), basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebellum, and brainstem—although structures in some of these designations overlap. While functions may be primarily localized to one structure in the brain, most complex functions, like language and sleep, involve neurons in multiple brain regions. The spinal cord is the information superhighway that connects the brain with the rest of the body through its connections with peripheral nerves. It transmits sensory and motor input and also controls motor reflexes. | Options: meninges|neutrophils|dermis|Flexing", "answer": "meninges", "id": "sciq_extra_777", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Heating ice to its melting point (0°c) gives its molecules enough energy to do what?", "context": "Adding energy to matter gives its atoms or molecules the ability to resist some of the forces holding them together. For example, heating ice to its melting point (0°C) gives its molecules enough energy to move. The ice melts and becomes liquid water. Similarly, heating liquid water to its boiling point (100°C) gives its molecules enough energy to pull apart from one another so they no longer have contact. The liquid water vaporizes and becomes water vapor. | Options: move|settle|evaporate|freeze", "answer": "move", "id": "sciq_extra_778", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occur in arteries that can cause heart attacks and strokes?", "context": "Options: clots|toxins|tumors|lesions", "answer": "clots", "id": "sciq_extra_779", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The added nutrients from fertilizer often cause excessive growth of what organism?", "context": "Water pollution comes from many sources. One of the biggest sources is runoff. Runoff picks up chemicals such as fertilizer from agricultural fields, lawns, and golf courses. It carries the chemicals to bodies of water. The added nutrients from fertilizer often cause excessive growth of algae, creating algal blooms (see Figure below ). The algae use up oxygen in the water so that other aquatic organisms cannot survive. This has occurred over large areas of the ocean, creating dead zones , where low oxygen levels have killed all ocean life. A very large dead zone exists in the Gulf of Mexico. Measures that can help prevent these problems include cutting down on fertilizer use. Preserving wetlands also helps because wetlands filter runoff water. | Options: algae|mushrooms|sediments|crustaceans", "answer": "algae", "id": "sciq_extra_780", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An increase in what levels results in sound waves that are louder and of greater intensity?", "context": "As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity and sounds are louder. For every 10-decibel increase in the intensity of sound, loudness is 10 times greater. | Options: decibel levels|radiation levels|height levels|heat levels", "answer": "decibel levels", "id": "sciq_extra_781", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is it called when two plates slide past each other in opposite directions?", "context": "Two plates may slide past each other in opposite directions. This is called a transform plate boundary . The plates meet at a transform fault . As you might imagine, plates do not slide past each other easily. These plate boundaries experience massive earthquakes. The world’s best known transform fault is the San Andreas Fault in California ( Figure below ). At this fault, the Pacific and North American plates grind past each other. Transform plate boundaries are common as offsets along mid-ocean ridges. They are very small compared to transform faults on land. | Options: transform plate boundary|plate divergence|transformation|tectonic movement", "answer": "transform plate boundary", "id": "sciq_extra_782", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What force occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth?", "context": "Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth. | Options: friction|vibration|gravity|tension", "answer": "friction", "id": "sciq_extra_783", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What structure collect fluid that leaks out from blood capillaries?", "context": "Lymph capillaries collect fluid that leaks out from blood capillaries. | Options: lymph capillaries|pulmonary capillaries|varicose veins|alveoli", "answer": "lymph capillaries", "id": "sciq_extra_784", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the eighth planet from our sun?", "context": "Neptune is shown in Figure below . It is the eighth planet from the Sun. Neptune is so far away you need a telescope to see it from Earth. Neptune is the most distant planet in our solar system. It is nearly 4.5 billion kilometers (2.8 billion miles) from the Sun. One orbit around the Sun takes Neptune 165 Earth years. | Options: neptune|earth|mars|uranus", "answer": "neptune", "id": "sciq_extra_785", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where is dna located in prokaryotic cells?", "context": "Prokaryotic cells are cells without a nucleus. The DNA in prokaryotic cells is in the cytoplasm rather than enclosed within a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic cells are found in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, like the one shown in Figure below . Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes . They were the first type of organisms to evolve and are still the most common organisms today. | Options: cytoplasm|ribosomes|cytoskeleton|mitochondria", "answer": "cytoplasm", "id": "sciq_extra_786", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Water is considered a what since it is a polar molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, so ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it?", "context": "Water’s Solvent Properties Since water is a polar molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it. Therefore, water is referred to as a solvent, a substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds. The charges associated with these molecules will form hydrogen bonds with water, surrounding the particle with water molecules. This is referred to as a sphere of hydration, or a hydration shell, as illustrated in Figure 2.15 and serves to keep the particles separated or dispersed in the water. When ionic compounds are added to water, the individual ions react with the polar regions of the water molecules and their ionic bonds are disrupted in the process of dissociation. Dissociation occurs when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium chloride): when NaCl crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions, and spheres of hydration form around the ions, illustrated in Figure 2.15. The positively charged sodium ion is surrounded by the partially negative charge of the water molecule’s oxygen. The negatively charged chloride ion is surrounded by the partially positive charge of the hydrogen on the water molecule. | Options: solvent|solute|pigment|osmotic", "answer": "solvent", "id": "sciq_extra_787", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The pressure inside a container is dependent on the amount of what inside the container?", "context": "The pressure inside a container is dependent on the amount of gas inside the container. If the basketball does not bounce high enough, the official could remedy the situation by using a hand pump and adding more air to the ball. Conversely, if it bounces too high, he could let some air out of the ball. | Options: gas|air|emissions|liquids", "answer": "gas", "id": "sciq_extra_788", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are plant structures that contain male and/or female reproductive organs?", "context": "Some seed plants evolved another major adaptation. This was the formation of seeds in flowers. Flowers are plant structures that contain male and/or female reproductive organs. | Options: flowers|roots|stems|leaves", "answer": "flowers", "id": "sciq_extra_789", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each species has a particular way of making a living which is called its what?", "context": "Each species has a particular way of making a living. This is called its niche . You can see the niche of a lion in Figure below . A lion makes its living by hunting and eating other animals. Each species also has a certain place where it is best suited to live. This is called its habitat . The lion’s habitat is a grassland. Why is a lion better off in a grassland than in a forest?. | Options: niche|habit|system|life-cycle", "answer": "niche", "id": "sciq_extra_790", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction continue to occur, so chemical equilibrium is said to be what, rather than static?", "context": "One thing to note about equilibrium is that the reactions do not stop; both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction continue to occur. They both occur at the same rate, so any overall change by one reaction is cancelled by the reverse reaction. We say that chemical equilibrium is dynamic, rather than static. Also, because both reactions are occurring simultaneously, the equilibrium can be written backward. For example, representing an equilibrium as. | Options: dynamic|abrasive|fluid|stable", "answer": "dynamic", "id": "sciq_extra_791", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains protective white blood cells but does not contain erythrocytes?", "context": "The Lymphatic System Lymph is the watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains protective white blood cells but does not contain erythrocytes. Lymph moves about the body through the lymphatic system, which is made up of vessels, lymph ducts, lymph glands, and organs, such as tonsils, adenoids, thymus, and spleen. Although the immune system is characterized by circulating cells throughout the body, the regulation, maturation, and intercommunication of immune factors occur at specific sites. The blood circulates immune cells, proteins, and other factors through the body. Approximately 0.1 percent of all cells in the blood are leukocytes, which include monocytes (the precursor of macrophages) and lymphocytes. Most cells in the blood are red blood cells. Cells of the immune system can travel between the distinct lymphatic and blood circulatory systems, which are separated by interstitial space, by a process called extravasation (passing through to surrounding tissue). Recall that cells of the immune system originate from stem cells in the bone marrow. B cell maturation occurs in the bone marrow, whereas progenitor cells migrate from the bone marrow and develop and mature into naïve T cells in the organ called the thymus. On maturation, T and B lymphocytes circulate to various destinations. Lymph nodes scattered throughout the body house large populations of T and B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages (Figure 17.19). Lymph gathers antigens as it drains from tissues", "answer": "lymph", "id": "sciq_extra_792", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many openings do adult tunicates have that siphon water in and out of the body?", "context": "Adult tunicates are barrel-shaped. They have two openings that siphon water into and out of the body. The flow of water provides food for filter feeding. Tunicates reproduce sexually. Each individual produces both male and female gametes. However, they avoid self-fertilization. Tunicates can also reproduce asexually by budding. | Options: two|three|four|one", "answer": "two", "id": "sciq_extra_793", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the combined forces acting on an object?", "context": "The combined forces acting on an object are called the net force. When forces act in opposite directions, they are subtracted to yield the net force. When they act in the same direction, they are added to yield the net force. | Options: net force|total impact|blunt force|critical force", "answer": "net force", "id": "sciq_extra_794", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the first stage of photosynthesis?", "context": "The first stage of photosynthesis is called the light reactions. During this stage, light is absorbed and transformed to chemical energy in the bonds of NADPH and ATP. You can follow the process in the Figure below as you read about it below. | Options: light reactions|consumption|absorption|contamination", "answer": "light reactions", "id": "sciq_extra_795", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are endothermic tetrapod vertebrates most commonly called?", "context": "Birds are endothermic tetrapod vertebrates. They are bipedal, which means they walk on two legs. Birds also lay amniotic eggs, and the eggs have hard, calcium carbonate shells. Although birds are the most recent class of vertebrates to evolve, they are now the most numerous vertebrates on Earth. Why have birds been so successful? What traits allowed them to increase and diversify so rapidly?. | Options: birds|insects|reptiles|mammals", "answer": "birds", "id": "sciq_extra_796", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the space between a neuron and the next cell?", "context": "It literally jumps by way of a chemical transmitter. Notice the two cells are not connected, but separated by a small gap. The synapse. The space between a neuron and the next cell. | Options: the synapse|neurotransmitter passage|dendritic gap|cell divide", "answer": "the synapse", "id": "sciq_extra_797", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Free fatty acids are carboxylic acids that contain long chains of what?", "context": "In the Figure below , we see the structures of some common classes of lipids. Free fatty acids are carboxylic acids that contain long hydrocarbon chains. Saturated fatty acids are alkanes with a single carboxylic acid, whereas unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more C-C double bonds. Fatty acids often form esters with one of the alcohol functional groups on glycerol , a three carbon chain in which each carbon is bonded to one OH group. Triglycerides are common structures, in which all three of these OH groups are esterified with a fatty acid. The three fatty acids in a triglyceride may be the same or different. Another common structure is a phospholipid, in which two of the alcohols in glycerol form esters with fatty acids, and the third is connected to a very polar phosphorus-containing group. | Options: hydrocarbons|vapors|lipds|particles", "answer": "hydrocarbons", "id": "sciq_extra_798", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call nutrients that your body needs in fairly large amounts?", "context": "Macronutrients are nutrients the body needs in relatively large amounts. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and water. | Options: macronutrients|B-complex|super foods|antioxidants", "answer": "macronutrients", "id": "sciq_extra_799", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most important function of enzymes in animals?", "context": "In animals, an important function of enzymes is to help digest food. Digestive enzymes speed up reactions that break down large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules the body can use. Without digestive enzymes, animals would not be able to break down food molecules quickly enough to provide the energy and nutrients they need to survive. | Options: help digest food|carry oxygen|transport messages|excrete waste", "answer": "help digest food", "id": "sciq_extra_800", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "After coming apart from the crystal, the individual ions are then surrounded by solvent particles in a process called what?", "context": "After coming apart from the crystal, the individual ions are then surrounded by solvent particles in a process called solvation . Note that the individual Na + ions are surrounded by water molecules with the oxygen atom oriented near the positive ion. Likewise, the chloride ions are surrounded by water molecules with the opposite orientation. Hydration is the process of solute particles being surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner. Hydration helps to stabilize aqueous solutions by preventing the positive and negative ions from coming back together and forming a precipitate. | Options: solvation|osmosis|ionization|hydrolysis", "answer": "solvation", "id": "sciq_extra_801", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A battery is a multiple connection of what kind of cells?", "context": "Multiple Voltage Sources There are two voltage sources when a battery charger is used. Voltage sources connected in series are relatively simple. When voltage sources are in series, their internal resistances add and their emfs add algebraically. (See Figure 21.15. ) Series connections of voltage sources are common—for example, in flashlights, toys, and other appliances. Usually, the cells are in series in order to produce a larger total emf. But if the cells oppose one another, such as when one is put into an appliance backward, the total emf is less, since it is the algebraic sum of the individual emfs. A battery is a multiple connection of voltaic cells, as shown in Figure 21.16. The disadvantage of series connections of cells is that their internal resistances add. One of the authors once owned a 1957 MGA that had two 6-V batteries in series, rather than a single 12-V battery. This arrangement produced a large internal resistance that caused him many problems in starting the engine. | Options: voltaic cells|cabri cells|organic cells|localweather cells", "answer": "voltaic cells", "id": "sciq_extra_802", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is needed for a person to be affected by an autosomal dominant disorder?", "context": "Autosomal Dominant Only one mutated allele is needed for a person to be affected by an autosomal dominant disorder . Each affected person usually has one affected parent. There is a 50% chance that a child will inherit the mutated gene. Huntingtons disease, Achondroplasia, Neurofibromatosis 1, Marfan Syndrome, Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. | Options: one mutated allele|extra alleles|one less chromosome|one isolated allele", "answer": "one mutated allele", "id": "sciq_extra_803", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The rocks athe mid-ocean ridge are nearly free of what?", "context": "Scientists discovered another way to tell the approximate age of seafloor rocks. The rocks at the mid-ocean ridge crest are nearly sediment free. The crust is also very thin there. With distance from the ridge crest, the sediments and crust get thicker. This also supports the idea that the youngest rocks are on the ridge axis, and that the rocks get older with distance away from the ridge ( Figure below ). This is because the crust is new at the ridge, and so it is thin and has no sediment. The crust gets older away from the ridge crest. It has cooled and has more sediment. | Options: sediment|minerals|scratches|metals", "answer": "sediment", "id": "sciq_extra_804", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we call a simple machine that consists of a rope and grooved wheel?", "context": "A pulley is a simple machine that consists of a rope and grooved wheel. Single pulleys may be fixed or moveable. Single and moveable pulleys may be combined in a compound pulley. The ideal mechanical advantage of a pulley or compound pulley is always equal to or greater than 1. Fixed pulleys and some compound pulleys also change the direction of the input force. | Options: pulley|axle|lever|pedal", "answer": "pulley", "id": "sciq_extra_805", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call health-promoting molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules?", "context": "Antioxidants are important for the health of a cell. An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent, producing free radicals in the process. These free radicals initiate a chain reaction in the cell that can cause cell damage, or can lead to cell death. Antioxidants prevent these chain reactions from even initiating. | Options: antioxidants|neurotransmitters|nutrients|hormones", "answer": "antioxidants", "id": "sciq_extra_806", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In a correctly balanced equation, all coefficients must be what kind of numbers?", "context": "In a correctly balanced equation, all coefficients must be whole numbers. However, the use of fractions can be helpful as a way of finding the correct coefficients. If all atoms in an equation are balanced but some have fractional coefficients, multiply all coefficients in the entire equation (including those not explicitly written!) by the lowest common denominator to get the final balanced equation. | Options: whole|prime|negative|fractional", "answer": "whole", "id": "sciq_extra_807", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Highly reactive nonmetals, which only accept electrons and do not give them up, make poor what?", "context": "Some nonmetals, such as bromine, have an outer energy level that is almost full. They \"want\" to gain electrons so they will have a full outer energy level. As a result, these nonmetals are very reactive. Because they only accept electrons and do not give them up, they do not conduct electricity. | Options: electricity conductors|alloys|insulators|electromagnets", "answer": "electricity conductors", "id": "sciq_extra_808", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the passing of traits from parents to offspring called?", "context": "As scientists learned more about heredity - the passing of traits from parents to offspring - over the next few decades, they were able to describe Mendel’s ideas about inheritance in terms of genes. In this way, the field of genetics was born. At the link that follows, you can watch an animation of Mendel explaining his laws of inheritance in genetic terms. http://www. dnalc. org/view/16182-Animation-4-Some-genes-are-dominant-. html. | Options: heredity|variability|cell division|mutation", "answer": "heredity", "id": "sciq_extra_809", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most important source of electromagnetic waves on earth?", "context": "The most important source of electromagnetic waves on Earth is the sun. Many other sources of electromagnetic waves depend on technology. | Options: the sun|clouds|the ocean|the moon", "answer": "the sun", "id": "sciq_extra_810", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which part of the atmosphere do greenhouse gasses trap heat in?", "context": "Greenhouse gases trap heat in the troposphere. Some greenhouse gases can trap more heat than others. | Options: troposphere|thermosphere|lithosphere|stratosphere", "answer": "troposphere", "id": "sciq_extra_811", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How are the fetuses of eutherian mammals connected to their mothers during gestation?", "context": "Eutherians are the most widespread of the mammals, occurring throughout the world. There are 18 to 20 orders of placental mammals. Some examples are Insectivora, the insect eaters; Edentata, the toothless anteaters; Rodentia, the rodents; Cetacea, the aquatic mammals including whales; Carnivora, carnivorous mammals including dogs, cats, and bears; and Primates, which includes humans. Eutherian mammals are sometimes called placental mammals because all species possess a complex placenta that connects a fetus to the mother, allowing for gas, fluid, and nutrient exchange. While other mammals possess a less complex placenta or briefly have a placenta, all eutherians possess a complex placenta during gestation. | Options: complex placenta|visual placenta|altered placenta|Movement Placenta", "answer": "complex placenta", "id": "sciq_extra_812", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vivipary refers to the development and nourishment of a what?", "context": "Vivipary refers to the development and nourishment of an embryo within the mother’s body. Birth may be followed by a period of parental care of the offspring. This reproductive strategy occurs in almost all mammals. | Options: embryo|seed|egg|nucleus", "answer": "embryo", "id": "sciq_extra_813", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the flattened, disk-shaped cells in blood that carry oxygen?", "context": "Red blood cells (RBCs) are flattened, disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen. They are the most common blood cell in the blood. There are about 4 to 6 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood. Each RBC has about 200 million molecules of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin also gives the red blood cells their red color. | Options: red blood cells|plasma|platlets|white blood cells", "answer": "red blood cells", "id": "sciq_extra_814", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is matter in the universe that does not emit light called?", "context": "matter in the universe that does not emit light. | Options: dark matter|cold matter|hidden matter|black matter", "answer": "dark matter", "id": "sciq_extra_815", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Without particles, water vapor could not do what?", "context": "Air includes many tiny particles. The particulates may consist of dust, soil, salt, smoke, or ash. Some particulates pollute the air and may make it unhealthy to breathe. But having particles in the air is very important. Tiny particles are needed for water vapor to condense on. Without particles, water vapor could not condense. Then clouds could not form, and Earth would have no rain. | Options: condense|dissipate|dilute|evaporate", "answer": "condense", "id": "sciq_extra_816", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sounds are produced when muscles in what organ are tensed, stretching the cords so they vibrate?", "context": "Options: larnyx|throat|thorax|diaphragm", "answer": "larnyx", "id": "sciq_extra_817", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is most energy that is lost to the environment lost as?", "context": "Most energy is lost to the environment as heat. | Options: heat|gravity|vapor|precipitation", "answer": "heat", "id": "sciq_extra_818", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the resultant waste product of photosynthesis?", "context": "What is produced by the plant cell during photosynthesis? The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. This means they are produced at the end of photosynthesis. Glucose , the food of plants, can be used to store energy in the form of large carbohydrate molecules. Glucose is a simple sugar molecule which can be combined with other glucose molecules to form large carbohydrates, such as starch. Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. It is released into the atmosphere through the stomata. As you know, animals need oxygen to live. Without photosynthetic organisms like plants, there would not be enough oxygen in the atmosphere for animals to survive. | Options: oxygen|carbon|argon|sulfur", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_819", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for a measure of both speed and direction?", "context": "Velocity is a measure of both speed and direction. It is a vector that can be represented by an arrow. Velocity changes with a change in speed, a change in direction, or both. | Options: velocity|acceleration|momentum|intensity", "answer": "velocity", "id": "sciq_extra_820", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel?", "context": "A stream is a body of freshwater that flows downhill in a channel. The channel of a stream has a bottom, or bed, and sides called banks. Any size body of flowing water can be called a stream. Usually, though, a large stream is called a river . | Options: a stream|a river|an eddy|a creek", "answer": "a stream", "id": "sciq_extra_821", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What form of reproduction creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent?", "context": "Options: asexual|microscopic|primitive|sexual", "answer": "asexual", "id": "sciq_extra_822", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Asteroids, comets, and planets move around the sun in curved paths called what?", "context": "Earth and many other bodies—including asteroids, comets, and the other planets—move around the sun in curved paths called orbits. Generally, the orbits are elliptical, or oval, in shape. You can see the shape of Earth’s orbit in the Figure below . Because of the sun’s relatively strong gravity, Earth and the other bodies constantly fall toward the sun, but they stay far enough away from the sun because of their forward velocity to fall around the sun instead of into it. As a result, they keep orbiting the sun and never crash to its surface. The motion of Earth and the other bodies around the sun is called orbital motion . Orbital motion occurs whenever an object is moving forward and at the same time is pulled by gravity toward another object. You can explore orbital motion and gravity in depth with the animation at this URL:. | Options: orbits|satellites|curves|ellipticals", "answer": "orbits", "id": "sciq_extra_823", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The primary motor cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?", "context": "Primary Motor Cortex The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. A neurosurgeon, Walter Penfield, described much of the basic understanding of the primary motor cortex by electrically stimulating the surface of the cerebrum. Penfield would probe the surface of the cortex while the patient was only under local anesthesia so that he could observe responses to the stimulation. This led to the belief that the precentral gyrus directly stimulated muscle movement. We now know that the primary motor cortex receives input from several areas that aid in planning movement, and its principle output stimulates spinal cord neurons to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction. The primary motor cortex is arranged in a similar fashion to the primary somatosensory cortex, in that it has a topographical map of the body, creating a motor homunculus (see Figure 14.23). The neurons responsible for musculature in the feet and lower legs are in the medial wall of the precentral gyrus, with the thighs, trunk, and shoulder at the crest of the longitudinal fissure. The hand and face are in the lateral face of the gyrus. Also, the relative space allotted for the different regions is exaggerated in muscles that have greater enervation. The greatest amount of cortical space is given to muscles that perform fine, agile movements, such as the muscles of the fingers and the lower face. The “power muscles” that perform coarser movements, such as the buttock and back muscles,", "answer": "frontal", "id": "sciq_extra_824", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The beginning of what season experiences the shortest period of daylight hours?", "context": "Options: winter|spring|summer|autumn", "answer": "winter", "id": "sciq_extra_825", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The sex of developing crocodilians is determined by what during incubation?", "context": "The sex of developing crocodilians is determined by the temperature of the eggs during incubation. | Options: the temperature of the eggs|the color of the eggs|the size of the eggs|the location of the eggs", "answer": "the temperature of the eggs", "id": "sciq_extra_826", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the two main types of star clusters?", "context": "The two main types of star clusters are open clusters and globular clusters. | Options: open and globular|open and supergiant|closed and spherical|open and elliptical", "answer": "open and globular", "id": "sciq_extra_827", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Many species of flowering plants have coevolved with specific what?", "context": "Options: pollinators|predators|climates|spores", "answer": "pollinators", "id": "sciq_extra_828", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Do most waves strike the shore head on or at an angle?", "context": "Most waves strike the shore at an angle. This creates longshore currents, which are described in the concept \"Surface Ocean Currents. \". | Options: at an angle|side on|head on|at a distance", "answer": "at an angle", "id": "sciq_extra_829", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What ingredient has been used in brewing, winemaking and baking for thousands of years?", "context": "Options: yeast|flour|fruit|oils", "answer": "yeast", "id": "sciq_extra_830", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg. the fibula is the slender bone of the lateral side of the leg and does not do what?", "context": "Figure 8.18 Tibia and Fibula The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone located on the medial side of the leg. The fibula is the slender bone of the lateral side of the leg and does not bear weight. | Options: bear weight|resist weight|support weight|drive weight", "answer": "bear weight", "id": "sciq_extra_831", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are reptiles unable to absorb through their skin because of scales?", "context": "The scales of reptiles prevent them from absorbing oxygen through their skin, as amphibians can. Instead, reptiles breathe air only through their lungs. However, their lungs are more efficient than the lungs of amphibians, with more surface area for gas exchange. This is another important reptile adaptation for life on land. | Options: oxygen|food|water|carbon", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_832", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All types of cells are enclosed by what?", "context": "Regardless of the type of organism, all living cells share certain basic structures. For example, all cells are enclosed by a membrane. The cell membrane separates the cell from its environment. It also controls what enters or leaves the cell. | Options: membrane|substrate|cell wall|stoma", "answer": "membrane", "id": "sciq_extra_833", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What causes symptoms associated with sickle-cell disease?", "context": "Metalloids are the smallest class of elements, containing just six members: boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te). Metalloids have some properties of metals (elements that can conduct electricity) and some properties of nonmetals (elements that cannot conduct electricity). For example, most metalloids can conduct electricity, but not as well as metals. Metalloids also tend to be shiny like metals, but brittle like nonmetals. Chemically, metalloids may behave like metals or nonmetals, depending on their number of valence electrons. You can learn more about specific metalloids by clicking on the element symbols in the periodic table at this URL: http://www. chemicool. com/ . | Options: pleiotropic effects|genetic drift|spontaneous mutation|transgene effects", "answer": "pleiotropic effects", "id": "sciq_extra_834", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Candida and trichophyton are examples of disease-causing types of what organisms, which become parasitic?", "context": "Some fungi cause disease when they become human parasites. Two examples are fungi in the genera Candida and Trichophyton. | Options: fungi|yeast|bacteria|viruses", "answer": "fungi", "id": "sciq_extra_835", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of cells detect stimuli?", "context": "Animals can detect environmental stimuli, such as light, sound, and touch. Stimuli are detected by sensory nerve cells. The information is transmitted and processed by the nervous system. The nervous system, in turn, may direct the body to respond. | Options: sensory nerve cells|expressive nerve cells|grid nerve cells|muscle cells", "answer": "sensory nerve cells", "id": "sciq_extra_836", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What 3 things do animals need to live and survive?", "context": "Options: air, water, and food|air, water, and socialization|sex, water, and sleep|water, food, and an ecosystem", "answer": "air, water, and food", "id": "sciq_extra_837", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The cultivated forms of wheat, cotton, and tobacco plants are all what?", "context": "The cultivated forms of wheat, cotton, and tobacco plants are all allopolyploids. Although polyploidy occurs occasionally in animals, it takes place most commonly in plants. (Animals with any of the types of chromosomal aberrations described here are unlikely to survive and produce normal offspring. ) Scientists have discovered more than half of all plant species studied relate back to a species evolved through polyploidy. With such a high rate of polyploidy in plants, some scientists hypothesize that this mechanism takes place more as an adaptation than as an error. | Options: allopolyploids|pores|sporozoans|bales", "answer": "allopolyploids", "id": "sciq_extra_838", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A hydrogen atom with one neutron is called what?", "context": "Hydrogen is an example of an element that has isotopes. Three isotopes of hydrogen are modeled in the Figure below . Most hydrogen atoms have just one proton and one electron and lack a neutron. These atoms are just called hydrogen. Some hydrogen atoms have one neutron as well. These atoms are the isotope named deuterium. Other hydrogen atoms have two neutrons. These atoms are the isotope named tritium. For animated versions of these hydrogen isotopes, go to this URL: http://www. s-cool. co. uk/a-level/physics/atomic-structure/revise-it/isotopes . | Options: deuterium|covalent|magnesium|ionic", "answer": "deuterium", "id": "sciq_extra_839", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What compounds form crystals instead of molecules?", "context": "Ionic compounds form crystals instead of molecules. Ionic bonds are strong and the crystals are rigid. As a result, ionic compounds are brittle solids with high melting and boiling points. In the liquid state or dissolved in water, ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity. | Options: ionic compounds|metallic compounds|soluble compounds|magnetic compounds", "answer": "ionic compounds", "id": "sciq_extra_840", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process by which plants make the simple sugar glucose from carbon dioxide and water is called?", "context": "One of the most important series of endothermic reactions is photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plants make the simple sugar glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O). They also release oxygen (O 2 ) in the process. The reactions of photosynthesis are summed up by this chemical equation:. | Options: photosynthesis|glycolysis|metamorphosis|osmosis", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_841", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The three units of kpa, atm or mmhg commonly measure what?", "context": "Bone: Christopher Auyeung; Tonsils: User:Klem/Wikimedia Commons; Spleen: Henry Gray; Thymus: User:LearnAnatomy/Wikipedia. Each lymph organ has a different job in the immune system . Bone: CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0; Tonsils and Thymus: CC-BY 3.0; Spleen: Public Domain. | Options: pressure|resistance|weight|energy", "answer": "pressure", "id": "sciq_extra_842", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The behavior of ideal gases is explained by what theory of gases?", "context": "Summary The behavior of ideal gases is explained by the kinetic molecular theory of gases. Molecular motion, which leads to collisions between molecules and the container walls, explains pressure, and the large intermolecular distances in gases explain their high compressibility. Although all gases have the same average kinetic energy at a given temperature, they do not all possess the same root mean square (rms) speed (vrms). The actual values of speed and kinetic energy are not the same for all particles of a gas but are given by a Boltzmann distribution, in which some molecules have higher or lower speeds (and kinetic energies) than average. Diffusion is the gradual mixing of gases to form a sample of uniform composition even in the absence of mechanical agitation. In contrast,effusion is the escape of a gas from a container through a tiny opening into an evacuated space. The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass (Graham’s law), a relationship that closely approximates the rate of diffusion. As a result, light gases tend to diffuse and effuse much more rapidly than heavier gases. The mean free path of a molecule is the average distance it travels between collisions. | Options: kinetic molecular theory|molecular theory|Charles's Law|kinetic theory", "answer": "kinetic molecular theory", "id": "sciq_extra_843", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Besides ingesting and photosynthesis how can protists get their food?", "context": "Protists get food through ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis. | Options: absorption|digestion|accumulation|osmosis", "answer": "absorption", "id": "sciq_extra_844", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The male gametophyte releases what, which swim - propelled by their flagella - to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg?", "context": "the pterophytes, from which modern ferns are derived. The life cycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations. The completion of the life cycle requires water, as the male gametes must swim to the female gametes. The male gametophyte releases sperm, which must swim—propelled by their flagella—to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote matures and grows into a sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia, or \"spore vessels,” in which mother cells undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores. The release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. | Options: sperm|cytoplasm|tadpoles|dna", "answer": "sperm", "id": "sciq_extra_845", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What causes the wheels of the car to turn?", "context": "In a car, the moving piston rotates a crankshaft, which turns a driveshaft. The turning driveshaft causes the wheels of the car to turn. | Options: turning driveshaft|Wheel Line|once driveshaft|Gear Shift", "answer": "turning driveshaft", "id": "sciq_extra_846", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "While the goal of science is to increase knowledge, the goal of what is to use knowledge for practical purposes?", "context": "Technology is sometimes referred to as applied science, but it has a different goal than science. The goal of science is to increase knowledge. The goal of technology is to use knowledge for practical purposes. | Options: technology|advancement|invention|industry", "answer": "technology", "id": "sciq_extra_847", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the two terms that designate how well aqueous solutions conduct electricity?", "context": "Aqueous solutions can be classified as polar or nonpolar depending on how well they conduct electricity. | Options: polar and nonpolar|secular and nonpolar|filter and nonpolar|hot and nonpolar", "answer": "polar and nonpolar", "id": "sciq_extra_848", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The concept that atoms tend to have eight electrons in their valence electron shell is called what?", "context": "The octet rule is the concept that atoms tend to have eight electrons in their valence electron shell. | Options: octet rule|string rule|diagonal rule|coupling rule", "answer": "octet rule", "id": "sciq_extra_849", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What separates one river system's basin from another river system's basin?", "context": "stresses that push toward each other, which causes a decrease in the space a rock takes up. | Options: a divide|a bend|a divert|a sink", "answer": "a divide", "id": "sciq_extra_850", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system possesses a memory component that allows for an efficient and dramatic response upon reinvasion of the same pathogen?", "context": "Immunological Memory The adaptive immune system possesses a memory component that allows for an efficient and dramatic response upon reinvasion of the same pathogen. Memory is handled by the adaptive immune system with little reliance on cues from the innate response. During the adaptive immune response to a pathogen that has not been encountered before, called a primary response, plasma cells secreting antibodies and differentiated T cells increase, then plateau over time. As B and T cells mature into effector cells, a subset of the naïve populations differentiates into B and T memory cells with the same antigen specificities, as illustrated in Figure 42.16. A memory cell is an antigen-specific B or T lymphocyte that does not differentiate into effector cells during the primary immune response, but that can immediately become effector cells upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. During the primary immune response, memory cells do not respond to antigens and do not contribute to host defenses. As the infection is cleared and pathogenic stimuli subside, the effectors are no longer needed, and they undergo apoptosis. In contrast, the memory cells persist in the circulation. | Options: adaptive immune system|incorporate immune system|societal immune system|suggestive immune system", "answer": "adaptive immune system", "id": "sciq_extra_851", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Honeybees doing the waggle dance or spiders spinning a web are examples of what type of behavior?", "context": "Examples of innate behavior include honeybees doing the waggle dance or spiders spinning a web. | Options: innate|intuitive|genuine|learned", "answer": "innate", "id": "sciq_extra_852", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What glands remove water, salts and other wastes from skin?", "context": "Skin Sweat glands remove water, salts, and other wastes. Integumentary system. | Options: sweat glands|sex glands|push glands|water glands", "answer": "sweat glands", "id": "sciq_extra_853", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A series of arches that support the gills of aquatic amphibians and fish are known as what?", "context": "The branchial arches , a series of arches that support the gills of aquatic amphibians and fishes. They lie close to the body's surface. | Options: branchial arches|cochlear arches|aquatic arches|scythian arches", "answer": "branchial arches", "id": "sciq_extra_854", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term, calculated by multiplying heart contractions by stroke volume, means the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute?", "context": "Blood Pressure Regulation Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying the number of heart contractions that occur per minute (heart rate) times the stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped into the aorta per contraction of the left ventricle). Therefore, cardiac output can be increased by increasing heart rate, as when exercising. However, cardiac output can also be increased by increasing stroke volume, such as if the heart contracts with greater strength. Stroke volume can also be increased by speeding blood circulation through the body so that more blood enters the heart between contractions. During heavy exertion, the blood vessels relax and increase in diameter, offsetting the increased heart rate and ensuring adequate oxygenated blood gets to the muscles. Stress triggers a decrease in the diameter of the blood vessels, consequently increasing blood pressure. These changes can also be caused by nerve signals or hormones, and even standing up or lying down can have a great effect on blood pressure. | Options: cardiac output|liver output|respiratory output|blood output", "answer": "cardiac output", "id": "sciq_extra_855", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Birds are thought to have evolved from a group of bipedal dinosaurs called what?", "context": "Birds are thought to have evolved from a group of bipedal dinosaurs called theropods . The ancestor of birds was probably similar to the theropod called Deinonychus, which is represented by the sketch in Figure below . Fossils of Deinonychus were first identified in the 1960s. This was an extremely important discovery. It finally convinced most scientists that birds had descended from dinosaurs, which had been debated for almost a century. | Options: therapods|pteradactyls|sporozoans|staurikosaurus", "answer": "therapods", "id": "sciq_extra_856", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the third class of elements after metals and nonmetals?", "context": "Elements in different groups are lumped together in one of three classes, depending on their properties. The classes are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Knowing the class of an element lets you predict many of its properties. The video at the URL below is a good introduction to the classes. | Options: metalloids|halogens|synthetics|noble gases", "answer": "metalloids", "id": "sciq_extra_857", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Proteins are categorized according to shape and what property, which correlates with it?", "context": "Each of the thousands of naturally occurring proteins has its own characteristic amino acid composition and sequence that result in a unique three-dimensional shape. Since the 1950s, scientists have determined the amino acid sequences and three-dimensional conformation of numerous proteins and thus obtained important clues on how each protein performs its specific function in the body. Proteins are compounds of high molar mass consisting largely or entirely of chains of amino acids. Because of their great complexity, protein molecules cannot be classified on the basis of specific structural similarities, as carbohydrates and lipids are categorized. The two major structural classifications of proteins are based on far more general qualities: whether the protein is (1) fiberlike and insoluble or (2) globular and soluble. Some proteins, such as those that compose hair, skin, muscles, and connective tissue, are fiberlike. These fibrous proteins are insoluble in water and usually serve structural, connective, and protective functions. Examples of fibrous proteins are keratins, collagens, myosins, and elastins. Hair and the outer layer of skin are composed of keratin. Connective tissues contain collagen. Myosins are muscle proteins and are capable of contraction and extension. Elastins are found in ligaments and the elastic tissue of artery walls. Globular proteins, the other major class, are soluble in aqueous media. In these proteins, the chains are folded so that the molecule as", "answer": "solubility", "id": "sciq_extra_858", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Melting ice is drastically impacting the number of what at glacier national park?", "context": "In Glacier National Park ( Figure below ), many glaciers have become ice sheets. In 1850, the park had 150 glaciers. There are only about 25 today. The reason that there is so much melting is that summer temperatures have risen. Scientists estimate that the park will have no active glaciers as early as 2020. | Options: active glaciers|gaisers|trees|icebergs", "answer": "active glaciers", "id": "sciq_extra_859", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What element is present in all organic molecules?", "context": "The Carbon Cycle Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in living organisms. Carbon is present in all organic molecules, and its role in the structure of macromolecules is of primary importance to living organisms. Carbon compounds contain energy, and many of these compounds from plants and algae have remained stored as fossilized carbon, which humans use as fuel. Since the 1800s, the use of fossil fuels has accelerated. As global demand for Earth’s limited fossil fuel supplies has risen since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased as the fuels are burned. This increase in carbon dioxide has been associated with climate change and is a major environmental concern worldwide. | Options: carbon|oxygen|sodium|hydrogen", "answer": "carbon", "id": "sciq_extra_860", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A sample of matter that has the same physical and chemical properties throughout itself is known as what?", "context": "A sample of matter that has the same physical and chemical properties throughout is called a substance. Sometimes the phrase pure substance is used, but the word pure isn’t needed. The definition of the term substance is an example of how chemistry has a specific definition for a word that is used in everyday language with a different, vaguer definition. Here, we will use the term substance with its strict chemical definition. Chemistry recognizes two different types of substances: elements and compounds. An element is the simplest type of chemical substance; it cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances by ordinary chemical means. There are about 115 elements known to science, of which 80 are stable. (The other elements are radioactive, a condition we will consider in Chapter 15 \"Nuclear Chemistry\". ) Each element has its own unique set of physical and chemical properties. Examples of elements include iron, carbon, and gold. | Options: substance|antimatter|essence|molecule", "answer": "substance", "id": "sciq_extra_861", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hepatitis b is inflammation of which organ?", "context": "Hepatitis B is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus. In many people, the immune system quickly eliminates the virus from the body. However, in a small percentage of people, the virus remains in the body and continues to cause illness. It may eventually damage the liver and increase the risk of liver cancer, which is usually fatal. | Options: the liver|the colon|the kidney|the brain", "answer": "the liver", "id": "sciq_extra_862", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If a substance has a ph value greater than 7, what does it indicate?", "context": "The strength of bases is measured on the pH scale. A pH value greater than 7 indicates a base, and the higher the number is, the stronger the base. | Options: base|acidic|neutral|volatile", "answer": "base", "id": "sciq_extra_863", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The percent yield is determined by calculating the ratio of actual yield by what?", "context": "The percent yield is determined by calculating the ratio of actual yield/theoretical yield. | Options: theoretical yield|past balance|predicted return|actual loss", "answer": "theoretical yield", "id": "sciq_extra_864", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries?", "context": "Volcanoes are located along convergent and divergent plate boundaries. They can be found in the middle of plates at hot spots. | Options: volcanoes|mezas|megaliths|dunes", "answer": "volcanoes", "id": "sciq_extra_865", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the neuron is a large structure with a central nucleus?", "context": "33.19. The large structure with a central nucleus is the cell body of the neuron. Projections from the cell body are either dendrites specialized in receiving input or a single axon specialized in transmitting impulses. Some glial cells are also shown. Astrocytes regulate the chemical environment of the nerve cell, and oligodendrocytes insulate the axon so the electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently. Other glial cells that are not shown support the nutritional and waste requirements of the neuron. Some of the glial cells are phagocytic and remove debris or damaged cells from the tissue. A nerve consists of neurons and glial cells. | Options: cell body|proteins body|Eye body|Environmental", "answer": "cell body", "id": "sciq_extra_866", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hydrogen-based fuel cells were and are used to provide what for manned space vehicles?", "context": "Hydrogen-based fuel cells were and are used to provide electricity for manned space vehicles, partly because their only chemical product is water, which could be used for drinking. However, there has been a recent resurgence in interest in fuel cells because of their potential use in electric cars. Most electric cars run on conventional batteries, which can be very heavy and expensive to replace. It is thought that fuel cells, rather than conventional batteries, might be better sources of electricity for automobiles. Several current barriers to fuel cell use in electric cars include capacity, cost, and overall energy efficiency. The 2008 Honda FCX, the first production model of a vehicle powered with a fuel cell, can hold 4.1 kg (just under 9 lb) of highly pressured H2 gas and has a range of 450 km (280 mi). It costs about $120,000–$140,000 to build, making the vehicle beyond the ability of most people to own. Finally, it always requires more energy to produce elemental hydrogen as a fuel than can be extracted from hydrogen as a fuel. As such, hydrogen is described as an energy carrier (like electricity) rather than an energy source (like oil and gas). This distinction points out a fundamental argument against fuel cells as a “better” power source. | Options: electricity|light|magnetism|gravity", "answer": "electricity", "id": "sciq_extra_867", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are plants that are adapted to very dry environments called?", "context": "Plants that live in extremely dry environments have the opposite problem: how to get and keep water. Plants that are adapted to very dry environments are called xerophytes . Their adaptations may help them increase water intake, decrease water loss, or store water when it's available. | Options: xerophytes|succulents|pores|sporozoans", "answer": "xerophytes", "id": "sciq_extra_868", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What neurons carry nerve impulses from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system?", "context": "Sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system. | Options: sensory|vascular|autonomic|axons", "answer": "sensory", "id": "sciq_extra_869", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Associated with hair follicles, what type of oil gland is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair?", "context": "Sebaceous Glands A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland that is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable. The fatty acids of sebum also have antibacterial properties, and prevent water loss from the skin in low-humidity environments. The secretion of sebum is stimulated by hormones, many of which do not become active until puberty. Thus, sebaceous glands are relatively inactive during childhood. | Options: sebaceous gland|sweat gland|melanin gland|gametes gland", "answer": "sebaceous gland", "id": "sciq_extra_870", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The five human senses are taste, touch, vision, hearing and one more. what is it?", "context": "Vision is just one of several human senses. Other human senses include hearing, touch, taste, and smell. Imagine shopping at the fruit market in Figure below . It would stimulate all of these senses. You would hear the noisy bustle of the market. You could feel the smooth skin of the fruit. If you tried a sample, you could smell the fruity aroma and taste its sweet flavor. | Options: smell|perception|audio|fear", "answer": "smell", "id": "sciq_extra_871", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many bones does an adult skeleton have?", "context": "Bones are the main organs of the skeletal system. In adults, the skeleton consists of a whopping 206 bones, many of them in the hands and feet. You can see many of the bones of the human skeleton in Figure below . The skeletal system also includes cartilage and ligaments. | Options: 206|208|196|192", "answer": "206", "id": "sciq_extra_872", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Temperature and precipitation determine the types of what that can grow in an area, in turn affecting the animals that live there?", "context": "Temperature and precipitation determine what types of plants can grow in an area. Animals and other living things depend on plants. So each climate is associated with certain types of living things. A major type of climate and its living things make up a biome . As you read about the major climate types below, find them on the map above ( Figure above ). | Options: plants|roots|building|birds", "answer": "plants", "id": "sciq_extra_873", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the transfer of heat by physical contact?", "context": "Heat can be transferred in three ways, through conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is the transfer of heat by physical contact. Heat flows form the hotter object to the cooler object. Convection is heat transfer by an intermediate substance (for example air or water). Your oven (often properly called the ‘convection oven’) works by heating up the air and then the air heats up your food. Radiation is the release of heat (and thus the lowering of its internal energy) by releasing electromagnetic waves. The hotter the object the higher the frequency of the light emitted. When you look at a fire the blue flames our hotter than the red flames because blue has a higher frequency than red. | Options: conduction|oxidation|inhibition|diffusion", "answer": "conduction", "id": "sciq_extra_874", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What analytical technique, using stained gel, can separate dna fragments or rna molecules and proteins?", "context": "Gel electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA fragments by size and charge. Notice in Figure below that the \"gels\" are rectangular in shape. The gels are made of a gelatin-like material of either agarose or polyacrylamide. An electric field, with a positive charge applied at one end of the gel, and a negative charge at the other end, forces the fragments to migrate through the gel. DNA molecules migrate from negative to positive charges due to the net negative charge of the phosphate groups in the DNA backbone. Longer molecules migrate more slowly through the gel matrix. After the separation is completed, DNA fragments of different lengths can be visualized using a fluorescent dye specific for DNA, such as ethidium bromide. The resulting stained gel shows bands correspond to DNA molecules of different lengths, which also correspond to different molecular weights. Band size is usually determined by comparison to DNA ladders containing DNA fragments of known length. Gel electrophoresis can also be used to separate RNA molecules and proteins. | Options: gel electrophoresis|microwave electrophoresis|surface electrophoresis|static electrophoresis", "answer": "gel electrophoresis", "id": "sciq_extra_875", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Questioning claims based on their scientific verifiability rather than accepting claims based on faith or anecdotes is called what?", "context": "Scientific skepticism questions claims based on their scientific verifiability rather than accepting claims based on faith or anecdotes. Scientific skepticism uses critical thinking to analyze such claims and opposes claims which lack scientific evidence. | Options: scientific skepticism|scientific extreme|scientific mimicry|scientific fact", "answer": "scientific skepticism", "id": "sciq_extra_876", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Animals with better fitness have a better chance of passing their genes onto the next generation, this process is known as?", "context": "Like the animals pictured above, all animals have behaviors that help them achieve these basic ends. Behaviors that help animals reproduce or survive increase their fitness. Animals with greater fitness have a better chance of passing their genes to the next generation. If genes control behaviors that increase fitness, the behaviors become more common in the species. In other words, they evolve by natural selection. | Options: natural selection|survival selection|natural evolution|fitness selection", "answer": "natural selection", "id": "sciq_extra_877", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What acids are the structural components of many lipids and may be saturated or unsaturated?", "context": "Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that are the structural components of many lipids. They may be saturated or unsaturated. | Options: fatty acids|fundamental acids|ionic acids|carbonic acids", "answer": "fatty acids", "id": "sciq_extra_878", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Earth's axis is an imaginary line passing through which poles?", "context": "Earth's axis is an imaginary line passing through the North and South Poles. Earth's rotation is its spins on its axis. Rotation is what a top does around its spindle. As Earth spins on its axis, it also orbits around the Sun. This is called Earth's revolution . These motions lead to the cycles we see. Day and night, seasons, and the tides are caused by Earth's motions. | Options: north and south|west and south|southwest and south|East and North", "answer": "north and south", "id": "sciq_extra_879", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system does addictive drugs affect?", "context": "Options: reward system|digestive system|honor system|checks and balances", "answer": "reward system", "id": "sciq_extra_880", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens when ionic compounds are dissolved in water?", "context": "Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water. | Options: conduct electricity|magnetize electricity|repel electricity|deflect electricity", "answer": "conduct electricity", "id": "sciq_extra_881", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body?", "context": "Development, growth and reproduction Development is all of the changes the body goes through in life. Development includes the process of differentiation, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body. Development also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which involve cell differentiation. Growth is the increase in body size. Humans, like all multicellular organisms, grow by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells. Reproduction is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms. In humans, reproduction is carried out by the male and female reproductive systems. Because death will come to all complex organisms, without reproduction, the line of organisms would end. | Options: differentiation|speciation|transcription|mutation", "answer": "differentiation", "id": "sciq_extra_882", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Toxins and poisons are ______ enzyme inhibitos", "context": "Options: irreversible|reversible|cancerous|observable", "answer": "irreversible", "id": "sciq_extra_883", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many types of basic sensory receptors are there?", "context": "Options: five|five|six|four", "answer": "five", "id": "sciq_extra_884", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What bond is the force of attraction that holds together two atoms that share a pair of valence electrons?", "context": "A covalent bond is the force of attraction that holds together two atoms that share a pair of valence electrons. Covalent bonds form only between atoms of nonmetals. | Options: covalent|polar|hydrogen|metallic", "answer": "covalent", "id": "sciq_extra_885", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Above the meristem, the rest of the root is covered with a single layer of what type of cells, which may have root hairs?", "context": "Above the meristem, the rest of the root is covered with a single layer of epidermal cells. These cells may have root hairs that increase the surface area for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil. Beneath the epidermis is ground tissue, which may be filled with stored starch. Bundles of vascular tissues form the center of the root. Waxy layers waterproof the vascular tissues so they don’t leak, making them more efficient at carrying fluids. Secondary meristem is located within and around the vascular tissues. This is where growth in thickness occurs. | Options: epidermal|dermal|single celled|vegetative", "answer": "epidermal", "id": "sciq_extra_886", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What were the first plants to evolve?", "context": "Nonvascular plants were the first plants to evolve and do not have vascular tissue. | Options: nonvascular plants|fungi|photoreactive plants|trees", "answer": "nonvascular plants", "id": "sciq_extra_887", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term describes the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves?", "context": "Another important measure of wave size is wavelength. Wavelength is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent waves (see Figure above ). Wavelength can be measured as the distance between two adjacent crests of a transverse wave or two adjacent compressions of a longitudinal wave. It is usually measured in meters. Wavelength is related to the energy of a wave. Short-wavelength waves have more energy than long-wavelength waves of the same amplitude. You can see examples of waves with shorter and longer wavelengths in Figure below . | Options: wavelength|frequency|threshold|variation", "answer": "wavelength", "id": "sciq_extra_888", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What break down dead organisms and other organic waste and release inorganic molecules back to the environment called?", "context": "Decomposers break down dead organisms and other organic wastes and release inorganic molecules back to the environment. | Options: decomposers|detritivores|nematodes|carnivores", "answer": "decomposers", "id": "sciq_extra_889", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The variety of cell shapes seen in prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the functions that each what has?", "context": "The variety of cell shapes seen in prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the functions that each cell has, confirming the structure-function relationship seen throughout biology. Each cell type has evolved a shape that is best related to its function. For example, the neuron in Figure below has long, thin extensions ( axons and dendritres ) that reach out to other nerve cells. The extensions help the neuron pass chemical and electrical messages quickly through the body. The shape of the red blood cells ( erythrocytes ) enable these cells to easily move through capillaries . The spikes on the pollen grain help it stick to a pollinating insect or animal so that it can be transferred to and pollinate another flower. The long whip-like flagella (tails) of the algae Chlamydomonas help it swim in water. | Options: cell|proteins|life|organ", "answer": "cell", "id": "sciq_extra_890", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the science of classifying living things called?", "context": "Like you, scientists also group together similar organisms. The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy. Scientists classify living things in order to organize and make sense of the incredible diversity of life. Modern scientists base their classifications mainly on molecular similarities. They group together organisms that have similar proteins and DNA. Molecular similarities show that organisms are related. In other words, they are descendants of a common ancestor in the past. | Options: taxonomy|methodology|terminology|botany", "answer": "taxonomy", "id": "sciq_extra_891", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Illustrating how form follows function, long, slender protein strands that make up what tissue are essential for contracting and relaxing?", "context": "Although some polypeptides exist as linear chains, most are twisted or folded into more complex secondary structures that form when bonding occurs between amino acids with different properties at different regions of the polypeptide. The most common secondary structure is a spiral called an alpha-helix. If you were to take a length of string and simply twist it into a spiral, it would not hold the shape. Similarly, a strand of amino acids could not maintain a stable spiral shape without the help of hydrogen bonds, which create bridges between different regions of the same strand (see Figure 2.26b). Less commonly, a polypeptide chain can form a beta-pleated sheet, in which hydrogen bonds form bridges between different regions of a single polypeptide that has folded back upon itself, or between two or more adjacent polypeptide chains. The secondary structure of proteins further folds into a compact three-dimensional shape, referred to as the protein’s tertiary structure (see Figure 2.26c). In this configuration, amino acids that had been very distant in the primary chain can be brought quite close via hydrogen bonds or, in proteins containing cysteine, via disulfide bonds. A disulfide bond is a covalent bond between sulfur atoms in a polypeptide. Often, two or more separate polypeptides bond to form an even larger protein with a quaternary structure (see Figure 2.26d). The polypeptide subunits forming a quaternary structure can be identical or different. For instance, hemoglobi", "answer": "muscle", "id": "sciq_extra_892", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What makes marginal lands unsuitable for farming?", "context": "Many lands are marginal for farming. When rainfall is normal or high, the lands can produce. When rainfall is low, no crops grow. Drought makes marginal lands unsuitable for farming. Drought can also make good lands more difficult to farm. These changes will increase as temperatures warm. | Options: drought|flood|pestilence|disease", "answer": "drought", "id": "sciq_extra_893", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens to water when it freezes?", "context": "In its pure liquid form, water is a poor conductor of electricity. Unlike most substances, water is more dense in its liquid state than its solid state. As a result, water expands when it freezes, and ice floats on water. | Options: it expands|changes to gas|it shrinks|changes volume", "answer": "it expands", "id": "sciq_extra_894", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The three parts of the human small intestine is the duodenum, jejunum, and what?", "context": "Which of the following statements about the small intestine is false? a. Absorptive cells that line the small intestine have microvilli, small projections that increase surface area and aid in the absorption of food. The inside of the small intestine has many folds, called villi. Microvilli are lined with blood vessels as well as lymphatic vessels. The inside of the small intestine is called the lumen. The human small intestine is over 6m long and is divided into three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The “C-shaped,” fixed part of the small intestine is called the duodenum and is shown in Figure 34.11. The duodenum is separated from the stomach by the pyloric sphincter which opens to allow chyme to move from the stomach to the duodenum. In the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juices in an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidity of chyme and acts as a buffer. Pancreatic juices also contain several digestive enzymes. Digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, as well as from gland cells of the intestinal wall itself, enter the duodenum. Bile is produced in the liver and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. Bile contains bile salts which emulsify lipids while the pancreas produces enzymes that catabolize starches, disaccharides, proteins, and fats. These digestive juices break down the food particles in the chyme into glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids. Some chemical digestion of food takes place in ", "answer": "ileum", "id": "sciq_extra_895", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on any object placed in it?", "context": "Buoyancy is the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on any object placed in it. The upward force is called buoyant force. An object’s weight and the buoyant force acting on it determine whether the object sinks or floats. Less dense objects and fluids float in fluids with greater density. | Options: buoyancy|viscosity|density|resonance", "answer": "buoyancy", "id": "sciq_extra_896", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A fuel cell is a galvanic cell that requires a constant external supply of what?", "context": "Fuel Cells A fuel cell is a galvanic cell that requires a constant external supply of reactants because the products of the reaction are continuously removed. Unlike a battery, it does not store chemical or electrical energy; a fuel cell allows electrical energy to be extracted directly from a chemical reaction. In principle, this should be a more efficient process than, for example, burning the fuel to drive an internal combustion engine that turns a generator, which is typically less than 40% efficient, and in fact, the efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40% and 60%. Unfortunately, significant cost and reliability problems have hindered the wide-scale adoption of fuel cells. In practice, their use has been restricted to applications in which mass may be a significant cost factor, such as US manned space vehicles. These space vehicles use a hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell that requires a continuous input of H2(g) and O2(g), as illustrated in Figure 19.16 \"A Hydrogen Fuel Cell Produces Electrical Energy Directly from a Chemical Reaction\". The electrode reactions are as follows: Equation 19.93. | Options: reactants|generators|electricity|complexes", "answer": "reactants", "id": "sciq_extra_897", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Lichens are not a single organism, but rather an example of a what?", "context": "Lichens are not a single organism, but rather an example of a mutualism, in which a fungus (usually a member of the Ascomycota or Basidiomycota phyla) lives in close contact with a photosynthetic organism (a eukaryotic alga or a prokaryotic cyanobacterium) (Figure 24.23). Generally, neither the fungus nor the photosynthetic organism can survive alone outside of the symbiotic relationship. The body of a lichen, referred to as a thallus, is formed of hyphae wrapped around the photosynthetic partner. The photosynthetic organism provides carbon and energy in the form of carbohydrates. Some cyanobacteria fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, contributing nitrogenous compounds to the association. In return, the fungus supplies minerals and protection from dryness and excessive light by encasing the algae in its mycelium. The fungus also attaches the symbiotic organism to the substrate. | Options: mutualism|fusion|homogeneous mixture|symbiosis", "answer": "mutualism", "id": "sciq_extra_898", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What theory states that there is no interaction between individual gas particles?", "context": "The kinetic theory also states that there is no interaction between individual gas particles. Although we know that there are, in fact, intermolecular interactions in real gases, the kinetic theory assumes that gas particles are so far apart that the individual particles don’t “feel” each other. Thus, we can treat gas particles as tiny bits of matter whose identity isn’t important to certain physical properties. | Options: kinetic theory|viscosity theory|vortex theory|Avoidance theory", "answer": "kinetic theory", "id": "sciq_extra_899", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which is one of the most frequently studied cartilaginous fish?", "context": "Sharks are some of the most frequently studied cartilaginous fish. Sharks are distinguished by such features as:. | Options: sharks|whales|dolphins|manatees", "answer": "sharks", "id": "sciq_extra_900", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A vapor light produces visible light by what process?", "context": "A vapor light produces visible light by electroluminescence. The bulb contains a small amount of solid sodium or mercury as well as a mixture of neon and argon gases. When an electric current passes through the gases, it causes the solid sodium or mercury to change to a gas and emit visible light. Sodium vapor lights, like these streetlights, produce yellowish light. Mercury vapor lights produce bluish light. Vapor lights are very bright and energy efficient. The bulbs are also long lasting. | Options: electroluminescence|solutes|luminescent|Solar Energy", "answer": "electroluminescence", "id": "sciq_extra_901", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What substance, which forms igneous rock, flows out in rivers of lava when it reaches the surface?", "context": "The chemistry of a magma determines the type of igneous rock it forms. The chemistry also determines how the magma moves. Thicker magmas tend to stay below the surface or erupt explosively. When magma is fluid and runny, it often reaches the surface by flowing out in rivers of lava. | Options: magma|granite|soil|fertilizer", "answer": "magma", "id": "sciq_extra_902", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do mammals have under the skin to help insulate the body?", "context": "Conserving heat is also important, especially in small mammals. A small body has a relatively large surface area compared to its overall size. Because heat is lost from the surface of the body, small mammals lose a greater proportion of their body heat than large mammals. Mammals conserve body heat with their hair or fur. It traps a layer of warm air next to the skin. Most mammals can make their hair stand up from the skin, so it becomes an even better insulator (see Figure below ). Mammals also have a layer of fat under the skin to help insulate the body. This fatty layer is not found in other vertebrates. | Options: a layer of fat|bone|nerve cells|cartilage", "answer": "a layer of fat", "id": "sciq_extra_903", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Certain air pollutants form which liquid when dissolved in water droplets in the air?", "context": "Acidity is an important factor for living things. For example, many plants grow best in soil that has a pH between 6 and 7. Fish may also need a pH between 6 and 7. Certain air pollutants form acids when dissolved in water droplets in the air. This results in acid fog and acid rain, which may have a pH of 4 or even lower. The pH chart in the Figure above and the Figure below reveal some of the adverse effects of acid fog and rain. Acid rain not only kills trees. It also lowers the pH of surface waters such as ponds and lakes. As a result, the water may become too acidic for fish and other water organisms to survive. | Options: acid|water|base|citrus", "answer": "acid", "id": "sciq_extra_904", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What element is the most abundant in the universe?", "context": "Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. The sun and other stars are composed largely of hydrogen. Astronomers estimate that 90% of the atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen is a component of more compounds than any other element. Water is the most abundant compound of hydrogen found on earth. Hydrogen is an important part of petroleum, many minerals, cellulose and starch, sugar, fats, oils, alcohols, acids, and thousands of other substances. At ordinary temperatures, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonpoisonous gas consisting of the diatomic molecule H2. Hydrogen is composed of three isotopes, and unlike other elements, these isotopes have different names and chemical symbols: protium, 1H, deuterium, 2H (or “D”), and tritium 3H (or “T”). In a naturally occurring sample of hydrogen, there is one atom of deuterium for every 7000 H atoms and one atom of radioactive tritium for every 1018 H atoms. The chemical properties of the different isotopes are very similar because they have identical electron structures, but they differ in some physical properties because of their differing atomic masses. Elemental deuterium and tritium have lower vapor pressure than ordinary hydrogen. Consequently, when liquid hydrogen evaporates, the heavier isotopes are concentrated in the last portions to evaporate. Electrolysis of heavy water, D2O, yields deuterium. Most tritium originates from nuclear reactions. | Options: hydrogen|oxygen|carbon|helium", "answer": "hydrogen", "id": "sciq_extra_905", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Atoms of a given _______ are identical in size, mass, and other properties.", "context": "Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other properties. | Options: element|molecule|organism|function", "answer": "element", "id": "sciq_extra_906", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone because it is what?", "context": "Spongy bone is found inside bones and is lighter and less dense than compact bone. This is because spongy bone is porous. | Options: porous|amorphous|pliable|fibrous", "answer": "porous", "id": "sciq_extra_907", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Animals are heterotrophs, which means that they cannot make their own what?", "context": "Animals are a kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes. They cannot make their own food. Instead, they get nutrients by eating other living things. Therefore, animals are heterotrophs. | Options: food|fuel|energy|habitat", "answer": "food", "id": "sciq_extra_908", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the electron domain geometry of ammonia?", "context": "Another example of sp 3 hybridization occurs in the ammonia (NH 3 ) molecule. The electron domain geometry of ammonia is also tetrahedral, meaning that there are four groups of electrons around the central nitrogen atom. Unlike methane, however, one of those electron groups is a lone pair. The resulting molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal. Just as in the carbon atom, the hybridization process starts as a promotion of a 2s electron to a 2p orbital, followed by hybridization to form a set of four sp 3 hybrids. In this case, one of the hybrid orbitals already contains a pair of electrons, leaving only three half-filled orbitals available to form covalent bonds with three hydrogen atoms. | Options: tetrahedral|membranes|atoms|neurons", "answer": "tetrahedral", "id": "sciq_extra_909", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In humans, fertilization occurs soon after the oocyte leaves this?", "context": "Figure 43.18 In humans, fertilization occurs soon after the oocyte leaves the ovary. Implantation occurs eight or nine days later. (credit: Ed Uthman). | Options: ovary|egg|placenta|testes", "answer": "ovary", "id": "sciq_extra_910", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oxygen, carbon dioxide, atp, and nadph are reactants in what process that plants use to produce food?", "context": "In photosynthesis, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are reactants. G3P and water are products. In photosynthesis, chlorophyll, water, and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products. In photosynthesis, water, carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are reactants. RuBP and oxygen are products. In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products. | Options: photosynthesis|glycolysis|absorbtion|chlorophyll", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_911", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things?", "context": "All forms of life are built of at least one cell. A cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things. Living things may appear very different from one another on the outside, but their cells are very similar. Compare the human cells on the left in Figure below and onion cells on the right in Figure below . How are they similar? If you click on the animation titled Inside a Cell at the link below, you can look inside a cell and see its internal structures. http://bio-alive. com/animations/cell-biology. htm. | Options: cell|atom|molecule|nucleus", "answer": "cell", "id": "sciq_extra_912", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The earth's gravitational force causes the moon to do what?", "context": "= 2.72×10 −3 m/s. 2 The direction of the acceleration is toward the center of the Earth. Discussion The centripetal acceleration of the Moon found in (b) differs by less than 1% from the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity found in (a). This agreement is approximate because the Moon’s orbit is slightly elliptical, and Earth is not stationary (rather the Earth-Moon system rotates about its center of mass, which is located some 1700 km below Earth’s surface). The clear implication is that Earth’s gravitational force causes the Moon to orbit Earth. | Options: orbit the earth|overlap the earth|change size|lose orbit", "answer": "orbit the earth", "id": "sciq_extra_913", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, what are the chemicals released by the axon called?", "context": "When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases chemicals called neurotransmitters . | Options: neurotransmitters|neurons|electrolytes|receptors", "answer": "neurotransmitters", "id": "sciq_extra_914", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do ecosystems absorb on the earth?", "context": "Options: energy|water|hydrogen|fuel", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_915", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Under what type of conditions can populations grow exponentially?", "context": "Under ideal conditions, populations can grow exponentially. The growth rate increases as the population gets larger. Most populations do not live under ideal conditions and grow logistically instead. Density-dependent factors slow population growth as population size nears the carrying capacity. | Options: ideal|pleasant|useful|lush", "answer": "ideal", "id": "sciq_extra_916", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Malonate plays what negative role on the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase?", "context": "Options: inhibitor|catalyst|pathway|receptor", "answer": "inhibitor", "id": "sciq_extra_917", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many mass extinctions have occurred throughout earth's history?", "context": "Extinction is the complete dying out of a species. Once a species goes extinct, it can never return. More than 99 percent of all the species that ever lived on Earth have gone extinct. Five mass extinctions have occurred in Earth’s history. They were caused by major geologic and climatic events. The fifth mass extinction wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. | Options: five|six|four|three", "answer": "five", "id": "sciq_extra_918", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What refers to the ability to change or move matter and is required by all life processes and living things?", "context": "Energy is the ability to change or move matter. All life processes require energy, so all living things need energy. | Options: energy|fuel|gravity|enthalpy", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_919", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In the grand canyon, the same rock layers are visible on opposite sides of the canyon and were deposited simultaneously, which is an example of what?", "context": "Look at the Grand Canyon in Figure below . It’s a good example of lateral continuity. You can clearly see the same rock layers on opposite sides of the canyon. The matching rock layers were deposited at the same time, so they are the same age. | Options: lateral continuity|width continuity|bilateral continuity|directly continuity", "answer": "lateral continuity", "id": "sciq_extra_920", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we call the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?", "context": "Earth is just a tiny speck in the universe. Our planet is surrounded by lots of space. Light travels across empty space. Astronomers can study light from stars to learn about the universe. Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum . Astronomers use the light that comes to us to gather information about the universe. | Options: light|weight|radio|electricity", "answer": "light", "id": "sciq_extra_921", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of crust is made of basalt lavas that flow onto the seafloor?", "context": "There are two kinds of crust. Oceanic crust is made of basalt lavas that flow onto the seafloor. It is relatively thin, between 5 to 12 kilometers thick (3 - 8 miles). The rocks of the oceanic crust are denser (3.0 g/cm 3 ) than the rocks that make up the continents. Thick layers of mud cover much of the ocean floor. | Options: oceanic|exotic|endotopic|warm", "answer": "oceanic", "id": "sciq_extra_922", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Do changes to rocks happen quickly or slowly?", "context": "All rocks on Earth change, but these changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earth’s surface. Some changes happen above ground. These changes are all part of the rock cycle. The rock cycle describes each of the main types of rocks, how they form and how they change. Figure below shows how the three main rock types are related to each other. The arrows within the circle show how one type of rock may change to rock of another type. For example, igneous rock may break down into small pieces of sediment and become sedimentary rock. Igneous rock may be buried within the Earth and become metamorphic rock. Igneous rock may also change back to molten material and re-cool into a new igneous rock. | Options: slowly|quickly then slowly|quickly|slowly then quickly", "answer": "slowly", "id": "sciq_extra_923", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a large molecule with many repeating units?", "context": "Starches are complex carbohydrates. They are polymers of glucose. A polymer is a large molecule that consists of many smaller, repeating molecules, called monomers. The monomers are joined together by covalent bonds. Starches contain hundreds of glucose monomers. Plants make starches to store extra glucose. Consumers get starches by eating plants. Common sources of starches in the human diet are pictured in the Figure below . Our digestive system breaks down starches to sugar, which our cells use for energy. | Options: polymer|cells|supermolecule|plasma", "answer": "polymer", "id": "sciq_extra_924", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What absorbs, scatters, or reflects most incoming solar radiation in the atmosphere?", "context": "Options: clouds and dust|clouds and sand|ice and dust|coulds and minerals", "answer": "clouds and dust", "id": "sciq_extra_925", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Small nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions called second messengers often play a role in what kind of pathways?", "context": "Options: signaling|creating|creating|inhibiting", "answer": "signaling", "id": "sciq_extra_926", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How do many mammals control their body temperature?", "context": "Options: sweating|dieting|homeostasis|itching", "answer": "sweating", "id": "sciq_extra_927", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The invention of the wheel is an example of what, which has the goal of solving human problems?", "context": "Important new technologies such as the wheel have had a big impact on human society. Major advances in technology have influenced every aspect of life, including transportation, food production, manufacturing, communication, medicine, and the arts. That’s because technology has the goal of solving human problems, so new technologies usually make life better. They may make work easier, for example, or make people healthier. Sometimes, however, new technologies affect people in negative ways. For example, using a new product or process might cause human health problems or pollute the environment. | Options: technology|industry|concept|evolution", "answer": "technology", "id": "sciq_extra_928", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Prokaryotes can reproduce quickly by what?", "context": "Options: binary fission|multiple fission|solar fission|residual fission", "answer": "binary fission", "id": "sciq_extra_929", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is defined by its sequence of nucleotides?", "context": "Like proteins, nucleic acids have a primary structure that is defined as the sequence of their nucleotides. Unlike proteins, which have 20 different kinds of amino acids, there are only 4 different kinds of nucleotides in nucleic acids. For amino acid sequences in proteins, the convention is to write the amino acids in order starting with the Nterminal amino acid. In writing nucleotide sequences for nucleic acids, the convention is to write the nucleotides (usually using the one-letter abbreviations for the bases, shown in Figure 19.5 \"Structure of a Segment of DNA\") starting with the nucleotide having a free phosphate group, which is known as the 5′ end, and indicate the nucleotides in order. For DNA, a lowercase d is often written in front of the sequence to indicate that the monomers are deoxyribonucleotides. The final nucleotide has a free OH group on the 3′ carbon atom and is called the 3′ end. The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA segment shown in Figure 19.5 \"Structure of a Segment of DNA\" would be written 5′-dGdT-dA-dC-3′, which is often further abbreviated to dGTAC or just GTAC. | Options: nucleic acids|structural acids|proteins acids|amino acids", "answer": "nucleic acids", "id": "sciq_extra_930", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What in roundworms is a partial body cavity filled with fluid?", "context": "Ancestors of roundworms also evolved a pseudocoelom. This is a partial body cavity that is filled with fluid. It allows room for internal organs to develop. The fluid also cushions the internal organs. The pressure of the fluid within the cavity provides stiffness. It gives the body internal support, forming a hydrostatic skeleton. It explains why roundworms are round and flatworms are flat. Later, a true coelom evolved. This is a fluid-filled body cavity, completely enclosed by mesoderm. It lies between the digestive cavity and body wall (see Figure below ). Invertebrates with a true coelom include mollusks and annelids. | Options: pseudocoelom|abdomen|cocklebur|spicule", "answer": "pseudocoelom", "id": "sciq_extra_931", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which body system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients?", "context": "The digestive system is the body system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It also gets rid of solid food waste. The digestive system is mainly one long tube from the mouth to the anus, known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The main organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach and the intestine, and are pictured below ( Figure below ). The intestine is divided into the small and large intestine. The small intestine has three segments. The ileum is the longest segment of the small intestine, which is well over 10 feet long. The large intestine is about 5 feet long. | Options: digestive system|skeletal system|circulation system|hormonal system", "answer": "digestive system", "id": "sciq_extra_932", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What disease is unpreventable in the type one form but may be prevented by diet if it is of the second type?", "context": "Type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases cannot be prevented. But choosing a healthy lifestyle can help prevent type 2 diabetes. Getting plenty of exercise, avoiding high-fat foods, and staying at a healthy weight can reduce the risk of developing this type of diabetes. This is especially important for people who have family members with the disease. | Options: diabetes|Obesity|TB|Cancer", "answer": "diabetes", "id": "sciq_extra_933", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call a chemical process used to treat water by destroying a contaminant?", "context": "Chemical remediation can also treat water in the aquifer. A chemical is pumped into the aquifer. The chemical destroys the contaminant. | Options: chemical remediation|basic remediation|toxic remediation|carbon remediation", "answer": "chemical remediation", "id": "sciq_extra_934", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the oceans to become acidic?", "context": "Ocean acidification occurs when excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the oceans to become acidic. Burning fossil fuels has led to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This carbon dioxide is then absorbed by the oceans, which lowers the pH of the water. Ocean acidification can kill corals and shellfish. It may also cause marine organisms to reproduce less, which could harm other organisms in the food chain. As a result, there also may be fewer marine organisms for humans to consume. | Options: ocean acidification|ocean vaporization|acid rain|desalinization", "answer": "ocean acidification", "id": "sciq_extra_935", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of muscle is the heart mainly composed of?", "context": "To move blood through the heart, the cardiac muscle needs to contract in an organized way. Blood first enters the atria ( Figure below ). When the atria contract, blood is pushed into the ventricles. After the ventricles fill with blood, they contract, and blood is pushed out of the heart. The heart is mainly composed of cardiac muscle. These muscle cells contract in unison, causing the heart itself to contract and generating enough force to push the blood out. | Options: cardiac muscle|respiratory muscle|idealized muscle|nerve muscle", "answer": "cardiac muscle", "id": "sciq_extra_936", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Assume a molecule must cross the plasma membrane into what?", "context": "5. Assume a molecule must cross the plasma membrane into a cell. The molecule is a very large protein. How will it be transported into the cell? Explain your answer. | Options: cell|circle|shell|atom", "answer": "cell", "id": "sciq_extra_937", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What branch of science explains much of what you observe and do in your daily life?", "context": "Physical science explains much of what you observe and do in your daily life. In fact, you depend on physical science for almost everything that makes modern life possible. You couldn’t drive a car, text message, or send a tweet without decades of advances in chemistry and physics. You wouldn’t even be able to turn on a light. Figure below shows some other examples of common activities that depend on advances in physical science. You’ll learn the \"hows\" and \"whys\" about them as you read the rest of this book. | Options: physical science|temperature science|psychology|astronomy", "answer": "physical science", "id": "sciq_extra_938", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most of the energy used by living things comes either directly or indirectly from where?", "context": "Most of the energy used by living things comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight provides the energy for photosynthesis . This is the process in which plants and certain other organisms (see Figure below ) synthesize glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). The process uses carbon dioxide and water and also produces oxygen. The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis is:. | Options: sun|water|horizon|earth", "answer": "sun", "id": "sciq_extra_939", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When present in large volumes, what color hue can water emit?", "context": "Water is truly an amazing substance. It can exist in all three states under normal pressures and temperatures. At room temperature, it is a tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid, although it exhibits a blue hue when present in large volumes. Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water. For a small molecule, water molecules are highly attracted to one another, due to particularly strong hydrogen bonds. This leads to a number of properties, such as a relatively high surface tension. Unlike most other substances, water expands when it freezes. Water is also able to absorb relatively large amounts of heat with only minimal changes in temperature. This can be seen on a small scale, such as the coolant in your car, or on a larger scale, such as the more moderate climates in coastal areas. The water in the oceans acts as a tremendous heat sink, which influences global weather patterns. The clouds that form above lakes and oceans originate from the evaporation of lake and ocean water. They are byproducts of water’s thermal regulating capacity. Additionally, water is not only found here on Earth; scientists have found evidence of water on a number of extraterrestrial planets. In this lesson, we are going to take a look at this unique and important substance. | Options: blue|white|pink|yellow", "answer": "blue", "id": "sciq_extra_940", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What prevents new ovarian follicles from developing and suppresses uterine contractility?", "context": "28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth Hormones (especially estrogens, progesterone, and hCG) secreted by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta are responsible for most of the changes experienced during pregnancy. Estrogen maintains the pregnancy, promotes fetal viability, and stimulates tissue growth in the mother and developing fetus. Progesterone prevents new ovarian follicles from developing and suppresses uterine contractility. Pregnancy weight gain primarily occurs in the breasts and abdominal region. Nausea, heartburn, and frequent urination are common during pregnancy. Maternal blood volume increases by 30 percent during pregnancy and respiratory minute volume increases by 50 percent. The skin may develop stretch marks and melanin production may increase. | Options: progesterone|germination|glucose|estrogen", "answer": "progesterone", "id": "sciq_extra_941", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of bombs put a much larger fraction of their output into thermal energy than do conventional bombs?", "context": "The energy yield and the types of energy produced by nuclear bombs can be varied. Energy yields in current arsenals range from about 0.1 kT to 20 MT, although the Soviets once detonated a 67 MT device. Nuclear bombs differ from conventional explosives in more than size. Figure 32.34 shows the approximate fraction of energy output in various forms for conventional explosives and for two types of nuclear bombs. Nuclear bombs put a much larger fraction of their output into thermal energy than do conventional bombs, which tend to concentrate the energy in blast. Another difference is the immediate and residual radiation energy from nuclear weapons. This can be adjusted to put more energy into radiation (the so-called neutron bomb) so that the bomb can be used to irradiate advancing troops without killing friendly troops with blast and heat. | Options: nuclear|dense bombs|dirty bombs|TNT", "answer": "nuclear", "id": "sciq_extra_942", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The majority of elements, including iron and copper, are of what type?", "context": "There are almost 120 known elements. As you can see from Figure below , the majority of elements are metals. Examples of metals are iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). Metals are shiny and good conductors of electricity and heat. Nonmetal elements are far fewer in number. They include hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). They lack the properties of metals. | Options: metals|oils|acids|minerals", "answer": "metals", "id": "sciq_extra_943", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens to water vapor as it rises?", "context": "The image below shows the role of the atmosphere in the water cycle ( Figure below ). Water vapor rises from Earth’s surface into the atmosphere. As it rises, it cools. The water vapor may then condense into water droplets and form clouds. If enough water droplets collect in clouds, they may come together to form droplets. The droplets will fall as rain. This how freshwater gets from the atmosphere back to Earth's surface. | Options: it cools|it warms|it vibrates|it disperses", "answer": "it cools", "id": "sciq_extra_944", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Prophase is preceded by a preprophase stage in what type of cells?", "context": "As plant cells have some structural differences compared to an animal cell, an additional stage prior to prophase is necessary. In plant cells only, prophase is preceded by a preprophase stage. Plant cells have a large central vacuole encompassing the center of the cell. Prior to the division of the nucleus, the nucleus must migrate to the center of the plant cell. To accomplish this, the cell forms a phragmosome , a sheet of cytoplasm that bisects the middle of the cell. The phragmosome suspends the cell nucleus in the center of the cell in preparation for prophase. Additionally, during this phase the plane of cell division is established. The accurate control of division planes, which establishes the placement of the future cell wall, is crucial for the correct structure of plant tissues and organs. | Options: plant cells|brain cells|hair and nail cells|egg cells", "answer": "plant cells", "id": "sciq_extra_945", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The bilaterians are divided into deuterostomes and what else?", "context": "Options: protostomes|protozoa|progestins|gymnosperms", "answer": "protostomes", "id": "sciq_extra_946", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is it called when birds keep their eggs warm while the embryos inside develop?", "context": "After birds lay their eggs, they generally keep the eggs warm with their body heat while the embryos inside continue to develop. This is called incubation, or brooding . In most species, parents stay together for at least the length of the breeding season. In some species, they stay together for life. By staying together, the males as well as females can incubate the eggs and later care for the hatchlings . Birds are the only nonhuman vertebrates with this level of male parental involvement. | Options: incubation|insulation|spawning|fertilization", "answer": "incubation", "id": "sciq_extra_947", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What leaves behind crescent-shaped scars on a hillside and  may be caused by a layer of slippery, wet clay underneath the rock and soil on a hillside?", "context": "Slump is the sudden movement of large blocks of rock and soil down a slope. You can see how it happens in Figure below . All the material moves together in big chunks. Slump may be caused by a layer of slippery, wet clay underneath the rock and soil on a hillside. Or it may occur when a river undercuts a slope. Slump leaves behind crescent-shaped scars on the hillside. | Options: slump|creep|slide|shearing", "answer": "slump", "id": "sciq_extra_948", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the organ system that brings oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide?", "context": "organ system that brings oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. | Options: lungs|liver|brain|kidneys", "answer": "lungs", "id": "sciq_extra_949", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia known as?", "context": "Options: plasmogamy|plasmology|spirogyra|xerophyte", "answer": "plasmogamy", "id": "sciq_extra_950", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many chambers are there in a bird's heart?", "context": "Birds have a relatively large, four-chambered heart. The heart beats rapidly to keep oxygenated blood flowing to muscles and other tissues. Hummingbirds have the fastest heart rate at up to 1,200 times per minute. That’s almost 20 times faster than the human resting heart rate!. | Options: 4|1|3|5", "answer": "4", "id": "sciq_extra_951", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The ladybug and the frog both start as eggs and go through what process?", "context": "Options: metamorphosis|transition|parthenogenesis|proboscis", "answer": "metamorphosis", "id": "sciq_extra_952", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What formula  shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule?", "context": "We use several kinds of formulas to describe organic compounds. A molecular formula shows only the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula C4H10 tells us there are 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms in a molecule, but it doesn’t distinguish between butane and isobutane. A structural formula shows all the carbon and hydrogen atoms and the bonds attaching them. Thus, structural formulas identify the specific isomers by showing the order of attachment of the various atoms. Unfortunately, structural formulas are difficult to type/write and take up a lot of space. Chemists often use condensed structural formulas to alleviate these problems. The condensed formulas show hydrogen atoms right next to the carbon atoms to which they are attached, as illustrated for butane:. | Options: molecular formula|plasma formula|atomic formula|nucleus formula", "answer": "molecular formula", "id": "sciq_extra_953", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In multicellular organisms, essential biological functions are carried out by what?", "context": "Options: organs|atoms|cells|molecules", "answer": "organs", "id": "sciq_extra_954", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Fahrenheit, celsius, and kelvin are all units which measure what?", "context": "There are three temperature scales that are commonly used. Their units are °F (degrees Fahrenheit), °C (degrees Celsius), and K (Kelvin). | Options: temperature|brightness|radiation|precipitation", "answer": "temperature", "id": "sciq_extra_955", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Many plants respond to the days growing shorter in the fall by doing what?", "context": "Many plants respond to the days growing shorter in the fall by going dormant. They suspend growth and development in order to survive the extreme coldness and dryness of winter. Part of this response causes the leaves of many trees to change color and then fall off (see Figure below ). Dormancy ensures that plants will grow and produce seeds only when conditions are favorable. | Options: going dormant|turning to liquid|migrating|growing faster", "answer": "going dormant", "id": "sciq_extra_956", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the smallest particles of matter?", "context": "All substances are made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller particles. They also cannot be created or destroyed. | Options: atoms|ions|molecules|electrons", "answer": "atoms", "id": "sciq_extra_957", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How do animals obtain nitrogen?", "context": "Bacteria play important roles in the nitrogen cycle. They change nitrogen gas and products of decomposition into nitrates, which plants can assimilate. Animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants or other organisms. Still other bacteria return nitrogen gas to the atmosphere. | Options: eating plants or organisms|eating plants or sediments|eating plants other animals|eating plants or bugs", "answer": "eating plants or organisms", "id": "sciq_extra_958", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hydrophilic molecules generally avoid what other kinds of molecules?", "context": "Hydrophobic molecules “like” to be near other hydrophobic molecules. They “fear” being near hydrophilic molecules. The opposite is true of hydrophilic molecules. They “like” to be near other hydrophilic molecules. They “fear” being near hydrophobic molecules. These “likes” and “fears” explain why some molecules can pass through the cell membrane while others cannot. | Options: hydrophobic|aqueous|lipophilic|neutral", "answer": "hydrophobic", "id": "sciq_extra_959", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do t cells mature?", "context": "Both types of lymphocytes are produced in the red bone marrow. They are named for the sites where they grow larger. The \"B\" in B cells stands for “bone. ” B cells grow larger in red bone marrow. The \"T\" in T cells stands for “thymus. ” T cells mature in the thymus gland. | Options: thymus gland|liver|bone marrow|pituitary gland", "answer": "thymus gland", "id": "sciq_extra_960", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The name of a simple covalent compound can be determined from its chemical this?", "context": "The name of a simple covalent compound can be determined from its chemical formula. | Options: formula|models|configuration|map", "answer": "formula", "id": "sciq_extra_961", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Asteroids are not geologically active. which is the only way they can change?", "context": "Asteroids are very small, irregularly shaped, rocky bodies. Asteroids orbit the Sun, but they are more like giant rocks than planets. Since they are small, they do not have enough gravity to become round. They are too small to have an atmosphere. With no internal heat, they are not geologically active. An asteroid can only change due to a collision. A collision may cause the asteroid to break up. It may create craters on the asteroid’s surface. An asteroid may strike a planet if it comes near enough to be pulled in by its gravity. Figure below shows a typical asteroid. | Options: a collision|propulsion|combustion|expansion", "answer": "a collision", "id": "sciq_extra_962", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term describes reproducing by external fertilization after the female sheds large numbers of small eggs?", "context": "Options: oviparous|glandular|glaucous|homozygous", "answer": "oviparous", "id": "sciq_extra_963", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Solid carbon dioxide is called what?", "context": "Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice because it does not pass through the liquid phase. Instead, it does directly to the gas phase. (Carbon dioxide can exist as liquid but only under high pressure. ) Dry ice has many practical uses, including the long-term preservation of medical samples. | Options: dry ice|carbohydrate|liquid nitrogen|blue ice", "answer": "dry ice", "id": "sciq_extra_964", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "While ecosystems need a constant input of energy for their organisms, what do ecosystems recycle?", "context": "Ecosystems need a constant input of energy for their organisms, but matter is recycled through ecosystems. | Options: matter|water|light|food", "answer": "matter", "id": "sciq_extra_965", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most mercury compounds decompose when they are?", "context": "Most mercury compounds decompose when heated. Most mercury compounds contain mercury with a 2+-oxidation state. When there is a large excess of mercury, it is possible to form compounds containing the Hg 2 2+ ion. All mercury compounds are toxic, and it is necessary to exercise great care in their synthesis. | Options: heated|mixed|filled|cooled", "answer": "heated", "id": "sciq_extra_966", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Animal behavior can be said to be controlled by genetics and experiences, also known as nature and what?", "context": "In reality, most animal behaviors are not controlled by nature or nurture. Instead, they are influenced by both nature and nurture. In dogs, for example, the tendency to behave toward other dogs in a certain way is probably controlled by genes. However, the normal behaviors can’t develop in an environment that lacks other dogs. A puppy raised in isolation from other dogs may never develop the normal behaviors. It may always fear other dogs or act aggressively toward them. | Options: nurture|growth|evolution|interaction", "answer": "nurture", "id": "sciq_extra_967", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The first two electrons in lithium fill the 1s orbital and have the same sets of four what as the two electrons in helium?", "context": "The n = 1 shell is completely filled in a helium atom. The next atom is the alkali metal lithium with an atomic number of 3. The first two electrons in lithium fill the 1s orbital and have the same sets of four quantum numbers as the two electrons in helium. The remaining electron must occupy the orbital of next lowest energy, the 2s orbital (Figure 6.27 or Figure 6.28). Thus, the electron configuration and orbital diagram of lithium are:. | Options: quantum numbers|decay numbers|gravity numbers|kinetic numbers", "answer": "quantum numbers", "id": "sciq_extra_968", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What allows some things to enter the cell while keeping other things out?", "context": "This window screen has a fly on it. In a way, the window screen is like a cell membrane. It lets some things pass through while keeping other things out. Air molecules and raindrops can pass through the screen, but larger objects like the fly cannot. In the first lesson of this chapter, you'll learn about different ways that substances can pass through the cell membrane. You'll find out how the cell membrane lets some substances pass through while keeping other substances out. | Options: cell membrane|cell substrate|cell center|cell vacuum", "answer": "cell membrane", "id": "sciq_extra_969", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for something changing from water to ice?", "context": "Options: freezing|evaporation|boiling|melting", "answer": "freezing", "id": "sciq_extra_970", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is an individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets called?", "context": "In an individual carrying an abnormal number of X chromosomes, cellular mechanisms will inactivate all but one X in each of her cells. As a result, X-chromosomal abnormalities are typically associated with mild mental and physical defects, as well as sterility. If the X chromosome is absent altogether, the individual will not develop. Several errors in sex chromosome number have been characterized. Individuals with three X chromosomes, called triplo-X, appear female but express developmental delays and reduced fertility. The XXY chromosome complement, corresponding to one type of Klinefelter syndrome, corresponds to male individuals with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced body hair. The extra X chromosome undergoes inactivation to compensate for the excess genetic dosage. Turner syndrome, characterized as an X0 chromosome complement (i. , only a single sex chromosome), corresponds to a female individual with short stature, webbed skin in the neck region, hearing and cardiac impairments, and sterility. An individual with more than the correct number of chromosome sets (two for diploid species) is called polyploid. For instance, fertilization of an abnormal diploid egg with a normal haploid sperm would yield a triploid zygote. Polyploid animals are extremely rare, with only a few examples among the flatworms, crustaceans, amphibians, fish, and lizards. Triploid animals are sterile because meiosis cannot proceed normally with an odd number of chromosome sets. In contras", "answer": "polyploid", "id": "sciq_extra_971", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most of the fresh water on earth is tied up in a solid form. what are they called?", "context": "Most of Earth’s water is salt water in the oceans. As Figure below shows, only 3 percent of Earth’s water is fresh. Freshwater is water that contains little or no dissolved salt. Most freshwater is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. Glaciers cover the peaks of some tall mountains. For example, the Cascades Mountains in North America and the Alps Mountains in Europe are capped with ice. Ice caps cover vast areas of Antarctica and Greenland. Chunks of ice frequently break off ice caps. They form icebergs that float in the oceans. | Options: glaciers|sediments|lakes|oceans", "answer": "glaciers", "id": "sciq_extra_972", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What takes place where septa is found?", "context": "Options: forming of reproductive cells|forming of stem cells|forming of brain cells|forming of muscle tissue", "answer": "forming of reproductive cells", "id": "sciq_extra_973", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hertz proved that what type of waves travel at the speed of light?", "context": "Hertz also studied the reflection, refraction, and interference patterns of the electromagnetic waves he generated, verifying their wave character. He was able to determine wavelength from the interference patterns, and knowing their frequency, he could calculate the propagation speed using the equation υ = fλ (velocity—or speed—equals frequency times wavelength). Hertz was thus able to prove that electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. The SI unit for frequency, the hertz ( 1 Hz = 1 cycle/sec ), is named in his honor. | Options: electromagnetic|sound|seismic|tsunamis", "answer": "electromagnetic", "id": "sciq_extra_974", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine what, which is important in cases of transfusion?", "context": "Specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type. The best-known blood types are ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood types. Blood type is important in cases of blood transfusion. A patient must receive blood of his or her own blood type to avoid clumping of red blood cells. | Options: blood type|blood count|blood amount|blood form", "answer": "blood type", "id": "sciq_extra_975", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do extrusive igneous rocks cool at?", "context": "Extrusive igneous rocks cool at the surface. Volcanoes are one type of feature that forms from extrusive rocks. Several other interesting landforms are also extrusive features. Intrusive igneous rocks cool below the surface. These rocks do not always remain hidden. Rocks that formed in the crust are exposed when the rock and sediment that covers them is eroded away. | Options: surface|underground|in volcanoes|in water", "answer": "surface", "id": "sciq_extra_976", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is citrate an ionized form of?", "context": "Options: citric acid|carbonic acid|protein|hydrochloric acid", "answer": "citric acid", "id": "sciq_extra_977", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What functions in removing phosphorylated amino acids from proteins?", "context": "What is the function of a phosphatase? a. A phosphatase removes phosphorylated amino acids from proteins. A phosphatase removes the phosphate group from phosphorylated amino acid residues in a protein. A phosphatase phosphorylates serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. A phosphatase degrades second messengers in the cell. How does NF-κB induce gene expression? a. A small, hydrophobic ligand binds to NF-κB, activating it. Phosphorylation of the inhibitor Iκ-B dissociates the complex between it and NF-κB, and allows NF-κB to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription. NF-κB is phosphorylated and is then free to enter the nucleus and bind DNA. NF-κB is a kinase that phosphorylates a transcription factor that binds DNA and promotes protein production. Apoptosis can occur in a cell when the cell is ________________. damaged b. no longer needed c. infected by a virus d. all of the above 14. What is the effect of an inhibitor binding an enzyme? a. | Options: phosphatase|sucrose|carbonate|peptide", "answer": "phosphatase", "id": "sciq_extra_978", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The hypothalamus in vertebrates integrates what two systems?", "context": "Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis The hypothalamus in vertebrates integrates the endocrine and nervous systems. The hypothalamus is an endocrine organ located in the diencephalon of the brain. It receives input from the body and other brain areas and initiates endocrine responses to environmental changes. The hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ, synthesizing hormones and transporting them along axons to the posterior pituitary gland. It synthesizes and secretes regulatory hormones that control the endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus contains autonomic centers that control endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla via neuronal control. The pituitary gland, sometimes called the hypophysis or “master gland” is located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica, a groove of the sphenoid bone of the skull, illustrated in Figure 37.15. It is attached to the hypothalamus via a stalk called the pituitary stalk (or infundibulum). The anterior portion of the pituitary gland is regulated by releasing or release-inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and the posterior pituitary receives signals via neurosecretory cells to release hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The pituitary has two distinct regions—the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary—which between them secrete nine different peptide or protein hormones. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains axons of the hypothalamic neurons. | Options: endocrine and nervous|Pathwa", "answer": "endocrine and nervous", "id": "sciq_extra_979", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of biomes have water containing little or no salt?", "context": "Freshwater biomes have water that contains little or no salt. They include standing and running freshwater biomes. Standing freshwater biomes include ponds and lakes. Lakes are generally bigger and deeper than ponds. Some of the water in lakes is in the aphotic zone where there is too little sunlight for photosynthesis. Plankton and plants (such as the duckweed in Figure below ) are the primary producers in standing freshwater biomes. | Options: freshwater biomes|coastal biomes|aquatic biomes|marine biomes", "answer": "freshwater biomes", "id": "sciq_extra_980", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Electricity consists of a constant stream of what tiny particles?", "context": "You probably know that the wires strung between these high towers carry electricity. But do you know what electricity is? It actually consists of a constant stream of tiny particles called electrons. Electrons are negatively charged fundamental particles inside atoms. Atoms were discovered around 1800, but almost 100 years went by before electrons were discovered. | Options: electrons|atoms|quarks|ions", "answer": "electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_981", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a solution with a ph lower than 7 called?", "context": "If a solution has a higher concentration of hydronium ions than pure water, it has a pH lower than 7. A solution with a pH lower than 7 is called an acid . As the hydronium ion concentration increases, the pH value decreases. Therefore, the more acidic a solution is, the lower its pH value is. Did you ever taste vinegar? Like other acids, it tastes sour. Stronger acids can be harmful to organisms. For example, stomach acid would eat through the stomach if it were not lined with a layer of mucus. Strong acids can also damage materials, even hard materials such as glass. | Options: acid|basic|neutral|dioxide", "answer": "acid", "id": "sciq_extra_982", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which division of the peripheral nervous system interprets signals, while the motor division sends signals?", "context": "Laura Guerin. The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system interprets signals, while the motor division sends signals . CC BY-NC 3.0. | Options: sensory|kinetic|olfactory|automatic", "answer": "sensory", "id": "sciq_extra_983", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What record provides evidence that new species develop to fill the habitats where old species lived following a mass extinction?", "context": "After each mass extinction, new species develop to fill the habitats where old species lived. This is well documented in the fossil record. | Options: fossil record|fossil fuels|erosion record|climate record", "answer": "fossil record", "id": "sciq_extra_984", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process of filtering waste from the kidneys?", "context": "Kidney dialysis is the process of filtering wastes from the blood using a machine. | Options: dialysis|virus|stones|inflammation", "answer": "dialysis", "id": "sciq_extra_985", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom is called?", "context": "Summary The tendency of an element to lose or gain electrons is one of the most important factors in determining the kind of compounds it forms. Periodic behavior is most evident for ionization energy (I), the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. The energy required to remove successive electrons from an atom increases steadily, with a substantial increase occurring with the removal of an electron from a filled inner shell. Consequently, only valence electrons can be removed in chemical reactions, leaving the filled inner shell intact. Ionization energies explain the common oxidation states observed for the elements. Ionization energies increase diagonally from the lower left of the periodic table to the upper right. Minor deviations from this trend can be explained in terms of particularly stable electronic configurations, called pseudo noble gas configurations, in either the parent atom or the resulting. | Options: ionization energy|vapor energy|potential energy|fission energy", "answer": "ionization energy", "id": "sciq_extra_986", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The four basic types of tissue are epithelial, muscle, connective, and what?", "context": "A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism. More complex organisms such as jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones have a tissue level of organization. For example, jellyfish have tissues that have separate protective, digestive, and sensory functions. Though most animals have many different types of cells, they only have four basic types of tissue: connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial. | Options: nervous|regulatory|digestive|circulatory", "answer": "nervous", "id": "sciq_extra_987", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What theory states that all matter consists of constantly moving particles?", "context": "The particles that make up matter are also constantly moving. They have kinetic energy. The theory that all matter consists of constantly moving particles is called the kinetic theory of matter . You can learn more about it at the URL below. | Options: kinetic theory of matter|inertia theory|conservtion of matter|Big Bang theory", "answer": "kinetic theory of matter", "id": "sciq_extra_988", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Carnivores that eat herbivores are what kind of consumers?", "context": "Options: secondary|tertiary|primary|quaternary", "answer": "secondary", "id": "sciq_extra_989", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Plant-like protists contains chloroplasts and make food by what process?", "context": "common name of a plant-like protist, which contains chloroplasts and makes food by photosynthesis. | Options: photosynthesis|digestion|chemical processes|farming", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_990", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is written as systolic over diastolic?", "context": "Blood pressure is written as systolic/diastolic. For example, a reading of 120/80 is said as \"one twenty over eighty. \" These measures of blood pressure can change with each heartbeat and over the course of the day. Pressure varies with exercise, emotions, sleep, stress, nutrition, drugs, or disease. | Options: blood pressure|blood position|fractional pressure|brain pressure", "answer": "blood pressure", "id": "sciq_extra_991", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When a species changes in small ways over time, what is it called?", "context": "You already know that evolution is the change in species over time. Most evolutionary changes are small and do not lead to the creation of a new species. When populations change in small ways over time, the process is called microevolution . Microevolution results in changes within a species. | Options: microevolution|nanoevolution|minievolution|small evolution", "answer": "microevolution", "id": "sciq_extra_992", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a bird using flashy displays?", "context": "Birds often use flashy displays to attract mates. | Options: to attract mates|to protect their territory|to dissuade predators|to signal feeding", "answer": "to attract mates", "id": "sciq_extra_993", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call the ancient cores of continents, where the earliest continental crust is now found?", "context": "The earliest continental crust is now found in the ancient cores of continents, called the cratons . Geologists can learn many things about the Precambrian by studying the rocks of the cratons. | Options: cratons|craters|escarpments|mantles", "answer": "cratons", "id": "sciq_extra_994", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In the case of the moose, predation is an additional factor that regulates what?", "context": "Options: population|speed|color|weight", "answer": "population", "id": "sciq_extra_995", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do short period comets come from?", "context": "Short-period comets come from the Kuiper belt, beyond Neptune. Long-period comets come from the very distant Oort cloud. | Options: kuiper belt|milky way|vesta belt|photon belt", "answer": "kuiper belt", "id": "sciq_extra_996", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Only after implantation can an embryo develop into a what?", "context": "Options: fetus|mammal|humans|living thing", "answer": "fetus", "id": "sciq_extra_997", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are atoms with unstable nuclei are considered to be?", "context": "Atoms with unstable nuclei are radioactive. To become more stable, the nuclei undergo radioactive decay. In radioactive decay, the nuclei emit energy and usually particles of matter as well. There are several types of radioactive decay, including alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Energy is emitted in all three types of decay, but only alpha and beta decay also emit particles. | Options: radioactive|ions|unstable|destructive", "answer": "radioactive", "id": "sciq_extra_998", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In what form is atmospheric sulfur found?", "context": "On land, sulfur is deposited in four major ways: precipitation, direct fallout from the atmosphere, rock weathering, and geothermal vents (Figure 20.17). Atmospheric sulfur is found in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), and as rain falls through the atmosphere, sulfur is dissolved in the form of weak sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfur can also fall directly from the atmosphere in a process called fallout. Also, as sulfur-containing rocks weather, sulfur is released into the soil. These rocks originate from ocean sediments that are moved to land by the geologic uplifting of ocean sediments. Terrestrial ecosystems can then make use of these soil sulfates (SO42-), which enter the food web by being taken up by plant roots. When these plants decompose and die, sulfur is released back into the atmosphere as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. | Options: sulfur dioxide (so2)|formaldehyde|sulfuric acid|sulfur monoxide", "answer": "sulfur dioxide (so2)", "id": "sciq_extra_999", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?", "context": "Options: darwin|Linnaeus|shaw|Scopes", "answer": "darwin", "id": "sciq_extra_1000", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each specific polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of which acids?", "context": "Options: amino|fatty|lactic|hydrochloric", "answer": "amino", "id": "sciq_extra_1001", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?", "context": "A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. | Options: nucleotides|proteins|carotenoids|genes", "answer": "nucleotides", "id": "sciq_extra_1002", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is an area of land called that is wet for all or part of the year?", "context": "A wetland is an area that is wet for all or part of the year. Wetlands are home to certain types of plants. | Options: wetland|plains|grassland|tundra", "answer": "wetland", "id": "sciq_extra_1003", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Surface waters are heated by the radiation from?", "context": "Options: the sun|decomposition|the moon|gamma rays", "answer": "the sun", "id": "sciq_extra_1004", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are arteries, veins, and capillaries examples of?", "context": "Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries. | Options: blood vessels|muscles|organs|tissue", "answer": "blood vessels", "id": "sciq_extra_1005", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Biochemical reactions of metabolism include what two general categories?", "context": "Biochemical reactions of metabolism can be divided into two general categories: catabolic reactions and anabolic reactions. You can watch an animation showing how the two categories of reactions are related at this URL: http://classes. midlandstech. edu/carterp/courses/bio225/chap05/lecture1. htm. | Options: catabolic and anabolic|innumerable and anabolic|discrete and telltale|telltale and anabolic", "answer": "catabolic and anabolic", "id": "sciq_extra_1006", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Compounds with aluminum and silicon are commonly found in the clay fractions of soils derived from what?", "context": "Compounds with aluminum and silicon are commonly found in the clay fractions of soils derived from volcanic ash. One of these compounds is vermiculite, which is formed in reactions caused by exposure to weather. Vermiculite has the following formula: Ca0.7[Si6.6Al1.4]Al4O20(OH)4. (The content of calcium, silicon, and aluminum are not shown as integers because the relative amounts of these elements vary from sample to sample. ) What is the mass percent of each element in this sample of vermiculite?. | Options: volcanic ash|volatile ash|ground ash|mineral ash", "answer": "volcanic ash", "id": "sciq_extra_1007", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What organ has four major regions: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the stem, and the cerebellum?", "context": "13.2 | The Central Nervous System By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Name the major regions of the adult brain • Describe the connections between the cerebrum and brain stem through the diencephalon, and from those regions into the spinal cord • Recognize the complex connections within the subcortical structures of the basal nuclei • Explain the arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord The brain and the spinal cord are the central nervous system, and they represent the main organs of the nervous system. The spinal cord is a single structure, whereas the adult brain is described in terms of four major regions: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the brain stem, and the cerebellum. A person’s conscious experiences are based on neural activity in the brain. The regulation of homeostasis is governed by a specialized region in the brain. The coordination of reflexes depends on the integration of sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord. | Options: brain|liver|lungs|heart", "answer": "brain", "id": "sciq_extra_1008", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What can refer to a rope in a particular shape and a genetic structure involved in splicing?", "context": "A lariat can refer to a rope in the form of a lasso. But it is also a genetic structure involved in splicing. | Options: lariat|braid|tourniquet|noose", "answer": "lariat", "id": "sciq_extra_1009", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume?", "context": "Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume. | Options: density|frequency|median|diameter", "answer": "density", "id": "sciq_extra_1010", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most common type of anemia?", "context": "Anemia may not have any symptoms. Some people with anemia feel weak or tired in general or during exercise. They also may have poor concentration. People with more severe anemia often get short of breath during times of activity. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia. It occurs when the body does not receive enough iron. Since there is not enough iron, hemoglobin, which needs iron to bind oxygen, cannot function properly. | Options: iron-def|vitamin d - def|calcium - def|vitamin k - def", "answer": "iron-def", "id": "sciq_extra_1011", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What stimulates milk production in mammals?", "context": "Options: prolactin|testosterone|neurotoxin|estrogen", "answer": "prolactin", "id": "sciq_extra_1012", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?", "context": "During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. | Options: chromatin|mucosa|nucleus|mitochondria", "answer": "chromatin", "id": "sciq_extra_1013", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The science dealing with the study of the atmosphere is known as what?", "context": "Meteorologists don’t study meteors—they study the atmosphere! The atmosphere is a thin layer of gas that surrounds Earth. The word “meteor” refers to things in the air. Meteorology includes the study of weather patterns, clouds, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Meteorology is very important. Using radars and satellites, meteorologists work to predict, or forecast, the weather ( Figure below ). Meteorologists are getting better at predicting the weather all the time. Meteorologists wonder how to better predict weather. They wonder what the effects of rising water vapor in the atmosphere will be on weather. | Options: meteorology|geology|climatology|cosmology", "answer": "meteorology", "id": "sciq_extra_1014", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "On what basis are the eras of the phanerozoic eon separated?", "context": "The eras of the Phanerozoic Eon are separated by mass extinctions . During these events, large numbers of organisms became extinct very rapidly. There have been several extinctions in the Phanerozoic. Two mass extinctions stand out more than the others. One took place at the end of the Paleozoic. The other took place at the end of the Mesozoic. | Options: mass extinctions|mass birthings|sparse extinctions|low birth rates", "answer": "mass extinctions", "id": "sciq_extra_1015", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of response is generated when a stimulus is received by the nervous system?", "context": "Options: a motor response|a neural response|a sensory response|a action potential", "answer": "a motor response", "id": "sciq_extra_1016", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Fluid in the pseudocoelom serves as a hydrostatic what?", "context": "Options: skeleton|shower|cell membrane|vacuum", "answer": "skeleton", "id": "sciq_extra_1017", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How will global warming eliminate some islands and reduce the area of others?", "context": "Options: raise sea levels|affect sea levels|unafect sea levels|lower sea levels", "answer": "raise sea levels", "id": "sciq_extra_1018", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the secretion of saliva?", "context": "Regulation of Salivation The autonomic nervous system regulates salivation (the secretion of saliva). In the absence of food, parasympathetic stimulation keeps saliva flowing at just the right level for comfort as you speak, swallow, sleep, and generally go about life. Over-salivation can occur, for example, if you are stimulated by the smell of food, but that food is not available for you to eat. Drooling is an extreme instance of the overproduction of saliva. During times of stress, such as before speaking in public, sympathetic stimulation takes over, reducing salivation and producing the symptom of dry mouth often associated with anxiety. When you are dehydrated, salivation is reduced, causing the mouth to feel dry and prompting you to take action to quench your thirst. Salivation can be stimulated by the sight, smell, and taste of food. It can even be stimulated by thinking about food. You might notice whether reading about food and salivation right now has had any effect on your production of saliva. How does the salivation process work while you are eating? Food contains chemicals that stimulate taste receptors on the tongue, which send impulses to the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in the brain stem. These two nuclei then send back parasympathetic impulses through fibers in the glossopharyngeal and facial nerves, which stimulate salivation. Even after you swallow food, salivation is increased to cleanse the mouth and to water down and neutralize any irritatin", "answer": "salivation", "id": "sciq_extra_1019", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most common sti in the u.s.?", "context": "Chlamydia is the most common STI in the U. S. As shown in the graph in Figure below , females are much more likely than males to develop chlamydia. Like most STIs, rates of chlamydia are highest in teens and young adults. | Options: chlamydia|syphilis|genital warts|herpes", "answer": "chlamydia", "id": "sciq_extra_1020", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What plant structures are the main avenues by which water evaporates from the sporophyte?", "context": "Options: stomata|veins|chlorophyll|chloroplasts", "answer": "stomata", "id": "sciq_extra_1021", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Decomposers break down dead organisms into nutrients and what?", "context": "Decomposers break down dead organisms into nutrients and gases so that they can be used by other organisms. | Options: gases|soil|fluids|tissues", "answer": "gases", "id": "sciq_extra_1022", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the use of technology to treat genetic disorders or change organisms so they are more useful to people?", "context": "Biotechnology is the use of technology to treat genetic disorders or change organisms so they are more useful to people. Methods include gene cloning. Applications include gene therapy and genetically modified food crops. | Options: biotechnology|physiology|biology|nanotechnology", "answer": "biotechnology", "id": "sciq_extra_1023", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What science specialty, with a set of like-named scientific laws, refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter?", "context": "6.3 | The Laws of Thermodynamics By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. | Options: thermodynamics|meteorology|geology|chemistry", "answer": "thermodynamics", "id": "sciq_extra_1024", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of tissue makes up the brain and the nerves that connect the brain to all parts of the body?", "context": "Nervous tissue is made up of neurons, or nerve cells, that carry electrical messages. Nervous tissue makes up the brain and the nerves that connect the brain to all parts of the body. | Options: nervous tissue|benign tissue|neurotransmitters|peripheral tissue", "answer": "nervous tissue", "id": "sciq_extra_1025", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Periodic refers to something that does what?", "context": "Mendeleev’s table of the elements is called a periodic table because of its repeating pattern. Anything that keeps repeating is referred to as periodic. Other examples of things that are periodic include the monthly phases of the moon and the daily cycle of night and day. The term period refers to the interval between repetitions. In a periodic table, the periods are the rows of the table. In Mendeleev’s table, each period contains eight elements, and then the pattern repeats in the next row. | Options: repeat|dies|fail|falls", "answer": "repeat", "id": "sciq_extra_1026", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Blood is pumped from the heart, pushing open which valves?", "context": "Ventricular Systole Ventricular systole (see Figure 19.27) follows the depolarization of the ventricles and is represented by the QRS complex in the ECG. It may be conveniently divided into two phases, lasting a total of 270 ms. At the end of atrial systole and just prior to atrial contraction, the ventricles contain approximately 130 mL blood in a resting adult in a standing position. This volume is known as the end diastolic volume (EDV) or preload. Initially, as the muscles in the ventricle contract, the pressure of the blood within the chamber rises, but it is not yet high enough to open the semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) valves and be ejected from the heart. However, blood pressure quickly rises above that of the atria that are now relaxed and in diastole. This increase in pressure causes blood to flow back toward the atria, closing the tricuspid and mitral valves. Since blood is not being ejected from the ventricles at this early stage, the volume of blood within the chamber remains constant. Consequently, this initial phase of ventricular systole is known as isovolumic contraction, also called isovolumetric contraction (see Figure 19.27). In the second phase of ventricular systole, the ventricular ejection phase, the contraction of the ventricular muscle has raised the pressure within the ventricle to the point that it is greater than the pressures in the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. Blood is pumped from the heart, pushing open the pulmonary and aortic semilunar va", "answer": "pulmonary and aortic semilunar", "id": "sciq_extra_1027", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term refers to a list of the elements that will replace the ones below them in single-replacement reactions?", "context": "Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. | Options: activity series|growth series|probably series|Up series", "answer": "activity series", "id": "sciq_extra_1028", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What cause many human diseases by killing host cells or disturbing their homeostasis?", "context": "Viruses cause many human diseases by killing host cells or disturbing their homeostasis. Viruses are not affected by antibiotics. Several viral diseases can be treated with antiviral drugs or prevented with vaccines. | Options: viruses|parasites|cancer|bacteria", "answer": "viruses", "id": "sciq_extra_1029", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What two types of digestive systems do invertebrates have?", "context": "Invertebrates have one of two types of digestive system: an incomplete or complete digestive system. Both are shown in Figure below . An incomplete digestive system consists of a digestive cavity with one opening. The single opening serves as both mouth and anus. A complete digestive system consists of a digestive tract with two openings. One opening is the mouth. The other is the anus. | Options: incomplete or complete|fast or slow|unstable or complete|slow or complete", "answer": "incomplete or complete", "id": "sciq_extra_1030", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are ectothermic vertebrates that divide their time between freshwater and terrestrial habitats?", "context": "Amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates that divide their time between freshwater and terrestrial habitats. | Options: amphibians|mammals|reptiles|arthropods", "answer": "amphibians", "id": "sciq_extra_1031", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During exercise, the rate of blood returning to the heart does this?", "context": "Correlation Between Heart Rates and Cardiac Output Initially, physiological conditions that cause HR to increase also trigger an increase in SV. During exercise, the rate of blood returning to the heart increases. However as the HR rises, there is less time spent in diastole and consequently less time for the ventricles to fill with blood. Even though there is less filling time, SV will initially remain high. However, as HR continues to increase, SV gradually decreases due to decreased filling time. CO will initially stabilize as the increasing HR compensates for the decreasing SV, but at very high rates, CO will eventually decrease as increasing rates are no longer able to compensate for the decreasing SV. Consider this phenomenon in a healthy young individual. Initially, as HR increases from resting to approximately 120 bpm, CO will rise. As HR increases from 120 to 160 bpm, CO remains stable, since the increase in rate is offset by decreasing ventricular filling time and, consequently, SV. As HR continues to rise above 160 bpm, CO actually decreases as SV falls faster than HR increases. So although aerobic exercises are critical to maintain the health of the heart, individuals are cautioned to monitor their HR to ensure they stay within the target heart rate range of between 120 and 160 bpm, so CO is maintained. The target HR is loosely defined as the range in which both the heart and lungs receive the maximum benefit from the aerobic workout and is dependent upon age. | O", "answer": "increases", "id": "sciq_extra_1032", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population?", "context": "Options: dispersion|frequency|diffusion|equilibrium", "answer": "dispersion", "id": "sciq_extra_1033", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What level is a feeding position in a food chain or web?", "context": "Each food chain or food web has organisms at different trophic levels. A trophic level is a feeding position in a food chain or web. The trophic levels are identified in the food web in Figure above . All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels, but they rarely have more than four trophic levels. The trophic levels are:. | Options: trophic|neural|differentiation|singular", "answer": "trophic", "id": "sciq_extra_1034", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do most of the noble gas elements have in common?", "context": "Atoms can join together by forming a chemical bond, which is a very strong attraction between two atoms. Chemical bonds are formed when electrons in different atoms interact with each other to make an arrangement that is more stable than when the atoms are apart. What causes atoms to make a chemical bond with other atoms, rather than remaining as individual atoms? A clue comes by considering the noble gas elements, the rightmost column of the periodic table. These elements—helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon—do not form compounds very easily, which suggests that they are especially stable as lone atoms. What else do the noble gas elements have in common? Except for helium, they all have eight valence electrons. Chemists have concluded that atoms are especially stable if they have eight electrons in their outermost shell. This useful rule of thumb is called the octet rule, and it is a key to understanding why compounds form. | Options: eight valence electrons|two valence electrons|zero valence electrons|four valence electrons", "answer": "eight valence electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1035", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the organisms that live in extreme conditions known as?", "context": "Many archaeans are extremophiles. Extremophiles are organisms that live in extreme conditions. For example, some archaeans live around hydrothermal vents. A hydrothermal vent is a crack on the ocean floor. You can see one in Figure below . Boiling hot, highly acidic water pours out of the vent. These extreme conditions don't deter archaeans. They have evolved adaptations for coping with them. These conditions are like those on ancient Earth. This suggests that archaeans may have evolved very early in Earth's history. | Options: extremophiles|carotenoids|fibroblasts|naturophiles", "answer": "extremophiles", "id": "sciq_extra_1036", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Collision frequency is greater for what category of catalysts, which also tend to be more sensitive to temperature and more 'expensive'?", "context": "Heterogeneous catalysts are easier to recover. Collision frequency is greater for homogeneous catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts are often more sensitive to temperature. Homogeneous catalysts are often more expensive. Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. | Options: homogeneous|heterogeneous|analogous|contiguous", "answer": "homogeneous", "id": "sciq_extra_1037", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does the pull of the moon's gravity on earth cause?", "context": "Figure below shows why tides occur. The main cause of tides is the pull of the Moon’s gravity on Earth. The pull is greatest on whatever is closest to the Moon. Although the gravity pulls the land, only the water can move. As a result:. | Options: tides|earthquakes|storms|waves", "answer": "tides", "id": "sciq_extra_1038", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A water molecule forms when oxygen (o) and _______  atoms react and are held together by covalent bonds?", "context": "An example of a chemical compound is water. A water molecule forms when oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) atoms react and are held together by covalent bonds. Like other compounds, water always has the same chemical composition: a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms. This is expressed in the chemical formula H 2 O. A model of a water molecule is shown in Figure below . | Options: hydrogen (h)|nitrogen|carbon|steam", "answer": "hydrogen (h)", "id": "sciq_extra_1039", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What force makes objects seem lighter in water?", "context": "Because of buoyant force, objects seem lighter in water. You may have noticed this when you went swimming and could easily pick up a friend or sibling under the water. Some of the person’s weight was countered by the buoyant force of the water. | Options: buoyant|resilient|surface tension|gravity", "answer": "buoyant", "id": "sciq_extra_1040", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What  is the process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides?", "context": "Mitosis is the process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides. It happens in four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. | Options: mitosis|meiosis|angiogenesis|cytokinesis", "answer": "mitosis", "id": "sciq_extra_1041", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Iceland is made up of a series of?", "context": "A fissure eruption on a volcano in Iceland. The lava flows downhill and turns snow into steam. Iceland is made of a set of volcanoes that are the result of a hotspot that lies on a mid-ocean ridge. The island is the only location where the mid-ocean ridge can be seen above sea level. Icelandic volcanoes have made the news lately since some have shut down air traffic in parts of Europe. | Options: volcanoes|glaciers|outcrops|earthquakes", "answer": "volcanoes", "id": "sciq_extra_1042", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of organism does not need oxygen for growth and dies in its presence?", "context": "An anaerobic organism is any organism that does not need oxygen for growth and even dies in its presence. Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen. Clostridium perfringens bacteria, which are commonly found in soil around the world, are obligate anaerobes. Infection of a wound by C. perfringens bacteria causes the disease gas gangrene. Obligate anaerobes use molecules other than oxygen as terminal electron acceptors. | Options: anaerobic|acidic|aerobic|symbiotic", "answer": "anaerobic", "id": "sciq_extra_1043", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of specialized organs that filter the lymph by percolation through a maze of connective tissue filled with white blood cells?", "context": "eventually diffuses back into the capillaries near the venules. The remaining 15% of blood plasma drains out from the interstitial fluid into nearby lymphatic vessels (Figure 40.18). The fluid in the lymph is similar in composition to the interstitial fluid. The lymph fluid passes through lymph nodes before it returns to the heart via the vena cava. Lymph nodes are specialized organs that filter the lymph by percolation through a maze of connective tissue filled with white blood cells. The white blood cells remove infectious agents, such as bacteria and viruses, to clean the lymph before it returns to the bloodstream. After it is cleaned, the lymph returns to the heart by the action of smooth muscle pumping, skeletal muscle action, and one-way valves joining the returning blood near the junction of the venae cavae entering the right atrium of the heart. | Options: lymph nodes|alveoli|edema glands|cochlea", "answer": "lymph nodes", "id": "sciq_extra_1044", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are hydrocarbons most important use?", "context": "Hydrocarbons have a wide variety of important uses, but their most important use is as fuels. | Options: fuel|lightsource|food|electricity", "answer": "fuel", "id": "sciq_extra_1045", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What protects tissues of the central nervous system from changes in ph?", "context": "Bicarbonate ions play an important role in neutralizing acids throughout the body. Bicarbonate ions are especially important for protecting tissues of the central nervous system from changes in pH. The central nervous system includes the brain, which is the body’s control center. If pH deviates too far from normal, the central nervous system cannot function properly. This can have a drastic effect on the rest of the body. | Options: bicarbonate ions|fatty ions|cerebrum|sucrose ions", "answer": "bicarbonate ions", "id": "sciq_extra_1046", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The air pressure is about 80% that of ________ pressure at sea level.", "context": "The air pressure is about 80% that of standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. For significant figure purposes, the standard pressure of 760 mmHg has three significant figures. | Options: standard atmospheric|internal atmospheric|adverse atmospheric|specific atmospheric", "answer": "standard atmospheric", "id": "sciq_extra_1047", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vertebrates - including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals - belong to what phylum?", "context": "Vertebrates are animals in Phylum Chordata. Modern vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. You can see examples of all these groups of vertebrates in Figure below . | Options: chordata|angulata|nematota|animalia", "answer": "chordata", "id": "sciq_extra_1048", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In our wildflower population, the pool of what remains constant from one generation to the next?", "context": "Options: genes|DNA|eggs|genomes", "answer": "genes", "id": "sciq_extra_1049", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When a membrane uses energy to move a substance across it, what kind of transport is this?", "context": "x rms = 2Dt, where D is the diffusion constant, representative values of which are found in Table 12.2. • Osmosis is the transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. • Dialysis is the transport of any other molecule through a semipermeable membrane due to its concentration difference. • Both processes can be reversed by back pressure. • Active transport is a process in which a living membrane expends energy to move substances across it. | Options: active|fast|slow|inactive", "answer": "active", "id": "sciq_extra_1050", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An electrostatic attraction between two ions that have exchanged what?", "context": "An electrostatic attraction between two ions that have exchanged electrons. | Options: electrons|neutrons|quasars|protons", "answer": "electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1051", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During what part of a person's development are they generally at their physical peak?", "context": "Early adulthood starts at age 18 or 21. It continues until the mid-30s. During early adulthood, people are at their physical peak. They are also usually in good health. The ability to have children is greatest during early adulthood, as well. This is the stage of life when most people complete their education. They are likely to begin a career or take a full-time job. Many people also marry and start a family during early adulthood. | Options: early adulthood|late adulthood|infancy|senility", "answer": "early adulthood", "id": "sciq_extra_1052", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of movement involves sluggish segmentation, primarily in the transverse and descending colons?", "context": "Mechanical Digestion In the large intestine, mechanical digestion begins when chyme moves from the ileum into the cecum, an activity regulated by the ileocecal sphincter. Right after you eat, peristalsis in the ileum forces chyme into the cecum. When the cecum is distended with chyme, contractions of the ileocecal sphincter strengthen. Once chyme enters the cecum, colon movements begin. Mechanical digestion in the large intestine includes a combination of three types of movements. The presence of food residues in the colon stimulates a slow-moving haustral contraction. This type of movement involves sluggish segmentation, primarily in the transverse and descending colons. When a haustrum is distended with chyme, its muscle contracts, pushing the residue into the next haustrum. These contractions occur about every 30 minutes, and each last about 1 minute. These movements also mix the food residue, which helps the large intestine absorb water. The second type of movement is peristalsis, which, in the large intestine, is slower than in the more proximal portions of the alimentary canal. The third type is a mass movement. These strong waves start midway through the transverse colon and quickly force the contents toward the rectum. Mass movements usually occur three or four times per day, either while you eat or immediately afterward. Distension in the stomach and the breakdown products of digestion in the small intestine provoke the gastrocolic reflex, which increases motility, i", "answer": "haustral contraction", "id": "sciq_extra_1053", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vertebrates evolved from primitive forms of which creature?", "context": "Vertebrates evolved from primitive chordates. This occurred about 550 million years ago. The earliest vertebrates may have been jawless fish, like the hagfish in Figure below . Vertebrates evolved a backbone to replace the notochord after the embryo stage. They also evolved a cranium, or bony skull, to enclose and protect the brain. | Options: chordates|gastropods|cephalopods|eukaryotes", "answer": "chordates", "id": "sciq_extra_1054", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does the aqueous fluid between the chloroplast membrane and the grana known as?", "context": "Both chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria contain grana, neat stacks of flattened sac-shaped membrane compartments called thylakoids . Thylakoids can be considered a sub-organelle within the chloroplast. Between the chloroplast membrane and the grana is an aqueous fluid known as stroma . Thylakoids, especially the thylakoid membrane, organize patterns of proteins and other molecules which conduct photosynthesis, as shown in Figure below . In addition to enzymes, two basic types of molecules - pigments and electron carriers – are significant in this process. You can take a video tour of a chloroplast at Encyclopedia Britannica: Chloroplast : http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/media/16440/Chloroplasts-circulate-within-plant-cells . | Options: stroma|plasma|water|blood", "answer": "stroma", "id": "sciq_extra_1055", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When a hypothesis is repeatedly confirmed, what can it then become?", "context": "When a hypothesis is confirmed repeatedly, it eventually becomes a theory – a general principle that is offered to explain natural phenomena. Note a key word – explanation. The theory offers a description of why something happens. A law, on the other hand, is a statement that is always true, but does not explain why. The law of gravity says a rock will fall when dropped, but does not explain why (gravitational theory is very complex and incomplete at present). The kinetic-molecular theory of gases, on the other hand, tells what happens when a gas is heated in a closed container (the pressure increases), but also explains why (the motions of the gas molecules are increased due to the change in temperature). Theories do not get “promoted” to laws because laws do not answer the “why” question. | Options: theory|Thesis|study|evolution", "answer": "theory", "id": "sciq_extra_1056", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Using a hammer to remove a nail changes both the direction and strength of the what?", "context": "Using a hammer to remove a nail changes both the direction and strength of the applied force. Where is the fulcrum of the hammer when it is used in this way?. | Options: applied force|kinetic energy|gravity|static energy", "answer": "applied force", "id": "sciq_extra_1057", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Through which process are plants able to make their own food?", "context": "Options: photosynthesis|cell division|glycolysis|metabolism", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1058", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of waves are sound waves?", "context": "A: It wouldn’t unless the vibrations were carried by another medium. Sound waves are mechanical waves, so they can travel only though matter and not through empty space. | Options: mechanical|External|internal|spinning", "answer": "mechanical", "id": "sciq_extra_1059", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The protein without the prosthetic group is known as the what?", "context": "As we will return to later, proteins are functional entities, composed of polypeptides and prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is essential for normal protein function. The protein without the prosthetic group is known as the apoprotein. biofundamentals – coreBIO. | Options: apoprotein|xerophyte|monoprotein|spicule", "answer": "apoprotein", "id": "sciq_extra_1060", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What connections allow heterocysts to transport fixed nitrogen to neighboring cells and to receive carbohydrates?", "context": "Options: intercellular|neurons|heterogeneity|peptide", "answer": "intercellular", "id": "sciq_extra_1061", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The classes anthozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, and hydrozoa make up what phylum?", "context": "differentiated cell types in each tissue layer, such as nerve cells, enzyme-secreting cells, and nutrient-absorbing cells, as well as intercellular connections between the cells. However, organs and organ systems are not present in this phylum. The nervous system is primitive, with nerve cells scattered across the body in a network. The function of the nerve cells is to carry signals from sensory cells and to contractile cells. Groups of cells in the nerve net form nerve cords that may be essential for more rapid transmission. Cnidarians perform extracellular digestion, with digestion completed by intracellular digestive processes. Food is taken into the gastrovascular cavity, enzymes are secreted into the cavity, and the cells lining the cavity absorb the nutrient products of the extracellular digestive process. The gastrovascular cavity has only one opening that serves as both a mouth and an anus (an incomplete digestive system). Like the sponges, Cnidarian cells exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes by diffusion between cells in the epidermis and gastrodermis with water. Cnidarian Diversity The phylum Cnidaria contains about 10,000 described species divided into four classes: Anthozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Hydrozoa. The class Anthozoa includes all cnidarians that exhibit a sessile polyp body plan only; in other words, there is no medusa stage within their life cycle. Examples include sea anemones, sea pens, and corals, with an estimated number of 6,100", "answer": "cnidaria", "id": "sciq_extra_1062", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where does waste enter the large intestine from?", "context": "The large intestine is a wide tube that connects the small intestine with the anus. In adults, it is about five feet long. Waste enters the large intestine from the small intestine in a liquid state. As the waste moves through the large intestine, excess water is absorbed from it. After the excess water is absorbed, the remaining solid waste is called feces. | Options: the small intestine|the small tissue|kidneys|liver", "answer": "the small intestine", "id": "sciq_extra_1063", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do different soil horizons show different amounts of?", "context": "Soil horizons are layers within a soil. Different soil horizons show different amounts of alteration. | Options: alteration|distortion|secretion|evolution", "answer": "alteration", "id": "sciq_extra_1064", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the main source of energy for your body?", "context": "Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are categories of organic compounds. They give your body energy, though carbohydrates are the main source of energy. Proteins provide building materials, such as amino acids to build your own proteins. Proteins, vitamins, and minerals also help control body processes. Carbohydrates include sugars such as the glucose made by photosynthesis. Often glucose is stored in large molecules such as starch. Proteins are found in foods like meats and nuts. Lipids includes fats and oils. Though you should stay away from many types of fats, others are needed by your body. Important vitamins include vitamins A, B (multiple types) C, D, and E. Important minerals include calcium and potassium. What should you drink to get calcium? Milk is a good source. | Options: carbohydrates|proteins|vitamins|fats", "answer": "carbohydrates", "id": "sciq_extra_1065", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are thin, very small tail-like projections that extend outward from the cell body that allow protists to move?", "context": "The ciliates are protists that move by using cilia. Cilia are thin, very small tail-like projections that extend outward from the cell body. Cilia beat back and forth, moving the protist along. Paramecium has cilia that propel it. | Options: cilia|antennae|notochords|fins", "answer": "cilia", "id": "sciq_extra_1066", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Earthquakes, which may occur on california’s abundant faults, can also trigger what?", "context": "Some communities have developed landslide warning systems. Around San Francisco Bay, the National Weather Service and the U. S. Geological Survey use rain gauges to monitor soil moisture. If soil becomes saturated, the weather service issues a warning. Earthquakes, which may occur on California’s abundant faults, can also trigger landslides. | Options: landslides|Waves|avalanches|floods", "answer": "landslides", "id": "sciq_extra_1067", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In which way do particles of water move in deep water?", "context": "In deep water, particles of water just move in circles. They don’t actually move closer to shore with the energy of the waves. However, near the shore where the water is shallow, the waves behave differently. They start to drag on the bottom, creating friction (see Figure below ). The friction slows down the bottoms of the waves, while the tops of the waves keep moving at the same speed. This causes the waves to get steeper until they topple over and crash on the shore. The crashing waves carry water onto the shore as surf. | Options: circles|currents|parabolas|ellipses", "answer": "circles", "id": "sciq_extra_1068", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the study of heat engines?", "context": "Thermodynamics is the study of heat engines. Any engine or power plant obeys the laws of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of conservation of energy. Total energy, including heat, is conserved in any process and in the complete cycle of a heat engine. The second law of thermodynamics as it applies to heat engines gives an absolute limit on the efficiency of any heat engine that goes through repetitious cycles. | Options: thermodynamics|chemistry|biology|Chemical dynamics", "answer": "thermodynamics", "id": "sciq_extra_1069", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Mechanical waves can only trave through what?", "context": "The energy of a mechanical wave can travel only through matter. The matter through which the wave travels is called the medium ( plural , media). The medium in the water wave pictured above is water, a liquid. But the medium of a mechanical wave can be any state of matter, even a solid. | Options: matter|light|air|water", "answer": "matter", "id": "sciq_extra_1070", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If you examine eyeglasses for nearsighted people, you will find the lenses are thinnest in the center and of what shape?", "context": "Discussion The negative power indicates a diverging (or concave) lens, as expected. The spectacle produces a case 3 image closer to the eye, where the person can see it. If you examine eyeglasses for nearsighted people, you will find the lenses are thinnest in the center. Additionally, if you examine a prescription for eyeglasses for nearsighted people, you will find that the prescribed power is negative and given in units of diopters. | Options: concave|convex|asymmetrical|square", "answer": "concave", "id": "sciq_extra_1071", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call air flowing over earth’s surface?", "context": "Air always flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. Air flowing over Earth’s surface is called wind . The greater the difference in pressure, the stronger the wind blows. | Options: wind|gas|steam|air pressure", "answer": "wind", "id": "sciq_extra_1072", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What three particles make up most atoms?", "context": "A neutron is one of three main particles that make up the atom. The other two particles are the proton and electron. Atoms of all elements—except for most atoms of hydrogen—have neutrons in their nucleus. The nucleus is the small, dense region at the center of an atom where protons are also found. Atoms generally have about the same number of neutrons as protons. For example, all carbon atoms have six protons and most also have six neutrons. A model of a carbon atom is shown in the Figure below . For an excellent video explaining the structure of atoms, including neutrons, go to this URL:. | Options: protons, electrons and neutrons|protons, electrons and nucleus|micrometres , electrons and neutrons|neutrons, protons and radii", "answer": "protons, electrons and neutrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1073", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How can one dimensional vectors be added?", "context": "Vectors that are in one dimension can be added arithmetically. | Options: arithmetically|incrementally|sequentially|exponentially", "answer": "arithmetically", "id": "sciq_extra_1074", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is caused by the reaction of nonmetal oxides with water in the atmosphere?", "context": "Acid rain is caused by the reaction of nonmetal oxides with water in the atmosphere. One such reaction involves nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and produces nitric acid (HNO3): 3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO If 1.82 × 1013 g of NO2 enter the atmosphere every year due to human activities, potentially how many grams of HNO3 can be produced annually?. | Options: acid rain|ozone rain|carbon rain|yellow rain", "answer": "acid rain", "id": "sciq_extra_1075", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Into how many basic regions can the aquatic biome be broken down?", "context": "Options: two|six|One|five", "answer": "two", "id": "sciq_extra_1076", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The top of the saturated rock layer is called what?", "context": "The top of the saturated rock layer above ( Figure above ) is called the water table . The water table isn’t like a real table. It doesn’t remain firmly in one place. Instead, it rises or falls, depending on how much water seeps down from the surface. The water table is higher when there is a lot of rain, and it is lower when the weather is dry. | Options: water table|sand layer|compressed layer|calcified layer", "answer": "water table", "id": "sciq_extra_1077", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which field studies how to tailor medical treatments to our genetic profiles?", "context": "We know that, thanks to our DNA, each of us is a little bit different. Some of those differences are obvious, like eye and hair color. Others are not so obvious, like how our bodies react to medication. Researchers are beginning to look at how to tailor medical treatments to our genetic profiles, in a relatively new field called pharmacogenomics . Some of the biggest breakthroughs have been in cancer treatment. For additional information on this “personalized medicine,” listen to http://www. kqed. org/quest/radio/personalized-medicine and see http://www. kqed. org/quest/blog/2009/09/11/reporters-notes-personalized-medicine/ . | Options: pharmacogenomics|immunology|metagenomics|proteomics", "answer": "pharmacogenomics", "id": "sciq_extra_1078", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Research that focuses on understanding basic properties and processes without concern for the usefulness of this understanding is known as what kind of research?", "context": "Pure research focuses on understanding basic properties and processes. | Options: pure research|disconnected research|applied research|focused research", "answer": "pure research", "id": "sciq_extra_1079", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cells of what category of organisms can be organized at the level of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems?", "context": "Cells can exist independently as single-celled organisms or with other cells as multicellular organisms. Cells of a multicellular organism can be organized at the level of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. | Options: multicellular|biomolecular|intricate|complex", "answer": "multicellular", "id": "sciq_extra_1080", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What property of materials describes the ease in which they can be molded into thin sheets?", "context": "A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Silver is a shiny metal that conducts electricity very well. It can be molded into thin sheets, a property called malleability. Salt is dull and brittle and conducts electricity when it has been dissolved into water, which it does quite easily. Physical properties of matter include color, hardness, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting points , and boiling points . | Options: malleability|plasticity|permeability|rigidity", "answer": "malleability", "id": "sciq_extra_1081", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call materials that have low resistance to electric current?", "context": "Materials that have low resistance to electric current are called electric conductors . Many metals—including copper, aluminum, and steel—are good conductors of electricity. The outer electrons of metal atoms are loosely bound and free to move, allowing electric current to flow. Water that has even a tiny amount of impurities is an electric conductor as well. | Options: electric conductors|electromagnets|poor conductors|good insulator", "answer": "electric conductors", "id": "sciq_extra_1082", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the transfer of heat by a current?", "context": "Convection is the transfer of heat by a current. Convection happens in a liquid or a gas. Air near the ground is warmed by heat radiating from Earth's surface. The warm air is less dense, so it rises. As it rises, it cools. The cool air is dense, so it sinks to the surface. This creates a convection current ( Figure below ). Convection is the most important way that heat travels in the atmosphere. | Options: convection|conduction|radiation|diffusion", "answer": "convection", "id": "sciq_extra_1083", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Arterioles receive blood from arteries, which are vessels with a much larger lumen. as their own lumen averages just 30 micrometers or less, arterioles are critical in slowing down—or resisting—blood flow. the arterioles can also constrict or dilate, which varies their what?", "context": "Chapter 20 1 Water. 3 A 5 C 7 C 9 A 11 D 13 B 15 A 17 C 19 A 21 C 23 D 25 D 27 C 28 Arterioles receive blood from arteries, which are vessels with a much larger lumen. As their own lumen averages just 30 micrometers or less, arterioles are critical in slowing down—or resisting—blood flow. The arterioles can also constrict or dilate, which varies their resistance, to help distribute blood flow to the tissues. 30 This is a venule. 32 People who stand upright all day and are inactive overall have very little skeletal muscle activity in the legs. Pooling of blood in the legs and feet is common. Venous return to the heart is reduced, a condition that in turn reduces cardiac output and therefore oxygenation of tissues throughout the body. This could at least partially account for the patient’s fatigue and shortness of breath, as well as her “spaced out” feeling, which commonly reflects reduced oxygen to the brain. 34 False. The plasma proteins suspended in blood cannot cross the semipermeable capillary cell membrane, and so they remain in the plasma within the vessel, where they account for the blood colloid osmotic pressure. 36 Nitric oxide is a very powerful local vasodilator that is important in the autoregulation of tissue perfusion. If it were not broken down very quickly after its release, blood flow to the region could exceed metabolic needs. 38 The gonadal veins drain the testes in males and the ovaries in females. 40 Angiogenesis inhibitors are drugs that inhibit the growt", "answer": "resistance", "id": "sciq_extra_1084", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the circular center of a hurricane better known as?", "context": "At the center of a hurricane is a small area where the air is calm and clear. This is called the eye of the hurricane ( Figure below ). The eye forms at the low-pressure center of the hurricane. Air in the eye rises upward. | Options: the eye|the epicenter|the nose|the focus", "answer": "the eye", "id": "sciq_extra_1085", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Are most glaciers currently growing or shrinking?", "context": "Glaciers are not static; they grow, they move and they shrink. Currently, most glaciers are shrinking. | Options: shrinking|growing|freezing|no change", "answer": "shrinking", "id": "sciq_extra_1086", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of model - which includes producers, consumers and decomposers - shows the interactions between organisms across trophic levels?", "context": "Figure 20.6 This food web shows the interactions between organisms across trophic levels. Arrows point from an organism that is consumed to the organism that consumes it. All the producers and consumers eventually become nourishment for the decomposers (fungi, mold, earthworms, and bacteria in the soil). (credit \"fox\": modification of work by Kevin Bacher, NPS; credit \"owl\": modification of work by John and Karen Hollingsworth, USFWS; credit \"snake\": modification of work by Steve Jurvetson; credit \"robin\": modification of work by Alan Vernon; credit \"frog\": modification of work by Alessandro Catenazzi; credit \"spider\": modification of work by \"Sanba38\"/Wikimedia Commons; credit \"centipede\": modification of work by “Bauerph”/Wikimedia Commons; credit \"squirrel\": modification of work by Dawn Huczek; credit \"mouse\": modification of work by NIGMS, NIH; credit \"sparrow\": modification of work by David Friel; credit \"beetle\": modification of work by Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service; credit \"mushrooms\": modification of work by Chris Wee; credit \"mold\": modification of work by Dr. Lucille Georg, CDC; credit \"earthworm\": modification of work by Rob Hille; credit \"bacteria\": modification of work by Don Stalons, CDC). | Options: food web|interdepence web|fuel web|organic web", "answer": "food web", "id": "sciq_extra_1087", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The multifidus muscle of the lumbar region helps extend and laterally flex this?", "context": "are associated. The semispinalis muscles include the semispinalis capitis, the semispinalis cervicis, and the semispinalis thoracis. The multifidus muscle of the lumbar region helps extend and laterally flex the vertebral column. Important in the stabilization of the vertebral column is the segmental muscle group, which includes the interspinales and intertransversarii muscles. These muscles bring together the spinous and transverse processes of each consecutive vertebra. Finally, the scalene muscles work together to flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head. They also contribute to deep inhalation. The scalene muscles include the anterior scalene muscle (anterior to the middle scalene), the middle scalene muscle (the longest, intermediate between the anterior and posterior scalenes), and the posterior scalene muscle (the smallest, posterior to the middle scalene). | Options: vertebal column|forearm|pelvic muscle|knee", "answer": "vertebal column", "id": "sciq_extra_1088", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does k stand for on the periodic table?", "context": "Q: The table shown in the Figure above is called the periodic table of the elements. Each symbol stands for a different element. What do you think the symbol K stands for?. | Options: potassium|aluminum|magnesium|calcium", "answer": "potassium", "id": "sciq_extra_1089", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Beta decay occurs when a nucleus has too few of what relative to protons?", "context": "Beta decay occurs when a nucleus is unstable because it has too many or too few neutrons relative to protons. The nucleus emits a beta particle and energy. A beta particle is either an electron (beta-minus decay) or a positron (beta-plus decay). | Options: neutrons|protons|electrons|nuclei", "answer": "neutrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1090", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Trees have woody stems covered with what?", "context": "Trees have woody stems covered with bark. | Options: bark|larvae|rust|shells", "answer": "bark", "id": "sciq_extra_1091", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What prevents an object from moving in a straight line at a constant speed?", "context": "Newton’s first law implies that an object oscillating back and forth is experiencing forces. Without force, the object would move in a straight line at a constant speed rather than oscillate. Consider, for example, plucking a plastic ruler to the left as shown in Figure 16.2. The deformation of the ruler creates a force in the opposite direction, known as a restoring force. Once released, the restoring force causes the ruler to move back toward its stable equilibrium position, where the net force on it is zero. However, by the time the ruler gets there, it gains momentum and continues to move to the right, producing the opposite deformation. It is then forced to the left, back through equilibrium, and the process is repeated until dissipative forces dampen the motion. These forces remove mechanical energy from the system, gradually reducing the motion until the ruler comes to rest. The simplest oscillations occur when the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement. When stress and strain were covered in Newton’s Third Law of Motion, the name was given to this relationship between force and displacement was Hooke’s law:. | Options: force|weight|friction|matter", "answer": "force", "id": "sciq_extra_1092", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The effect of acetylcholine in heart muscle is inhibitory rather than what?", "context": "Options: excitatory|neurotransmitter|olfactory|exofactory", "answer": "excitatory", "id": "sciq_extra_1093", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the division of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells?", "context": "The second major step is cytokinesis . As in prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm must divide. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells. | Options: cytokinesis|electrolysis|andronisis|metamorphosis", "answer": "cytokinesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1094", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The white of an egg becomes opaque when cooked because what are insoluble and solidify?", "context": "Options: denatured proteins|acetic proteins|calcium molecules|fatty acids", "answer": "denatured proteins", "id": "sciq_extra_1095", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of plants lack xylem or phloem to transport nutrients, water, and food?", "context": "Nonvascular plants evolved first. They are distinct from the algae because they keep the embryo inside of the reproductive structure after fertilization. These plants do not have vascular tissue, xylem or phloem, to transport nutrients, water, and food. Examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Without vascular tissue, these plants do not grow very tall. | Options: nonvascular|single-celled|trichina|spicule", "answer": "nonvascular", "id": "sciq_extra_1096", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Exemplified by baring teeth, what type of displays are common in the animal kingdom, and sometimes serve as a 'bluff'?", "context": "incorrectly or a proper response is not given, the mating ritual is abandoned and the mating attempt will be unsuccessful. The mating display of the common stork is shown in Figure 45.37. Aggressive displays are also common in the animal kingdom. An example is when a dog bares its teeth when it wants another dog to back down. Presumably, these displays communicate not only the willingness of the animal to fight, but also its fighting ability. Although these displays do signal aggression on the part of the sender, it is thought that these displays are actually a mechanism to reduce the amount of actual fighting that occurs between members of the same species: they allow individuals to assess the fighting ability of their opponent and thus decide whether it is “worth the fight. ” The testing of certain hypotheses using game theory has led to the conclusion that some of these displays may overstate an animal’s actual fighting ability and are used to “bluff” the opponent. This type of interaction, even if “dishonest,” would be favored by natural selection if it is successful more times than not. | Options: aggressive|passive|defensive|sexual", "answer": "aggressive", "id": "sciq_extra_1097", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The preferred phase a substance adopts can change with temperature. at low temperatures, most substances are solids (only helium is predicted to be a liquid at absolute zero). as the temperature increases, those substances with very weak intermolecular forces become gases directly in a process called this?", "context": "The preferred phase a substance adopts can change with temperature. At low temperatures, most substances are solids (only helium is predicted to be a liquid at absolute zero). As the temperature increases, those substances with very weak intermolecular forces become gases directly (in a process called sublimation, which will be discussed in Section 10.2 \"Phase Transitions: Melting, Boiling, and Subliming\"). Substances with weak interactions can become liquids as the temperature increases. As the temperature increases even more, the individual particles will have so much energy that the intermolecular forces are overcome, so the particles separate from each other, and the substance becomes a gas (assuming that their chemical bonds are not so weak that the compound decomposes from the high temperature). Although is it difficult to predict the temperature ranges for which solid, liquid, or gas is the preferred phase for any random substance, all substances progress from solid to liquid to gas in that order as temperature increases. | Options: sublimation|speciation|vaporization|Freezing Point", "answer": "sublimation", "id": "sciq_extra_1098", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What pigment do slow fibers contain?", "context": "Which of the following statements is true? a. Fast fibers have a small diameter. Fast fibers contain loosely packed myofibrils. Fast fibers have large glycogen reserves. Fast fibers have many mitochondria. Which of the following statements is false? a. Slow fibers have a small network of capillaries. Slow fibers contain the pigment myoglobin. Slow fibers contain a large number of mitochondria. Slow fibers contract for extended periods. Cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles in that they ________. are striated b. utilize aerobic metabolism. | Options: myoglobin|melolin|hemoglobin|iron", "answer": "myoglobin", "id": "sciq_extra_1099", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are clathrin, copi and copii types of?", "context": "The vesicle coat selects specific proteins as cargo. It selects cargo proteins by binding to sorting signals. These complexes cluster in the membrane, forming a vesicle buds, or coated pit . There are three types of vesicle coats: clathrin , COPI and COPII. Clathrin coats are found on vesicles trafficking between the Golgi and plasma membrane, the Golgi and endosomes, and the plasma membrane and endosomes. COPI ( coat protein complex) coated vesicles are responsible for transport from the cis -Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport), while COPII coated vesicles are responsible for transport from the ER to the Golgi (anterograde transport). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors aggregate in clathrin coated pits prior to internalization. | Options: vesicle coats|replication coats|pathogen coats|artery coats", "answer": "vesicle coats", "id": "sciq_extra_1100", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name for the force that attracts water molecules to other polar substances?", "context": "Options: adhesion|osmosis|diffusion|aeration", "answer": "adhesion", "id": "sciq_extra_1101", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All alkaline earth metals have similar properties because they all have two what?", "context": "All alkaline Earth metals have similar properties because they all have two valence electrons. They readily give up their two valence electrons to achieve a full outer energy level, which is the most stable arrangement of electrons. As a result, they are very reactive, although not quite as reactive as the alkali metals in group 1. For example, alkaline Earth metals will react with cold water, but not explosively as alkali metals do. Because of their reactivity, alkaline Earth metals never exist as pure substances in nature. Instead, they are always found combined with other elements. | Options: valence electrons|balanced electrons|transitions electrons|caesium electrons", "answer": "valence electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1102", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A solenoid or coil wrapped around iron or certain other metals can form what kind of magnet?", "context": "An electromagnet is a solenoid wrapped around a bar of iron or other ferromagnetic material. The magnetic field of the solenoid magnetizes the iron bar. | Options: electromagnet|permanent magnet|superconductor|polarized magnet", "answer": "electromagnet", "id": "sciq_extra_1103", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Is the yolk more or less concentrated toward the animal pole?", "context": "Options: less concentrated|more concentrated|same concentrated|no change", "answer": "less concentrated", "id": "sciq_extra_1104", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the location where bones come together?", "context": "The adult human body has 206 bones, and with the exception of the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined to each other by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide for little or no movement. Importantly, joint stability and movement are related to each other. This means that stable joints allow for little or no mobility between the adjacent bones. Conversely, joints that provide the most movement. | Options: joints|muscles|Knees|fingers", "answer": "joints", "id": "sciq_extra_1105", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term denotes lower levels of exposure, for instance to radiation, over a longer period of time?", "context": "Exposure gives an indication of the amount of radiation that travels through the air. Two factors influence the amount of exposure a person may receive – time and intensity. Acute exposure indicates a large amount of radiation received over a short period of time. Chronic exposure deals with lower levels of exposure over a longer period of time. Dose equivalence combines the amount of radiation received and the medical effect of that radiation. Calculations of exposure and dose equivalence are complicated and will not be pursued at this time. | Options: chronic exposure|non-exposure|recent exposure|excess exposure", "answer": "chronic exposure", "id": "sciq_extra_1106", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What causes water molecules to stay close to each other?", "context": "Options: hydrogen bonding|oxidation|surface tension|friction", "answer": "hydrogen bonding", "id": "sciq_extra_1107", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the main cause of recent global warming?", "context": "Natural processes caused earlier climate changes. Human beings are the main cause of recent global warming. | Options: human beings|ice ages|solar flares|insect overpopulation", "answer": "human beings", "id": "sciq_extra_1108", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In solids, particles can't overcome the force of attraction between them because they lack what?", "context": "In solids, particles don’t have enough kinetic energy to overcome the force of attraction between them. The particles are packed closely together and cannot move around. All they can do is vibrate. This explains why solids have a fixed volume and shape. | Options: kinetic energy|gravity|residual energy|momentum", "answer": "kinetic energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1109", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the organelles where the process of photosynthesis takes place in plants and algae.", "context": "Chloroplasts are the organelles where the process of photosynthesis takes place in plants and algae. | Options: chloroplasts|fibroblasts|mitochondria|ribosomes", "answer": "chloroplasts", "id": "sciq_extra_1110", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process occurs when two alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote?", "context": "Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote. The red and white flower in the figure has codominant alleles for red petals and white petals. | Options: codominance|pollenation|fertilization|codependence", "answer": "codominance", "id": "sciq_extra_1111", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Magnetic poles always occur in pairs - what are the names of each pole?", "context": "• Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. • Magnetic poles always occur in pairs of north and south—it is not possible to isolate north and south poles. | Options: north and south|prime and equator|tropic and arctic|southwest and south", "answer": "north and south", "id": "sciq_extra_1112", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Anemia is a disease that affects what?", "context": "Red meat, legumes, and spinach are all good sources of iron. Getting enough iron in your diet is important to prevent anemia. Anemia is a blood disease that causes you to feel weak and tired. Although anemia is caused by a nutrient deficiency, other blood diseases are genetic diseases, or forms of cancer. | Options: blood|brain|heart|kidney", "answer": "blood", "id": "sciq_extra_1113", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The end of a pine tree branch bears the male cones that produce what?", "context": "The end of a pine tree branch bears the male cones that produce the pollen. | Options: pollen|spores|flowers|needles", "answer": "pollen", "id": "sciq_extra_1114", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the material inside the cell membrane called?", "context": "Cytoplasm is the material inside the cell membrane. It includes a watery substance called cytosol. Besides water, cytosol contains enzymes and other substances. Cytoplasm also includes other cell structures suspended in the cytosol. | Options: cytoplasm|mucus|cerebellum|chloroplasm", "answer": "cytoplasm", "id": "sciq_extra_1115", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The energy stored in the organic molecules of food ultimately comes from where?", "context": "Options: sun|earth|ocean|plant", "answer": "sun", "id": "sciq_extra_1116", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sulfur dioxide produced by burning coal is the leading cause of what deadly phenomenon?", "context": "Another problem with coal is that most coal contains sulfur. As it burns, the sulfur goes into the air as sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is the main cause of acid rain. Acid rain can be deadly to plants, animals, and whole ecosystems. Burning coal also puts a large number of small solid particulates into the air. These particles are dangerous to people, especially those who have asthma. People with asthma may end up in the hospital on days when particulate pollution is high. | Options: acid rain|hail|carbon rain|dioxide rain", "answer": "acid rain", "id": "sciq_extra_1117", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When an eagle, a land eater, goes and gets fish from the sea, as well, its called?", "context": "Food webs also overlap. For example, an eagle is part of a land food web. But it might go to the sea to grab a fish. That fish is part of a marine food web. | Options: overlapping food web|overlapping food source|food chain mixing|descending food web", "answer": "overlapping food web", "id": "sciq_extra_1118", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the what?", "context": "Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the axon hillock. This is a tapering of the cell body toward the axon fiber. Within the axon hillock, the cytoplasm changes to a solution of limited components called axoplasm. Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. Many axons are wrapped by an insulating substance called myelin, which is actually made from glial cells. Myelin acts as insulation much like the plastic or rubber that is used to insulate electrical wires. A key difference between myelin and the insulation on a wire is that there are gaps in the myelin covering of an axon. Each gap is called a node of Ranvier and is important to the way that electrical signals travel down the axon. The length of the axon between each gap, which is wrapped in myelin, is referred to as an axon segment. At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell, each of which ends in an enlargement called a synaptic end bulb. These bulbs are what make the connection with the target cell at the synapse. | Options: axon hillock|axosomatic synapse|dendrite|cellular hillock", "answer": "axon hillock", "id": "sciq_extra_1119", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The specialized study of the motion of objects that are atomic/subatomic in size is called what?", "context": "The study of motion of large objects such as baseballs is called mechanics, or more specifically classical mechanics. Because the quantum nature of the electron and other tiny particles moving at high speeds, classical mechanics is inadequate to accurately describe their motion. Quantum mechanics is the study of the motion of objects that are atomic or subatomic in size and thus demonstrate wave-particle duality. In classical mechanics, the size and mass of the objects involved effectively obscures any quantum effects so that such objects appear to gain or lose energies in any amounts. Particles whose motion is described by quantum mechanics gain or lose energy in the small pieces called quanta . | Options: quantum mechanics|string theory|atomic mechanics|enthalpy", "answer": "quantum mechanics", "id": "sciq_extra_1120", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Circadian rhythms and migration are examples of which behaviors?", "context": "Types of animal behavior include cyclic behaviors such as circadian rhythms and migration. | Options: cyclic|periodic|natural|regular", "answer": "cyclic", "id": "sciq_extra_1121", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Acids are classified based on their what?", "context": "Acids are classified as either strong or weak, based on their ionization in water. A strong acid is an acid which is completely ionized in an aqueous solution. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) ionizes completely into hydrogen ions and chloride ions in water. | Options: ionization in water|solvency|reaction to gas|diffusion in water", "answer": "ionization in water", "id": "sciq_extra_1122", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of muscle enables the body to move?", "context": "Human Skeletal Muscles. Skeletal muscles enable the body to move. | Options: skeletal muscle|Latissimus Dorsi|gluteus maximus|Sartorius", "answer": "skeletal muscle", "id": "sciq_extra_1123", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What results when volcanic ash encircles the globe, blocking the sun and lowering the temperature of the entire planet?", "context": "Supervolcanoes are the most dangerous type of volcano. During an eruption, enormous amounts of ash are thrown into the atmosphere. The ash encircles the globe. This blocks the Sun and lowers the temperature of the entire planet. The result is a volcanic winter. | Options: volcanic winter|volcanic freeze|seismic apocalypse|seismic winter", "answer": "volcanic winter", "id": "sciq_extra_1124", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oxygen and glucose are both reactants in the process of", "context": "Oxygen and glucose are both reactants in the process of cellular respiration. | Options: cellular respiration|reproduction|birth|death", "answer": "cellular respiration", "id": "sciq_extra_1125", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why does the moon evolve around the earth rather than the sun?", "context": "Objects that are closer together have a stronger force of gravity. For example, the moon is closer to Earth than it is to the more massive sun, so the force of gravity is greater between the moon and Earth than between the moon and the sun. That’s why the moon circles around Earth rather than the sun. This is illustrated in Figure below . | Options: stronger gravitational force|stronger planetary force|weaker gravitational force|stronger magnetic force", "answer": "stronger gravitational force", "id": "sciq_extra_1126", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is an area in a body of water where nothing grows because there is too little oxygen known as?", "context": "Rain dissolves fertilizer in the soil. Runoff carries it away. The fertilizer ends up in bodies of water, from ponds to oceans. The nitrogen is a fertilizer in the water bodies. Since there is a lot of nitrogen it causes algae to grow out of control. Figure below shows a pond covered with algae. Algae may use up so much oxygen in the water that nothing else can grow. Soon, even the algae die out. Decomposers break down the dead tissue and use up all the oxygen in the water. This creates a dead zone. A dead zone is an area in a body of water where nothing grows because there is too little oxygen. There is a large dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico. You can see it Figure below . | Options: dead zone|missing zone|cold zone|deceased zone", "answer": "dead zone", "id": "sciq_extra_1127", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most air pollutants can be traced to what source ?", "context": "Most air pollutants can be traced to the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are burned during many processes, including in power plants to create electricity, in factories to make machinery run, in power stoves and furnaces for heating, and in waste facilities. Perhaps one of the biggest uses of fossil fuels is in transportation. Fossil fuels are used in cars, trains, and planes. | Options: fossil fuels|methane|chemical pollution|ozone leaks", "answer": "fossil fuels", "id": "sciq_extra_1128", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A species become separated and becomes two separate species. what can they not do anymore?", "context": "Assume that some members of a species become geographically separated from the rest of the species. If they remain separated long enough, they may evolve genetic differences. If the differences prevent them from interbreeding with members of the original species, they have evolved into a new species. Speciation that occurs in this way is called allopatric speciation . An example is described in Figure below . | Options: breed|grow|defecate|eat", "answer": "breed", "id": "sciq_extra_1129", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A phase diagram plots pressure and what else?", "context": "Summary The states of matter exhibited by a substance under different temperatures and pressures can be summarized graphically in a phase diagram, which is a plot of pressure versus temperature. Phase diagrams contain discrete regions corresponding to the solid, liquid, and gas phases. The solid and liquid regions are separated by the melting curve of the substance, and the liquid and gas regions are separated by its vapor pressure curve, which ends at the critical point. Within a given region, only a single phase is stable, but along the lines that separate the regions, two phases are in equilibrium at a given temperature and pressure. The lines separating the three phases intersect at a single point, the triple point, which is the only combination of temperature and pressure at which all three phases can coexist in equilibrium. Water has an unusual phase diagram: its melting point decreases with increasing pressure because ice is less dense than liquid water. The phase diagram of carbon dioxide shows that liquid carbon dioxide cannot exist at atmospheric pressure. Consequently, solid carbon dioxide sublimes directly to a gas. | Options: temperature|oxygen|volume|precipitation", "answer": "temperature", "id": "sciq_extra_1130", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs when the immune system reacts to substances in food as though they were harmful “foreign invaders\"?", "context": "Food allergies occur when the immune system reacts to substances in food as though they were harmful “foreign invaders. ” Foods that are most likely to cause allergies are pictured in Figure below . Symptoms of food allergies often include vomiting and diarrhea. | Options: food allergies|food poisoning|food antibodies|vomiting", "answer": "food allergies", "id": "sciq_extra_1131", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Recycling items actually takes more energy than what other conservation methods that start with \"r\"?", "context": "We haven’t done as well with the first two “R”s — reducing and reusing. But they aren’t always as easy as recycling. Recycling is better than making things from brand new materials. But it still takes some resources to turn recycled items into new ones. It takes no resources at all to reuse items or not buy them in the first place. | Options: reducing and reusing|reducing and regurgitating|revision and remembrance|reusing and reordering", "answer": "reducing and reusing", "id": "sciq_extra_1132", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What science studies chemical processes that are found in living things?", "context": "Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living systems. In this chapter, we will explore some of the basic chemical components of biological systems and develop an understanding of the roles played by each major type of biomolecule. | Options: biochemistry|physiology|marine biology|psysiology", "answer": "biochemistry", "id": "sciq_extra_1133", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Nonmetals typically lack what capability, because they hold onto their electrons?", "context": "Like most other nonmetals, fluorine cannot conduct electricity, and its electrons explain this as well. An electric current is a flow of electrons. Elements that readily give up electrons (the metals) can carry electric current because their electrons can flow freely. Elements that gain electrons instead of giving them up cannot carry electric current. They hold onto their electrons so they cannot flow. | Options: conducting electricity|magnetic attraction|repelling electricity|mental capacity", "answer": "conducting electricity", "id": "sciq_extra_1134", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process called in which populations of organisms change over time?", "context": "Evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over time. It is a process that began on this planet well over 3.5 billion years ago and continues to this day, as populations of organisms continue to change. | Options: evolution|generation|emergence|mutation", "answer": "evolution", "id": "sciq_extra_1135", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An environment reaches its carrying capacity when the number of individual births in it equal the number of what else?", "context": "The carrying capacity of an environment is reached when the number of births equal the number of deaths. | Options: deaths|infections|insects|homes", "answer": "deaths", "id": "sciq_extra_1136", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Pulmonary and systemic circulation loops are part of what organ system?", "context": "Compare and contrast the pulmonary and systemic circulation loops of the cardiovascular system. | Options: cardiovascular|lymphatic|circulatory|nervous", "answer": "cardiovascular", "id": "sciq_extra_1137", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are materials that cannot conduct thermal energy efficiently known as?", "context": "Materials that are poor conductors of thermal energy are called thermal insulators. Gases such as air and materials such as plastic and wood are thermal insulators. | Options: thermal insulators|convection insulators|physical insulators|atmospheric insulators", "answer": "thermal insulators", "id": "sciq_extra_1138", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The temporomandibular joint (tmj) is the joint that allows for opening (mandibular depression) and closing (mandibular elevation) of this?", "context": "Temporomandibular Joint The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the joint that allows for opening (mandibular depression) and closing (mandibular elevation) of the mouth, as well as side-to-side and protraction/retraction motions of the lower jaw. This joint involves the articulation between the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone, with the condyle (head) of the mandible. Located between these bony structures, filling the gap between the skull and mandible, is a flexible articular disc (Figure 9.15). This disc serves to smooth the movements between the temporal bone and mandibular condyle. Movement at the TMJ during opening and closing of the mouth involves both gliding and hinge motions of the mandible. With the mouth closed, the mandibular condyle and articular disc are located within the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. During opening of the mouth, the mandible hinges downward and at the same time is pulled anteriorly, causing both the condyle and the articular disc to glide forward from the mandibular fossa onto the downward projecting articular tubercle. The net result is a forward and downward motion of the condyle and mandibular depression. The temporomandibular joint is supported by an extrinsic ligament that anchors the mandible to the skull. This ligament spans the distance between the base of the skull and the lingula on the medial side of the mandibular ramus. Dislocation of the TMJ may occur when opening the mouth too wide (such as whe", "answer": "mouth", "id": "sciq_extra_1139", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What gas consisting of three oxygen atoms is found largely in the stratosphere?", "context": "Air also includes water vapor. The amount of water vapor varies from place to place. That’s why water vapor isn’t included in Figure above . It can make up as much as 4 percent of the air. Ozone is a molecule made of three oxygen atoms. Ozone collects in a layer in the stratosphere. | Options: ozone|carbon|greenhouse|smog", "answer": "ozone", "id": "sciq_extra_1140", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Esters can be formed by heating carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of?", "context": "Esters can be formed by heating carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst. This process is reversible, and the starting materials can be regenerated by reacting an ester with water in the presence of a weak base. | Options: an acid catalyst|a nuclear catalyst|an carbon catalyst|an oxygen catalyst", "answer": "an acid catalyst", "id": "sciq_extra_1141", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Glucose that remains in the filtrate of what organ is excreted?", "context": "Options: kidney|spleen|intestine|liver", "answer": "kidney", "id": "sciq_extra_1142", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of a plant helps it reproduce by being ejected from flowers and fruits?", "context": "Options: seeds|berries|cells|roots", "answer": "seeds", "id": "sciq_extra_1143", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Energy contents of foods are often expressed in what?", "context": "One area where the calorie is used is in nutrition. Energy contents of foods are often expressed in calories. However, the calorie unit used for foods is actually the kilocalorie (kcal). Most foods indicate this by spelling the word with a capital C—Calorie. Figure 7.1 \"Calories on Food Labels\" shows one example. So be careful counting calories when you eat!. | Options: calories|pulses|grams|nutrients", "answer": "calories", "id": "sciq_extra_1144", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections called what?", "context": "The plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections called microvilli (singular = microvillus); ( Figure 4.10). Such cells are typically found lining the small intestine, the organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food. This is an excellent example of form following function. People with celiac disease have an immune response to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. The immune response damages microvilli, and thus, afflicted individuals cannot absorb nutrients. This leads to malnutrition, cramping, and diarrhea. Patients suffering from celiac disease must follow a gluten-free diet. | Options: microvilli|digits|epithelial|flagella", "answer": "microvilli", "id": "sciq_extra_1145", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sweating and panting are methods mammals use for what purpose?", "context": "Mammals also have several ways to stay cool, including sweating or panting. | Options: staying cool|sleeping|staying warm|staying alert", "answer": "staying cool", "id": "sciq_extra_1146", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A closed loop through which a current can flow is called what?", "context": "A closed loop through which current can flow is called an electric circuit . In homes in the U. S. , most electric circuits have a voltage of 120 volts. The amount of current (amps) a circuit carries depends on the number and power of electrical devices connected to the circuit. Home circuits generally have a safe upper limit of about 20 or 30 amps. | Options: electric circuit|charged circuit|cooling circuit|powered circuit", "answer": "electric circuit", "id": "sciq_extra_1147", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond are known as?", "context": "Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond are called alkynes . The name of specific alkynes always end in – yne , with a prefix for the number of carbon atoms. Figure below shows the smallest alkyne, called ethyne, which has just two carbon atoms. Ethyne is also called acetylene. It is burned in acetylene torches, like the one in Figure below . Acetylene produces so much heat when it burns that it can melt metal. Breaking all those bonds between carbon atoms releases a lot of energy. | Options: alkynes|benzenes|alkenes|aromatic hydrocarbons", "answer": "alkynes", "id": "sciq_extra_1148", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What two types of organism make up a lichen?", "context": "Have you ever seen an organism called a lichen? Lichens are crusty, hard growths that you might find on trees, logs, walls, and rocks ( Figure below ). Although lichens may not be the prettiest organisms in nature, they are unique. A lichen is really two organisms, sometimes referred to as a composite organism, that live very closely together: a fungus and a bacterium or an alga. The cells from the alga or bacterium live inside the fungus. Besides providing a home, the fungus also provides nutrients. In turn, the bacterium or the alga provides energy to the fungus by performing photosynthesis, obtaining energy directly from the sun. A lichen is also an example of a mutualistic relationship. Because lichens can grow on rocks, these organisms are some of the earliest life forms in new ecosystems. | Options: fungus and bacteria|insects and bacteria|animals and viruses|snakes and bacteria", "answer": "fungus and bacteria", "id": "sciq_extra_1149", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The cell regulates most molecules that pass through what cell structure?", "context": "The cell regulates most molecules that pass through the cell membrane. If a molecule is charged or very big, it won't make it through the cell membrane on its own. However, small, non-charged molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can pass through the cell membrane freely. | Options: cell membrane|plasma|ribosome|protective wall", "answer": "cell membrane", "id": "sciq_extra_1150", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are groups of skeletal muscle fibers wrapped in?", "context": "Each skeletal muscle consists of hundreds or even thousands of skeletal muscle fibers . The fibers are bundled together and wrapped in connective tissue, as shown Figure below . The connective tissue supports and protects the delicate muscle cells and allows them to withstand the forces of contraction. It also provides pathways for nerves and blood vessels to reach the muscles. Skeletal muscles work hard to move body parts. They need a rich blood supply to provide them with nutrients and oxygen and to carry away their wastes. | Options: connective tissue|neurons|collagen|tendons", "answer": "connective tissue", "id": "sciq_extra_1151", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Density is considered what type of property, because it does not depend on the amount of material present in the sample?", "context": "Density is an intensive property, meaning that it does not depend on the amount of material present in the sample. Water has a density of 1.0 g/mL. That density is the same whether you have a small glass of water or a swimming pool full of water. Density is a property that is constant for the particular identity of the matter being studied. | Options: intensive property|independent variable|experimental property|exensive property", "answer": "intensive property", "id": "sciq_extra_1152", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Prior to binding to a hormone, where are steroid hormone receptors located?", "context": "Options: cytosol|cortisol|reticulum|hypothalamus", "answer": "cytosol", "id": "sciq_extra_1153", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which scale measures acids and bases and has 7 as a neutral value?", "context": "The Concept of pH The relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution can be indicated by its pH. A solution’s pH is the negative, base-10 logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of the solution. As an example, a pH 4 solution has an H+ concentration that is ten times greater than that of a pH 5 solution. That is, a solution with a pH of 4 is ten times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 5. The concept of pH will begin to make more sense when you study the pH scale, like that shown in Figure 2.17. The scale consists of a series of increments ranging from 0 to 14. A solution with a pH of 7 is considered neutral—neither acidic nor basic. Pure water has a pH of 7. The lower the number below 7, the more acidic the solution, or the greater the concentration of H+. The concentration of hydrogen ions at each pH value is 10 times different than the next pH. For instance, a pH value of 4 corresponds to a proton concentration of 10–4 M, or 0.0001M, while a pH value of 5 corresponds to a proton concentration of 10–5 M, or 0.00001M. The higher the number above 7, the more basic (alkaline) the solution, or the lower the concentration of H+. Human urine, for example, is ten times more acidic than pure water, and HCl is 10,000,000 times more acidic than water. | Options: ph|rock|color|respiration", "answer": "ph", "id": "sciq_extra_1154", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we call people who are trained to make specific dietary recommendations to address particular issues relating to health?", "context": "Career Focus: Dietitian A dietitian is a nutrition expert who communicates food-related information to the general public. In doing so, dietitians promote the general well-being among the population and help individuals recover from nutritionally related illnesses. Our diet does not just supply us with energy. We also get vitamins, minerals, and even water from what we eat. Eating too much, too little, or not enough of the right foods can lead to a variety of problems. Dietitians are trained to make specific dietary recommendations to address particular issues relating to health. For example, a dietitian might work with a person to develop an overall diet that would help that person lose weight or control diabetes. Hospitals employ dietitians in planning menus for patients, and many dietitians work with community organizations to improve the eating habits of large groups of people. | Options: dietitians|clinicians|geologists|pulmonologists", "answer": "dietitians", "id": "sciq_extra_1155", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An artery is a blood vessel that conducts blood away from the what?", "context": "Arteries An artery is a blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart. All arteries have relatively thick walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood ejected from the heart. However, those close to the heart have the thickest walls, containing a high percentage of elastic fibers in all three of their tunics. This type of artery is known as an elastic artery (Figure 20.4). Vessels larger than 10 mm in diameter are typically elastic. Their abundant elastic fibers allow them to expand, as blood pumped from the ventricles passes through them, and then to recoil after the surge has passed. If artery walls were rigid and unable to expand and recoil, their resistance to blood flow would greatly increase and blood pressure would rise to even higher levels, which would in turn require the heart to pump harder to increase the volume of blood expelled by each pump (the stroke volume) and maintain adequate pressure and flow. Artery walls would have to become even thicker in response to this increased pressure. The elastic recoil of the vascular wall helps to maintain the pressure gradient that drives the blood through the arterial system. An elastic artery is also known as a conducting artery, because the large diameter of the lumen enables it to accept a large volume of blood from the heart and conduct it to smaller branches. | Options: heart|stomach|brain|lung", "answer": "heart", "id": "sciq_extra_1156", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur is called what?", "context": "Activation Energy There is another important concept that must be considered regarding endergonic and exergonic reactions. Even exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy input to get going before they can proceed with their energy-releasing steps. These reactions have a net release of energy, but still require some energy in the beginning. This small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur is called the activation energy (or free energy of activation) and is abbreviated EA (Figure 6.10). Why would an energy-releasing, negative ∆G reaction actually require some energy to proceed? The reason lies in the steps that take place during a chemical reaction. During chemical reactions, certain chemical bonds are broken and new ones are formed. For example, when a glucose molecule is broken down, bonds between the carbon atoms of the molecule are broken. Since these are energy-storing bonds, they release energy when broken. However, to get them into a state that allows the bonds to break, the molecule must be somewhat contorted. A small energy input is required to achieve this contorted state. This contorted state is called the transition state, and it is a high-energy, unstable state. For this reason, reactant molecules don’t last long in their transition state, but very quickly proceed to the next steps of the chemical reaction. Free energy diagrams illustrate the energy profiles for a given reaction. Whether the reaction is exergonic or enderg", "answer": "activation energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1157", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What linear polymer of glucose units is found in plants and serves a structural purpose?", "context": "Cellulose is a structural polymer of glucose units found in plants. It is a linear polymer with the glucose units linked through β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. | Options: cellulose|frucose|carbonate|sucrose", "answer": "cellulose", "id": "sciq_extra_1158", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When the temperature of water is increased after being used in cooling, it is this form of pollution?", "context": "Thermal pollution is pollution that raises the temperature of water. This is caused by power plants and factories that use the water to cool their machines. The plants pump cold water from a lake or coastal area through giant cooling towers, like those in Figure below . As it flows through the towers, the cold water absorbs heat. This warmed water is returned to the lake or sea. Thermal pollution can kill fish and other water life. It's not just the warm temperature that kills them. Warm water can’t hold as much oxygen as cool water. If the water gets too warm, there may not be enough oxygen for living things. | Options: thermal|atmospheric|cosmic|air", "answer": "thermal", "id": "sciq_extra_1159", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which biological system is responsible for getting rid of chemical waste and water?", "context": "Options: urinary system|endocrine system|mucous system|digestive system", "answer": "urinary system", "id": "sciq_extra_1160", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the body protects the brain?", "context": "The cranium (skull) to protect the brain. The brain is attached to the spinal cord. | Options: cranium (skull)|feet|arms|lungs", "answer": "cranium (skull)", "id": "sciq_extra_1161", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are used in fertilizers as a source of what?", "context": "Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate are used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen. The ammonium cation is tetrahedral. Refer to Section 2.1 \"Chemical Compounds\" to draw the structure of the ammonium ion. | Options: nitrogen|bacteria|oxygen|biofuel", "answer": "nitrogen", "id": "sciq_extra_1162", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of light bulb has a tungsten filament?", "context": "An incandescent light bulb like the one pictured in the Figure below produces visible light by incandescence. Incandescence occurs when something gets so hot that it glows. An incandescent light bulb contains a thin wire filament made of tungsten. When electric current passes through the filament, it gets extremely hot and emits light. | Options: incandescent|fluorescent|translucent|sodium", "answer": "incandescent", "id": "sciq_extra_1163", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name for the circle that runs north to south and passes through greenwich, england?", "context": "Lines of longitude are circles that go around Earth from pole to pole, like the sections of an orange. Longitude is also measured in degrees, which are subdivided into minutes and seconds. Lines of longitude start at the Prime Meridian, which is 0°. The Prime Meridian is a circle that runs north to south and passes through Greenwich, England. Longitude tells you how far you are east or west from the Prime Meridian ( Figure below ). On the opposite side of the planet from the Prime Meridian is the International Date Line. It is at 180°. This is the place where a new day first arrives. | Options: prime meridian|odd meridian|time zone|equator", "answer": "prime meridian", "id": "sciq_extra_1164", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What map coordinates correspond to similar climate zones and life zones?", "context": "Altitude and latitude produce similar climate zones and life zones. | Options: altitude and latitude|equator and poles|the poles|latitude and longitude", "answer": "altitude and latitude", "id": "sciq_extra_1165", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In myasthenia gravis, antibodies bind to and block certain receptors on muscle cells, preventing what?", "context": "Options: muscle contraction|muscle layer|muscle diffusion|muscle buildup", "answer": "muscle contraction", "id": "sciq_extra_1166", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What helps cells reduce their reaction to excessive hormone levels?", "context": "Factors Affecting Target Cell Response You will recall that target cells must have receptors specific to a given hormone if that hormone is to trigger a response. But several other factors influence the target cell response. For example, the presence of a significant level of a hormone circulating in the bloodstream can cause its target cells to decrease their number of receptors for that hormone. This process is called downregulation, and it allows cells to become less reactive to the excessive hormone levels. When the level of a hormone is chronically reduced, target cells engage in upregulation to increase their number of receptors. This process allows cells to be more sensitive to the hormone that is present. Cells can also alter the sensitivity of the receptors themselves to various hormones. Two or more hormones can interact to affect the response of cells in a variety of ways. The three most common types of interaction are as follows: • The permissive effect, in which the presence of one hormone enables another hormone to act. For example, thyroid hormones have complex permissive relationships with certain reproductive hormones. A dietary deficiency of iodine, a component of thyroid hormones, can therefore affect reproductive system development and functioning. • The synergistic effect, in which two hormones with similar effects produce an amplified response. In some cases, two hormones are required for an adequate response. For example, two different reproductive horm", "answer": "downregulation", "id": "sciq_extra_1167", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Smog is an example of the formation of what kind of pollutant, which occurs when primary pollutants undergo chemical reactions after they are released?", "context": "Primary pollutants enter the air directly. They include carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur oxides. Toxic heavy metals, VOCs, and particulates are also primary pollutants. Secondary pollutants form when primary pollutants undergo chemical reactions after they are released. Many occur as part of photochemical smog. The main component of smog is ozone. | Options: secondary pollutant|combined pollutant|tertiary pollutant|primary pollutant", "answer": "secondary pollutant", "id": "sciq_extra_1168", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs when a sperm and an egg fuse?", "context": "Many animals have a relatively simple life cycle. A general animal life cycle is shown in Figure below . Most animals spend the majority of their life as diploid organisms. Just about all animals reproduce sexually. Diploid adults undergo meiosis to produce haploid sperm or eggs. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and an egg fuse. The diploid zygote that forms develops into an embryo. The embryo eventually develops into an adult, often going through one or more larval stages on the way. A larva (larvae, plural) is a distinct juvenile form that many animals go through before becoming an adult. The larval form may be very different from the adult form. For example, a caterpillar is the larval form of an insect that becomes a butterfly as an adult. | Options: fertilization|migration|pollination|infection", "answer": "fertilization", "id": "sciq_extra_1169", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many bases does dna have in total?", "context": "Every DNA and RNA polymer consists of multiple nucleotides strung together into extremely long chains. The only variation in each nucleotide is the identity of the nitrogenous base. The figure above shows one example of a nitrogenous base, called adenine. There are only five different nitrogenous bases found in all nucleic acids. The four bases of DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, abbreviated A, T, C, and G respectively. In RNA, the base thymine is not found and is instead replaced by a different base called uracil, abbreviated U. The other three bases are present in both DNA and RNA. | Options: four|three|twelve|six", "answer": "four", "id": "sciq_extra_1170", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Compound machines tend to have a greater mechanical advantage than what other machines?", "context": "The mechanical advantage of a machine is the factor by which it changes the force applied to the machine. Many machines increase the force applied to them, and this is how they make work easier. Compound machines tend to have a greater mechanical advantage than simple machines. That’s because the mechanical advantage of a compound machine equals the product of the mechanical advantages of all its component simple machines. The greater the number of simple machines it contains, the greater its mechanical advantage tends to be. | Options: simple machines|levers|magnets|digital machines", "answer": "simple machines", "id": "sciq_extra_1171", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Name the missing type of light: ultraviolet, infrared, ___________.", "context": "Between these two extremes are waves that are commonly called light. Light includes infrared light, visible light, and ultraviolet light. The wavelengths, frequencies, and energy levels of light fall in between those of radio waves on the left and X rays and gamma rays on the right. | Options: visible|vertical|predictable|distinct", "answer": "visible", "id": "sciq_extra_1172", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When a binary acid only has one acidic hydrogen it is known as what?", "context": "Most of the binary acids listed here are monoprotic, because they have only one acidic hydrogen. Hydrosulfuric acid, on the other hand is diprotic. Its hydrogen ions are transferred to two water molecules in two subsequent reactions. | Options: monoprotic|triprotic|spirogyra|xerophyte", "answer": "monoprotic", "id": "sciq_extra_1173", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Seedless nonvascular plants are small. the dominant stage of the life cycle is the gametophyte. without a vascular system and roots, they absorb water and nutrients through all of their exposed surfaces. there are three main groups: the liverworts, the hornworts, and these?", "context": "14.2 Seedless Plants Seedless nonvascular plants are small. The dominant stage of the life cycle is the gametophyte. Without a vascular system and roots, they absorb water and nutrients through all of their exposed surfaces. There are three main groups: the liverworts, the hornworts, and the mosses. They are collectively known as bryophytes. | Options: mosses|algae|mildew|lichens", "answer": "mosses", "id": "sciq_extra_1174", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a protein containing four subunits that transports oxygen throughout the body?", "context": "Hemoglobin is a protein containing four subunits that transports oxygen throughout the body. | Options: hemoglobin|insulin|collagen|keratin", "answer": "hemoglobin", "id": "sciq_extra_1175", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Molecules that are in continuous motion, travelling in straight lines and changing comprise what state of matter?", "context": "Gases are composed of molecules that are in continuous motion, travelling in straight lines and changing. | Options: gases|solids|liquids|plasma", "answer": "gases", "id": "sciq_extra_1176", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The recombination frequency is the percentage of recombinant flies in the total pool of what?", "context": "Options: offspring|species|samples|immigrants", "answer": "offspring", "id": "sciq_extra_1177", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two nuclei are combined to form a larger nucleus. it releases energy when light nuclei are fused to form medium-mass nuclei. • fusion is the source of energy in what?", "context": "32.5 Fusion • Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two nuclei are combined to form a larger nucleus. It releases energy when light nuclei are fused to form medium-mass nuclei. • Fusion is the source of energy in stars, with the proton-proton cycle, 1. | Options: stars|Space|orbits|galaxies", "answer": "stars", "id": "sciq_extra_1178", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are polymers of amino acids called?", "context": "Options: polypeptides|polysaccharides|monopeptides|ribosomes", "answer": "polypeptides", "id": "sciq_extra_1179", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Currently, the only known stable systems undergoing fusion are what?", "context": "Fusion occurs in nature: The sun and other stars use fusion as their ultimate energy source. Fusion is also the basis of very destructive weapons that have been developed by several countries around the world. However, one current goal is to develop a source ofcontrolled fusion for use as an energy source. The practical problem is that to perform fusion, extremely high pressures and temperatures are necessary. Currently, the only known stable systems undergoing fusion are the interiors of stars. The conditions necessary for fusion can be created using an atomic bomb, but the resulting fusion is uncontrollable (and the basis for another type of bomb, a hydrogen bomb). Currently, researchers are looking for safe, controlled ways for producing useful energy using fusion. | Options: interiors of stars|plant cells|gas planets|black holes", "answer": "interiors of stars", "id": "sciq_extra_1180", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Displacement is the separation between a beginning position and what other place?", "context": "The separation between original and final position is called displacement. | Options: final position|current position|first position|made position", "answer": "final position", "id": "sciq_extra_1181", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cellular respiration that proceeds in the absence of oxygen is called what?", "context": "Cellular respiration that proceeds in the absence of oxygen is anaerobic respiration. | Options: anaerobic respiration|exasperation|perspiration|aerobic respiration", "answer": "anaerobic respiration", "id": "sciq_extra_1182", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is made in the liver and excreted in urine?", "context": "Nitrogenous Waste in Terrestrial Animals: The Urea Cycle The urea cycle is the primary mechanism by which mammals convert ammonia to urea. Urea is made in the liver and excreted in urine. The overall chemical reaction by which ammonia is converted to urea is 2 NH3 (ammonia) + CO2 + 3 ATP + H2O → H2N-CO-NH2 (urea) + 2 ADP + 4 Pi + AMP. The urea cycle utilizes five intermediate steps, catalyzed by five different enzymes, to convert ammonia to urea, as shown in Figure 41.12. The amino acid L-ornithine gets converted into different intermediates before being regenerated at the end of the urea cycle. Hence, the urea cycle is also referred to as the ornithine cycle. The enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase catalyzes a key step in the urea cycle and its deficiency can lead to accumulation of toxic levels of ammonia in the body. The first two reactions occur in the mitochondria and the last three reactions occur in the cytosol. Urea concentration in the blood, called blood urea nitrogen or BUN, is used as an indicator of kidney function. | Options: urea|feces|plasma|blood", "answer": "urea", "id": "sciq_extra_1183", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Name two differences between a larval staged frog and an adult frog.", "context": "Most amphibians go through a larval stage that is different from the adult form. In frogs, for example, the early larval stage resembles a fish, as you can see in Figure below . Frogs at this stage of development are called tadpoles. Tadpoles live in the water. They lack legs and have a long tail that helps them swim. They also have gills, which absorb oxygen from the water. | Options: tadpoles lack legs and have gills|tadpoles have legs and gills|tadpoles lack eyes and fins|tadpoles lack legs and gills", "answer": "tadpoles lack legs and have gills", "id": "sciq_extra_1184", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of energy can both cause cancer and help in detecting and treating it?", "context": "Harmless background radiation comes from radioactive elements in rocks and from cosmic rays. Other sources of radiation, such as radon, are harmful. They may cause illness in living things and damage materials such as metals. Radiation has several uses, including detecting and treating cancer. | Options: radiation|electricity|heat|wind", "answer": "radiation", "id": "sciq_extra_1185", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What was probably the earliest way of making atp from glucose?", "context": "Life first evolved in the absence of oxygen, and glycolysis does not require oxygen. Therefore, glycolysis was probably the earliest way of making ATP from glucose. | Options: glycolysis|amniocentesis|photosynthesis|fermentation", "answer": "glycolysis", "id": "sciq_extra_1186", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process in which a substance naturally moves from an area of higher to lower concentration called?", "context": "Why does passive transport require no energy? A substance naturally moves from an area of higher to lower concentration. This is known as moving down the concentration gradient. The process is called diffusion . It's a little like a ball rolling down a hill. The ball naturally rolls from a higher to lower position without any added energy. You can see diffusion if you place a few drops of food coloring in a pan of water. Even without shaking or stirring, the food coloring gradually spreads throughout the water in the pan. Some substances can also diffuse through a cell membrane. This can occur in two ways: simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. | Options: diffusion|activation|osmosis|convection", "answer": "diffusion", "id": "sciq_extra_1187", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the internal ph of most living cells?", "context": "Options: close to 7|close to 9|close to 6|close to 5", "answer": "close to 7", "id": "sciq_extra_1188", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What law states whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that the first body exerts?", "context": "4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces • Newton’s third law of motion represents a basic symmetry in nature. It states: Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that the first body exerts. • A thrust is a reaction force that pushes a body forward in response to a backward force. Rockets, airplanes, and cars are pushed forward by a thrust reaction force. | Options: symmetry in forces|law of inertia|law of gravity|equilibrium in forces", "answer": "symmetry in forces", "id": "sciq_extra_1189", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does the bicoid protein activate?", "context": "The bicoid protein activates a number of gap genes. Bicoid encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, and is expressed in a gradient within the embryo. Bicoid positions gap and pair rule gene expression along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing Drosophila embryo. | Options: several gap genes|enzyme respiration|amino acid production|spontaneous mutation", "answer": "several gap genes", "id": "sciq_extra_1190", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How do roundworms reproduce?", "context": "Roundworms reproduce sexually. Sperm and eggs are produced by separate male and female adults. Fertilization takes place inside the female organism. Females lay huge numbers of eggs, sometimes as many as 100,000 per day! The eggs hatch into larvae, which develop into adults. Then the cycle repeats. | Options: sexually|asexually|sporadically|biologically", "answer": "sexually", "id": "sciq_extra_1191", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same what?", "context": "Competition is a relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place. Intraspecific competition occurs between members of the same species. It improves the species’ adaptations. Interspecific competition occurs between members of different species. It may lead to one species going extinct or both becoming more specialized. | Options: species|genus|phylum|specimens", "answer": "species", "id": "sciq_extra_1192", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the long-time average of weather?", "context": "Climate is the long-term average of weather. | Options: climate|evolution|scale|landscape", "answer": "climate", "id": "sciq_extra_1193", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most common form of ocean life?", "context": "When you think of life in the ocean, do you think of fish? Actually, fish are not the most common life forms in the ocean. Plankton are the most common. Plankton make up one of three major groups of marine life. The other two groups are nekton and benthos ( Figure below ). | Options: plankton|protazoa|phytoplankton|zooplankton", "answer": "plankton", "id": "sciq_extra_1194", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the chart that makes it easy to find the possible genotypes in offspring of two parents?", "context": "A Punnett square is a chart that makes it easy to find the possible genotypes in offspring of two parents. Figure below shows a Punnett square for the two parent pea plants. The gametes produced by the male parent are at the top of the chart. The gametes produced by the female parent are along the left side of the chart. The different possible combinations of alleles in their offspring can be found by filling in the cells of the chart. | Options: punnett square|Isotropic Square|brindle square|malecela square", "answer": "punnett square", "id": "sciq_extra_1195", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is used to describe the process of finding the location of genes on each chromosome?", "context": "Mapping Genomes Genome mapping is the process of finding the location of genes on each chromosome. The maps that are created are comparable to the maps that we use to navigate streets. A genetic map is an illustration that lists genes and their location on a chromosome. Genetic maps provide the big picture (similar to a map of interstate highways) and use genetic markers (similar to landmarks). A genetic marker is a gene or sequence on a chromosome that shows genetic linkage with a trait of interest. The genetic marker tends to be inherited with the gene of interest, and one measure of distance between them is the recombination frequency during meiosis. Early geneticists called this linkage analysis. Physical maps get into the intimate details of smaller regions of the chromosomes (similar to a detailed road map) (Figure 10.11). A physical map is a representation of the physical distance, in nucleotides, between genes or genetic markers. Both genetic linkage maps and physical maps are required to build a complete picture of the genome. Having a complete map of the genome makes it easier for researchers to study individual genes. Human genome maps help researchers in their efforts to identify human disease-causing genes related to illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, and cystic fibrosis, to name a few. In addition, genome mapping can be used to help identify organisms with beneficial traits, such as microbes with the ability to clean up pollutants or even prevent pollution", "answer": "genome mapping", "id": "sciq_extra_1196", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a threat against civilized people called?", "context": "Bioterrorism is a threat against civilized people worldwide. To be prepared, all levels of government have developed and conducted terrorism drills. These include protecting responders from harmful biological substances. | Options: bioterrorism|pandemic|disaster|bombing", "answer": "bioterrorism", "id": "sciq_extra_1197", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the most common forms of lasers today made of?", "context": "Lasers are constructed from many types of lasing materials, including gases, liquids, solids, and semiconductors. But all lasers are based on the existence of a metastable state or a phosphorescent material. Some lasers produce continuous output; others are pulsed in bursts as brief as 10 −14 s . Some laser outputs are fantastically powerful—some greater than 10 12 W —but the −3 more common, everyday lasers produce something on the order of 10 W . The helium-neon laser that produces a familiar red light is very common. Figure 30.39 shows the energy levels of helium and neon, a pair of noble gases that work well together. An electrical discharge is passed through a helium-neon gas mixture in which the number of atoms of helium is ten times that of neon. The first excited state of helium is metastable and, thus, stores energy. This energy is easily transferred by collision to neon atoms, because they have an excited state at nearly the same energy as that in helium. That state in neon is also metastable, and this is the one that produces the laser output. (The most likely transition is to the nearby state, producing 1.96 eV photons, which have a wavelength of 633 nm and appear red. ) A population inversion can be produced in neon, because there are so many more helium atoms and these put energy into the neon. Helium-neon lasers often have continuous output, because the population inversion can be maintained even while lasing occurs. Probably the most common lasers in use today,", "answer": "silcon", "id": "sciq_extra_1198", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A phospholipid bilayer is made up of two layers of phospholipids, in which hydrophobic fatty acids are in the middle of the what?", "context": "A phospholipid is made up of a polar, phosphorus-containing head, and two long fatty acid (hydrocarbon), non-polar \"tails. \" That is, the head of the molecule is hydrophilic (water-loving), and the tail is hydrophobic (water-fearing). Cytosol and extracellular fluid - the insides and outsides of the cell - are made up of mostly water. In this watery environment, the water loving heads point out towards the water, and the water fearing tails point inwards, and push the water out. The resulting double layer is called a phospholipid bilayer. A phospholipid bilayer is made up of two layers of phospholipids, in which hydrophobic fatty acids are in the middle of the plasma membrane, and the hydrophilic heads are on the outside. An example of a simple phospholipid bilayer is illustrated in Figure below . | Options: plasma membrane|cells membrane|skin|cell wall", "answer": "plasma membrane", "id": "sciq_extra_1199", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called what?", "context": "Electromagnetic waves are waves that consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Like other waves, electromagnetic waves transfer energy from one place to another. The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called electromagnetic radiation . Electromagnetic waves can transfer energy through matter or across empty space. For an excellent video introduction to electromagnetic waves, go to this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=cfXzwh3KadE. | Options: electromagnetic radiation|particulate radiation|mechanical radiation|magnetic radiation", "answer": "electromagnetic radiation", "id": "sciq_extra_1200", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The noble gases are unreactive because of their?", "context": "The noble gases are unreactive because of their electron configurations. The noble gas neon has the electron configuration of 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 . It has a full outer shell and cannot incorporate any more electrons into the valence shell. The other noble gases have the same outer shell electron configuration even though they have different numbers of inner-shell electrons. | Options: electron configurations|cell configurations|proton configurations|carbon content", "answer": "electron configurations", "id": "sciq_extra_1201", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Some birds, such as gulls and terns and other waterfowl have what type of feet used for swimming or floating?", "context": "Bird feet can also vary greatly among different birds. Some birds, such as gulls and terns and other waterfowl, have webbed feet used for swimming or floating ( Figure below ). Other birds, such as herons, gallinules, and rails, have four long spreading toes, which are adapted for walking delicately in the wetlands ( Figure below ). You can predict how the beaks and feet of birds will look depending on where they live and what type of food they eat. Flightless birds also have long legs that are adapted for running. Flightless birds include the ostrich and kiwi. | Options: webbed|bipedal|lobed|quad toed", "answer": "webbed", "id": "sciq_extra_1202", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Bones are considered organs because they contain what, specifically?", "context": "Bone Tissue Bones are considered organs because they contain various types of tissue, such as blood, connective tissue, nerves, and bone tissue. Osteocytes, the living cells of bone tissue, form the mineral matrix of bones. There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. Compact Bone Tissue Compact bone (or cortical bone) forms the hard external layer of all bones and surrounds the medullary cavity, or bone marrow. It provides protection and strength to bones. Compact bone tissue consists of units called osteons or Haversian systems. Osteons are cylindrical structures that contain a mineral matrix and living osteocytes connected by canaliculi, which transport blood. They are aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone. Each osteon consists of lamellae, which are layers of compact matrix that surround a central canal called the Haversian canal. The Haversian canal (osteonic canal) contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers (Figure 38.19). Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress and help the bone resist bending or fracturing. Therefore, compact bone tissue is prominent in areas of bone at which stresses are applied in only a few directions. | Options: tissue|DNA|blood|calcium", "answer": "tissue", "id": "sciq_extra_1203", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off what?", "context": "Options: oxygen|methane|chlorophyll|nitrogen", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_1204", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "For a scientific theory to be valid, in what way should it be verified?", "context": "For a scientific theory to be valid, it must be verified experimentally. Many parts of the string theory are currently untestable due to the large amount of energy that would be needed to carry out the necessary experiments as well as the high cost of conducting these experiments. Therefore string theory may not be tested in the foreseeable future. Some scientists have even questioned whether it deserves to be called a scientific theory because it is not falsifiable. | Options: experimentally|directly|optimally|systematically", "answer": "experimentally", "id": "sciq_extra_1205", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "For plants, the amount of water, sunlight, nutrients, and space to grow are the important resources, whereas in animals, important resources include food, water, shelter, nesting space, and this?", "context": "Role of Intraspecific Competition The logistic model assumes that every individual within a population will have equal access to resources and, thus, an equal chance for survival. For plants, the amount of water, sunlight, nutrients, and space to grow are the important resources, whereas in animals, important resources include food, water, shelter, nesting space, and mates. In the real world, phenotypic variation among individuals within a population means that some individuals will be better adapted to their environment than others. The resulting competition for resources among population members of the same species is termed intraspecific competition. Intraspecific competition may not affect populations that are well below their carrying capacity, as resources are plentiful and all individuals can obtain what they need. However, as population size increases, this competition intensifies. In addition, the accumulation of waste products can reduce carrying capacity in an environment. Examples of Logistic Growth Yeast, a microscopic fungus used to make bread and alcoholic beverages, exhibits the classical S-shaped curve when grown in a test tube (Figure 19.6a). Its growth levels off as the population depletes the nutrients that are necessary for its growth. In the real world, however, there are variations to this idealized curve. Examples in wild populations include sheep and harbor seals (Figure 19.6b). In both examples, the population size exceeds the carrying capacity for s", "answer": "mates", "id": "sciq_extra_1206", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which is the main organ of the respiratory system?", "context": "When you think of the processes of breathing, the lungs probably come to mind. The lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system. However, many other organs are also needed for the process of respiration to take place. | Options: the lungs|the stomach|the mouth|the liver", "answer": "the lungs", "id": "sciq_extra_1207", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why is runoff from artificial fertilizer harmful to the chesapeake bay ecosystem?", "context": "The Chesapeake Bay has long been valued as one of the most scenic areas on Earth; it is now in distress and is recognized as a declining ecosystem. In the 1970s, the Chesapeake Bay was one of the first ecosystems to have identified dead zones, which continue to kill many fish and bottom-dwelling species, such as clams, oysters, and worms. Several species have declined in the Chesapeake Bay due to surface water runoff containing excess nutrients from artificial fertilizer used on land. The source of the fertilizers (with high nitrogen and phosphate content) is not limited to agricultural practices. There are many nearby urban areas and more than 150 rivers and streams empty into the bay that are carrying fertilizer runoff from lawns and gardens. Thus, the decline of the Chesapeake Bay is a complex issue and requires the cooperation of industry, agriculture, and everyday homeowners. Of particular interest to conservationists is the oyster population; it is estimated that more than 200,000 acres of oyster reefs existed in the bay in the 1700s, but that number has now declined to only 36,000 acres. Oyster harvesting was once a major industry for Chesapeake Bay, but it declined 88 percent between 1982 and 2007. This decline was due not only to fertilizer runoff and dead zones but also to overharvesting. Oysters require a certain minimum population density because they must be in close proximity to reproduce. Human activity has altered the oyster population and locations, greatly d", "answer": "causes pollution", "id": "sciq_extra_1208", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system do trees need to transport nutrients?", "context": "The trees tower in the sky, while the mosses carpet the forest floor. Mosses, like the first plants, are restricted to life near the ground because they lack vascular system. Only with a vascular system can these trees transport sugars, nutrients, and water up and down their tall trunks. The evolution of the vascular system was a big step in the evolutionary history of plants. | Options: vascular|photosynthetic system|passive transport membrane|circulatory", "answer": "vascular", "id": "sciq_extra_1209", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Food allergies, ulcers, and heartburn all affect what organ system?", "context": "Many diseases can affect the digestive system. Three of the most common diseases that affect the digestive system are food allergies, ulcers, and heartburn. Foodborne illnesses and food intolerance are also serious issues associated with the digestive system. | Options: digestive system|lymphatic system|skeletal system|nervous system", "answer": "digestive system", "id": "sciq_extra_1210", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Like ammonia, hydrazine is both a brønsted base and which other base?", "context": "Like ammonia, hydrazine is both a Brønsted base and a Lewis base, although it is weaker than ammonia. It reacts with strong acids and forms two series of salts that contain the N 2 H 5 + and N 2 H 6 2+ ions, respectively. Some rockets use hydrazine as a fuel. | Options: lewis base|dynamic base|unit base|floyd base", "answer": "lewis base", "id": "sciq_extra_1211", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the layman's term for a state in which external stimuli are received but not consciously perceived?", "context": "Options: sleep|immunity|homeostasis|dreaming", "answer": "sleep", "id": "sciq_extra_1212", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the tiny, negatively charged particles in an atom that move around the positive nucleus at the center?", "context": "Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found. Electrons are tiny, negatively charged particles in an atom that move around the positive nucleus at the center. Energy levels are a little like the steps of a staircase. You can stand on one step or another but not in between the steps. The same goes for electrons. They can occupy one energy level or another but not the space between energy levels. | Options: electrons|protons|quarks|neutrons", "answer": "electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1213", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Enzymes, antibodies, and muscle fiber are all types of what?", "context": "Many important molecules in your body are proteins. Examples include enzymes, antibodies, and muscle fiber. Enzymes are a type of protein that speed up chemical reactions. They are known as \"biological catalysts. \" For example, your stomach would not be able to break down food if it did not have special enzymes to speed up the rate of digestion. Antibodies that protect you against disease are proteins. Muscle fiber is mostly protein ( Figure below ). | Options: proteins|lipids|carbohydrates|acids", "answer": "proteins", "id": "sciq_extra_1214", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are formed by the loss of one or two electrons from an element?", "context": "Cations are formed by the loss of one or two electrons from an element. | Options: cations|amines|ions|isotopes", "answer": "cations", "id": "sciq_extra_1215", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Betelgeuse is an example of what \"colorful\" stage in the life of very massive stars?", "context": "A more massive star ends its life in a more dramatic way. Very massive stars become red supergiants, like Betelgeuse. | Options: red supergiant|white supergiant|blue supergiant|blue star", "answer": "red supergiant", "id": "sciq_extra_1216", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What single word can be defined as the ability to cause change in matter and the ability to do work?", "context": "The concept of energy was first introduced in the chapter \"States of Matter,\" where it is defined as the ability to cause change in matter. Energy can also be defined as the ability to do work. Work is done whenever a force is used to move matter. When work is done, energy is transferred from one object to another. For example, when the batter in Figure below uses energy to swing the bat, she transfers energy to the bat. The moving bat, in turn, transfers energy to the ball. Like work, energy is measured in the joule (J), or newton·meter (N·m). | Options: energy|job|gas|explosion", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1217", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Wearing clothes that trap air next to your body on a cold day helps you retain what type of energy?", "context": "One way to retain your own thermal energy on a cold day is to wear clothes that trap air. That’s because air, like other gases, is a poor conductor of thermal energy. The particles of gases are relatively far apart, so they don’t bump into each other or into other things as often as the more closely spaced particles of liquids or solids. Therefore, particles of gases have fewer opportunities to transfer thermal energy. Materials that are poor thermal conductors are called thermal insulators . Down-filled snowsuits, like those in the Figure below , are good thermal insulators because their feather filling traps a lot of air. | Options: thermal energy|adjacent energy|caloric energy|alumal energy", "answer": "thermal energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1218", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many steps are involved in blood clotting?", "context": "Figure 18.14 Hemostasis (a) An injury to a blood vessel initiates the process of hemostasis. Blood clotting involves three steps. First, vascular spasm constricts the flow of blood. Next, a platelet plug forms to temporarily seal small openings in the vessel. Coagulation then enables the repair of the vessel wall once the leakage of blood has stopped. (b) The synthesis of fibrin in blood clots involves either an intrinsic pathway or an extrinsic pathway, both of which lead to a common pathway. (credit a: Kevin MacKenzie). | Options: three|two|five|six", "answer": "three", "id": "sciq_extra_1219", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of pressure is the amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface?", "context": "Pulmonary ventilation is dependent on three types of pressure: atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and interpleural. Atmospheric pressure is the amount of force that is exerted by gases in the air surrounding any given surface, such as the body. Atmospheric pressure can be expressed in terms of the unit atmosphere, abbreviated atm, or in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). One atm is equal to 760 mm Hg, which is the atmospheric pressure at sea level. Typically, for respiration, other pressure values are discussed in relation to atmospheric pressure. Therefore, negative pressure is pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, whereas positive pressure is pressure that it is greater than the atmospheric pressure. A pressure that is equal to the atmospheric pressure is expressed as zero. Intra-alveolar pressure is the pressure of the air within the alveoli, which changes during the different phases of breathing (Figure 22.16). Because the alveoli are connected to the atmosphere via the tubing of the airways (similar to the two- and one-liter containers in the example above), the interpulmonary pressure of the alveoli always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure. | Options: atmospheric|fluid|vapor|gravitational", "answer": "atmospheric", "id": "sciq_extra_1220", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What series of reactions is common to fermentation and cellular respiration?", "context": "Options: glycolysis|spermatogenesis|metabolism|photosynthesis", "answer": "glycolysis", "id": "sciq_extra_1221", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In which ways may sponges reproduce?", "context": "The sponge life cycle includes sexual reproduction. Sponges may also reproduce asexually. | Options: sexually and asexually|sexually and vertically|internally and externally|meiosis and mitosis", "answer": "sexually and asexually", "id": "sciq_extra_1222", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do barnacles anchor to?", "context": "Mo Riza. Barnacles are adapted to the intertidal zone by anchoring to rocks . CC BY 2.0. | Options: rocks|eggs|fossils|scales", "answer": "rocks", "id": "sciq_extra_1223", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Organic compounds produced by what process provide the energy and building material for ecosystems?", "context": "Options: photosynthesis|cyclogenesis|nuclear fusion|glycolysis", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1224", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "As you increase the temperature of a liquid what happens to the solubility of a solute?", "context": "Temperature affects the solubility of a solute. However, it affects the solubility of gases differently than the solubility of solids and liquids. | Options: solubility increases|turbidity increases|hydrophilic increases|viscosity increases", "answer": "solubility increases", "id": "sciq_extra_1225", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The relative sizes of the atoms show several trends with regard to what visual method of organization?", "context": "The relative sizes of the atoms show several trends with regard to the structure of the periodic table. Atoms become larger going down a column and smaller going across a period. | Options: periodic table|vibrations table|chemistry table|oscillations table", "answer": "periodic table", "id": "sciq_extra_1226", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Toward the end of pregnancy, the synthesis of oxytocin receptors in what reproductive organ increases?", "context": "Oxytocin When fetal development is complete, the peptide-derived hormone oxytocin (tocia- = “childbirth”) stimulates uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix. Throughout most of pregnancy, oxytocin hormone receptors are not expressed at high levels in the uterus. Toward the end of pregnancy, the synthesis of oxytocin receptors in the uterus increases, and the smooth. | Options: uterus|stomach|liver|lungs", "answer": "uterus", "id": "sciq_extra_1227", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If an animal eats large pieces of food it is known as a?", "context": "Options: bulk feeder|large consumer|many feeder|bulk producer", "answer": "bulk feeder", "id": "sciq_extra_1228", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the two vibrating fields that electromagnetic waves consist of?", "context": "Electromagnetic waves are waves that consist of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. They transfer energy through matter or across space. The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called electromagnetic radiation. | Options: electric and magnetic|flammable and magnetic|magnetic and mechanical|radioactive and magnetic", "answer": "electric and magnetic", "id": "sciq_extra_1229", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process by which plants and animals increase in size?", "context": "Options: growth|birth|reproduction|activity", "answer": "growth", "id": "sciq_extra_1230", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How do endocrine hormones travel throughout the body?", "context": "Endocrine hormones travel throughout the body in the blood. However, each endocrine hormone affects only certain cells, called target cells. | Options: in the blood|in urea|in mucus|in the lymph", "answer": "in the blood", "id": "sciq_extra_1231", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The post-anal tail is at the end of the organism opposite what?", "context": "The post-anal tail is at the end of the organism opposite the head. It extends beyond the anus. | Options: head|legs|knees|fingers", "answer": "head", "id": "sciq_extra_1232", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the moles of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent?", "context": "A final way to express the concentration of a solution is by its molality. The molality ( m ) of a solution is the moles of solute divided by the kilograms of solvent. A solution that contains 1.0 mol of NaCl dissolved into 1.0 kg of water is a “one-molal” solution of sodium chloride. The symbol for molality is a lower-case m written in italics. | Options: molality|molar solvency|molar weight|kilocalorie", "answer": "molality", "id": "sciq_extra_1233", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Active transport moves substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of?", "context": "Active transport requires energy because it moves substances from an area of lower to higher concentration. An example is the sodium-potassium pump. Another form of active transport is vesicle transport, which is needed for very large molecules. | Options: higher concentration|flat concentration|low concentration|the same concentration", "answer": "higher concentration", "id": "sciq_extra_1234", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How does the skin eliminates excess water and salts?", "context": "The skin eliminates excess water and salts in sweat. | Options: sweat|peel|itch|burn", "answer": "sweat", "id": "sciq_extra_1235", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Organophosphates typically interfere with nerve signal transmission by inhibiting the enzymes that degrade what?", "context": "Options: transmitter molecules|prototype molecules|potassium molecules|protein molecules", "answer": "transmitter molecules", "id": "sciq_extra_1236", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the horizontal distance between two waves, measured at a common point (crest to crest or trough to trough), called?", "context": "Seismic waves are just one type of wave. Sound and light also travel in waves. Every wave has a high point called a crest and a low point called a trough . The height of a wave from the center line to its crest is its amplitude . The horizontal distance between waves from crest to crest (or trough to trough) is its wavelength ( Figure below ). | Options: wavelength|linear|absorption|frequency", "answer": "wavelength", "id": "sciq_extra_1237", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Steroid hormones, such as cortisol and ecdysteroid, are lipids that contain four fused what?", "context": "Options: carbon rings|acid rings|nitrogen rings|oxide rings", "answer": "carbon rings", "id": "sciq_extra_1238", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The solubility of gases, liquids, and solids are affected by changes in what?", "context": "The solubility of gases, liquids, and solids are affected by changes in temperature. | Options: temperature|elevation|friction|volume", "answer": "temperature", "id": "sciq_extra_1239", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Only animals have muscle tissue and what other type of tissue?", "context": "23.29 Characteristics of an Animal • There is no one universally accepted definition of an animal. The following treatment follows your text, beginning on page 876. • Animals: • Are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes . • Lack the distinctive cell walls of plants & fungi • Share unique characteristics . • Share certain reproductive characteristics . • Other commonly used definitions . Animals are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes • Unfortunately, none of these traits is exclusive to animals: • Plants, fungi, and some algae are multicellular. • Many bacteria, protists, and all fungi are heterotrophic. • Everything other than bacteria and archaea are eukaryotic. • Moreover, all three of these characteristics also apply to fungi. • However, there is a difference here between animals and fungi. Animals generally take in their food through ingestion, or eating and swallowing something. Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs; they secrete their digestive enzymes onto their food, and then absorb the resulting nutrients. Animals share unique characteristics • Only animals have muscle tissue and nervous tissue. • Only animals have collagen, a structural protein • Only animals have the following types of intercellular junctions: (See pages 135 - 139, Figure 7.15 in your text for more information on these junctions. | Options: nervous|nonvascular tissue|vascular tissue|cartilage", "answer": "nervous", "id": "sciq_extra_1240", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of matter transmits light but scatters the light as it passes through?", "context": "Translucent matter is matter that transmits light but scatters the light as it passes through. Light passes through translucent objects but you cannot see clearly through them because the light is scattered in all directions. The frosted glass panes at the bottom of the window above are translucent. | Options: translucent matter|opaque matter|refractive matter|a mirror", "answer": "translucent matter", "id": "sciq_extra_1241", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During an earthquake, the ground shakes as stored up energy is released from what?", "context": "During an earthquake, the ground shakes as stored up energy is released from rocks. | Options: rocks|fossils|the soil|grass", "answer": "rocks", "id": "sciq_extra_1242", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Tunnel vision involves the loss of what visual fields?", "context": "A unique clinical presentation that relates to this anatomic arrangement is the loss of lateral peripheral vision, known as bilateral hemianopia. This is different from “tunnel vision” because the superior and inferior peripheral fields are not lost. Visual field deficits can be disturbing for a patient, but in this case, the cause is not within the visual system itself. A growth of the pituitary gland presses against the optic chiasm and interferes with signal transmission. However, the axons projecting to the same side of the brain are unaffected. Therefore, the patient loses the outermost areas of their field of vision and cannot see objects to their right and left. Extending from the optic chiasm, the axons of the visual system are referred to as the optic tract instead of the optic nerve. The optic tract has three major targets, two in the diencephalon and one in the midbrain. The connection between the eyes and diencephalon is demonstrated during development, in which the neural tissue of the retina differentiates from that of the diencephalon by the growth of the secondary vesicles. The connections of the retina into the CNS are a holdover from this developmental association. The majority of the connections of the optic tract are to the thalamus—specifically, the lateral geniculate nucleus. Axons from this nucleus then project to the visual cortex of the cerebrum, located in the occipital lobe. Another target of the optic tract is the superior colliculus. In addition, ", "answer": "peripheral", "id": "sciq_extra_1243", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Systemic mycoses spread to internal organs, most commonly entering the body through this?", "context": "Systemic mycoses spread to internal organs, most commonly entering the body through the respiratory system. For example, coccidioidomycosis (valley fever) is commonly found in the southwestern United States, where the fungus resides in the dust. Once inhaled, the spores develop in the lungs and cause symptoms similar to those of tuberculosis. Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It also causes pulmonary infections, and in rarer cases, swelling of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord. Treatment of these and many other fungal diseases requires the use of antifungal medications that have serious side effects. Opportunistic mycoses are fungal infections that are either common in all environments, or part of the normal biota. They mainly affect individuals who have a compromised immune system. Patients in the late stages of AIDS suffer from opportunistic mycoses that can be life threatening. The yeast Candida sp. , a common member of the natural biota, can grow unchecked and infect the vagina or mouth (oral thrush) if the pH of the surrounding environment, the person’s immune defenses, or the normal population of bacteria are altered. Mycetismus can occur when poisonous mushrooms are eaten. It causes a number of human fatalities during mushroompicking season. Many edible fruiting bodies of fungi resemble highly poisonous relatives, and amateur mushroom hunters are cautioned to carefully inspect their harvest and avoid eating mushrooms of d", "answer": "respiratory system", "id": "sciq_extra_1244", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The three features that are unique to the large intestine are the teniae coli, haustra, and what?", "context": "Anatomy Three features are unique to the large intestine: teniae coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages (Figure 23.23). The teniae coli are three bands of smooth muscle that make up the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis of the large intestine, except at its terminal end. Tonic contractions of the teniae coli bunch up the colon into a succession of pouches called haustra (singular = hostrum), which are responsible for the wrinkled appearance of the colon. Attached to the teniae coli are small, fat-filled sacs of visceral peritoneum called epiploic appendages. The purpose of these is unknown. Although the rectum and anal canal have neither teniae coli nor haustra, they do have well-developed layers of muscularis that create the strong contractions needed for defecation. | Options: epiploic appendages|radial appendages|disc appendages|binary appendages", "answer": "epiploic appendages", "id": "sciq_extra_1245", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most living things build proteins from the same 20 different what?", "context": "if the salt produced is an acidic salt. | Options: amino acids|uncommon acids|atomic isolates|acid peptides", "answer": "amino acids", "id": "sciq_extra_1246", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What reaction, along with photosynthesis, provides energy to the vast majority of living things?", "context": "The chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration together provide energy to virtually all living things on Earth. | Options: cellular respiration|devices respiration|primarily respiration|Internal Respiration", "answer": "cellular respiration", "id": "sciq_extra_1247", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Some animals increase body fat in winter to stay?", "context": "Options: warm|thin|aware|cold", "answer": "warm", "id": "sciq_extra_1248", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of what, which forms when organic matter is under pressure for millions of years?", "context": "Millions of years ago, there were so many dead plants and animals that they could not completely decompose before they were buried. They were covered over by soil or sand, tar or ice. These dead plants and animals are organic matter made out of cells full of carbon-containing organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids). What happened to all this carbon? When organic matter is under pressure for millions of years, it forms fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. | Options: fossil fuels|complex carbohydrates|solar fuels|nuclear fission", "answer": "fossil fuels", "id": "sciq_extra_1249", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Protists play critically important ecological roles as producers and, on the other end of food webs, as what?", "context": "Beneficial Protists Protists play critically important ecological roles as producers particularly in the world’s oceans. They are equally important on the other end of food webs as decomposers. Protists as Food Sources Protists are essential sources of nutrition for many other organisms. In some cases, as in plankton, protists are consumed directly. Alternatively, photosynthetic protists serve as producers of nutrition for other organisms by carbon fixation. For instance, photosynthetic dinoflagellates called zooxanthellae pass on most of their energy to the coral polyps that house them (Figure 13.19). In this mutually beneficial relationship, the polyps provide a protective environment and nutrients for the zooxanthellae. The polyps secrete the calcium carbonate that builds coral reefs. Without dinoflagellate symbionts, corals lose algal pigments in a process called coral bleaching, and they eventually die. This explains why reef-building corals do not reside in waters deeper than 20 meters: Not enough light reaches those depths for dinoflagellates to photosynthesize. | Options: decomposers|dissolvers|absorbers|probiotics", "answer": "decomposers", "id": "sciq_extra_1250", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling?", "context": "55.1 Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems. | Options: ecosystems|oceans|environments|habitats", "answer": "ecosystems", "id": "sciq_extra_1251", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The distribution of thermal speeds depends strongly on temperature. as temperature increases, the speeds are shifted to higher values and the distribution is what?", "context": "The distribution of thermal speeds depends strongly on temperature. As temperature increases, the speeds are shifted to higher values and the distribution is broadened. | Options: broadened|decreased|improved|removed", "answer": "broadened", "id": "sciq_extra_1252", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the four classes of what type of compounds?", "context": "Carbohydrates are one of four classes of biochemical compounds. The other three classes are proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. In addition to cellulose, carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Carbohydrate molecules contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Living things use carbohydrates mainly for energy. For more in-depth information on carbohydrates, you may want to watch the videos at these URLs:. | Options: biochemical compounds|reversible compounds|nutrient compounds|chromosomal compounds", "answer": "biochemical compounds", "id": "sciq_extra_1253", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most important factor in soil formation?", "context": "Climate is the most important factor in soil formation. The climate of a region is the result of its temperature and rainfall. We can identify different climates by the plants that grow there ( Figure below ). | Options: climate|fertilizer|carbon|worms", "answer": "climate", "id": "sciq_extra_1254", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the outer layer of cells in a root called?", "context": "The root has an outer layer of cells called the epidermis, which surrounds areas of ground tissue and vascular tissue. The epidermis provides protection and helps in absorption. Root hairs, which are extensions of root epidermal cells, increase the surface area of the root, greatly contributing to the absorption of water and minerals. | Options: epidermis|igneous|skeletal|muscles", "answer": "epidermis", "id": "sciq_extra_1255", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of feeders are the largest sharks and rays?", "context": "Options: suspension feeders|resting feeders|month feeders|resulting feeders", "answer": "suspension feeders", "id": "sciq_extra_1256", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Chemical digestion couldn't take place without the help of what?", "context": "Chemical digestion could not take place without the help of digestive enzymes. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. Digestive enzymes speed up chemical reactions that break down large food molecules into small molecules. | Options: digestive enzymes|melatonin|neurotransmitters|pigments", "answer": "digestive enzymes", "id": "sciq_extra_1257", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where would you find three tiny bones called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup?", "context": "The middle ear contains three tiny bones (ossicles) called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. If you look at these bones in the Figure above , you might notice that they resemble the objects for which they are named. The three bones transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The arrangement of the three bones allows them to work together as a lever that increases the amplitude of the waves as they pass to the inner ear. | Options: middle ear|foot|neck|tail bone", "answer": "middle ear", "id": "sciq_extra_1258", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Energy resources can be put into two categories — renewable or?", "context": "Energy resources can be put into two categories — renewable or non-renewable. Nonrenewable resources are used faster than they can be replaced. Renewable resources can be replaced as quickly as they are used. Renewable resources may also be so abundant that running out is impossible. | Options: nonrenewable|reusable|precious|synthetic", "answer": "nonrenewable", "id": "sciq_extra_1259", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Even the age of earth has been estimated on the basis of what?", "context": "Radioactive isotopes, or radioisotopes, can be used to estimate the ages of not only of rocks, but also of fossils and artifacts made long ago by human beings. Even the age of Earth has been estimated on the basis of radioisotopes. The general method is called radioactive dating . To understand how radioactive dating works, you need to understand radioisotopes and radioactive decay. | Options: radioisotopes|membranes|tree rings|gasses", "answer": "radioisotopes", "id": "sciq_extra_1260", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In the primary response to infection, what are secreted first from plasma cells?", "context": "Figure 17.18 In the primary response to infection, antibodies are secreted first from plasma cells. Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, memory cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells that output a greater amount of antibody for a longer period of time. | Options: antibodies|platelets|parasites|pathogens", "answer": "antibodies", "id": "sciq_extra_1261", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A hookworm is classified as what type of organism?", "context": "Parasites may live either inside or on the surface of their host. An example of a parasite is a hookworm. Hookworms are roundworms that affect the small intestine and lungs of a host organism. They live inside of humans and cause them pain. However, the hookworms must live inside of a host in order to survive. Parasites may even kill the host they live on, but then they also kill their host organism, so this is rare. Parasites are found in animals, plants, and fungi. Hookworms are common in the moist tropic and subtropic regions. There is very little risk of getting a parasite in industrialized nations. | Options: parasite|predator|virus|bacterium", "answer": "parasite", "id": "sciq_extra_1262", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A pigment within plant cells which absorbs light is called?", "context": "chlorophyll - a pigment within plant cells which absorbs light. | Options: chlorophyll|green|carbonate|xylem", "answer": "chlorophyll", "id": "sciq_extra_1263", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where does slime mold typically live?", "context": "Slime molds live on decaying plant life and in the soil. | Options: decaying plant life and in the soil|in the sea|in the soil and in glaciers|in the jungle", "answer": "decaying plant life and in the soil", "id": "sciq_extra_1264", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Genital warts is an sti caused by what?", "context": "Genital warts is an STI caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), which is pictured in Figure below . This is one of the most common STIs in U. S. teens. Genital warts can’t be cured, but a vaccine can prevent most HPV infections. The vaccine is recommended for boys and girls starting at 11 or 12 years of age. It’s important to prevent HPV infections because they may lead to cancer later in life. | Options: human papilloma virus|human polyoma virus|human conoil virus|human papova virus", "answer": "human papilloma virus", "id": "sciq_extra_1265", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do ectotherms use to regulate body temperature?", "context": "Ectotherms, sometimes called cold-blooded animals, do not use the energy of metabolism to regulate body temperature. Instead, they depend on external energy sources, such as sunlight. Fish, for example, will seek out water of different temperatures to regulate body temperature. The amount of energy available is directly related to the metabolic rate of the animal. When energy is scarce, ectotherms may also hibernate. The connection between metabolism and body temperature is a reminder that energy and chemical reactions are intimately related. A basic understanding of this relationship is especially important when those chemical reactions occur within our own bodies. Energy is a vital component of the world around us. Nearly every physical and chemical process, including all the chemical reactions discussed in previous chapters, occurs with a simultaneous energy change. In this chapter, we will explore the nature of energy and how energy and chemistry are related. | Options: external energy sources|result energy sources|Flexible Energy Source|combustion energy sources", "answer": "external energy sources", "id": "sciq_extra_1266", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What event occurred at the close of the precambrian era?", "context": "At the close of the Precambrian 544 million years ago, a mass extinction occurred. In a mass extinction , many or even most species abruptly disappear from Earth. There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history. Many scientists think we are currently going through a sixth mass extinction. | Options: a mass extinction|spontaneous mutation|ecosystem succession|natural selection", "answer": "a mass extinction", "id": "sciq_extra_1267", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A balanced equation has an equal number of what on each side?", "context": "If you count the number of protons and neutrons on each side of this equation, you’ll see that the numbers are the same on both sides of the arrow. This means that the equation is balanced. The thorium-234 produced in this reaction is unstable, so it will undergo radioactive decay as well. The alpha particle produced in the reaction can pick up two electrons to form the element helium. This is how most of Earth’s helium formed. | Options: protons and neutrons|electrons and neutrons|valencies and electrons|protons and reactions", "answer": "protons and neutrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1268", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Pure substances have a constant composition and can only be changed by what?", "context": "Pure substances have a constant composition and can only be changed by chemical reactions. They can be classified as either elements or compounds. | Options: chemical reactions|radiation|growth|carbon reactions", "answer": "chemical reactions", "id": "sciq_extra_1269", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Earthquakes occur most often at which natural feature?", "context": "The vast majority of earthquakes happen at plate boundaries. | Options: plate boundaries|plate holes|pattern boundaries|artificial boundaries", "answer": "plate boundaries", "id": "sciq_extra_1270", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many atmospheric circulation cells are there?", "context": "The globe has six atmospheric circulation cells. Three are north of the Equator and three are south. These cells have names. | Options: six|three|two|five", "answer": "six", "id": "sciq_extra_1271", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Proper chemical formulas for ionic compounds balance the total positive charge with what?", "context": "Proper chemical formulas for ionic compounds balance the total positive charge with the total negative charge. | Options: total negative charge|total electric charge|total ionic charge|total atomic charge", "answer": "total negative charge", "id": "sciq_extra_1272", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which process helps microorganisms make food with chemicals pouring out of deep-sea vents?", "context": "There are many more organisms around deep-sea vents. Microorganisms use chemicals that pour out of the vents to make food by chemosynthesis. These producers support large numbers of other organisms, including crustaceans and red tubeworms like those pictured in Figure below . | Options: chemosynthesis|photosynthesis|biosynthesis|synaptogenesis", "answer": "chemosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1273", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a combination of two or more substances in any proportion called?", "context": "Not all combined substances are compounds. Some are mixtures. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in any proportion. The substances in a mixture may be elements or compounds. The substances don’t combine chemically to form a new substance, as they do in a compound. Instead, they keep their original properties and just intermix. Examples of mixtures include salt and water in the ocean and gases in the atmosphere. Other examples are pictured in Figure below . | Options: mixture|combination|solution|solvent", "answer": "mixture", "id": "sciq_extra_1274", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where is the youngest seafloor located?", "context": "The youngest seafloor is at the ridge. The oldest is farthest from the ridge. The oldest seafloor is much younger than the oldest continent. | Options: at the ridge|at the base|at the reefs|at the floor", "answer": "at the ridge", "id": "sciq_extra_1275", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of mixture consists of two or more phases, exemplified when a combination of oil and water forms layers?", "context": "A phase is any part of a sample that has a uniform composition and properties. By definition, a pure substance or a homogeneous mixture consists of a single phase. A heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more phases. When oil and water are combined, they do not mix evenly, but instead form two separate layers. Each of the layers is called a phase. | Options: heterogeneous|homogeneous|simple mixture|complex miture", "answer": "heterogeneous", "id": "sciq_extra_1276", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The values of strangeness assigned to various particles are based on what?", "context": "lifetimes on the order of 10 s (the exception is Σ , whose short lifetime is explained by its particular quark substructure. ), implying that their decay is caused by the weak force alone, although they are hadrons and feel the strong force. The decay modes of these particles also show patterns—in particular, certain decays that should be possible within all the known conservation laws do not occur. Whenever something is possible in physics, it will happen. If something does not happen, it is forbidden by a rule. All this seemed strange to those studying these particles when they were first discovered, so they named a new quantum number strangeness, given the symbol S in the table given above. The values of strangeness assigned to various particles are based on the decay systematics. It is found that strangeness is conserved by the strong force, which. | Options: decay systematics|atomic mass|thermal energy|penetration potential", "answer": "decay systematics", "id": "sciq_extra_1277", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Together, the muscular and skeletal organs are known as what?", "context": "CHAPTER REVIEW 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System The major functions of the bones are body support, facilitation of movement, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals and fat, and hematopoiesis. Together, the muscular system and skeletal system are known as the musculoskeletal system. | Options: musculoskeletal system|lymphatic system|cardiovascular system|nervous system", "answer": "musculoskeletal system", "id": "sciq_extra_1278", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do factories and power plants use to remove particulates and waste gases from exhaust before releasing it?", "context": "Scrubbers are used in factories and power plants. They remove particulates and waste gases from exhaust before it is released to the air. You can see how a scrubber works in Figure below . | Options: scrubbers|compressors|mufflers|catalytic converters", "answer": "scrubbers", "id": "sciq_extra_1279", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Humans typically have how many pairs of chromosomes?", "context": "No, you only received half of your mother's chromosomes and half of your father's chromosomes. If you inherited them all, you would have twice the number of chromosomes that you're supposed to have. Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes. If you received all your parents' chromosomes, you would have 46 pairs!. | Options: 23 pairs|14 pairs|17 pairs|25 pairs", "answer": "23 pairs", "id": "sciq_extra_1280", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Correlation is different from what term that refers to the factor that is producing the effect?", "context": "But correlation does not necessarily indicate causation. Causation refers to the factor that is producing the effect. If I push a toy car, I will cause it to move. To explain the difference between correlation and causation, let’s look at an example. Sugar consumption in the United States has been rising for decades ( Figure below ). There is a positive correlation between sugar consumption and rising average global temperatures. | Options: causation|manifestation|correlation|differentiation", "answer": "causation", "id": "sciq_extra_1281", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What organelles do animal cells use to convert food into energy?", "context": "When an animal needs energy, it eats food. That's why animals use mitochondria to convert food into energy. Plants, on the other hand, don't seem to eat anything. Instead, they receive energy from water and sunlight. They use chloroplasts to convert light into energy through photosynthesis. The focus of this concept is to delineate the distinct differences between plant and animal cells. | Options: mitochondria|endoplasmic reticulum|nucleus|flagellum", "answer": "mitochondria", "id": "sciq_extra_1282", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where does egg production happen?", "context": "Egg production takes place in the ovaries. It takes several steps to make an egg:. | Options: ovaries|uterus|fallopian tube|testes", "answer": "ovaries", "id": "sciq_extra_1283", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What can be used to estimate the energy change of a chemical reaction?", "context": "Bond energies can be used to estimate the energy change of a chemical reaction. When bonds are broken in the reactants, the energy change for this process is endothermic. When bonds are formed in the products, the energy change for this process is exothermic. We combine the positive energy change with the negative energy change to estimate the overall energy change of the reaction. For example, in. | Options: bond energies|bond magnitudes|chemical energy|isoenergies", "answer": "bond energies", "id": "sciq_extra_1284", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Destructive interference occurs when two identical waves are superimposed exactly out of phase. a standing wave is one in which two waves superimpose to produce a wave that varies in amplitude but does not do this?", "context": "Superposition is the combination of two waves at the same location. Constructive interference occurs when two identical waves are superimposed in phase. Destructive interference occurs when two identical waves are superimposed exactly out of phase. A standing wave is one in which two waves superimpose to produce a wave that varies in amplitude but does not propagate. Nodes are points of no motion in standing waves. An antinode is the location of maximum amplitude of a standing wave. Waves on a string are resonant standing waves with a fundamental frequency and can occur at higher multiples of the fundamental, called overtones or harmonics. Beats occur when waves of similar frequencies f 1 and f 2 are superimposed. The resulting amplitude oscillates with a beat frequency given by. | Options: propagate|substrate|membrane|reproduce", "answer": "propagate", "id": "sciq_extra_1285", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the layer outside the cell wall in a prokaryote?", "context": "Many prokaryotes have another layer, called a capsule, outside the cell wall. The capsule protects the cell from chemicals and drying out. It also allows the cell to stick to surfaces and to other cells. | Options: capsule|rim|pod|membrane", "answer": "capsule", "id": "sciq_extra_1286", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What delivers natural gas from rock that might not otherwise be obtainable?", "context": "Fracking delivers natural gas from rock that might not otherwise be obtainable. | Options: fracking|rippling|drilling|grinding", "answer": "fracking", "id": "sciq_extra_1287", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Name the white blood cells that can squeeze through capillary walls and swallow particles.", "context": "Neutrophils are WBCs that can squeeze through capillary walls and swallow particles such as bacteria and parasites. | Options: neutrophils|platelets|lymphocytes|hemoglobin", "answer": "neutrophils", "id": "sciq_extra_1288", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Permanent dipole-dipole interactions are found in what kind of molecules?", "context": "Polar molecules have permanent dipole-dipole interactions. | Options: polar|directional|dual|geologic", "answer": "polar", "id": "sciq_extra_1289", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The energy released during an earthquake is called what?", "context": "The ways seismologists measure an earthquake have changed over the decades. Initially, they could only measure what people felt and saw, the intensity. Now they can measure the energy released during the quake, the magnitude. | Options: magnitude|radiation|hydro|tidal", "answer": "magnitude", "id": "sciq_extra_1290", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Many replication forks develop along a what?", "context": "Many replication forks develop along a chromosome. This process continues until the replication forks meet, and the all of the DNA in a chromosome has been copied. Each new strand that has formed is complementary to the strand used as the template. Each resulting DNA molecule is identical to the original DNA molecule. During prophase of mitosis or prophase I of meiosis, these molecules of DNA condense into a chromosome made of two identical \"sister\" chromatids. This process ensures that cells that result from cell division have identical sets of genetic material, and that the DNA is an exact copy of the parent cell’s DNA. | Options: chromosome|nucleus|genome|allele", "answer": "chromosome", "id": "sciq_extra_1291", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the strength of an acid or base?", "context": "The strength of an acid or base is called acidity. It depends on how much of the substance breaks down into ions when it dissolves in water. | Options: acidity|carbon|pH|texture", "answer": "acidity", "id": "sciq_extra_1292", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A bog is a type of ____", "context": "Not all wetlands are alike, as you can see below ( Figure below ). Wetlands vary in how wet they are and how much of the year they are soaked. Wetlands also vary in the kinds of plants that live in them. This depends mostly on the climate where the wetland is found. Types of wetlands include marshes, swamps, and bogs. | Options: wetland|plant|lake|stream", "answer": "wetland", "id": "sciq_extra_1293", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In projectile motion, the horizontal displacement of an object is called its what?", "context": "In projectile motion, the horizontal displacement of an object is called its range . | Options: range|width|height|variety", "answer": "range", "id": "sciq_extra_1294", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An oil drop is stationary when what downward force exactly equals the upward electrical force on the drop?", "context": "The charge on the plates is adjustable. By measuring the terminal velocity of the oil drops with the electric field off, Millikan could determine the mass of the drops. Millikan and his graduate assistant were able to determine the force of the field on the drops when it was turned on by comparing the velocity of the drops with the field on to their velocity with the field off. This is easily determined when the oil drop is stationary; namely, when the downward gravitational force exactly equals the upward electrical force on the drop. | Options: gravitational|magnetic|newtonian|radiation", "answer": "gravitational", "id": "sciq_extra_1295", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The secretion of what may influence the body’s circadian rhythms?", "context": "The secretion of melatonin may influence the body’s circadian rhythms, the dark-light fluctuations that affect not only sleepiness and wakefulness, but also appetite and body temperature. Interestingly, children have higher melatonin levels than adults, which may prevent the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary, thereby inhibiting the onset of puberty. Finally, an antioxidant role of melatonin is the subject of current research. Jet lag occurs when a person travels across several time zones and feels sleepy during the day or wakeful at night. Traveling across multiple time zones significantly disturbs the light-dark cycle regulated by melatonin. It can take up to several days for melatonin synthesis to adjust to the light-dark patterns in the new environment, resulting in jet lag. Some air travelers take melatonin supplements to induce sleep. | Options: melatonin|human growth hormone|testosterone|serotonin", "answer": "melatonin", "id": "sciq_extra_1296", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Photosynthesis takes the energy of sunlight and combines water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen as this?", "context": "The free electron travels through the electron transport chain, and the energy of the electron is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, transferring the energy into the electrochemical gradient. The energy of the electrochemical gradient is used to power ATP synthase, and the energy is transferred into a bond in the ATP molecule. In addition, energy from another photon can be used to create a high-energy bond in the molecule NADPH. 16 Photosynthesis takes the energy of sunlight and combines water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen as a waste product. The reactions of respiration take sugar and consume oxygen to break it down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Thus, the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of respiration, and vice versa. | Options: waste product|secondary product|reactive product|primary product", "answer": "waste product", "id": "sciq_extra_1297", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Purkinje fibers have a fast inherent what?", "context": "Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His), Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers Arising from the AV node, the atrioventricular bundle, or bundle of His, proceeds through the interventricular septum before dividing into two atrioventricular bundle branches, commonly called the left and right bundle branches. The left bundle branch has two fascicles. The left bundle branch supplies the left ventricle, and the right bundle branch the right ventricle. Since the left ventricle is much larger than the right, the left bundle branch is also considerably larger than the right. Portions of the right bundle branch are found in the moderator band and supply the right papillary muscles. Because of this connection, each papillary muscle receives the impulse at approximately the same time, so they begin to contract simultaneously just prior to the remainder of the myocardial contractile cells of the ventricles. This is believed to allow tension to develop on the chordae tendineae prior to right ventricular contraction. There is no corresponding moderator band on the left. Both bundle branches descend and reach the apex of the heart where they connect with the Purkinje fibers (see Figure 19.19, step 4). This passage takes approximately 25 ms. The Purkinje fibers are additional myocardial conductive fibers that spread the impulse to the myocardial contractile cells in the ventricles. They extend throughout the myocardium from the apex of the heart toward the atrioventricular septum and the base", "answer": "conduction rate", "id": "sciq_extra_1298", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process affecting genes or chromosomes causes genetic disorders?", "context": "Many genetic disorders are caused by mutations in one or a few genes. Others are caused by chromosomal mutations. Some human genetic disorders are X-linked or Y-linked, which means the faulty gene is carried on these sex chromosomes. Other genetic disorders are carried on one of the other 22 pairs of chromosomes; these chromosomes are known as autosomes or autosomal (non-sex) chromosomes. Some genetic disorders are due to new mutations, others can be inherited from your parents. | Options: mutation|radiation|infection|graduation", "answer": "mutation", "id": "sciq_extra_1299", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of engine burns fuel to heat water and produce steam?", "context": "An external combustion engine burns fuel to heat water and produce steam. The steam is under pressure and is used to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. As the piston moves back and forth, it moves a piston rod, which can do work. | Options: combustion|convection|condensation|conduction", "answer": "combustion", "id": "sciq_extra_1300", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oncogenesis is one name for the process where normal cells turn into what?", "context": "Carcinogenesis is the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. The process is also known as oncogenesis or tumorigenesis and it depends on both the activation of oncogenes and deactivation of tumor suppressor genes . Proto-oncogenes, the non-cancerous normal version of an oncogene, can be a transcription factor like c-fos, c-jun and c-myc, or a gene whose product is involved in signal transduction, leading to altered gene expression. When mutations cause the regulation of this process to be disturbed, cell proliferation can be enhanced leading to tumorigenesis. | Options: cancer cells|lung cells|brain cells|blood cells", "answer": "cancer cells", "id": "sciq_extra_1301", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Characteristics of an organism are passed from one generation to the next through what?", "context": "Characteristics of organisms are passed from one generation to the next through their genes. | Options: genes|ribosomes|sperm|eggs", "answer": "genes", "id": "sciq_extra_1302", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Reactants are substances that start what?", "context": "Reactants are substances that start a chemical reaction. | Options: chemical reaction|growth reaction|dying reaction|consumption reaction", "answer": "chemical reaction", "id": "sciq_extra_1303", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are cyclic compounds which have an element other than carbon atoms in the ring?", "context": "Note So far we have studied only aromatic compounds with carbon-containing rings. However, many cyclic compounds have an element other than carbon atoms in the ring. These compounds, called heterocyclic compounds, are discussed inChapter 15 \"Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives\", Section 15.13 \"Amines as Bases\". Some of these are heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Table 13.4 Some Drugs That Contain a Benzene Ring. | Options: heterocyclic compounds|axial compounds|homocyclic compounds|polymeric compounds", "answer": "heterocyclic compounds", "id": "sciq_extra_1304", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Surviving megaspores develop into what?", "context": "Options: multicellular female gametophytes|multicellular male gametophytes|null gametophytes|singular celled female gametophytes", "answer": "multicellular female gametophytes", "id": "sciq_extra_1305", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Stoichiometry is concerned with the reactants and the products in chemical what?", "context": "numerical relationships between the reactants and the products in balanced chemical reactions is called stoichiometry. | Options: reactions|photosynthesis|bonds|solvents", "answer": "reactions", "id": "sciq_extra_1306", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call the angle at which waves strike a wall?", "context": "Waves strike a wall at an angle, called the angle of incidence. The waves are reflected at the same angle, called the angle of reflection, but in a different direction. Both angles are measured relative to a line that is perpendicular to the wall. | Options: angle of incidence|rotation of incidence|angle of impact|incidence impact", "answer": "angle of incidence", "id": "sciq_extra_1307", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Nitrogen & sulfur oxide combine with rain to form what?", "context": "Nitrogen and sulfur oxides combine with rain to form acid rain. | Options: acid rain|toxic rain|steam rain|coarse rain", "answer": "acid rain", "id": "sciq_extra_1308", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides are classified as pyrimidines or what?", "context": "The nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides are classified as pyrimidines or purines. Pyrimidines are heterocyclic amines with two nitrogen atoms in a six-member ring and include uracil, thymine, and cytosine. (For more information about heterocyclic amines, see Chapter 15 \"Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives\", Section 15.13 \"Amines as Bases\". ) Purines are heterocyclic amines consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to a five-member ring with two nitrogen atoms. Adenine and guanine are the major purines found in nucleic acids (Figure 19.2 \"The Nitrogenous Bases Found in DNA and RNA\"). Figure 19.2 The Nitrogenous Bases Found in DNA and RNA. | Options: purines|Fallen|terpenes|Science", "answer": "purines", "id": "sciq_extra_1309", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Instead of heat, organisms use what to speed up reactions?", "context": "Options: catalysis|metabolism|acids|synthesis", "answer": "catalysis", "id": "sciq_extra_1310", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term in science describes not just a guess, but a well-formed set of explanations for a phenomenon?", "context": "Some ideas in science gain the status of theories. Scientists use the term \"theory\" differently than it is used in everyday language. You might say, \"I think the dog ate my homework, but it’s just a theory. \" In other words, it’s just one of many possible explanations for the missing work. However, in science, a theory is much more than that. | Options: theory|hypothesis|concept|evolution", "answer": "theory", "id": "sciq_extra_1311", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Although helper t cells do not destroy infected or damaged body cells, they are still necessary for what?", "context": "Helper T cells do not destroy infected or damaged body cells. But they are still necessary for an immune response. They help by releasing chemicals that control other lymphocytes. The chemicals released by helper T cells “switch on” both B cells and killer T cells so they can recognize and fight specific pathogens. | Options: immune response|brain response|mutations response|lung response", "answer": "immune response", "id": "sciq_extra_1312", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The seven unique crystal types are defined by what parts of themselves (parts that intersect at various angles)?", "context": "Crystals are classified into general categories based on their shapes. A crystal is defined by its faces, which intersect with one another at specific angles, which are characteristic of the given substance. The seven crystal systems are shown below, along with an example of each. The edge lengths of a crystal are represented by the letters , , and . The angles at which the faces intersect are represented by the Greek letters , , and . Each of the seven crystal systems differs in terms of the angles between the faces and in the number of edges of equal length on each face. | Options: faces|shards|angles|eyes", "answer": "faces", "id": "sciq_extra_1313", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In their processes of gene expression, archael cells show similarties to both bacterial cells and which other type of cell?", "context": "Options: eukaryotic|Prokaryotic|chloroplasts|plant cells", "answer": "eukaryotic", "id": "sciq_extra_1314", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term refers to the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature?", "context": "Solubility is the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature. Some solutes have greater solubility than others. | Options: solubility|viscosity|saturation|turbidity", "answer": "solubility", "id": "sciq_extra_1315", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Although quite different, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are all classified as what type of metals?", "context": "The Alkaline Earth Metals The alkaline earth metals are beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. Beryllium, strontium, and barium are rather rare, and radium is unstable and highly radioactive. In contrast, calcium and magnesium are the fifth and sixth most abundant elements on Earth, respectively; they are found in huge deposits of limestone and other minerals. | Options: alkaline earth metals|mucous earth metals|detergent earth metals|acidic earth metals", "answer": "alkaline earth metals", "id": "sciq_extra_1316", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What predatory mammal is the fastest land animal on earth?", "context": "Mammals are noted for the many ways they can move about. Generally, their limbs are very mobile. Often, they can be rotated. Many mammals are also known for their speed. The fastest land animal is a predatory mammal. Can you guess what it is? Racing at speeds of up to 112 kilometers (70 miles) per hour, the cheetah wins hands down. In addition, the limbs of mammals let them hold their body up above the ground. That’s because the limbs are attached beneath the body, rather than at the sides as in reptiles (see Figure below ). | Options: cheetah|panther|tiger|giraffe", "answer": "cheetah", "id": "sciq_extra_1317", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why did woolly mammoths began to go extinct thousands of years ago?", "context": "Woolly mammoths began to go extinct about 10,000 years ago, soon after paleontologists believe humans able to hunt them began to colonize North America and northern Eurasia (Figure 19.8). A mammoth population survived on Wrangel Island, in the East Siberian Sea, and was isolated from human contact until as recently as 1700 BC. We know a lot about these animals from carcasses found frozen in the ice of Siberia and other northern regions. It is commonly thought that climate change and human hunting led to their extinction. A 2008 study estimated that climate change reduced the mammoth’s range from 3,000,000 square miles 42,000 years [3] ago to 310,000 square miles 6,000 years ago. Through archaeological evidence of kill sites, it is also well documented that humans hunted these animals. A 2012 study concluded that no single factor was [4] exclusively responsible for the extinction of these magnificent creatures. In addition to climate change and reduction of habitat, scientists demonstrated another important factor in the mammoth’s extinction was the migration of human hunters across the Bering Strait to North America during the last ice age 20,000 years ago. The maintenance of stable populations was and is very complex, with many interacting factors determining the outcome. It is important to remember that humans are also part of nature. Once we contributed to a species’ decline using primitive hunting technology only. | Options: hunting by humans|volcanic eruptions|parasites|", "answer": "hunting by humans", "id": "sciq_extra_1318", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a developing baby called in the very early stages?", "context": "While a woman is pregnant, the developing baby may be called an embryo or a fetus. Do these mean the same thing? No, in the very early stages the developing baby is called an embryo, while in the later stages it is called a fetus. When the ball of cells first implants into the uterus, it is called an embryo . The embryo stage lasts until the end of the 8 th week after fertilization. After that point until birth, the developing baby is called a fetus . | Options: embryo|fetus|uterus|sperm", "answer": "embryo", "id": "sciq_extra_1319", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is released when an atom gains valence electrons and forms a negative ion?", "context": "It takes energy to remove valence electrons from an atom and form a positive ion. Energy is released when an atom gains valence electrons and forms a negative ion. | Options: energy|charge|heat|fusion", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1320", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of matter that mechanical wave energy can only travel through?", "context": "The energy of a mechanical wave can travel only through matter. This matter is called the medium ( plural , media). The medium in Figure above is a liquid — the water in the pond. But the medium of a mechanical wave can be any state of matter, including a solid or a gas. It’s important to note that particles of matter in the medium don’t actually travel along with the wave. Only the energy travels. The particles of the medium just vibrate, or move back-and-forth or up-and-down in one spot, always returning to their original positions. As the particles vibrate, they pass the energy of the disturbance to the particles next to them, which pass the energy to the particles next to them, and so on. | Options: medium|form|solid|weight", "answer": "medium", "id": "sciq_extra_1321", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is able to occur because no surface is perfectly smooth?", "context": "Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth. Even surfaces that look smooth to the unaided eye appear rough or bumpy when viewed under a microscope. Look at the metal surfaces in Figure below . The metal foil is so smooth that it is shiny. However, when highly magnified, the surface of metal appears to be very bumpy. All those mountains and valleys catch and grab the mountains and valleys of any other surface that contacts the metal. This creates friction. | Options: friction|mass|tension|temperature", "answer": "friction", "id": "sciq_extra_1322", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What determines the reactivity of an atom?", "context": "Valence electrons determine the reactivity of an atom. | Options: valence electrons|reactive electrons|unstable electrons|neutral electrons", "answer": "valence electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1323", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the fusing of two or more smaller nuclei to form a single, larger nucleus?", "context": "Nuclear fusion is the fusing of two or more smaller nuclei to form a single, larger nucleus. Fusion releases even more energy than fission. Researchers are trying to find a way to use the energy from nuclear fusion to generate electricity. | Options: nuclear fusion|atomic fusion|likely fusion|radiactive fusion", "answer": "nuclear fusion", "id": "sciq_extra_1324", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the plant absorbs water?", "context": "Options: roots|leaves|stem|flower", "answer": "roots", "id": "sciq_extra_1325", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the attraction between oppositely charged atoms or ions?", "context": "Options: ionic bond|covalent bond|neutron bond|magnetic bond", "answer": "ionic bond", "id": "sciq_extra_1326", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the outer planets of the solar system made of?", "context": "The inner planets are small and rocky, while the outer planets are large and made of gases. Why might the planets have formed into these two groups?. | Options: gases|plasma|liquids|solids", "answer": "gases", "id": "sciq_extra_1327", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Allergy symptoms can be treated with medications such as?", "context": "Allergy symptoms can range from mild to severe. Mild symptoms might include itchy eyes, sneezing, and a runny nose. Severe symptoms can cause difficulty breathing, which may be life threatening. Keep in mind that it is the immune system and not the allergen that causes the allergy symptoms. Allergy symptoms can be treated with medications such as antihistamines. Severe allergic reactions may require an injection of the hormone epinephrine. These treatments lessen or counter the immune system’s response. | Options: antihistamines|antibiotics|channel blockers|hormone treatments", "answer": "antihistamines", "id": "sciq_extra_1328", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is considered to be the most common intrusive igneous rock?", "context": "Granite is the most common intrusive igneous rock. Pictured below are four types of intrusive rocks ( Figure below ). | Options: granite|sandstone|basalt|obsidian", "answer": "granite", "id": "sciq_extra_1329", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which type of carbohydrate is glucose?", "context": "Sugars are simple carbohydrates such as glucose, which the cells of living things use for energy. | Options: simple|compound|fluid|sweet", "answer": "simple", "id": "sciq_extra_1330", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What obstructs people from seeing the milky way at night?", "context": "There is so much light pollution in most cities that many people have never seen the Milky Way. On a clear night away from lights, the view is of a bright white river of stars. You don't need a telescope or even binoculars to see it. The view of the Milky Way is so bright because you're looking at the stars in your own galaxy. | Options: light pollution|the Moon|myopia|coriolis effect", "answer": "light pollution", "id": "sciq_extra_1331", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The north end of a compass needle points toward which of earth's magnetic poles?", "context": "Q: The north end of a compass needle points toward Earth’s north magnetic pole. The like poles of two magnets repel each other, and the opposite poles attract. So why doesn’t the north end of a compass needle point to Earth’s south magnetic pole instead?. | Options: north|west|south|west", "answer": "north", "id": "sciq_extra_1332", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Deer, rabbits and mice are an example of what link between producers and other consumers?", "context": "Herbivores consume producers such as plants or algae. They are a necessary link between producers and other consumers. Examples include deer, rabbits, and mice. | Options: herbivores|carnivores|mammals|amphibians", "answer": "herbivores", "id": "sciq_extra_1333", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the process of creating offspring from just one individual animal?", "context": "No, not all animals have two parents. When necessary, some animals can be produced from just one parent. Some reptiles, such as this Komodo dragon, have only one parent. The process of creating offspring from just one individual is called asexual reproduction. | Options: asexual reproduction|organic reproduction|sexual reproduction|ideal reproduction", "answer": "asexual reproduction", "id": "sciq_extra_1334", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Strength, the ability of a muscle to use force during a contraction, differs from what term meaning the ability of a muscle to continue to contract over time without getting tired?", "context": "Exercise improves both muscular strength and muscular endurance. Muscular strength is the ability of a muscle to use force during a contraction. Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle to continue to contract over a long time without getting tired. | Options: endurance|resilience|energy|recovery", "answer": "endurance", "id": "sciq_extra_1335", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What disease-causing acellular entities containing either dna or rna replicate using the replication proteins of a host cell?", "context": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 17.1 Viruses Viruses are acellular entities that can usually only be seen with an electron microscope. Their genomes contain either DNA or RNA, and they replicate using the replication proteins of a host cell. Viruses are diverse, infecting archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Viruses consist of a nucleic-acid core surrounded by a protein capsid with or without an outer lipid envelope. Viral replication within a living cell always produces changes in the cell, sometimes resulting in cell death and sometimes slowly killing the infected cells. There are six basic stages in the virus replication cycle: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release. A viral infection may be productive, resulting in new virions, or nonproductive, meaning the virus remains inside the cell without producing new virions. Viruses cause a variety of diseases in humans. Many of these diseases can be prevented by the use of viral vaccines, which stimulate protective immunity against the virus without causing major disease. Viral vaccines may also be used in active viral infections, boosting the ability of the immune system to control or destroy the virus. Antiviral drugs that target enzymes and other protein products of viral genes have been developed and used with mixed success. Combinations of anti-HIV drugs have been used to effectively control the virus, extending the lifespan of infected individuals. | Options: viruses|parasites|parasitic worms|path", "answer": "viruses", "id": "sciq_extra_1336", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of virus is the flu caused by?", "context": "Doesn't look like fun. The flu is caused by an influenza virus. And usually a slightly different virus every season. | Options: influenza|Rubella|pneumonia|Mononucleosis", "answer": "influenza", "id": "sciq_extra_1337", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Almost all leaves are specialized for what process?", "context": "Options: photosynthesis|measurements|reactions|sex", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1338", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Some inhibitor molecules bind to enzymes in a location where their binding induces a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. this type of inhibition is called allosteric what?", "context": "On the other hand, in noncompetitive inhibition, an inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, called an allosteric site, but still manages to block substrate binding to the active site. Some inhibitor molecules bind to enzymes in a location where their binding induces a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. This type of inhibition is called allosteric inhibition (Figure 4.9). Most allosterically regulated enzymes are made up of more than one polypeptide, meaning that they have more than one protein subunit. When an allosteric inhibitor binds to a region on an enzyme, all active sites on the protein subunits are changed slightly such that they bind their substrates with less efficiency. There are allosteric activators as well as inhibitors. Allosteric activators bind to locations on an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformational change that increases the affinity of the enzyme’s active site(s) for its substrate(s) (Figure 4.9). | Options: inhibition|secretion|mutation|induction", "answer": "inhibition", "id": "sciq_extra_1339", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During which process does carbon dioxide exit the cells, enter the bloodstream, travel back to the lungs, and get expired out of the body?", "context": "The Respiratory System Take a breath in and hold it. Wait several seconds and then let it out. Humans, when they are not exerting themselves, breathe approximately 15 times per minute on average. This equates to about 900 breaths an hour or 21,600 breaths per day. With every inhalation, air fills the lungs, and with every exhalation, it rushes back out. That air is doing more than just inflating and deflating the lungs in the chest cavity. The air contains oxygen that crosses the lung tissue, enters the bloodstream, and travels to organs and tissues. There, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide, which is a cellular waste material. Carbon dioxide exits the cells, enters the bloodstream, travels back to the lungs, and is expired out of the body during exhalation. | Options: exhalation|peroxidation|inhalation|osmosis", "answer": "exhalation", "id": "sciq_extra_1340", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Exotic species, also known as invasive or non-native species often cause _______ when introduced to new environments.", "context": "One of the main causes of extinction is introduction of exotic species into an environment. These exotic and new species can also be called invasive species or non-native species . These non-native species, being new to an area, may not have natural predators in the new habitat, which allows their populations to easily adapt and grow. Invasive species out-compete the native species for resources. Sometimes invasive species are so successful at living in a certain habitat that the native species go extinct ( Figure below ). | Options: extinction|radicalization|confusion|harmony", "answer": "extinction", "id": "sciq_extra_1341", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is formed when light rays diverge behind a lens?", "context": "When light rays diverge behind a lens, a virtual image is formed. A virtual image is a manifestation of your brain (it traces the diverging rays backwards and forms an image), like the person you see “behind” a mirror’s surface when you brush your teeth (there's obviously no real light focused behind a mirror!). Since virtual images aren’t actually “anywhere,” you can’t place photographic film anywhere to capture them. | Options: a virtual image|a hologram|a shadow|a projection", "answer": "a virtual image", "id": "sciq_extra_1342", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An equipotential line is a line along which the electric potential is wht?", "context": "An equipotential line is a line along which the electric potential is constant. An equipotential surface is a three-dimensional version of equipotential lines. Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to electric field lines. The process by which a conductor can be fixed at zero volts by connecting it to the earth with a good conductor is called grounding. | Options: constant|increasing|decreasing|changeable", "answer": "constant", "id": "sciq_extra_1343", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Keratin is an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and this?", "context": "The cells in all of the layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes. A keratinocyte is a cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. Keratin is an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from the deeper layers (Figure 5.4). | Options: water-resistant properties|heat resistant properties|cold - resistant properties|friction resistant properties", "answer": "water-resistant properties", "id": "sciq_extra_1344", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The insect reaches full size, acquires wings, and becomes sexually mature after what final stage?", "context": "Options: molt|pupae|larvae|metamorphosis", "answer": "molt", "id": "sciq_extra_1345", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Body movements help circulate the hemolymph by periodically squeezing what?", "context": "Options: the sinuses|the lungs|muscles|the heart", "answer": "the sinuses", "id": "sciq_extra_1346", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the effect that causes air masses to move on a diagonal?", "context": "Why do air masses move? Winds and jet streams push them along. Cold air masses tend to move toward the Equator. Warm air masses tend to move toward the poles. The Coriolis effect causes them to move on a diagonal. Many air masses move toward the northeast over the U. S. This is the same direction that global winds blow. | Options: the coriolis effect|polar effect|the headwind effect|aurora borealis", "answer": "the coriolis effect", "id": "sciq_extra_1347", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Peristalsis is necessary for what basic bodily function?", "context": "Describe peristalsis, and explain why it is necessary for digestion. | Options: digestion|reproduction|respiration|regeneration", "answer": "digestion", "id": "sciq_extra_1348", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Radioactive isotopes have the same chemical properties as stable isotopes of the same element. still, how is radioactive isotope different from stable isotopes?", "context": "Radioactive isotopes have the same chemical properties as stable isotopes of the same element, but they emit radiation, which can be detected. If we replace one (or more) atom(s) with radioisotope(s) in a compound, we can track them by monitoring their radioactive emissions. This type of compound is called a radioactive tracer (or radioactive label). Radioisotopes are used to follow the paths of biochemical reactions or to determine how a substance is distributed within an organism. Radioactive tracers are also used in many medical applications, including both diagnosis and treatment. They are used to measure engine wear, analyze the geological formation around oil wells, and much more. Radioisotopes have revolutionized medical practice (see Appendix M), where they are used extensively. Over 10 million nuclear medicine procedures and more than 100 million nuclear medicine tests are performed annually in the United States. Four typical examples of radioactive tracers used in medicine are technetium-99 ( 99 , thallium-201 43 Tc) , iodine-131 ( 131 , and sodium-24 ( 24 . Damaged tissues in the heart, liver, and lungs absorb certain ( 201 81 Tl) 11 Na) 53 I) compounds of technetium-99 preferentially. After it is injected, the location of the technetium compound, and hence the damaged tissue, can be determined by detecting the γ rays emitted by the Tc-99 isotope. Thallium-201 (Figure 21.24) becomes concentrated in healthy heart tissue, so the two isotopes, Tc-99 and Tl-201, are us", "answer": "they emit radiation", "id": "sciq_extra_1349", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What can be described in terms of physical properties and chemical properties as well as its defining states?", "context": "Matter can be described in terms of physical properties and chemical properties. | Options: matter|energy|empty space|mass", "answer": "matter", "id": "sciq_extra_1350", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Wetlands are extremely important as an ecosystem and as a filter for what?", "context": "Wetlands are extremely important as an ecosystem and as a filter for pollutants. | Options: pollutants|wind|clouds|storms", "answer": "pollutants", "id": "sciq_extra_1351", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Amphibians generally rely heavily on their moist skin for what with the environment?", "context": "Options: gas exchange|cooling|competition|sensory perception", "answer": "gas exchange", "id": "sciq_extra_1352", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A change in species over time is known as?", "context": "Evolution is a change in species over time. | Options: evolution|variation|generation|divergence", "answer": "evolution", "id": "sciq_extra_1353", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of event nearly always occurs at plate boundaries?", "context": "Scientists are not able to predict earthquakes. Since nearly all earthquakes take place at plate boundaries, scientists can predict where an earthquake will occur ( Figure below ). This information helps communities to prepare for an earthquake. For example, they can require that structures are built to be earthquake safe. | Options: earthquake|hurricane|tsunami|eruption", "answer": "earthquake", "id": "sciq_extra_1354", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each f atom has one bonding pair and three lone pairs of what?", "context": "There are two different types of electrons in the fluorine diatomic molecule. The bonding electron pair makes the covalent bond. Each F atom has three other pairs of electrons that do not participate in the bonding; they are called lone electron pairs. Each F atom has one bonding pair and three lone pairs of electrons. Covalent bonds can be made between different elements as well. One example is HF. Each atom starts out with an odd number of electrons in its valence shell:. | Options: electrons|ions|megatrons|protons", "answer": "electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1355", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The embryo sac consists of only a few cells, one of which is the what?", "context": "Options: egg|mitochondria|dna|sperm", "answer": "egg", "id": "sciq_extra_1356", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of organisms collect the energy from the sun and turn it into organic compounds?", "context": "If a plant gets hungry, it cannot walk to a local restaurant and buy a slice of pizza. So, how does a plant get the food it needs to survive? Plants are producers , which means they are able to make, or produce, their own food. They also produce the \"food\" for other organisms. Plants are also autotrophs. Autotrophs are the organisms that collect the energy from the sun and turn it into organic compounds. Using the energy from the sun, they produce complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules. So once again, how does a plant get the food it needs to survive?. | Options: autotrophs|microbes|heterotrophs|organelles", "answer": "autotrophs", "id": "sciq_extra_1357", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Force is a vector because it has what two things?", "context": "Force is a vector because it has both size and direction. Like other vectors, it can be represented by an arrow. | Options: size and direction|matter and direction|space and time|size and depth", "answer": "size and direction", "id": "sciq_extra_1358", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of rock makes up most of the earth?", "context": "Most of the Earth is made of igneous rock. The entire mantle is igneous rock, as are some areas of the crust. One of the most common igneous rocks is granite ( Figure below ). Many mountain ranges are made of granite. People use granite for countertops, buildings, monuments and statues. Pumice is also an igneous rock. Perhaps you have used a pumice stone to smooth your skin. Pumice stones are put into giant washing machines with new jeans and tumbled around. The result is stone-washed jeans!. | Options: igneous|tuberous|Metamorphic|Sedimentary", "answer": "igneous", "id": "sciq_extra_1359", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The seven bones of the ankle are called the what?", "context": "The tarsals are the seven bones of the ankle. The ankle transmits the weight of the body from the tibia and the fibula to the foot. The metatarsals are the five bones of the foot. The phalanges are the 14 bones of the toes. Each toe consists of three phalanges, except for the big toe that has only two (Figure 38.15). Variations exist in other species; for example, the horse’s metacarpals and metatarsals are oriented vertically and do not make contact with the substrate. | Options: tarsals|ankular|femurs|termals", "answer": "tarsals", "id": "sciq_extra_1360", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name for the amount of energy that is required in order to begin a chemical reaction?", "context": "Although the overall process involves a release of energy (the products are lower energy than the reactants), a certain initial amount of energy needs to be present before the reaction can occur. The amount of energy required to get over the \"hump\" in the reaction diagram is referred to as the activation energy of the reaction. At the top of the peak, the reactants form what is known as an activated complex. The activated complex is the highest energy state that must be achieved in order for reactants to convert into products. | Options: activation|function|catalytic|conduction", "answer": "activation", "id": "sciq_extra_1361", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Presence or absence of what feature distinguishes vertebrates from invertebrates?", "context": "Animals are often identified as being either invertebrates or vertebrates. These are terms based on the skeletons of the animals. Vertebrates have a backbone made of bone or cartilage ( cartilage is a flexible supportive tissue. You have cartilage in your ear lobes. ). Invertebrates , on the other hand, have no backbone ( Figure below ). Invertebrates live just about anywhere. There are so many invertebrates on this planet that it is impossible to count them all. There are probably billions of billions of invertebrates. They come in many shapes and sizes, live practically anywhere and provide many services that are vital for the survival of other organisms, including us. They have been observed in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, in the driest of the deserts and in the canopies of the wettest rainforests. They can even be found in the frozen Antarctic or on the deepest parts of the ocean floor. | Options: backbone|hair|scales|heart", "answer": "backbone", "id": "sciq_extra_1362", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called what?", "context": "Suture All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture (“to bind or sew”) strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In adults, the skull bones are closely opposed and fibrous connective tissue fills the narrow gap between the bones. The suture is frequently convoluted, forming a tight union that prevents most movement between the bones. (See Figure 9.5a. ) Thus, skull sutures are functionally classified as a synarthrosis, although some sutures may allow for slight movements between the cranial bones. In newborns and infants, the areas of connective tissue between the bones are much wider, especially in those areas on the top and sides of the skull that will become the sagittal, coronal, squamous, and lambdoid sutures. These broad areas of connective tissue are called fontanelles (Figure 9.6). During birth, the fontanelles provide flexibility to the skull, allowing the bones to push closer together or to overlap slightly, thus aiding movement of the infant’s head through the birth canal. After birth, these expanded regions of connective tissue allow for rapid growth of the skull and enlargement of the brain. The fontanelles greatly decrease in width during the first year after birth as the skull bones enlarge. When the connective tissue between the adjacent bones is reduced to a narrow layer, these fibrous joint", "answer": "suture", "id": "sciq_extra_1363", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we use to keep track of electric potential energy?", "context": "Like gravity, the electric force can do work and has a potential energy associated with it. But like we use fields to keep track of electromagnetic forces, we use electric potential , or voltage to keep track of electric potential energy. So instead of looking for the potential energy of specific objects, we define it in terms of properties of the space where the objects are. | Options: voltage|temperature|amperage|wattage", "answer": "voltage", "id": "sciq_extra_1364", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ozone loss increases the amount of what high-energy radiation that strikes earth?", "context": "Ozone loss increases the amount of high-energy ultraviolet radiation that strikes Earth. This can cause ecological and health problems. | Options: ultraviolet|infrared|microwaves|gamma rays", "answer": "ultraviolet", "id": "sciq_extra_1365", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are two simple and common types of capacitor connections?", "context": "19.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel Several capacitors may be connected together in a variety of applications. Multiple connections of capacitors act like a single equivalent capacitor. The total capacitance of this equivalent single capacitor depends both on the individual capacitors and how they are connected. There are two simple and common types of connections, called series and parallel, for which we can easily calculate the total capacitance. Certain more complicated connections can also be related to combinations of series and parallel. | Options: series and parallel|series and ionic|appearance and parallel|flux and parallel", "answer": "series and parallel", "id": "sciq_extra_1366", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the last step in scientific investigation?", "context": "The last step in a scientific investigation is the communication of results with others. | Options: communication of results|data management|document of results|migration of results", "answer": "communication of results", "id": "sciq_extra_1367", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Nematodes have an alimentary canal, but lack what?", "context": "Options: circulatory system|lymphatic system|metabolism system|nervous system", "answer": "circulatory system", "id": "sciq_extra_1368", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What instrument is used to make objects in space appear closer?", "context": "Telescopes made objects in space seem closer. But they didn't make it any easier to visit them. Human space flight required something entirely different: rockets. | Options: telescope|microscope|GPS|mirror", "answer": "telescope", "id": "sciq_extra_1369", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which law predicts increasing entropy based on living systems?", "context": "Options: thermodynamic|kinetic|planetary|kelper's", "answer": "thermodynamic", "id": "sciq_extra_1370", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An amine is an organic compound that can be considered to be a derivative of what?", "context": "An amine is an organic compound that can be considered to be a derivative of ammonia (NH 3 ). The general structure of an amine can be abbreviated as R−NH 2 , where R is a carbon chain. However, similar to alcohols, amines can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. | Options: ammonia|nitrogen|lead|calcium", "answer": "ammonia", "id": "sciq_extra_1371", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are associated with what rhyming mechanism?", "context": "Epinephrine and Norepinephrine The catecholamines, epinephrine and NE, secreted by the adrenal medulla form one component of the extended fight-orflight mechanism. The other component is sympathetic stimulation. Epinephrine and NE have similar effects: binding to the beta-1 receptors, and opening sodium and calcium ion chemical- or ligand-gated channels. The rate of depolarization is increased by this additional influx of positively charged ions, so the threshold is reached more quickly and the period of repolarization is shortened. However, massive releases of these hormones coupled with sympathetic stimulation may actually lead to arrhythmias. There is no parasympathetic stimulation to the adrenal medulla. | Options: fight-or-flight|light - or- flight|right - or - flight|bright - or - flight", "answer": "fight-or-flight", "id": "sciq_extra_1372", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Matter is composed of exceedingly small particles called what?", "context": "Atomic Theory through the Nineteenth Century The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers, the scientists of their day. In the fifth century BC, Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, a term derived from the Greek word for “indivisible. ” They thought of atoms as moving particles that differed in shape and size, and which could join together. Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements”—fire, earth, air, and water—and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers thought about atoms and “elements” as philosophical concepts, but apparently never considered performing experiments to test their ideas. The Aristotelian view of the composition of matter held sway for over two thousand years, until English schoolteacher John Dalton helped to revolutionize chemistry with his hypothesis that the behavior of matter could be explained using an atomic theory. First published in 1807, many of Dalton’s hypotheses about the microscopic features of matter are still valid in modern atomic theory. Here are the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory. Matter is composed of exceedingly small particles called atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element. | Options: atoms|crystals|cells|ions", "answer": "atoms", "id": "sciq_extra_1373", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Gases have no definite shape or what?", "context": "Gases have no definite shape or volume. | Options: volume|growth|mass|smell", "answer": "volume", "id": "sciq_extra_1374", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Elements have orbitals that are filled with what?", "context": "enters a d orbital. The valence electrons (those added after the last noble gas configuration) in these elements include the ns and (n – 1) d electrons. The official IUPAC definition of transition elements specifies those with partially filled d orbitals. Thus, the elements with completely filled orbitals (Zn, Cd, Hg, as well as Cu, Ag, and Au in Figure 6.30) are not technically transition elements. However, the term is frequently used to refer to the entire d block (colored yellow in Figure 6.30), and we will adopt this usage in this textbook. Inner transition elements are metallic elements in which the last electron added occupies an f orbital. They. | Options: electrons|particles|ions|photons", "answer": "electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1375", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most protein antigens require signals from helper t cells (th2) to proceed to make what?", "context": "B Cell Differentiation and Activation B cells differentiate in the bone marrow. During the process of maturation, up to 100 trillion different clones of B cells are generated, which is similar to the diversity of antigen receptors seen in T cells. B cell differentiation and the development of tolerance are not quite as well understood as it is in T cells. Central tolerance is the destruction or inactivation of B cells that recognize self-antigens in the bone marrow, and its role is critical and well established. In the process of clonal deletion, immature B cells that bind strongly to self-antigens expressed on tissues are signaled to commit suicide by apoptosis, removing them from the population. In the process of clonal anergy, however, B cells exposed to soluble antigen in the bone marrow are not physically deleted, but become unable to function. Another mechanism called peripheral tolerance is a direct result of T cell tolerance. In peripheral tolerance, functional, mature B cells leave the bone marrow but have yet to be exposed to self-antigen. Most protein antigens require signals from helper T cells (Th2) to proceed to make antibody. When a B cell binds to a self-antigen but receives no signals from a nearby Th2 cell to produce antibody, the cell is signaled to undergo apoptosis and is destroyed. This is yet another example of the control that T cells have over the adaptive immune response. After B cells are activated by their binding to antigen, they differentiate int", "answer": "antibody", "id": "sciq_extra_1376", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is caused by the buildup of stress in the rocks?", "context": "There are other possible signs before an earthquake. The ground may tilt. Ground tilting is caused by the buildup of stress in the rocks. This may happen before a large earthquake, but it doesn't always. Water levels in wells may fluctuate. This is because water may move into or out of fractures before an earthquake. This is also an uncertain way to predict an earthquake. The difference in arrival times of P-waves and S-waves may decrease just before an earthquake occurs. | Options: ground tilting|ground fall|ground dropping|debris tilting", "answer": "ground tilting", "id": "sciq_extra_1377", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Forty percent of your body mass is made up of what?", "context": "Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and its contraction makes possible locomotion, facial expressions, posture, and other voluntary movements of the body. Forty percent of your body mass is made up of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles generate heat as a byproduct of their contraction and thus participate in thermal homeostasis. Shivering is an involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles in response to perceived lower than normal body temperature. The muscle cell, or myocyte,. | Options: skeletal muscle|skin|blood|cardiac muscle", "answer": "skeletal muscle", "id": "sciq_extra_1378", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Water is composed of which two elements?", "context": "Water is a binary compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen gases produced in the reaction are both diatomic molecules. | Options: hydrogen and oxygen|oxygen and nitrogen|hydrogen and nitrogen|carbon and dioxide", "answer": "hydrogen and oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_1379", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A  polar covalent bond is a covalent bond between different atoms that attract the shared electrons by different amounts and cause an imbalance of what ?", "context": "EXAMPLE 13 Describe the bonding in the nitrite ion in terms of a combination of hybrid atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals. Lewis dot structures and the VSEPR model predict that the NO2− ion is bent. Given: chemical species and molecular geometry Asked for: bonding description using hybrid atomic orbitals and molecular orbitals Strategy: A Calculate the number of valence electrons in NO2−. From the structure, predict the type of atomic orbital hybridization in the ion. B Predict the number and type of molecular orbitals that form during bonding. Use valence electrons to fill these orbitals and then calculate the number of electrons that remain. C If there are unhybridized orbitals, place the remaining electrons in these orbitals in order of increasing energy. Calculate the bond order and describe the bonding. Solution: A The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen and a bent structure suggest that the bonding in NO 2− is similar to the bonding in ozone. This conclusion is supported by the fact that nitrite also contains 18 valence electrons (5 from N and 6 from each O, plus 1 for the −1 charge). The bent structure implies that the nitrogen is sp2 hybridized. B If we assume that the oxygen atoms are sp2 hybridized as well, then we can use twosp2 hybrid orbitals on each oxygen and one sp2 hybrid orbital on nitrogen to accommodate the five lone pairs of electrons. Two sp2 hybrid orbitals on nitrogen form σ bonds with the remaining sp2 hybrid orbital on each oxygen. | Options: elec", "answer": "electron distribution", "id": "sciq_extra_1380", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What two things are excess proteins converted into?", "context": "serve as a metabolic fuel source. Proteins are not stored for later use, so excess proteins must be converted into glucose or triglycerides, and used to supply energy or build energy reserves. Although the body can synthesize proteins from amino acids, food is an important source of those amino acids, especially because humans cannot synthesize all of the 20 amino acids used to build proteins. The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach. When protein-rich foods enter the stomach, they are greeted by a mixture of the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl; 0.5 percent). The latter produces an environmental pH of 1.5–3.5 that denatures proteins within food. Pepsin cuts proteins into smaller polypeptides and their constituent amino acids. When the food-gastric juice mixture (chyme) enters the small intestine, the pancreas releases sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the HCl. This helps to protect the lining of the intestine. The small intestine also releases digestive hormones, including secretin and CCK, which stimulate digestive processes to break down the proteins further. Secretin also stimulates the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate. The pancreas releases most of the digestive enzymes, including the proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase, which aid protein digestion. Together, all of these enzymes break complex proteins into smaller individual amino acids (Figure 24.17), which are then transported across the intestinal mucosa to be used to create new proteins", "answer": "glucose or triglycerides", "id": "sciq_extra_1381", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is an individual living creature called?", "context": "An individual living creature is called an organism . There are many characteristics that living organisms share. They all:. | Options: organism|amino|species|protist", "answer": "organism", "id": "sciq_extra_1382", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of a reaction if peptide bond formation?", "context": "Figure 3.24 Peptide bond formation is a dehydration synthesis reaction. The carboxyl group of one amino acid is linked to the amino group of the incoming amino acid. In the process, a molecule of water is released. | Options: dehydration synthesis reaction|molten synthesis reaction|reversed synthesis reaction|recharge synthesis reaction", "answer": "dehydration synthesis reaction", "id": "sciq_extra_1383", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the elements of group 17 (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine) called?", "context": "The elements of Group 17 (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine) are called the halogens . The halogens all have the general electron configuration n s 2 n p 5 , giving them seven valence electrons. They are one electron short of having full outer s and p sublevels, which makes them very reactive. They undergo especially vigorous reactions with the reactive alkali metals. In their pure elemental forms, chlorine and fluorine are gases at room temperature, bromine is a dark orange liquid, and iodine is a dark purple-gray solid. Astatine is so rare that its properties are mostly unknown. | Options: halogens|metals|liquids|antioxidants", "answer": "halogens", "id": "sciq_extra_1384", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for growing towards gravity?", "context": "As you read earlier in this chapter, plant roots always grow downward because specialized cells in root caps detect and respond to gravity. This is an example of a tropism. A tropism is a turning toward or away from a stimulus in the environment. Growing toward gravity is called geotropism. Plants also exhibit phototropism, or growing toward a light source. This response is controlled by a plant growth hormone called auxin. As shown in Figure below , auxin stimulates cells on the dark side of a plant to grow longer. This causes the plant to bend toward the light. | Options: geotropism|surviving|spirogyra|pollenation", "answer": "geotropism", "id": "sciq_extra_1385", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does our solar system orbit over the course of hundreds of millions of years?", "context": "Our solar system orbits the center of the galaxy as the galaxy spins. One orbit of the solar system takes about 225 to 250 million years. The solar system has orbited 20 to 25 times since it formed 4.6 billion years ago. | Options: galactic center|volcanic center|a black hole|retrograde center", "answer": "galactic center", "id": "sciq_extra_1386", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do inherited immunodeficiencies arise from?", "context": "Immunodeficiencies As you have seen, the immune system is quite complex. It has many pathways using many cell types and signals. Because it is so complex, there are many ways for it to go wrong. Inherited immunodeficiencies arise from gene mutations that affect specific components of the immune response. There are also acquired immunodeficiencies with potentially devastating effects on the immune system, such as HIV. | Options: gene mutations|Allopatric speciation|viral infections|stem cells", "answer": "gene mutations", "id": "sciq_extra_1387", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kinds of winds can be found in belts that span the entire circumference of the earth?", "context": "Global winds are winds that occur in belts that go all around the planet ( Figure below ). Like local winds, global winds are caused by unequal heating of the atmosphere. | Options: global winds|Trade winds|Local Winds|Periodic winds", "answer": "global winds", "id": "sciq_extra_1388", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Touching, coughing, or sneezing are examples of directly spreading what microorganisms, which cause diseases like tetanus?", "context": "You have ten times as many bacteria as human cells in your body. Most of these bacteria are harmless. However, bacteria can also cause disease. Examples of bacterial diseases include tetanus, syphilis, and food poisoning. Bacteria may spread directly from one person to another. For example, they can spread through touching, coughing, or sneezing. They may also spread via food, water, or objects. | Options: bacteria|pollen|viruses|algae", "answer": "bacteria", "id": "sciq_extra_1389", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts during ventricular systole?", "context": "Options: arterial|systolic|resting rate|diastolic", "answer": "arterial", "id": "sciq_extra_1390", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All the members of a species that live in the same area form a what?", "context": "All the members of a species that live in the same area form a population . Many different species live together in an ecosystem. All their populations make up a community . What populations live together in the grassland pictured below ( Figure above )?. | Options: population|biome|biosphere|habitat", "answer": "population", "id": "sciq_extra_1391", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "New species may be created by natural selection and one other way. what is the other way?", "context": "Speciation, the creation of a new species, can happen through natural selection or artificial selection. | Options: artifical selection|fake selection|obvious selection|squalling selection", "answer": "artifical selection", "id": "sciq_extra_1392", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of illness is influenza?", "context": "Influenza, or flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. Influenza spreads around the world in seasonal epidemics. An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease within a population of people during a specific time. Every year in the United States, about 200,000 people are hospitalized and 36,000 people die from the flu. Flu pandemics can kill millions of people. A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads through human populations across a large region (for example a continent), or even worldwide. Three influenza pandemics occurred in the 20th century and killed tens of millions of people, with each of these pandemics being caused by the appearance of a new strain of the virus. Most influenza strains can be inactivated easily by disinfectants and detergents. | Options: respiratory illness|mental illness|stomach illness|cardiac illness", "answer": "respiratory illness", "id": "sciq_extra_1393", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In which process do paired chromosomes normally separate from each other?", "context": "In the process of meiosis, paired chromosomes normally separate from each other. They end up in different gametes. Sometimes, however, errors occur. The paired chromosomes fail to separate. When this happens, some gametes get an extra copy of a chromosome. Other gametes are missing a chromosome. If one of these gametes is fertilized and survives, a chromosomal disorder results. You can see examples of such disorders in Table below. | Options: meiosis|mutations|gametes|diffusion", "answer": "meiosis", "id": "sciq_extra_1394", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "About how many years ago did our solar system begin?", "context": "Our solar system began about 5 billion years ago. The Sun, planets and other solar system objects all formed at about the same time. | Options: 5 billion years|3 billion|10 billion|60 billion", "answer": "5 billion years", "id": "sciq_extra_1395", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the energy change called when a neutral atom gains an electron?", "context": "The energy change that occurs when a neutral atom gains an electron is called its electron affinity . When energy is released in a chemical reaction or process, that energy is expressed as a negative number. The figure below shows electron affinities in kJ/mole for the representative elements. Electron affinities are measured on atoms in the gaseous state and are very difficult to measure accurately. | Options: electron affinity|fusion gain|mass affinity|nuclear fission", "answer": "electron affinity", "id": "sciq_extra_1396", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of interference characteristics does matter have compared to any wave?", "context": "29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle • Matter is found to have the same interference characteristics as any other wave. • There is now a probability distribution for the location of a particle rather than a definite position. • Another consequence of the wave character of all particles is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which limits the precision with which certain physical quantities can be known simultaneously. For position and momentum, the uncertainty principle is. | Options: same|DIfferent|one|when", "answer": "same", "id": "sciq_extra_1397", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which can cause serious metabolic disorders, too little or too much thyroid hormone in the blood?", "context": "Options: both|neither|too much only|too little only", "answer": "both", "id": "sciq_extra_1398", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many colors of light can the human eye detect?", "context": "The human eye can detect only three colors of light. What three colors are they? How can we perceive other colors of light?. | Options: three|infinite|nine|six", "answer": "three", "id": "sciq_extra_1399", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The length of a linear accelerator and the size of the d-shaped electrodes in a cyclotron severely limit the kinetic energy that particles can attain in these devices. these limitations can be overcome by using one of these?", "context": "To achieve the same outcome in less space, a particle accelerator called a cyclotronforces the charged particles to travel in a circular path rather than a linear one. The particles are injected into the center of a ring and accelerated by rapidly alternating the polarity of two large D-shaped electrodes above and below the ring, which accelerates the particles outward along a spiral path toward the target. The length of a linear accelerator and the size of the D-shaped electrodes in a cyclotron severely limit the kinetic energy that particles can attain in these devices. These limitations can be overcome by using a synchrotron, a hybrid of the two designs. A synchrotron contains an evacuated tube similar to that of a linear accelerator, but the tube is circular and can be more than a mile in diameter (Figure 20.10 \"A Synchrotron\"). Charged particles are accelerated around the circle by a series of magnets whose polarities rapidly alternate. | Options: synchrotron|plastic|metal|magnet", "answer": "synchrotron", "id": "sciq_extra_1400", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The mammalian sense of touch also relies on mechanoreceptors that are the dendrites of sensory?", "context": "Options: neurons|ions|nerves|electrons", "answer": "neurons", "id": "sciq_extra_1401", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the largest known animal?", "context": "Living things in the oceans are called marine organisms . They range from tiny bacteria to the largest known animal, the blue whale. All are adapted for life in salt water. Most are adapted for extreme pressures. | Options: the blue whale|the elephant|the giraffe|the white shark", "answer": "the blue whale", "id": "sciq_extra_1402", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Polymers can disassemble by the reverse process called what?", "context": "Options: hydrolysis|mitosis|dehydration|electrolysis", "answer": "hydrolysis", "id": "sciq_extra_1403", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Purple loosestrife is a european wildflower that was introduced to which continent in the 1800's?", "context": "Purple loosestrife is a European wildflower that was introduced to North America in the early 1800s. It soon spread to take over wetland habitats throughout the U. S. and Canada. Purple loosestrife replaces native wetland plants and threatens native wildlife by eliminating natural foods and cover. It also blocks irrigation systems. | Options: north america|south america|asia|australia", "answer": "north america", "id": "sciq_extra_1404", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The male gametangium that produces sperm is also called what?", "context": "Gametangia in the Seedless Plants Gametangia (singular, gametangium) are structures on the gametophytes of seedless plants in which gametes are produced by mitosis. The male gametangium, the antheridium, releases sperm. Many seedless plants produce sperm equipped with flagella that enable them to swim in a moist environment to the archegonia, the female gametangium. The embryo develops inside the archegonium as the sporophyte. Apical Meristems The shoots and roots of plants increase in length through rapid cell division within a tissue called the apical meristem (Figure 14.5). The apical meristem is a cap of cells at the shoot tip or root tip made of undifferentiated cells that continue to proliferate throughout the life of the plant. Meristematic cells give rise to all the specialized tissues of the plant. Elongation of the shoots and roots allows a plant to access additional space and resources: light in the case of the shoot, and water and minerals in the case of roots. A separate meristem, called the lateral meristem, produces cells that increase the diameter of stems and tree trunks. Apical meristems are an adaptation to allow vascular plants to grow in directions essential to their survival: upward to greater availability of sunlight, and downward into the soil to obtain water and essential minerals. | Options: antheridium|xerophyte|echinacea|trichina", "answer": "antheridium", "id": "sciq_extra_1405", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part is written first when naming an ionic compound?", "context": "Ionic compounds are named by writing the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion. | Options: cation|anion|Atom|carbonate", "answer": "cation", "id": "sciq_extra_1406", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How does adding salt to water affect the boiling point?", "context": "Salt is often added to boiling water when preparing spaghetti or other pasta. One reason is to add flavor to the food. Some people believe that the addition of salt increases the boiling point of the water. Technically, they are correct, but the increase is rather small. You would need to add over 100 grams of NaCl to a liter of water to increase the boiling point a couple of degrees, which is just not healthy. | Options: increases|no difference|reduces|maintains", "answer": "increases", "id": "sciq_extra_1407", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What mineral is used in jewelry because of its striking greenish-blue color?", "context": "Diamonds have many valuable properties. Diamonds are extremely hard and are used for industrial purposes. The most valuable diamonds are large, well-shaped and sparkly. Turquoise is another mineral that is used in jewelry because of its striking greenish-blue color. Many minerals have interesting appearances. Specific terms are used to describe the appearance of minerals. | Options: turquoise|aqua|glass|lime", "answer": "turquoise", "id": "sciq_extra_1408", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ionic bonds are formed between which ions?", "context": "Ionic bonds are formed between ions with opposite charges. For instance, positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions bond together to make crystals of sodium chloride, or table salt, creating a crystalline molecule with zero net charge. Certain salts are referred to in physiology as electrolytes (including sodium, potassium, and calcium), ions necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance. Many sports drinks and dietary supplements provide these ions to replace those lost from the body via sweating during exercise. | Options: with opposite charges|with multiple charges|with random charges|with the same charges", "answer": "with opposite charges", "id": "sciq_extra_1409", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What causes most ocean waves?", "context": "Most ocean waves are caused by winds. A wave is the transfer of energy through matter. A wave that travels across miles of ocean is traveling energy, not water. Ocean waves transfer energy from wind through water. The energy of a wave may travel for thousands of miles. The water itself moves very little. Figure below shows how water molecules move when a wave goes by. | Options: winds|Gravity|rains|tides", "answer": "winds", "id": "sciq_extra_1410", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What work by lowering the activation energy of reactions and are needed to speed up chemical reactions in organisms?", "context": "Enzymes are needed to speed up chemical reactions in organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy of reactions. | Options: enzymes|compounds|Proteins|molecules", "answer": "enzymes", "id": "sciq_extra_1411", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Exon skipping is an example of what type of splicing?", "context": "One example of alternative splicing is with exon skipping. The D. melanogaster (fruit fly) doublesex (dsx) gene is involved in the fly's determination system. Pre-mRNAs from this gene contain 6 eons, numbered 1-6. In males, exons 1,2,3,5,and 6 are spliced together to form the mRNA, which encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein required for male development. In females, exons 1, 2, 3, and 4 are joined, and a polyadenylation signal in exon 4 causes cleavage of the mRNA at that point. The resulting mRNA is a transcriptional regulatory protein required for female development. | Options: alternative|inclusive|proactive|comprehensive", "answer": "alternative", "id": "sciq_extra_1412", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the distance between any two corresponding points on adjacent waves?", "context": "A wave cycle consists of one complete wave – starting at the zero point, going up to a wave crest , going back down to a wave trough , and back to the zero point again. The wavelength of a wave is the distance between any two corresponding points on adjacent waves. It is easiest to visualize the wavelength of a wave as the distance from one wave crest to the next. In an equation, wavelength is represented by the Greek letter lambda . Depending on the type of wave, wavelength can be measured in meters, centimeters, or nanometers (1 m = 10 9 nm). The frequency , represented by the Greek letter nu , is the number of waves that pass a certain point in a specified amount of time. Typically, frequency is measured in units of cycles per second or waves per second. One wave per second is also called a Hertz (Hz) and in SI units is a reciprocal second (s -1 ). | Options: wavelength|osscilation|bandwidth|tessellation", "answer": "wavelength", "id": "sciq_extra_1413", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Typically, what feature of an angiosperm has four main parts known as the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium?", "context": "Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms The lifecycle of angiosperms follows the alternation of generations explained previously. The haploid gametophyte alternates with the diploid sporophyte during the sexual reproduction process of angiosperms. Flowers contain the plant’s reproductive structures. Flower Structure A typical flower has four main parts—or whorls—known as the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium (Figure 32.3). The outermost whorl of the flower has green, leafy structures known as sepals. The sepals, collectively called the calyx, help to protect the unopened bud. The second whorl is comprised of petals—usually, brightly colored—collectively called the corolla. The number of sepals and petals varies depending on whether the plant is a monocot or dicot. In monocots, petals usually number three or multiples of three; in dicots, the number of petals is four or five, or multiples of four and five. Together, the calyx and corolla are known as the perianth. The third whorl contains the male reproductive structures and is known as the androecium. The androecium has stamens with anthers that contain the microsporangia. The innermost group of structures in the flower is the gynoecium, or the female reproductive component(s). The carpel is the individual unit of the gynoecium and has a stigma, style, and ovary. A flower may have one or multiple carpels. | Options: flower|leaves|stem|glass", "answer": "flower", "id": "sciq_extra_1414", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "8each cell-surface receptor has three main components: an external ligand-binding domain, a hydrophobic membrane spanning region, and a(n) what domain inside the cell?", "context": "Cell-Surface Receptors Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, in which an extracellular signal is converted into an intercellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are specific to individual cell types. Because cell-surface receptor proteins are fundamental to normal cell functioning, it should come as no surprise that a malfunction in any one of these proteins could have severe consequences. Errors in the protein structures of certain receptor molecules have been shown to play a role in hypertension (high blood pressure), asthma, heart disease, and cancer. Each cell-surface receptor has three main components: an external ligand-binding domain, a hydrophobic membranespanning region, and an intracellular domain inside the cell. The ligand-binding domain is also called the extracellular domain. The size and extent of each of these domains vary widely, depending on the type of receptor. | Options: intracellular|inocent|molecular|isolated", "answer": "intracellular", "id": "sciq_extra_1415", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Special cell in the epidermis of the skin that produces the brown pigment called what?", "context": "special cell in the epidermis of the skin that produces the brown pigment called melanin. | Options: melanin|cytoplasm|selenium|melatonin", "answer": "melanin", "id": "sciq_extra_1416", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the most abundant source of energy found in most foods?", "context": "Carbohydrates are the most abundant source of energy found in most foods. The simplest carbohydrates, also called simple sugars, are plentiful in fruits. A monosaccharide is a carbohydrate consisting of one sugar unit. Common examples of simple sugars or monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. Both of these monosaccharides are referred to as hexoses since they have six carbons. Glucose is abundant in many plant sources and makes up sweetners such as corn sugar or grape sugar. Fructose occurs in a great many fruits and is also found in honey. These sugars are structural isomers of one another, with the difference being that glucose contains an aldehyde functional group whereas fructose contains a ketone functional group. | Options: carbohydrates|fats|proteins|vitamins", "answer": "carbohydrates", "id": "sciq_extra_1417", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is considered to not be a form of precipitation?", "context": "Options: fog|rain|condensation|snow", "answer": "fog", "id": "sciq_extra_1418", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin which process?", "context": "Regulation of the Cell Cycle by External Events Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. An event may be as simple as the death of a nearby cell or as sweeping as the release of growthpromoting hormones, such as human growth hormone (HGH). A lack of HGH can inhibit cell division, resulting in dwarfism, whereas too much HGH can result in gigantism. Crowding of cells can also inhibit cell division. Another factor that can initiate cell division is the size of the cell; as a cell grows, it becomes inefficient due to its decreasing surface-tovolume ratio. The solution to this problem is to divide. Whatever the source of the message, the cell receives the signal, and a series of events within the cell allows it to proceed into interphase. Moving forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress. | Options: replication|mutation|isolation|extraction", "answer": "replication", "id": "sciq_extra_1419", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The binding of an antigen receptor to an epitope initiates events that activate the?", "context": "Options: lymphocyte|endothelial|dendritic|monocyte", "answer": "lymphocyte", "id": "sciq_extra_1420", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Science works hand in hand with what for the advancement of both?", "context": "Although they have different goals, technology and science work hand in hand. Each helps the other advance. Scientific knowledge is needed to create new technologies. New technologies are used to further science. The microscope is a good example. Scientific knowledge of light allowed 17 th century lens makers to make the first microscopes. This new technology let scientists view a world of tiny objects they had never before seen. Figure below describes other examples. | Options: technology|industry|government|banks", "answer": "technology", "id": "sciq_extra_1421", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which part of the brain is responsible for working memory?", "context": "14.3 Motor Responses The motor components of the somatic nervous system begin with the frontal lobe of the brain, where the prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher functions such as working memory. The integrative and associate functions of the prefrontal lobe feed into the secondary motor areas, which help plan movements. The premotor cortex and supplemental motor area then feed into the primary motor cortex that initiates movements. Large Betz cells project through the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts to synapse on lower motor neurons in the brain stem and ventral horn of the spinal cord, respectively. These connections are responsible for generating movements of skeletal muscles. The extrapyramidal system includes projections from the brain stem and higher centers that influence movement, mostly to maintain balance and posture, as well as to maintain muscle tone. The superior colliculus and red nucleus in the midbrain, the vestibular nuclei in the medulla, and the reticular formation throughout the brain stem each have tracts projecting to the spinal cord in this system. Descending input from the secondary motor cortices, basal nuclei, and cerebellum connect to the origins of these tracts in the brain stem. All of these motor pathways project to the spinal cord to synapse with motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These lower motor neurons are the cells that connect to skeletal muscle and cause contractions. These neurons project through the spina", "answer": "prefrontal cortex", "id": "sciq_extra_1422", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are bundles of collecting ducts that transport urine made by nephrons to the calyces of the kidney for excretion?", "context": "Internal Anatomy A frontal section through the kidney reveals an outer region called the renal cortex and an inner region called the medulla (Figure 25.8). The renal columns are connective tissue extensions that radiate downward from the cortex through the medulla to separate the most characteristic features of the medulla, the renal pyramids and renal papillae. The papillae are bundles of collecting ducts that transport urine made by nephrons to the calyces of the kidney for excretion. The renal columns also serve to divide the kidney into 6–8 lobes and provide a supportive framework for vessels that enter and exit the cortex. The pyramids and renal columns taken together constitute the kidney lobes. | Options: papillae|cartoid|esophagus|cuticle", "answer": "papillae", "id": "sciq_extra_1423", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do snakes use to smell things?", "context": "Most reptiles have good eyesight and a keen sense of smell. Snakes smell scents in the air using their forked tongue (see Figure below ). This helps them locate prey. Some snakes have heat-sensing organs on their head that help them find endothermic prey, such as small mammals and birds. | Options: their tongue|their mouth|their eyes|their nose", "answer": "their tongue", "id": "sciq_extra_1424", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cardiac muscle normally has what kind of oxygen-using metabolism?", "context": "Cardiac Muscle Metabolism Normally, cardiac muscle metabolism is entirely aerobic. Oxygen from the lungs is brought to the heart, and every other organ, attached to the hemoglobin molecules within the erythrocytes. Heart cells also store appreciable amounts of oxygen in myoglobin. Normally, these two mechanisms, circulating oxygen and oxygen attached to myoglobin, can supply sufficient oxygen to the heart, even during peak performance. Fatty acids and glucose from the circulation are broken down within the mitochondria to release energy in the form of ATP. Both fatty acid droplets and glycogen are stored within the sarcoplasm and provide additional nutrient supply. (Seek additional content for more detail about metabolism. | Options: aerobic|digestive|glucose|anarobic", "answer": "aerobic", "id": "sciq_extra_1425", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Burning fossil fuels releases what into the atmosphere?", "context": "Burning organic material, such as fossil fuels, releases carbon dioxide. | Options: carbon dioxide|carbon monoxide|phosphorus dioxide|nitrogen dioxide", "answer": "carbon dioxide", "id": "sciq_extra_1426", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of what?", "context": "33.2 Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans. | Options: eumetazoans|sporozoans|fungi|arthropods", "answer": "eumetazoans", "id": "sciq_extra_1427", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What theory states that both energy and matter have characteristics of waves under some conditions and characteristics of particles under other conditions?", "context": "Most definitions of quantum theory and quantum mechanics offer the same description for both. These definitions essentially describe quantum theory as a theory in which both energy and matter have characteristics of waves under some conditions and characteristics of particles under other conditions. | Options: quantum theory|static theory|big bang theory|atomic theory", "answer": "quantum theory", "id": "sciq_extra_1428", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "At which location is the earth hottest?", "context": "Earth is hottest at the Equator and gets cooler toward the poles. The differences in heating create huge convection currents in the troposphere. At the Equator, for example, warm air rises up to the tropopause. When it can’t rise any higher, it flows north or south. | Options: equator|desert|seabed|meridian", "answer": "equator", "id": "sciq_extra_1429", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is process of producing eggs in the ovary called?", "context": "The process of producing eggs in the ovary is called oogenesis . Eggs, like sperm, are haploid cells, and their production occurs in several steps that involve different types of cells, as shown in Figure below . You can follow the process of oogenesis in the figure as you read about it below. | Options: oogenesis|menstruation|morphogenesis|vaginalis", "answer": "oogenesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1430", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What protein is hair mostly made of?", "context": "Options: keratin|coronin|Dystrophin|Actin", "answer": "keratin", "id": "sciq_extra_1431", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is it called when the vesicle and target membrane fuse?", "context": "For a vesicle to release its contents to a cell organelle or to the outside of the cell, the vesicle and target membrane must fuse. This process is called vesicle fusion. Fusion between the vesicle and a target membrane occurs in one of two ways: full fusion or \"kiss-and-run\" fusion. In a full fusion process, the vesicle phospholipids fully incorporate into the plasma membrane. The vesicle can only be reformed and by a clathrin-coat-dependent process. With kiss-and-run fusion, the vesicle reforms after the release of its material. This allows the rapid release of materials from a synaptic vesicle. In this type of fusion, the vesicle forms a fusion pore or porosome in the presynaptic membrane and releases its neurotransmitters across the synapse, after which the vesicle reforms, allowing it to be reused. | Options: vesicle fusion|tendon fusion|enamel fusion|pathogen fusion", "answer": "vesicle fusion", "id": "sciq_extra_1432", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the number of covalent bonds an atom can form?", "context": "Options: valence|atomic number|gradient|covalent number", "answer": "valence", "id": "sciq_extra_1433", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Momentum can be expressed as the product of mass and what else?", "context": "If a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball are each moving with a velocity of 5 mph, you intuitively understand that it will require more effort to stop the bowling ball than the ping pong ball because of the greater mass of the bowling ball. Similarly, if you have two bowling balls, one moving at 5 mph and the other moving at 10 mph, you know it will take more effort to stop the ball with the greater speed. It is clear that both the mass and the velocity of a moving object contribute to what is necessary to change the motion of the moving object. The product of the mass and velocity of an object is called its momentum . Momentum is a vector quantity that has the same direction as the velocity of the object and is represented by a lowercase letter p . | Options: velocity|density|direction|acceleration", "answer": "velocity", "id": "sciq_extra_1434", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A carbon atom with 6 protons and 8 neutrons is more specifically known as?", "context": "An example of a radioisotope is carbon-14. All carbon atoms have 6 protons, and most have 6 neutrons. These carbon atoms are called carbon-12, where 12 is the mass number (6 protons + 6 neutrons). A tiny percentage of carbon atoms have 8 neutrons instead of the usual 6. These atoms are called carbon-14 (6 protons + 8 neutrons). The nuclei of carbon-14 are unstable because they have too many neutrons. To be stable, a small nucleus like carbon, with just 6 protons, must have a 1:1 ratio of protons to neutrons. In other words, it must have the same number of neutrons as protons. In a large nucleus, with many protons, the ratio must be 2:1 or even 3:1 protons to neutrons. | Options: carbon 14|carbon 12|carbon 8|carbon 6", "answer": "carbon 14", "id": "sciq_extra_1435", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Who was the first person known to use a telescope to study the sky?", "context": "Galileo was the first person known to use a telescope to study the sky. His discoveries helped change the way humans think about the universe. | Options: galileo|Copernicus|darwin|Einstein", "answer": "galileo", "id": "sciq_extra_1436", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of decay is electron capture a type of?", "context": "since we use the masses of neutral atoms. Electron capture is the third type of beta decay. Here, a nucleus captures an inner-shell electron and undergoes a nuclear + reaction that has the same effect as β decay. Electron capture is sometimes denoted by the letters EC. We know that electrons cannot reside in the nucleus, but this is a nuclear reaction that consumes the electron and occurs spontaneously only when the products have less mass than the parent plus the electron. If a nuclide ZA X N is known to undergo electron capture, then its electron capture equation is A Z XN. | Options: beta decay|gamma decay|gradual decay|alpha decay", "answer": "beta decay", "id": "sciq_extra_1437", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the result of a reaction between sulfur trioxide and water?", "context": "Sulfur trioxide gas reacts with water to form sulfuric acid. This is an unfortunately common reaction that occurs in the atmosphere in some places where oxides of sulfur are present as pollutants. The acid formed in the reaction falls to the ground as acid rain. | Options: sulfuric acid|nitric acid|acetic acid|hydrochloric acid", "answer": "sulfuric acid", "id": "sciq_extra_1438", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Fragmentation with subsequent regeneration is a method of what, exhibited by animals such as sea stars?", "context": "Watch a video (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/budding_hydra) of a hydra budding. Fragmentation Fragmentation is the breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration. If the animal is capable of fragmentation, and the part is big enough, a separate individual will regrow. For example, in many sea stars, asexual reproduction is accomplished by fragmentation. Figure 43.4 illustrates a sea star for which an arm of the individual is broken off and regenerates a new sea star. Fisheries workers have been known to try to kill the sea stars eating their clam or oyster beds by cutting them in half and throwing them back into the ocean. Unfortunately for the workers, the two parts can each regenerate a new half, resulting in twice as many sea stars to prey upon the oysters and clams. Fragmentation also occurs in annelid worms, turbellarians, and poriferans. | Options: asexual reproduction|sexual reproduction|bacteria reproduction|microscopic reproduction", "answer": "asexual reproduction", "id": "sciq_extra_1439", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens to atoms during a substitution reaction?", "context": "A substitution reaction is a reaction in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule. Alkyl halides are formed by the substitution of a halogen atom for a hydrogen atom. When methane reacts with chlorine gas, ultraviolet light can act as a catalyst for the reaction. | Options: replace another in a molecule|impaction|fusion|disintegrate", "answer": "replace another in a molecule", "id": "sciq_extra_1440", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What lines the lungs and helps sweep mucus and pathogens out of the lungs?", "context": "Charles Daghlian. Cilia lining the lungs help sweep mucus and pathogens out of the lungs . Public Domain. | Options: cilia|actin|alveoli|villi", "answer": "cilia", "id": "sciq_extra_1441", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Because most gas particles in the atmosphere are concentrated close to earth's surface, air pressure is greatest where?", "context": "We live in a “sea” of air called the atmosphere. Can you feel the air in the atmosphere pressing against you? Not usually, but air actually exerts a lot of pressure because there’s so much of it. The atmosphere rises high above Earth’s surface, so it contains a huge number of gas particles. Most of them are concentrated close to Earth’s surface because of gravity and the weight of all the air in the atmosphere above them. As a result, air pressure is greatest at sea level and drops rapidly as you go higher in altitude. The Figure below shows how air pressure falls from sea level to the top of the atmosphere. In the graph, air pressure is measured in a unit called the millibar (mb). The SI unit of pressure is newton per square centimeter (N/cm 2 ). | Options: at sea level|ground level|seabed floor|atmosphere", "answer": "at sea level", "id": "sciq_extra_1442", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Control rods containing nuclides that very strongly absorb neutrons are used to adjust what?", "context": "Control rods containing nuclides that very strongly absorb neutrons are used to adjust neutron flux. To produce large power, reactors contain hundreds to thousands of critical masses, and the chain reaction easily becomes self-sustaining, a condition called criticality. Neutron flux should be carefully regulated to avoid an exponential increase in fissions, a condition called supercriticality. Control rods help prevent overheating, perhaps even a meltdown or explosive disassembly. The water that is 235 used to thermalize neutrons, necessary to get them to induce fission in U , and achieve criticality, provides a negative. | Options: neutron flux|nuclei flux|fission flux|thermal flux", "answer": "neutron flux", "id": "sciq_extra_1443", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or what?", "context": "The increased use of radioisotopes has led to increased concerns over the effects of these materials on biological systems (such as humans). All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, alpha and beta particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions and molecular fragments that are extremely reactive. The damage this does to biomolecules in living organisms can cause serious malfunctions in normal cell processes, taxing the organism’s repair mechanisms and possibly causing illness or even death (Figure 21.30). | Options: electromagnetic waves|magnetic fields|thermal energy|isotopes", "answer": "electromagnetic waves", "id": "sciq_extra_1444", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process is the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate, lactate and glycerol?", "context": "Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol,. | Options: gluconeogenesis|hydrolysis|glycolysis|photosynthesis", "answer": "gluconeogenesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1445", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the creation of a new species called?", "context": "The creation of a new species is called speciation . Most new species develop naturally. But humans have also artificially created new breeds and species for thousands of years. | Options: speciation|evolution|synthesis|mutation", "answer": "speciation", "id": "sciq_extra_1446", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do humans use to make observations?", "context": "Make observations. Observations refer to anything detected with one or more senses. The senses include sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. | Options: senses|hormones|blood|nutrients", "answer": "senses", "id": "sciq_extra_1447", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The human penis contains the urethra, as well as how many cylinders of spongy erectile tissue?", "context": "Options: three|Zero|nine|five", "answer": "three", "id": "sciq_extra_1448", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When water freezes, it expands in volume as what is formed?", "context": "Ice is an interesting and useful material. It can be used to cool food and keep it fresh. It can provide recreation, such as ice-skating. Ice can do great damage when it freezes – roads can buckle, houses can be damaged, water pipes can burst. All this happens because of a unique property of water and ice. When water freezes, it expands in volume as ice is formed. | Options: ice|movement|plasma|energy", "answer": "ice", "id": "sciq_extra_1449", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a substance or object that absorbs and dissipates heat but does not experience a corresponding increase in temperature?", "context": "Water as a Heat Sink A heat sink is a substance or object that absorbs and dissipates heat but does not experience a corresponding increase in temperature. In the body, water absorbs the heat generated by chemical reactions without greatly increasing in temperature. Moreover, when the environmental temperature soars, the water stored in the body helps keep the body cool. This cooling effect happens as warm blood from the body’s core flows to the blood vessels just under the skin and is transferred to the environment. At the same time, sweat glands release warm water in sweat. As the water evaporates into the air, it carries away heat, and then the cooler blood from the periphery circulates back to the body core. | Options: heat sink|heat diffuser|heat storer|heat dispeller", "answer": "heat sink", "id": "sciq_extra_1450", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vesicles can be classified by their contents and what else?", "context": "Vesicles can be classified by their contents and function. | Options: function|example|smell|color", "answer": "function", "id": "sciq_extra_1451", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The main function of this organ is to filter the blood and remove unwanted red blood cells?", "context": "Organs of the lymphatic system include the tonsils, thymus gland and spleen. The thymus gland produces T cells or T-lymphocytes (see below) and the spleen and tonsils help in fighting infections. The spleen’s main function is to filter the blood, removing unwanted red blood cells. The spleen also detects viruses and bacteria and triggers the release of pathogen fighting cells. | Options: spleen|pancreas|kidney|heart", "answer": "spleen", "id": "sciq_extra_1452", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The brain case consists of eight bones which include the paired parietal and temporal bones, plus the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and which other bone?", "context": "The brain case consists of eight bones. These include the paired parietal and temporal bones, plus the unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. | Options: ethmoid|altoid|perpendicular|posterior", "answer": "ethmoid", "id": "sciq_extra_1453", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What can have complex effects on soil nutrient concentrations?", "context": "Options: prokaryotes|the sun|sediments|eukaryotes", "answer": "prokaryotes", "id": "sciq_extra_1454", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Rems, rads, and curies are all used to measure what?", "context": "Radioactivity can be expressed in a variety of units, including rems, rads, and curies. | Options: radioactivity|gravity|potential energy|thermal energy", "answer": "radioactivity", "id": "sciq_extra_1455", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What governs motions of stars, galaxies and other celestial objects orbiting one another?", "context": "6.6 Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity Examples of gravitational orbits abound. Hundreds of artificial satellites orbit Earth together with thousands of pieces of debris. The Moon’s orbit about Earth has intrigued humans from time immemorial. The orbits of planets, asteroids, meteors, and comets about the Sun are no less interesting. If we look further, we see almost unimaginable numbers of stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects orbiting one another and interacting through gravity. All these motions are governed by gravitational force, and it is possible to describe them to various degrees of precision. Precise descriptions of complex systems must be made with large computers. However, we can describe an important class of orbits without the use of computers, and we shall find it instructive to study them. These orbits have the following characteristics: 1. A small mass. | Options: gravitational force|electrical force|frictional force|magnetic force", "answer": "gravitational force", "id": "sciq_extra_1456", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The numbers and types of species living in what groups generally change through time, a process called ecological succession?", "context": "Communities are not usually static. The numbers and types of species that live in them generally change through time. This is called ecological succession . Important cases of succession are primary and secondary succession. | Options: communities|movements|regions|biospheres", "answer": "communities", "id": "sciq_extra_1457", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Claw hammers and pulleys are examples of simple machines that do what to the direction of force applied by the user?", "context": "Some machines change the direction of the force applied by the user. They may or may not also change the strength of the force or the distance over which it is applied. Two examples of machines that work in this way are claw hammers and the rope systems (pulleys) that raise or lower flags on flagpoles. Figure below explains how these machines work. In each case, the direction of the force applied by the user is reversed by the machine. How does this make it easier to do the job?. | Options: reverse it|neutralize it|maintain it|nothing", "answer": "reverse it", "id": "sciq_extra_1458", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A circular coral reef could indicate the earlier existence of what?", "context": "Reefs can form interesting shapes in the oceans. Remember that there are many volcanoes in the ocean. Coral reefs can form on volcanoes in tropical water. Since the volcanoes are cones, the reef forms in a circle around the volcano. Eventually the volcano becomes inactive. The mountain subsides and erodes so that it is below sea level. This leaves a circular coral reef ( Figure below ). | Options: volcano|landslide|avalanche|tsunami", "answer": "volcano", "id": "sciq_extra_1459", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Many fungi protect themselves from parasites and predators by producing what?", "context": "Many fungi protect themselves from parasites and predators by producing toxic chemicals. If people eat toxic fungi, they may experience digestive problems, hallucinations, organ failure, and even death. Most cases of mushroom poisoning are due to mistaken identity. That’s because many toxic mushrooms look very similar to safe, edible mushrooms. An example is shown in Figure below . | Options: toxic chemicals|gaseous chemicals|ammonia|pheromes", "answer": "toxic chemicals", "id": "sciq_extra_1460", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Acid rain falling in lakes can kill aquatic organisms by lowering what?", "context": "If acid rain falls into lakes, it lowers the pH of the water and may kill aquatic organisms. If it falls on the ground, it may damage soil and soil organisms. If it falls on plants, it may make them sick or even kill them. Acid rain also damages stone buildings, bridges, and statues, like the one in Figure below . | Options: ph level|color level|saliva level|food level", "answer": "ph level", "id": "sciq_extra_1461", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do plant and fungi cells have that animal cells lack?", "context": "Options: cell walls|cell holes|cell ridges|cell swamps", "answer": "cell walls", "id": "sciq_extra_1462", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which type of energy holds atoms together?", "context": "Atoms are held together by a certain amount of energy called bond energy. | Options: bond energy|atomic energy|nuclear energy|curve energy", "answer": "bond energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1463", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position?", "context": "Potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position. A bouncing ball at the top of a bounce, just before it starts to fall, has potential energy. For that instant, the ball is not moving, but it has the potential to move because gravity is pulling on it. Once the ball starts to fall, the potential energy changes to kinetic energy. When the ball hits the ground, it gains potential energy from the impact. The potential energy changes to kinetic energy when the ball bounces back up into the air. As the ball gains height, it regains potential energy because of gravity. | Options: potential energy|spontaneous energy|mechanical energy|directional energy", "answer": "potential energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1464", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the amount of product that may be produced by a reaction under specified conditions called?", "context": "Percent Yield The amount of product that may be produced by a reaction under specified conditions, as calculated per the stoichiometry of an appropriate balanced chemical equation, is called the theoretical yield of the reaction. In practice, the amount of product obtained is called the actual yield, and it is often less than the theoretical yield for a number of reasons. Some reactions are inherently inefficient, being accompanied by side reactions that generate other products. Others are, by nature, incomplete (consider the partial reactions of weak acids and bases discussed earlier in this chapter). Some products are difficult to collect without some loss, and so less than perfect recovery will reduce the actual yield. The extent to which a reaction’s theoretical yield is achieved is commonly expressed as its percent yield: percent yield =. | Options: theoretical yield|solute|catalytic yield|reactant", "answer": "theoretical yield", "id": "sciq_extra_1465", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sometimes referred to as air, what do we call the mixture of gases that surrounds the planet?", "context": "Why is Earth the only planet in the solar system known to have life? The main reason is Earth’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the planet. We also call it air. The gases in the air include nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Along with water vapor, air allows life to survive. Without it, Earth would be a harsh, barren world. | Options: atmosphere|outer space|galaxy|hemisphere", "answer": "atmosphere", "id": "sciq_extra_1466", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is another term for seed plants?", "context": "Most vascular plants are seed plants, or spermatophytes. They reproduce with seeds and pollen. | Options: spermatophytes|stems|sporozoans|petals", "answer": "spermatophytes", "id": "sciq_extra_1467", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Kinetic theory is the atomistic description of what as well as liquids and solids?", "context": "13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature • Kinetic theory is the atomistic description of gases as well as liquids and solids. • Kinetic theory models the properties of matter in terms of continuous random motion of atoms and molecules. • The ideal gas law can also be expressed as. | Options: gases|plasmas|molecules|fluids", "answer": "gases", "id": "sciq_extra_1468", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Though it can change states, and it often does, what cannot be created or destroyed?", "context": "Then, the muscles of the uterus start contracting. The contractions get stronger and closer together. They may go on for hours. Eventually, the contractions squeeze the baby out of the uterus. Once the baby enters the vagina, the mother starts pushing. She soon pushes the baby through the vagina and out of her body. | Options: matter|mass|water content|volums", "answer": "matter", "id": "sciq_extra_1469", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the long carbon chains that make up lipids?", "context": "Lipids are made up of long carbon chains called fatty acids. Like hydrocarbons, fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. Figure below shows structural formulas for two small fatty acids. One is saturated and one is unsaturated. | Options: fatty acids|proteins|carbohydrates|nucleic acids", "answer": "fatty acids", "id": "sciq_extra_1470", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "As the anterior end of the neural tube starts to develop into the brain, it undergoes a couple of enlargements; the result is the production of these?", "context": "Primary Vesicles As the anterior end of the neural tube starts to develop into the brain, it undergoes a couple of enlargements; the result is the production of sac-like vesicles. Similar to a child’s balloon animal, the long, straight neural tube begins to take on a new shape. Three vesicles form at the first stage, which are called primary vesicles. These vesicles are given names that are based on Greek words, the main root word being enkephalon, which means “brain” (en- = “inside”; kephalon = “head”). The prefix to each generally corresponds to its position along the length of the developing nervous system. The prosencephalon (pros- = “in front”) is the forward-most vesicle, and the term can be loosely translated to mean forebrain. The mesencephalon (mes- = “middle”) is the next vesicle, which can be called the midbrain. The third vesicle at this stage is the rhombencephalon. The first part of this word is also the root of the word rhombus, which is a geometrical figure with four sides of equal length (a square is a rhombus with 90° angles). Whereas prosencephalon and mesencephalon translate into the English words forebrain and midbrain, there is not a word for “four-sided-figure-brain. ” However, the third vesicle can be called the hindbrain. One way of thinking about how the brain is arranged is to use these three regions—forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain—which are based on the primary vesicle stage of development (Figure 13.3a). | Options: sac-like vesicles|cyclinder-l", "answer": "sac-like vesicles", "id": "sciq_extra_1471", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What makes the sun glow brightly?", "context": "What causes the sun to glow so brightly? The answer is nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is a type of nuclear reaction, and it releases a huge amount of energy. | Options: nuclear fusion|radiation|ultraviolet rays|sun bursts", "answer": "nuclear fusion", "id": "sciq_extra_1472", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Lens faces can generally either be concave, or what, which is the opposite of concave?", "context": "One or both of the lens faces is part of a sphere and can be concave or convex. | Options: convex|hollow|elliptical|spherical", "answer": "convex", "id": "sciq_extra_1473", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Part of the fossil record, stromatolites belong to what rock group and are formed when minerals are precipitated out of water by prokaryotes in a microbial mat?", "context": "Stromatolites Fossilized microbial mats represent the earliest record of life on Earth. A stromatolite is a sedimentary structure formed when minerals are precipitated out of water by prokaryotes in a microbial mat (Figure 22.3). Stromatolites form layered rocks made of carbonate or silicate. Although most stromatolites are artifacts from the past, there are places on Earth where stromatolites are still forming. For example, growing stromatolites have been found in the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in San Diego County, California. | Options: sedimentary|metamorphic|igneous|crystalline", "answer": "sedimentary", "id": "sciq_extra_1474", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vinegar is an example of what type of acid?", "context": "Carboxylic acid is a carbonyl in which in which the carbon atom is bonded to an OH group on one side and either a carbon or hydrogen atom on the other. Carboxylic acids are weak acids, for example, vinegar. | Options: carboxylic|ascorbic|acetic|carbonic", "answer": "carboxylic", "id": "sciq_extra_1475", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system of the body is most involved in the immune response?", "context": "The immune response mainly involves the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a major part of the immune system. It produces leukocytes called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are the key cells involved in the immune response. They recognize and help destroy particular pathogens in body fluids and cells. They also destroy certain cancer cells. | Options: lymphatic system|primordial system|circulatory system|anomalous system", "answer": "lymphatic system", "id": "sciq_extra_1476", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The highest level of organization in ecology is known as what?", "context": "The biosphere consists of all the parts of Earth where life can be found. This is the highest level of organization in ecology. It includes all of the other levels below it. The biosphere consists of all the world’s biomes, both terrestrial and aquatic. | Options: biosphere|topmast|preserves|reserves", "answer": "biosphere", "id": "sciq_extra_1477", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Food allergies, ulcers, and heartburn are diseases of what system of the body?", "context": "Digestive system diseases include food allergies, ulcers, and heartburn. | Options: digestive system|nervous system|circulatory system|skeletal system", "answer": "digestive system", "id": "sciq_extra_1478", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Bases turn red litmus paper which color?", "context": "Indicator compounds such as litmus can be used to detect bases. Bases turn red litmus paper blue. | Options: blue|pink|white|white", "answer": "blue", "id": "sciq_extra_1479", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What two elements do ribosome consist of?", "context": "The ribosome consists of rRNA and proteins. It reads the sequence of codons in mRNA. | Options: rrna and proteins|lafleur and proteins|dna|malassezia and proteins", "answer": "rrna and proteins", "id": "sciq_extra_1480", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the flow of charge that a voltage source creates?", "context": "measured at various points in a circuit, it will be seen to increase at the voltage source and decrease at the resistor. Voltage is similar to fluid pressure. The voltage source is like a pump, creating a pressure difference, causing current—the flow of charge. The resistor is like a pipe that reduces pressure and limits flow because of its resistance. Conservation of energy has important consequences here. The voltage source supplies energy (causing an electric field and a current), and the resistor converts it to another form (such as thermal energy). In a simple circuit (one with a single simple resistor), the voltage supplied by the source equals the voltage drop across the resistor, since PE = qΔV , and the same q flows through each. Thus the energy supplied by the voltage source and the energy converted by the resistor are equal. (See Figure 20.9. | Options: current|force|output|velocity", "answer": "current", "id": "sciq_extra_1481", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens to a cell's efficiency as it grows in size?", "context": "Small size, in general, is necessary for all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Let’s examine why that is so. First, we’ll consider the area and volume of a typical cell. Not all cells are spherical in shape, but most tend to approximate a sphere. You may remember from your high school geometry course that the formula for the surface area of a sphere is 4πr2, while the formula for its volume is 4πr3/3. Thus, as the radius of a cell increases, its surface area increases as the square of its radius, but its volume increases as the cube of its radius (much more rapidly). Therefore, as a cell increases in size, its surface area-to-volume ratio decreases. This same principle would apply if the cell had the shape of a cube (Figure 4.7). If the cell grows too large, the plasma membrane will not have sufficient surface area to support the rate of diffusion required for the increased volume. In other words, as a cell grows, it becomes less efficient. One way to become more efficient is to divide; another way is to develop organelles that perform specific tasks. These adaptations lead to the development of more sophisticated cells called eukaryotic cells. | Options: decreases|increases|splits in half|multiplies", "answer": "decreases", "id": "sciq_extra_1482", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is responsible not only for cell shape changes but also for cell migration?", "context": "Options: cytoskeleton|Golgi Apparatus|cytoplasm|cellulose", "answer": "cytoskeleton", "id": "sciq_extra_1483", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is performed to identify disease-causing genes?", "context": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 17.1 Biotechnology Nucleic acids can be isolated from cells for the purposes of further analysis by breaking open the cells and enzymatically destroying all other major macromolecules. Fragmented or whole chromosomes can be separated on the basis of size by gel electrophoresis. Short stretches of DNA or RNA can be amplified by PCR. Southern and northern blotting can be used to detect the presence of specific short sequences in a DNA or RNA sample. The term “cloning” may refer to cloning small DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cloning cell populations (cellular cloning), or cloning entire organisms (reproductive cloning). Genetic testing is performed to identify disease-causing genes, and gene therapy is used to cure an inheritable disease. Transgenic organisms possess DNA from a different species, usually generated by molecular cloning techniques. Vaccines, antibiotics, and hormones are examples of products obtained by recombinant DNA technology. Transgenic plants are usually created to improve characteristics of crop plants. | Options: genetic testing|bioremediation|inoculation|ultrasound", "answer": "genetic testing", "id": "sciq_extra_1484", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of fossils are useful for determining the ages of rock layers?", "context": "Fossils are the best form of evidence about the history of life on Earth. Fossils also give us clues about major geological events and past climates. Index fossils are useful for determining the ages of rock layers. | Options: index fossils|cast fossils|mold fossils|trace fossils", "answer": "index fossils", "id": "sciq_extra_1485", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of organisms carry out their life processes through division of labor and have specialized cells that do specific job?", "context": "Multicellular organisms carry out their life processes through division of labor. They have specialized cells that do specific jobs. | Options: multicellular|dermal|biomolecular|CompoundCellular", "answer": "multicellular", "id": "sciq_extra_1486", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What defines the behavior of a compound?", "context": "In a compound, a group of atoms that define the behavior of the compound. | Options: group of atoms|size of atoms|area of atoms|location of atoms", "answer": "group of atoms", "id": "sciq_extra_1487", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What collect sunlight on the roof of a house for energy?", "context": "Solar panels collect sunlight on the roof of this house. The energy can be used to run the household. | Options: solar panels|infrared panels|clay tiles|asphalt shingles", "answer": "solar panels", "id": "sciq_extra_1488", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The light reactions are the steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy to what other type of energy?", "context": "Options: chemical energy|kinetic energy|carbon energy|radiation energy", "answer": "chemical energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1489", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Water waves act as a mix of longitudinal and what other kind of wave?", "context": "Water waves act as a mix of longitudinal and transverse waves. A typical water molecule pretty much moves in a circle when a wave passes through it. | Options: transverse wave|lateral wave|latitudinal|variable wave", "answer": "transverse wave", "id": "sciq_extra_1490", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name for a fertilized cell that results from the uniting of two gametes?", "context": "Sexual reproduction involves two parents. As you can see from Figure below , in sexual reproduction, parents produce reproductive cells—called gametes —that unite to form an offspring. Gametes are haploid cells. This means they contain only half the number of chromosomes found in other cells of the organism. Gametes are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis , which is described in detail in a subsequent concept. The process in which two gametes unite is called fertilization . The fertilized cell that results is referred to as a zygote . A zygote is diploid cell, which means that it has twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete. | Options: zygote|chromosomes|eggs|sperm", "answer": "zygote", "id": "sciq_extra_1491", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Caffeine and alcohol are two examples of what type of drug?", "context": "Drugs are chemicals that affect the body’s structure or function. Psychoactive drugs, such as caffeine and alcohol, affect the central nervous system by influencing the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain. Psychoactive drugs may be abused and lead to drug addiction. | Options: psychoactive|nicotine|barbiturate|psilopsybin", "answer": "psychoactive", "id": "sciq_extra_1492", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "By maintaining a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment changes significantly, an animal achieves what?", "context": "Options: homeostasis|hibernation|consciousness|eternal youth", "answer": "homeostasis", "id": "sciq_extra_1493", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the sticky, moist substance that covers mucous membranes called?", "context": "One defense of mucous membranes is the mucus they release. Mucus is a sticky, moist substance that covers mucous membranes. Most pathogens get stuck in the mucus before they can do harm to the body. Many mucous membranes also have cilia. Cilia in the lungs are pictured below ( Figure below ). Cilia are tiny finger-like projections. They move in waves and sweep mucus and trapped pathogens toward body openings. When you clear your throat or blow your nose, you remove mucus and pathogens from your body. | Options: mucus|saliva|phlegm|pus", "answer": "mucus", "id": "sciq_extra_1494", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most receptors in the dermis are encapsulated by what?", "context": "Options: connective tissue|tendons|bone tissue|pathogenic tissue", "answer": "connective tissue", "id": "sciq_extra_1495", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The length of the route between two points is known as what?", "context": "Distance is the length of the route between two points. | Options: distance|velocity|direction|shape", "answer": "distance", "id": "sciq_extra_1496", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How did seismologists originally measure the intensity of an earthquake?", "context": "The ways seismologists measure an earthquake have changed over the decades. Initially, they could only measure what people felt and saw: the intensity. For this, they used the Mercalli scale. | Options: mercalli scale|richter scale|Maxwell scale|regolith scale", "answer": "mercalli scale", "id": "sciq_extra_1497", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the distance that sound waves travel in a given amount of time?", "context": "The speed of sound is the distance that sound waves travel in a given amount of time. You’ll often see the speed of sound given as 343 meters per second. But that’s just the speed of sound under a certain set of conditions, specifically, through dry air at 20 °C. The speed of sound may be very different through other matter or at other temperatures. | Options: speed of sound|velocity of sound|sound barrier|sonic speed", "answer": "speed of sound", "id": "sciq_extra_1498", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How much of its alleles does a plant pass on when it reproduces sexually?", "context": "Options: half|a quarter|none|all", "answer": "half", "id": "sciq_extra_1499", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Using less energy or using energy more efficiently are the basic methods of what?", "context": "There are two basic ways to conserve energy. You can use less energy. You can also use energy more efficiently. | Options: energy conservation|demand conservation|moral conservation|pressure conservation", "answer": "energy conservation", "id": "sciq_extra_1500", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What will a fertilized ovule develop into?", "context": "Options: a seed|a spore|a spermazoa|a gonad", "answer": "a seed", "id": "sciq_extra_1501", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of particles do acids release, by definition?", "context": "Acids are molecular compounds that release hydrogen ions. | Options: hydrogen ions|quarks|nucleic acids|fission ions", "answer": "hydrogen ions", "id": "sciq_extra_1502", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An alpha particle, which is relatively large and easily stopped by matter, is a type of what?", "context": "Alpha, beta, and gamma emissions have different abilities to penetrate matter. The relatively large alpha particle is easily stopped by matter (although it may impart a significant amount of energy to the matter it contacts). Beta particles penetrate slightly into matter, perhaps a few centimeters at most. Gamma rays can penetrate deeply into matter and can impart a large amount of energy into the surrounding matter. Table 11.1 \"The Three Main Forms of Radioactive Emissions\" summarizes the properties of the three main types of radioactive emissions. Table 11.1 The Three Main Forms of Radioactive Emissions. | Options: radioactive emission|waste emission|plant emission|free emission", "answer": "radioactive emission", "id": "sciq_extra_1503", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does antifreeze do to the boiling point of coolant?", "context": "Flickr: EvelynGiggles, modified by CK-12 Foundation. Antifreeze raises the boiling point of coolant . CC BY 2.0. | Options: raises it|lowers it|accelerates it|has no effect", "answer": "raises it", "id": "sciq_extra_1504", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are rhythmic, involuntary contractions of the reproductive structures?", "context": "Options: orgasm|reproductive spasms|sexual paroxysms|seizure", "answer": "orgasm", "id": "sciq_extra_1505", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens when oppositely charged regions of neighboring water molecules are attracted to each other?", "context": "Options: hydrogen bonds form|potassium bonds form|metabolic bonds form|oxygen is released", "answer": "hydrogen bonds form", "id": "sciq_extra_1506", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs when the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure?", "context": "Recall that boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Since adding a solute lowers the vapor pressure, we would expect a higher temperature to be required before boiling can begin. This phenomenon, known as boiling point elevation , occurs whenever a solute is dissolved into a pure solvent. | Options: boiling|freezing|melting|evaporation", "answer": "boiling", "id": "sciq_extra_1507", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The mitotic spindle is an apparatus of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during what?", "context": "Options: mitosis|anaphase|metaphase|prometaphase", "answer": "mitosis", "id": "sciq_extra_1508", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Pluto’s orbit is in the kuiper?", "context": "Pluto’s orbit is in the Kuiper belt. We have discovered more than 200 million Kuiper belt objects. Pluto has 3 moons of its own. The largest, Charon, is big. Some scientists think that Pluto-Charon system is a double dwarf planet ( Figure below ). Two smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, were discovered in 2005. | Options: belt|field|area|zone", "answer": "belt", "id": "sciq_extra_1509", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does fluoride in toothpaste help prevent?", "context": "Figure 15.9 Fluoride, found in many toothpastes, helps prevent tooth decay (credit: Kerry Ceszyk). Unfortunately, excess fluoride can negate its advantages. Natural sources of drinking water in various parts of the world have varying concentrations of fluoride, and places where that concentration is high are prone to certain health risks when there is no other source of drinking water. The most serious side effect of excess fluoride is the bone disease, skeletal fluorosis. When excess fluoride is in the body, it can cause the joints to stiffen and the bones to thicken. It can severely impact mobility and can negatively affect the thyroid gland. Skeletal fluorosis is a condition that over 2.7 million people suffer from across the world. So while fluoride can protect our teeth from decay, the US Environmental Protection Agency sets a maximum level of 4 ppm (4 mg/ L) of fluoride in drinking water in the US. Fluoride levels in water are not regulated in all countries, so fluorosis is a problem in areas with high levels of fluoride in the groundwater. | Options: tooth decay|cavities|gum disease|plaque build up", "answer": "tooth decay", "id": "sciq_extra_1510", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The mass of 1 mol of molecules in grams is numerically equivalent to the mass of how many molecules in atomic mass units?", "context": "The mole concept can be extended to masses of formula units and molecules as well. The mass of 1 mol of molecules (or formula units) in grams is numerically equivalent to the mass of one molecule (or formula unit) in atomic mass units. For example, a single molecule of O2 has a mass of 32.00 u, and 1 mol of O2 molecules has a mass of 32.00 g. As with atomic mass unit–based masses, to obtain the mass of 1 mol of a substance, we simply sum the masses of the individual atoms in the formula of that substance. The mass of 1 mol of a substance is referred to as its molar mass, whether the substance is an element, an ionic compound, or a covalent compound. | Options: one|ten|two|half", "answer": "one", "id": "sciq_extra_1511", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A diagram that represents feeding relationships is also called what?", "context": "Food chains and food webs are diagrams that represent feeding relationships. Essentially, they show who eats whom. In this way, they model how energy and matter move through ecosystems. | Options: food chain|life chart|fuel chain|form chain", "answer": "food chain", "id": "sciq_extra_1512", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is touching a charged object to the earth called?", "context": "Touching a charged object to the earth is called grounding. | Options: grounding|drifting|stabilizing|insulating", "answer": "grounding", "id": "sciq_extra_1513", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Branchiopoda are mostly small, freshwater animals that feed on?", "context": "Branchiopoda Mostly small, freshwater animals that feed on plankton and detritus. Brine shrimp. | Options: plankton and detritus|algae and plankton|nutrient and detritus|fishery and detritus", "answer": "plankton and detritus", "id": "sciq_extra_1514", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name for groups of tens to hundreds of thousands of stars?", "context": "Globular clusters ( Figure below ) are groups of tens to hundreds of thousands of stars. Gravity holds these stars tightly together. Globular clusters have a definite, spherical shape. They contain mostly old, reddish stars. Near the center of a globular cluster, the stars are closer together. The heart of the globular cluster M13 has hundreds of thousands of stars. M13 is 145 light years in diameter. The cluster contains red and blue giant stars. | Options: globular clusters|nebuli|constellations|elliptical clusters", "answer": "globular clusters", "id": "sciq_extra_1515", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Proteins may be defined as compounds of high molar mass consisting largely or entirely of chains of these?", "context": "Proteins may be defined as compounds of high molar mass consisting largely or entirely of chains of amino acids. Their masses range from several thousand to several million daltons (Da). In addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, all proteins contain nitrogen and sulfur atoms, and many also contain phosphorus atoms and traces of other elements. Proteins serve a variety of roles in living organisms and are often classified by these biological roles, which are summarized in Table 18.1 \"Classification of Proteins by Biological Function\". Muscle tissue is largely protein, as are skin and hair. Proteins are present in the blood, in the brain, and even in tooth enamel. Each type of cell in our bodies makes its own specialized proteins, as well as proteins common to all or most cells. | Options: amino acids|nucleic acids|fatty acids|enzymes", "answer": "amino acids", "id": "sciq_extra_1516", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Continental drift and mantle convection are supported by data originating where?", "context": "Seafloor spreading is a mixture different ideas and data. Continental drift and mantle convection are supported by bathymetric and magnetic data from the seafloor. | Options: seafloor|ocean's surface|the moon|the sun", "answer": "seafloor", "id": "sciq_extra_1517", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Baroreceptors are specialized stretch receptors located within thin areas of blood vessels and heart chambers that respond to the degree of stretch caused by the presence of this?", "context": "Baroreceptor Reflexes Baroreceptors are specialized stretch receptors located within thin areas of blood vessels and heart chambers that respond to the degree of stretch caused by the presence of blood. They send impulses to the cardiovascular center to regulate blood pressure. Vascular baroreceptors are found primarily in sinuses (small cavities) within the aorta and carotid arteries: The aortic sinuses are found in the walls of the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic valve, whereas the carotid sinuses are in the base of the internal carotid arteries. There are also low-pressure baroreceptors located in the walls of the venae cavae and right atrium. When blood pressure increases, the baroreceptors are stretched more tightly and initiate action potentials at a higher rate. At lower blood pressures, the degree of stretch is lower and the rate of firing is slower. When the cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata receives this input, it triggers a reflex that maintains homeostasis (Figure 20.18): • When blood pressure rises too high, the baroreceptors fire at a higher rate and trigger parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. As a result, cardiac output falls. Sympathetic stimulation of the peripheral arterioles will also decrease, resulting in vasodilation. Combined, these activities cause blood pressure to fall. • When blood pressure drops too low, the rate of baroreceptor firing decreases. This will trigger an increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart, c", "answer": "blood", "id": "sciq_extra_1518", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What structure forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment outside the cell?", "context": "The cell membrane is like the bag holding the Jell-O. It encloses the cytoplasm of the cell. It forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment outside the cell. The function of the cell membrane is to protect and support the cell. It also controls what enters or leaves the cell. It allows only certain substances to pass through. It keeps other substances inside or outside the cell. | Options: cell membrane|Lipid bilayer|Cytoskeleton|Flippases", "answer": "cell membrane", "id": "sciq_extra_1519", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are waxes made up of?", "context": "Another category of lipid molecule is waxes. Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols. Waxes are soft solids with generally low melting points and are insoluble in water. The Figure below shows the structure of cetyl palmitate, a natural wax present in sperm whales. | Options: long-chain fatty acids|long - project fatty acids|long-chain natural acids|long - chain pyroclastic acids", "answer": "long-chain fatty acids", "id": "sciq_extra_1520", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The biggest drawback of what type of reproduction is lack of genetic variation, since all offspring are identical?", "context": "In asexual reproduction, all the offspring are exactly the same. This is the biggest drawback of this type of reproduction. Why? Lack of genetic variation increases the risk of extinction. Without variety, there may be no organisms that can survive a major change in the environment. | Options: asexual reproduction|meiosis|organic reproduction|sexual reproduction", "answer": "asexual reproduction", "id": "sciq_extra_1521", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name given to the daily wake/sleep cycle?", "context": "Daily cycles of behavior, including sleeping a waking, are called circadian rhythms. | Options: circadian rhythms|nocturnal rhythms|behavioral rhythms|variable rhythms", "answer": "circadian rhythms", "id": "sciq_extra_1522", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where is the seafloor youngest?", "context": "Seafloor is youngest near the mid-ocean ridges and gets progressively older with distance from the ridge. Orange areas show the youngest seafloor. The oldest seafloor is near the edges of continents or deep sea trenches. | Options: mid-ocean|inland|deep currents|sand bars", "answer": "mid-ocean", "id": "sciq_extra_1523", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the interaction of waves with other waves?", "context": "Wave interference is the interaction of waves with other waves. | Options: wave interference|current|tsunami|shockwave", "answer": "wave interference", "id": "sciq_extra_1524", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Filter feeders called rotifers collect digestive and excretory wastes in what primitive organ?", "context": "The rotifers are filter feeders that will eat dead material, algae, and other microscopic living organisms, and are therefore very important components of aquatic food webs. Rotifers obtain food that is directed toward the mouth by the current created from the movement of the corona. The food particles enter the mouth and travel to the mastax (pharynx with jawlike structures). Food then passes by digestive and salivary glands, and into the stomach, then onto the intestines. Digestive and excretory wastes are collected in a cloacal bladder before being released out the anus. | Options: cloacal bladder|bile duct|simple stomach|liver", "answer": "cloacal bladder", "id": "sciq_extra_1525", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What mass of abnormal cells do cancer cells cause?", "context": "Cancer cells grow rapidly and may form a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor. | Options: tumor|bacteria|inflammation|sebaceous cyst", "answer": "tumor", "id": "sciq_extra_1526", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ultraviolet light has higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths than visible light, which means it has more what?", "context": "Ultraviolet light has shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than visible light. Ultraviolet light also has more energy, which makes it useful for killing germs. Too much exposure to ultraviolet light can damage the skin. | Options: energy|width|pressure|length", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1527", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What planet has a surface temperature of over 400 degrees celsius, no oxygen, an atomsphere comprised mainly of carbon dioxide and tremendous atmospheric pressure?", "context": "The atmosphere of Venus is markedly different from that of Earth. The gases in the Venusian atmosphere are 96.5% carbon dioxide and 3% nitrogen. The atmospheric pressure on Venus is roughly 92 times that of Earth, so the amount of nitrogen on Venus would contribute a pressure well over 2700 mm Hg. And there is no oxygen present, so we couldn’t breathe there. Not that we would want to go to Venus – the surface temperature is usually over 460°C. | Options: venus|uranus|Earth|Mars", "answer": "venus", "id": "sciq_extra_1528", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which is the body system that normally fights infections and defends against other causes of disease?", "context": "The immune system is the body system that normally fights infections and defends against other causes of disease. When the immune system is working well, it usually keeps you from getting sick. But like any other body system, the immune system can have problems and develop diseases. Two types of immune system diseases are autoimmune diseases and allergies. | Options: immune system|circulatory system|infectious system|reproductive system", "answer": "immune system", "id": "sciq_extra_1529", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is used to calculate ejection fraction?", "context": "SVs are also used to calculate ejection fraction, which is the portion of the blood that is pumped or ejected from the heart with each contraction. To calculate ejection fraction, SV is divided by EDV. Despite the name, the ejection fraction is normally expressed as a percentage. Ejection fractions range from approximately 55–70 percent, with a mean of 58 percent. | Options: svs|cns|rws|umts", "answer": "svs", "id": "sciq_extra_1530", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How does a sexually transmitted infection spread?", "context": "A sexually transmitted infection (STI) is an infection that spreads through sexual contact. STIs are caused by pathogens , a living thing or virus that causes infection. The pathogens enter the body through the reproductive organs. Many STIs also spread through body fluids, such as blood. For example, a shared tattoo needle is one way an STI could spread. Some STIs can also spread from a mother to her baby during childbirth. | Options: sexual contact|enviromental contact|linear contact|dramatic contact", "answer": "sexual contact", "id": "sciq_extra_1531", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can reproduce themselves via cell division, sometimes after years of inactivity. under certain conditions, they may differentiate into tissue-specific or organ-specific cells with special these?", "context": "Stem Cells and Repair of Kidney Damage Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can reproduce themselves via cell division, sometimes after years of inactivity. Under certain conditions, they may differentiate into tissue-specific or organ-specific cells with special functions. In some cases, stem cells may continually divide to produce a mature cell and to replace themselves. Stem cell therapy has an enormous potential to improve the quality of life or save the lives of people suffering from debilitating or lifethreatening diseases. There have been several studies in animals, but since stem cell therapy is still in its infancy, there have been limited experiments in humans. Acute kidney injury can be caused by a number of factors, including transplants and other surgeries. It affects 7–10 percent of all hospitalized patients, resulting in the deaths of 35–40 percent of inpatients. In limited studies using mesenchymal stem cells, there have been fewer instances of kidney damage after surgery, the length of hospital stays has been reduced, and there have been fewer readmissions after release. How do these stem cells work to protect or repair the kidney? Scientists are unsure at this point, but some evidence has shown that these stem cells release several growth factors in endocrine and paracrine ways. As further studies are conducted to assess the safety and effectiveness of stem cell therapy, we will move closer to a day when kidney injury is rare, and curative treatments are ", "answer": "functions", "id": "sciq_extra_1532", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process of soil dissolving in rain called?", "context": "Mechanical weathering increases the rate of chemical weathering. As rock breaks into smaller pieces, the surface area of the pieces increases. With more surfaces exposed, there are more places for chemical weathering to occur. Let’s say you wanted to make some hot chocolate on a cold day. It would be hard to get a big chunk of chocolate to dissolve in your milk or hot water. Maybe you could make hot chocolate from some smaller pieces like chocolate chips, but it is much easier to add a powder to your milk. This is because the smaller the pieces are, the more surface area they have. Smaller pieces dissolve more easily. | Options: erosion|abrasion|sedimentation|migration", "answer": "erosion", "id": "sciq_extra_1533", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are all living things on earth formed of?", "context": "Introduction All living things on earth are formed mostly of carbon compounds. The prevalence of carbon compounds in living things has led to the epithet “carbon-based” life. The truth is we know of no other kind of life. Early chemists regarded substances isolated from organisms (plants and animals) as a different type of matter that could not be synthesized artificially, and these substances were thus known as organic compounds. The widespread belief called vitalism held that organic compounds were formed by a vital force present only in living organisms. The German chemist Friedrich Wohler was one of the early chemists to refute this aspect of vitalism, when, in 1828, he reported the synthesis of urea, a component of many body fluids, from nonliving materials. Since then, it has been recognized that organic molecules obey the same natural laws as inorganic substances, and the category of organic compounds has evolved to include both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Some carbon-containing compounds are not classified as organic, for example, carbonates and cyanides, and simple oxides, such as CO and CO2. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. Today, organic compounds are key components of plastics, soaps, perfumes, sweeteners, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, and ", "answer": "carbon compounds", "id": "sciq_extra_1534", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is another name for critical speed?", "context": "accelerate indefinitely (as it would if we neglect air resistance, for example). Instead, viscous drag increases, slowing acceleration, until a critical speed, called the terminal speed, is reached and the acceleration of the object becomes zero. Once this happens, the object continues to fall at constant speed (the terminal speed). This is the case for particles of sand falling in the ocean, cells falling in a centrifuge, and sky divers falling through the air. Figure 12.19 shows some of the factors that affect terminal speed. There is a viscous drag on the object that depends on the viscosity of the fluid and the size of the object. But there is also a buoyant force that depends on the density of the object relative to the fluid. Terminal speed will be greatest for low-viscosity fluids and objects with high densities and small sizes. Thus a skydiver falls more slowly with outspread limbs than when they are in a pike position—head first with hands at their side and legs together. Take-Home Experiment: Don’t Lose Your Marbles By measuring the terminal speed of a slowly moving sphere in a viscous fluid, one can find the viscosity of that fluid (at that temperature). It can be difficult to find small ball bearings around the house, but a small marble will do. Gather two or three fluids (syrup, motor oil, honey, olive oil, etc. ) and a thick, tall clear glass or vase. Drop the marble into the center of the fluid and time its fall (after letting it drop a little to reach its term", "answer": "terminal speed", "id": "sciq_extra_1535", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Prokaryotes are much simpler than what in many of their features?", "context": "14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing The currently accepted model of the double-helix structure of DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick. Some of the salient features are that the two strands that make up the double helix are complementary and anti-parallel in nature. Deoxyribose sugars and phosphates form the backbone of the structure, and the nitrogenous bases are stacked inside. The diameter of the double helix, 2 nm, is uniform throughout. A purine always pairs with a pyrimidine; A pairs with T, and G pairs with C. One turn of the helix has ten base pairs. During cell division, each daughter cell receives a copy of the DNA by a process known as DNA replication. Prokaryotes are much simpler than eukaryotes in many of their features. Most prokaryotes contain a single, circular chromosome. In general, eukaryotic chromosomes contain a linear DNA molecule packaged into nucleosomes, and have two distinct regions that can be distinguished by staining, reflecting different states of packaging and compaction. | Options: eukaryotes|meteorites|membranes|microorganisms", "answer": "eukaryotes", "id": "sciq_extra_1536", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which two atoms are found in most organic compounds?", "context": "Options: hydrogen and carbon|hydrogen and magnesium|potassium and carbon|magnesium and carbon", "answer": "hydrogen and carbon", "id": "sciq_extra_1537", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How are heat changes in chemical reactions measured?", "context": "Heat changes in chemical reactions are typically measured in joules rather than calories. The conversion between a joule and a calorie is shown below. | Options: joules|velocities|amperes|watts", "answer": "joules", "id": "sciq_extra_1538", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a genetic disorder in which blood fails to clot properly because a normal clotting factor in the blood is lacking?", "context": "Hemophilia is a genetic disorder in which blood fails to clot properly because a normal clotting factor in the blood is lacking. In people with hemophilia, even a minor injury can cause a life-threatening loss of blood. Most cases of hemophilia are caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome. The disorder is expressed much more commonly in males because they have just one X chromosome. | Options: hemophilia|hypertension|sickle cell|anemia", "answer": "hemophilia", "id": "sciq_extra_1539", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Fungi that reproduce sexually create what?", "context": "Fungi can reproduce sexually to create a zygospore. | Options: a zygospore|an ova|a sperm cell|a chromoplast", "answer": "a zygospore", "id": "sciq_extra_1540", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A long strip of sand is referred to as what?", "context": "A barrier island is a long strip of sand. The sand naturally moves in the local currents. People try to build on barrier islands. | Options: a barrier island|a volcano|a component island|a composition island", "answer": "a barrier island", "id": "sciq_extra_1541", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which viruses are being studied for cancer treatments?", "context": "Viruses that infect cancer cells are being studied for their use in cancer treatments. Oncolytic viruses are viruses that lyse and kill cancer cells. Some researchers are hoping to treat some cancers with these viruses. | Options: oncolytic viruses|endophytic viruses|astringent viruses|osteophobic viruses", "answer": "oncolytic viruses", "id": "sciq_extra_1542", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Mercury looks a lot like earth's moon. why do you think it does? both have been struck by a lot of what?", "context": "Mercury looks a lot like Earth's Moon. Why do you think it does? Both have been struck by a lot of asteroids. Both have no atmosphere, so there is no weathering and erosion. If they had an atmosphere, many of the craters would have been eroded away. Both have no plate tectonics to transform the landscape. This would also remove a lot of craters. | Options: asteroids|floods|waves|particles", "answer": "asteroids", "id": "sciq_extra_1543", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element?", "context": "The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element is the atom. All the atoms of an element are like one another, and are different from the atoms of all other elements. | Options: atom|electron|nucleus|neutron", "answer": "atom", "id": "sciq_extra_1544", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the three-dimensional structure of a single polypeptide called?", "context": "Tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional structure of a single polypeptide. The alpha-helices and beta-sheets are folded into a compact globule structure. Stability is maintained through hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds and other interactions. | Options: tertiary structure|immature Structure|Cysteine structure|immature structure", "answer": "tertiary structure", "id": "sciq_extra_1545", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is used to descibe the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration?", "context": "Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of the molecules to an area with a lower concentration. For cell transport, diffusion is the movement of small molecules across the cell membrane. The difference in the concentrations of the molecules in the two areas is called the concentration gradient . The kinetic energy of the molecules results in random motion, causing diffusion. In simple diffusion, this process proceeds without the aid of a transport protein. it is the random motion of the molecules that causes them to move from an area of high concentration to an area with a lower concentration. | Options: diffusion|radiation|convection|permeation", "answer": "diffusion", "id": "sciq_extra_1546", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A source of what is needed to disturb matter and start a mechanical wave?", "context": "The waves in the picture above are examples of mechanical waves. A mechanical wave is a disturbance in matter that transfers energy through the matter. A mechanical wave starts when matter is disturbed. A source of energy is needed to disturb matter and start a mechanical wave. | Options: energy|magnetism|hydrogen|respiration", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1547", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Much of the damage from hurricanes may be caused by?", "context": "A hurricane is a large storm with high winds and heavy rains. Hurricanes develop from tropical cyclones. They form over warm ocean water. Much of the damage from hurricanes may be caused by storm surge. | Options: storm surge|insurance fraud|wind chill|hail", "answer": "storm surge", "id": "sciq_extra_1548", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Color blindness, hemophilia and muscular dystrophy are three x-linked what?", "context": "Color blindness, hemophilia and muscular dystrophy are three x-linked phenotypes. | Options: phenotypes|genes|chromosomes|alleles", "answer": "phenotypes", "id": "sciq_extra_1549", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An apocrine sweat gland is usually associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas, such as armpits and genital regions. apocrine sweat glands are larger than eccrine sweat glands and lie deeper in the dermis, sometimes even reaching this?", "context": "An apocrine sweat gland is usually associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas, such as armpits and genital regions. Apocrine sweat glands are larger than eccrine sweat glands and lie deeper in the dermis, sometimes even reaching the hypodermis, with the duct normally emptying into the hair follicle. In addition to water and salts, apocrine sweat includes organic compounds that make the sweat thicker and subject to bacterial decomposition and subsequent smell. The release of this sweat is under both nervous and hormonal control, and plays a role in the poorly understood human pheromone response. Most commercial antiperspirants use an aluminum-based compound as their primary active ingredient to stop sweat. When the antiperspirant enters the sweat gland duct, the aluminum-based compounds precipitate due to a change in pH and form a physical block in the duct, which prevents sweat from coming out of the pore. | Options: hypodermis|epidermis|papillary dermis|stratum corneum", "answer": "hypodermis", "id": "sciq_extra_1550", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the only way to transfer thermal energy without matter?", "context": "Thermal radiation is one of three ways that thermal energy can be transferred. The other two ways are conduction and convection, both of which need matter to transfer energy. Radiation is the only way of transferring thermal energy that doesn’t require matter. To learn more about thermal radiation, watch “Radiation” at the URL below. | Options: radiation|ultraviolet light|osmosis|evaporation", "answer": "radiation", "id": "sciq_extra_1551", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When plants are shut off from environmental cues they become?", "context": "Options: desynchronized|synchronized|pollinated|extinct", "answer": "desynchronized", "id": "sciq_extra_1552", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of vertebrates integrates the endocrine and nervous systems?", "context": "Options: the hypothalamus|the cerebellum|the forebrain|the notochord", "answer": "the hypothalamus", "id": "sciq_extra_1553", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An individual grows quickly and develops new abilities during infancy and?", "context": "An individual grows quickly and develops new abilities during infancy and childhood. | Options: childhood|embryonic stage|senior years|adulthood", "answer": "childhood", "id": "sciq_extra_1554", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles surrounded by what?", "context": "The Prokaryotic Cell Recall that prokaryotes (Figure 13.5) are unicellular organisms that lack organelles surrounded by membranes. Therefore, they do not have a nucleus but instead have a single chromosome—a piece of circular DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes have a cell wall lying outside the plasma membrane. The composition of the cell wall differs significantly between the domains Bacteria and Archaea (and their cell walls also differ from the eukaryotic cell walls found in plants and fungi. ) The cell wall functions as a protective layer and is responsible for the organism’s shape. Some other structures are present in some prokaryotic species, but not in others. For example, the capsule found in some species enables the organism to attach to surfaces and protects it from dehydration. Some species may also have flagella (singular, flagellum) used for locomotion, and pili (singular, pilus) used for attachment to surfaces and to other bacteria for conjugation. Plasmids, which consist of small, circular pieces of DNA outside of the main chromosome, are also present in many species of bacteria. | Options: membranes|particles|cells|tissues", "answer": "membranes", "id": "sciq_extra_1555", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of a plant is the food making factory?", "context": "Options: the leaves|the growing tips|the roots|the main stem", "answer": "the leaves", "id": "sciq_extra_1556", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of molecules do hydrogen bonds hold together?", "context": "Hydrogen bonds hold adjacent water molecules together. | Options: water|gas|air|carbon", "answer": "water", "id": "sciq_extra_1557", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The greenhouse effect is associated with what negative phenomenon, blamed mainly on human activity?", "context": "Recent global warming is due mainly to human actions. Burning fossil fuels adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. It’s one of several that human activities add to the atmosphere. An increase in greenhouse gases leads to greater greenhouse effect. The result is increased global warming. Figure below shows the increase in carbon dioxide since 1960. | Options: global warming|cool warming|resulting warming|advanced warming", "answer": "global warming", "id": "sciq_extra_1558", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What \"color\" (that is actually not a color at all) is associated with the absence of light?", "context": "The color of light that strikes an object may also affect the color that the object appears. For example, if only blue light strikes a red apple, the blue light is absorbed and no light is reflected. When no light reflects from an object, it looks black. Black isn’t a color. It is the absence of light. | Options: black|opaque|grey|clear", "answer": "black", "id": "sciq_extra_1559", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What science is the study of matter and how it behaves?", "context": "Chemistry is the study of matter and how it behaves. | Options: chemistry|biology|geneology|geology", "answer": "chemistry", "id": "sciq_extra_1560", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we call the study of life and living things?", "context": "Life science is the study of life and living things. Living things are also called organisms . Life science is often referred to as biology. Life scientists work in many different settings, from classrooms to labs to natural habitats. Dr. Katherine Smith, who is pictured in Figure below is a life scientist who works for NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). She studies freshwater shrimp and fish in their natural habitats. | Options: life science|chemistry|engineering|physics", "answer": "life science", "id": "sciq_extra_1561", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The average global temperature has been rising since the end of what era?", "context": "The average global temperature has been rising since the end of the Pleistocene. With some ups and downs, of course. Rising temperatures are natural for this time period. But natural causes cannot explain all the warming that's been happening. There is some other factor at work. | Options: pleistocene|glacial|flintstone|miocene", "answer": "pleistocene", "id": "sciq_extra_1562", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are animals that eat a prey animal?", "context": "Predators are animals that eat a prey animal. Scavengers eat organisms that are already dead. Decomposers break down dead plants and animals into component parts, including nutrients. | Options: predators|carnivores|herbivores|scavengers", "answer": "predators", "id": "sciq_extra_1563", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the only decomposers that can break down tough plant substances, including lignin and cellulose?", "context": "Bacteria are also major decomposers, but they can grow and feed only on the exposed surfaces of organic matter. In contrast, fungi can use their hyphae to penetrate deep into organic matter. Fungi are also the only decomposers that can break down tough plant substances, including lignin (in wood) and cellulose (in plant cell walls). They have special enzymes to do this work. The enzymes are released by the tips of the hyphae. Because of these abilities, fungi are the primary decomposers in forests (see Figure below ). | Options: fungi|flatworms|insects|bacteria", "answer": "fungi", "id": "sciq_extra_1564", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of carbon compound is methane?", "context": "Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon compounds, such as methane. VOCs are released by many human activities. Raising livestock, for example, produces a lot of methane. | Options: volatile organic compounds|dynamic organic compounds|stable compounds|alternating compounds", "answer": "volatile organic compounds", "id": "sciq_extra_1565", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In diffusion, substances tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of what kind of concentration?", "context": "Diffusion Diffusion is a passive process of transport. A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across a space. You are familiar with diffusion of substances through the air. For example, think about someone opening a bottle of ammonia in a room filled with people. The ammonia gas is at its highest concentration in the bottle; its lowest concentration is at the edges of the room. The ammonia vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the bottle, and gradually, more and more people will smell the ammonia as it spreads. Materials move within the cell’s cytosol by diffusion, and certain materials move through the plasma membrane by diffusion (Figure 5.8). Diffusion expends no energy. On the contrary, concentration gradients are a form of potential energy, dissipated as the gradient is eliminated. | Options: low|drop|rise|Increase", "answer": "low", "id": "sciq_extra_1566", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In what kind of state are particles fixed in place relative to one another?", "context": "In the solid state, particles are fixed in place relative to one another. In the liquid and gas states, individual particles are free to move. | Options: solid state|hybrid state|useful state|liquid state", "answer": "solid state", "id": "sciq_extra_1567", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is defined as the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1°c. one calorie equals 4.184 joules?", "context": "A related unit is the calorie. This term arose prior to the establishment of the SI system and is now replaced by the joule in most situations. One calorie is defined as the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C. One calorie equals 4.184 joules. Note that this calorie is not exactly the same as the calories listed on food products. One food Calorie (usually written with a capital C) is equal to 1000 “regular” calories. Thus, a 140-Calorie snack can be fully digested to produce 140,000 calories of energy. We will use the SI unit joules in our discussions of heat energy. | Options: calorie|weight|sulfur|fat", "answer": "calorie", "id": "sciq_extra_1568", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "About a third of all bacteria in the gut are members of what species?", "context": "A wide range of friendly bacteria live in the gut. Bacteria begin to populate the human digestive system right after birth. Gut bacteria include Lactobacillus , the bacteria commonly used in probiotic foods such as yogurt, and E. coli bacteria. About a third of all bacteria in the gut are members of the Bacteroides species. Bacteroides are key in helping us digest plant food. | Options: bacteroides|actinomyces|spirochetes|trematodes", "answer": "bacteroides", "id": "sciq_extra_1569", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What form of feedback occurs when an accumulation of an end product slows the process that makes that product?", "context": "Options: negative feedback|positive feedback|optimal feedback|particular feedback", "answer": "negative feedback", "id": "sciq_extra_1570", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen?", "context": "An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. Two common causes of allergies are shown in Figure below . Inhaling ragweed pollen may cause coughing and sneezing. Skin contact with oils in poison ivy may cause an itchy rash. | Options: allergy|nausea|diabetes|influenza", "answer": "allergy", "id": "sciq_extra_1571", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why is it easier to move boxes on a wheeled dolly than by sliding them?", "context": "Rolling friction is friction that acts on objects when they are rolling over a surface. Rolling friction is much weaker than sliding friction or static friction. This explains why it is much easier to move boxes on a wheeled dolly than by carrying or sliding them. It also explains why most forms of ground transportation use wheels, including cars, 4-wheelers, bicycles, roller skates, and skateboards. Ball bearings are another use of rolling friction (see Figure below ). They allow parts of a wheel or other machine to roll rather than slide over one another. | Options: rolling friction|starting friction|increase surface tension|more total work", "answer": "rolling friction", "id": "sciq_extra_1572", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen in the bloodstream?", "context": "Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen in the bloodstream. Scientists studied hemoglobin simply to learn how it worked. Out of this research came an understanding of how the protein changes shape when oxygen attaches to it. This information was then applied to help patients with sickle cell anemia, a disorder caused by an abnormal hemoglobin structure that makes hemoglobin molecules clump up when oxygen leaves the protein. Basic knowledge of protein structure led to an improved understanding of a wide-spread disease and opened the door for development of treatments. | Options: hemoglobin|rH factor|insulin|plasma", "answer": "hemoglobin", "id": "sciq_extra_1573", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Space shuttles are reusable vehicles designed to get astronauts where?", "context": "Space shuttles are reusable vehicles for American astronauts to get into space. | Options: space|underwater|the 6th dimension|distant solar systems", "answer": "space", "id": "sciq_extra_1574", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Specialized peroxisomes called glyoxysomes are found in the fat-storing tissues of what?", "context": "Options: plant seeds|plant stems|plant leaves|chloroplasts", "answer": "plant seeds", "id": "sciq_extra_1575", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The nervous system, together with what system, controls all the other organ systems?", "context": "The nervous system, together with the endocrine system, controls all the other organ systems. The nervous system sends one type of signal around the body, and the endocrine system sends another type of signal around the body. The endocrine system makes and releases chemical messenger molecules, or hormones, which tell other body parts that a change or a reaction is necessary. So what type of signal does the nervous system send?. | Options: endocrine system|skeletal system|reproductive system|limb system", "answer": "endocrine system", "id": "sciq_extra_1576", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces?", "context": "Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces. This type of digestion takes place mainly in the mouth and stomach. | Options: mechanical digestion|mechanical accumulation|dissolving|mechanical catalyst", "answer": "mechanical digestion", "id": "sciq_extra_1577", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Technically, which cells are the only autotrophic parts of the plant?", "context": "Options: green|yellow|red|brown", "answer": "green", "id": "sciq_extra_1578", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "This is the study of evolutionary history of groups of related organisms?", "context": "Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of group of related organisms. It is represented by a phylogenetic tree that shows how species are related to each other through common ancestors. A clade is a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants. It is a phylogenetic classification, based on evolutionary relationships. | Options: phylogeny|synonymy|phrenology|paleontology", "answer": "phylogeny", "id": "sciq_extra_1579", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does urine leave the body through?", "context": "process in which urine leaves the body through a sphincter at the end of the urethra. | Options: the urethra|the skin|the intestine|the vagina", "answer": "the urethra", "id": "sciq_extra_1580", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What phase is pure chlorine present as?", "context": "Options: gas|oil/gas|mist|liquid", "answer": "gas", "id": "sciq_extra_1581", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When electrons from two atoms are each attracted to the nucleus of the other atom, what type of bond is formed?", "context": "Covalent bonds form when the electron clouds of two atoms overlap with each other. In a simple H 2 molecule, the single electron in each atom becomes attracted to the nucleus of the other atom in the molecule as the atoms come closer together. Other covalent bonds form in the same way as unpaired electrons from two atoms “match up” to form the bond. In a fluorine atom, there is an unpaired electron in one of the 2p orbitals. When a F 2 molecule forms, the 2p orbitals from each of the two atoms overlap to produce the F−F covalent bond. The overlapping orbitals do not have to be of the same type to form a covalent bond. For example, in a molecule of HF, the 1s orbital of the hydrogen atom overlaps with the 2p orbital of the fluorine atom ( Figure below ):. | Options: covalent bond|hydrogen bond|ionic bond|electrochemical bond", "answer": "covalent bond", "id": "sciq_extra_1582", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Wave cut platforms are level areas formed by what?", "context": "Wave-cut platforms are level areas formed by wave erosion. Since these platforms are above sea level, it means that either sea level was higher relative or the rock was lower. | Options: wave erosion|shock erosion|surge erosion|glaciers", "answer": "wave erosion", "id": "sciq_extra_1583", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Electronegativities are used to determine the polarity of covalent bonds. the polarity of a covalent bond can be judged by determining the difference of the electronegativities of what involved in the covalent bond?", "context": "Electronegativities are used to determine the polarity of covalent bonds. The polarity of a covalent bond can be judged by determining the difference of the electronegativities of the two atoms involved in the covalent bond, as summarized in the following table: Electronegativity Difference. | Options: two atoms|seven atoms|six atoms|three atoms", "answer": "two atoms", "id": "sciq_extra_1584", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the cell walls of fungi made of?", "context": "The cell walls of fungi are made of chitin. Chitin is a tough carbohydrate that also makes up the outer skeleton of insects. The cell walls of plants are made of cellulose. | Options: chitin|lectin|proteins|casein", "answer": "chitin", "id": "sciq_extra_1585", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All the water in the open ocean is referred to as what zone, which is further divided by depth?", "context": "Other ocean zones are farther from shore in the open ocean. All the water in the open ocean is called the pelagic zone. It is further divided by depth:. | Options: pelagic|terrestrial|aquatic|oceanic", "answer": "pelagic", "id": "sciq_extra_1586", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How many embryonic cell layers do flatworms have?", "context": "Flatworms have three embryonic cell layers. They have a mesoderm layer in addition to ectoderm and endoderm layers. The mesoderm layer allows flatworms to develop muscle tissues so they can move easily over solid surfaces. | Options: three|two|four|five", "answer": "three", "id": "sciq_extra_1587", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When gasoline is burned, what pollutant is produced?", "context": "Using gasoline to power automobiles affects the environment. The exhaust fumes from burning gasoline cause air pollution. These pollutants include smog and ground-level ozone. Air pollution is a big problem for cities where large numbers of people drive every day. Burning gasoline also produces carbon dioxide. This is a greenhouse gas and is a cause of global warming. Similar pollutants come from other forms of oil. | Options: carbon dioxide|methane|fluorocarbons|oxygen", "answer": "carbon dioxide", "id": "sciq_extra_1588", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kingdom of organisms is characterized by having sensory organs, movement, and internal digestion?", "context": "Animals not only have specialized cells. Most animals also have tissues and organs. In many animals, organs form organ systems, such as a nervous system. Higher levels of organization allow animals to perform many complex functions. What can animals do that most other living things cannot? Most animals share these characteristics: sensory organs , movement , and internal digestion . All of them are illustrated in Figure below . | Options: animals|bacteria|fungi|plants", "answer": "animals", "id": "sciq_extra_1589", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the base numbering system of metric units?", "context": "Metric units use a base numbering system of 10. Thus a centimeter is ten times larger than a millimeter. A decimeter is 10 times larger than a centimeter and a meter is 10 times larger than a decimeter. Thus a meter is 100 times larger than a centimeter and 1000 times larger than a millimeter. Going the other way, one can say that there are 100 cm contained in a meter. | Options: tens|twos|ones|sixes", "answer": "tens", "id": "sciq_extra_1590", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do fungi lack which makes it impossible for them to use photosynthesis?", "context": "Fungi lack chlorophyll, so they cannot make food by photosynthesis as plants can. Instead, they are heterotrophs, like animals. But they don’t have a mouth or teeth. So how do fungi “eat”? They get their nutrition by absorbing organic compounds from other organisms. The other organisms may be dead or alive, depending on the fungus. | Options: chlorophyll|ammonia|sodium|roots", "answer": "chlorophyll", "id": "sciq_extra_1591", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Spicules are most conspicuously present in which class?", "context": "Take an up-close tour (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/sponge_ride) through the sponge and its cells. The presence and composition of spicules/spongin are the differentiating characteristics of the three classes of sponges (Figure 28.4): Class Calcarea contains calcium carbonate spicules and no spongin, class Hexactinellida contains six-rayed siliceous spicules and no spongin, and class Demospongia contains spongin and may or may not have spicules; if present, those spicules are siliceous. Spicules are most conspicuously present in class Hexactinellida, the order consisting of glass sponges. Some of the spicules may attain giant proportions (in relation to the typical size range of glass sponges of 3 to 10 mm) as seen in Monorhaphis chuni, which grows up to 3 m long. | Options: hexactinellida|phylum|spirogyra|trichina", "answer": "hexactinellida", "id": "sciq_extra_1592", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Most of the food that they bring to their chicks is very rich in what?", "context": "Options: lipids|grains|proteins|glucose", "answer": "lipids", "id": "sciq_extra_1593", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Two plates may slide past each other in opposite directions, this is called what?", "context": "Two plates may slide past each other in opposite directions. This is called a transform plate boundary. These plate boundaries experience massive earthquakes. The world’s best known transform fault is the San Andreas Fault in California ( Figure below ). At this fault, the Pacific and North American plates grind past each other. Transform plate boundaries are most common as offsets along mid-ocean ridges. | Options: transform plate boundary|downstream plate boundary|earthquake|shearing plate boundary", "answer": "transform plate boundary", "id": "sciq_extra_1594", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is used to describe elements with unstable nuclei?", "context": "Gamma rays are produced when radioactive elements decay. Radioactive elements are elements with unstable nuclei. To become more stable, the nuclei undergo radioactive decay. In this process, the nuclei give off energy and may also emit charged particles of matter. Types of radioactive decay include alpha, beta, and gamma decay. In alpha and beta decay, both particles and energy are emitted. In gamma decay , only energy, in the form of gamma rays, is emitted. | Options: radioactive|explosive|larvae|waste", "answer": "radioactive", "id": "sciq_extra_1595", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the third gene of lac operon in addition to lacz and lacy?", "context": "The three genes of the lac operon are lacZ, lacY, and lacA. They encode proteins needed to digest lactose. The genes are expressed only in the presence of lactose. | Options: laca|Lacy|ghara|leya", "answer": "laca", "id": "sciq_extra_1596", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The majority of species in the phylum chordata are found in what subphylum, which includes animals ranging from lampreys to mammals?", "context": "Chordates The majority of species in the phylum Chordata are found in the subphylum Vertebrata, which include many species with which we are familiar. The vertebrates contain more than 60,000 described species, divided into major groupings of the lampreys, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Animals in the phylum Chordata share four key features that appear at some stage of their development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail (Figure 15.33). In certain groups, some of these traits are present only during embryonic development. The chordates are named for the notochord, which is a flexible, rod-shaped structure that is found in the embryonic stage of all chordates and in the adult stage of some chordate species. It is located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, and provides skeletal support through the length of the body. In some chordates, the notochord acts as the primary axial support of the body throughout the animal’s lifetime. In vertebrates, the notochord is present during embryonic development, at which time it induces the development of the neural tube and serves as a support for the developing embryonic body. The notochord, however, is not found in the postnatal stage of vertebrates; at this point, it has been replaced by the vertebral column (the spine). The dorsal hollow nerve cord is derived from ectoderm that sinks below the surface of the skin and rolls into a hollow tube during development. ", "answer": "vertebrates", "id": "sciq_extra_1597", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why is having grasping hands and feet important for primates?", "context": "Options: hang on trees|migrating|protecting habitat|foraging for food", "answer": "hang on trees", "id": "sciq_extra_1598", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The rising and sinking of warm and cooler material is called what?", "context": "Hot lower mantle material rises upwards ( Figure below ). As it rises, it cools. At the top of the mantle it moves horizontally. Over time it becomes cool and dense enough that it sinks. Back at the bottom of the mantle, it travels horizontally. Eventually the material gets to the location where warm mantle material is rising. The rising and sinking of warm and cooler material is convection. The motion described creates a convection cell. | Options: convection|diffusion|insulation|depression", "answer": "convection", "id": "sciq_extra_1599", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the remarkable ring of light around the sun called?", "context": "A solar eclipse is kind of like a field trip to the Sun from Earth. You can see something (with special tinted glasses) that you don't usually see. The Sun has a remarkable ring of light around it. This is the corona. If you have a chance to see a solar eclipse, you should do it. | Options: corona|panorama|magnetic halo|laguna", "answer": "corona", "id": "sciq_extra_1600", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Particles in what state of matter do not experience any force of mutual attraction or repulsion?", "context": "Gas particles do not experience any force of attraction or repulsion with each other. | Options: gas|plasma|solid|liquid", "answer": "gas", "id": "sciq_extra_1601", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate?", "context": "The key to continued growth and repair of plant cells is meristem . Meristem is a type of plant tissue consisting of undifferentiated cells that can continue to divide and differentiate. | Options: meristem|malignant|ganglion|tuber", "answer": "meristem", "id": "sciq_extra_1602", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are basic tools of the cell for organizing metabolism, transport, and storage of molecules?", "context": "A vesicle is a small, spherical compartment that is separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bilayer. Many vesicles are made in the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, or are made from parts of the cell membrane. Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus can be seen in Figure above . Because it is separated from the cytosol, the space inside the vesicle can be made to be chemically different from the cytosol. Vesicles are basic tools of the cell for organizing metabolism, transport, and storage of molecules. Vesicles are also used as chemical reaction chambers. They can be classified by their contents and function. | Options: vesicles|tissues|membranes|vacuoles", "answer": "vesicles", "id": "sciq_extra_1603", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The ileum is the last part of what organ, and is where the bile salts and vitamins are absorbed into blood stream?", "context": "The ileum, also illustrated in Figure 34.11 is the last part of the small intestine and here the bile salts and vitamins are absorbed into blood stream. The undigested food is sent to the colon from the ileum via peristaltic movements of the muscle. The ileum ends and the large intestine begins at the ileocecal valve. The vermiform, “worm-like,” appendix is located at the ileocecal valve. The appendix of humans secretes no enzymes and has an insignificant role in immunity. Large Intestine The large intestine, illustrated in Figure 34.13, reabsorbs the water from the undigested food material and processes the waste material. The human large intestine is much smaller in length compared to the small intestine but larger in diameter. It has three parts: the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. The cecum joins the ileum to the colon and is the receiving pouch for the waste matter. The colon is home to many bacteria or “intestinal flora” that aid in the digestive processes. The colon can be divided into four regions, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon and the sigmoid colon. The main functions of the colon are to extract the water and mineral salts from undigested food, and to store waste material. Carnivorous mammals have a shorter large intestine compared to herbivorous mammals due to their diet. | Options: small intestine|large intestine|gall bladder|stomach", "answer": "small intestine", "id": "sciq_extra_1604", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Total internal reflections the princicple behind what type of optics?", "context": "Total internal reflection is the principle behind fiber optics . A bundle of fibers made out of glass or plastic only a few micrometers in diameter is called a light pipe since light can be transmitted along it with almost no loss. Light passing down the fibers makes glancing collisions with the walls so that total internal reflection occurs. | Options: fiber optics|pipes optics|refined optics|Blindness", "answer": "fiber optics", "id": "sciq_extra_1605", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which cells at the base of the hair root form the outer root sheath?", "context": "Figure 5.12 Hair Follicle The slide shows a cross-section of a hair follicle. Basal cells of the hair matrix in the center differentiate into cells of the inner root sheath. Basal cells at the base of the hair root form the outer root sheath. LM × 4. (credit: modification of work by “kilbad”/Wikimedia Commons). | Options: basal|scala vestibuli|tunnel fibers|scala media", "answer": "basal", "id": "sciq_extra_1606", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for sediment deposited by a glacier?", "context": "Moraine is sediment deposited by a glacier. A ground moraine is a thick layer of sediments left behind by a retreating glacier. An end moraine is a low ridge of sediments deposited at the end of the glacier. It marks the greatest distance the glacier advanced. | Options: moraine|holocene|crater|plateau", "answer": "moraine", "id": "sciq_extra_1607", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Usually done on computers, what do you call sets of equations that take into account many factors to represent a phenomenon?", "context": "Mathematical models are sets of equations that take into account many factors to represent a phenomenon. Mathematical models are usually done on computers. | Options: mathematical models|fractals|analogous models|spreadsheets", "answer": "mathematical models", "id": "sciq_extra_1608", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual?", "context": "There are different types, or modes, of breathing that require a slightly different process to allow inspiration and expiration. Quiet breathing, also known as eupnea, is a mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought of the individual. During quiet breathing, the diaphragm and external intercostals must contract. A deep breath, called diaphragmatic breathing, requires the diaphragm to contract. As the diaphragm relaxes, air passively leaves the lungs. A shallow breath, called costal breathing, requires contraction of the intercostal muscles. As the intercostal muscles relax, air passively leaves the lungs. In contrast, forced breathing, also known as hyperpnea, is a mode of breathing that can occur during exercise or actions that require the active manipulation of breathing, such as singing. During forced breathing, inspiration and expiration both occur due to muscle contractions. In addition to the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, other accessory muscles must also contract. During forced inspiration, muscles of the neck, including the scalenes, contract and lift the thoracic wall, increasing lung volume. During forced expiration, accessory muscles of the abdomen, including the obliques, contract, forcing abdominal organs upward against the diaphragm. This helps to push the diaphragm further into the thorax, pushing more air out. In addition, accessory muscles (primarily the internal intercostals) help to compress the ", "answer": "quiet breathing", "id": "sciq_extra_1609", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Rubber is what kind of solid?", "context": "When a tire goes flat, its shape changes. The tire might be flat because of a slow leak in the tire valve. It could be flat because it ran over a nail or screw and ended up with a small hole where the air can leak out over a period of time. Or it could go flat when it hits a large rock or other object while travelling at high speeds (this one is for those readers who enjoy detective movies or TV shows). What if a crystalline solid like LiBr were ever made into a tire (now there’s a weird idea)? When it encountered a blow, the crystal would break into small pieces. Since rubber is an amorphous solid, it has a very different set of physical properties. | Options: amorphous|inorganic|aqueous|porous", "answer": "amorphous", "id": "sciq_extra_1610", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do birds do in mating season?", "context": "Yes. Birds do actually pair up each mating season, if not for life. And the male better be prepared to treat his female properly. There is actually an elaborate process in which the female chooses her mate. | Options: pair up with the same bird|migrate|reproduce asexually|find many mates", "answer": "pair up with the same bird", "id": "sciq_extra_1611", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What exciting and evolving field of physics finds that nature on the smallest scale may have its greatest influence on the large-scale character of the universe?", "context": "This chapter covers the basics of particle physics as we know it today. An amazing convergence of topics is evolving in particle physics. We find that some particles are intimately related to forces, and that nature on the smallest scale may have its greatest influence on the large-scale character of the universe. It is an adventure exceeding the best science fiction because it is not only fantastic, it is real. | Options: particle physics|proteins physics|biophysics|astrophysics", "answer": "particle physics", "id": "sciq_extra_1612", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In genetics, what does it mean when the amount is longer since the amount of time since a species diverged?", "context": "Scientists can compare the DNA or proteins of different species. If the molecules are similar, this shows that the species are related. The more similar the molecules are, the closer the relationship is likely to be. When molecules are used in this way, they are called molecular clocks . This method assumes that random mutations occur at a constant rate for a given protein or segment of DNA. Over time, the mutations add up. The longer the amount of time since species diverged, the more differences there will be in their DNA or proteins. | Options: greater differences in dna|greater making in dna|tilt differences in dna|Less difference in DNA", "answer": "greater differences in dna", "id": "sciq_extra_1613", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ragweed and poison ivy are common causes of what?", "context": "Ragweed and poison ivy are common causes of allergies. Are you allergic to these plants?. | Options: allergies|cancers|mutations|defects", "answer": "allergies", "id": "sciq_extra_1614", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of distance is caused by the force you apply to a machine over a given distance?", "context": "The force you apply to a machine is applied over a given distance, called the input distance. The force applied by the machine to the object is also applied over a distance, called the output distance. The output distance may or may not be the same as the input distance. | Options: input distance|accumulation distance|force distance|response distance", "answer": "input distance", "id": "sciq_extra_1615", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is calculated by dividing the mass by the volume of a certain object?", "context": "The density of a certain object is calculated by dividing the mass by the volume. Suppose that a mass of 37.46 g is divided by a volume of 12.7 cm 3 . The result on a calculator would be:. | Options: density|radius|diameter|median", "answer": "density", "id": "sciq_extra_1616", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Electric motors transform electrical energy into what other form of energy?", "context": "An electric motor is a device that uses an electromagnet to change electrical energy to kinetic energy. Figure below shows a simple diagram of an electric motor. The motor contains an electromagnet that is connected to a shaft. When current flows through the motor, the electromagnet turns, causing the shaft to turn as well. The rotating shaft moves other parts of the device. | Options: kinetic|magnetic|thermal|solar", "answer": "kinetic", "id": "sciq_extra_1617", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The bicoid maternal effect gene is transcribed in which cells of the mother?", "context": "The bicoid maternal effect gene is transcribed in the nurse cells of the mother and then the mRNA is transferred to the oocyte. Mutant embryos from homozygous mutant bicoid mothers fail to produce head and thorax structures. | Options: nurse cells|veteran cells|boy cells|cell walls", "answer": "nurse cells", "id": "sciq_extra_1618", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How often an allele occurs in a gene pool relative to the other alleles for that gene is known as _______", "context": "Allele frequency is how often an allele occurs in a gene pool relative to the other alleles for that gene. Look at the example in Table below . The population in the table has 100 members. In a sexually reproducing species, each member of the population has two copies of each gene. Therefore, the total number of copies of each gene in the gene pool is 200. The gene in the example exists in the gene pool in two forms, alleles A and a . Knowing the genotypes of each population member, we can count the number of alleles of each type in the gene pool. The table shows how this is done. | Options: allele frequency|allele succession|genomic frequency|genetic rate", "answer": "allele frequency", "id": "sciq_extra_1619", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If more coils are added to an electromagnet it becomes?", "context": "The combined magnetic force of the magnetized wire coil and iron bar makes an electromagnet very strong. In fact, electromagnets are the strongest magnets made. An electromagnet is stronger if there are more turns in the coil of wire or there is more current flowing through it. A bigger bar or one made of material that is easier to magnetize also increases an electromagnet’s strength. At the following URL, you can see an animation demonstrating how these factors affect the strength of an electromagnet. http://www. schoolphysics. co. uk/animations/Electromagnet/index. html. | Options: stronger|lighter|weaker|brighter", "answer": "stronger", "id": "sciq_extra_1620", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which trait of particles causes even cold objects to have some thermal energy?", "context": "Scientists think that multicellularity arose from cooperation between many organisms of the same species. The Colonial Theory proposes that this cooperation led to the development of a multicellular organism. Many examples of cooperation between organisms in nature have been observed. For example, a certain species of amoeba (a single-celled protist) groups together during times of food shortage and forms a colony that moves as one to a new location. Some of these amoebas then become slightly differentiated from each other. Volvox, shown in Figure above , is another example of a colonial organism. Most scientists accept that the Colonial theory explains how multicellular organisms evolved. | Options: constant random motion|equilibrium|momentum|kinetic energy", "answer": "constant random motion", "id": "sciq_extra_1621", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Found in many electric devices, what is a coil of wire wrapped around a bar of iron or other ferromagnetic material?", "context": "The animal mole is very different than the counting unit of the mole. Chemists nonetheless have adopted the mole as their unofficial mascot. National Mole Day is a celebration of chemistry that occurs on October 23rd (10/23) of each year. | Options: electromagnet|battery|superconductor|actuator", "answer": "electromagnet", "id": "sciq_extra_1622", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is it called when two organisms live close together and form a relationship?", "context": "Fungi don't live in isolation. They often interact with other species. In fact, fungi can be dependent on another organism for survival. When two species live close together and form a relationship, it is called symbiosis . Symbiosis can be beneficial to one or both organisms, or sometimes one organism hurts the other. Some of the partners in these relationships include plants, algae, insects and other animals, and even humans. | Options: symbiosis|definitions|traits|Family", "answer": "symbiosis", "id": "sciq_extra_1623", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does fsh help stimulate in the ovaries and sperm in the testes?", "context": "Peptide and Protein Hormones Whereas the amine hormones are derived from a single amino acid, peptide and protein hormones consist of multiple amino acids that link to form an amino acid chain. Peptide hormones consist of short chains of amino acids, whereas protein hormones are longer polypeptides. Both types are synthesized like other body proteins: DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into an amino acid chain. Examples of peptide hormones include antidiuretic hormone (ADH), a pituitary hormone important in fluid balance, and atrial-natriuretic peptide, which is produced by the heart and helps to decrease blood pressure. Some examples of protein hormones include growth hormone, which is produced by the pituitary gland, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which has an attached carbohydrate group and is thus classified as a glycoprotein. FSH helps stimulate the maturation of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the testes. | Options: maturation of eggs|in vitro fertilization|dna replication|spawning", "answer": "maturation of eggs", "id": "sciq_extra_1624", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The largest phylum of the animal kingdom is what?", "context": "Arthropods are not only the largest phylum of invertebrates. They are by far the largest phylum of the animal kingdom. Roughly 80 percent of all animal species living on Earth today are arthropods. Obviously, arthropods have been extremely successful. What accounts for their success?. | Options: arthropods|cephalopods|mammals|crustaceans", "answer": "arthropods", "id": "sciq_extra_1625", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During what process is light from the star focused and the star appears to brighten in a characteristic manner?", "context": "In a process called microlensing, light from the star is focused and the star appears to brighten in a characteristic manner. Searches for dark matter in this form are particularly interested in galactic halos because of the huge amount of mass that seems to be there. Such microlensing objects are thus called massive compact halo objects, or MACHOs. To date, a few MACHOs have been observed, but not predominantly in galactic halos, nor in the numbers needed to explain dark matter. MACHOs are among the most conventional of unseen objects proposed to explain dark matter. Others being actively pursued are red dwarfs, which are small dim stars, but too few have been seen so far, even with the Hubble Telescope, to be of significance. Old remnants of stars called white dwarfs are also under consideration, since they contain about a solar mass, but are small as the Earth and may dim to the point that we ordinarily do not observe them. While white dwarfs are known, old dim ones are not. Yet another possibility is the existence of large numbers of smaller than stellar mass black holes left from the Big Bang—here evidence is entirely absent. There is a very real possibility that dark matter is composed of the known neutrinos, which may have small, but finite, masses. As discussed earlier, neutrinos are thought to be massless, but we only have upper limits on their masses, rather than knowing they are exactly zero. So far, these upper limits come from difficult measurements of total ener", "answer": "microlensing", "id": "sciq_extra_1626", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Much like the processes of dna replication and transcription, translation consists of three main stages: initiation, elongation, and this?", "context": "Much like the processes of DNA replication and transcription, translation consists of three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation takes place with the binding of a ribosome to an mRNA transcript. The elongation stage involves the recognition of a tRNA anticodon with the next mRNA codon in the sequence. Once the anticodon and codon sequences are bound (remember, they are complementary base pairs), the tRNA presents its amino acid cargo and the growing polypeptide strand is attached to this next amino acid. This attachment takes place with the assistance of various enzymes and requires energy. The tRNA molecule then releases the mRNA strand, the mRNA strand shifts one codon over in the ribosome, and the next appropriate tRNA arrives with its matching anticodon. This process continues until the final codon on the mRNA is reached which provides a “stop” message that signals termination of translation and triggers the release of the complete, newly synthesized protein. Thus, a gene within the DNA molecule is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein product (Figure 3.29). | Options: termination|isolation|assimilation|detonation", "answer": "termination", "id": "sciq_extra_1627", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each hemisphere of the cerebrum consists of four parts, called what?", "context": "Each hemisphere of the cerebrum consists of four parts, called lobes. Each lobe is associated with particular brain functions. Just one function of each lobe is listed here. | Options: lobes|rows|layers|quarters", "answer": "lobes", "id": "sciq_extra_1628", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is an organic compound that is the primary component of natural gas?", "context": "Methane is an organic compound that is the primary component of natural gas. Its structure consists of a central carbon atom with four single bonds to hydrogen atoms (see Figure below ). In order to maximize their distance from one another, the four groups of bonding electrons do not lie in the same plane. Instead, each of the hydrogen atoms lies at the corners of a geometrical shape called a tetrahedron. The carbon atom is at the center of the tetrahedron. Each face of a tetrahedron is an equilateral triangle. | Options: methane|ethanol|magnesium|sulfur", "answer": "methane", "id": "sciq_extra_1629", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is raising the temperature of earth’s surface?", "context": "Gases such as carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels increase the natural greenhouse effect. This is raising the temperature of Earth’s surface, and is called global warming. | Options: greenhouse effect|ozone layer|photosynthesis effect|Coriolis effect", "answer": "greenhouse effect", "id": "sciq_extra_1630", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system?", "context": "Figure 6.12 Entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system. Gases have higher entropy than liquids, and liquids have higher entropy than solids. | Options: entropy|enthropy|biodiversity|chaos theory", "answer": "entropy", "id": "sciq_extra_1631", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the distance between two corresponding points of adjacent waves called?", "context": "Wave amplitude is the maximum distance the particles of a medium move from their resting positions as a wave passes through. Wavelength is the distance between two corresponding points of adjacent waves. Waves with greater amplitudes or shorter wavelengths have more energy. | Options: wavelength|wave distance|bandwidth|variation", "answer": "wavelength", "id": "sciq_extra_1632", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between which chromosomes?", "context": "When homologous chromosomes form pairs during prophase I of meiosis I, crossing-over can occur. Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It results in new combinations of genes on each chromosome. | Options: homologous|metacentric|monogamous|analogous", "answer": "homologous", "id": "sciq_extra_1633", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a ridge of sand that extends away from the shore?", "context": "A spit is a ridge of sand that extends away from the shore. The end of the spit may hook around toward the quieter waters close to shore. | Options: a spit|a dig|a depression|a scoop", "answer": "a spit", "id": "sciq_extra_1634", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Manganin is made up of metals that include copper, manganese and nickel - what do you generally call a metal of this type?", "context": "for metals, meaning their resistivity increases with temperature. Some alloys have been developed specifically to have a small temperature dependence. Manganin (which is made of copper, manganese and nickel), for example, has α close to zero (to three digits on the scale in Table 20.2), and so its resistivity varies only slightly with temperature. This is useful for making a temperature-independent resistance standard, for example. | Options: alloy|complex metal|silicon|mixed metal", "answer": "alloy", "id": "sciq_extra_1635", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Protons and neutrons are located in which central part of the atom?", "context": "Electrons have almost no mass. Instead, almost all the mass of an atom is in its protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The nucleus is very small, but it is densely packed with matter. The SI unit for the mass of an atom is the atomic mass unit (amu) . One atomic mass unit equals the mass of a proton, which is about 1.7 × 10 -24 g. Each neutron also has a mass of 1 amu. Therefore, the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is about equal to the atom’s total mass in atomic mass units. | Options: nucleus|shell|nucleolus|radius", "answer": "nucleus", "id": "sciq_extra_1636", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate this?", "context": "10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle Cancer is the result of unchecked cell division caused by a breakdown of the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle. The loss of control begins with a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for one of the regulatory molecules. Faulty instructions lead to a protein that does not function as it should. Any disruption of the monitoring system can allow other mistakes to be passed on to the daughter cells. Each successive cell division will give rise to daughter cells with even more accumulated damage. Eventually, all checkpoints become nonfunctional, and rapidly reproducing cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in a tumor or leukemia (blood cancer). | Options: cell cycle|blood flow|digestion|respiration", "answer": "cell cycle", "id": "sciq_extra_1637", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Slabs of continents moving around on earth's surface is called what?", "context": "Plate tectonics theory says that slabs of continents move around on Earth's surface. The mechanism for that movement is seafloor spreading. Plate tectonics explain many things about Earth: (1) geological activity, why it happens where it does; (2) natural resources, why many are found where they are; and (3) the past and future, what happened in the past and what will happen in the future. The theory of plate tectonics will be explored in the chapter Plate Tectonics . | Options: plate tectonics|edge tectonics|crator tectonics|fault tectonics", "answer": "plate tectonics", "id": "sciq_extra_1638", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In plants, what structure located above the root cap is where growth in length occurs?", "context": "As shown in Figure below , the tip of a root is called the root cap. It consists of specialized cells that help regulate primary growth of the root at the tip. Above the root cap is primary meristem, where growth in length occurs. | Options: primary meristem|secondary meristem|support meristem|elections meristem", "answer": "primary meristem", "id": "sciq_extra_1639", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "With what does an electromagnetic wave start?", "context": "An electromagnetic wave starts with a vibrating charged particle. | Options: vibrating charged particle|kinetic energy|static charged particle|battery", "answer": "vibrating charged particle", "id": "sciq_extra_1640", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of overdose do eudicots die from?", "context": "Options: hormonal|nutritional|metabolic|chemical", "answer": "hormonal", "id": "sciq_extra_1641", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The particles in a colloid are large enough to scatter light, a phenomenon called what?", "context": "The particles in a colloid are large enough to scatter light, a phenomenon called the Tyndall effect. This can make colloidal mixtures appear cloudy or opaque, such as the searchlight beams shown in Figure 11.31. Clouds are colloidal mixtures. They are composed of water droplets that are much larger than molecules, but that are small enough that they do not settle out. | Options: tyndall effect|astral effect|jonah effect|bowman effect", "answer": "tyndall effect", "id": "sciq_extra_1642", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What two things limit primary production in aquatic ecosystems?", "context": "Options: light and nutrients|air and nutrients|pollution and nutrients|air and light", "answer": "light and nutrients", "id": "sciq_extra_1643", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Vascular and non-vascular are two groups of what kind of organism?", "context": "The Major Divisions of Land Plants The green algae and land plants are grouped together into a subphylum called the Streptophytina, and thus are called Streptophytes. In a further division, land plants are classified into two major groups according to the absence or presence of vascular tissue, as detailed in Figure 25.6. Plants that lack vascular tissue, which is formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients, are referred to as non-vascular plants. Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts are seedless, non-vascular plants that likely appeared early in land plant evolution. Vascular plants developed a network of cells that conduct water and solutes. The first vascular plants appeared in the late Ordovician and were probably similar to lycophytes, which include club mosses (not to be confused with the mosses) and the pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns). Lycophytes and pterophytes are referred to as seedless vascular plants, because they do not produce seeds. The seed plants, or spermatophytes, form the largest group of all existing plants, and hence dominate the landscape. Seed plants include gymnosperms, most notably conifers (Gymnosperms), which produce “naked seeds,” and the most successful of all plants, the flowering plants (Angiosperms). Angiosperms protect their seeds inside chambers at the center of a flower; the walls of the chamber later develop into a fruit. | Options: plants|animals|vertebrates|fungi", "answer": "plants", "id": "sciq_extra_1644", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The burning of fossil fuels has increased which effect?", "context": "The burning of fossil fuels has increased the greenhouse effect and caused global climate change. Increasing temperatures are changing basic climate factors of habitats, and rising sea levels are covering them with water. These changes threaten many species. | Options: greenhouse effect|natural gas effect|photosynthesis effect|ozone effect", "answer": "greenhouse effect", "id": "sciq_extra_1645", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call geographical areas that contain high numbers of endemic species?", "context": "A simple measure of success in setting aside preserves for biodiversity protection is to set a target percentage of land or marine habitat to protect. However, a more detailed preserve design and choice of location is usually necessary because of the way protected lands are allocated and how biodiversity is distributed: protected lands tend to contain less economically valuable resources rather than being set aside specifically for the species or ecosystems at risk. In 2003, the IUCN World Parks Congress estimated that 11.5 percent of Earth’s land surface was covered by preserves of various kinds. This area is greater than previous goals; however, it only represents 9 out of 14 recognized major biomes and research has shown that 12 percent of all species live outside preserves; these percentages are much higher when threatened species are considered and when only high quality preserves are considered. For example, high quality preserves include only about 50 percent of threatened amphibian species. The conclusion must be that either the percentage of area protected must be increased, the percentage of high quality preserves must be increased, or preserves must be targeted with greater attention to biodiversity protection. Researchers argue that more attention to the latter solution is required. A biodiversity hotspot is a conservation concept developed by Norman Myers in 1988. Hotspots are geographical areas that contain high numbers of endemic species. The purpose of the con", "answer": "hotspots", "id": "sciq_extra_1646", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of climate do most agaves grow in?", "context": "Options: arid|arctic|rainforest|tropical", "answer": "arid", "id": "sciq_extra_1647", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What cells secrete signaling molecules that promote sperm production and can control whether germ cells live or die?", "context": "Sertoli Cells Surrounding all stages of the developing sperm cells are elongate, branching Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells are a type of supporting cell called a sustentacular cell, or sustenocyte, that are typically found in epithelial tissue. Sertoli cells secrete signaling molecules that promote sperm production and can control whether germ cells live or die. They extend physically around the germ cells from the peripheral basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules to the lumen. Tight junctions between these sustentacular cells create the blood–testis barrier, which keeps bloodborne substances from reaching the germ cells and, at the same time, keeps surface antigens on developing germ cells from escaping into the bloodstream and prompting an autoimmune response. | Options: sertoli cells|erythrocytes|neurons|egg cells", "answer": "sertoli cells", "id": "sciq_extra_1648", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Invertebrate chordates use what to filter food out of water?", "context": "Invertebrate chordates use their gills to filter food out of water, not to absorb oxygen. In the early evolution of fish, there was a switch to using gills to absorb oxygen instead of to filter food. Gills consist of many thin, folded tissues that provide a large surface area for oxygen uptake. With more oxygen absorbed by the gills, fish could become much larger and more active. | Options: gills|pores|tails|nose", "answer": "gills", "id": "sciq_extra_1649", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Because the current is alternating, the magnetic field of the iron core keeps doing what?", "context": "The transformer in the diagram consists of two wire coils wrapped around an iron core. Each coil is part of a different circuit. When alternating current passes through coil P, it magnetizes the iron core. Because the current is alternating, the magnetic field of the iron core keeps reversing. This is where electromagnetic induction comes in. The changing magnetic field induces alternating current in coil S of the other circuit. | Options: reversing|increasing|changing|decreasing", "answer": "reversing", "id": "sciq_extra_1650", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When heat moves out of a system, what is the sign of the enthalpy?", "context": "where H is the enthalpy of the system, E is the internal energy, P is the pressure, and V is the volume. It can be difficult to distinguish \"heat\" and \"enthalpy. \" Heat measures the transfer of thermal energy between two objects, and enthalpy measures the flow of heat. When heat flows out of a system, the change in enthalpy is negative; when heat flows into a system, the change in enthalpy is positive. Enthalpy is a useful tool for characterizing chemical reactions. | Options: negative|it depends|positive|N/A (zero)", "answer": "negative", "id": "sciq_extra_1651", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs when light bumps into tiny particles of matter and spreads out in all directions?", "context": "Scattering occurs when light bumps into tiny particles of matter and spreads out in all directions. In the Figure below , beams of light from car headlights are shining through fog. The light is scattered by water droplets in the air, giving the headlights a “halo” appearance. | Options: scattering|kaleidoscope|darkness|rainbow effect", "answer": "scattering", "id": "sciq_extra_1652", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "During unfavorable conditions, mature seeds may enter a period of inactivity or extremely low metabolic activity called what?", "context": "Seed Germination Many mature seeds enter a period of inactivity, or extremely low metabolic activity: a process known as dormancy, which may last for months, years or even centuries. Dormancy helps keep seeds viable during unfavorable conditions. Upon a return to favorable conditions, seed germination takes place. Favorable conditions could be as diverse as moisture, light, cold, fire, or chemical treatments. After heavy rains, many new seedlings emerge. Forest fires also lead to the emergence of new seedlings. Some seeds require vernalization (cold treatment) before they can germinate. This guarantees that seeds produced by plants in temperate climates will not germinate until the spring. Plants growing in hot climates may have seeds that need a heat treatment in order to germinate, to avoid germination in the hot, dry summers. In many seeds, the presence of a thick seed coat retards the ability to germinate. Scarification, which includes mechanical or chemical processes to soften the seed coat, is often employed before germination. Presoaking in hot water, or passing through an acid environment, such as an animal’s digestive tract, may also be employed. Depending on seed size, the time taken for a seedling to emerge may vary. Species with large seeds have enough food reserves to germinate deep below ground, and still extend their epicotyl all the way to the soil surface. Seeds of smallseeded species usually require light as a germination cue. This ensures the seeds only ger", "answer": "dormancy", "id": "sciq_extra_1653", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Solid coal, liquid petroleum, and liquid natural gas are all types of what?", "context": "Fossil fuels include solid coal, liquid petroleum, and liquid natural gas. | Options: fossil fuels|nuclear fusion|hydroelectric|solar electric", "answer": "fossil fuels", "id": "sciq_extra_1654", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What everyday beverage commodity is second only to oil in worldwide trade?", "context": "Chemistry in Everyday Life Decaffeinating Coffee Using Supercritical CO2 Coffee is the world’s second most widely traded commodity, following only petroleum. Across the globe, people love coffee’s aroma and taste. Many of us also depend on one component of coffee—caffeine—to help us get going in the morning or stay alert in the afternoon. But late in the day, coffee’s stimulant effect can keep you from sleeping, so you may choose to drink decaffeinated coffee in the evening. Since the early 1900s, many methods have been used to decaffeinate coffee. All have advantages and disadvantages, and all depend on the physical and chemical properties of caffeine. Because caffeine is. | Options: coffee|water|soda|beer", "answer": "coffee", "id": "sciq_extra_1655", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where are ribosomes made?", "context": "The nucleolus is inside the nucleus, and is where ribosomes are made. | Options: the nucleolus|cell membrane|mitochondria|protoplasm", "answer": "the nucleolus", "id": "sciq_extra_1656", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What prevents loss of water from the body and keeps out microorganisms?", "context": "The skin prevents loss of water from the body and keeps out microorganisms. Melanin in the epidermis protects the dermis from damaging ultraviolet light. By dilating or contracting its blood vessels and releasing sweat, skin helps maintain a constant body temperature. | Options: the skin'|muscles|hydration|sweat", "answer": "the skin'", "id": "sciq_extra_1657", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Batteries containing a liquid electrolyte, like those in cars, are referred to as what kind of battery?", "context": "The car battery is an example of a “wet cell” battery, because there is a liquid electrolyte (sulfuric acid) present in the system. These batteries must operate in an upright position so the liquid material does not spill out. In contrast, dry cell batteries contain a paste that serves as the positive electrode. The composition and voltage depends on the specific battery, but typical voltage outputs are in the 1.0-1.5 volt range. | Options: wet cell|time cell|sand cell|lithium cell", "answer": "wet cell", "id": "sciq_extra_1658", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Stp, which is important in determining information about gas behavior and properties, stands for standard temperature and what?", "context": "It should be obvious by now that some physical properties of gases depend strongly on the conditions. What we need is a set of standard conditions so that properties of gases can be properly compared to each other. Standard temperature and pressure (STP) is defined as exactly 100 kPa of pressure (0.986 atm) and 273 K (0°C). For simplicity, we will use 1 atm as standard pressure. Defining STP allows us to compare more directly the properties of gases that differ from each other. One property shared among gases is a molar volume. The molar volume is the volume of 1 mol of a gas. At STP, the molar volume of a gas can be easily determined by using the ideal gas law:. | Options: pressure|pull|power|push", "answer": "pressure", "id": "sciq_extra_1659", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Within a particular habitat, what can be characterized by its size or density?", "context": "Population Size and Density The study of any population usually begins by determining how many individuals of a particular species exist, and how closely associated they are with each other. Within a particular habitat, a population can be characterized by its population size (N), the total number of individuals, and its population density, the number of individuals within a specific area or volume. Population size and density are the two main characteristics used to describe and understand populations. For example, populations with more individuals may be more stable than smaller populations based on their genetic variability, and thus their potential to adapt to the environment. Alternatively, a member of a population with low population density (more spread out in the habitat), might have more difficulty finding a mate to reproduce compared to a population of higher density. As is shown in Figure 45.2, smaller organisms tend to be more densely distributed than larger organisms. | Options: population|total|group|percent", "answer": "population", "id": "sciq_extra_1660", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Animals that eat decomposing organic material, such as dung beetles, make the material available to what organisms that break it down further?", "context": "Animals that eat decomposing organic material also have an important interaction with the environment. They help to decompose dead matter and assist with the recycling of nutrients. By burying and eating dung, dung beetles, such as the one shown in Figure below , improve nutrient cycling and soil structure. They make the dead organic matter available to bacteria that break it down even further. | Options: bacteria|consumers|pathogens|protozoa", "answer": "bacteria", "id": "sciq_extra_1661", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Skin that acts as camouflage or secretes chemicals poisonous to predators are successful modification in frogs and salamanders, classed as what in the order anura?", "context": "View River Monsters: Fish With Arms and Hands? (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/river_monster) to see a video about an unusually large salamander species. Anura: Frogs Frogs are amphibians that belong to the order Anura (Figure 29.17). Anurans are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates, with approximately 5,965 species that occur on all of the continents except Antarctica. Anurans have a body plan that is more specialized for movement. Adult frogs use their hind limbs to jump on land. Frogs have a number of modifications that allow them to avoid predators, including skin that acts as camouflage. Many species of frogs and salamanders also release defensive chemicals from glands in the skin that are poisonous to predators. | Options: amphibians|parasites|fungi|reptiles", "answer": "amphibians", "id": "sciq_extra_1662", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call people who study science and are experts in one or more fields of science?", "context": "Scientists are regular people who chose to study science. They are experts in done or more fields of science. | Options: scientists|chemists|animals|doctors", "answer": "scientists", "id": "sciq_extra_1663", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In budding , organisms reproduce by having new individuals split off from what?", "context": "In budding , organisms reproduce by having new individuals split off from existing ones, which results in genetically identical parent and daughter organisms. The bud may stay attached or break free from the parent. Eukaryotic organisms, such as the single cell yeast and multicellular hydra, undergo budding ( Figure below ). | Options: existing ones|ova|nuclei|a sister chromatid", "answer": "existing ones", "id": "sciq_extra_1664", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What planet, covered by a thick layer of clouds, looks smooth and featureless through a telescope?", "context": "Viewed through a telescope, Venus looks smooth and featureless. The planet is covered by a thick layer of clouds. You can see the clouds in pictures of Venus, such as Figure below . We make maps of the surface using radar, because the thick clouds won’t allow us to take photographs of the surface of Venus. | Options: venus|Earth|uranus|mars", "answer": "venus", "id": "sciq_extra_1665", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of power is generated via underground sources of heat?", "context": "Geothermal energy is an excellent resource in some parts of the world. Iceland is gets about one fourth of its electricity from geothermal sources. In the United States, California leads all states in producing geothermal energy. Geothermal energy in California is concentrated in the northern part of the state. The largest plant is in the Geysers Geothermal Resource Area. Geothermal energy is not economical everywhere. Many parts of the world do not have underground sources of heat that are close enough to the surface for building geothermal power plants. | Options: geothermal|hydrothermal|volcanic|solar", "answer": "geothermal", "id": "sciq_extra_1666", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Saturn is made mostly of what two elements?", "context": "Saturn’s composition is similar to Jupiter's. The planet is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. These elements are gases in the outer layers and liquids in the deeper layers. Saturn may also have a small solid core. Saturn's upper atmosphere has clouds in bands of different colors. These clouds rotate rapidly around the planet. But Saturn has fewer storms than Jupiter. Thunder and lightning have been seen in the storms on Saturn. | Options: hydrogen and helium|carbon and oxygen|helium and lithium|nitrogen and boron", "answer": "hydrogen and helium", "id": "sciq_extra_1667", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances is called a what?", "context": "Water is one of the most common ingredients in solutions. A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In a solution, one substance is dissolved in another substance, forming a mixture that has the same proportion of substances throughout. The dissolved substance in a solution is called the solute . The substance in which it is dissolved is called the solvent . An example of a solution in which water is the solvent is salt water. In this solution, a solid—sodium chloride—is the solute. In addition to a solid dissolved in a liquid, solutions can also form with solutes and solvents in other states of matter. Examples are given in the Table below . | Options: solution|mixture|element|structure", "answer": "solution", "id": "sciq_extra_1668", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for particles composed of three quarks?", "context": "Particles that are composed of three quarks are called baryons. | Options: baryons|mesons|nucleons|tachyons", "answer": "baryons", "id": "sciq_extra_1669", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Both glyceraldehyde and glyceric acid are derivatives of biochemical intermediates in metabolism of what?", "context": "Both glyceraldehyde and glyceric acid are derivatives of biochemical intermediates in sugar metabolism. Is the conversion of glycerol to glyceric acid an oxidative process or a reductive process? b. How many of these compounds are chiral? Indicate any chiral centers with an asterisk. | Options: sugar|lipids|fats|proteins", "answer": "sugar", "id": "sciq_extra_1670", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Instead of insects, crustaceans are the dominant arthropods in what environment?", "context": "Options: marine habitat|tundra habitat|desert habitat|arid habitat", "answer": "marine habitat", "id": "sciq_extra_1671", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The scientific method deals with systematic investigation, reproducible results, the formation and testing of hypotheses, and what two categories of reasoning?", "context": "2.2 Nature of science Science is a methodology for learning about the world. It involves the application of knowledge. The scientific method deals with systematic investigation, reproducible results, the formation and testing of hypotheses, and reasoning. Reasoning can be broken down into two categories, induction (specific data is used to develop a generalized observation or conclusion) and deduction (general information leads to specific conclusion). Most reasoning in science is done through induction. Science as we now know it arose as a discipline in the 17th century. | Options: induction and deduction|method and deduction|reduction and deduction|existence and deduction", "answer": "induction and deduction", "id": "sciq_extra_1672", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is an example of a predator-prey relationship that helps maintain the balance of organisms in ecosystems?", "context": "Predation is another mechanism in which species interact with each other. Predation is when a predator organism feeds on another living organism or organisms, known as prey . The predator always lowers the prey’s fitness . It does this by keeping the prey from surviving, reproducing, or both. Predator-prey relationships are essential to maintaining the balance of organisms in an ecosystem. Examples of predator-prey relationships include the lion and zebra, the bear and fish, and the fox and rabbit. | Options: lion and zebra|zebra and elephant|zebra and air|lion and grass", "answer": "lion and zebra", "id": "sciq_extra_1673", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The 'boy in the bubble' is a classic example of someone suffering what type of disease that can cause opportunistic infections?", "context": "Inherited Immunodeficiencies A list of all inherited immunodeficiencies is well beyond the scope of this book. The list is almost as long as the list of cells, proteins, and signaling molecules of the immune system itself. Some deficiencies, such as those for complement, cause only a higher susceptibility to some Gram-negative bacteria. Others are more severe in their consequences. Certainly, the most serious of the inherited immunodeficiencies is severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). This disease is complex because it is caused by many different genetic defects. What groups them together is the fact that both the B cell and T cell arms of the adaptive immune response are affected. Children with this disease usually die of opportunistic infections within their first year of life unless they receive a bone marrow transplant. Such a procedure had not yet been perfected for David Vetter, the “boy in the bubble,” who was treated for SCID by having to live almost his entire life in a sterile plastic cocoon for the 12 years before his death from infection in 1984. One of the features that make bone marrow transplants work as well as they do is the proliferative capability of hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow. Only a small amount of bone marrow from a healthy donor is given intravenously to the recipient. It finds its own way to the bone where it populates it, eventually reconstituting the patient’s immune system, which is usually destroyed beforehand by treatme", "answer": "inherited immunodeficiency", "id": "sciq_extra_1674", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What phase does dna replication occur in the cell cycle?", "context": "DNA replication occurs during the S phase (the Synthesis phase) of the cell cycle, before mitosis and cell division. The base pairing rules are crucial for the process of replication. DNA replication occurs when DNA is copied to form an identical molecule of DNA. | Options: synthesis|Gap 0|apoptosis|Mitosis", "answer": "synthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1675", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of rocks form when magma cools and forms crystals?", "context": "Igneous rocks form when magma cools and forms crystals. These rocks can form at Earth’s surface or deep underground. Figure below shows a landscape in California’s Sierra Nevada that consists entirely of granite. | Options: igneous|sedimentary|metarmorphic|seismic", "answer": "igneous", "id": "sciq_extra_1676", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What determines the color of a star?", "context": "The color of a star is determined by its surface temperature. | Options: surface temperature|size of the star|core temperature|age of the star", "answer": "surface temperature", "id": "sciq_extra_1677", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Why do birds build nests?", "context": "Birds and wasps build nests to have a safe place to store their eggs and raise their young. Many other animals build nests for the same reason. Animals protect their young in other ways, as well. For example, a mother dog not only nurses her puppies. She also washes them with her tongue and protects them from strange people or other animals. All of these behaviors help the young survive and grow up to be adults. | Options: safe place|get off ground|raise birds|hatch eggs", "answer": "safe place", "id": "sciq_extra_1678", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Flagella, cilia and pseudopods are appendages that protists use for what purpose?", "context": "Most protists have motility . This is the ability to move. Protists have three types of appendages for movement. As shown in Figure below , they may have flagella, cilia , or pseudopods (“false feet”). There may be one or more whip-like flagella. Cilia are similar to flagella, except they are shorter and there are more of them. They may completely cover the surface of the protist cell. Pseudopods are temporary, foot-like extensions of the cytoplasm. | Options: movement|gravity|pressure|momentum", "answer": "movement", "id": "sciq_extra_1679", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Another interesting phenomenon associated with polarized light is the ability of some crystals to split an unpolarized beam of light into two. such crystals are said to be this?", "context": "Another interesting phenomenon associated with polarized light is the ability of some crystals to split an unpolarized beam of light into two. Such crystals are said to be birefringent (see Figure 27.50). Each of the separated rays has a specific polarization. One behaves normally and is called the ordinary ray, whereas the other does not obey Snell’s law and is called the extraordinary ray. Birefringent crystals can be used to produce polarized beams from unpolarized light. Some birefringent materials preferentially absorb one of the polarizations. These materials are called dichroic and can produce polarization by this preferential absorption. This is fundamentally how polarizing filters and other polarizers work. The interested reader is invited to further pursue the numerous properties of materials related to polarization. | Options: birefringent|reflective|phosphorescent|opaque matter", "answer": "birefringent", "id": "sciq_extra_1680", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A mitotic spindle forms from the what?", "context": "A mitotic spindle forms from the centrosomes. The nuclear envelope dissolves. Chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle, which separates the chromosomes and elongates the cell. | Options: centrosomes|sister chromatids|centrioles|ribosomes", "answer": "centrosomes", "id": "sciq_extra_1681", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that have different temperatures?", "context": "Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects that have different temperatures. Thermal energy always moves from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature. Specific heat is the amount of energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. Substances differ in their specific heat. | Options: heat|humidity|warm|sweat", "answer": "heat", "id": "sciq_extra_1682", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process in which cells make proteins called?", "context": "The process in which cells make proteins is called protein synthesis . It actually consists of two processes: transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA molecule. RNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. Translation reads the genetic code in mRNA and makes a protein. | Options: synthesis|catalysis|apoptosis|respiration", "answer": "synthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1683", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Living things on the ocean floor are known as?", "context": "Benthos are living things on the ocean floor. Many benthic organisms attach themselves to rocks and stay in one place. This protects them from crashing waves and other water movements. Some benthic organisms burrow into sediments for food or protection. Benthic animals may crawl over the ocean floor. Examples of benthos include clams and worms. Figure below shows two other examples. | Options: benthos|decomposers|protozoa|newts", "answer": "benthos", "id": "sciq_extra_1684", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A double form of what reproductive process is unique to angiosperms?", "context": "Figure 14.26 This diagram shows the lifecycle of an angiosperm. Anthers and ovaries are structures that shelter the actual gametophytes: the pollen grain and embryo sac. Double fertilization is a process unique to angiosperms. (credit: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal). | Options: fertilization|stimulation|destruction|infection", "answer": "fertilization", "id": "sciq_extra_1685", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the conversion of a liquid to its vapor below the boiling temperature of the liquid?", "context": "Evaporation is the conversion of a liquid to its vapor below the boiling temperature of the liquid. | Options: evaporation|absorption|vaporization|oxidation", "answer": "evaporation", "id": "sciq_extra_1686", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of energy conversion is done by a fuel cell?", "context": "Fuel Cells A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Fuel cells are similar to batteries but require a continuous source of fuel, often hydrogen. They will continue to produce electricity as long as fuel is available. Hydrogen fuel cells have been used to supply power for satellites, space capsules, automobiles, boats, and submarines (Figure 17.15). | Options: chemical into electrical|wind into nuclear|solar into chemical|electrical into nuclear", "answer": "chemical into electrical", "id": "sciq_extra_1687", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In which aspect does molality differ from molarity?", "context": "Molality differs from molarity only in the denominator. While molarity is based on the liters of solution, molality is based on the kilograms of solvent. Concentrations expressed in molality are used when studying properties of solutions related to vapor pressure and temperature changes. Molality is used because its value does not change with changes in temperature. The volume of a solution, on the other hand, is slightly dependent upon temperature. | Options: denominator|numerator|accuracy|complexity", "answer": "denominator", "id": "sciq_extra_1688", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the mass that is \"lost\" in fission or fusion actually converted to?", "context": "When the nucleus of a radioisotope undergoes fission or fusion, it loses a tiny amount of mass. What happens to the lost mass? It isn’t really lost at all. It is converted to energy. How much energy? . The change in mass is tiny, but it results in a great deal of energy. | Options: energy|momentum|pressure|hydrogen", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1689", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What does a glacier leave behind when it retreats?", "context": "a glacier retreats and leaves behind bare rock. | Options: bare rock|Dirt|Lakes|sediment", "answer": "bare rock", "id": "sciq_extra_1690", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed even when it changes?", "context": "Matter cannot be created or destroyed even when it changes. This is the law of conservation of mass. | Options: conservation of mass|Action of mass|Transfer of mass|modification of mass", "answer": "conservation of mass", "id": "sciq_extra_1691", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are natural sponges made of?", "context": "Natural sponges, like the one in the picture above, are actually animals taken from the sea! The sponges in your home, however, were most likely never living things. Most sponges used in kitchens today are made from unnatural materials. | Options: sea animals|sand|sea plants|sea shells", "answer": "sea animals", "id": "sciq_extra_1692", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The process in which certain bacteria change nitrogen gas to a form that plants can absorb through their roots is known as what?", "context": "Even though nitrogen gas makes up most of Earth's atmosphere, plants cannot use this nitrogen gas to make organic compounds for themselves and other organisms. The two nitrogen atoms in a molecule of nitrogen gas are held together by a very stable triple bond. This bond must be broken for the nitrogen to be used. The nitrogen gas must be changed to a form called nitrates, which plants can absorb through their roots. The process of changing nitrogen gas to nitrates is called nitrogen fixation . It is carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The bacteria live in soil and roots of legumes, such as peas. | Options: nitrogen fixation|pollen fixation|oxygen fixation|dioxide fixation", "answer": "nitrogen fixation", "id": "sciq_extra_1693", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What gas is actually a waste product of photosynthesis?", "context": "Around 3 billion years ago, photosynthesis began. Organisms could make their own food from sunlight and inorganic molecules. From these ingredients they made chemical energy that they used. Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis. That first oxygen combined with iron to create iron oxide. Later on, the oxygen entered the atmosphere. | Options: oxygen|carbon dioxide|hydrogen|nitrogen", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_1694", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Distinguished by the great red spot, what planet has an upper atmosphere containing ammonia clouds?", "context": "Jupiter's atmosphere is unlike any other in the solar system! The upper layer contains clouds of ammonia. The ammonia is different colored bands. These bands rotate around the planet. The ammonia also swirls around in tremendous storms. The Great Red Spot ( Figure below ) is Jupiter's most noticeable feature. The spot is an enormous, oval-shaped storm. It is more than three times as wide as Earth! Clouds in the storm rotate counterclockwise. They make one complete turn every six days or so. The Great Red Spot has been on Jupiter for at least 300 years. It may have been observed as early as 1664. It is possible that this storm is a permanent feature on Jupiter. No one knows for sure. | Options: jupiter|saturn|uranus|mars", "answer": "jupiter", "id": "sciq_extra_1695", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What controls what goes in and out of a cell?", "context": "The function of the plasma membrane is to control what goes in and out of the cell. Some molecules can go through the cell membrane to enter and leave the cell, but some cannot. The cell is therefore not completely permeable. \"Permeable\" means that anything can cross a barrier. An open door is completely permeable to anything that wants to enter or exit through the door. The plasma membrane is semipermeable , meaning that some things can enter the cell, and some things cannot. | Options: the plasma membrane|the cilia|the nucleus|the mitochondria", "answer": "the plasma membrane", "id": "sciq_extra_1696", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If the average binding energy per nucleon overcomes the repulsion, the nucleus stays together and it referred to as what?", "context": "Each nucleus, therefore, has competing forces. The repulsive force between the protons tends to blow the nucleus apart and the binding energy tends to hold the nucleus together. If the average binding energy per nucleon overcomes the repulsion, the nucleus stays together and it referred to as stable. If the repulsion overcomes the average binding energy per nucleon, the nucleus may blow apart or undergo nuclear disintegration . When a nucleus disintegrates, it throws off pieces of itself and energy in the form of gamma rays . This disintegration process came to be called radioactivity . | Options: stable|even|solid|closed", "answer": "stable", "id": "sciq_extra_1697", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is mollusks complete digestive system called?", "context": "Mollusks also have a coelom, a complete digestive system, and specialized organs for excretion. | Options: coelom|choroid|vesicle|thallus", "answer": "coelom", "id": "sciq_extra_1698", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Kinetic energy is the energy of what?", "context": "Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. | Options: motion|heat|light|wind", "answer": "motion", "id": "sciq_extra_1699", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which area in a lake is likely to have more nutrients?", "context": "Water near the bottom of lakes and the ocean may contain more nutrients than water closer to the surface. When aquatic organisms die, they sink to the bottom. Decomposers near the bottom of the water break down the dead organisms and release their nutrients back into the water. | Options: bottom|crust|reef|surface", "answer": "bottom", "id": "sciq_extra_1700", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is relative to another object, whereas heat is the flow of what energy between objects with different temperatures?", "context": "Temperature The concept of temperature may seem familiar to you, but many people confuse temperature with heat. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is relative to another object (its thermal energy content), whereas heat is the flow of thermal energy between objects with different temperatures. Three different scales are commonly used to measure temperature: Fahrenheit (expressed as °F), Celsius (°C), and Kelvin (K). Thermometers measure temperature by using materials that expand or contract when heated or cooled. Mercury or alcohol thermometers, for example, have a reservoir of liquid that expands when heated and contracts when cooled, so the liquid column lengthens or shortens as the temperature of the liquid changes. | Options: thermal energy|nuclear energy|gravitational energy|potential energy", "answer": "thermal energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1701", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Scientists use seismographs and intersecting circles to determine the location of what?", "context": "Next, the seismologists try to determine the location of the earthquake epicenter. To do this they need the distances to the epicenter from at least three seismographs. Let’s say that they know that an earthquake’s epicenter is 50 kilometers from Kansas City. They draw a circle with a 50 km radius around that seismic station. They do this twice more around two different seismic stations. The three circles intersect at a single point. This is the earthquake’s epicenter ( Figure below ). | Options: earthquake epicenter|tsunami|hurricane|volcano", "answer": "earthquake epicenter", "id": "sciq_extra_1702", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens when iron is exposed to water and oxygen?", "context": "Corrosion involves the formation of an oxidized form of a metal by an electrochemical process. A common example is the rusting of iron when exposed to water and oxygen. The tarnishing of silver and the red or green deposits formed on copper are other examples. Corrosion in all its forms costs the U. S. millions of dollars each year in expenses for metal replacement. | Options: rusting|smoking|shrinking|combustion", "answer": "rusting", "id": "sciq_extra_1703", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What disease is generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle?", "context": "Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses of cells. It is generally caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide without limits. Cancer causing genes can be inherited. You can learn more about hereditary cancer by watching the video at the following link: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=LWk5FplsKwM (4:29). | Options: cancer|heart disease|arthritis|pneumonia", "answer": "cancer", "id": "sciq_extra_1704", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Proteins are organic compounds made up of what type of acids?", "context": "Proteins are organic compounds made up of amino acids. They form muscles, speed up chemical reactions, and perform many other cellular functions. | Options: amino|nucleic|enzyme|lactic", "answer": "amino", "id": "sciq_extra_1705", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Speciation is usually due to a single instance of what?", "context": "Options: mutation|division|accumulation|radiation", "answer": "mutation", "id": "sciq_extra_1706", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the extra layer that prokaryotes have outside the cell wall?", "context": "Many prokaryotes have an extra layer, called a capsule, outside the cell wall. The capsule protects the cell from chemicals and from drying out. It also allows the cell to stick to surfaces and to other cells. Because of this, many prokaryotes can form biofilms, like the one shown in Figure below . A biofilm is a colony of prokaryotes that is stuck to a surface such as a rock or a host’s tissues. The sticky plaque that collects on your teeth between brushings is a biofilm. It consists of millions of bacteria. | Options: a capsule|a bone|a shape|a shell", "answer": "a capsule", "id": "sciq_extra_1707", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The binary halides are an important subclass of what?", "context": "Halides of the Representative Metals Thousands of salts of the representative metals have been prepared. The binary halides are an important subclass of salts. A salt is an ionic compound composed of cations and anions, other than hydroxide or oxide ions. In general, it is possible to prepare these salts from the metals or from oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates. We will illustrate the general types of reactions for preparing salts through reactions used to prepare binary halides. The binary compounds of a metal with the halogens are the halides. Most binary halides are ionic. However, mercury, the elements of group 13 with oxidation states of 3+, tin(IV), and lead(IV) form covalent binary halides. The direct reaction of a metal and a halogen produce the halide of the metal. Examples of these oxidation-reduction reactions include: Cd(s) + Cl 2(g) ⟶ CdCl 2(s) 2Ga(l) + 3Br 2(l) ⟶ 2GaBr 3(s). | Options: salts|acids|minerals|gases", "answer": "salts", "id": "sciq_extra_1708", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When was construction of the hoover dam completed?", "context": "If you take a trip out of Las Vegas toward Phoenix you can visit the Hoover Dam. Completed in 1935, the dam provides power to over a million homes. It also stores water for use by the residents of the desert southwest. Hoover Dam is one of the engineering marvels of the 20th century. | Options: 1935|1959|1969|1905", "answer": "1935", "id": "sciq_extra_1709", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Some plants can produce seeds without fertilization and this method of reproduction is known as what?", "context": "Some plants can produce seeds without fertilization. Either the ovule or part of the ovary, which is diploid in nature, gives rise to a new seed. This method of reproduction is known as apomixis. An advantage of asexual reproduction is that the resulting plant will reach maturity faster. Since the new plant is arising from an adult plant or plant parts, it will also be sturdier than a seedling. Asexual reproduction can take place by natural or artificial (assisted by humans) means. | Options: apomixis|gametes|amoebas|Density", "answer": "apomixis", "id": "sciq_extra_1710", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of chains do unsaturated fatty acids have?", "context": "Fatty Acids. Saturated fatty acids have straight chains, like the three fatty acids shown in the upper left. Unsaturated fatty acids have bent chains, like all the other fatty acids in the figure. | Options: bent chains|Spiral Chains|Stait Chains|Broken Chains", "answer": "bent chains", "id": "sciq_extra_1711", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ribosomes are the site of what process?", "context": "8.5 Ribosomes Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis. Ribosomes themselves are synthesized in the cell nucleoli28 and are structured as two subunits, the large and the small. These parts are composed of RNA and protein. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes are different, the eukaryotic ones being larger and more complicated. | Options: protein synthesis|organism synthesis|consume synthesis|Measure Synthesis", "answer": "protein synthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1712", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Bacteria and archaea that survive under extreme conditions are called?", "context": "phototrophs and began the oxygenation of the atmosphere. The increase in oxygen concentration allowed the evolution of other life forms. Fossilized microbial mats are called stromatolites and consist of laminated organo-sedimentary structures formed by precipitation of minerals by prokaryotes. They represent the earliest fossil record of life on Earth. Bacteria and archaea grow in virtually every environment. Those that survive under extreme conditions are called extremophiles (extreme lovers). Some prokaryotes cannot grow in a laboratory setting, but they are not dead. They are in the viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. The VBNC state occurs when prokaryotes enter a dormant state in response to environmental stressors. Most prokaryotes are social and prefer to live in communities where interactions take place. A biofilm is a microbial community held together in a gummy-textured matrix. | Options: extremophiles|audiophiles|rotifers|carotenoids", "answer": "extremophiles", "id": "sciq_extra_1713", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The production and transport of gametes is performed by what type of organs?", "context": "46.3 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes. | Options: reproductive|degradation|skin|digestion", "answer": "reproductive", "id": "sciq_extra_1714", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are atoms of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons called?", "context": "Isotopes are atoms of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons. | Options: isotopes|variations|masses|electrons", "answer": "isotopes", "id": "sciq_extra_1715", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Active transport mechanisms require the use of the cell’s energy, usually in the form of what?", "context": "3.6 | Active Transport By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Understand how electrochemical gradients affect ions • Describe endocytosis, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis • Understand the process of exocytosis Active transport mechanisms require the use of the cell’s energy, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). If a substance must move into the cell against its concentration gradient, that is, if the concentration of the substance inside the cell must be greater than its concentration in the extracellular fluid, the cell must use energy to move the substance. Some active transport mechanisms move small-molecular weight material, such as ions, through the membrane. In addition to moving small ions and molecules through the membrane, cells also need to remove and take in larger molecules and particles. Some cells are even capable of engulfing entire unicellular microorganisms. You might have correctly hypothesized that the uptake and release of large particles by the cell requires energy. A large particle, however, cannot pass through the membrane, even with energy supplied by the cell. | Options: adenosine triphosphate (atp|ribonucleic acid (RNA)|deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)|protein", "answer": "adenosine triphosphate (atp", "id": "sciq_extra_1716", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of energy can move through glass much better than through paper?", "context": "Options: light|vibrational|sound|heat", "answer": "light", "id": "sciq_extra_1717", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What forms when one substance dissolves into another?", "context": "When one substance dissolves into another, a solution is formed. A solution is a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent . The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium. Solutions can be formed with many different types and forms of solutes and solvents. | Options: solution|mixture|compound|solvent", "answer": "solution", "id": "sciq_extra_1718", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What transition occurs as heat is added or removed from a substance?", "context": "Phase transitions occur as heat is added or removed from a substance. | Options: phase transition|thermal reaction|diffusion transition|heat wave", "answer": "phase transition", "id": "sciq_extra_1719", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the predicted year that as many as half of all remaining species could go extinct?", "context": "Evidence shows that a sixth mass extinction is happening right now. Species are currently going extinct at the fastest rate since the dinosaurs died out. Dozens of species are going extinct every day. If this rate continues, as many as half of all remaining species could go extinct by 2050. | Options: 2050|3000|2040|2020", "answer": "2050", "id": "sciq_extra_1720", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which scientist developed the theory of evolution and detailed it in the book origin of species?", "context": "In his book On the Origin of Species, Darwin included a lot of evidence to show that evolution had taken place. He also made logical arguments to support his theory that evolution occurs by natural selection. Since Darwin’s time, much more evidence has been gathered. The evidence includes a huge number of fossils. It also includes more detailed knowledge of living things, right down to their DNA. | Options: charles darwin|Isaac Newton|Gregor Mendel|Carl Sagan", "answer": "charles darwin", "id": "sciq_extra_1721", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Insects are the only invertebrates that can do what?", "context": "The main reason that insects have been so successful is their ability to fly. Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly. They were also the first animals to evolve flight. The ability to fly is highly adaptive. It’s a guaranteed means of escape from nonflying predators. It’s also useful for finding food and mates. | Options: fly|reproduce|vocalize|shed", "answer": "fly", "id": "sciq_extra_1722", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What basic structures, found in animals and plants, are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems?", "context": "Options: cells|bones|proteins|seeds", "answer": "cells", "id": "sciq_extra_1723", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we call the phase of nuclear division, in which one nucleus divides and becomes two nuclei?", "context": "Mitosis is the phase of nuclear division, in which one nucleus divides and becomes two nuclei. Mitosis itself is a multi-phase process and will be the focus of the Cell Cycle: Mitosis (Advanced) concept. Immediately following mitosis is cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm divides in half, producing two daughter cells, each containing a complete set of genetic material. | Options: mitosis|metaphase|prometaphase|cytokinesis", "answer": "mitosis", "id": "sciq_extra_1724", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In abalones and limpets, what is conical, but somewhat flattened?", "context": "Options: the shell|the heart|the head|the bone", "answer": "the shell", "id": "sciq_extra_1725", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the physical properties of water and carbon dioxide affected by?", "context": "The physical properties of water and carbon dioxide are affected by their polarities. | Options: their polarities|weather|weight|temperature", "answer": "their polarities", "id": "sciq_extra_1726", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which one of newton's laws describes the direct relationship between force and acceleration?", "context": "Newton’s second law shows that there is a direct relationship between force and acceleration. The greater the force that is applied to an object of a given mass, the more the object will accelerate. For example, doubling the force on the object doubles its acceleration. | Options: second law|first law|third law|fourth law", "answer": "second law", "id": "sciq_extra_1727", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The process by which creatures regulate body temperature from the outside through behavioral changes is known as what?", "context": "Until mammals and birds evolved, all vertebrates were ectothermic. Ectothermy means regulating body temperature from the outside through behavioral changes. For example, an ectotherm might stay under a rock in the shade in order to keep cool on a hot, sunny day. Almost all living fish, amphibians, and reptiles are ectothermic. Their metabolic rate and level of activity depend mainly on the outside temperature. They can raise or lower their own temperature only slightly through behavior alone. | Options: ectothermy|endothermy|exterior induction|misiothermy", "answer": "ectothermy", "id": "sciq_extra_1728", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Because of moving charged particles in its outer core, earth is what?", "context": "In this chapter, you learned that Earth is a magnet because of moving charged particles in its outer core. In the chapter \"Electricity,\" you learned that moving charged particles create electric current. The next chapter explains how electric current and magnetism are related. | Options: magnet|laser|antenna|transmitter", "answer": "magnet", "id": "sciq_extra_1729", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Color, taste, and melting point are examples of what kind of properties?", "context": "Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of the substance present. Some examples of intensive properties are color, taste, and melting point. | Options: intensive properties|experimental properties|sensory properties|extensive properties", "answer": "intensive properties", "id": "sciq_extra_1730", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Amorphous selenium is a photosensitive what?", "context": "Because amorphous selenium is a photosensitive semiconductor, exposing an electrostatically charged Se film to light causes the positive charge on the film to be discharged in all areas that are white in the original. Dark areas in the original block the light and generate an invisible, positively charged image. To produce an image on paper, negatively charged toner particles are attracted to the positive image, transferred to a negatively charged sheet of blank paper, and fused with the paper at high temperature to give a permanent image. The heaviest chalcogen, polonium, was isolated after an extraordinary effort by Marie Curie. (For more information on radioactivity and polonium, see Chapter 1 \"Introduction to Chemistry\", Section 1.5 \"The Atom\". ) Although she was never able to obtain macroscopic quantities of the element, which she named for her native country of Poland, she demonstrated that its chemistry required it to be assigned to group 16. Marie Curie was awarded a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 for the discovery of radium and polonium. | Options: semiconductor|electromagnet|insulator|diffusion", "answer": "semiconductor", "id": "sciq_extra_1731", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, the vapor in the container is then said to be in what with the liquid?", "context": "Vaporization and Condensation When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor in the container changes. The vapor in the container is then said to be in equilibrium with the liquid. Keep in mind that this is not a static situation, as molecules are continually exchanged between the condensed and gaseous phases. Such is an example of a dynamic equilibrium, the status of a system in. | Options: equilibrium|stability|synchronization|balance", "answer": "equilibrium", "id": "sciq_extra_1732", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the sources of sexual spores in a basidiocarp?", "context": "Options: basidia|stamens|annulus|conidia", "answer": "basidia", "id": "sciq_extra_1733", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Amylose and amylopectin are the two most common components of naturally occurring what?", "context": "Amylose and amylopectin are the two most common components of naturally occurring starch. Both consist of many glucose monomers connected into a polymer. Starch serves as energy storage in plants. | Options: starch|protein|carbon|chromosomes", "answer": "starch", "id": "sciq_extra_1734", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Reactive, high polarized substances made of carbon bonded to one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom are known as what?", "context": "Aldehydes are commonly composed of a carbon bonded to one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom. Aldehydes are particularly reactive due to their high polarity, and are commonly associated with strong smells and tastes. | Options: aldehydes|proteins|peptides|hydrocarbons", "answer": "aldehydes", "id": "sciq_extra_1735", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Relative humidity is related to the partial pressure of what in the air?", "context": "Relative humidity is related to the partial pressure of water vapor in the air. At 100% humidity, the partial pressure is equal to the vapor pressure, and no more water can enter the vapor phase. If the partial pressure is less than the vapor pressure, then evaporation will take place, as humidity is less than 100%. If the partial pressure is greater than the vapor pressure, condensation takes place. In everyday language, people sometimes refer to the capacity of air to “hold” water vapor, but this is not actually what happens. The water vapor is not held by the air. The amount of water in air is determined by the vapor pressure of water and has nothing to do with the properties of air. | Options: water vapor|solid vapor|air vapor|gas vapor", "answer": "water vapor", "id": "sciq_extra_1736", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the two stages in the life cycle of a jellyfish?", "context": "Figure 28.10 The lifecycle of a jellyfish includes two stages: the medusa stage and the polyp stage. The polyp reproduces asexually by budding, and the medusa reproduces sexually. (credit \"medusa\": modification of work by Francesco Crippa). | Options: medusa and polyp|witch and polyp|banshee and polyp|archangel and polyp", "answer": "medusa and polyp", "id": "sciq_extra_1737", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the cell holds cell organelles in place within the cytoplasm?", "context": "Crisscrossing the cytoplasm is a structure called the cytoskeleton . It consists of thread-like filaments and tubules. The cytoskeleton is like a cellular “skeleton. ” It helps the cell keep its shape. It also holds cell organelles in place within the cytoplasm. | Options: cytoskeleton|exoskeleton|nucleus|call wall", "answer": "cytoskeleton", "id": "sciq_extra_1738", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name for the process of insects transforming from a young insect to an adult?", "context": "An insect can have one of three types of metamorphosis and life cycles ( Table below ). Metamorphosis describes how insects transform from an immature or young insect into an adult insect in at least two stages. Insects may undergo gradual metamorphosis (incomplete), where transformation is subtle, or complete metamorphosis, where each stage of the life cycle appears quite different from the others. In some insects, there may be no true metamorphosis at all. | Options: metamorphosis|spontaneous mutation|parthenogenesis|maturation", "answer": "metamorphosis", "id": "sciq_extra_1739", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Over time, heavy metals build up in the tissues of organisms by what process?", "context": "Heavy metals, such as mercury and lead, are toxic to living things. They can enter food chains from the atmosphere. The metals build up in the tissues of organisms by bioaccumulation . Bioaccumulation is illustrated in Figure below . As heavy metals are passed up a food chain they accumulate. Imagine a low-level consumer eating a producer. That consumer takes in all of the heavy metals from all of the producers that it eats. Then a higher-level consumer eats it and accumulates all the heavy metals from all of the lower-level consumers that it eats. In this way, heavy metals may accumulate. At high levels in the food chain, the heavy metals may be quite become quite concentrated. | Options: bioaccumulation|solidification|oxygenation|biosynthesis", "answer": "bioaccumulation", "id": "sciq_extra_1740", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Changes to what that delete, disrupt, or rearrange many loci at once are usually harmful?", "context": "Options: chromosomes|ribosomes|neutrons|cells", "answer": "chromosomes", "id": "sciq_extra_1741", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The ability of a material to emit various wavelengths of light is similarly related to its?", "context": "Fluorescence and Phosphorescence The ability of a material to emit various wavelengths of light is similarly related to its atomic energy levels. Figure 30.31 shows a scorpion illuminated by a UV lamp, sometimes called a black light. Some rocks also glow in black light, the particular colors being a function of the rock’s mineral composition. Black lights are also used to make certain posters glow. | Options: atomic energy levels|specific gravity|half-life|molar mass", "answer": "atomic energy levels", "id": "sciq_extra_1742", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Divergent plate boundaries rift what landforms apart, leading to the formation of a new ocean between them?", "context": "Divergent plate boundaries rift a continent apart. Eventually a new ocean will form between the two continents. | Options: continents|mountains|islands|coasts", "answer": "continents", "id": "sciq_extra_1743", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What mineral is stored and is maintained at normal levels in blood by the skeletal system?", "context": "The skeletal system stores calcium and helps maintain normal levels of calcium in the blood. Bones take up and store calcium when blood levels of calcium are high. They release some of the stored calcium when blood levels of calcium are low. | Options: calcium|potassium|selenium|magnesium", "answer": "calcium", "id": "sciq_extra_1744", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of diseases are diseases that are caused by choices that people make in their daily lives?", "context": "We know that many respiratory illnesses are caused by bacteria or viruses. There are steps you can take to help the spread of these pathogens, and also to prevent you from catching one. Furthermore, many respiratory illnesses are caused by poor habits, such as smoking. Many of the diseases related to smoking are called lifestyle diseases . Lifestyle diseases are diseases that are caused by choices that people make in their daily lives. For example, the choice to smoke can lead to emphysema, cancer and heart disease in later life. But you can make healthy choices instead. There are many things you can do to keep yourself healthy. | Options: lifestyle diseases|congenital diseases|benign diseases|contagious diseases", "answer": "lifestyle diseases", "id": "sciq_extra_1745", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A barometer is a device that measures this?", "context": "Weather instruments measure weather conditions. One of the most important conditions is air pressure, which is measured with a barometer . Figure below shows how a barometer works. There are also a number of other commonly used weather instruments (see Figure below ):. | Options: air pressure|humidity|temperature|water pressure", "answer": "air pressure", "id": "sciq_extra_1746", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for getting the same results when an experiment is repeated, which implies the results are valid?", "context": "In its solid form, water is frequently referred to as ice. The terms snow, sleet, hail, or frost may also be used, depending on the conditions under which the water solidified. Ice can exist as an amorphous solid or as a crystalline solid. | Options: replication|evolution|extraction|verification", "answer": "replication", "id": "sciq_extra_1747", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Helices, spheres, and rods are examples of what distinguishing property of prokaryotic cells?", "context": "Most prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Although they are tiny, prokaryotic cells can be distinguished by their shapes. The most common shapes are helices, spheres, and rods (see Figure below ). | Options: shape|color|size|texture", "answer": "shape", "id": "sciq_extra_1748", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the change in momentum vector?", "context": "Impulse is the change in momentum vector. Therefore the. | Options: impulse|variation|release|gravity", "answer": "impulse", "id": "sciq_extra_1749", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Larger molecules can have many, many of what that serve to keep the molecule together?", "context": "Larger molecules can have many, many bonds that serve to keep the molecule together. In a large sample of a given molecular compound, all of the individual molecules are identical. | Options: bonds|arms|tubes|connections", "answer": "bonds", "id": "sciq_extra_1750", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What makes nobel gases unreactive?", "context": "The noble gases are unreactive because of their electron configurations. American chemist Gilbert Lewis (1875-1946) used this observation to explain the types of ions and molecules that are formed by other elements. He called his explanation the octet rule. The octet rule states that elements tend to form compounds in ways that give each atom eight valence electrons. An exception to this rule is the elements in the first period, which are particularly stable when they have two valence electrons. A broader statement that encompasses both the octet rule and this exception is that atoms react in order to achieve the same valence electron configuration as that of the nearest noble gas. Most noble gases have eight valence electrons, but because the first principal energy level can hold a maximum of two electrons, the first noble gas (helium) needs only two valence electrons to fill its outermost energy level. As a result, the nearby elements hydrogen, lithium, and beryllium tend to form stable compounds by achieving a total of two valence electrons. | Options: its electon configuration|chemical reaction|magnetism|fusion", "answer": "its electon configuration", "id": "sciq_extra_1751", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which joint allows humans to sit, stand, and pivot?", "context": "Figure 9.38 The knee joint works like a hinge to bend and straighten the lower leg. It permits a person to sit, stand, and pivot. | Options: knee|ankle|hip|femur", "answer": "knee", "id": "sciq_extra_1752", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of power is generated by splitting uranium atoms?", "context": "Nuclear power plants use uranium that has been concentrated in fuel rods ( Figure below ). The uranium atoms are split apart when they are hit by other extremely tiny particles. These particles must be controlled or they would cause a dangerous explosion. | Options: nuclear power|wind power|solar power|fossil fuel power", "answer": "nuclear power", "id": "sciq_extra_1753", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "At any given temperature, not all of the particles of a sample of matter have the same energy of what type?", "context": "At any given temperature, not all of the particles of a sample of matter have the same kinetic energy. Instead, the particles display a wide range of kinetic energies. Most of the particles have a kinetic energy near the middle of the range. However, a small number of particles have kinetic energies a great deal lower or a great deal higher than the average (see Figure below ). | Options: kinetic|dark matter|magnetic|seismic", "answer": "kinetic", "id": "sciq_extra_1754", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Individual particles of a substance in what state are in fixed positions with respect to each other because there is not enough thermal energy to overcome the intermolecular interactions between the particles?", "context": "Solids In the solid state, the individual particles of a substance are in fixed positions with respect to each other because there is not enough thermal energy to overcome the intermolecular interactions between the particles. As a result, solids have a definite shape and volume. Most solids are hard, but some (like waxes) are relatively soft. Many solids composed of ions can also be quite brittle. Solids usually have their constituent particles arranged in a regular, three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative ions called a crystal. The effect of this regular arrangement of particles is sometimes visible macroscopically, as shown in Figure 8.7 \"Crystalline Arrangement\". Some solids, especially those composed of large molecules, cannot easily organize their particles in such regular crystals and exist as amorphous (literally, “without form”) solids. Glass is one example of an amorphous solid. | Options: solid|stable|undivided|structured", "answer": "solid", "id": "sciq_extra_1755", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of feeders are sponges?", "context": "Sponges are filter feeders. They pump water into their body through their pores. The water flows through a large central cavity called the spongocoel (see Figure above ). As the water flows by, specialized collar cells (which are also known as choanocytes) filter out food particles such as bacteria. Collar cells have tiny hairs that trap the particles. They also have a flagellum that whips the water and keeps it moving. Once the food is trapped, the collar cells digest it (see Figure below ). Cells called amebocytes also help digest the food. They distribute the nutrients to the rest of the body as well. Finally, the water flows back out of the body through an opening called the osculum . As water flows through the sponge, oxygen diffuses from the water to the sponge’s cells. The cells also expel wastes into the water for removal through the osculum. | Options: filter feeders|bottom feeders|surface feeders|primary feeders", "answer": "filter feeders", "id": "sciq_extra_1756", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "It is the variety of what that gives rise to the incredible variation of protein structure and function?", "context": "Figure 15.2 Structures of the 20 amino acids found in proteins are shown. Each amino acid is composed of an amino group ( NH+ 3 ), a carboxyl group (COO ), and a side chain (blue). The side chain may be nonpolar, polar, or charged, as well as large or small. It is the variety of amino acid side chains that gives rise to the incredible variation of protein structure and function. | Options: amino acid side chains|clump acid side chains|organism acid side chains|spastic acid side chains", "answer": "amino acid side chains", "id": "sciq_extra_1757", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do plant viruses have that protect their cells?", "context": "Plant Viruses Plant viruses, like other viruses, contain a core of either DNA or RNA. You have already learned about one of these, the tobacco mosaic virus. As plant viruses have a cell wall to protect their cells, these viruses do not use receptor-mediated endocytosis to enter host cells as is seen with animal viruses. For many plant viruses to be transferred from plant to plant, damage to some of the plants’ cells must occur to allow the virus to enter a new host. This damage is often caused by weather, insects, animals, fire, or human activities like farming or landscaping. Additionally, plant offspring may inherit viral diseases from parent plants. Plant viruses can be transmitted by a variety of vectors, through contact with an infected plant’s sap, by living organisms such as insects and nematodes, and through pollen. When plants viruses are transferred between different plants, this is known as horizontal transmission, and when they are inherited from a parent, this is called vertical transmission. Symptoms of viral diseases vary according to the virus and its host (Table 21.4). One common symptom is hyperplasia, the abnormal proliferation of cells that causes the appearance of plant tumors known as galls. Other viruses induce hypoplasia, or decreased cell growth, in the leaves of plants, causing thin, yellow areas to appear. Still other viruses affect the plant by directly killing plant cells, a process known as cell necrosis. Other symptoms of plant viruses include m", "answer": "cell wall", "id": "sciq_extra_1758", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of isotope can be used to treat diseases like cancer?", "context": "Radioactive isotopes are also used in the treatment of certain diseases, such as cancer. These isotopes are administered to only the diseased tissue, with the goal of destroying the unhealthy cells. | Options: radioactive isotopes|negative isotope|positive isotope|radiodecaying isotope", "answer": "radioactive isotopes", "id": "sciq_extra_1759", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What helps by releasing chemicals that control other lymphocytes?", "context": "Helper T cells do not destroy infected, damaged, or cancerous body cells. However, they are still needed for an immune response. They help by releasing chemicals that control other lymphocytes. The chemicals released by helper T cells “switch on” B cells and killer T cells so they can recognize and fight specific pathogens. | Options: helper t cells|controller t cells|interloper t cells|discharger t cells", "answer": "helper t cells", "id": "sciq_extra_1760", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the density needed to just halt universal expansion called?", "context": "critical density, the density needed to just halt universal expansion. | Options: critical density|allow density|instance density|stop density", "answer": "critical density", "id": "sciq_extra_1761", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In a nuclear power plant, what typically spins in order to produce electricity?", "context": "Nuclear power plants use the energy they produce to heat water. The water turns into steam, which causes a turbine to spin. This, in turn, produces electricity. | Options: turbine|grid|pipe|generator", "answer": "turbine", "id": "sciq_extra_1762", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How do roots and stems grow?", "context": "Options: indeterminately|orderly|evenly|logically", "answer": "indeterminately", "id": "sciq_extra_1763", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen called?", "context": "Carbohydrates are organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are made up of repeating units called saccharides. They provide cells with energy, store energy, and form structural tissues. | Options: carbohydrates|electrolytes|amino acids|proteins", "answer": "carbohydrates", "id": "sciq_extra_1764", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by what process?", "context": "The diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis. | Options: meiosis|mitosis|binary fission|electrolysis", "answer": "meiosis", "id": "sciq_extra_1765", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally between the two atoms?", "context": "A bond in which the electronegativity difference is less than 1.7 is considered to be mostly covalent in character. However, at this point we need to distinguish between two general types of covalent bonds. A nonpolar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally between the two atoms. In a nonpolar covalent bond, the distribution of electrical charge is balanced between the two atoms. | Options: nonpolar|ionic|polar|acidic", "answer": "nonpolar", "id": "sciq_extra_1766", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment outside the cell?", "context": "The plasma membrane forms a barrier between the cytoplasm and the environment outside the cell. | Options: the plasma membrane|the splatter membrane|the mitochondria membrane|the cellular membrane", "answer": "the plasma membrane", "id": "sciq_extra_1767", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sponges are part of what phylum, which gets its name from the latin for \"having pores\"?", "context": "Sponges ( Figure below ) are classified in the phylum Porifera, from the Latin words meaning \"having pores. \" These pores allow the movement of water into the sponges’ sac-like bodies. Sponges must pump water through their bodies in order to eat. Because sponges are sessile , meaning they cannot move, they filter water to obtain their food. They are, therefore, known as filter feeders. Filter feeders must filter the water to separate out the organisms and nutrients they want to eat from those they do not. | Options: porifera|mammalia|chordata|annelida", "answer": "porifera", "id": "sciq_extra_1768", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Comets that have periods of 200 years or less are knows as what-period comets?", "context": "Newly hatched loggerhead turtles start crossing the sand to the ocean. | Options: short|fast|old|long", "answer": "short", "id": "sciq_extra_1769", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The integumentary system helps regulate body temperature through its tight association with what system involved in our fight-or-flight responses?", "context": "Thermoregulation The integumentary system helps regulate body temperature through its tight association with the sympathetic nervous system, the division of the nervous system involved in our fight-or-flight responses. The sympathetic nervous system is continuously monitoring body temperature and initiating appropriate motor responses. Recall that sweat glands, accessory structures to the skin, secrete water, salt, and other substances to cool the body when it becomes warm. Even when the body does not appear to be noticeably sweating, approximately 500 mL of sweat (insensible perspiration) are secreted a day. If the body becomes excessively warm due to high temperatures, vigorous activity (Figure 5.16ac), or a combination of the two, sweat glands will be stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to produce large amounts of sweat, as much as 0.7 to 1.5 L per hour for an active person. When the sweat evaporates from the skin surface, the body is cooled as body heat is dissipated. In addition to sweating, arterioles in the dermis dilate so that excess heat carried by the blood can dissipate through the skin and into the surrounding environment (Figure 5.16b). This accounts for the skin redness that many people experience when exercising. | Options: sympathetic nervous system|circulatory system|autonomic nervous system|endocrine system", "answer": "sympathetic nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_1770", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What in the air allows us to hear sound?", "context": "Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves. Sound waves can’t travel through empty space, but they can travel through gases. Gases in the air allow us to hear most of the sounds in our world. Because of air, you can hear birds singing, horns tooting, and friends laughing. Without the atmosphere, the world would be a silent, eerie place. | Options: gases|wind|water|rain", "answer": "gases", "id": "sciq_extra_1771", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call the process in which a community changes through time?", "context": "Ecological succession is the process in which a community changes through time. | Options: ecological succession|natural selection|continuous succession|spontaneous mutation", "answer": "ecological succession", "id": "sciq_extra_1772", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the maximum horizontal distance traveled by a projectile?", "context": "• The maximum horizontal distance traveled by a projectile is called the range. The range launched at an angle. | Options: range|span|radius|length", "answer": "range", "id": "sciq_extra_1773", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The axon is a long extension of the cell body that transmits what to other cells?", "context": "The axon is a long extension of the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other cells. The axon branches at the end, forming axon terminals . These are the points where the neuron communicates with other cells. | Options: nerve impulses|calcium impulses|synthesis impulses|blood impulses", "answer": "nerve impulses", "id": "sciq_extra_1774", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Fungi are now classified as their own kingdom. what kingdom were they previously a part of?", "context": "Today, fungi are no longer classified as plants. We now know that they have important traits that set them apart from plants. That’s why they are placed in their own kingdom. How do fungi differ from plants?. | Options: plants|protozoa|arthropods|animals", "answer": "plants", "id": "sciq_extra_1775", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for small streams?", "context": "Small streams often flow into bigger streams or rivers. The small streams are called tributaries . A river and all its tributaries make up a river system. | Options: tributaries|wetlands|rivers|canals", "answer": "tributaries", "id": "sciq_extra_1776", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A comparison of the human arm with a bat's wing demonstrates what principle of biology?", "context": "dictates the form of that body part. As an example, compare your arm to a bat’s wing. While the bones of the two correspond, the parts serve different functions in each organism and their forms have adapted to follow that function. 30 Centrioles and flagella are alike in that they are made up of microtubules. In centrioles, two rings of nine microtubule “triplets” are arranged at right angles to one another. This arrangement does not occur in flagella. 32 They differ because plant cell walls are rigid. Plasmodesmata, which a plant cell needs for transportation and communication, are able to allow movement of really large molecules. Gap junctions are necessary in animal cells for transportation and communication. | Options: form follows function|size follows function|attachment follows function|motion follows function", "answer": "form follows function", "id": "sciq_extra_1777", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What converters are used on motor vehicles to break down pollutants in exhaust to non-toxic compounds?", "context": "Catalytic converters are used on motor vehicles. They break down pollutants in exhaust to non-toxic compounds. For example, they change nitrogen oxides to harmless nitrogen and oxygen gasses. | Options: catalytic converters|back converters|outer converters|solvent converters", "answer": "catalytic converters", "id": "sciq_extra_1778", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If a substance does not release molecules into the air from its surface, it will not have what?", "context": "Tastes and Odors Both taste and odor stimuli are molecules taken in from the environment. The primary tastes detected by humans are sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami. The first four tastes need little explanation. The identification of umami as a fundamental taste occurred fairly recently—it was identified in 1908 by Japanese scientist Kikunae Ikeda while he worked with seaweed broth, but it was not widely accepted as a taste that could be physiologically distinguished until many years later. The taste of umami, also known as savoriness, is attributable to the taste of the amino acid L-glutamate. In fact, monosodium glutamate, or MSG, is often used in cooking to enhance the savory taste of certain foods. What is the adaptive value of being able to distinguish umami? Savory substances tend to be high in protein. All odors that we perceive are molecules in the air we breathe. If a substance does not release molecules into the air from its surface, it has no smell. And if a human or other animal does not have a receptor that recognizes a specific molecule, then that molecule has no smell. Humans have about 350 olfactory receptor subtypes that work in various combinations to allow us to sense about 10,000 different odors. Compare that to mice, for example, which have about 1,300 olfactory receptor types, and therefore probably sense more odors. Both odors and tastes involve molecules that stimulate specific chemoreceptors. Although humans commonly distinguish taste as one sens", "answer": "smell", "id": "sciq_extra_1779", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for when deep ocean water rises to the surface?", "context": "Upwelling occurs when deep ocean water rises to the surface. The water brings nutrients with it. These nutrients support many organisms. | Options: upwelling|tsunami|tidal waves|percolating", "answer": "upwelling", "id": "sciq_extra_1780", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are collisions between gas particles and container walls called?", "context": "Collisions between gas particles and between particles and the container walls are elastic collisions. | Options: elastic collisions|tubes collisions|kinetic theory|utilize collisions", "answer": "elastic collisions", "id": "sciq_extra_1781", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cooling a mixture of equal parts nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide to −21 °c produces what?", "context": "Cooling a mixture of equal parts nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide to −21 °C produces dinitrogen trioxide, a blue liquid consisting of N2O3 molecules (shown in Figure 18.35). Dinitrogen trioxide exists only in the liquid and solid states. When heated, it reverts to a mixture of NO and NO2. | Options: dinitrogen trioxide|nitrate trioxide|chloride trioxide|carbon trioxide", "answer": "dinitrogen trioxide", "id": "sciq_extra_1782", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most important element to life?", "context": "Carbon is the most important element to life. Without this element, life as we know it would not exist. As you will see, carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life. | Options: carbon|nitrogen|calcium|hydrogen", "answer": "carbon", "id": "sciq_extra_1783", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each female of a particular species can produce millions of these per year?", "context": "Options: eggs|fetuses|seeds|sperms", "answer": "eggs", "id": "sciq_extra_1784", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The cephalic phase (reflex phase) of gastric secretion, which is relatively brief, takes place before food enters where?", "context": "The cephalic phase (reflex phase) of gastric secretion, which is relatively brief, takes place before food enters the stomach. The smell, taste, sight, or thought of food triggers this phase. For example, when you bring a piece of sushi to your lips, impulses from receptors in your taste buds or the nose are relayed to your brain, which returns signals that increase gastric secretion to prepare your stomach for digestion. This enhanced secretion is a conditioned reflex, meaning it occurs only if you like or want a particular food. Depression and loss of appetite can suppress the cephalic reflex. The gastric phase of secretion lasts 3 to 4 hours, and is set in motion by local neural and hormonal mechanisms triggered by the entry of food into the stomach. For example, when your sushi reaches the stomach, it creates distention that activates the. | Options: stomach|respiratory|Head|skin", "answer": "stomach", "id": "sciq_extra_1785", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the earth does a compass needle align with?", "context": "You can use Earth's magnetic field to tell you where you want to go. A compass needle aligns with Earth’s magnetic field. People can navigate by finding magnetic north. If you know where north is, you can figure out how to get anywhere. A compass is great for finding your way when you're out in the field!. | Options: magnetic field|gravitational field|geospatial field|molecular field", "answer": "magnetic field", "id": "sciq_extra_1786", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Parasitic chelicerates like ticks and mites have evolved what?", "context": "Most chelicerates ingest food using a preoral cavity formed by the chelicerae and pedipalps. Some chelicerates may secrete digestive enzymes to pre-digest food before ingesting it. Parasitic chelicerates like ticks and mites have evolved bloodsucking apparatuses. The nervous system in chelicerates consists of a brain and two ventral nerve cords. These animals use external fertilization as well as internal fertilization strategies for reproduction, depending upon the species and its habitat. Parental care for the young ranges from absolutely none to relatively prolonged care. | Options: bloodsucking apparatuses|licking apparatuses|aileron apparatuses|tunicates apparatuses", "answer": "bloodsucking apparatuses", "id": "sciq_extra_1787", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where do two tributaries come together at?", "context": "A tributary begins at its headwaters on one side of a divide. Two tributaries come together at a confluence. | Options: confluence|stream|axis|snake", "answer": "confluence", "id": "sciq_extra_1788", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The force exerted by the atmosphere on the earth’s surface can be measured with what instrument?", "context": "We can measure atmospheric pressure, the force exerted by the atmosphere on the earth’s surface, with a barometer (Figure 9.4). A barometer is a glass tube that is closed at one end, filled with a nonvolatile liquid such as mercury, and then inverted and immersed in a container of that liquid. The atmosphere exerts pressure on the liquid outside the tube, the column of liquid exerts pressure inside the tube, and the pressure at the liquid surface is the same inside and outside the tube. The height of the liquid in the tube is therefore proportional to the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. | Options: barometer|mass spectrometer|Geiger counter|anemometer", "answer": "barometer", "id": "sciq_extra_1789", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the substances that the body needs for energy, building materials, and control of body processes?", "context": "Nutrients are substances that the body needs for energy, building materials, and control of body processes. | Options: nutrients|liquids|gases|tissues", "answer": "nutrients", "id": "sciq_extra_1790", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term describes the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount?", "context": "Summary Surface tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount. The stronger the intermolecular interactions, the greater the surface tension. Surfactants are molecules, such as soaps and detergents, that reduce the surface tension of polar liquids like water. Capillary action is the phenomenon in which liquids rise up into a narrow tube called a capillary. It results whencohesive forces, the intermolecular forces in the liquid, are weaker thanadhesive forces, the attraction between a liquid and the surface of the capillary. The shape of the meniscus, the upper surface of a liquid in a tube, also reflects the balance between adhesive and cohesive forces. The viscosity of a liquid is its resistance to flow. Liquids that have strong intermolecular forces tend to have high viscosities. | Options: surface tension|elastic collision|viscosity|boiling point", "answer": "surface tension", "id": "sciq_extra_1791", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the process of turning sunlight's energy into food?", "context": "Photosynthesis , the process of turning the energy of sunlight into ‘‘food,’’ is divided into two basic sets of reactions, known as the light reactions and the Calvin cycle, which uses carbon dioxide. As you study the details in other concepts, refer frequently to the chemical equation of photosynthesis: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Light Energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 . Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, an organelle specific to plant cells. | Options: photosynthesis|atherosclerosis|light compression|glycolysis", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1792", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Because water expands when it freezes, what property of water is lower when it is in a solid state than a liquid?", "context": "The melting point of water is 0°C. Below this temperature, water is a solid (ice). Unlike most chemical substances, water in a solid state has a lower density than water in a liquid state. This is because water expands when it freezes. Again, hydrogen bonding is the reason. Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to line up less efficiently in ice than in liquid water. As a result, water molecules are spaced farther apart in ice, giving ice a lower density than liquid water. A substance with lower density floats on a substance with higher density. This explains why ice floats on liquid water, whereas many other solids sink to the bottom of liquid water. | Options: density|mass|volume|salinity", "answer": "density", "id": "sciq_extra_1793", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is released during dehydration synthesis?", "context": "Dehydration Synthesis Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis, which means “to put together while losing water. | Options: water|helium|air|photons", "answer": "water", "id": "sciq_extra_1794", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do plant cells have in addition to a cell wall and a large central vacuole?", "context": "Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and plastids such as chloroplasts. | Options: plastids|DNA|gastropods|chromosomes", "answer": "plastids", "id": "sciq_extra_1795", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the only animal group that evolved to live on land and then back to live in the ocean?", "context": "Mammals are also the only animal group that evolved to live on land and then back to live in the ocean. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises have all adapted from land-dwelling creatures to a life of swimming and reproducing in the water ( Figure below ). Whales have evolved into the largest mammals. | Options: mammals|amphibians|reptiles|birds", "answer": "mammals", "id": "sciq_extra_1796", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What has large crystals because the magma began to cool slowly, then erupted?", "context": "This sarcophagus is housed at the Vatican Museum. The rock is the igneous extrusive rock porphyry. Porphyry has large crystals because the magma began to cool slowly, then erupted. | Options: porphyry|lava|chalky|crystalline", "answer": "porphyry", "id": "sciq_extra_1797", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What must be regulated in order to maintain carbon dioxide levels and proper blood ph?", "context": "Blood pH may become unbalanced if the rate of breathing is too fast or too slow. When breathing is too fast, blood contains too little carbon dioxide and becomes too basic. When breathing is too slow, blood contains too much carbon dioxide and becomes too acidic. Clearly, to maintain proper blood pH, the rate of breathing must be regulated. | Options: breathing rate|oxygen rate|Heart rate|blood toxin levels", "answer": "breathing rate", "id": "sciq_extra_1798", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cells may enter a period of rest known as what?", "context": "During telophase I, the spindle fiber disassembles and the nucleus reforms. The genetic material briefly uncoils back into chromatin. This is quickly followed by cytokinesis. Cells may enter a period of rest known as interkinesis or interphase II, or immediately enter meiosis II. No DNA replication occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II. | Options: interkinesis|anaphase|stationary phase|respiration", "answer": "interkinesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1799", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Headaches are associated with which body system?", "context": "We all get headaches. Headaches are a relatively minor problem associated with the nervous system. But what about more serious issues of the nervous system? As you can probably imagine, these can be extremely serious. | Options: nervous system|respiratory system|circulatory system|cardiovascular system", "answer": "nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_1800", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of volcano has a very wide base and is named because it looks like something a warrior would use?", "context": "Shield volcanoes look like a huge ancient warrior’s shield laid down. Pictured above is Mauna Kea Volcano ( Figure above ) taken from Mauna Loa Volcano. Both volcanoes are part of the Big Island of Hawaii. A shield volcano has a very wide base. It is much flatter on the top than a composite volcano. The lava that creates shield volcanoes is relatively thin. The thin lava spreads out. This builds a large, flat volcano, layer by layer. The composition of lava at shield volcanoes is mafic. Shield volcanoes are very large. For example, the Mauna Loa Volcano has a diameter of more than 112 kilometers (70 miles). The volcano forms a significant part of the island of Hawaii. The top of nearby Mauna Kea Volcano is more than ten kilometers (6 miles) from its base on the seafloor. | Options: shield volcano|plate volcano|spear volcano|arrow volcano", "answer": "shield volcano", "id": "sciq_extra_1801", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Earth’s magnetic field is called the what?", "context": "Like all magnets, Earth has a magnetic field. Earth’s magnetic field is called the magnetosphere . You can see a model of the magnetosphere in the Figure below . It is a huge region that extends outward from Earth in all directions. Earth exerts magnetic force over the entire field, but the force is strongest at the poles, where lines of force converge. For an animated model of the magnetosphere, watch this video: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=5SXgOWYyn84 . | Options: magnetosphere|ionosphere|stratosphere|thermosphere", "answer": "magnetosphere", "id": "sciq_extra_1802", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Global sources of inexpensive fossil fuels, particularly oil, are rapidly being what?", "context": "Options: depleted|weakened|polluted|replenished", "answer": "depleted", "id": "sciq_extra_1803", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath called?", "context": "Options: tidal volume|lung volume|respiration volume|aspiration volume", "answer": "tidal volume", "id": "sciq_extra_1804", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What encloses and defines the borders of cells?", "context": "CHAPTER SUMMARY 5.1 Components and Structure The modern understanding of the plasma membrane is referred to as the fluid mosaic model. The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in contact with each other. The landscape of the membrane is studded with proteins, some of which span the membrane. Some of these proteins serve to transport materials into or out of the cell. Carbohydrates are attached to some of the proteins and lipids on the outward-facing surface of the membrane, forming complexes that function to identify the cell to other cells. The fluid nature of the membrane is due to temperature, the configuration of the fatty acid tails (some kinked by double bonds), the presence of cholesterol embedded in the membrane, and the mosaic nature of the proteins and protein-carbohydrate combinations, which are not firmly fixed in place. Plasma membranes enclose and define the borders of cells, but rather than being a static bag, they are dynamic and constantly in flux. | Options: plasma membranes|cells membranes|artificial membranes|clear membranes", "answer": "plasma membranes", "id": "sciq_extra_1805", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances?", "context": "When rocks or other substances dissolve in water, they form a solution. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The particles of a solution are mixed evenly throughout it. The particles are too small to be seen or to settle out. An example of a solution is salt water. | Options: solution|element|saturation|compound", "answer": "solution", "id": "sciq_extra_1806", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the simplest life cycle?", "context": "The haploid life cycle is the simplest life cycle. Organisms with this life cycle, such as many protists and some fungi and algae, spend the majority of their life cycle as a haploid cell. In fact, the zygote is the only diploid cell. The zygote immediately undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid cells, which grow into haploid multicellular organisms. These organisms produce gametes by mitosis. The gametes fuse through a process called syngamy to produce diploid zygotes which undergo meiosis, continuing the life cycle. | Options: haploid|glycolysis|eukaryot|meiosis", "answer": "haploid", "id": "sciq_extra_1807", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Like mammals, birds have kidneys with juxtamedullary nephrons that specialize in conserving what?", "context": "Options: water|food|blood|air", "answer": "water", "id": "sciq_extra_1808", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the range of all possible frequencies of radiation called?", "context": "Visible light constitutes only one of many types of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sun and other stars. Scientists differentiate the various types of radiant energy from the sun within the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of radiation (Figure 8.11). The difference between wavelengths relates to the amount of energy carried by them. | Options: electromagnetic spectrum|Difused Spectrum|vibrations spectrum|particles spectrum", "answer": "electromagnetic spectrum", "id": "sciq_extra_1809", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of growth generally occurs only when a population is living under ideal conditions, yet cannot continue for very long?", "context": "With exponential growth, the population starts out growing slowly. As population size increases, the growth rate also increases. The larger the population becomes, the more quickly it grows. This type of growth generally occurs only when a population is living under ideal conditions. However, it can’t continue for very long. | Options: exponential growth|analogous growth|negative growth|logarithmic growth", "answer": "exponential growth", "id": "sciq_extra_1810", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is another term for flagella?", "context": "Why are algae considered plant-like? The main reason is that they contain chloroplasts and produce food through photosynthesis . However, they lack many other structures of true plants. For example, algae do not have roots, stems, or leaves. Some algae also differ from plants in being motile. They may move with pseudopods or flagella. Although not plants themselves, algae were probably the ancestors of plants. | Options: pseudopods|tendrils|dendrites|arthropods", "answer": "pseudopods", "id": "sciq_extra_1811", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Because arthropod appendages are jointed, they can do what?", "context": "Because arthropod appendages are jointed, they can bend. This makes them flexible. Jointed appendages on the body are usually used as legs for walking or jumping. Jointed appendages on the head may be modified for other purposes. Head appendages often include upper and lower jaws. Jaws are used for eating and may also be used for defense. Sensory organs such as eyes and antennae are also found on the head. You can see some of these head appendages on the bee in Figure below . | Options: bend|rotate|fly|eat", "answer": "bend", "id": "sciq_extra_1812", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the main way that wind causes erosion?", "context": "Abrasion is the main way that wind causes erosion. The next lesson explains how glaciers cause erosion. | Options: abrasion|absorption|filtration|decomposition", "answer": "abrasion", "id": "sciq_extra_1813", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each hydrogen atom follows the octet rule with how many pairs of electrons?", "context": "The oxygen atom follows the octet rule with two pairs of bonding electrons and two lone pairs. Each hydrogen atom follows the octet rule with one bonding pair of electrons. | Options: one|six|eight|four", "answer": "one", "id": "sciq_extra_1814", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of acid is an organic compound that is built of small units called nucleotides?", "context": "A nucleic acid is an organic compound, such as DNA or RNA, that is built of small units called nucleotides . Many nucleotides bind together to form a chain called a polynucleotide . The nucleic acid DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) consists of two polynucleotide chains. The nucleic acid RNA (ribonucleic acid) consists of just one polynucleotide chain. | Options: nucleic acid|citric acid|boundary acid|carbolic acid", "answer": "nucleic acid", "id": "sciq_extra_1815", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "At what temperatures do crystals formed by covalent molecular solids melt at?", "context": "Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds In general, ionic and covalent compounds have different physical properties. Ionic compounds usually form hard crystalline solids that melt at rather high temperatures and are very resistant to evaporation. These properties stem from the characteristic internal structure of an ionic solid, illustrated schematically in part (a) in Figure 2.8 \"Interactions in Ionic and Covalent Solids\", which shows the three-dimensional array of alternating positive and negative ions held together by strong electrostatic attractions. In contrast, as shown in part (b) in Figure 2.8 \"Interactions in Ionic and Covalent Solids\", most covalent compounds consist of discrete molecules held together by comparatively weak intermolecular forces (the forces between molecules), even though the atoms within each molecule are held together by strong intramolecularcovalent bonds (the forces within the molecule). Covalent substances can be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature and pressure, depending on the strength of the intermolecular interactions. Covalent molecular solids tend to form soft crystals that melt at rather low temperatures and evaporate relatively easily. | Options: low|hot|scorching|high", "answer": "low", "id": "sciq_extra_1816", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the rigid layer that is found outside the cell membrane and surrounds the cell?", "context": "A cell wall is a rigid layer that is found outside the cell membrane and surrounds the cell. The cell wall contains not only cellulose and protein, but other polysaccharides as well. The cell wall provides structural support and protection. Pores in the cell wall allow water and nutrients to move into and out of the cell. The cell wall also prevents the plant cell from bursting when water enters the cell. | Options: cell wall|cellular shield|epidermis|cell envelope", "answer": "cell wall", "id": "sciq_extra_1817", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Who is widely known as the father of genetics?", "context": "The pea plant Pisum sativum has purple and white flowers. These flowered plants are not just pretty to look at. These plants led Gregor Mendel to unlock the secrets of heredity, beginning the field of genetics. For his efforts, Mendel is widely known as the Father of Genetics, even though he knew nothing of the genetic material, DNA. The laws he developed apply to all sexually reproducing life, and are the basis for beginning to understand many human diseases. | Options: gregor mendel|walter gehring|james watson|francis crick", "answer": "gregor mendel", "id": "sciq_extra_1818", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Protozoa that cause malaria are spread by a vector, entering the blood through the bite of what insect?", "context": "Protozoa that cause malaria are spread by a vector. They enter the blood through the bite of an infected mosquito. They live inside red blood cells. They cause overall body pain, fever, and fatigue. Malaria kills several million people each year. Most of the deaths occur in children. | Options: mosquito|fire ant|housefly|wasp", "answer": "mosquito", "id": "sciq_extra_1819", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "One-dimensional sinusoidal waves show the relationship among wavelength, frequency, and what?", "context": "Figure 6.2 One-dimensional sinusoidal waves show the relationship among wavelength, frequency, and speed. The wave with the shortest wavelength has the highest frequency. Amplitude is one-half the height of the wave from peak to trough. | Options: speed|velocity|motion|friction", "answer": "speed", "id": "sciq_extra_1820", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Animals use saturated fatty acids to store what?", "context": "Animals use saturated fatty acids to store energy. Plants use unsaturated fatty acids to store energy. | Options: energy|blood|hydrogen|water", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1821", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide on earth has been regulated by the concentration of what form of life?", "context": "Homeostasis is a term that is also used when talking about the environment. For example, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide on Earth has been regulated by the concentration of plant life on Earth, because plants remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the daylight hours than they emit to the atmosphere at night. | Options: plant|fruit|fungus|seaweed", "answer": "plant", "id": "sciq_extra_1822", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What organisms have a life cycle that includes alternation of generations?", "context": "All plants have a characteristic life cycle that includes alternation of generations. | Options: plants|fungi|animals|insects", "answer": "plants", "id": "sciq_extra_1823", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are nekton animals able to do in water?", "context": "Nekton are aquatic animals that can move on their own by “swimming” through the water. They may live in the photic or aphotic zone. They feed on plankton or other nekton. Examples of nekton include fish and shrimp. | Options: move on their own, swim|breath|lay eggs|reproduce", "answer": "move on their own, swim", "id": "sciq_extra_1824", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a property of a system whose magnitude depends on only the present state of the system, not its previous history?", "context": "conserved. The state of a system is a complete description of a system at a given time, including its temperature and pressure, the amount of matter it contains, its chemical composition, and the physical state of the matter. A state function is a property of a system whose magnitude depends on only the present state of the system, not its previous history. Temperature, pressure, volume, and potential energy are all state functions. The temperature of an oven, for example, is independent of however many steps it may have taken for it to reach that temperature. Similarly, the pressure in a tire is independent of how often air is pumped into the tire for it to reach that pressure, as is the final volume of air in the tire. Heat and work, on the other hand, are not state functions because they are path dependent. For example, a car sitting on the top level of a parking garage has the same potential energy whether it was lifted by a crane, set there by a helicopter, driven up, or pushed up by a group of students (). The amount of work expended to get it there, however, can differ greatly depending on the path chosen. If the students decided to carry the car to the top of the ramp, they would perform a great deal more work than if they simply pushed the car up the ramp (unless, of course, they neglected to release the parking brake, in which case the work expended would increase substantially!). The potential energy of the car is the same, however, no matter which path they choose", "answer": "state function", "id": "sciq_extra_1825", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Prokaryotic cells lack what key structure and other membrane-bound organelles?", "context": "Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. | Options: nucleus|cell wall|epidermis|proton", "answer": "nucleus", "id": "sciq_extra_1826", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "All of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that consume or generate energy, are referred to as what?", "context": "4.1 | Energy and Metabolism By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain what metabolic pathways are • State the first and second laws of thermodynamics • Explain the difference between kinetic and potential energy • Describe endergonic and exergonic reactions • Discuss how enzymes function as molecular catalysts Scientists use the term bioenergetics to describe the concept of energy flow (Figure 4.2) through living systems, such as cells. Cellular processes such as the building and breaking down of complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Just as living things must continually consume food to replenish their energy supplies, cells must continually produce more energy to replenish that used by the many energy-requiring chemical reactions that constantly take place. Together, all of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that consume or generate energy, are referred to as the cell’s metabolism. | Options: cell ' s metabolism|slowed metabolism|genetic metabolism|particles ' s metabolism", "answer": "cell ' s metabolism", "id": "sciq_extra_1827", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In genetic drift, chance fluctuations in allele frequencies over generations tend to reduce what?", "context": "Options: genetic variation|biochemical variation|responsible variation|genetic entanglement", "answer": "genetic variation", "id": "sciq_extra_1828", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What gives the order of electron filling in an atom?", "context": "The Aufbau principle gives the order of electron filling in an atom. | Options: aufbau principle|orbit order|Bohr's law|periodic table", "answer": "aufbau principle", "id": "sciq_extra_1829", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs whenever an unbalanced force acts on an object?", "context": "Whenever an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction, it accelerates. Acceleration occurs whenever an unbalanced force acts on an object. Two factors affect the acceleration of an object: the net force acting on the object and the object’s mass. Newton’s second law of motion describes how force and mass affect acceleration. The law states that the acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on the object divided by the object’s mass. This can be represented by the equation:. | Options: acceleration|compression|inertia|vibration", "answer": "acceleration", "id": "sciq_extra_1830", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are large collections of millions or billions of stars called?", "context": "Galaxies are collections of millions to many billions of stars. | Options: galaxies|fragments|universe|orbits", "answer": "galaxies", "id": "sciq_extra_1831", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the developmental process of gastropods called?", "context": "Options: torsion|regeneration|modulation|occlusion", "answer": "torsion", "id": "sciq_extra_1832", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Name one unit used to measure pressure.", "context": "Pressures are given in a multitude of units. We've already discussed Pascals, and we know that another unit for pressure is the atmosphere (1 atm = 101.3 x 10 5 Pa). The third commonly used pressure unit is the torr (symbol: Torr). 760 torr is 1 atm, but 1 torr is also the increase in pressure necessary to cause liquid mercury to rise by 1 mm. For that reason, torr is also commonly referred to as \"millimeters mercury. \" Another pressure unit commonly used in our everyday world is psi, or pounds per square inch, though neither psi nor torr are SI units. | Options: torr|watt|meter|decibel", "answer": "torr", "id": "sciq_extra_1833", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Eggs and sperm are not somatic cells but instead what kind of cells?", "context": "So far in this chapter, you have read numerous times of the importance and prevalence of cell division. While there are a few cells in the body that do not undergo cell division (such as gametes, red blood cells, most neurons, and some muscle cells), most somatic cells divide regularly. A somatic cell is a general term for a body cell, and all human cells, except for the cells that produce eggs and sperm (which are referred to as germ cells), are somatic cells. Somatic cells contain two copies of each of their chromosomes (one copy received from each parent). A homologous pair of chromosomes is the two copies of a single chromosome found in each somatic cell. The human is a diploid organism, having 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes in each of the somatic cells. The condition of having pairs of chromosomes is known as diploidy. Cells in the body replace themselves over the lifetime of a person. For example, the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract must be frequently replaced when constantly “worn off” by the movement of food through the gut. But what triggers a cell to divide, and how does it prepare for and complete cell division? The cell cycle is the sequence of events in the life of the cell from the moment it is created at the end of a previous cycle of cell division until it then divides itself, generating two new cells. | Options: germ|toxins|pollen|Sickness", "answer": "germ", "id": "sciq_extra_1834", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Regular checkups with what type of specialist can detect skin cancers early?", "context": "Regular checkups with a dermatologist can detect skin cancers early. Why is early detection important?. | Options: dermatologist|endocrinologist|nephrologist|internist", "answer": "dermatologist", "id": "sciq_extra_1835", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Receptors for what sense are located within sensory hairs on the feet of insects, as well as in mouthparts?", "context": "Options: taste|touch|sight|smell", "answer": "taste", "id": "sciq_extra_1836", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Where does the stored energy in fossil fuels originally come from, before it changed forms several times?", "context": "Fossil fuels contain stored chemical energy that came originally from the sun. Ancient plants changed energy in sunlight to stored chemical energy in food, which was eaten by other organisms. After the plants and other organisms died, their remains gradually changed to fossil fuels as they were pressed beneath layers of sediments. Petroleum and natural gas formed from marine organisms and are often found together. Coal formed from giant tree ferns and other swamp plants. | Options: the sun|the Moon|Earth's core|decomposers", "answer": "the sun", "id": "sciq_extra_1837", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A prokaryote is a simple, mostly single-celled organism that lacks what key organelle?", "context": "are found; 3) DNA, the genetic material of the cell; and 4) ribosomes, which synthesize proteins. However, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotic cells in several ways. A prokaryote is a simple, mostly single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelle. We will shortly come to see that this is significantly different in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic DNA is found in a central part of the cell: the nucleoid (Figure 4.5). | Options: nucleus|chloroplast|golgi apparatus|ribosome", "answer": "nucleus", "id": "sciq_extra_1838", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Increasing the surface area of solid reactants increases what rate?", "context": "When a solid substance is involved in a chemical reaction, only the matter at the surface of the solid is exposed to other reactants. If a solid has more surface area, more of it is exposed and able to react. Therefore, increasing the surface area of solid reactants increases the reaction rate. Look at the hammer and nails pictured in the Figure below . Both are made of iron and will rust when the iron combines with oxygen in the air. However, the nails have a greater surface area, so they will rust faster. | Options: reaction|fusion|metabolism|breathing", "answer": "reaction", "id": "sciq_extra_1839", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Epithelial cells are found in what body organ?", "context": "DNA Replication In order for an organism to grow, develop, and maintain its health, cells must reproduce themselves by dividing to produce two new daughter cells, each with the full complement of DNA as found in the original cell. Billions of new cells are produced in an adult human every day. Only very few cell types in the body do not divide, including nerve cells, skeletal muscle fibers, and cardiac muscle cells. The division time of different cell types varies. Epithelial cells of the skin and gastrointestinal lining, for instance, divide very frequently to replace those that are constantly being rubbed off of the surface by friction. A DNA molecule is made of two strands that “complement” each other in the sense that the molecules that compose the strands fit together and bind to each other, creating a double-stranded molecule that looks much like a long, twisted ladder. Each side rail of the DNA ladder is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups (Figure 3.23). The two sides of the. | Options: skin|lungs|brain|liver", "answer": "skin", "id": "sciq_extra_1840", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What's the name for an organic compound in which halogen atoms are substituted for hydrogen in a hydrocarbon?", "context": "An alkyl halide is an organic compound in which one or more halogen atoms are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. The general formulas for organic molecules with functional groups use the letter R to stand for the rest of the molecule outside of the functional group. Because there are four possible halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) that can act as the functional group, we use the general formula R−X to represent an alkyl halide. The rules for naming simple alkyl halides are listed below. | Options: alkyl halide|sodium halide|glucose|alcohol", "answer": "alkyl halide", "id": "sciq_extra_1841", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The trachea and bronchi are made of incomplete rings of this?", "context": "Figure 39.8 The trachea and bronchi are made of incomplete rings of cartilage. (credit: modification of work by Gray's Anatomy). | Options: cartilage|membrane|collagen|ligaments", "answer": "cartilage", "id": "sciq_extra_1842", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we call cyclones that form in tropical latitudes?", "context": "Hurricanes are cyclones that form in tropical latitudes. They are called tropical cyclones. | Options: hurricanes|twister|disturbances|eruptions", "answer": "hurricanes", "id": "sciq_extra_1843", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which amino acid do organisms incorporate into their proteins?", "context": "Options: arginine|histone|peptide|glutamate", "answer": "arginine", "id": "sciq_extra_1844", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons (compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon) that formed over millions of years from the remains of dead organisms?", "context": "Oil, or petroleum, is one of several fossil fuels . Fossil fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons (compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon) that formed over millions of years from the remains of dead organisms. In addition to oil, they include coal and natural gas. Fossil fuels provide most of the energy used in the world today. They are burned in power plants to produce electrical energy, and they also fuel cars, heat homes, and supply energy for many other purposes. You can see some ways they are used in the Figure below . For a more detailed introduction to fossil fuels, go to this URL: http://www. ecokids. ca/pub/eco_info/topics/energy/ecostats/index. cfm. | Options: fossil|coal|sediment|trilobites", "answer": "fossil", "id": "sciq_extra_1845", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the cartilaginous structure that extends from the pharynx to the primary bronchi?", "context": "Chapter 39 1 Figure 39.7 B 3 Figure 39.20 The blood pH will drop and hemoglobin affinity for oxygen will decrease. 4 A 6 B 8 D 10 B 12 D 14 C 16 The main bronchus is the conduit in the lung that funnels air to the airways where gas exchange occurs. The main bronchus attaches the lungs to the very end of the trachea where it bifurcates. The trachea is the cartilaginous structure that extends from the pharynx to the primary bronchi. It serves to funnel air to the lungs. The alveoli are the sites of gas exchange; they are located at the terminal regions of the lung and are attached to the respiratory bronchioles. The acinus is the structure in the lung where gas exchange occurs. 18 FEV1/FVC measures the forced expiratory volume in one second in relation to the total forced vital capacity (the total amount of air that is exhaled from the lung from a maximal inhalation). This ratio changes with alterations in lung function that arise from diseases such as fibrosis, asthma, and COPD. 20 Oxygen moves from the lung to the bloodstream to the tissues according to the pressure gradient. This is measured as the partial pressure of oxygen. If the amount of oxygen drops in the inspired air, there would be reduced partial pressure. This would decrease the driving force that moves the oxygen into the blood and into the tissues. P O is also reduced at high elevations: P O at high elevations is lower than 2. | Options: trachea|larynx|cricoid|sternohyoid", "answer": "trachea", "id": "sciq_extra_1846", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Excess dietary fat is stored as triglycerides in the body. what type of tissue is used to store the triglycerides?", "context": "inside these cells, glucose is immediately converted into glucose-6-phosphate. By doing this, a concentration gradient is established where glucose levels are higher in the blood than in the cells. This allows for glucose to continue moving from the blood to the cells where it is needed. Insulin also stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells where it can be used for later energy needs of the body. Insulin also promotes the synthesis of protein in muscle. As you will see, muscle protein can be catabolized and used as fuel in times of starvation. If energy is exerted shortly after eating, the dietary fats and sugars that were just ingested will be processed and used immediately for energy. If not, the excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells, or as fat in adipose tissue; excess dietary fat is also stored as triglycerides in adipose tissues. Figure 24.21 summarizes the metabolic processes occurring in the body during the absorptive state. | Options: adipose|connective|muscle|metabolic", "answer": "adipose", "id": "sciq_extra_1847", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call winds that occur in belts that go all around the planet?", "context": "Global winds are winds that occur in belts that go all around the planet. You can see them in Figure below . Like local winds, global winds are caused by unequal heating of the atmosphere. | Options: global winds|rotational winds|gravitational winds|solar winds", "answer": "global winds", "id": "sciq_extra_1848", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample?", "context": "Some properties of matter depend on the size of the sample, while some do not. An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains. A small sample of a certain type of matter will have a small mass, while a larger sample will have a greater mass. Another extensive property is volume . The volume of an object is a measure of the space that is occupied by that object. | Options: extensive|provided|relative|non-exact", "answer": "extensive", "id": "sciq_extra_1849", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The legend explains features and symbols on?", "context": "Look for the legend on the top left side of the map. The legend explains other features and symbols on the map. | Options: map|telescopes|compass|earth", "answer": "map", "id": "sciq_extra_1850", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Organic acids such as acetic acid all contain a functional group called what?", "context": "Organic acids such as acetic acid all contain a functional group called a carboxyl group . | Options: carboxyl group|glycoprotein group|protein|ester group", "answer": "carboxyl group", "id": "sciq_extra_1851", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which is the only organ system in humans that differs greatly between males and females?", "context": "Dogs have puppies. Cats have kittens. All organisms reproduce, obviously including humans. Like other mammals, humans have a body system that controls reproduction. It is called the reproductive system . It is the only human body system that is very different in males and females. The male and female reproductive systems have different organs and different functions. | Options: reproductive system|digestive system|immune system|neural system", "answer": "reproductive system", "id": "sciq_extra_1852", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sound travels through the outer ear to the middle ear, which is bounded on its exterior by the what membrane?", "context": "Figure 36.13 Sound travels through the outer ear to the middle ear, which is bounded on its exterior by the tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains three bones called ossicles that transfer the sound wave to the oval window, the exterior boundary of the inner ear. The organ of Corti, which is the organ of sound transduction, lies inside the cochlea. (credit: modification of work by Lars Chittka, Axel Brockmann). | Options: tympanic|cutaneous|serous|mucous", "answer": "tympanic", "id": "sciq_extra_1853", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the most common cause of hearing loss?", "context": "Many activities expose people to dangerously loud sounds that can cause hearing loss. | Options: loud sounds|birth defect|infection|quiet sounds", "answer": "loud sounds", "id": "sciq_extra_1854", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Some products contain iron filings that will react with air to release what type of energy?", "context": "Hikers, campers, and other outdoor folks take advantage of chemical reactions to keep their hands warm. Small containers of chemicals can undergo reaction to generate heat that can be used to avoid frostbite. Some products contain iron filings that will react with air to release thermal energy. These types of warmer cannot be reused. Other systems rely on heat being released when certain chemicals crystallize. If the warmer is placed in very hot water after use, the system can be regenerated. | Options: thermal|physical|mechanical|spectral", "answer": "thermal", "id": "sciq_extra_1855", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Mutations in what type of regulatory gene can cause misplacement of structures in an animal?", "context": "Options: homeotic|dichotic|diploid|myogenic", "answer": "homeotic", "id": "sciq_extra_1856", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "By what processes do rivers create floodplains?", "context": "Erosion and deposition by slow-flowing rivers creates broad floodplains and meanders. | Options: erosion and deposition|depletion and erosion|thrust and deposition|deposition and sedimentation", "answer": "erosion and deposition", "id": "sciq_extra_1857", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What biological agents that infect living hosts contain dna, yet lack the other parts shared by all cells, including a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes?", "context": "Viruses contain DNA but not much else. They lack the other parts shared by all cells, including a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Therefore, viruses are not cells, but are they alive? All living things not only have cells; they are also capable of reproduction. Viruses cannot reproduce by themselves. Instead, they infect living hosts, and use the hosts’ cells to make copies of their own DNA. Viruses also do not have their own metabolism or maintain homeostasis. For these reasons, most scientists do not consider viruses to be living things. | Options: viruses|parasites|worms|bacteria", "answer": "viruses", "id": "sciq_extra_1858", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of what in a sample?", "context": "An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. | Options: matter|plasma|space|water", "answer": "matter", "id": "sciq_extra_1859", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A wheel with a rope wrapped around it, hanging over a building, is an example of what type of machine?", "context": "This rusty iron wheel has a rope wrapped around it. The wheel and rope hang over a building. Together they make up a type of machine called a pulley. | Options: pulley|pedal|propeller|simple machine", "answer": "pulley", "id": "sciq_extra_1860", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Early types of what animals were the first vertebrates that moved onto land and have true lungs, although they had to return to the water to reproduce?", "context": "The first vertebrates moved onto land about 365 million years ago. They were early amphibians. They were the first animals to have true lungs and limbs for life on land. However, they still had to return to the water to reproduce. That’s because their eggs lacked a waterproof covering and would dry out on land. | Options: amphibians|mammals|birds|reptiles", "answer": "amphibians", "id": "sciq_extra_1861", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Many heterocyclic amines occur naturally in what?", "context": "nucleic acids, which in turn compose the genetic material of cells and direct protein synthesis. (For more information about nucleic acids, see Chapter 19 \"Nucleic Acids\". ) Many heterocyclic amines occur naturally in plants. Like other amines, these compounds are basic. Such a compound is an alkaloid, a name that means “like alkalis. ” Many alkaloids are physiologically active, including the familiar drugs caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine. | Options: plants|gases|nuclei|animals", "answer": "plants", "id": "sciq_extra_1862", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do wind turbines change the kinetic energy of the wind into?", "context": "Wind is moving air, so it has kinetic energy that can do work. Remember the wind turbines that opened this chapter? Wind turbines change the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy. Only certain areas of the world get enough steady wind to produce much electricity. Many people also think that wind turbines are noisy and unattractive in the landscape. | Options: electrical energy|potential energy|available energy|transportable energy", "answer": "electrical energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1863", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Population growth depends on birth rates and death rates, as well as what?", "context": "Population growth rate depends on birth rates and death rates, as well as migration. First, we will consider the effects of birth and death rates. You can predict the growth rate by using this simple equation: growth rate = birth rate – death rate. | Options: migration|industrialization|communication|marriage", "answer": "migration", "id": "sciq_extra_1864", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The exchange of heat stops once what property of equilibrium between the pan and the water is achieved?", "context": "of 150ºC . Assume that the pan is placed on an insulated pad and that a negligible amount of water boils off. What is the temperature when the water and pan reach thermal equilibrium a short time later? Strategy The pan is placed on an insulated pad so that little heat transfer occurs with the surroundings. Originally the pan and water are not in thermal equilibrium: the pan is at a higher temperature than the water. Heat transfer then restores thermal equilibrium once the water and pan are in contact. Because heat transfer between the pan and water takes place rapidly, the mass of evaporated water is negligible and the magnitude of the heat lost by the pan is equal to the heat gained by the water. The exchange of heat stops once a thermal equilibrium between the pan and the water is achieved. The heat exchange can be written as ∣ Q hot ∣ = Q cold . | Options: thermal|density|viscosity|motion", "answer": "thermal", "id": "sciq_extra_1865", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If the area to which a force is applied is smaller then the pressure will be?", "context": "Pressure shows how concentrated the force is on a given area. The smaller the area to which force is applied, the greater the pressure is. Think about pressing a pushpin, like the one in the Figure below , into a bulletin board. You apply force with your thumb to the broad head of the pushpin. However, the force that the pushpin applies to the bulletin board acts only over the tiny point of the pin. This is a much smaller area, so the pressure the point applies to the bulletin board is much greater than the pressure you apply with your thumb. As a result, the pin penetrates the bulletin board with ease. | Options: greater|equal|lower|the same", "answer": "greater", "id": "sciq_extra_1866", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past?", "context": "Fossils are preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past. Most preserved remains are hard parts, such as teeth, bones, or shells. Hard parts are less likely to be destroyed before they can become fossils. Even so, a very tiny percentage of living things become fossils. These types of fossils are called body fossils ( Figure below , Figure below , and Figure below ). | Options: fossils|skulls|corals|decomposition", "answer": "fossils", "id": "sciq_extra_1867", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What process do single cell organisms use to remove waste and get nutrients into their cell?", "context": "over a specific distance and limits the size that an individual cell can attain. If a cell is a single-celled microorganism, such as an amoeba, it can satisfy all of its nutrient and waste needs through diffusion. If the cell is too large, then diffusion is ineffective and the center of the cell does not receive adequate nutrients nor is it able to effectively dispel its waste. An important concept in understanding how efficient diffusion is as a means of transport is the surface to volume ratio. Recall that any three-dimensional object has a surface area and volume; the ratio of these two quantities is the surfaceto-volume ratio. Consider a cell shaped like a perfect sphere: it has a surface area of 4πr2, and a volume of (4/3)πr3. The surface-to-volume ratio of a sphere is 3/r; as the cell gets bigger, its surface to volume ratio decreases, making diffusion less efficient. The larger the size of the sphere, or animal, the less surface area for diffusion it possesses. The solution to producing larger organisms is for them to become multicellular. Specialization occurs in complex organisms, allowing cells to become more efficient at doing fewer tasks. For example, circulatory systems bring nutrients and remove waste, while respiratory systems provide oxygen for the cells and remove carbon dioxide from them. Other organ systems have developed further specialization of cells and tissues and efficiently control body functions. Moreover, surface-tovolume ratio applies to other are", "answer": "diffusion", "id": "sciq_extra_1868", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Trees release what gas as a byproduct of photosynthesis, thereby facilitating human respiration?", "context": "Recall that trees release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. And you need oxygen to breathe. Do you know why? So your cells can perform cellular respiration and make ATP. | Options: oxygen|methane|carbon dioxide|nitrogen", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_1869", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of muscle cells have a single nucleus and are spindle-shaped?", "context": "10.8 Smooth Muscle Smooth muscle is found throughout the body around various organs and tracts. Smooth muscle cells have a single nucleus, and are spindle-shaped. Smooth muscle cells can undergo hyperplasia, mitotically dividing to produce new cells. The smooth cells are nonstriated, but their sarcoplasm is filled with actin and myosin, along with dense bodies in the sarcolemma to anchor the thin filaments and a network of intermediate filaments involved in pulling the sarcolemma toward the fiber’s middle, shortening it in the process. Ca++ ions trigger contraction when they are released from SR and enter through opened voltage-gated calcium channels. Smooth muscle contraction is initiated when the Ca++ binds to intracellular calmodulin, which then activates an enzyme called myosin kinase that phosphorylates myosin heads so they can form the cross-bridges with actin and then pull on the thin filaments. Smooth muscle can be stimulated by pacesetter cells, by the autonomic nervous system, by hormones, spontaneously, or by stretching. The fibers in some smooth muscle have latch-bridges, crossbridges that cycle slowly without the need for ATP; these muscles can maintain low-level contractions for long periods. Single-unit smooth muscle tissue contains gap junctions to synchronize membrane depolarization and contractions so that the muscle contracts as a single unit. Single-unit smooth muscle in the walls of the viscera, called visceral muscle, has a stress-relaxation response tha", "answer": "smooth muscle", "id": "sciq_extra_1870", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The cortical reaction has begun, initiating events that ensure that only one sperm nucleus enters where?", "context": "Options: the egg|the spore|the heart|the sperm", "answer": "the egg", "id": "sciq_extra_1871", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do the process of moving air into and out of the lungs better known as?", "context": "Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. The process depends on a muscle called the diaphragm. This is a large, sheet-like muscle below the lungs. You can see it in Figure below . | Options: breathing|bleeding|consuming|photosynthesis", "answer": "breathing", "id": "sciq_extra_1872", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which kind of rocks contain felsic minerals, typically contain aluminum and sodium and are high in silica?", "context": "Felsic igneous rocks contain felsic minerals. They typically contain aluminum and sodium; they are high in silica. Quartz and potassium feldspar are felsic minerals. Minerals and rocks with a composition in between mafic and felsic are called intermediate. | Options: felsic igneous|metamorphic|igneous|sedimentary", "answer": "felsic igneous", "id": "sciq_extra_1873", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are trees that lose their leaves during winter called?", "context": "trees that lose their leaves once a year. | Options: deciduous|fruits|fungus|coniferous", "answer": "deciduous", "id": "sciq_extra_1874", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Other than gametes, normal human cells have a total of how many chromosomes per cell?", "context": "Human Chromosomes. Human chromosomes are shown here arranged by size. Chromosome 1 is the largest, and chromosome 22 is the smallest. All normal human cells (except gametes) have two of each chromosome, for a total of 46 chromosomes per cell. Only one of each pair is shown here. | Options: 46|36|33|23", "answer": "46", "id": "sciq_extra_1875", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds?", "context": "Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds, but they can vary greatly in size. The smallest hydrocarbons have just one or two carbon atoms. The largest hydrocarbons may have thousands of carbon atoms. | Options: hydrocarbons|organic compounds|inorganic compounds|fossil fuels", "answer": "hydrocarbons", "id": "sciq_extra_1876", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of this?", "context": "Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis) Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of meiosis. During meiosis, two cell divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the nucleus and then separate the chromatids that were made during an earlier stage of the cell’s life cycle. Meiosis produces haploid cells with half of each pair of chromosomes normally found in diploid cells. The production of sperm is called spermatogenesis and the production of eggs is called oogenesis. Spermatogenesis. | Options: meiosis|mutations|gametes|osmosis", "answer": "meiosis", "id": "sciq_extra_1877", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the name of the roundworms digestive organ?", "context": "A roundworm has a complete digestive system, which includes both a mouth and an anus. This is a significant difference from the incomplete digestive system of flatworms. The roundworm digestive system also include a large digestive organ known as the gut. Digestive enzymes that start to break down food are produced here. There is no stomach, but there is an intestine which produces enzymes that help absorb nutrients. The last portion of the intestine forms a rectum, which expels waste through the anus. | Options: gut|intestine|tube|stomach", "answer": "gut", "id": "sciq_extra_1878", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Oxides contain one or two metal elements combined with what?", "context": "Earth’s crust contains a lot of oxygen. The oxygen combines with many other elements to create oxide minerals. Oxides contain one or two metal elements combined with oxygen. Oxides are different from silicates because they do not contain silicon. Many important metals are found as oxides. For example, hematite and magnetite are both oxides that contain iron. Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) has a ratio of two iron atoms to three oxygen atoms. Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) has a ratio of three iron atoms to four oxygen atoms. Notice that the word “magnetite” contains the word “magnet”. Magnetite is a magnetic mineral. | Options: oxygen|nitrogen|carbon|ethanol", "answer": "oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_1879", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What combine the spinal sensory and motor components with a sensory input that directly generates a motor response?", "context": "Reflexes Reflexes combine the spinal sensory and motor components with a sensory input that directly generates a motor response. The reflexes that are tested in the neurological exam are classified into two groups. A deep tendon reflex is commonly known as a stretch reflex, and is elicited by a strong tap to a tendon, such as in the knee-jerk reflex. A superficial reflex is elicited through gentle stimulation of the skin and causes contraction of the associated muscles. For the arm, the common reflexes to test are of the biceps, brachioradialis, triceps, and flexors for the digits. For the leg, the knee-jerk reflex of the quadriceps is common, as is the ankle reflex for the gastrocnemius and soleus. The tendon at the insertion for each of these muscles is struck with a rubber mallet. The muscle is quickly stretched, resulting in activation of the muscle spindle that sends a signal into the spinal cord through the dorsal root. The fiber synapses directly on the ventral horn motor neuron that activates the muscle, causing contraction. The reflexes are physiologically useful for stability. If a. | Options: reflexes|senses|shocks|tissues", "answer": "reflexes", "id": "sciq_extra_1880", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of evolution happens when two species evolve the same traits?", "context": "Sometimes two species evolve the same traits. It happens because they live in similar habitats. This is called convergent evolution . Caribbean Anoles demonstrate this as well. | Options: convergent|divergent|associated|multiplicative", "answer": "convergent", "id": "sciq_extra_1881", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which way does an electric charge always move from?", "context": "An electric charge flows when it has electric potential energy due to its position in an electric field. An electric charge always moves spontaneously from a position of higher to lower potential energy. | Options: higher to lower|low to high|like to like|diagonally", "answer": "higher to lower", "id": "sciq_extra_1882", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body?", "context": "Example 12.3 Calculating Flow Speed and Vessel Diameter: Branching in the Cardiovascular System The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is 8.0 µm , calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system. Strategy We can use. | Options: aorta|the superior vena cava|the pulmonary vein|the pulmonary artery", "answer": "aorta", "id": "sciq_extra_1883", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What increases when a muscle like a biceps is extended?", "context": "In the above example of the biceps muscle, the angle between the forearm and upper arm is 90°. If this angle changes, the force exerted by the biceps muscle also changes. In addition, the length of the biceps muscle changes. The force the biceps muscle can exert depends upon its length; it is smaller when it is shorter than when it is stretched. Very large forces are also created in the joints. In the previous example, the downward force. | Options: force|weight|speed|momentum", "answer": "force", "id": "sciq_extra_1884", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hot magma beneath the surface mixes with water and forms what?", "context": "An explosive eruption produces huge clouds of volcanic ash. Chunks of the volcano fly high into the atmosphere. Explosive eruptions can be 10,000 times as powerful as an atomic bomb ( Figure below ). Hot magma beneath the surface mixes with water. This forms gases. The gas pressure grows until it must be released. The volcano erupts in an enormous explosion. | Options: gas|hydrocarbons|liquids|lava", "answer": "gas", "id": "sciq_extra_1885", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The olfactory receptor neurons are located in a small region within what cavity?", "context": "Olfaction (Smell) Like taste, the sense of smell, or olfaction, is also responsive to chemical stimuli. The olfactory receptor neurons are located in a small region within the superior nasal cavity (Figure 14.4). This region is referred to as the olfactory epithelium and contains bipolar sensory neurons. Each olfactory sensory neuron has dendrites that extend from the apical surface of the epithelium into the mucus lining the cavity. As airborne molecules are inhaled through the nose, they pass over the olfactory epithelial region and dissolve into the mucus. These odorant molecules bind to proteins that keep them dissolved in the mucus and help transport them to the olfactory dendrites. The odorant–protein complex binds to a receptor protein within the cell membrane of an olfactory dendrite. These receptors are G protein–coupled, and will produce a graded membrane potential in the olfactory neurons. The axon of an olfactory neuron extends from the basal surface of the epithelium, through an olfactory foramen in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and into the brain. The group of axons called the olfactory tract connect to the olfactory bulb on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe. From there, the axons split to travel to several brain regions. Some. | Options: superior nasal|exterior nasal|posterior nasal|inferior nasal", "answer": "superior nasal", "id": "sciq_extra_1886", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Single bonds between atoms are always what?", "context": "In general, single bonds between atoms are always sigma bonds. Double bonds are comprised of one sigma and one pi bond. Triple bonds are comprised of one sigma bond and two pi bonds. | Options: sigma bonds|genetic bonds|rna bonds|analogue bonds", "answer": "sigma bonds", "id": "sciq_extra_1887", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of attraction does electrical force have?", "context": "The electrical force is a vector quantity that is positive in repulsion and negative in attraction. | Options: negative|similar|neutral|positive", "answer": "negative", "id": "sciq_extra_1888", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "At what temperatures do alkanes with more carbon atoms boil?", "context": "Saturated hydrocarbons are given the general name of alkanes . The name of specific alkanes always ends in – ane . The first part of the name indicates how many carbon atoms each molecule of the alkane has. The smallest alkane is methane. It has just one carbon atom. The next largest is ethane with two carbon atoms. The chemical formulas and properties of methane, ethane, and other small alkanes are listed in the Table below . The boiling and melting points of alkanes are determined mainly by the number of carbon atoms they have. Alkanes with more carbon atoms generally boil and melt at higher temperatures. | Options: higher temperatures|heavier temperatures|lower temperatures|farther temperatures", "answer": "higher temperatures", "id": "sciq_extra_1889", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "If the tunica externa did not hold a vessel in place, any movement would likely result in disruption of what?", "context": "Tunica Externa The outer tunic, the tunica externa (also called the tunica adventitia), is a substantial sheath of connective tissue composed primarily of collagenous fibers. Some bands of elastic fibers are found here as well. The tunica externa in veins also contains groups of smooth muscle fibers. This is normally the thickest tunic in veins and may be thicker than the tunica media in some larger arteries. The outer layers of the tunica externa are not distinct but rather blend with the surrounding connective tissue outside the vessel, helping to hold the vessel in relative position. If you are able to palpate some of the superficial veins on your upper limbs and try to move them, you will find that the tunica externa prevents this. If the tunica externa did not hold the vessel in place, any movement would likely result in disruption of blood flow. | Options: blood flow|respiration|pulse|heart beat", "answer": "blood flow", "id": "sciq_extra_1890", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "One common way to remove phosphates from water is by the addition of what?", "context": "One common way to remove phosphates from water is by the addition of calcium hydroxide, known as lime, Ca(OH)2. The lime is converted into calcium carbonate, a strong base, in the water. As the water is made more basic, the calcium ions react with phosphate ions to produce hydroxylapatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH), which then precipitates out of the solution:. | Options: calcium hydroxide|acetic acid|nitrous oxide|isotopes", "answer": "calcium hydroxide", "id": "sciq_extra_1891", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Before going into hibernation bears eat constantly for what reason?", "context": "Options: increase body fat|Decrease body fat|Increase body protein|Decrease body protein", "answer": "increase body fat", "id": "sciq_extra_1892", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What two elements make up about 99 percent of the air?", "context": "Nitrogen and oxygen make up about 99 percent of the air. Argon and carbon dioxide make up much of the rest. The air also contains water vapor. The amount of water vapor varies from place to place. | Options: nitrogen and oxygen|nitrogen and phosphorus|helium and boron|phosphorus and oxygen", "answer": "nitrogen and oxygen", "id": "sciq_extra_1893", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The different types of nuclei are referred to as what?", "context": "Although the hydrogen nucleus consists of a single proton, the nuclei of all other elements contain both neutrons and protons. The different types of nuclei are referred to as nuclides . The number of protons in a nucleus is called the atomic number and is designated by the symbol . The total number of nucleons, neutrons and protons, is designated by the symbol and is called the mass number . A nuclide with 7 protons and 8 neutrons thus has and . The number of neutrons, , is . To specify a given nuclide, we need give only and . These can be shown in a complete nuclear symbol which takes the form. | Options: nuclides|organelles|atoms|rhizomes", "answer": "nuclides", "id": "sciq_extra_1894", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What measure is the total mass of organisms at a trophic level?", "context": "Biomass is the total mass of organisms at a trophic level. With less energy at higher trophic levels, there are usually fewer organisms as well. This is also represented in the pyramid in Figure above . Organisms tend to be larger in size at higher trophic levels. However, their smaller numbers result in less biomass. | Options: biomass|detritus|atomic mass|phosphorus", "answer": "biomass", "id": "sciq_extra_1895", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What has the least amount of energy in an atom?", "context": "The model in the Figure below shows the first four energy levels of an atom. Electrons in energy level I (also called energy level K) have the least amount of energy. As you go farther from the nucleus, electrons at higher levels have more energy, and their energy increases by a fixed, discrete amount. Electrons can jump from a lower to the next higher energy level if they absorb this amount of energy. Conversely, if electrons jump from a higher to a lower energy level, they give off energy, often in the form of light. This explains the fireworks pictured above. When the fireworks explode, electrons gain energy and jump to higher energy levels. When they jump back to their original energy levels, they release the energy as light. Different atoms have different arrangements of electrons, so they give off light of different colors. You can see an animation of electrons jumping from one energy level to another at this URL: http://cas. sdss. org/dr6/en/proj/advanced/spectraltypes/energylevels. asp . | Options: electrons|crystals|protons|rings", "answer": "electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1896", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the visible surface of the sun called?", "context": "The photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun ( Figure below ). It's the part that we see shining. Surprisingly, the photosphere is also one of the coolest layers of the Sun. It is only about 6,000°C. | Options: photosphere|chronosphere|stratosphere|ionosphere", "answer": "photosphere", "id": "sciq_extra_1897", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call organisms that store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules they produce themselves?", "context": "Autotrophs, shown in the Figure below , store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules they produce themselves. Food is chemical energy stored in organic molecules. Food provides both the energy to do work and the carbon to build the organic structures from cells to organisms. Because most autotrophs transform sunlight to make or synthesize food, we call the process they use photosynthesis . The food produced via this process is glucose. Only three groups of organisms - plants, algae, and some bacteria - are capable of this life-giving energy transformation. Autotrophs make food for their own use, but they make enough to support other life as well. Almost all other organisms depend absolutely on these three groups for the food they produce. The producers , as autotrophs are also known, begin food chains which feed all life. Food chains will be discussed in the Ecology concepts. | Options: autotrophs|plants|omnivores|heterotrophs", "answer": "autotrophs", "id": "sciq_extra_1898", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which condition is the only autosomal trisomy where an affected individual may survive to adulthood?", "context": "One of the most common chromosome abnormalities is Down syndrome , due to nondisjunction of chromosome 21 resulting in an extra complete chromosome 21, or part of chromosome 21 ( Figure below ). Down syndrome is the only autosomal trisomy where an affected individual may survive to adulthood. Individuals with Down syndrome often have some degree of mental retardation, some impairment of physical growth, and a specific facial appearance. With proper assistance, individuals with Down syndrome can become successful, contributing members of society. The incidence of Down syndrome increases with maternal age. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome is significantly higher among women age 35 and older. | Options: down syndrome|dwarfism|progeria|type 1 diabetes", "answer": "down syndrome", "id": "sciq_extra_1899", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs when a population reaches the carrying capacity?", "context": "A population can’t keep growing bigger and bigger forever. Sooner or later, it will run out of things it needs. For a given species, there is a maximum population that can be supported by the environment. This maximum is called the carrying capacity . When a population gets close to the carrying capacity, it usually grows more slowly. You can see this in Figure below . When the population reaches the carrying capacity, it stops growing. | Options: growth stops|impact stops|growth increases|core stops", "answer": "growth stops", "id": "sciq_extra_1900", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion called?", "context": "There is no complete agreement when it comes to defining what the natural sciences include. For some experts, the natural sciences are astronomy, biology, chemistry, earth science, and physics. Other scholars choose to divide natural sciences into life sciences, which study living things and include biology, and physical sciences, which study nonliving matter and include astronomy, physics, and chemistry. Some disciplines such as biophysics and biochemistry build on two sciences and are interdisciplinary. Scientific Inquiry One thing is common to all forms of science: an ultimate goal “to know. ” Curiosity and inquiry are the driving forces for the development of science. Scientists seek to understand the world and the way it operates. Two methods of logical thinking are used: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist such as a biologist makes observations and records them. | Options: inductive reasoning|hypthetical thinking|theory reasoning|deductive logic", "answer": "inductive reasoning", "id": "sciq_extra_1901", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Carbon can form single, double, or triple what with other carbon atoms", "context": "Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds with other carbon atoms. | Options: covalent bonds|ionic bonds|phenotype bonds|electron bonds", "answer": "covalent bonds", "id": "sciq_extra_1902", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Wind or water that travels toward the poles from the equator curves in which direction?", "context": "As wind or an ocean current moves, the Earth spins underneath it. Wind or water that travels toward the poles from the Equator curves to the east. Wind or water that travels toward the Equator from the poles curves to the west. The Coriolis effect bends the direction of surface currents to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. The currents curve left in the Southern Hemisphere ( Figure below ). | Options: east|west|downward|upward", "answer": "east", "id": "sciq_extra_1903", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is defined as the ability to cause changes in matter?", "context": "The human ear is pictured below ( Figure below ). As you read about it, trace the path of sound waves through the ear. Assume a car horn blows in the distance. Sound waves spread through the air from the horn. Some of the sound waves reach your ear. The steps below show what happens next. They explain how your ears sense the sound. | Options: energy|pressure|fuel|transcription", "answer": "energy", "id": "sciq_extra_1904", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes and move the chromosomes to what plate?", "context": "Options: metaphase plate|boundary plate|interstitium plate|prophase plate", "answer": "metaphase plate", "id": "sciq_extra_1905", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do plants use to make food for themselves and most other organisms?", "context": "Visible light includes all the wavelengths of light that the human eye can detect. Humans and virtually all other organisms depend on visible light to survive. Humans and many other animals use it to see. Plants use it to make food for themselves and most other organisms. | Options: light|heat|electricity|gravity", "answer": "light", "id": "sciq_extra_1906", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Chlorophylls and carotenoids are the two major classes of pigments associated with what process and found in plants and algae?", "context": "Understanding Pigments Different kinds of pigments exist, and each has evolved to absorb only certain wavelengths (colors) of visible light. Pigments reflect or transmit the wavelengths they cannot absorb, making them appear in the corresponding color. Chlorophylls and carotenoids are the two major classes of photosynthetic pigments found in plants and algae; each class has multiple types of pigment molecules. There are five major chlorophylls: a, b, c and d and a related molecule found in prokaryotes called bacteriochlorophyll. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are found in higher plant chloroplasts and will be the focus of the following discussion. With dozens of different forms, carotenoids are a much larger group of pigments. The carotenoids found in fruit—such as the red of tomato (lycopene), the yellow of corn seeds (zeaxanthin), or the orange of an orange peel (β-carotene)—are used as advertisements to attract seed dispersers. In photosynthesis, carotenoids function as photosynthetic pigments that are very efficient molecules for the disposal of excess energy. When a leaf is exposed to full sun, the light-dependent reactions are required to process an enormous amount of energy; if that energy is not handled properly, it can do significant damage. Therefore, many carotenoids reside in the thylakoid membrane, absorb excess energy, and safely dissipate that energy as heat. Each type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from visible ", "answer": "photosynthesis", "id": "sciq_extra_1907", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is created when you combine simple machines?", "context": "Compound machines such as a wheelbarrow or corkscrew consist of just two simple machines. Big compound machines such as cars consist of hundreds or thousands of simple machines. | Options: compound machines|motors|factories|digital devices", "answer": "compound machines", "id": "sciq_extra_1908", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the general term for a parasite that causes disease ?", "context": "Bacteria: Friend or Foe? at http://biology. about. com/cs/bacteriology/a/aa032504a. htm . | Options: pathogenic parasite|predator parasite|noxious parasite|avian parasite", "answer": "pathogenic parasite", "id": "sciq_extra_1909", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What device measures atmospheric pressure and can be used as an altimeter?", "context": "A barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure. A mercury barometer is shown in Figure 11.18. This device measures atmospheric pressure, rather than gauge pressure, because there is a nearly pure vacuum above the mercury in the tube. The height of the mercury is such that hρg = P atm . When atmospheric pressure varies, the mercury rises or falls, giving important clues to weather forecasters. The barometer can also be used as an altimeter, since average atmospheric pressure varies with altitude. Mercury barometers and manometers are so common that units of mm Hg are often quoted for atmospheric pressure and blood pressures. Table 11.2 gives conversion factors for some of the more commonly used units of pressure. | Options: barometer|thermometer|speedometer|indicator", "answer": "barometer", "id": "sciq_extra_1910", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are solid-solid solutions like brass and bronze called?", "context": "Solid-solid solutions such as brass, bronze, and sterling silver are called alloys. Bronze (composed mainly of copper with added tin) was widely used in making weapons in times past dating back to at least 2400 B. C. This metal alloy was hard and tough, but was eventually replaced by iron. | Options: alloys|oxides|mixtures|amalgams", "answer": "alloys", "id": "sciq_extra_1911", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the main element in organic compounds?", "context": "A compound found mainly in living things is known as an organic compound . Organic compounds make up the cells and other structures of organisms and carry out life processes. Carbon is the main element in organic compounds, so carbon is essential to life on Earth. Without carbon, life as we know it could not exist. | Options: carbon|oxygen|helium|hydrogen", "answer": "carbon", "id": "sciq_extra_1912", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In living systems, diffusion of substances into and out of cells is mediated by the what?", "context": "3.5 Passive Transport The passive forms of transport, diffusion and osmosis, move material of small molecular weight. Substances diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, and this process continues until the substance is evenly distributed in a system. In solutions of more than one substance, each type of molecule diffuses according to its own concentration gradient. Many factors can affect the rate of diffusion, including concentration gradient, the sizes of the particles that are diffusing, and the temperature of the system. In living systems, diffusion of substances into and out of cells is mediated by the plasma membrane. Some materials diffuse readily through the membrane, but others are hindered, and their passage is only made possible by protein channels and carriers. The chemistry of living things occurs in aqueous solutions, and balancing the concentrations of those solutions is an ongoing problem. In living systems, diffusion of some substances would be slow or difficult without membrane proteins. | Options: plasma membrane|cells membrane|Plant membrane|battery membrane", "answer": "plasma membrane", "id": "sciq_extra_1913", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Desertification can result from slash-and-burn agriculture, which causes loss of what?", "context": "Slash-and-burn agriculture can lead to desertification, meaning the fertile top soil is lost. | Options: topsoil|fertilizer|subsoil|sediment", "answer": "topsoil", "id": "sciq_extra_1914", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are certain numbers of nucleons, known as magic numbers stable against?", "context": "certain numbers of nucleons, known as magic numbers, are stable against nuclear decay. These numbers of protons or neutrons (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126) make complete shells in the nucleus. These are similar in concept to the stable electron shells observed for the noble gases. Nuclei that have magic numbers of both protons and neutrons, such as 42 He, 168 O, 40 and 208 are called “double magic” and are particularly stable. These trends in 20 Ca, 82 Pb, nuclear stability may be rationalized by considering a quantum mechanical model of nuclear energy states analogous to that used to describe electronic states earlier in this textbook. The details of this model are beyond the scope of this chapter. Stable Nuclear Isotopes Number of Stable Isotopes. | Options: nuclear decay|water|radiation|half-lifes", "answer": "nuclear decay", "id": "sciq_extra_1915", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Electron capture occurs when an inner shell electron combines with a proton and is converted into what?", "context": "Figure 12.4 An overhead view of a car passing a truck on a highway. Air passing between the vehicles flows in a narrower channel and must increase its speed ( v 2 is greater than v 1 ), causing the pressure between them to drop ( P i is less than P o ). Greater pressure on the outside pushes the car and truck together. | Options: neutron|nuclei|photon|protein", "answer": "neutron", "id": "sciq_extra_1916", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What system consists of neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles?", "context": "Options: motor system|nervous system|endocrine system|circulatory system", "answer": "motor system", "id": "sciq_extra_1917", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cross-pollination—or out-crossing—leads to greater genetic diversity because the microgametophyte and megagametophyte are derived from what?", "context": "Explore this interactive website (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/pollination) to review self-pollination and crosspollination. Living species are designed to ensure survival of their progeny; those that fail become extinct. Genetic diversity is therefore required so that in changing environmental or stress conditions, some of the progeny can survive. Self-pollination leads to the production of plants with less genetic diversity, since genetic material from the same plant is used to form gametes, and eventually, the zygote. In contrast, cross-pollination—or out-crossing—leads to greater genetic diversity because the microgametophyte and megagametophyte are derived from different plants. Because cross-pollination allows for more genetic diversity, plants have developed many ways to avoid self-pollination. In some species, the pollen and the ovary mature at different times. These flowers make self-pollination nearly impossible. By the time pollen matures and has been shed, the stigma of this flower is mature and can only be pollinated by pollen from another flower. Some flowers have developed physical features that prevent self-pollination. The primrose is one such flower. Primroses have evolved two flower types with differences in anther and stigma length: the pin-eyed flower has anthers positioned at the pollen tube’s halfway point, and the thrum-eyed flower’s stigma is likewise located at the halfway point. Insects easily cross-pollinate while seeking the nectar at the bottom ", "answer": "different plants", "id": "sciq_extra_1918", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cancers are caused by a series of what?", "context": "Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. Each mutation alters the behavior of the cell. In this example, the first mutation inactivates a tumor suppressor gene, the second mutation inactivates a DNA repair gene, the third mutation creates an oncogene, and a fourth mutation inactivates several more tumor suppressor genes, resulting in cancer. It should be noted that it does not necessarily require four or more mutations to lead to cancer. | Options: mutations|adaptations|parasites|microbes", "answer": "mutations", "id": "sciq_extra_1919", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In comparison to light, the speed of sound is faster or slower?", "context": "Figure 17.8 When a firework explodes, the light energy is perceived before the sound energy. Sound travels more slowly than light does. (credit: Dominic Alves, Flickr). | Options: slower|faster|the same|sound does does not travel", "answer": "slower", "id": "sciq_extra_1920", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What type of fossils are of organisms that lived over a wide area for a fairly short period of time and are used to determine the age of the rock it is in?", "context": "Fossils are used to determine the ages of rock layers. Index fossils are the most useful for this. Index fossils are of organisms that lived over a wide area. They lived for a fairly short period of time. An index fossil allows a scientist to determine the age of the rock it is in. | Options: index fossils|inventory fossils|rate fossils|reference fossils", "answer": "index fossils", "id": "sciq_extra_1921", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What term is defined as the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived during earlier ages?", "context": "Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived during earlier ages. Remains that become fossils are generally the hard parts of organisms—mainly bones, teeth, or shells. Traces include any evidence of life, such as footprints like the dinosaur footprint in Figure below . Fossils are like a window into the past. They provide direct evidence of what life was like long ago. A scientist who studies fossils to learn about the evolution of living things is called a paleontologist . | Options: fossils|taxidermy|archaeology|deposits", "answer": "fossils", "id": "sciq_extra_1922", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which glands produce milk after the birth of offspring?", "context": "All female mammals have mammary glands. Mammary glands are glands that produce milk after the birth of offspring. Producing milk for offspring is called lactation. The colt in Figure below is getting milk from its mother. | Options: mammary|Thyroid gland|Pituitary gland|adrenal glands", "answer": "mammary", "id": "sciq_extra_1923", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Reduction often involves the gain of hydrogen, the loss of oxygen, or the gain of what?", "context": "Reduction often involves the gain of hydrogen, the loss of oxygen, or the gain of electrons. | Options: electrons|mass|protons|neutrons", "answer": "electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1924", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is a short band of tough connective tissue that connects bones together to form a joint?", "context": "Recall that a ligament is a short band of tough connective tissue that connects bones together to form a joint. Ligaments can get injured when a joint gets twisted or bends too far. The protein fibers that make up a ligament can get strained or torn, causing swelling and pain. Injuries to ligaments are called sprains . Ankle sprains are a common type of sprain. | Options: a ligament|muscle tissue|a tendon|cartilage", "answer": "a ligament", "id": "sciq_extra_1925", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When you burn wood into ash or burn a marshmallow to become brown and crispy, it is impossible to undo.  this change is known as what?", "context": "Yummy! S’mores are on the way! Did you ever toast marshmallows over a campfire? The sweet treats singe on the outside and melt on the inside. Both the fire and the toasted marshmallows are evidence of chemical changes. In the process of burning, the wood changes to ashes and gases, and the outside of the marshmallow turns brown and crispy. Neither the wood nor the marshmallows can change back to their original form. That’s because burning is a chemical change and chemical changes are often impossible to undo. In this unit, you’ll learn about many types of chemical changes, including how they occur and why you can’t live without them. | Options: chemical change|carbon change|compounding change|physical change", "answer": "chemical change", "id": "sciq_extra_1926", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which biomes are determined mainly by sunlight and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the water?", "context": "Aquatic biomes are determined mainly by sunlight and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the water. | Options: aquatic|viral|symbiotic|bacterial", "answer": "aquatic", "id": "sciq_extra_1927", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the moon's shadow's inner part called?", "context": "The Moon’s shadow has two distinct parts. The umbra is the inner, cone-shaped part of the shadow. It is the part in which all of the light has been blocked. The penumbra is the outer part of Moon’s shadow. It is where the light is only partially blocked. | Options: umbra|mullah|penumbra|aurora", "answer": "umbra", "id": "sciq_extra_1928", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The earliest known mammal fossils are from which period?", "context": "A key characteristic of synapsids is endothermy, rather than the ectothermy seen in most other vertebrates. The increased metabolic rate required to internally modify body temperature went hand in hand with changes to certain skeletal structures. The later synapsids, which had more evolved characteristics unique to mammals, possess cheeks for holding food and heterodont teeth, which are specialized for chewing, mechanically breaking down food to speed digestion and releasing the energy needed to produce heat. Chewing also requires the ability to chew and breathe at the same time, which is facilitated by the presence of a secondary palate. A secondary palate separates the area of the mouth where chewing occurs from the area above where respiration occurs, allowing breathing to proceed uninterrupted during chewing. A secondary palate is not found in pelycosaurs but is present in cynodonts and mammals. The jawbone also shows changes from early synapsids to later ones. The zygomatic arch, or cheekbone, is present in mammals and advanced therapsids such as cynodonts, but is not present in pelycosaurs. The presence of the zygomatic arch suggests the presence of the masseter muscle, which closes the jaw and functions in chewing. In the appendicular skeleton, the shoulder girdle of therian mammals is modified from that of other vertebrates in that it does not possess a procoracoid bone or an interclavicle, and the scapula is the dominant bone. Mammals evolved from therapsids in the l", "answer": "early jurassic", "id": "sciq_extra_1929", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Each parapodium has numerous chaetae, bristles made of what?", "context": "Options: chitin|ricin|lectin|casein", "answer": "chitin", "id": "sciq_extra_1930", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What phylum includes sponges, which are aquatic invertebrates?", "context": "Sponges are aquatic invertebrates in Phylum Porifera. Sponges have specialized cells and an endoskeleton, but they lack tissues and body symmetry. Many live on coral reefs and have symbiotic relationships with other reef species. | Options: porifera|chordata|mollusca|hymenoptera", "answer": "porifera", "id": "sciq_extra_1931", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which are the three most important temperature scales?", "context": "Temperature Scales Thermometers are used to measure temperature according to well-defined scales of measurement, which use pre-defined reference points to help compare quantities. The three most common temperature scales are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. A temperature scale can be created by identifying two easily reproducible temperatures. The freezing and boiling temperatures of water at standard atmospheric pressure are commonly used. The Celsius scale (which replaced the slightly different centigrade scale) has the freezing point of water at point at. | Options: fahrenheit, celsius, kelvin|temperatures , celsius , kelvin|Kelvin, celcius, richter|thermoelectric , celsius , kelvin", "answer": "fahrenheit, celsius, kelvin", "id": "sciq_extra_1932", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What part of the body does caffeine stimulate?", "context": "Some psychoactive drugs, such as caffeine, stimulate the central nervous system. They may make the user feel more alert. Some psychoactive drugs, such as alcohol, depress the central nervous system. They may make the user feel more relaxed. Still other psychoactive drugs, such as marijuana, are hallucinogenic drugs. They may make the user have altered sensations, perceptions, or thoughts. | Options: central nervous system|autonomic nervous system|sympathetic nervous system|large nervous system", "answer": "central nervous system", "id": "sciq_extra_1933", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "An alpha particle, which is emitted during alpha decay, consists of two protons and what else?", "context": "A: Along with another electron, it can combine with an alpha particle to form a helium atom. An alpha particle, which is emitted during alpha decay, consists of two protons and two neutrons. | Options: two neutrons|two electrons|two nuclei|two positrons", "answer": "two neutrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1934", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Melanin in skin is produced in response to exposure to what type of light?", "context": "Intermediate Pituitary: Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone The cells in the zone between the pituitary lobes secrete a hormone known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) that is formed by cleavage of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor protein. Local production of MSH in the skin is responsible for melanin production in response to UV light exposure. The role of MSH made by the pituitary is more complicated. For instance, people with lighter skin generally have the same amount of MSH as people with darker skin. Nevertheless, this hormone is capable of darkening of the skin by inducing melanin production in the skin’s melanocytes. Women also show increased MSH production during pregnancy; in combination with estrogens, it can lead to darker skin pigmentation, especially the skin of the areolas and labia minora. Figure 17.11 is a summary of the pituitary hormones and their principal effects. | Options: uv light|x rays|visible light|infrared light", "answer": "uv light", "id": "sciq_extra_1935", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Protein molecules are made up of chains of small molecules made up of what kinds of acids?", "context": "Proteins are biochemical compounds that contain oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur in addition to carbon and hydrogen. Protein molecules consist of one or more chains of small molecules called amino acids. | Options: amino acids|hydrochloric acids|mutation acids|rna acids", "answer": "amino acids", "id": "sciq_extra_1936", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which element has the highest electronegativity value?", "context": "The highest electronegativity value is for fluorine. | Options: fluorine|chlorine|magnesium|Barium", "answer": "fluorine", "id": "sciq_extra_1937", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When small particles, such as clay and silt, are in mixed in water but do not disolve in the water, what state are they in?", "context": "Small particles, such as clay and silt, are carried in suspension . They are mixed throughout the water. These particles are not dissolved in the water. | Options: suspension|mud|incomplete|sedimentation", "answer": "suspension", "id": "sciq_extra_1938", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "When a person stands on the floor, his feet exert what on the surface?", "context": "When a person stands on the floor, his feet exert pressure on the surface. That pressure is related to both the mass of the person and the surface area of his feet. If the person were holding a heavy object, the pressure would increase because of a greater force. Alternatively, if the person stands on his toes, the pressure also increases because of a decrease in the surface area. | Options: pressure|acceleration|power|resistance", "answer": "pressure", "id": "sciq_extra_1939", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Molds that grow on bread are from what kingdom?", "context": "Do you see the organisms growing on the bread in Figure below ? They belong to the Kingdom Fungi. Molds growing on foods are some of the most common fungi in our everyday lives. These organisms may seem useless, gross, and costly. But fungi play very important roles in almost every terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. | Options: fungi|animal|yeast|pollen", "answer": "fungi", "id": "sciq_extra_1940", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is defined as the change in the size of the population over time?", "context": "Population growth is the change in the size of the population over time. An important factor in population growth is age-sex structure . This is the number of individuals of each sex and age in the population. The age-sex structure influences population growth. This is because younger people are more likely to reproduce, while older people have higher rates of dying. | Options: population growth|extinction|population density|overpopulation", "answer": "population growth", "id": "sciq_extra_1941", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The frequency of sound waves is measured in what, or the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a second?", "context": "The frequency of sound waves is measured in hertz (Hz), or the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a second. Human beings can normally hear sounds with a frequency between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Sounds with frequencies below 20 hertz are called infrasound . Sounds with frequencies above 20,000 hertz are called ultrasound . Some other animals can hear sounds in the ultrasound range. For example, dogs can hear sounds with frequencies as high as 50,000 Hz. You may have seen special whistles that dogs but not people can hear. The whistles produce a sound with a frequency too high for the human ear to detect. Other animals can hear even higher-frequency sounds. Bats, for example, can hear sounds with frequencies higher than 100,000 Hz. | Options: hertz|avis|Ohms|watts", "answer": "hertz", "id": "sciq_extra_1942", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are examples of parasitic athropods?", "context": "Options: ticks and many mites|bees and wasps|crabs and clams|spiders and fleas", "answer": "ticks and many mites", "id": "sciq_extra_1943", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "In a position-time graph, what does the slope of the line represent?", "context": "In a position-time graph, the velocity of the moving object is represented by the slope, or steepness, of the graph line. If the graph line is horizontal, like the line after time = 5 seconds in Graph 2 in the Figure below , then the slope is zero and so is the velocity. The position of the object is not changing. The steeper the line is, the greater the slope of the line is and the faster the object’s motion is changing. | Options: velocity|position|time|direction", "answer": "velocity", "id": "sciq_extra_1944", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Salmon must do what when they migrate from freshwater to the ocean?", "context": "Options: acclimatize|regenerate|adapt|synthesize", "answer": "acclimatize", "id": "sciq_extra_1945", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What occurs when two free radicals come in contact with each other?", "context": "Termination occurs whenever two free radicals come in contact with one another (not shown). The two free electrons form a covalent bond and the free radical on each molecule no longer exists. | Options: termination|assimilation|radiation|cancellation", "answer": "termination", "id": "sciq_extra_1946", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Despite the season, what aspect of constellations never change?", "context": "The constellations stay the same night after night. The patterns of the stars never change. However, each night the constellations move across the sky. They move because Earth is spinning on its axis. The constellations also move with the seasons. This is because Earth revolves around the Sun. The constellations in the winter are different from those in the summer. For example, Orion is high up in the winter sky. In the summer, it's only up in the early morning. | Options: patterns|colors|size|location", "answer": "patterns", "id": "sciq_extra_1947", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do you call electrons that form bonds with other elements in compounds and generally determine the properties of elements?", "context": "Other properties of the transition metals are unique. They are the only elements that may use electrons in the next to highest—as well as the highest—energy level as valence electrons. Valence electrons are the electrons that form bonds with other elements in compounds and that generally determine the properties of elements. Transition metals are unusual in having very similar properties even with different numbers of valence electrons. The transition metals also include the only elements that produce a magnetic field. Three of them have this property: iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni). | Options: valence electrons|isotopes|shell electrons|ionic electrons", "answer": "valence electrons", "id": "sciq_extra_1948", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the members of the clade vertebrata known as?", "context": "Vertebrates are members of the clade Vertebrata. Vertebrates display the four characteristic features of the chordates; however, members of this group also share derived characteristics that distinguish them from invertebrate chordates. Vertebrata is named for the vertebral column, composed of vertebrae, a series of separate bones joined together as a backbone (Figure 29.7). In adult vertebrates, the vertebral column replaces the notochord, which is only seen in the embryonic stage. | Options: vertebrates|invertebrates|grasses|lipids", "answer": "vertebrates", "id": "sciq_extra_1949", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What two ways do fruits mainly disperse seeds?", "context": "Fruits are adapted to disperse seeds with the help of animals or the wind. | Options: animals and wind|bees and water|birds and wind|roots and decay", "answer": "animals and wind", "id": "sciq_extra_1950", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What helps maglev trains go very fast?", "context": "The futuristic-looking train in Figure below is called a maglev train. The word \"maglev\" stands for \"magnetic levitation. \" Magnets push the train upward so it hovers, or levitates, above the track without actually touching it. This eliminates most of the friction acting against the train when it moves. Other magnets pull the train forward along the track. Because of these magnets, the train can go very fast. It can fly over the countryside at speeds up to 480 kilometers (300 miles) per hour! What are magnets and how do they exert such force? In this lesson, you’ll find out. | Options: magnets|rollers|wheels|gravity", "answer": "magnets", "id": "sciq_extra_1951", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and during changes of state?", "context": "Thermochemistry is the study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and during changes of state. When chemical reactions occur, some chemical bonds are broken, while new chemical bonds form. As a result of the rearrangement of atoms, the total chemical potential energy of the system either increases or decreases. | Options: thermochemistry|nuclear chemistry|thermobiology|nuclear biology", "answer": "thermochemistry", "id": "sciq_extra_1952", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Hormones that share what usually perform the same function?", "context": "Options: chemical class|temperature|glandular process|radiation class", "answer": "chemical class", "id": "sciq_extra_1953", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A glacier is an example of h20 in which state of matter?", "context": "The state of matter is a physical property of that matter. H 2 O can exist in three different states of matter. This glacier is obviously a solid state of H 2 O, floating in the liquid state. Why does the ice float on water? Which has a greater density, solid H 2 O or liquid H 2 O?. | Options: solid|stable|liquid|gas", "answer": "solid", "id": "sciq_extra_1954", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Silver chloride can be used as an antidote for which kind of poisoning?", "context": "Silver chloride is an important compound that is commonly used in the production of photographic film. It also has many other uses, such as an antidote for mercury poisoning, a component of pottery glazes, and a reference standard for electrochemistry setups. It can be produced according to the reaction shown above. Now we will practice use of mole ratios and stoichiometry to determine the amounts of products and reactants necessary in our reaction. | Options: mercury|the bends|carbon monoxide|arsenic", "answer": "mercury", "id": "sciq_extra_1955", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What do we call the microflora that aid in the digestion process?", "context": "Elimination The final step in digestion is the elimination of undigested food content and waste products. The undigested food material enters the colon, where most of the water is reabsorbed. Recall that the colon is also home to the microflora called “intestinal flora” that aid in the digestion process. The semi-solid waste is moved through the colon by peristaltic movements of the muscle and is stored in the rectum. As the rectum expands in response to storage of fecal matter, it triggers the neural signals required to set up the urge to eliminate. The solid waste is eliminated through the anus using peristaltic movements of the rectum. | Options: intestinal flora|stomach flora|digestive flora|tissue flora", "answer": "intestinal flora", "id": "sciq_extra_1956", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Nitrogen also is released to the environment by decaying organisms or decaying wastes. these wastes release nitrogen in the form of what?", "context": "Nitrogen also is released to the environment by decaying organisms or decaying wastes. These wastes release nitrogen in the form of ammonium. | Options: ammonium|sulfide|methane|hydroxide", "answer": "ammonium", "id": "sciq_extra_1957", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What requirement of the second circuit does the current that flows in the primary circuit depend on?", "context": "The current that flows in the primary depends on how much current is required by the secondary circuit. | Options: amount of current|composition of current|accumulation of current|velocity of current", "answer": "amount of current", "id": "sciq_extra_1958", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Mammalian sex determination is determined genetically by the presence of chromosomes identified by what letters?", "context": "Sex Determination Mammalian sex determination is determined genetically by the presence of X and Y chromosomes. Individuals homozygous for X (XX) are female and heterozygous individuals (XY) are male. The presence of a Y chromosome causes the development of male characteristics and its absence results in female characteristics. The XY system is also found in some insects and plants. Avian sex determination is dependent on the presence of Z and W chromosomes. Homozygous for Z (ZZ) results in a male and heterozygous (ZW) results in a female. The W appears to be essential in determining the sex of the individual, similar to the Y chromosome in mammals. Some fish, crustaceans, insects (such as butterflies and moths), and reptiles use this system. The sex of some species is not determined by genetics but by some aspect of the environment. Sex determination in some crocodiles and turtles, for example, is often dependent on the temperature during critical periods of egg development. This is referred to as environmental sex determination, or more specifically as temperature-dependent sex determination. In many turtles, cooler temperatures during egg incubation produce males and warm temperatures produce females. In some crocodiles, moderate temperatures produce males and both warm and cool temperatures produce females. In some species, sex is both genetic- and temperature-dependent. Individuals of some species change their sex during their lives, alternating between male and female. ", "answer": "x and y", "id": "sciq_extra_1959", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What kind of symmetry do most adult echinoderms possess?", "context": "Options: radial symmetry|asymmetry|bilateral|spherical", "answer": "radial symmetry", "id": "sciq_extra_1960", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What happens if cancer cells enter the blood stream?", "context": "As a tumor increases in size, it may harm normal tissues around it. Sometimes cancer cells break away from a tumor. If they enter the bloodstream, they are carried throughout the body. Then the cells may start growing in other tissues. This is usually how cancer spreads from one part of the body to another. Once this happens, cancer is very hard to stop. | Options: carried through body|they enter the brain|they mutate|they die", "answer": "carried through body", "id": "sciq_extra_1961", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Fires, mainly caused by what, are a natural disturbance in temperate grasslands?", "context": "Fires, mainly caused by lightning, are a natural disturbance in temperate grasslands. When fire is suppressed in temperate grasslands, the vegetation eventually converts to scrub and dense forests. Often, the restoration or management of temperate grasslands requires the use of controlled burns to suppress the growth of trees and maintain the grasses. | Options: lightning|campfires|humans|cigarettes", "answer": "lightning", "id": "sciq_extra_1962", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the net force acting on an object when two equal forces are applied from opposite directions?", "context": "When two forces act on an object in opposite directions, like the book on the table, the net force is equal to the difference between the two forces. In other words, one force is subtracted from the other to calculate the net force. If the opposing forces are equal in strength, the net force is zero. That’s what happens with the book on the table. The upward force minus the downward force equals zero (20 N up - 20 N down = 0 N). Because the forces on the book are balanced, the book remains on the table and doesn’t move. | Options: zero|homeostasis|sum|negative", "answer": "zero", "id": "sciq_extra_1963", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Insects use what structures, located on the head, to smell and taste chemicals, and in some cases to hear sounds?", "context": "The head has a pair of antennae. Insects use their antennae to smell and taste chemicals. Some insects can also use their antennae to hear sounds. | Options: antennae|appendages|legs|caripace", "answer": "antennae", "id": "sciq_extra_1964", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The carbon cycle includes photosynthesis, in which plants change what to organic compounds?", "context": "The carbon cycle includes photosynthesis, in which plants change carbon dioxide to organic compounds. It also includes cellular respiration, in which living things “burn” organic compounds and release carbon dioxide. Rocks, fossil fuels, and the ocean are also part of the carbon cycle. | Options: carbon dioxide|chemical dioxide|acid dioxide|carbon monoxide", "answer": "carbon dioxide", "id": "sciq_extra_1965", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and also what?", "context": "Nucleic acids are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. They are made of smaller units called nucleotides . Nucleic acids are named for the nucleus of the cell, where some of them are found. Nucleic acids are found not only in all living cells but also in viruses. Types of nucleic acids include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) . | Options: viruses|parasites|fungi|bacteria", "answer": "viruses", "id": "sciq_extra_1966", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the gelatinous layer that is sandwiched between the epidermis and gastrodermis?", "context": "Options: the mesoglea|plasmid|aqueous humor|myelin sheath", "answer": "the mesoglea", "id": "sciq_extra_1967", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Mollusks can be divided into how many classes?", "context": "stages: trochophore and veliger. Sexual dimorphism is the predominant sexual strategy in this phylum. Mollusks can be divided into seven classes, each with distinct morphological characteristics. | Options: seven|four|nine|three", "answer": "seven", "id": "sciq_extra_1968", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Stars are lit by what reaction?", "context": "The points of light in the night sky are stars that are balls of gas. They are lit by nuclear fusion. | Options: nuclear fusion|ionization|nuclear fission|Coriolis effect", "answer": "nuclear fusion", "id": "sciq_extra_1969", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for a partial degradation of glucose without the use of oxygen?", "context": "Options: fermentation|segregation|condensation|oxidation", "answer": "fermentation", "id": "sciq_extra_1970", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the term for the measurement of the amount of variation of species in a given area?", "context": "Biodiversity is a measurement of the amount of variation of the species in a given area. | Options: biodiversity|divergence|reproduction|ecosystem", "answer": "biodiversity", "id": "sciq_extra_1971", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The radioactive gas radon and uv radiation are culprits in different types of what disease?", "context": "UV radiation is the leading cause of skin cancer. The radioactive gas known as radon causes lung cancer. | Options: cancer|diabetes|reproductive|metabolic disease", "answer": "cancer", "id": "sciq_extra_1972", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is used to show energy flow through the trophic levels?", "context": "Pyramid ecosystem modeling can also be used to show energy flow through the trophic levels. Notice that these numbers are the same as those used in the energy flow compartment diagram in Figure 46.8. Pyramids of energy are always upright, and an ecosystem without sufficient primary productivity cannot be supported. All types of ecological pyramids are useful for characterizing ecosystem structure. However, in the study of energy flow through the ecosystem, pyramids of energy are the most consistent and representative models of ecosystem structure (Figure 46.10). | Options: pyramid ecosystem|biome graph|food pyramid|inverted food chain", "answer": "pyramid ecosystem", "id": "sciq_extra_1973", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Compared to a straight wire, a coiled wire has a stronger what?", "context": "Any wire with current flowing through it has a magnetic field. However, the magnetic field around a coiled wire is stronger than the magnetic field around a straight wire. That’s because each turn of the wire in the coil has its own magnetic field. Adding more turns to the coil of wire increases the strength of the field. Increasing the amount of current flowing through the coil also increases the strength of the magnetic field. | Options: magnetic field|horizontal field|proximate field|gravitational field", "answer": "magnetic field", "id": "sciq_extra_1974", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The extrusive type of what rock cools rapidly from lava at the surface?", "context": "Extrusive igneous rocks cool from lava rapidly at the surface. They have small crystals. | Options: igneous|crystalline|precipitous|erythematous", "answer": "igneous", "id": "sciq_extra_1975", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The burning of fossil fuels releases three major things - thermal energy, water vapor, and what pollutant?", "context": "When fossil fuels burn, they release thermal energy, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. The thermal energy can be used to generate electricity or do other work. The carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere and is a major cause of global climate change. The burning of fossil fuels also releases many pollutants into the air. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide form acid rain, which kills living things and damages metals, stonework, and other materials. Pollutants such as nitrogen oxides cause smog, which is harmful to human health. Tiny particles, or particulates, released when fossil fuels burn also harm human health. | Options: carbon dioxide|aluminum|hydrogen|carbon monoxide", "answer": "carbon dioxide", "id": "sciq_extra_1976", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Ground collapse, associated with chambers of what substance, leads to formation of a caldera?", "context": "The cause of supervolcano eruptions is being debated. Enormous magma chambers are filled with super hot magma. This enormous eruption leaves a huge hole. The ground collapses and creates a caldera. | Options: magma|molten|stone|lava", "answer": "magma", "id": "sciq_extra_1977", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "A habitat’s features are determined mainly by abiotic factors such as?", "context": "Another aspect of a species’ niche is its habitat. The habitat is the physical environment in which a species lives and to which it is adapted. A habitat’s features are determined mainly by abiotic factors such as temperature and rainfall. These factors also influence the traits of the organisms that live there. | Options: temperature and rainfall|mixing and rainfall|oxygen and rainfall|length", "answer": "temperature and rainfall", "id": "sciq_extra_1978", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Sulfuric acid conducts the charge in what kind of battery?", "context": "Figure 21.10 Artist’s conception of a lead-acid cell. Chemical reactions in a lead-acid cell separate charge, sending negative charge to the anode, which is connected to the lead plates. The lead oxide plates are connected to the positive or cathode terminal of the cell. Sulfuric acid conducts the charge as well as participating in the chemical reaction. | Options: lead-acid cell|nickel-metal hydride|nickel cadmium|lithium ion", "answer": "lead-acid cell", "id": "sciq_extra_1979", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The pubis forms the anterior portion of what bone?", "context": "Pubis The pubis forms the anterior portion of the hip bone (see Figure 8.13). The enlarged medial portion of the pubis is the pubic body. Located superiorly on the pubic body is a small bump called the pubic tubercle. The superior pubic ramus is the segment of bone that passes laterally from the pubic body to join the ilium. The narrow ridge running along the superior margin of the superior pubic ramus is the pectineal line of the pubis. The pubic body is joined to the pubic body of the opposite hip bone by the pubic symphysis. Extending downward and laterally from the body is the inferior pubic ramus. The pubic arch is the bony structure formed by the pubic symphysis, and the bodies and inferior pubic rami of the adjacent pubic bones. The inferior pubic ramus extends downward to join the ischial ramus. Together, these form the single ischiopubic ramus, which extends from the pubic body to the ischial tuberosity. The inverted V-shape formed as the ischiopubic rami from both sides come together at the pubic symphysis is called the subpubic angle. | Options: hip bone|labia|clavicle|femur", "answer": "hip bone", "id": "sciq_extra_1980", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the general term for water that falls from clouds to earth’s surface, in forms that include snow and rain?", "context": "Precipitation is water that falls from clouds to Earth’s surface. Water droplets in clouds fall to Earth when they become too large to stay aloft. The water falls as rain if the air is warm. If the air is cold, the water may freeze and fall as snow, sleet, or hail. Most precipitation falls into the oceans. Some falls on land. | Options: precipitation|condensation|groundwater|distillation", "answer": "precipitation", "id": "sciq_extra_1981", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are an important predators of mosquitoes, that can be used to control this pest?", "context": "Ladybugs also consume mites, scale insects and small caterpillars. The larvae of many hoverfly species also feed upon aphids, with one larva consuming up to fifty aphids a day, which is about 1,000 in its lifetime. They also eat fruit tree spider mites and small caterpillars. Dragonflies are important predators of mosquitoes, and can be used to control this pest. Parasitic insects include insects such as wasps and flies that lay their eggs on or in the body of an insect host, which is then used as a food for developing larvae. The host is ultimately killed. Caterpillars also tend to be one likely target of parasitic wasps. | Options: dragonflies|deers|primates|dogs", "answer": "dragonflies", "id": "sciq_extra_1982", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Receptors for which hormones reside in the cytoplasm or nucleus?", "context": "Options: lipid-soluble hormones|cores - soluble hormones|organism - soluble hormones|non lipid-soluble hormones", "answer": "lipid-soluble hormones", "id": "sciq_extra_1983", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Heterotrophs get food by eating what?", "context": "Protozoa are heterotrophs. Heterotrophs get food by eating other organisms. Some protozoa prey on bacteria. Some are parasites of animals. Others graze on algae. Still others are decomposers that break down dead organic matter. | Options: other organisms|plants|similar organisms|sand", "answer": "other organisms", "id": "sciq_extra_1984", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process called when liquid changes to gas, even though it has not become hot enough to boil?", "context": "Evaporation explains why clothes dry on a clothesline. Evaporation is the process in which a liquid changes to a gas without becoming hot enough to boil. It occurs when individual liquid particles at the exposed surface of the liquid absorb just enough energy to overcome the force of attraction with other liquid particles. If the surface particles are moving in the right direction, they will pull away from the liquid and move into the air. This is illustrated in the Figure below . | Options: evaporation|expiration|oxidation|transpiration", "answer": "evaporation", "id": "sciq_extra_1985", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "How often do partial lunar eclipses occur?", "context": "Partial lunar eclipses occur at least twice a year, but total lunar eclipses are less common. The Moon glows with a dull red coloring during a total lunar eclipse. | Options: twice a year|6 times a year|2 times a year|once a year", "answer": "twice a year", "id": "sciq_extra_1986", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What are the trillions of bacteria living within the large intestine called?", "context": "Bacterial Flora Most bacteria that enter the alimentary canal are killed by lysozyme, defensins, HCl, or protein-digesting enzymes. However, trillions of bacteria live within the large intestine and are referred to as the bacterial flora. Most of the more than 700 species of these bacteria are nonpathogenic commensal organisms that cause no harm as long as they stay in the gut lumen. In fact, many facilitate chemical digestion and absorption, and some synthesize certain vitamins, mainly biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K. Some are linked to increased immune response. A refined system prevents these bacteria from crossing the mucosal barrier. First, peptidoglycan, a component of bacterial cell walls, activates the release of chemicals by the mucosa’s epithelial cells, which draft immune cells, especially dendritic cells, into the mucosa. Dendritic cells open the tight junctions between epithelial cells and extend probes into the lumen to evaluate the microbial antigens. The dendritic cells with antigens then travel to neighboring lymphoid follicles in the mucosa where T cells inspect for antigens. This process triggers an IgA-mediated response, if warranted, in the lumen that blocks the commensal organisms from infiltrating the mucosa and setting off a far greater, widespread systematic reaction. | Options: bacteria flora|intastinal flora|probiotic|microflora", "answer": "bacteria flora", "id": "sciq_extra_1987", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the process by which rocks and other sediments are picked up by a glacier?", "context": "Plucking is the process by which rocks and other sediments are picked up by a glacier. They freeze to the bottom of the glacier and are carried away by the flowing ice. | Options: plucking|pulling|freezing|picking", "answer": "plucking", "id": "sciq_extra_1988", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to what process?", "context": "13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution. | Options: evolution|deconstruction|maturity|generation", "answer": "evolution", "id": "sciq_extra_1989", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Animal claws, spines, and shells are examples of what strategy for survival?", "context": "Options: defense mechanism|learned behavior|spontaneous mutation|display behavior", "answer": "defense mechanism", "id": "sciq_extra_1990", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The jejunum is about 0.9 meters (3 feet) long (in life) and runs from the duodenum to the ileum. jejunum means “empty” in latin and supposedly was so named by the ancient greeks who noticed it was always what?", "context": "In relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by ________. titin b. troponin c. myoglobin d. tropomyosin 17. The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called a ________. myofibril b. sarcolemma c. sarcoplasm d. myofilament. | Options: empty at death|black at death|time.the at death|weeks at death", "answer": "empty at death", "id": "sciq_extra_1991", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Cellular innate defenses in vertebrates also involve natural killer what?", "context": "Options: cells|nerves|proteins|lipids", "answer": "cells", "id": "sciq_extra_1992", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Which construction material previously used in factories and in homes caused cancer?", "context": "The past use of asbestos in factories and in homes. Asbestos is a very dangerous material, and it was used in many buildings ( Figure below ). Asbestos can cause cancer and other lung diseases. The use of asbestos is not allowed today. | Options: asbestos|Silica|Alkylphenols|Paints contains lead", "answer": "asbestos", "id": "sciq_extra_1993", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What is the number waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time called?", "context": "Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. Frequencies of electromagnetic waves range from thousands of waves per second to trillions of waves per second. | Options: wave frequency|combination frequency|heating frequency|wave tendency", "answer": "wave frequency", "id": "sciq_extra_1994", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "The outer ear, or ear canal, carries sound to the recessed protected what?", "context": "The outer ear, or ear canal, carries sound to the recessed protected eardrum. The air column in the ear canal resonates and is partially responsible for the sensitivity of the ear to sounds in the 2000 to 5000 Hz range. The middle ear converts sound into mechanical vibrations and applies these vibrations to the cochlea. The lever system of the middle ear takes the force exerted on. | Options: eardrum|lungs|aorta|ear lobe", "answer": "eardrum", "id": "sciq_extra_1995", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What sport involves people quickly finding destinations using polar coordinates?", "context": "Polar coordinates are used in a sport called orienteering. People who do orienteering use a compass and a map with polar coordinates. Participants find their way along a course across wilderness terrain ( Figure below ). They move to various checkpoints along the course. The winner is the person who completes the course in the fastest time. | Options: orienteering|patterning|sticking|mapping", "answer": "orienteering", "id": "sciq_extra_1996", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Almost all earthquakes occur at which place?", "context": "Almost all earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. All types of plate boundaries have earthquakes. Convection within the Earth causes the plates to move. As the plates move, stresses build. When the stresses build too much, the rocks break. The break releases the energy that was stored in the rocks. The sudden release of energy creates an earthquake. During an earthquake the rocks usually move several centimeters or rarely as much as a few meters. Elastic rebound theory describes how earthquakes occur ( Figure below ). | Options: plate boundaries|continental shelf|mountains|land boundaries", "answer": "plate boundaries", "id": "sciq_extra_1997", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "Melting glaciers, rising temperatures and droughts are all impacts of what?", "context": "Melting glaciers, rising temperatures and droughts are all impacts of global warming. But how does global warming actually affect the oceans? The sea, it turns out, absorbs carbon dioxide emissions. The ocean acts like a giant sponge, absorbing carbon dioxide emissions from the air. And as we add more and more carbon dioxide to air by burning fossil fuels, the ocean is absorbing it. On one level, it's done us a big favor. Scientists say that we would be experiencing much more extreme climate change were it not for the ocean's ability to remove the heat-trapping gas. However, these emissions are causing the oceans to become more acidic. Changing pH levels threaten entire marine food webs, from coral reefs to salmon. See http://www. kqed. org/quest/radio/acidic-seas for additional information. | Options: global warming|sudden warming|air pollution|nature's natural cycle", "answer": "global warming", "id": "sciq_extra_1998", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}, {"question": "What parts of a human possess the highest concentration of thermoreceptors?", "context": "Thermoreceptors perceive sensations related to the temperature of objects. There are two basic categories of thermoreceptors: hot receptors and cold receptors. The highest concentration of thermoreceptors can be found in the face and ears. | Options: face and ears|hand and ears|hands and feet|face and hair", "answer": "face and ears", "id": "sciq_extra_1999", "source": "sciq_extra", "difficulty": "advanced", "category": "science_qa", "hallucination_type": null, "entities": [], "metadata": {}}]