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57293e221d046914007791d6 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence... | What do increased greenhouse gases cause? | {
"answer_start": [
247,
258,
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"text": [
"additional warming of the Earth's surface",
"warming of the Earth's surface",
"additional warming of the Earth's surface"
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} | What do increased greenhouse gases cause? | [
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0.16569915413... | Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized on... | Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v... | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | additional warming of the Earth's surface | 96,210 |
57293e221d046914007791d7 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence... | How much of the greenhouse effect is due to carbon dioxide? | {
"answer_start": [
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"over half",
"over half",
"over half"
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} | How much of the greenhouse effect is due to carbon dioxide? | [
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0.13696941733... | St Helena has long been known for its high proportion of endemic birds and vascular plants. The highland areas contain most of the 400 endemic species recognised to date. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena plover... | Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v... | In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions.... | over half | 96,211 |
57293e221d046914007791d8 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence... | What is the scenario called in which we don't change our greenhouse gas creation practices? | {
"answer_start": [
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"\"business as usual\" (BAU)",
"enhanced greenhouse effect",
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} | What is the scenario called in which we don't change our greenhouse gas creation practices? | [
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57293e221d046914007791d9 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence... | How much has global mean surface air temperature changed in the last century? | {
"answer_start": [
607,
620,
620
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"text": [
"increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C",
"0.3 to 0.6 °C",
"0.3 to 0.6 °C"
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} | How much has global mean surface air temperature changed in [MASK]? | [
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0.30560600757598... | The River Test runs along the western border of the city, separating it from the New Forest. There are bridges over the Test from Southampton, including the road and rail bridges at Redbridge in the south and the M27 motorway to the north. The River Itchen runs through the middle of the city and is bridged in several p... | Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's v... | Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implem... | increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C | 96,213 |
57293e983f37b3190047818b | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chin... | When was the joint statement on climate change issued? | {
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"2001",
"2001",
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} | When was the joint statement on climate change issued? | [
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57293e983f37b3190047818c | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chin... | How many organizations issued the joint statement on climate change? | {
"answer_start": [
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9,
9
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"text": [
"16 national science academies",
"16",
"16"
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} | How many organizations issued the joint statement on climate change? | [
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57293e983f37b3190047818d | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chin... | Which journal was the joint statement published in? | {
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"Science",
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} | Which journal was the joint statement published in? | [
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57293e983f37b3190047818e | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chin... | How sure did the statement say scientists were that temperatures would keep rising? | {
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"at least 90%",
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} | How sure did the statement say scientists were that temperatures would keep rising? | [
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57293e983f37b3190047818f | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chin... | How much did the statement predict global surface temperature would increase by 2100? | {
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"between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels",
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} | How much did the statement predict global surface temperature would increase by [MASK]? | [
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57293f353f37b3190047819b | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty associated with climate models. John Hought... | Which IPCC author criticized the TAR? | {
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12,
12,
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"Richard Lindzen",
"Richard Lindzen",
"Richard Lindzen"
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} | Which [MASK] author criticized the TAR? | [
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0.16548869013786... | The first written account of a game played was on October 15, 1862, on the Montreal Cricket Grounds. It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing.[citation needed] In 1864, at Trinity College, T... | Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresh... | UNFPA's connection to China's administration of forced abortions was refuted by investigations carried out by various US, UK, and UN teams sent to examine UNFPA activities in China. Specifically, a three-person U.S State Department fact-finding team was sent on a two-week tour throughout China. It wrote in a report to ... | Richard Lindzen | 96,219 |
57293f353f37b3190047819c | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty associated with climate models. John Hought... | What did Lindzen criticize about the Summary for Policymakers? | {
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249,
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"does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report",
"understates the uncertainty associated with climate models",
"does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report"
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} | What did [MASK] criticize about [MASK]? | [
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57293f353f37b3190047819d | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty associated with climate models. John Hought... | Who responded to Lindzen's criticisms? | {
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"John Houghton",
"John Houghton",
"John Houghton,"
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} | Who responded to [MASK] 's criticisms? | [
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57293f353f37b3190047819e | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty associated with climate models. John Hought... | What was Houghton's role? | {
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"co-chair of TAR WGI",
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57293f353f37b3190047819f | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty associated with climate models. John Hought... | What did Houghton say is necessary for any changes to the SPM? | {
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"must be supported by scientific evidence",
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} | What did [MASK] say is necessary for any changes to the [MASK]? | [
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57293f8a6aef051400154bde | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports. In the year 2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized, the Special Report on Renewable Ene... | How does the IPCC prepare Special Reports? | {
"answer_start": [
176,
168,
176
],
"text": [
"the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports",
"follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports",
"the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports"
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} | How does the [MASK] prepare Special Reports? | [
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57293f8a6aef051400154bdf | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports. In the year 2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized, the Special Report on Renewable Ene... | When was the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) issued? | {
"answer_start": [
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240,
240
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"2011",
"2011",
"2011"
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57293f8a6aef051400154be0 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports. In the year 2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized, the Special Report on Renewable Ene... | When was the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX) issued? | {
"answer_start": [
240,
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"text": [
"2011",
"2011",
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} | When was [MASK]( SREX) issued? | [
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57293f8a6aef051400154be1 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports. In the year 2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized, the Special Report on Renewable Ene... | Why were the 2011 Special Reports issued? | {
"answer_start": [
514,
514,
514
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"text": [
"requested by governments",
"requested by governments",
"requested by governments."
]
} | Why were the [MASK] Special Reports issued? | [
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0.1055726483464... | In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. | On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change wi... | The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been w... | requested by governments | 96,227 |
572940246aef051400154bec | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function, it also supports other activities,... | What other activities does the UNFCCC require the IPCC to run? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme",
"Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme",
"Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Progr... | What other activities does the [MASK] require the [MASK] to run? | [
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572940246aef051400154bed | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function, it also supports other activities,... | What is used to estimate emissions? | {
"answer_start": [
465,
465,
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"text": [
"default emission factors",
"default emission factors",
"default emission factors"
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} | What is used to estimate emissions? | [
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572940246aef051400154bee | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function, it also supports other activities,... | Levels of what things are used to determine emission factors? | {
"answer_start": [
567,
375,
567
],
"text": [
"fuel consumption, industrial production and so on",
"Greenhouse Gas Inventories",
"fuel consumption, industrial production and so on"
]
} | Levels of what things are used to determine emission factors? | [
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572940246aef051400154bef | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function, it also supports other activities,... | What councils assign tasks to the IPCC? | {
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81,
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81
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"WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council",
"WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council",
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} | What councils assign tasks to the [MASK]? | [
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0.00659543... | Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government main... | The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and p... | Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. | WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council | 96,231 |
572940973f37b319004781a5 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | This projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers. The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance". The date of 20... | What did the IPCC say was mistaken? | {
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} | What did the [MASK] say was mistaken? | [
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0.078217983245849... | He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–63), President (later President for Life) (1953–80) of the Socialist F... | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much w... | The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources –... | the date | 96,232 |
572940973f37b319004781a6 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | This projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers. The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance". The date of 20... | What did the IPCC apologize for? | {
"answer_start": [
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234
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"text": [
"\"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance\"",
"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures",
"poor application of well-established IPCC procedures"
]
} | What did the [MASK] apologize for? | [
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-0.0702971220016... | Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune disea... | Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much w... | In the days following the disaster, an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings. Their findings show a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. | "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance" | 96,233 |
572940973f37b319004781a7 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | This projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers. The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance". The date of 20... | What was the source of the mistake? | {
"answer_start": [
366,
352,
366
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"text": [
"the WWF report",
"the IPCC from the WWF report",
"the WWF report"
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} | What was the source of the mistake? | [
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572940973f37b319004781a8 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | This projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers. The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance". The date of 20... | What report had the correct date? | {
"answer_start": [
433,
352,
366
],
"text": [
"\"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale\"",
"the IPCC from the WWF report",
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} | What report had the correct date? | [
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572941273f37b319004781ad | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been c... | What was Robert Watson's role in the IPCC? | {
"answer_start": [
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12,
12
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"chairman",
"chairman"
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} | What was [MASK] role in the [MASK]? | [
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0.0317270... | The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday Dijo... | Dannatt criticised a remnant "Cold War mentality", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the "land environment"—at a time when Britain was e... | Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi... | IPCC chairman | 96,236 |
572941273f37b319004781ae | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been c... | What direction did Watson say the mistake went in? | {
"answer_start": [
102,
85,
102
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"text": [
"making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact",
"the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious",
"making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact"
]
} | What direction did [MASK] say the mistake went in? | [
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572941273f37b319004781af | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been c... | What was Martin Parry's role in the IPCC? | {
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572941273f37b319004781b0 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been c... | What was the topic of the error? | {
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572941273f37b319004781b1 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been c... | What was the verdict on other alleged errors? | {
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"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment",
"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
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57294209af94a219006aa201 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in ... | When was the paper published that the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph was based on? | {
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57294209af94a219006aa202 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in ... | Who wrote the paper that the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph was based on? | {
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} | Who wrote the paper that the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph was based on? | [
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57294209af94a219006aa203 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in ... | What is the nickname for the "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" graph? | {
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57294209af94a219006aa204 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". This graph extended the similar graph in ... | What reconstructions supported the 1999 paper's information? | {
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} | What reconstructions supported the [MASK] paper 's information? | [
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57294279af94a219006aa209 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental... | What range of years was the current warming compared to? | {
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57294279af94a219006aa20a | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental... | Who led the Science and Environmental Policy Project? | {
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57294279af94a219006aa20b | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental... | Where did Singer hold a press conference in May 2000? | {
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57294279af94a219006aa20c | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental... | When did Singer dispute the graph at a Senate hearing? | {
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0.107804171741... | There are 119,500 males within the city and 117,400 females. The 20–24 age range is the most populous, with an estimated 32,300 people falling in this age range. Next largest is the 25–29 range with 24,700 people and then 30–34 years with 17,800. By population, Southampton is the largest monocentric city in the South E... | Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been c... | The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was ... | 18 July 2000 | 96,248 |
57294279af94a219006aa20d | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental... | What Senate committee did Singer speak to in July 2000? | {
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572943ab1d04691400779219 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 23 June 2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full records on climate research, as well as personal information about their finances and careers, from Mann, Bradley an... | Who was the chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce? | {
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"Rep. Joe Barton",
"Rep. Joe Barton",
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} | Who was the chairman of [MASK]? | [
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572943ab1d0469140077921a | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 23 June 2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full records on climate research, as well as personal information about their finances and careers, from Mann, Bradley an... | Who was Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations? | {
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"Ed Whitfield"
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} | Who was Chairman of [MASK]? | [
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572943ab1d0469140077921b | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 23 June 2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full records on climate research, as well as personal information about their finances and careers, from Mann, Bradley an... | When did Barton and Whitfield demand climate research records? | {
"answer_start": [
3,
3,
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"text": [
"23 June 2005",
"23 June 2005",
"23 June 2005"
]
} | When did [MASK] and [MASK] demand climate research records? | [
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572943ab1d0469140077921c | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 23 June 2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full records on climate research, as well as personal information about their finances and careers, from Mann, Bradley an... | Who was chairman of the House Science Committee? | {
"answer_start": [
330,
330,
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"text": [
"Sherwood Boehlert",
"Sherwood Boehlert",
"Sherwood Boehlert"
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} | Who was chairman of [MASK]? | [
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572943ab1d0469140077921d | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 23 June 2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full records on climate research, as well as personal information about their finances and careers, from Mann, Bradley an... | Who said Barton's investigation was "misguided and illegitimate"? | {
"answer_start": [
330,
330,
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"Sherwood Boehlert",
"Sherwood Boehlert",
"Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee"
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} | Who said [MASK] 's investigation was" misguided and illegitimate"? | [
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572944e03f37b319004781e2 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies. In... | When was the IPCC Third Assessment Report published? | {
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572944e03f37b319004781e1 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies. In... | When was the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report published? | {
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} | When was the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report published? | [
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572944e03f37b319004781e4 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies. In... | How many Medieval Warm Period reconstructions covered 1,000+ years? | {
"answer_start": [
463,
476,
463
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"text": [
"Ten",
"14",
"Ten"
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} | How many [MASK] reconstructions covered [MASK]? | [
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572944e03f37b319004781e5 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies. In... | What problem did some tree ring data have? | {
"answer_start": [
740,
740,
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"divergence",
"divergence problem",
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} | What problem did some tree ring data have? | [
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572944e03f37b319004781e3 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. 1998 and Briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies. In... | How many Medieval Warm Period reconstructions were used? | {
"answer_start": [
476,
463,
476
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"text": [
"14",
"Ten",
"14"
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} | How many [MASK] reconstructions were used? | [
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572945b11d0469140077922f | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change wi... | When was a study published confirming the 2001 IPCC projections? | {
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3,
3,
3
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"1 February 2007",
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"1 February 2007"
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} | When was a study published confirming the [MASK] [MASK] projections? | [
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572945b11d04691400779230 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change wi... | How did the 2001 IPCC report compare to reality for 2001-2006? | {
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"temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates",
"temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed",
"temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates pr... | How did the [MASK] [MASK] report compare to reality for [MASK]? | [
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572945b11d04691400779231 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change wi... | How did the 2001 IPCC report compare to reality on temperature levels? | {
"answer_start": [
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376,
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"text": [
"actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given",
"temperature rise was near the top end of the range given",
"near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection"
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} | How did the [MASK] [MASK] report compare to reality on temperature levels? | [
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572945b11d04691400779232 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change wi... | How did the 2001 IPCC report compare to reality on sea levels? | {
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468,
468,
464
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"text": [
"actual sea level rise was above the top of the range",
"actual sea level rise was above the top of the range",
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} | How did the [MASK] [MASK] report compare to reality on sea levels? | [
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572949306aef051400154c68 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. When the researchers' analysis was "applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on ... | What danger did the IPCC understate? | {
"answer_start": [
176,
186,
176
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"text": [
"projected rises in sea levels",
"rises in sea levels",
"projected rises in sea levels"
]
} | What danger did the [MASK] understate? | [
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572949306aef051400154c69 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. When the researchers' analysis was "applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on ... | How much did the IPCC Third Assessment Report say sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100? | {
"answer_start": [
478,
398,
478
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"text": [
"9–88 cm",
"0.5–1.4 m",
"9–88 cm"
]
} | How much did the IPCC Third Assessment Report say sea levels will rise from [MASK] to 2100? | [
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572949306aef051400154c6a | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. When the researchers' analysis was "applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on ... | How much do researchers now think sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100? | {
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409,
478,
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"50–140 cm",
"9–88 cm",
"0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm]"
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} | How much do researchers now think sea levels will rise from [MASK] to 2100? | [
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572949306aef051400154c6b | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. When the researchers' analysis was "applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on ... | When was the Third Assessment Report published? | {
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} | When was [MASK] published? | [
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57294baaaf94a219006aa26b | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Michael Oppenheimer, a long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale ap... | What role did Michael Oppenheimer have in the IPCC's reports? | {
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"coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report",
"participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report",
"coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report"
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} | What role did [MASK] have in the [MASK] 's reports? | [
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57294baaaf94a219006aa26c | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Michael Oppenheimer, a long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale ap... | Who published the State of the Planet 2008-2009 report? | {
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57294baaaf94a219006aa26d | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Michael Oppenheimer, a long-time participant in the IPCC and coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report conceded in Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the IPCC consensus approach and asks for concurring, smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale ap... | What approach did Oppenheimer advocate? | {
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"concurring, smaller assessments of special problems",
"smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach",
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} | What approach did [MASK] advocate? | [
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57294e6b1d04691400779275 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Pr... | What has successfully dealt with ozone depletion? | {
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"the Montreal Protocol",
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} | What has successfully dealt with ozone depletion? | [
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57294e6b1d04691400779276 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Pr... | What did the Kyoto Protocol try to address? | {
"answer_start": [
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} | What did [MASK] try to address? | [
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57294e6b1d04691400779277 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Pr... | Whose goals often still oppose the IPCC? | {
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"states and governments",
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"states and governments"
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} | Whose goals often still oppose the [MASK]? | [
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5729506d6aef051400154cac | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons "with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate ris... | Who said people involved in the ozone situation had "a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties"? | {
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13,
13,
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"Sheldon Ungar",
"Sheldon Ungar",
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} | Who said people involved in the ozone situation had "a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties"? | [
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5729506d6aef051400154cad | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons "with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate ris... | What remain unsolved problems with the Kyoto Protocol? | {
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"text": [
"varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions",
"varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions"
]
} | What remain unsolved problems with [MASK]? | [
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5729506d6aef051400154cae | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons "with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate ris... | What conflicts did the ozone mitigation reduce? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"regional burden sharing conflicts",
"regional burden sharing conflicts",
"varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions"
]
} | What conflicts did the ozone mitigation reduce? | [
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5729506d6aef051400154caf | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons "with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture" and related to "immediate ris... | Who ordered the Stern Review? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"the UK government",
"the UK government",
"the UK government"
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} | Who ordered [MASK]? | [
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5729517d6aef051400154cc8 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significa... | What does the IPCC rely on for research? | {
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80,
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"text": [
"other scientific bodies",
"scientific papers and independently documented results",
"scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies"
]
} | What does the [MASK] rely on for research? | [
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5729517d6aef051400154cc9 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significa... | What can the IPCC's report deadlines cause to be omitted? | {
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"text": [
"significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science",
"significant new evidence or events that change our understanding",
"significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science"
... | What can the [MASK] 's report deadlines cause to be omitted? | [
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5729517d6aef051400154cca | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significa... | Who is seen as the ultimate climate change authority? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"IPCC",
"IPCC",
"the IPCC"
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} | Who is seen as the ultimate climate change authority? | [
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-0.030683591... | The '98 season would begin on a somber note with the death of legendary broadcaster Harry Caray. After the retirement of Sandberg and the trade of Dunston, the Cubs had holes to fill and the signing of Henry Rodríguez, known affectionately as "H-Rod" to bat cleanup provided protection for Sammy Sosa in the lineup, as R... | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant i... | IPCC | 96,280 |
572951f16aef051400154cce | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists – all contributing or lead IPCC report authors – wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC. They suggested a range of new organizational options, from tightening the selection of le... | How many scientists called to change the IPCC in Feb 2010? | {
"answer_start": [
97,
97,
97
],
"text": [
"five",
"five",
"five"
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} | How many scientists called to change the [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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572951f16aef051400154ccf | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists – all contributing or lead IPCC report authors – wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC. They suggested a range of new organizational options, from tightening the selection of le... | Where was the Feb 2010 call for change published? | {
"answer_start": [
179,
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"text": [
"the journal Nature",
"the journal Nature",
"the journal Nature"
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} | Where was the [MASK] call for change published? | [
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572951f16aef051400154cd0 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists – all contributing or lead IPCC report authors – wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC. They suggested a range of new organizational options, from tightening the selection of le... | What was one proposal to let the IPCC respond to new evidence faster? | {
"answer_start": [
407,
407,
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"text": [
"turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated \"living\" Wikipedia-IPCC",
"turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated \"living\" Wikipedia-IPCC",
"turning the whole climate science assessment... | What was [MASK] proposal to let the [MASK] respond to new evidence faster? | [
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572951f16aef051400154cd1 | Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change | In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists – all contributing or lead IPCC report authors – wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC. They suggested a range of new organizational options, from tightening the selection of le... | How was it suggested that the IPCC avoid political problems? | {
"answer_start": [
577,
577,
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"text": [
"remove government oversight from its processes",
"remove government oversight",
"remove government oversight from its processes"
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} | How was it suggested that the [MASK] avoid political problems? | [
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572953013f37b3190047824d | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide ... | What is the primary purpose of chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
27,
30,
30
],
"text": [
"to conduct photosynthesis",
"conduct photosynthesis",
"conduct photosynthesis"
]
} | What is the primary purpose of chloroplasts? | [
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572953013f37b3190047824e | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide ... | What does ATP store? | {
"answer_start": [
170,
170,
112
],
"text": [
"energy",
"energy",
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} | What does [MASK] store? | [
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572953013f37b3190047824f | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide ... | What does NADPH store? | {
"answer_start": [
170,
170,
112
],
"text": [
"energy",
"energy",
"energy"
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} | What does NADPH store? | [
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572953013f37b31900478250 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide ... | What is the process of turning CO2 into organic molecules called? | {
"answer_start": [
342,
346,
346
],
"text": [
"the Calvin cycle",
"Calvin cycle",
"Calvin cycle"
]
} | What is the process of turning CO2 into organic molecules called? | [
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2 exposure for a fee. Professional athletes, especially in American football, also s... | Chloroplasts have their own DNA, often abbreviated as ctDNA, or cpDNA. It is also known as the plastome. Its existence was first proved in 1962, and first sequenced in 1986—when two Japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast DNA of liverwort and tobacco. Since then, hundreds of chloroplast DNAs from various spec... | Chloroplasts have their own ribosomes, which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins. Chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes (around 17 nm vs 25 nm). They take mRNAs transcribed from the chloroplast DNA and translate them into protein. While similar to bacterial r... | the Calvin cycle | 96,288 |
572953013f37b31900478251 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts' main role is to conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide ... | How many chloroplasts per cell does algae have? | {
"answer_start": [
554,
554,
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],
"text": [
"1",
"1",
"1"
]
} | How many chloroplasts per cell does algae have? | [
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5729544c3f37b31900478257 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from... | How do chloroplasts reproduce? | {
"answer_start": [
105,
105,
105
],
"text": [
"pinch in two",
"pinch in two",
"pinch in two"
]
} | How do chloroplasts reproduce? | [
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5729544c3f37b31900478258 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from... | What influences chloroplasts' behavior? | {
"answer_start": [
173,
173,
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],
"text": [
"environmental factors like light color and intensity",
"environmental factors",
"environmental factors like light color and intensity"
]
} | What influences chloroplasts' behavior? | [
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0.06999787688255... | Model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana are used for studying the molecular biology of plant cells and the chloroplast. Ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced, small stature and short generation times. Corn has been used to study mechanisms of photosynthesis and phloem... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | environmental factors like light color and intensity | 96,291 |
5729544c3f37b31900478259 | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from... | How are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria? | {
"answer_start": [
260,
260,
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],
"text": [
"contain their own DNA",
"contain their own DNA",
"contain their own DNA,"
]
} | How are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria? | [
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0.0953481271... | In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, re... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids. They are not found in higher plants. Pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them. They consist of a matrix opaque to electrons, surrounded by two hemisph... | contain their own DNA | 96,292 |
5729544c3f37b3190047825a | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from... | What was the ancestor of chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
336,
336,
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],
"text": [
"a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell",
"a photosynthetic cyanobacterium",
"photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell"
]
} | What was the ancestor of chloroplasts? | [
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5729544c3f37b3190047825b | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain their own DNA, which is thought to be inherited from... | How do plants get chloroplasts? | {
"answer_start": [
465,
473,
473
],
"text": [
"must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division",
"inherited",
"inherited by each daughter cell during cell division"
]
} | How do plants get chloroplasts? | [
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0.03293482... | Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherne... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of th... | must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division | 96,294 |
572956c86aef051400154d1a | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | Which organisms have chloroplasts? | {
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590,
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"text": [
"plants and algae",
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572956c86aef051400154d1b | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | What nationality was Konstantin Mereschkowski? | {
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"Russian"
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572956c86aef051400154d1c | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | What was Konstantin Mereschkowski's career? | {
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572956c86aef051400154d1d | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | When did Konstantin Mereschkowski suggest the origin of chloroplasts? | {
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572956c86aef051400154d1e | Chloroplast | Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event,... | Who said chloroplasts are similar to cyanobacteria? | {
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572957361d046914007792cf | Chloroplast | Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidogly... | What are chloroplasts descended from? | {
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0.348618298768... | Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944–45), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945–49). While attending college, she wrote for campus l... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | Cyanobacteria | 96,300 |
572957361d046914007792d0 | Chloroplast | Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidogly... | What type of organism are cyanobacteria? | {
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572957361d046914007792d2 | Chloroplast | Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidogly... | What does 'gram-negative' mean? | {
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0.424598813056... | In 1993, the city passed a massive redevelopment package known as the Metropolitan Area Projects (MAPS), intended to rebuild the city's core with civic projects to establish more activities and life to downtown. The city added a new baseball park; central library; renovations to the civic center, convention center and ... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack n... | they have two cell membranes | 96,302 |
572957361d046914007792d3 | Chloroplast | Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidogly... | What kind of cell wall do cyanobacteria have? | {
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"text": [
"peptidoglycan",
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0.18919841945... | Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW)... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | Euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga. Euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost, leaving the cyanobacterial membranes, and the secondary host's phagosomal membrane. Euglenoph... | peptidoglycan | 96,303 |
572957361d046914007792d1 | Chloroplast | Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidogly... | How are cyanobacteria sometimes wrongly described? | {
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0.5498518943... | The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London. Under the original rules, the trophy was to be perman... | Not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts. All green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts, or more specifically, the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green. The plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells, though chloroplas... | Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. ... | blue-green algae | 96,304 |
572957ad1d046914007792d9 | Chloroplast | Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner mem... | What kind of cell did cynaobacteria enter long ago? | {
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} | What kind of cell did cynaobacteria enter long ago? | [
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0.338323712... | "The word ‘empire’ comes from the Latin word imperium; for which the closest modern English equivalent would perhaps be ‘sovereignty’, or simply ‘rule’". The greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded. Political power grew from conquering land, however cultu... | Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on land for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for disper... | Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. W... | eukaryotic | 96,305 |
572957ad1d046914007792da | Chloroplast | Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner mem... | How long ago did cyanobacteria enter a cell? | {
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"around a billion years ago",
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572957ad1d046914007792db | Chloroplast | Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner mem... | What surrounds chloroplasts? | {
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"two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes",
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572957ad1d046914007792dc | Chloroplast | Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner mem... | What kind of membrane came from the host? | {
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"text": [
"phagosomal",
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} | What kind of membrane came from the host? | [
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0.173237... | The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth. Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea. Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, o... | Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on land for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for disper... | The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes ... | phagosomal | 96,308 |
572957ad1d046914007792dd | Chloroplast | Somewhere around a billion years ago, a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell, either as food or as an internal parasite, but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in. The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner mem... | What happened when cyanobacteria was assimilated? | {
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],
"text": [
"many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host",
"many of its genes were lost or transferred",
"many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host"
]
} | What happened when cyanobacteria was assimilated? | [
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-0.307311475276947,
0.11219126731157303,
0.2589387595653534,
-0.178317591547966,
0.19148126244544983,
-0.09647028148174286,
0.09780760854482651,
-0.3348610997200012,
-0.24333496391773224,
-0.3468371629714966,
-0.4608500301837921,
0.452905863523483... | Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner-city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via... | Fossilized spores suggest that higher plants (embryophytes) have lived on land for at least 475 million years. Early land plants reproduced sexually with flagellated, swimming sperm, like the green algae from which they evolved. An adaptation to terrestrialization was the development of upright meiosporangia for disper... | Unlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely... | many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host | 96,309 |
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