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README.md
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license: mit
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---
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license: mit
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---
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# 📊 Dataset Metafore
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**Dataset title:** Dataset Metafore
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**Related paper:** [*Language Models and the Magic of Metaphor: A Comparative Evaluation with Human Judgments*](https://aclanthology.org/2025.clicit-1.68/) — S. Mazzoli, A. Suozzi, G. E. Lebani (CLiC-it 2025).
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> This repository contains CSV files used in the study described above. The data were collected from human participants who provided metaphor interpretations and ratings, and from several Italian-trained language models whose normalized log-probabilities were computed on human interpretations and systematically constructed distractors.
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---
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## 🗂 Overview
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The dataset contains 140 metaphors extracted from Italian parliamentary transcripts ([Chamber of Deputies, 2008–2022](https://www.camera.it/leg18/221)). Human participants provided free-form interpretations for each metaphor and rated (1–5) the **conventionality** of the expression and the **adequacy of the sentence context**. For each metaphor there are two distractors created programmatically: a *Literal Distractor (LD)* and an *Opposite Metaphorical Distractor (OMD)*. Several autoregressive LLMs (GePpeTto, Minerva family, LLaMAntino) were evaluated by computing log-likelihoods for each human interpretation and distractor; normalized log probabilities and ranks are provided.
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Refer to the paper for full methodology and analyses.
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---
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## Organized variable list (by file)
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### `dataset-metafore.csv` — master / metadata for each metaphor
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Description: one row per metaphor (n = 140). This file contains the main experimental items, their balancing information, prompts shown to participants, and aggregated human judgment statistics.
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| Column | Type | Description |
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|---|---:|---|
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| `questionario` | string | Questionnaire identifier in which the item appeared (e.g., `Q1`–`Q10`) |
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| `m_id` | string | Metaphor identifier (e.g., `M1`, `M42`) |
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| `gruppo_bilanciamento` | string | Balancing group (`G1`–`G7`) corresponding to the syntactic pattern distribution |
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| `item` | string | Full sentence containing the metaphor |
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| `v_term` | string | Lexical item annotated as metaphorical |
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| `pattern` | string | Syntactic pattern of the metaphor (e.g., `N₁ di N₂`, `V ∼ N`) |
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| `valenza` | string | Valency of the metaphorical element (`nessuno`, `intransitiva`, `transitiva`) |
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| `classe_lessicale` | string | Part of speech of the metaphorical element (e.g., `N₁`, `Verbo`, `Aggettivo`) |
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| `prompt` | string | Sentence frame shown to participants for interpretation elicitation |
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| `avg_conv` | numeric | Mean conventionality rating (1–5) |
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| `avg_cntxt` | numeric | Mean context adequacy rating (1–5) |
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| `entropia di shannon` | numeric | Shannon entropy of interpretation distribution (measure of variability) |
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| `consenso_max` | numeric | Maximum consensus score (relative frequency of most common interpretation) |
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| `n_int` | integer | Number of human interpretations collected for the item |
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---
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#### Balanced syntactic groups (dataset)
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| Pattern | Valency | Metaphorical element (PoS) | Group size (n = 140) |
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|----------------------------:|:------------:|:------------------------------:|:--------------------:|
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| `N₁ di N₂` | None | Noun₁ | 20 |
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| `N ∼ Adj` | None | Noun | 20 |
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| `N ∼ Adj` | None | Adjective | 20 |
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| `N₁ = N₂` | None | Noun₂ | 20 |
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| `V ∼ N` *(intransitive)* | Intransitive | Verb | 20 |
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| `V ∼ N` *(transitive)* | Transitive | Verb | 20 |
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| `V ∼ N` *(transitive)* | Transitive | Verb **and** Noun | 20 |
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---
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## ❝ Cite
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```
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@inproceedings{mazzoli-etal-2025-language,
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title = "Language Models and the Magic of Metaphor: A Comparative Evaluation with Human Judgments",
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author = "Mazzoli, Simone and
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Suozzi, Alice and
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Lebani, Gianluca",
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editor = "Bosco, Cristina and
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Jezek, Elisabetta and
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Polignano, Marco and
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Sanguinetti, Manuela",
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2025)",
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month = sep,
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year = "2025",
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address = "Cagliari, Italy",
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publisher = "CEUR Workshop Proceedings",
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url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.clicit-1.68/",
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pages = "710--721",
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ISBN = "979-12-243-0587-3"
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}
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```
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---
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