---
license: cc-by-sa-4.0
language:
- pl
pretty_name: Polish DynaWord
task_categories:
- text-generation
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
tags:
- polish
- pretraining
- dynaword
---

# Polish DynaWord

A continuously developed, **openly-licensed**, human-text Polish corpus — a Polish
edition in the [Dynaword](https://huggingface.co/datasets/danish-foundation-models/danish-dynaword)
family (Enevoldsen et al., [arXiv:2508.02271](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02271)).

> **v0.2.1 stable** · 2,491,773 documents · **6.28B tokens**
> (tiktoken proxy; canonical Llama-3 count at release) · 12 sources
> Updated: **2026-07-02**

> **v0.3.0-preview in progress** · quality/diversity remix workflow, legal-style
> downweighting, and filtered contemporary Polish web candidates. Biblioteka
> Nauki and Europeana are prepared as source-ingestion PR targets with
> per-document `license` and `author` metadata, but they are not part of this
> stable parquet release yet.

## Versions

| version | status | documents | tokens | notes |
|---|---|---:|---:|---|
| `v0.2.1` | stable release | 2,491,773 | 6.28B | 12-source stable corpus with `license` and `author` metadata columns; adds `1000_novels`. |
| `v0.2.0` | previous stable | 2,490,773 | 6.22B | Provenance-first corpus from 11 open/official sources. |
| `v0.3.0-preview` | workflow + candidate data in progress | candidate-only | TBD | Biblioteka Nauki, Europeana, and HPLT/Common Corpus style expansion pending per-source QA, dedup, and legal review. |

## What this dataset contributes
The raw texts come from existing open corpora (redistributed via SpeakLeash and,
where applicable, fetched from upstream). **The value added here is the curation,
not the bytes**, following the Dynaword methodology:

1. **License review per source** — each source vetted for an *openly-licensed,
   traceable* legal basis (documented in its datasheet); sources that fail the
   review are **excluded with a stated reason** (see table below), not silently
   kept. This is the core editorial work.
2. **Filtering & normalization** — minimal, reproducible gates (short-doc,
   non-Polish, exact cross-source dedup, OCR garble) applied uniformly to one
   clean schema: `id, text, source, added, created, token_count, license, author`.
3. **Documentation** — a datasheet per source (Gebru et al. 2021) + this card,
   so provenance and licensing are auditable rather than assumed.
4. **Reproducibility & versioning** — `src/` rebuilds the corpus from sources;
   new sources and removals are tracked in the CHANGELOG.

Credit for the underlying texts belongs to the upstream sources and to SpeakLeash
as the redistributing aggregator; this release does not claim ownership of them
(see Disclaimer).

## Contributors

- **Kacper Wikieł** — corpus curation, release engineering, documentation, and
  reproducible build workflow.
- **Bart Kobyliński** — source expansion work for Biblioteka Nauki and Europeana,
  including per-document license/author metadata collection and rebuild planning.

## Guiding principles
1. **Open & traceable licensing** — every source is *openly licensed* with a documented
   legal basis (see each datasheet's "traceable basis"), not a vague "public domain".
2. **Reproducibility** — `src/build_dynaword.py` rebuilds the corpus from sources.
3. **Documented** — a datasheet per source under `data/<source>/`.
4. **Extensibility** — versioned; new sources via PR.

## Sources
| source | description | license | documents | tokens |
|---|---|---|---:|---:|
| [eurlex](data/eurlex/eurlex.md) | EUR-Lex (EU legal acts, Polish) | `CC-BY-4.0` | 243,060 | 2,378.1M |
| [parliamentary](data/parliamentary/parliamentary.md) | Polish Parliamentary Corpus (Sejm/Senat) | `public-domain (official documents)` | 324,622 | 1,646.8M |
| [wikisource](data/wikisource/wikisource.md) | Polish Wikisource | `CC-BY-SA-3.0` | 632,005 | 801.9M |
| [wikipedia](data/wikipedia/wikipedia.md) | Polish Wikipedia | `CC-BY-SA-3.0` | 1,171,897 | 707.2M |
| [dziennik_ustaw](data/dziennik_ustaw/dziennik_ustaw.md) | Dziennik Ustaw + Monitor Polski (Polish primary legislation) | `public-domain (official documents)` | 35,442 | 486.1M |
| [wolne_lektury](data/wolne_lektury/wolne_lektury.md) | Wolne Lektury (school readings) | `CC-BY-SA-4.0 / Wolna Sztuka 1.3` | 6,141 | 103.0M |
| [1000_novels](data/1000_novels/1000_novels.md) | 1000 Novels Corpus (CLARIN-PL) | `CC-BY-4.0` | 1,000 | 60.5M |
| [wikiquote](data/wikiquote/wikiquote.md) | Polish Wikiquote (quotations) | `CC-BY-SA-3.0` | 30,363 | 31.9M |
| [eltec_pol](data/eltec_pol/eltec_pol.md) | ELTeC-pol (European Literary Text Collection, Polish) | `CC-BY-4.0` | 100 | 21.5M |
| [wikivoyage](data/wikivoyage/wikivoyage.md) | Polish Wikivoyage (travel guides) | `CC-BY-SA-3.0` | 13,645 | 17.1M |
| [wikibooks](data/wikibooks/wikibooks.md) | Polish Wikibooks (open textbooks) | `CC-BY-SA-3.0` | 9,112 | 15.6M |
| [wikinews](data/wikinews/wikinews.md) | Polish Wikinews | `CC-BY-2.5` | 24,386 | 12.1M |
| **total** | | | **2,491,773** | **6,281.9M** |

## Method
Only **human-authored** text — no synthetic, machine-translated, or auto-transcribed
data. Gates are intentionally minimal (drop short docs, non-Polish, exact duplicates,
OCR garble); heavy quality filtering and mix-weighting are left to downstream training.
Evaluation-set decontamination is applied/marked separately. Schema:
`id, text, source, added, created, token_count, license, author`. The `license`
and `author` columns are per-document metadata when upstream exposes them; older
sources use the source-level license and an empty author field.

## v0.3 quality roadmap and current status

The v0.2.x raw corpus is intentionally provenance-first, but its token mix is too
heavy in legal/parliamentary language for natural general pretraining. The v0.3
workflow therefore separates **source inclusion** from **training mix**:

- cap `eurlex + parliamentary + dziennik_ustaw` to roughly **10-20%** of training
  tokens combined;
- use source-level temperature sampling (`sqrt`, alpha `0.5`) instead of raw
  token-proportional sampling;
- add traceably licensed contemporary/natural Polish: open web, academic prose,
  cultural heritage text, guides, technical documentation/blogs, Q&A, and
  dialogue/instruction data;
- run aggressive exact, normalized, and near-duplicate removal;
- reserve the final **5-15%** of training for higher-quality sources rather than
  the largest sources;
- evaluate per-source perplexity and style contamination, not only global loss.

Current v0.3 source-ingestion status:

- `biblioteka_nauki`: prepared in the source registry as a direct-upstream
  rebuild target with per-document license and author metadata; not included in
  v0.2.1 parquets yet.
- `europeana`: prepared in the source registry as a direct-upstream rebuild
  target with per-record rights statements and creator metadata; raw SpeakLeash
  Europeana remains excluded.
- Europeana release policy: split conservatively at pre-1929 records for
  US-sensitive downstream reuse, and keep later/unknown records separately
  labeled or held until legal review.
- `ashtok897/european-hplt-v1`: candidate workflow exists, but web-crawl
  provenance, dedup, QA, and final mix weighting are still pending before stable
  inclusion.

Current review artifacts:

- `configs/source_candidates_v0_3.json` — candidate decisions and license policy.
- `artifacts/source_license_review_v0_3.md` — source-by-source license review.
- `artifacts/source_candidate_audit_v0_3.md` — generated Hugging Face metadata audit.
- `artifacts/training_mix_v0_3.md` — example 1B-token training mix with legal sources capped at 15%.
- `artifacts/bartek_source_ingestion_plan_2026-07-02.md` — PR contract for
  Biblioteka Nauki and Europeana ingestion.

## Excluded sources (transparency)
Sources we reviewed and **deliberately left out** — part of the curation:

| source | reason |
|---|---|
| `open_subtitles_corpus` | Derivative of copyrighted film/TV dialogue; OpenSubtitles uploads largely unlicensed. Same copyright lesson as Danish Gigaword's OpenSubtitles (paper 2508.02271). Not openly licensed. |
| `europeana_eu_pl_corpus_raw_speakleash` | Aggregated items with mixed per-record rights (PD / CC-BY-NC / rights-reserved). The raw SpeakLeash redistribution is excluded; only a direct rebuild preserving per-record rights metadata may be included. |
| `project_gutenberg_pl_corpus` | Only 31 PL books (4.3MB) — PG is ~99% English; Polish PD literature already covered by wolne_lektury + wikisource (so near-redundant after dedup). Dropped to avoid the PD-in-EU per-work check (PG claims PD-in-US only) for negligible token gain. |

## Personal & sensitive data
This corpus contains **only** text that its upstream sources already published
under open licenses or as official public-domain record. It therefore includes
names and statements of **public figures acting in a public capacity** — e.g.
parliamentary speakers (PPC), authorities named in legal acts (EUR-Lex), and
people described in encyclopedic articles (Wikipedia/Wikisource). No private,
non-public personal data was collected or added. If you are a data subject and
want content concerning you removed, contact **k.wikiel@gmail.com** — it will be dropped
from the next version (see retroactive-removal policy below).

## Disclaimer & legal
- **Provenance in good faith.** Per-source licenses are reproduced *as documented
  by the upstream sources and by SpeakLeash* (the intermediate aggregator), to the
  best of our knowledge. We make no independent legal warranty about the copyright
  status of any individual document.
- **No ownership claim.** This release is a *curated, license-reviewed, documented
  aggregation*. We claim no ownership of the underlying texts; rights remain with
  the original authors/rightsholders under their respective licenses.
- **Provided "as is"**, without warranty of any kind, express or implied. This is
  not legal advice.
- **Your compliance is yours.** Downstream users must satisfy each upstream
  license themselves — in particular **CC-BY-SA-4.0 attribution and share-alike**
  for derivatives of this dataset, and attribution to the upstream sources and to
  SpeakLeash.
- **Notice-and-takedown.** Any source or rightsholder raising a substantiated
  objection can have material removed: contact **k.wikiel@gmail.com**; it is dropped from
  the next version and recorded in the CHANGELOG. Removal is retroactive
  going-forward (prior immutable snapshots/commits may persist).

## License & attribution
Released under **CC-BY-SA-4.0** (copyleft inherited from CC-BY-SA sources such as
Wikipedia/Wikisource/Wolne Lektury). Attribution due to each upstream (see datasheets)
and to **SpeakLeash** as the intermediate aggregator. Retroactive-removal policy: a
source that raises an objection is dropped from subsequent versions, recorded in the
CHANGELOG.

## Reproduce
```bash
python3 src/build_dynaword.py --all --speakleash-dir <speakleash_zst_dir> --out .
python3 src/make_docs.py
```

## Results

### Corpus phrase frequency (normalized by tokens)

Raw counts and token-normalized shares are regenerated from the current parquet files with `src/pattern_frequency_report.py`.

- Total token count (tiktoken proxy): **6,281,911,234**

| Pattern | Count | Share of all tokens |
|---|---:|---:|
| `w roku` | 435,541 | 0.0069% |
| `klasyfikacji` | 129,977 | 0.0021% |
| `ustawa` | 587,459 | 0.0094% |
| `artykuł` | 2,036,359 | 0.0324% |
| `parlament` | 1,201,641 | 0.0191% |
| `rozporządzenie` | 1,490,464 | 0.0237% |
| `w pobliżu` | 78,823 | 0.0013% |
| `mieszkańców` | 241,200 | 0.0038% |
| `Dz.U.` | 939,966 | 0.0150% |

### Per-source shares

| source | pattern | count | share of source tokens |
|---|---|---:|---:|
| `1000_novels` | `w roku` | 659 | 0.00109% |
| `1000_novels` | `klasyfikacji` | 14 | 0.00002% |
| `1000_novels` | `ustawa` | 656 | 0.00108% |
| `1000_novels` | `artykuł` | 729 | 0.00120% |
| `1000_novels` | `parlament` | 240 | 0.00040% |
| `1000_novels` | `rozporządzenie` | 65 | 0.00011% |
| `1000_novels` | `w pobliżu` | 1,262 | 0.00209% |
| `1000_novels` | `mieszkańców` | 868 | 0.00143% |
| `1000_novels` | `Dz.U.` | 0 | 0.00000% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `w roku` | 33,096 | 0.00681% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `klasyfikacji` | 10,896 | 0.00224% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `ustawa` | 77,376 | 0.01592% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `artykuł` | 27,773 | 0.00571% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `parlament` | 42,338 | 0.00871% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `rozporządzenie` | 166,383 | 0.03423% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `w pobliżu` | 1,087 | 0.00022% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `mieszkańców` | 8,025 | 0.00165% |
| `dziennik_ustaw` | `Dz.U.` | 158 | 0.00003% |
| `eltec_pol` | `w roku` | 108 | 0.00050% |
| `eltec_pol` | `klasyfikacji` | 1 | 0.00000% |
| `eltec_pol` | `ustawa` | 153 | 0.00071% |
| `eltec_pol` | `artykuł` | 173 | 0.00081% |
| `eltec_pol` | `parlament` | 95 | 0.00044% |
| `eltec_pol` | `rozporządzenie` | 35 | 0.00016% |
| `eltec_pol` | `w pobliżu` | 246 | 0.00114% |
| `eltec_pol` | `mieszkańców` | 214 | 0.00100% |
| `eltec_pol` | `Dz.U.` | 0 | 0.00000% |
| `eurlex` | `w roku` | 40,009 | 0.00168% |
| `eurlex` | `klasyfikacji` | 59,428 | 0.00250% |
| `eurlex` | `ustawa` | 30,368 | 0.00128% |
| `eurlex` | `artykuł` | 1,774,958 | 0.07464% |
| `eurlex` | `parlament` | 780,286 | 0.03281% |
| `eurlex` | `rozporządzenie` | 1,202,658 | 0.05057% |
| `eurlex` | `w pobliżu` | 6,088 | 0.00026% |
| `eurlex` | `mieszkańców` | 9,441 | 0.00040% |
| `eurlex` | `Dz.U.` | 915,707 | 0.03851% |
| `parliamentary` | `w roku` | 198,192 | 0.01203% |
| `parliamentary` | `klasyfikacji` | 12,637 | 0.00077% |
| `parliamentary` | `ustawa` | 459,179 | 0.02788% |
| `parliamentary` | `artykuł` | 182,038 | 0.01105% |
| `parliamentary` | `parlament` | 309,695 | 0.01881% |
| `parliamentary` | `rozporządzenie` | 113,547 | 0.00689% |
| `parliamentary` | `w pobliżu` | 4,964 | 0.00030% |
| `parliamentary` | `mieszkańców` | 78,048 | 0.00474% |
| `parliamentary` | `Dz.U.` | 23,809 | 0.00145% |
| `wikibooks` | `w roku` | 319 | 0.00205% |
| `wikibooks` | `klasyfikacji` | 37 | 0.00024% |
| `wikibooks` | `ustawa` | 165 | 0.00106% |
| `wikibooks` | `artykuł` | 732 | 0.00470% |
| `wikibooks` | `parlament` | 283 | 0.00182% |
| `wikibooks` | `rozporządzenie` | 131 | 0.00084% |
| `wikibooks` | `w pobliżu` | 125 | 0.00080% |
| `wikibooks` | `mieszkańców` | 204 | 0.00131% |
| `wikibooks` | `Dz.U.` | 16 | 0.00010% |
| `wikinews` | `w roku` | 449 | 0.00370% |
| `wikinews` | `klasyfikacji` | 639 | 0.00526% |
| `wikinews` | `ustawa` | 407 | 0.00335% |
| `wikinews` | `artykuł` | 2,474 | 0.02038% |
| `wikinews` | `parlament` | 2,530 | 0.02084% |
| `wikinews` | `rozporządzenie` | 168 | 0.00138% |
| `wikinews` | `w pobliżu` | 455 | 0.00375% |
| `wikinews` | `mieszkańców` | 1,014 | 0.00835% |
| `wikinews` | `Dz.U.` | 27 | 0.00022% |
| `wikipedia` | `w roku` | 143,023 | 0.02022% |
| `wikipedia` | `klasyfikacji` | 46,043 | 0.00651% |
| `wikipedia` | `ustawa` | 9,536 | 0.00135% |
| `wikipedia` | `artykuł` | 28,165 | 0.00398% |
| `wikipedia` | `parlament` | 57,863 | 0.00818% |
| `wikipedia` | `rozporządzenie` | 5,637 | 0.00080% |
| `wikipedia` | `w pobliżu` | 41,915 | 0.00593% |
| `wikipedia` | `mieszkańców` | 122,766 | 0.01736% |
| `wikipedia` | `Dz.U.` | 232 | 0.00003% |
| `wikiquote` | `w roku` | 608 | 0.00191% |
| `wikiquote` | `klasyfikacji` | 15 | 0.00005% |
| `wikiquote` | `ustawa` | 357 | 0.00112% |
| `wikiquote` | `artykuł` | 606 | 0.00190% |
| `wikiquote` | `parlament` | 1,271 | 0.00398% |
| `wikiquote` | `rozporządzenie` | 27 | 0.00008% |
| `wikiquote` | `w pobliżu` | 207 | 0.00065% |
| `wikiquote` | `mieszkańców` | 527 | 0.00165% |
| `wikiquote` | `Dz.U.` | 6 | 0.00002% |
| `wikisource` | `w roku` | 16,571 | 0.00207% |
| `wikisource` | `klasyfikacji` | 166 | 0.00002% |
| `wikisource` | `ustawa` | 8,156 | 0.00102% |
| `wikisource` | `artykuł` | 16,230 | 0.00202% |
| `wikisource` | `parlament` | 6,119 | 0.00076% |
| `wikisource` | `rozporządzenie` | 1,651 | 0.00021% |
| `wikisource` | `w pobliżu` | 13,921 | 0.00174% |
| `wikisource` | `mieszkańców` | 14,335 | 0.00179% |
| `wikisource` | `Dz.U.` | 5 | 0.00000% |
| `wikivoyage` | `w roku` | 609 | 0.00356% |
| `wikivoyage` | `klasyfikacji` | 21 | 0.00012% |
| `wikivoyage` | `ustawa` | 46 | 0.00027% |
| `wikivoyage` | `artykuł` | 657 | 0.00384% |
| `wikivoyage` | `parlament` | 249 | 0.00145% |
| `wikivoyage` | `rozporządzenie` | 34 | 0.00020% |
| `wikivoyage` | `w pobliżu` | 6,480 | 0.03783% |
| `wikivoyage` | `mieszkańców` | 4,100 | 0.02394% |
| `wikivoyage` | `Dz.U.` | 1 | 0.00001% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `w roku` | 1,898 | 0.00184% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `klasyfikacji` | 80 | 0.00008% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `ustawa` | 1,060 | 0.00103% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `artykuł` | 1,824 | 0.00177% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `parlament` | 672 | 0.00065% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `rozporządzenie` | 128 | 0.00012% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `w pobliżu` | 2,073 | 0.00201% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `mieszkańców` | 1,658 | 0.00161% |
| `wolne_lektury` | `Dz.U.` | 5 | 0.00000% |

![Overall pattern counts](artifacts/pattern_frequency_overall.png)

![w roku by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_w_roku.png)
![klasyfikacji by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_klasyfikacji.png)
![ustawa by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_ustawa.png)
![artykuł by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_artykul.png)
![parlament by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_parlament.png)
![rozporządzenie by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_rozporządzenie.png)
![w pobliżu by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_w_pobliżu.png)
![mieszkańców by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_mieszkańców.png)
![Dz.U. by source](artifacts/pattern_frequency_dzu.png)