Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

On a planet far, far away, M languages are spoken. They are conveniently numbered 1 through M.

For CODE FESTIVAL 20XX held on this planet, N participants gathered from all over the planet.

The i-th (1≦i≦N) participant can speak K_i languages numbered L_{i,1}, L_{i,2}, ..., L_{i,{}K_i}.

Two participants A and B can communicate with each other if and only if one of the following conditions is satisfied:

There exists a language that both A and B can speak.

There exists a participant X that both A and B can communicate with.

Determine whether all N participants can communicate with all other participants.

Constraints

2≦N≦10^5

1≦M≦10^5

1≦K_i≦M

(The sum of all K_i)≦10^5

1≦L_{i,j}≦M

L_{i,1}, L_{i,2}, ..., L_{i,{}K_i} are pairwise distinct.

Partial Score

200 points will be awarded for passing the test set satisfying the following: N≦1000, M≦1000 and (The sum of all K_i)≦1000.

Additional 200 points will be awarded for passing the test set without additional constraints.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N M
K_1 L_{1,1} L_{1,2} ... L_{1,{}K_1}
K_2 L_{2,1} L_{2,2} ... L_{2,{}K_2}
:
K_N L_{N,1} L_{N,2} ... L_{N,{}K_N}

Output

If all N participants can communicate with all other participants, print YES. Otherwise, print NO.

Sample Input 1

4 6
3 1 2 3
2 4 2
2 4 6
1 6

Sample Output 1

YES

Any two participants can communicate with each other, as follows:

Participants 1 and 2: both can speak language 2.

Participants 2 and 3: both can speak language 4.

Participants 1 and 3: both can communicate with participant 2.

Participants 3 and 4: both can speak language 6.

Participants 2 and 4: both can communicate with participant 3.

Participants 1 and 4: both can communicate with participant 2.

Note that there can be languages spoken by no participant.

Sample Input 2

4 4
2 1 2
2 1 2
1 3
2 4 3

Sample Output 2

NO

For example, participants 1 and 3 cannot communicate with each other.


Global OOD problem IDs are disjoint from train, validation, and in-distribution test problem IDs.

Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

#nck {
width: 30px;
height: auto;
}

You are given a permutation p of the set {1, 2, ..., N}. Please construct two sequences of positive integers a_1, a_2, ..., a_N and b_1, b_2, ..., b_N satisfying the following conditions:

1 \leq a_i, b_i \leq 10^9 for all i

a_1 < a_2 < ... < a_N

b_1 > b_2 > ... > b_N

a_{p_1}+b_{p_1} < a_{p_2}+b_{p_2} < ... < a_{p_N}+b_{p_N}

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 20,000

p is a permutation of the set {1, 2, ..., N}

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
p_1 p_2 ... p_N

Output

The output consists of two lines. The first line contains a_1, a_2, ..., a_N seperated by a space. The second line contains b_1, b_2, ..., b_N seperated by a space.

It can be shown that there always exists a solution for any input satisfying the constraints.

Sample Input 1

2
1 2

Sample Output 1

1 4
5 4

a_1 + b_1 = 6 and a_2 + b_2 = 8. So this output satisfies all conditions.

Sample Input 2

3
3 2 1

Sample Output 2

1 2 3
5 3 1

Sample Input 3

3
2 3 1

Sample Output 3

5 10 100
100 10 1

Submitted source-code file size, in bytes.

Execution CPU time reported by official Project CodeNet metadata, in milliseconds.

Peak memory usage reported by official Project CodeNet metadata, in kilobytes.


Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

There is a rectangle in the xy-plane, with its lower left corner at (0, 0) and its upper right corner at (W, H). Each of its sides is parallel to the x-axis or y-axis. Initially, the whole region within the rectangle is painted white.

Snuke plotted N points into the rectangle. The coordinate of the i-th (1 ≦ i ≦ N) point was (x_i, y_i).

Then, he created an integer sequence a of length N, and for each 1 ≦ i ≦ N, he painted some region within the rectangle black, as follows:

If a_i = 1, he painted the region satisfying x < x_i within the rectangle.

If a_i = 2, he painted the region satisfying x > x_i within the rectangle.

If a_i = 3, he painted the region satisfying y < y_i within the rectangle.

If a_i = 4, he painted the region satisfying y > y_i within the rectangle.

Find the area of the white region within the rectangle after he finished painting.

Constraints

1 ≦ W, H ≦ 100

1 ≦ N ≦ 100

0 ≦ x_i ≦ W (1 ≦ i ≦ N)

0 ≦ y_i ≦ H (1 ≦ i ≦ N)

W, H (21:32, added), x_i and y_i are integers.

a_i (1 ≦ i ≦ N) is 1, 2, 3 or 4.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

W H N
x_1 y_1 a_1
x_2 y_2 a_2
:
x_N y_N a_N

Output

Print the area of the white region within the rectangle after Snuke finished painting.

Sample Input 1

5 4 2
2 1 1
3 3 4

Sample Output 1

9

The figure below shows the rectangle before Snuke starts painting.

First, as (x_1, y_1) = (2, 1) and a_1 = 1, he paints the region satisfying x < 2 within the rectangle:

Then, as (x_2, y_2) = (3, 3) and a_2 = 4, he paints the region satisfying y > 3 within the rectangle:

Now, the area of the white region within the rectangle is 9.

Sample Input 2

5 4 3
2 1 1
3 3 4
1 4 2

Sample Output 2

0

It is possible that the whole region within the rectangle is painted black.

Sample Input 3

10 10 5
1 6 1
4 1 3
6 9 4
9 4 2
3 1 3

Sample Output 3

64


Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

There are N towns located in a line, conveniently numbered 1 through N. Takahashi the merchant is going on a travel from town 1 to town N, buying and selling apples.

Takahashi will begin the travel at town 1, with no apple in his possession. The actions that can be performed during the travel are as follows:

Move: When at town i (i < N), move to town i + 1.

Merchandise: Buy or sell an arbitrary number of apples at the current town. Here, it is assumed that one apple can always be bought and sold for A_i yen (the currency of Japan) at town i (1 ≦ i ≦ N), where A_i are distinct integers. Also, you can assume that he has an infinite supply of money.

For some reason, there is a constraint on merchandising apple during the travel: the sum of the number of apples bought and the number of apples sold during the whole travel, must be at most T. (Note that a single apple can be counted in both.)

During the travel, Takahashi will perform actions so that the profit of the travel is maximized. Here, the profit of the travel is the amount of money that is gained by selling apples, minus the amount of money that is spent on buying apples. Note that we are not interested in apples in his possession at the end of the travel.

Aoki, a business rival of Takahashi, wants to trouble Takahashi by manipulating the market price of apples. Prior to the beginning of Takahashi's travel, Aoki can change A_i into another arbitrary non-negative integer A_i' for any town i, any number of times. The cost of performing this operation is |A_i - A_i'|. After performing this operation, different towns may have equal values of A_i.

Aoki's objective is to decrease Takahashi's expected profit by at least 1 yen. Find the minimum total cost to achieve it. You may assume that Takahashi's expected profit is initially at least 1 yen.

Constraints

1 ≦ N ≦ 10^5

1 ≦ A_i ≦ 10^9 (1 ≦ i ≦ N)

A_i are distinct.

2 ≦ T ≦ 10^9

In the initial state, Takahashi's expected profit is at least 1 yen.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N T
A_1 A_2 ... A_N

Output

Print the minimum total cost to decrease Takahashi's expected profit by at least 1 yen.

Sample Input 1

3 2
100 50 200

Sample Output 1

1

In the initial state, Takahashi can achieve the maximum profit of 150 yen as follows:

Move from town 1 to town 2.

Buy one apple for 50 yen at town 2.

Move from town 2 to town 3.

Sell one apple for 200 yen at town 3.

If, for example, Aoki changes the price of an apple at town 2 from 50 yen to 51 yen, Takahashi will not be able to achieve the profit of 150 yen. The cost of performing this operation is 1, thus the answer is 1.

There are other ways to decrease Takahashi's expected profit, such as changing the price of an apple at town 3 from 200 yen to 199 yen.

Sample Input 2

5 8
50 30 40 10 20

Sample Output 2

2

Sample Input 3

10 100
7 10 4 5 9 3 6 8 2 1

Sample Output 3

2


use v5.18; # strict say state
use warnings;
use List::Util qw(reduce first max min sum0);

chomp (my $n = <STDIN>);
chomp (my $s = <STDIN>);
chomp (my $t = <STDIN>);
for my $i (0..($n-1)) {
  if (substr($s, $i, $n-$i) eq substr($t, 0, $n-$i)) {
    say $n + $i;
    exit;
  }
}
say 2 * $n;

Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Snuke is interested in strings that satisfy the following conditions:

The length of the string is at least N.

The first N characters equal to the string s.

The last N characters equal to the string t.

Find the length of the shortest string that satisfies the conditions.

Constraints

1≤N≤100

The lengths of s and t are both N.

s and t consist of lowercase English letters.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
s
t

Output

Print the length of the shortest string that satisfies the conditions.

Sample Input 1

3
abc
cde

Sample Output 1

5

The shortest string is abcde.

Sample Input 2

1
a
z

Sample Output 2

2

The shortest string is az.

Sample Input 3

4
expr
expr

Sample Output 3

4

The shortest string is expr.


use v6;
my $n = get().chomp;
my $str1 = get().chomp;
my $str2 = get().chomp;
my $ans = $n * 2;
loop (my $i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {
	my $s1 = $str1.substr($i);
	my $s2 = $str2.substr(0, $n - $i);
	if $s1 eq $s2 {
		$ans = $n + $i;
		last;
	}
}
say $ans;

exit;


Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

This contest is CODEFESTIVAL, which can be shortened to the string CF by deleting some characters.

Mr. Takahashi, full of curiosity, wondered if he could obtain CF from other strings in the same way.

You are given a string s consisting of uppercase English letters.
Determine whether the string CF can be obtained from the string s by deleting some characters.

Constraints

2 ≤ |s| ≤ 100

All characters in s are uppercase English letters (A-Z).

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

s

Output

Print Yes if the string CF can be obtained from the string s by deleting some characters.
Otherwise print No.

Sample Input 1

CODEFESTIVAL

Sample Output 1

Yes

CF is obtained by deleting characters other than the first character C and the fifth character F.

Sample Input 2

FESTIVALCODE

Sample Output 2

No

FC can be obtained but CF cannot be obtained because you cannot change the order of the characters.

Sample Input 3

CF

Sample Output 3

Yes

It is also possible not to delete any characters.

Sample Input 4

FCF

Sample Output 4

Yes

CF is obtained by deleting the first character.


Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Mountaineers Mr. Takahashi and Mr. Aoki recently trekked across a certain famous mountain range.
The mountain range consists of N mountains, extending from west to east in a straight line as Mt. 1, Mt. 2, ..., Mt. N.
Mr. Takahashi traversed the range from the west and Mr. Aoki from the east.

The height of Mt. i is h_i, but they have forgotten the value of each h_i.
Instead, for each i (1 ≤ i ≤ N), they recorded the maximum height of the mountains climbed up to the time they reached the peak of Mt. i (including Mt. i).
Mr. Takahashi's record is T_i and Mr. Aoki's record is A_i.

We know that the height of each mountain h_i is a positive integer.
Compute the number of the possible sequences of the mountains' heights, modulo 10^9 + 7.

Note that the records may be incorrect and thus there may be no possible sequence of the mountains' heights.
In such a case, output 0.

Constraints

1 ≤ N ≤ 10^5

1 ≤ T_i ≤ 10^9

1 ≤ A_i ≤ 10^9

T_i ≤ T_{i+1} (1 ≤ i ≤ N - 1)

A_i ≥ A_{i+1} (1 ≤ i ≤ N - 1)

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
T_1 T_2 ... T_N
A_1 A_2 ... A_N

Output

Print the number of possible sequences of the mountains' heights, modulo 10^9 + 7.

Sample Input 1

5
1 3 3 3 3
3 3 2 2 2

Sample Output 1

4

The possible sequences of the mountains' heights are:

1, 3, 2, 2, 2

1, 3, 2, 1, 2

1, 3, 1, 2, 2

1, 3, 1, 1, 2

for a total of four sequences.

Sample Input 2

5
1 1 1 2 2
3 2 1 1 1

Sample Output 2

0

The records are contradictory, since Mr. Takahashi recorded 2 as the highest peak after climbing all the mountains but Mr. Aoki recorded 3.

Sample Input 3

10
1 3776 3776 8848 8848 8848 8848 8848 8848 8848
8848 8848 8848 8848 8848 8848 8848 8848 3776 5

Sample Output 3

884111967

Don't forget to compute the number modulo 10^9 + 7.

Sample Input 4

1
17
17

Sample Output 4

1

Some mountain ranges consist of only one mountain.


Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

AtCoDeer the deer recently bought three paint cans.
The color of the one he bought two days ago is a, the color of the one he bought yesterday is b, and the color of the one he bought today is c.
Here, the color of each paint can is represented by an integer between 1 and 100, inclusive.

Since he is forgetful, he might have bought more than one paint can in the same color.
Count the number of different kinds of colors of these paint cans and tell him.

Constraints

1≦a,b,c≦100

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

a b c

Output

Print the number of different kinds of colors of the paint cans.

Sample Input 1

3 1 4

Sample Output 1

3

Three different colors: 1, 3, and 4.

Sample Input 2

3 3 33

Sample Output 2

2

Two different colors: 3 and 33.


my $input_lines = <STDIN>;

#my $input_lines = ('10 8');

my @data = split(/ /, $input_lines);

my $answer = 1;
for(my $i=0; $i < $data[0]; $i++){
  if($i == 0){
    $answer = $data[1];
  }else{
    $answer = $answer * ($data[1]-1);
  }
}

print "$answer";

Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

There are N balls placed in a row.
AtCoDeer the deer is painting each of these in one of the K colors of his paint cans.
For aesthetic reasons, any two adjacent balls must be painted in different colors.

Find the number of the possible ways to paint the balls.

Constraints

1≦N≦1000

2≦K≦1000

The correct answer is at most 2^{31}-1.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N K

Output

Print the number of the possible ways to paint the balls.

Sample Input 1

2 2

Sample Output 1

2

We will denote the colors by 0 and 1. There are two possible ways: we can either paint the left ball in color 0 and the right ball in color 1, or paint the left in color 1 and the right in color 0.

Sample Input 2

1 10

Sample Output 2

10

Since there is only one ball, we can use any of the ten colors to paint it. Thus, the answer is ten.


.++;($_=@(@($/=get.words)X*ceiling max @$_ Z/@()))xx get;.sum.say

Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

AtCoDeer the deer is seeing a quick report of election results on TV.
Two candidates are standing for the election: Takahashi and Aoki.
The report shows the ratio of the current numbers of votes the two candidates have obtained, but not the actual numbers of votes.
AtCoDeer has checked the report N times, and when he checked it for the i-th (1≦i≦N) time, the ratio was T_i:A_i.
It is known that each candidate had at least one vote when he checked the report for the first time.

Find the minimum possible total number of votes obtained by the two candidates when he checked the report for the N-th time.
It can be assumed that the number of votes obtained by each candidate never decreases.

Constraints

1≦N≦1000

1≦T_i,A_i≦1000 (1≦i≦N)

T_i and A_i (1≦i≦N) are coprime.

It is guaranteed that the correct answer is at most 10^{18}.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
T_1 A_1
T_2 A_2
:
T_N A_N

Output

Print the minimum possible total number of votes obtained by Takahashi and Aoki when AtCoDeer checked the report for the N-th time.

Sample Input 1

3
2 3
1 1
3 2

Sample Output 1

10

When the numbers of votes obtained by the two candidates change as 2,3 → 3,3 → 6,4, the total number of votes at the end is 10, which is the minimum possible number.

Sample Input 2

4
1 1
1 1
1 5
1 100

Sample Output 2

101

It is possible that neither candidate obtained a vote between the moment when he checked the report, and the moment when he checked it for the next time.

Sample Input 3

5
3 10
48 17
31 199
231 23
3 2

Sample Output 3

6930


Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

AtCoDeer the deer and his friend TopCoDeer is playing a game.
The game consists of N turns.
In each turn, each player plays one of the two gestures, Rock and Paper, as in Rock-paper-scissors, under the following condition:

(※) After each turn, (the number of times the player has played Paper)≦(the number of times the player has played Rock).

Each player's score is calculated by (the number of turns where the player wins) - (the number of turns where the player loses), where the outcome of each turn is determined by the rules of Rock-paper-scissors.

(For those who are not familiar with Rock-paper-scissors: If one player plays Rock and the other plays Paper, the latter player will win and the former player will lose. If both players play the same gesture, the round is a tie and neither player will win nor lose.)

With his supernatural power, AtCoDeer was able to foresee the gesture that TopCoDeer will play in each of the N turns, before the game starts.
Plan AtCoDeer's gesture in each turn to maximize AtCoDeer's score.

The gesture that TopCoDeer will play in each turn is given by a string s. If the i-th (1≦i≦N) character in s is g, TopCoDeer will play Rock in the i-th turn. Similarly, if the i-th (1≦i≦N) character of s in p, TopCoDeer will play Paper in the i-th turn.

Constraints

1≦N≦10^5

N=|s|

Each character in s is g or p.

The gestures represented by s satisfy the condition (※).

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

s

Output

Print the AtCoDeer's maximum possible score.

Sample Input 1

gpg

Sample Output 1

0

Playing the same gesture as the opponent in each turn results in the score of 0, which is the maximum possible score.

Sample Input 2

ggppgggpgg

Sample Output 2

2

For example, consider playing gestures in the following order: Rock, Paper, Rock, Paper, Rock, Rock, Paper, Paper, Rock, Paper. This strategy earns three victories and suffers one defeat, resulting in the score of 2, which is the maximum possible score.


Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

CODE FESTIVAL 2016 is going to be held. For the occasion, Mr. Takahashi decided to make a signboard.

He intended to write CODEFESTIVAL2016 on it, but he mistakenly wrote a different string S. Fortunately, the string he wrote was the correct length.

So Mr. Takahashi decided to perform an operation that replaces a certain character with another in the minimum number of iterations, changing the string to CODEFESTIVAL2016.

Find the minimum number of iterations for the rewrite operation.

Constraints

S is 16 characters long.

S consists of uppercase and lowercase alphabet letters and numerals.

Input

Inputs are provided from Standard Input in the following form.

S

Output

Output an integer representing the minimum number of iterations needed for the rewrite operation.

Sample Input 1

C0DEFESTIVAL2O16

Sample Output 1

2

The second character 0 must be changed to O and the 14th character O changed to 0.

Sample Input 2

FESTIVAL2016CODE

Sample Output 2

16


Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

There are N participants in the CODE FESTIVAL 2016 Qualification contests. The participants are either students in Japan, students from overseas, or neither of these.

Only Japanese students or overseas students can pass the Qualification contests. The students pass when they satisfy the conditions listed below, from the top rank down. Participants who are not students cannot pass the Qualification contests.

A Japanese student passes the Qualification contests if the number of the participants who have already definitively passed is currently fewer than A+B.

An overseas student passes the Qualification contests if the number of the participants who have already definitively passed is currently fewer than A+B and the student ranks B-th or above among all overseas students.

A string S is assigned indicating attributes of all participants. If the i-th character of string S is a, this means the participant ranked i-th in the Qualification contests is a Japanese student; b means the participant ranked i-th is an overseas student; and c means the participant ranked i-th is neither of these.

Write a program that outputs for all the participants in descending rank either Yes if they passed the Qualification contests or No if they did not pass.

Constraints

1≦N,A,B≦100000

A+B≦N

S is N characters long.

S consists only of the letters a, b and c.

Input

Inputs are provided from Standard Input in the following form.

N A B
S

Output

Output N lines. On the i-th line, output Yes if the i-th participant passed the Qualification contests or No if that participant did not pass.

Sample Input 1

10 2 3
abccabaabb

Sample Output 1

Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

The first, second, fifth, sixth, and seventh participants pass the Qualification contests.

Sample Input 2

12 5 2
cabbabaacaba

Sample Output 2

No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No

The sixth participant is third among overseas students and thus does not pass the Qualification contests.

Sample Input 3

5 2 2
ccccc

Sample Output 3

No
No
No
No
No


Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

On an xy plane, in an area satisfying 0 ≤ x ≤ W, 0 ≤ y ≤ H, there is one house at each and every point where both x and y are integers.

There are unpaved roads between every pair of points for which either the x coordinates are equal and the difference between the y coordinates is 1, or the y coordinates are equal and the difference between the x coordinates is 1.

The cost of paving a road between houses on coordinates (i,j) and (i+1,j) is p_i for any value of j, while the cost of paving a road between houses on coordinates (i,j) and (i,j+1) is q_j for any value of i.

Mr. Takahashi wants to pave some of these roads and be able to travel between any two houses on paved roads only. Find the solution with the minimum total cost.

Constraints

1 ≦ W,H ≦ 10^5

1 ≦ p_i ≦ 10^8(0 ≦ i ≦ W-1)

1 ≦ q_j ≦ 10^8(0 ≦ j ≦ H-1)

p_i (0 ≦ i ≦ W−1) is an integer.

q_j (0 ≦ j ≦ H−1) is an integer.

Input

Inputs are provided from Standard Input in the following form.

W H
p_0
:
p_{W-1}
q_0
:
q_{H-1}

Output

Output an integer representing the minimum total cost.

Sample Input 1

2 2
3
5
2
7

Sample Output 1

29

It is enough to pave the following eight roads.

Road connecting houses at (0,0) and (0,1)

Road connecting houses at (0,1) and (1,1)

Road connecting houses at (0,2) and (1,2)

Road connecting houses at (1,0) and (1,1)

Road connecting houses at (1,0) and (2,0)

Road connecting houses at (1,1) and (1,2)

Road connecting houses at (1,2) and (2,2)

Road connecting houses at (2,0) and (2,1)

Sample Input 2

4 3
2
4
8
1
2
9
3

Sample Output 2

60


Score : 700 points

Problem Statement

N people are waiting in a single line in front of the Takahashi Store. The cash on hand of the i-th person from the front of the line is a positive integer A_i.

Mr. Takahashi, the shop owner, has decided on the following scheme: He picks a product, sets a positive integer P indicating its price, and shows this product to customers in order, starting from the front of the line. This step is repeated as described below.

At each step, when a product is shown to a customer, if price P is equal to or less than the cash held by that customer at the time, the customer buys the product and Mr. Takahashi ends the current step. That is, the cash held by the first customer in line with cash equal to or greater than P decreases by P, and the next step begins.

Mr. Takahashi can set the value of positive integer P independently at each step.

He would like to sell as many products as possible. However, if a customer were to end up with 0 cash on hand after a purchase, that person would not have the fare to go home. Customers not being able to go home would be a problem for Mr. Takahashi, so he does not want anyone to end up with 0 cash.

Help out Mr. Takahashi by writing a program that determines the maximum number of products he can sell, when the initial cash in possession of each customer is given.

Constraints

1 ≦ | N | ≦ 100000

1 ≦ A_i ≦ 10^9(1 ≦ i ≦ N)

All inputs are integers.

Input

Inputs are provided from Standard Inputs in the following form.

N
A_1
:
A_N

Output

Output an integer representing the maximum number of products Mr. Takahashi can sell.

Sample Input 1

3
3
2
5

Sample Output 1

3

As values of P, select in order 1, 4, 1.

Sample Input 2

15
3
1
4
1
5
9
2
6
5
3
5
8
9
7
9

Sample Output 2

18


Score : 66 points

Problem Statement

Summer vacation ended at last and the second semester has begun.
You, a Kyoto University student, came to university and heard a rumor that somebody will barricade the entrance of your classroom.
The barricade will be built just before the start of the A-th class and removed by Kyoto University students just before the start of the B-th class.
All the classes conducted when the barricade is blocking the entrance will be cancelled and you will not be able to attend them.
Today you take N classes and class i is conducted in the t_i-th period.
You take at most one class in each period.
Find the number of classes you can attend.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 1000

1 \leq A < B \leq 10^9

1 \leq t_i \leq 10^9

All t_i values are distinct.

Input

N, A and B are given on the first line and t_i is given on the (i+1)-th line.

N A B
t1
:
tN

Output

Print the number of classes you can attend.

Sample Input 1

5 5 9
4
3
6
9
1

Sample Output 1

4

You can not only attend the third class.

Sample Input 2

5 4 9
5
6
7
8
9

Sample Output 2

1

You can only attend the fifth class.

Sample Input 3

4 3 6
9
6
8
1

Sample Output 3

4

You can attend all the classes.

Sample Input 4

2 1 2
1
2

Sample Output 4

1

You can not attend the first class, but can attend the second.


use v5.18; # strict say state
use warnings;
use List::Util qw(reduce first max min sum0);

chomp (my $x = <STDIN>);
while ($x=~/SSSSSSSSTTTTTTTT/) {
  $x =~ s/SSSSSSSSTTTTTTTT//g;
}
while ($x=~/SSSSTTTT/) {
  $x =~ s/SSSSTTTT//g;
}
while ($x=~/SSTT/) {
  $x =~ s/SSTT//g;
}
while ($x=~/ST/) {
  $x =~ s/ST//g;
}
say length($x);

Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

We have a string X, which has an even number of characters. Half the characters are S, and the other half are T.

Takahashi, who hates the string ST, will perform the following operation 10^{10000} times:

Among the occurrences of ST in X as (contiguous) substrings, remove the leftmost one. If there is no occurrence, do nothing.

Find the eventual length of X.

Constraints

2 ≦ |X| ≦ 200,000

The length of X is even.

Half the characters in X are S, and the other half are T.

Partial Scores

In test cases worth 200 points, |X| ≦ 200.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

X

Output

Print the eventual length of X.

Sample Input 1

TSTTSS

Sample Output 1

4

In the 1-st operation, the 2-nd and 3-rd characters of TSTTSS are removed.
X becomes TTSS, and since it does not contain ST anymore, nothing is done in the remaining 10^{10000}-1 operations.
Thus, the answer is 4.

Sample Input 2

SSTTST

Sample Output 2

0

X will eventually become an empty string: SSTTST ⇒ STST ⇒ ST ⇒ ``.

Sample Input 3

TSSTTTSS

Sample Output 3

4

X will become: TSSTTTSS ⇒ TSTTSS ⇒ TTSS.


chomp($line = <>);
$left = substr($line, 0, rindex($line, 'T') + 1);
$right = substr($line, rindex($line, 'T') + 1, length($line));
$t = ($left =~ tr/S//);
printf (length($left) - ($t * 2) + length($right)) . "\n";


Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

You are given a trapezoid. The lengths of its upper base, lower base, and height are a, b, and h, respectively.

An example of a trapezoid

Find the area of this trapezoid.

Constraints

1≦a≦100

1≦b≦100

1≦h≦100

All input values are integers.

h is even.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

a
b
h

Output

Print the area of the given trapezoid. It is guaranteed that the area is an integer.

Sample Input 1

3
4
2

Sample Output 1

7

When the lengths of the upper base, lower base, and height are 3, 4, and 2, respectively, the area of the trapezoid is (3+4)×2/2 = 7.

Sample Input 2

4
4
4

Sample Output 2

16

In this case, a parallelogram is given, which is also a trapezoid.


#!/usr/bin/perl -w

chomp(@lines = <>);
%cards = (
    a => [split //, shift @lines],
    b => [split //, shift @lines],
    c => [split //, shift @lines]
);

my $player = 'a';
while (1) {
    my $card = shift @{$cards{$player}};
    print "$player:$card\n";
    if ($card) {

        $player = $card;
    } else {
        last;
    }
}

print uc $player;


Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Alice, Bob and Charlie are playing Card Game for Three, as below:

At first, each of the three players has a deck consisting of some number of cards. Each card has a letter a, b or c written on it. The orders of the cards in the decks cannot be rearranged.

The players take turns. Alice goes first.

If the current player's deck contains at least one card, discard the top card in the deck. Then, the player whose name begins with the letter on the discarded card, takes the next turn. (For example, if the card says a, Alice takes the next turn.)

If the current player's deck is empty, the game ends and the current player wins the game.

You are given the initial decks of the players.
More specifically, you are given three strings S_A, S_B and S_C. The i-th (1≦i≦|S_A|) letter in S_A is the letter on the i-th card in Alice's initial deck. S_B and S_C describes Bob's and Charlie's initial decks in the same way.

Determine the winner of the game.

Constraints

1≦|S_A|≦100

1≦|S_B|≦100

1≦|S_C|≦100

Each letter in S_A, S_B, S_C is a, b or c.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

S_A
S_B
S_C

Output

If Alice will win, print A. If Bob will win, print B. If Charlie will win, print C.

Sample Input 1

aca
accc
ca

Sample Output 1

A

The game will progress as below:

Alice discards the top card in her deck, a. Alice takes the next turn.

Alice discards the top card in her deck, c. Charlie takes the next turn.

Charlie discards the top card in his deck, c. Charlie takes the next turn.

Charlie discards the top card in his deck, a. Alice takes the next turn.

Alice discards the top card in her deck, a. Alice takes the next turn.

Alice's deck is empty. The game ends and Alice wins the game.

Sample Input 2

abcb
aacb
bccc

Sample Output 2

C


#!/usr/bin/perl -w

chomp(@lines = <>);
%cards = (
    a => [split //, pop @lines],
    b => [split //, pop @lines],
    c => [split //, pop @lines]
);

my $player = 'a';
while (1) {
    my $card = pop @{$cards{$player}};
    if ($card) {
        $player = $card;
    } else {
        last;
    }
}

print uc $player;


#!perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use utf8;
use feature qw/say/;
use DDP;

my $S_a = <STDIN>;
my $S_b = <STDIN>;
my $S_c = <STDIN>;

chomp $S_a;
chomp $S_b;
chomp $S_c;

my $cards = +{};
$cards->{a} = [split(//, $S_a)];
$cards->{b} = [split(//, $S_b)];
$cards->{c} = [split(//, $S_c)];

my $current_player = 'a';
while ( scalar @{ $cards->{$current_player} } > 0) {
    $current_player = shift $cards->{$current_player};
}

say $current_player;


#!perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use utf8;
use feature qw/say/;

my $S = <STDIN>;
chomp $S;
my @S = split(//, $S);

sub sum_all {
    my ($head, $tail) = @_;
    my @back = split(//, $tail);
    my $count = 0;

    $count += $_ for @$head;
    $count += $tail;
    my $front = '';
    while ( defined (my $n = shift @back) ) {
        $front .= $n;
        $count += sum_all([@$head, $front], join('', @back)) if (@back > 0);
    }
    return $count;
}

say sum_all([], $S);

Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

You are given a string S consisting of digits between 1 and 9, inclusive.
You can insert the letter + into some of the positions (possibly none) between two letters in this string.
Here, + must not occur consecutively after insertion.

All strings that can be obtained in this way can be evaluated as formulas.

Evaluate all possible formulas, and print the sum of the results.

Constraints

1 \leq |S| \leq 10

All letters in S are digits between 1 and 9, inclusive.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

S

Output

Print the sum of the evaluated value over all possible formulas.

Sample Input 1

125

Sample Output 1

176

There are 4 formulas that can be obtained: 125, 1+25, 12+5 and 1+2+5. When each formula is evaluated,

125

1+25=26

12+5=17

1+2+5=8

Thus, the sum is 125+26+17+8=176.

Sample Input 2

9999999999

Sample Output 2

12656242944


Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

We have a rectangular parallelepiped of size A×B×C, built with blocks of size 1×1×1. Snuke will paint each of the A×B×C blocks either red or blue, so that:

There is at least one red block and at least one blue block.

The union of all red blocks forms a rectangular parallelepiped.

The union of all blue blocks forms a rectangular parallelepiped.

Snuke wants to minimize the difference between the number of red blocks and the number of blue blocks. Find the minimum possible difference.

Constraints

2≤A,B,C≤10^9

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

A B C

Output

Print the minimum possible difference between the number of red blocks and the number of blue blocks.

Sample Input 1

3 3 3

Sample Output 1

9

For example, Snuke can paint the blocks as shown in the diagram below.
There are 9 red blocks and 18 blue blocks, thus the difference is 9.

Sample Input 2

2 2 4

Sample Output 2

0

For example, Snuke can paint the blocks as shown in the diagram below.
There are 8 red blocks and 8 blue blocks, thus the difference is 0.

Sample Input 3

5 3 5

Sample Output 3

15

For example, Snuke can paint the blocks as shown in the diagram below.
There are 45 red blocks and 30 blue blocks, thus the difference is 9.


Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

There is a hotel with the following accommodation fee:

X yen (the currency of Japan) per night, for the first K nights

Y yen per night, for the (K+1)-th and subsequent nights

Tak is staying at this hotel for N consecutive nights.
Find his total accommodation fee.

Constraints

1 \leq N, K \leq 10000

1 \leq Y < X \leq 10000

N,\,K,\,X,\,Y are integers.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
K
X
Y

Output

Print Tak's total accommodation fee.

Sample Input 1

5
3
10000
9000

Sample Output 1

48000

The accommodation fee is as follows:

10000 yen for the 1-st night

10000 yen for the 2-nd night

10000 yen for the 3-rd night

9000 yen for the 4-th night

9000 yen for the 5-th night

Thus, the total is 48000 yen.

Sample Input 2

2
3
10000
9000

Sample Output 2

20000


Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Let w be a string consisting of lowercase letters.
We will call w beautiful if the following condition is satisfied:

Each lowercase letter of the English alphabet occurs even number of times in w.

You are given the string w. Determine if w is beautiful.

Constraints

1 \leq |w| \leq 100

w consists of lowercase letters (a-z).

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

w

Output

Print Yes if w is beautiful. Print No otherwise.

Sample Input 1

abaccaba

Sample Output 1

Yes

a occurs four times, b occurs twice, c occurs twice and the other letters occur zero times.

Sample Input 2

hthth

Sample Output 2

No


my %hash;
$*IN.get.split("",:skip-empty)>>.&(-> $w { %hash{$w}++; });
say %hash.values.grep({ $_ %% 2 }).elems == %hash.values.elems ?? "Yes" !! "No";


Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

Tak has N cards. On the i-th (1 \leq i \leq N) card is written an integer x_i.
He is selecting one or more cards from these N cards, so that the average of the integers written on the selected cards is exactly A.
In how many ways can he make his selection?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 50

1 \leq A \leq 50

1 \leq x_i \leq 50

N,\,A,\,x_i are integers.

Partial Score

200 points will be awarded for passing the test set satisfying 1 \leq N \leq 16.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N A
x_1 x_2 ... x_N

Output

Print the number of ways to select cards such that the average of the written integers is exactly A.

Sample Input 1

4 8
7 9 8 9

Sample Output 1

5

The following are the 5 ways to select cards such that the average is 8:

Select the 3-rd card.

Select the 1-st and 2-nd cards.

Select the 1-st and 4-th cards.

Select the 1-st, 2-nd and 3-rd cards.

Select the 1-st, 3-rd and 4-th cards.

Sample Input 2

3 8
6 6 9

Sample Output 2

0

Sample Input 3

8 5
3 6 2 8 7 6 5 9

Sample Output 3

19

Sample Input 4

33 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Sample Output 4

8589934591

The answer may not fit into a 32-bit integer.


Score : 1100 points

Problem Statement

Snuke got positive integers s_1,...,s_N from his mother, as a birthday present. There may be duplicate elements.

He will circle some of these N integers. Since he dislikes cubic numbers, he wants to ensure that if both s_i and s_j (i ≠ j) are circled, the product s_is_j is not cubic. For example, when s_1=1,s_2=1,s_3=2,s_4=4, it is not possible to circle both s_1 and s_2 at the same time. It is not possible to circle both s_3 and s_4 at the same time, either.

Find the maximum number of integers that Snuke can circle.

Constraints

1 ≦ N ≦ 10^5

1 ≦ s_i ≦ 10^{10}

All input values are integers.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
s_1
:
s_N

Output

Print the maximum number of integers that Snuke can circle.

Sample Input 1

8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Sample Output 1

6

Snuke can circle 1,2,3,5,6,7.

Sample Input 2

6
2
4
8
16
32
64

Sample Output 2

3

Sample Input 3

10
1
10
100
1000000007
10000000000
1000000009
999999999
999
999
999

Sample Output 3

9


use 5.020;
use utf8;
use strict;
use warnings;
use feature qw/say/;

my $N = <STDIN>;
my $sum = 0;
$sum += $_ for (1..$N);
say($sum);

Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

There are N children in AtCoder Kindergarten. Mr. Evi will arrange the children in a line, then give 1 candy to the first child in the line, 2 candies to the second child, ..., N candies to the N-th child. How many candies will be necessary in total?

Constraints

1≦N≦100

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N

Output

Print the necessary number of candies in total.

Sample Input 1

3

Sample Output 1

6

The answer is 1+2+3=6.

Sample Input 2

10

Sample Output 2

55

The sum of the integers from 1 to 10 is 55.

Sample Input 3

1

Sample Output 3

1

Only one child. The answer is 1 in this case.


use Switch;
my $str = <STDIN>;

my $editing_str = '';
for my $char (split(//, $str)) {
    switch ($char) {
        case 'B' { chop($editing_str)    }
        else     { $editing_str .= $char }
    }
}
print $editing_str;

Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Sig has built his own keyboard. Designed for ultimate simplicity, this keyboard only has 3 keys on it: the 0 key, the 1 key and the backspace key.

To begin with, he is using a plain text editor with this keyboard. This editor always displays one string (possibly empty). Just after the editor is launched, this string is empty. When each key on the keyboard is pressed, the following changes occur to the string:

The 0 key: a letter 0 will be inserted to the right of the string.

The 1 key: a letter 1 will be inserted to the right of the string.

The backspace key: if the string is empty, nothing happens. Otherwise, the rightmost letter of the string is deleted.

Sig has launched the editor, and pressed these keys several times. You are given a string s, which is a record of his keystrokes in order. In this string, the letter 0 stands for the 0 key, the letter 1 stands for the 1 key and the letter B stands for the backspace key. What string is displayed in the editor now?

Constraints

1 ≦ |s| ≦ 10 (|s| denotes the length of s)

s consists of the letters 0, 1 and B.

The correct answer is not an empty string.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

s

Output

Print the string displayed in the editor in the end.

Sample Input 1

01B0

Sample Output 1

00

Each time the key is pressed, the string in the editor will change as follows: 0, 01, 0, 00.

Sample Input 2

0BB1

Sample Output 2

1

Each time the key is pressed, the string in the editor will change as follows: 0, (empty), (empty), 1.


Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Evi has N integers a_1,a_2,..,a_N. His objective is to have N equal integers by transforming some of them.

He may transform each integer at most once. Transforming an integer x into another integer y costs him (x-y)^2 dollars. Even if a_i=a_j (i≠j), he has to pay the cost separately for transforming each of them (See Sample 2).

Find the minimum total cost to achieve his objective.

Constraints

1≦N≦100

-100≦a_i≦100

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
a_1 a_2 ... a_N

Output

Print the minimum total cost to achieve Evi's objective.

Sample Input 1

2
4 8

Sample Output 1

8

Transforming the both into 6s will cost (4-6)^2+(8-6)^2=8 dollars, which is the minimum.

Sample Input 2

3
1 1 3

Sample Output 2

3

Transforming the all into 2s will cost (1-2)^2+(1-2)^2+(3-2)^2=3 dollars. Note that Evi has to pay (1-2)^2 dollar separately for transforming each of the two 1s.

Sample Input 3

3
4 2 5

Sample Output 3

5

Leaving the 4 as it is and transforming the 2 and the 5 into 4s will achieve the total cost of (2-4)^2+(5-4)^2=5 dollars, which is the minimum.

Sample Input 4

4
-100 -100 -100 -100

Sample Output 4

0

Without transforming anything, Evi's objective is already achieved. Thus, the necessary cost is 0.


Problem Statement

You are given two integers a and b (a≤b). Determine if the product of the integers a, a+1, …, b is positive, negative or zero.

Constraints

a and b are integers.

-10^9≤a≤b≤10^9

Partial Score

In test cases worth 100 points, -10≤a≤b≤10.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

a b

Output

If the product is positive, print Positive. If it is negative, print Negative. If it is zero, print Zero.

Sample Input 1

1 3

Sample Output 1

Positive

1×2×3=6 is positive.

Sample Input 2

-3 -1

Sample Output 2

Negative

(-3)×(-2)×(-1)=-6 is negative.

Sample Input 3

-1 1

Sample Output 3

Zero

(-1)×0×1=0.


Problem Statement

We have N boxes, numbered 1 through N. At first, box 1 contains one red ball, and each of the other boxes contains one white ball.

Snuke will perform the following M operations, one by one. In the i-th operation, he randomly picks one ball from box x_i, then he puts it into box y_i.

Find the number of boxes that may contain the red ball after all operations are performed.

Constraints

2≤N≤10^5

1≤M≤10^5

1≤x_i,y_i≤N

x_i≠y_i

Just before the i-th operation is performed, box x_i contains at least 1 ball.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N M
x_1 y_1
:
x_M y_M

Output

Print the number of boxes that may contain the red ball after all operations are performed.

Sample Input 1

3 2
1 2
2 3

Sample Output 1

2

Just after the first operation, box 1 is empty, box 2 contains one red ball and one white ball, and box 3 contains one white ball.

Now, consider the second operation. If Snuke picks the red ball from box 2, the red ball will go into box 3. If he picks the white ball instead, the red ball will stay in box 2.
Thus, the number of boxes that may contain the red ball after all operations, is 2.

Sample Input 2

3 3
1 2
2 3
2 3

Sample Output 2

1

All balls will go into box 3.

Sample Input 3

4 4
1 2
2 3
4 1
3 4

Sample Output 3

3


Problem Statement

We have N pieces of ropes, numbered 1 through N. The length of piece i is a_i.

At first, for each i (1≤i≤N-1), piece i and piece i+1 are tied at the ends, forming one long rope with N-1 knots. Snuke will try to untie all of the knots by performing the following operation repeatedly:

Choose a (connected) rope with a total length of at least L, then untie one of its knots.

Is it possible to untie all of the N-1 knots by properly applying this operation? If the answer is positive, find one possible order to untie the knots.

Constraints

2≤N≤10^5

1≤L≤10^9

1≤a_i≤10^9

All input values are integers.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N L
a_1 a_2 ... a_n

Output

If it is not possible to untie all of the N-1 knots, print Impossible.

If it is possible to untie all of the knots, print Possible, then print another N-1 lines that describe a possible order to untie the knots. The j-th of those N-1 lines should contain the index of the knot that is untied in the j-th operation. Here, the index of the knot connecting piece i and piece i+1 is i.

If there is more than one solution, output any.

Sample Input 1

3 50
30 20 10

Sample Output 1

Possible
2
1

If the knot 1 is untied first, the knot 2 will become impossible to untie.

Sample Input 2

2 21
10 10

Sample Output 2

Impossible

Sample Input 3

5 50
10 20 30 40 50

Sample Output 3

Possible
1
2
3
4

Another example of a possible solution is 3, 4, 1, 2.


#!perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use utf8;
use feature qw/say/;

my $N_K = <STDIN>;
my ($N, $K) = split(' ', $N_K);

my $D = <STDIN>;
my $bad = '['. join('', split(' ', $D)) .']';

while( $N =~ /$bad/ ) { $N++ };
say $N;

Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

Iroha is very particular about numbers. There are K digits that she dislikes: D_1, D_2, ..., D_K.

She is shopping, and now paying at the cashier.
Her total is N yen (the currency of Japan), thus she has to hand at least N yen to the cashier (and possibly receive the change).

However, as mentioned before, she is very particular about numbers. When she hands money to the cashier, the decimal notation of the amount must not contain any digits that she dislikes. Under this condition, she will hand the minimum amount of money.

Find the amount of money that she will hand to the cashier.

Constraints

1 ≦ N < 10000

1 ≦ K < 10

0 ≦ D_1 < D_2 < … < D_K≦9

\{D_1,D_2,...,D_K\} ≠ \{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9\}

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N K
D_1 D_2 … D_K

Output

Print the amount of money that Iroha will hand to the cashier.

Sample Input 1

1000 8
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sample Output 1

2000

She dislikes all digits except 0 and 2.

The smallest integer equal to or greater than N=1000 whose decimal notation contains only 0 and 2, is 2000.

Sample Input 2

9999 1
0

Sample Output 2

9999


Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Snuke is having a barbeque party.

At the party, he will make N servings of Skewer Meal.

Example of a serving of Skewer Meal

He has a stock of 2N skewers, all of which will be used in Skewer Meal. The length of the i-th skewer is L_i.
Also, he has an infinite supply of ingredients.

To make a serving of Skewer Meal, he picks 2 skewers and threads ingredients onto those skewers.
Let the length of the shorter skewer be x, then the serving can hold the maximum of x ingredients.

What is the maximum total number of ingredients that his N servings of Skewer Meal can hold, if he uses the skewers optimally?

Constraints

1≦N≦100

1≦L_i≦100

For each i, L_i is an integer.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
L_1 L_2 ... L_{2N}

Output

Print the maximum total number of ingredients that Snuke's N servings of Skewer Meal can hold.

Sample Input 1

2
1 3 1 2

Sample Output 1

3

If he makes a serving using the first and third skewers, and another using the second and fourth skewers, each serving will hold 1 and 2 ingredients, for the total of 3.

Sample Input 2

5
100 1 2 3 14 15 58 58 58 29

Sample Output 2

135


use strict;
my $N = <STDIN>;
my $line = <STDIN>;
my @L = split " ",$line;

@L = sort{$a <=> $b}@L;

my $count = 0;

for(my $i=0;$i<$N;++$i){
  $count += $L[2*$i];
}

print $count;


Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

Snuke is conducting an optical experiment using mirrors and his new invention, the rifle of Mysterious Light.

Three mirrors of length N are set so that they form an equilateral triangle.
Let the vertices of the triangle be a, b and c.

Inside the triangle, the rifle is placed at the point p on segment ab such that ap = X.
(The size of the rifle is negligible.)
Now, the rifle is about to fire a ray of Mysterious Light in the direction of bc.

The ray of Mysterious Light will travel in a straight line, and will be reflected by mirrors, in the same ways as "ordinary" light.
There is one major difference, though: it will be also reflected by its own trajectory as if it is a mirror!
When the ray comes back to the rifle, the ray will be absorbed.

The following image shows the ray's trajectory where N = 5 and X = 2.

It can be shown that the ray eventually comes back to the rifle and is absorbed, regardless of the values of N and X.
Find the total length of the ray's trajectory.

Constraints

2≦N≦10^{12}

1≦X≦N-1

N and X are integers.

Partial Points

300 points will be awarded for passing the test set satisfying N≦1000.

Another 200 points will be awarded for passing the test set without additional constraints.

Input

The input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N X

Output

Print the total length of the ray's trajectory.

Sample Input 1

5 2

Sample Output 1

12

Refer to the image in the Problem Statement section.
The total length of the trajectory is 2+3+2+2+1+1+1 = 12.