prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain the primary mechanism of action of metformin.

### Response:

chosen: Metformin primarily acts by activating AMP-activated protein kinase, also called AMPK. AMPK is a central metabolic regulator that promotes glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation while reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis, which helps lower blood glucose levels.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin pharmacology


prompt:
### Instruction:
List the broader biological effects of metformin mentioned in the pharma corpus.

### Response:

chosen: Beyond glycemic control, metformin is described as having potential cardiovascular benefits and anti-inflammatory properties. The corpus also mentions possible anticancer effects through mTOR pathway inhibition and suppression of tumor angiogenesis.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin pharmacology


prompt:
### Instruction:
How do atorvastatin and ezetimibe reduce LDL cholesterol through different mechanisms?

### Response:

chosen: Atorvastatin inhibits hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, reducing endogenous cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Ezetimibe inhibits the NPC1L1 transporter in the intestinal wall, reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Together, these complementary mechanisms can produce an additive LDL-C lowering effect.

rejected: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are basically the same type of cholesterol medicine and both mainly work in the stomach. Their combination is useful because taking two tablets is always stronger than one.

topic: Lipid-lowering therapy


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why can the combination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe be useful in familial hypercholesterolemia?

### Response:

chosen: Familial hypercholesterolemia can cause very high LDL-C levels and may not respond sufficiently to statin monotherapy. Combining atorvastatin with ezetimibe targets both cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol absorption, which can provide stronger LDL-C reduction than either pathway alone.

rejected: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are basically the same type of cholesterol medicine and both mainly work in the stomach. Their combination is useful because taking two tablets is always stronger than one.

topic: Lipid-lowering therapy


prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain why mRNA vaccine platforms are considered flexible for emerging viral variants.

### Response:

chosen: mRNA vaccine platforms allow the encoded antigen sequence to be redesigned relatively quickly when new viral variants emerge. This flexibility supports rapid adaptation to variants such as BQ.1 and XBB.1.5, although updated vaccines still require validation, quality control, immunogenicity assessment, and regulatory review.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines


prompt:
### Instruction:
What immune responses are mentioned in the corpus for mRNA vaccines?

### Response:

chosen: The corpus mentions elevated neutralizing antibody titers and robust CD8-positive T-cell responses. These responses reflect both humoral and cellular immunity, which are important for vaccine effectiveness.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines


prompt:
### Instruction:
Summarize how AI is transforming pharmaceutical research.

### Response:

chosen: AI is accelerating pharmaceutical research by supporting target identification, molecular docking, compound screening, protein-ligand binding affinity prediction, and lead optimization. When combined with laboratory automation, AI-driven insights may reduce discovery timelines from years to months.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: AI in pharmaceutical research


prompt:
### Instruction:
What are key challenges for AI-generated molecules in pharmaceutical research?

### Response:

chosen: Key challenges include interpretability, bias mitigation, regulatory validation, traceability, and ensuring that AI-generated molecules are supported by reliable experimental evidence. Model predictions must be validated because computational confidence does not guarantee biological activity.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: AI in pharmaceutical research


prompt:
### Instruction:
Describe metformin's metabolic role in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

### Response:

chosen: Metformin is a biguanide antihyperglycemic medicine widely used in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its central pharmacological action is reducing hepatic glucose output, especially through inhibition of gluconeogenesis, while AMPK activation may support improved insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin pharmacology


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why is AMPK important in the mechanism of metformin?

### Response:

chosen: AMPK acts like an intracellular energy sensor. When AMPK activity increases, cells shift toward catabolic pathways that generate ATP and away from anabolic pathways that consume energy. In the liver, this contributes to reduced glucose production, and in peripheral tissues it may support glucose uptake.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin pharmacology


prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain the pharmacokinetic profile of metformin.

### Response:

chosen: Metformin is absorbed mainly from the small intestine, is not extensively metabolized by the liver, and is eliminated largely unchanged through the kidneys by glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Transporters such as OCT1, OCT2, and MATE1 are important in its distribution and renal excretion.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin pharmacokinetics


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why does kidney function matter for metformin use?

### Response:

chosen: Kidney function matters because metformin is cleared mainly through renal elimination. If renal function is significantly reduced, metformin can accumulate and increase the risk of toxicity and lactic acidosis. Clinicians therefore consider eGFR, dehydration risk, acute illness, and interacting conditions before continuing therapy.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin safety


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why does metformin have a lower intrinsic risk of hypoglycemia when used alone compared with insulin secretagogues?

### Response:

chosen: Metformin improves glycemic control without directly stimulating insulin secretion. Because it does not force the pancreas to release insulin, it has a lower intrinsic risk of hypoglycemia when used alone compared with insulin secretagogues.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin clinical use


prompt:
### Instruction:
List common adverse effects and important monitoring considerations for metformin.

### Response:

chosen: Common adverse effects include nausea, abdominal discomfort, metallic taste, and diarrhea, especially during treatment initiation or rapid dose escalation. Important monitoring considerations include renal function, risk factors for lactic acidosis, and long-term vitamin B12 levels in patients with anemia, neuropathy, or prolonged exposure.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin safety


prompt:
### Instruction:
What outcomes are commonly measured in studies of metformin therapy?

### Response:

chosen: Common outcomes include fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose, hemoglobin A1c, body weight, gastrointestinal tolerability, renal safety, and cardiovascular endpoints.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin clinical endpoints


prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain the LDL-C reduction strategy behind atorvastatin plus ezetimibe.

### Response:

chosen: Atorvastatin lowers LDL-C by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase in the liver, reducing endogenous cholesterol synthesis and increasing LDL receptor activity. Ezetimibe lowers LDL-C by blocking NPC1L1-mediated intestinal cholesterol absorption. Together, they reduce cholesterol input from both internal synthesis and intestinal absorption pathways.

rejected: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are basically the same type of cholesterol medicine and both mainly work in the stomach. Their combination is useful because taking two tablets is always stronger than one.

topic: Lipid-lowering therapy


prompt:
### Instruction:
When may combination lipid-lowering therapy be considered?

### Response:

chosen: Combination therapy may be considered when LDL-C goals are not achieved with statin monotherapy, when very high-risk cardiovascular patients need greater LDL-C reduction, or when patients have familial hypercholesterolemia.

rejected: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are basically the same type of cholesterol medicine and both mainly work in the stomach. Their combination is useful because taking two tablets is always stronger than one.

topic: Lipid-lowering therapy


prompt:
### Instruction:
What is familial hypercholesterolemia and why is early management important?

### Response:

chosen: Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic condition characterized by elevated LDL-C from a young age and increased lifetime risk of premature cardiovascular disease. Early diagnosis, aggressive lipid management, and family screening are important because risk begins early and can accumulate over time.

rejected: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are basically the same type of cholesterol medicine and both mainly work in the stomach. Their combination is useful because taking two tablets is always stronger than one.

topic: Familial hypercholesterolemia


prompt:
### Instruction:
List clinical endpoints used in lipid-lowering therapy trials.

### Response:

chosen: Lipid-lowering therapy trials may measure percentage change in LDL-C, non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, inflammatory markers, plaque progression, and major adverse cardiovascular events.

rejected: This can be explained simply as a treatment or research process that improves health outcomes, but the specific scientific details are not necessary here.

topic: Clinical endpoints


prompt:
### Instruction:
What safety assessments are relevant for atorvastatin and ezetimibe therapy?

### Response:

chosen: Safety assessments may include liver enzyme monitoring, muscle-related symptom review, creatine kinase testing when clinically indicated, drug-drug interaction assessment, and patient adherence evaluation.

rejected: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are basically the same type of cholesterol medicine and both mainly work in the stomach. Their combination is useful because taking two tablets is always stronger than one.

topic: Lipid-lowering therapy


prompt:
### Instruction:
Differentiate metformin from atorvastatin and ezetimibe.

### Response:

chosen: Metformin is primarily a glucose-lowering medicine used in type 2 diabetes and targets glycemic control. Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are lipid-lowering therapies that target cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular risk management. A domain model should distinguish drug class, mechanism, indication, biomarker, and safety profile.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Drug class distinction


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why can atorvastatin plus ezetimibe reduce LDL-C more than either medicine alone?

### Response:

chosen: Atorvastatin reduces cholesterol synthesis in the liver, while ezetimibe reduces cholesterol absorption in the intestine. Because they act on different points of cholesterol homeostasis, their combination can produce stronger LDL-C reduction than monotherapy in many patients.

rejected: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are basically the same type of cholesterol medicine and both mainly work in the stomach. Their combination is useful because taking two tablets is always stronger than one.

topic: Mechanism-aware reasoning


prompt:
### Instruction:
Describe the basic structure and function of an mRNA vaccine platform.

### Response:

chosen: An mRNA vaccine delivers genetic instructions that allow host cells to produce a target antigen. A typical mRNA vaccine includes an mRNA sequence, untranslated regions that affect stability and translation, a poly-A tail, and a lipid nanoparticle delivery system that protects the RNA and supports cellular uptake.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines


prompt:
### Instruction:
How do mRNA vaccines stimulate humoral and cellular immunity?

### Response:

chosen: After delivery, antigen expression can activate B cells and generate antibodies, supporting humoral immunity. Antigen presentation can also activate T cells, including CD4-positive helper T cells and CD8-positive cytotoxic T cells, supporting cellular immunity.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines


prompt:
### Instruction:
What immune markers are commonly evaluated in mRNA vaccine studies?

### Response:

chosen: Commonly evaluated markers include neutralizing antibody titers, memory B cells, CD4-positive helper T-cell responses, and CD8-positive cytotoxic T-cell responses. Studies also assess efficacy, reactogenicity, durability, and safety.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines


prompt:
### Instruction:
Summarize the role of lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines.

### Response:

chosen: Lipid nanoparticles protect fragile mRNA from degradation, help it enter cells, and support antigen expression. Their composition influences vaccine stability, delivery efficiency, biodistribution, immune response, storage requirements, and tolerability.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why are thermostable formulations important for mRNA vaccine distribution?

### Response:

chosen: Thermostable formulations can reduce dependence on strict cold-chain storage, which improves distribution in resource-constrained settings. This can make vaccine transport and access more practical at global scale.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines


prompt:
### Instruction:
What are self-amplifying mRNA constructs and why are they being explored?

### Response:

chosen: Self-amplifying mRNA constructs are designed to produce antigen expression at lower input doses by amplifying the RNA signal inside cells. They are being explored for potential dose efficiency, but safety, reactogenicity, and manufacturing considerations must be carefully evaluated.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines


prompt:
### Instruction:
How can AI support target identification in pharmaceutical research?

### Response:

chosen: AI can analyze genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, disease phenotypes, chemical libraries, and clinical datasets to prioritize genes or proteins that may play causal roles in disease biology. These predictions are stronger when integrated with experimental validation, pathway analysis, human genetics, and biomarkers.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: AI in drug discovery


prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain the role of AI in molecular screening.

### Response:

chosen: AI can support molecular screening by predicting protein-ligand binding affinity, molecular properties, toxicity signals, and synthesizability. It can also work with docking algorithms, graph neural networks, transformers, and diffusion models to evaluate or propose chemical structures.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: AI in drug discovery


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why must AI predictions in drug discovery be experimentally validated?

### Response:

chosen: AI models learn statistical patterns from existing data, but biological systems are complex and datasets can contain bias or gaps. Experimental validation confirms whether a predicted target, molecule, or mechanism works under real biochemical or cellular conditions.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: AI in drug discovery


prompt:
### Instruction:
What factors are balanced during lead optimization?

### Response:

chosen: Lead optimization balances potency, selectivity, solubility, permeability, metabolic stability, safety, and manufacturability. AI may suggest chemical modifications to improve ADME properties, reduce off-target effects, or improve binding.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: Lead optimization


prompt:
### Instruction:
Define ADME and mention toxicology risks relevant to drug discovery.

### Response:

chosen: ADME stands for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Toxicology risks relevant to drug discovery can include hERG liability, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, mitochondrial toxicity, and drug-drug interaction risk.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: ADME and toxicology


prompt:
### Instruction:
What governance concerns apply to AI-generated molecules and AI-assisted pharmaceutical decisions?

### Response:

chosen: AI-generated molecules and AI-assisted decisions require traceability, interpretability, bias assessment, data governance, reproducibility, versioned datasets, validated pipelines, audit trails, and human expert review.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: Regulatory AI


prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain the main goals of Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III clinical trials.

### Response:

chosen: Phase I trials usually focus on safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and dose escalation in a small number of participants. Phase II trials explore preliminary efficacy, dose selection, and continued safety. Phase III trials evaluate efficacy and safety in larger populations, often against standard of care or placebo.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: Clinical trials


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why are post-marketing studies and real-world evidence important?

### Response:

chosen: Post-marketing studies and real-world evidence can further characterize long-term safety and effectiveness after approval. They help detect rare, delayed, or population-specific risks that may not appear in pre-approval clinical trials.

rejected: It is mainly important because it is used in healthcare. The exact pathway, safety points, and regulatory details are not clearly needed for this answer.

topic: Clinical trials


prompt:
### Instruction:
List important clinical trial design concepts that a pharma domain model should understand.

### Response:

chosen: Important concepts include randomization, blinding, control arm, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, primary endpoint, secondary endpoint, adverse event, serious adverse event, statistical power, intention-to-treat analysis, per-protocol analysis, and confidence interval.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: Clinical trial terminology


prompt:
### Instruction:
Define pharmacovigilance.

### Response:

chosen: Pharmacovigilance is the science of detecting, assessing, understanding, and preventing adverse effects or other medicine-related problems. It uses safety data from sources such as spontaneous reports, electronic health records, clinical studies, literature monitoring, patient registries, and permitted social listening.

rejected: Pharmacovigilance ends once a drug is approved. A signal automatically proves that the drug caused the event, so detailed medical review is usually not needed.

topic: Pharmacovigilance


prompt:
### Instruction:
Why does signal detection not automatically prove causality?

### Response:

chosen: Signal detection does not automatically prove causality because a reported association may be influenced by timing, confounding factors, reporting bias, disease background, concomitant medicines, or incomplete information. Signals require medical review, disproportionality analysis, temporal assessment, dechallenge and rechallenge evaluation, and regulatory decision-making.

rejected: Pharmacovigilance ends once a drug is approved. A signal automatically proves that the drug caused the event, so detailed medical review is usually not needed.

topic: Pharmacovigilance


prompt:
### Instruction:
What types of documents may be included in pharmaceutical submissions?

### Response:

chosen: Pharmaceutical submissions may include chemistry, manufacturing, and controls documentation; nonclinical pharmacology and toxicology reports; clinical study reports; risk management plans; labeling; and post-authorization safety commitments.

rejected: Regulatory documents are mostly informal summaries. Accuracy, traceability, controlled terminology, and audit trails are not very important after the product is submitted.

topic: Regulatory documentation


prompt:
### Instruction:
What are good documentation practices in regulated pharmaceutical environments?

### Response:

chosen: Good documentation practices require accuracy, consistency, auditability, controlled terminology, and traceable source data. These practices help ensure that regulatory submissions and safety decisions are reliable and reviewable.

rejected: Regulatory documents are mostly informal summaries. Accuracy, traceability, controlled terminology, and audit trails are not very important after the product is submitted.

topic: Regulatory documentation


prompt:
### Instruction:
Define a serious adverse event.

### Response:

chosen: A serious adverse event is an untoward medical occurrence that results in death, is life-threatening, requires or prolongs hospitalization, causes persistent disability, results in congenital anomaly, or is considered medically important by clinical judgment.

rejected: Pharmacovigilance ends once a drug is approved. A signal automatically proves that the drug caused the event, so detailed medical review is usually not needed.

topic: Pharmacovigilance


prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain why pharmacovigilance continues after drug approval.

### Response:

chosen: Clinical trials cannot detect every rare, delayed, or long-term risk. Post-marketing pharmacovigilance monitors larger and more diverse real-world populations to identify safety signals and support ongoing benefit-risk assessment.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: Pharmacovigilance


prompt:
### Instruction:
Summarize metformin safety monitoring in three bullet points.

### Response:

chosen:
- Monitor renal function because metformin is primarily eliminated by the kidneys.
- Watch for gastrointestinal adverse effects, especially during initiation or rapid dose escalation.
- Consider vitamin B12 monitoring during long-term therapy, especially in patients with anemia, neuropathy, or prolonged exposure.

rejected: Metformin mainly works by increasing insulin secretion from the pancreas, and kidney function is usually not very relevant. Its side effects are generally not important unless the patient feels very sick.

topic: Metformin summarization


prompt:
### Instruction:
Create a comparison between atorvastatin and ezetimibe based on mechanism and therapeutic role.

### Response:

chosen: Atorvastatin acts in the liver by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and reducing endogenous cholesterol synthesis. Ezetimibe acts in the intestine by inhibiting NPC1L1-mediated cholesterol absorption. Atorvastatin is a statin, while ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Their combination can improve LDL-C reduction when monotherapy is insufficient.

rejected: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe are basically the same type of cholesterol medicine and both mainly work in the stomach. Their combination is useful because taking two tablets is always stronger than one.

topic: Lipid therapy comparison


prompt:
### Instruction:
Summarize the advantages and challenges of mRNA vaccine platforms.

### Response:

chosen: mRNA vaccine platforms are flexible because antigen sequences can be updated quickly when variants emerge. They can stimulate antibody and T-cell responses. Challenges include formulation stability, cold-chain requirements, reactogenicity, manufacturing quality control, and regulatory review for updated products.

rejected: mRNA vaccines work by directly giving antibodies to the patient. Lipid nanoparticles are mostly preservatives and do not affect delivery, stability, or immune response very much.

topic: mRNA vaccines summarization


prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain why AI can reduce drug discovery timelines but cannot replace laboratory validation.

### Response:

chosen: AI can rapidly analyze large biological and chemical datasets, prioritize targets, predict binding affinity, and suggest lead optimizations. However, laboratory validation is still required because biological systems are complex and model predictions may be biased, incomplete, or not representative of real biochemical conditions.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: AI drug discovery risk


prompt:
### Instruction:
Explain clinical trial phases in simple language for a new pharma analyst.

### Response:

chosen: Phase I checks basic safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and dose range in a small group. Phase II looks for early signs of efficacy and continues safety assessment. Phase III tests efficacy and safety in larger populations, often compared with placebo or standard treatment. After approval, post-marketing studies monitor long-term real-world safety and effectiveness.

rejected: AI predictions in drug discovery can usually be trusted without lab testing because modern models understand biology completely. Experimental validation is optional if the model confidence is high.

topic: Clinical trial explanation