Nifedipine induced bradycardia in a patient with autonomic neuropathy.

AWD Pharma Brand of Nifedipine Adalat Adcock Ingram BAY a 1040 BAY-a-1040 BAYa1040 Bay Bay-1040 Bay1040 Bayer Cordipin Cordipine Corinfar Fenigidin KRKA Korinfar Monohydrochloride Nifangin GTIS Orion Pfizer Nifedipine-GTIS Procardia XL Vascard

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.


Bradyarrhythmia Bradyarrhythmias Bradycardia Bradycardias

Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.


Disease Nervous System Diseases Disorder Neurologic Neurological Disorders

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.


An 80 year old diabetic male with evidence of peripheral and autonomic neuropathy was admitted with chest pain. He was found to have atrial flutter at a ventricular rate of 70/min which slowed down to 30-40/min when nifedipine (60 mg) in 3 divided doses, during which he was paced at a rate of 70/min. This is inconsistent with the well-established finding that nifedipine induces tachycardia in normally innervated hearts. However, in hearts deprived of compensatory sympathetic drive, it may lead to bradycardia.

A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.


Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.


Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).


Tachyarrhythmia Tachyarrhythmias Tachycardia Tachycardias

Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.


The effect of haloperidol in cocaine and amphetamine intoxication.

A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)


An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.


Amfetamine Amphetamine Sulfate (2:1) Centramina Desoxynorephedrin Fenamine Levoamphetamine Miquel Brand of Mydrial Phenamine Phenopromin Thyramine l l-Amphetamine levo levo-Amphetamine

A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.


The effectiveness of haloperidol pretreatment in preventing the toxic effects of high doses of amphetamine and cocaine was studied in rats. In this model, toxic effects were induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of amphetamine 75 mg/kg (100% death rate) or cocaine 70 mg/kg (82% death rate). Haloperidol failed to prevent amphetamine-induced seizures, but did lower the mortality rate at most doses tested. Haloperidol decreased the incidence of cocaine-induced seizures at the two highest doses, but the lowering of the mortality rate did not reach statistical significance at any dose. These data suggest a protective role for the central dopamine blocker haloperidol against death from high-dose amphetamine exposure without reducing the incidence of seizures. In contrast, haloperidol demonstrated an ability to reduce cocaine-induced seizures without significantly reducing mortality.


Auditory Seizure Seizures Clonic Convulsion Non Epileptic Non-Epileptic Convulsions Convulsive Focal Generalized Gustatory Jacksonian Motor Olfactory Sensory Somatosensory Tonic Tonic-Clonic Vertiginous Vestibular Visual

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."


3,4 Dihydroxyphenethylamine 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol Dopamine Hydrochloride Hydroxytyramine Intropin

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.


Autoradiographic evidence of estrogen binding sites in nuclei of diethylstilbesterol induced hamster renal carcinomas.

Agents Estrogenic Agonists Estrogen Receptor Compounds Effects Effect Estrogens

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.


APS Brand of Diethylstilbestrol Agostilben Apstil Co Pharma Co-Pharma (Z)-Isomer Disodium Salt Distilbène Estrogen Stilbene Gerda Stilbestrol Tampovagan

A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)


Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney Renal Cell Adenocarcinomas Cancer Cancers Carcinoma Collecting Duct (Kidney) Hypernephroid Nephroid Carcinomas Chromophil Chromophobe Clear of the Grawitz Tumor Hypernephroma Hypernephromas Papillary Sarcomatoid

A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.


Estrogen binding sites were demonstrated by autoradiography in one transplantable and five primary diethylstilbesterol induced renal carcinomas in three hamsters. Radiolabelling, following the in vivo injection of 3H-17 beta estradiol, was increased only over the nuclei of tumor cells; stereologic analysis revealed a 4.5- to 6.7-times higher concentration of reduced silver grains over nuclei than cytoplasm of these cells. Despite rapid tubular excretion of estradiol which peaked in less than 1 h, the normal cells did not appear to bind the ligand. This is the first published report documenting the preferential in vivo binding of estrogen to nuclei of cells in estrogen induced hamster renal carcinomas.


17 beta Estradiol Oestradiol beta-Estradiol beta-Oestradiol Aerodiol Estrace Estraderm TTS alpha 17beta Anhydrous Hemihydrate (17 alpha)-Isomer Monohydrate Orion Brand (+-)-Isomer (-)-Isomer (16 alpha,17 beta)-Isomer (17-alpha)-Isomer (8 beta)-(+-)-Isomer (9 beta,17 Monosodium Salt Sodium Estradiol-17 Estradiol-17beta Novartis Pharmaceuticals of Ovocyclin Vivelle

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.


Benign Neoplasm Neoplasms Cancer Cancers Neoplasia Tumor Tumors

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.


Silver. An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.


Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.


Akineton Biperiden Hydrochloride 1R-(1 alpha,2 alpha(R*),4 alpha)-Isomer 1S-(1 Biperidene alpha-Bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-5-en-2-yl-alpha-phenyl-1-piperidinepropanol

A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.


In a 38-year-old male patient suffering from a severe postzosteric trigeminal neuralgia, intravenous application of 10 mg biperiden lactate led to a long-lasting paradoxical reaction characterized by considerable bradycardia, dysarthria, and dysphagia. The heart rate was back to normal within 12 hours upon administration of orciprenaline under cardiac monitoring in an intensive care unit. Bradycardia induced by biperiden is attributed to the speed of injection and to a dose-related dual effect of atropine-like drugs on muscarine receptors.

An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)


Disease Fothergill Epileptiform Neuralgia Neuralgias Idiopathic Trigeminal Secondary Trifacial Tic Douloureux

A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)


Dysarthoses Dysarthosis Dysarthria Flaccid Guttural Mixed Scanning Spastic Dysarthrias

Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)


Deglutition Disorder Disorders Dysphagia Esophageal Oropharyngeal Swallowing

Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.


Alotec Alupent Astmopent Boehringer Ingelheim Brand of Metaproterenol Sulfate GSK Metaprel Polistirex Novartis Orciprenaline

A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.


Anhydrous Atropine Sulfate AtroPen Atropin Augenöl Chauvin Brand Winzer Atropinol of Survival Technology

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.


A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.


Deliberate hypotension induced by labetalol with halothane, enflurane or isoflurane for middle-ear surgery.

Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.


AH 5158 AH-5158 AH5158 Albetol Alphapharm Brand of Labetalol Hydrochloride Apo Apo-Labetalol ApoLabetalol Apotex Celltech Dilevalol Faro Glaxo Wellcome GlaxoSmithKline Kern (R,R)-Isomer Labetolol Leiras Normodyne Presolol R,R R,R-Labetalol SCH 19927 SCH-19927 SCH19927 Schering Shire Sigma Trandate

A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.


1,1,1-Trifluoro-2-Chloro-2-Bromoethane Fluothane Ftorotan Halothane Narcotan

A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)


Abbott Brand of Enflurane Alyrane AstraZeneca Baxter Anaesthesia Enfran Enlirane Ethrane Etran Pisa Zeneca

An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.


A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.


The feasibility of using labetalol, an alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agent, as a hypotensive agent in combination with inhalation anaesthetics (halothane, enflurane or isoflurane) was studied in 23 adult patients undergoing middle-ear surgery. The mean arterial pressure was decreased from 86 +/- 5 (s.e. mean) mmHg to 52 +/- 1 mmHg (11.5 +/- 0.7 to 6.9 +/- 0.1 kPa) for 98 +/- 10 min in the halothane (H) group, from 79 +/- 5 to 53 +/- 1 mmHg (10.5 +/- 0.7 to 7.1 +/- 0.1 kPa) for 129 +/- 11 min in the enflurane (E) group, and from 80 +/- 4 to 49 +/- 1 mmHg (10.7 +/- 0.5 to 6.5 +/- 0.1 kPa) for 135 +/- 15 min in the isoflurane (I) group. The mean H concentration during hypotension in the inspiratory gas was 0.7 +/- 0.1 vol%, the mean E concentration 1.6 +/- 0.2 vol%, and the mean I concentration 1.0 +/- 0.1 vol%. In addition, the patients received fentanyl and d-tubocurarine. The initial dose of labetalol for lowering blood pressure was similar, 0.52-0.59 mg/kg, in all the groups. During hypotension, the heart rate was stable without tachy- or bradycardia. The operating conditions regarding bleeding were estimated in a double-blind manner, and did not differ significantly between the groups. During hypotension, the serum creatinine concentration rose significantly in all groups from the values before hypotension and returned postoperatively to the initial level in the other groups, except the isoflurane group. After hypotension there was no rebound phenomenon in either blood pressure or heart rate. These results indicate that labetalol induces easily adjustable hypotension without compensatory tachycardia and rebound hypertension.


Cephalon Brand of Fentanyl Buccal OraVescent Duragesic Durogesic Fentanest Citrate Fentora Janssen Pharmaceutica Phentanyl R 4263 R-4263 R4263 Sublimaze Transmucosal Oral

A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)


Tubocurare Tubocurarine Chloride d-Tubocurare d-Tubocurarine

A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.


Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.


Tachyarrhythmia Tachyarrhythmias Tachycardia Tachycardias

Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.


Blood Pressure High Pressures Hypertension

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.


Convulsion following intravenous fluorescein angiography.

Auditory Seizure Seizures Clonic Convulsion Non Epileptic Non-Epileptic Convulsions Convulsive Focal Generalized Gustatory Jacksonian Motor Olfactory Sensory Somatosensory Tonic Tonic-Clonic Vertiginous Vestibular Visual

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."


Alcon Brand of Fluorescein Sodium Allergan C.I. 45350 Cahill May Roberts Chauvin Colircusi Fluoresceina D & C Yellow No. 7 8 and D&C Diba Diofluor Dioptic Dipotassium Salt Disodium Fluor I Strip A.T. Fluor-I-Strip Monosodium Minims Fluoresceine Fluorescite Fluorescéine sodique Faure Fluorets Ful Glo Ful-Glo Funduscein Stains Novartis Optifluor Smith Nephew Sola Barnes Hind Sola-Barnes-Hind Uranine Wyeth

A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor, used as a diagnostic aid in corneal injuries and corneal trauma.


Tonic-clonic seizures followed intravenous fluorescein injection for fundus angiography in a 47-year-old male. Despite precautions this adverse reaction recurred on re-exposure to intravenous fluorescein.

Convulsion Disorder Tonic-Clonic Disorders Syndrome Syndromes Grand Mal Tonic Clonic Convulsions Cryptogenic Epilepsy Epilepsies Seizure Familial Symptomatic Major Motor

A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)


Pharmacology of ACC-9653 (phenytoin prodrug).

3-(hydroxymethyl)phenytoin disodium phosphate ester ACC 9653 ACC-9653 Cerebyx HMPDP Prodilantin fosphenytoin sodium salt


5,5-Diphenylhydantoin Antisacer Difenin Dihydan Dilantin Diphenylhydantoin Diphenylhydantoinate Sodium Epamin Epanutin Fenitoin Hydantol Park Davis brand of Phenytoin Pfizer Brand Phizer

An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.


ACC-9653, the disodium phosphate ester of 3-hydroxymethyl-5,5-diphenylhydantoin, is a prodrug of phenytoin with advantageous physicochemical properties. ACC-9653 is rapidly converted enzymatically to phenytoin in vivo. ACC-9653 and phenytoin sodium have equivalent anticonvulsant activity against seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES) in mice following i.p., oral, or i.v. administration. The ED50 doses were 16 mg/kg for i.v. ACC-9653 and 8 mg/kg for i.v. phenytoin sodium. ACC-9653 and phenytoin sodium have similar antiarrhythmic activity against ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia in anesthetized dogs. The total doses of ACC-9653 or phenytoin sodium necessary to convert the arrhythmia to a normal sinus rhythm were 24 +/- 6 and 14 +/- 3 mg/kg, respectively. Only phenytoin sodium displayed in vitro antiarrhythmic activity against strophanthidin-induced arrhythmias in guinea pig right atria. In anesthetized dogs, a high dose of ACC-9653 (31 mg/kg) was infused over 15, 20, and 30 min and the responses were compared to an equimolar dose of phenytoin sodium (21 mg/kg). The ACC-9653 and phenytoin sodium treatments produced similar marked reductions in diastolic blood pressure and contractile force (LVdP/dt). The maximum effects of each treatment occurred at the time of maximum phenytoin sodium levels. Acute toxicity studies of ACC-9653 and phenytoin sodium were carried out in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs by i.v., i.m., and i.p. routes of administration. The systemic toxic signs of both agents were similar and occurred at approximately equivalent doses. Importantly, the local irritation of ACC-9653 was markedly less than phenytoin sodium following i.m. administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Acocantherin Acolongifloroside K G Strophanthin G-Strophanthin Ouabain

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.


An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).


Arrhythmia Cardiac Arrhythmias Arrythmia Dysrhythmia

Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.


Convallatoxigenin Corchsularin Cymarigenin K Strophanthidin K-Strophanthidin KStrophanthidin

3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.


Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

Adverse Drug Event Events Reaction Reactions Related Side Effects and Effect Toxicities Toxicity Drug-Related Drugs of

Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.


Acute Liver Injury Drug Induced Drug-Induced Disease Diseases Hepatitides Hepatitis Injuries Toxic

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.


A 61 year old female developed fatal hepatic failure after phenytoin administration. A typical multisystem clinical pattern precedes the manifestations of hepatic injury. The hematologic, biochemical and pathologic features indicate a mixed hepatocellular damage due to drug hypersensitivity. In a patient receiving phenytoin who presents a viral-like illness, early recognition and discontinuation of the drug are mandatory.

Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)


Allergies Drug Allergy Hypersensitivities Hypersensitivity

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.


Treatment of lethal pertussis vaccine reaction with histamine H1 antagonists.

A suspension of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms, used for immunization against pertussis (WHOOPING COUGH). It is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP). There is an acellular pertussis vaccine prepared from the purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis, which causes fewer adverse reactions than whole-cell vaccine and, like the whole-cell vaccine, is generally used in a mixture with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. (From Dorland, 28th ed)


Ceplene Dihydrochloride Histamine Hydrochloride Peremin

An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.


We studied mortality after pertussis immunization in the mouse. Without treatment, 73 of 92 animals (80%) died after injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on day +7 of pertussis immunization. After pretreatment with 3 mg of cyproheptadine, 2 mg mianserin, or 2 mg chlorpheniramine, only 5 of 105 animals (5%) died after receiving BSA on day +7 (p less than 0.001). Blockade of histamine H1 receptors may reduce mortality in pertussis immunization-induced encephalopathy in mice.

Bordetella pertussis Infection Respiratory Cough Whooping Pertusses Pertussis

A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.


Antergan Cyproheptadine Dihexazin Periactin Peritol Viternum

A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.


Hydrochloride Mianserin Lerivon Monohydrochloride Org GB 94 Tolvon

A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.


Aller-Chlor Antihistaminico Llorens Bayer Brand of Chlorpheniramine Maleate Chlo-Amine Chlor-100 Chlor-Trimeton Chlor-Tripolon Chlorphenamine Tannate Chlorpro Chlorprophenpyridamine Chlorspan 12 Chlortab-4 Cloro-Trimeton Efidac 24 Halsey Drug Hogil 1 2 Intra Kloromin Piriton Rugby Schein Schering Schering-Plough Stafford-Miller Teldrin Vortech 3

A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.


Brain Disease Diseases Disorder Disorders CNS Intracranial Central Nervous System Encephalon

Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.


Support for adrenaline-hypertension hypothesis: 18 hour pressor effect after 6 hours adrenaline infusion.

4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol Acetate Epinephrine Adrenaline Acid Tartrate Bitartrate Hydrochloride Allergan Brand of Epifrin Hydrogen Epitrate Lyophrin Medihaler-Epi

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.


Blood Pressure High Pressures Hypertension

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.


In a double blind, crossover study 6 h infusions of adrenaline (15 ng/kg/min; 1 ng = 5.458 pmol), noradrenaline (30 ng/kg/min; 1 ng = 5.911 pmol), and a 5% dextrose solution (5.4 ml/h), were given to ten healthy volunteers in random order 2 weeks apart. By means of intra-arterial ambulatory monitoring the haemodynamic effects were followed for 18 h after the infusions were stopped. Adrenaline, but not noradrenaline, caused a delayed and protracted pressor effect. Over the total postinfusion period systolic and diastolic arterial pressure were 6 (SEM 2)% and 7 (2)%, respectively, higher than after dextrose infusion (ANOVA, p less than 0.001). Thus, "stress" levels of adrenaline (230 pg/ml) for 6 h cause a delayed and protracted pressor effect. These findings are strong support for the adrenaline-hypertension hypothesis in man.


Abbott Brand of Levophed Bitartrate Arterenol Aventis Norepinephrine Hydrochloride Noradrenaline Levarterenol Levonor Levonorepinephrine Noradrénaline tartrate renaudin Norepinephrin d-Tartrate (1:1) (+)-Isomer (+,-)-Isomer l-Tartrate Monohydrate (1:2) Renaudin

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.


Anhydrous Dextrose D Glucose D-Glucose Monohydrate (DL)-Isomer (L)-Isomer (alpha-D)-Isomer (beta-D)-Isomer L L-Glucose

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.


Effect of alkylxanthines on gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in the rat.

G Myticin G-Myticin GMyticin Garamycin Gentacycol Gentamicin Sulfate (USP) Gentamicins Gentamycin Gentamycins Gentavet Genticin

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.


Acute Kidney Failure Failures Injuries Injury Insufficiencies Insufficiency Renal

Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.


Adenosine antagonists have been previously shown to be of benefit in some ischaemic and nephrotoxic models of acute renal failure (ARF). In the present study, the effects of three alkylxanthines with different potencies as adenosine antagonists 8-phenyltheophylline, theophylline and enprofylline, were examined in rats developing acute renal failure after 4 daily injections of gentamicin (200 mg kg-1). Renal function was assessed by biochemical (plasma urea and creatinine), functional (urine analysis and [3H]inulin and [14C]p-aminohippuric acid clearances) and morphological (degree of necrosis) indices. The various drug treatments produced improvements in some, but not all, measurements of renal function. However, any improvement produced by drug treatment was largely a result of a beneficial effect exerted by its vehicle (polyethylene glycol and NaOH). The lack of any consistent protective effect noted with the alkylxanthines tested in the present study indicates that adenosine plays little, if any, pathophysiological role in gentamicin-induced ARF.

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.


A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.


Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.


1,3 Dimethylxanthine 1,3-Dimethylxanthine 3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione Accurbron Aerobin Aerolate Afonilum Retard Anhydrous Theophylline Aquaphyllin Armophylline Bronchoparat Bronkodyl Constant T Constant-T ConstantT Elixophyllin Euphylong Fameasan Brand of Sodium Glycinate Fujisawa Glycine Theophyllinate Lodrane Monospan Mundipharma Nuelin S.A. Quibron SR T-SR TSR Slo Phyllin Slo-Phyllin SloPhyllin Somophyllin Somophyllin-T SomophyllinT Sustaire Synophylate Theo 24 Dur Theo-24 T

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLATE CYCLASE and cyclic AMP.


A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.


4 Aminohippuric Acid 4-Aminohippuric Aminohippurate Sodium Nephrotest Para-Aminohippurate Para p p-Aminohippurate p-Aminohippuric para para-Aminohippuric

The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.


The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. Distinguish it from APOPTOSIS which is a normal, regulated cellular process.


1000 PEG 3350 4000 Polyethylene Glycol 6000 Carbowax 400 600 Carbowax-400 Carbowax400 2000 Glycols Lauromacrogol Lauromacrogols Macrogol 300 Macrogols Miralax Miralaxs Oxide Oxides 8000 PEG-400 PEO PEO-400 Peg Polyethyleneoxide Polyethyleneoxides Polyox FRA Polyoxyethylene Polyoxyethylenes Tritons Vigilon

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.


A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)


Adverse ocular reactions possibly associated with isotretinoin.

13 cis Retinoic Acid 13-cis-Retinoic Accutane Isotretinoin Zinc Salt Isomer 13-cis-Isomer Ro 4 3780 4-3780 43780 Roaccutane

A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.


A total of 261 adverse ocular reactions occurred in 237 patients who received isotretinoin, a commonly used drug in the treatment of severe cystic acne. Blepharoconjunctivitis, subjective complaints of dry eyes, blurred vision, contact lens intolerance, and photodermatitis are reversible side effects. More serious ocular adverse reactions include papilledema, pseudotumor cerebri, and white or gray subepithelial corneal opacities; all of these are reversible if the drug is discontinued. Reported cases of decreased dark adaptation are under investigation. Isotretinoin is contraindicated in pregnancy because of the many reported congenital abnormalities after maternal use (including microphthalmos, orbital hypertelorism, and optic nerve hypoplasia).


A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.


Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.


Blindness Day Disabilities Vision Disability Disorder Visual Disorders Hemeralopia Hemeralopias Impairment Impairments Macropsia Macropsias Metamorphopsia Metamorphopsias Micropsia Micropsias

Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).


Actinic Dermatitides Chronic Dermatitis Reticuloid Syndrome Syndromes Disorder Photosensitivity Disorders Photodermatitides Photodermatitis Photosensitization

Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.


Choked Disk Disks Decreased Intraocular Pressure Associated Papilledema Pressure-Associated Edema Optic Papilla Retinal Edemas Increased Intracranial Nerve Papillitides Papillitis with Papilledemas

Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)


Benign Intracranial Hypertension Idiopathic Pseudotumor Cerebri

A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).


Corneal Opacities Opacity Leukoma Leukomas

Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.


Abnormalities Congenital Abnormality Birth Defect Defects Deformities Deformity

Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.


Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.


Abnormal increase in the interorbital distance due to overdevelopment of the lesser wings of the sphenoid.


Procaterol and terbutaline in bronchial asthma. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.

(R*,S*)-(+-)-8-Hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methylethyl)amino)butyl)-2(1H)-quinolinone CI 888 CI-888 CI888 Hydrochloride Procaterol Monohydrochloride OPC 2009 OPC-2009 OPC2009 Pro Air Pro-Air ProAir (R*,R*)-(+)-Isomer (R*,R*)-(+-)-Isomer (R*,R*)-(-)-Isomer (R*,S*)-(+)-Isomer (R*,S*)-(-)-Isomer

A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.


Aliud Brand of Terbutaline Sulfate Alpharma Arubendol Asthmoprotect AstraZeneca Azupharma Brethaire Brethine Bricanyl SA Butaliret Butalitab Contimit Dermapharm Estedi Fatol Hexal Hoechst KWD 2019 KWD-2019 KWD2019 Kendrick Lagap Lindopharm Monovent Novartis Stadapharm Taziken Tedipulmo Terbasmin Terbul Terbutalin AL Stada ratiopharm Terbutalin-ratiopharm Terbuturmant ct Arzneimittel ct-Arzneimittel pharma-stern terbutalin von

A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.


A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).


Procaterol, a new beta-2 adrenoceptor stimulant, was studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in patients with bronchial asthma. Oral procaterol 50 micrograms b.d., procaterol 100 micrograms b.d., and terbutaline 5 mg t.i.d., were compared when given randomly in 1-week treatment periods. The best clinical effect was found with terbutaline. Both anti-asthmatic and tremorgenic effects of procaterol were dose-related. Procaterol appeared effective in the doses tested, and a twice daily regimen would appear to be suitable with this drug.


Action Tremor Tremors Coarse Continuous Darkness Fine Intention Intermittent Involuntary Quiver Quivers Limb Massive Muscle Neonatal Nerve Passive Perioral Persistent Pill Rolling Rest Resting Saturnine Semirhythmic Senile Static

Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.


Subacute effects of propranolol and B 24/76 on isoproterenol-induced rat heart hypertrophy in correlation with blood pressure.

AY 20694 AY-20694 AY20694 Anaprilin Anapriline Avlocardyl Betadren Dexpropranolol Dociton Hydrochloride Propranolol Inderal Obsidan Obzidan Propanolol Rexigen

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.


4-(1-Hydroxy-2-((1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol Euspiran Hydrochloride Isoproterenol Isadrin Isadrine Isoprenaline Isopropyl Noradrenaline Isopropylarterenol Isopropylnoradrenaline Isopropylnorepinephrine Sulfate Isuprel Izadrin Norisodrine Novodrin

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.


Cardiac Hypertrophy Cardiomegaly Enlarged Heart Enlargement

Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.


We compared the potential beta-receptor blocker, B 24/76 i.e. 1-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3[2-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanolamino]-prop an-2-ol, which is characterized by beta 1-adrenoceptor blocking and beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulating properties with propranolol. The studies were performed using an experimental model of isoproterenol-induced heart hypertrophy in rats. A correlation of the blood pressure was neither found in the development nor in the attempt to suppress the development of heart hypertrophy with the two beta-receptor blockers. Both beta-blockers influenced the development of hypertrophy to a different, but not reproducible extent. It was possible to suppress the increased ornithine decarboxylase activity with both beta-blockers in hypertrophied hearts, but there was no effect on the heart mass. Neither propranolol nor B 24/76 could stop the changes in the characteristic myosin isoenzyme pattern of the hypertrophied rat heart. Thus, the investigations did not provide any evidence that the beta-receptor blockers propranolol and B 24/76 have the potency to prevent isoproterenol from producing heart hypertrophy.


General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).


2,5 Diaminopentanoic Acid 2,5-Diaminopentanoic Ornithine Dihydrochloride (L)-Isomer Hydrochloride (D)-Isomer (DL)-Isomer Monoacetate Monohydrobromide Monohydrochloride Phosphate (1:1) Sulfate

An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.


Comparison of the effect of oxitropium bromide and of slow-release theophylline on nocturnal asthma.

(8r)-6 beta,7 beta-epoxy-8-ethyl-3 alpha((-)-tropoyl)-1 alpha H 5 alpha H-tropanium bromide Ba 253 253Br Ba-253 Ba-253Br Oxivent Tersigat Ventilat oxitropium iodide (R)-isomer (S)-isomer oxytropium


1,3 Dimethylxanthine 1,3-Dimethylxanthine 3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione Accurbron Aerobin Aerolate Afonilum Retard Anhydrous Theophylline Aquaphyllin Armophylline Bronchoparat Bronkodyl Constant T Constant-T ConstantT Elixophyllin Euphylong Fameasan Brand of Sodium Glycinate Fujisawa Glycine Theophyllinate Lodrane Monospan Mundipharma Nuelin S.A. Quibron SR T-SR TSR Slo Phyllin Slo-Phyllin SloPhyllin Somophyllin Somophyllin-T SomophyllinT Sustaire Synophylate Theo 24 Dur Theo-24 T

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLATE CYCLASE and cyclic AMP.


The effects of a new inhaled antimuscarinic drug, oxitropium bromide, and of a slow-release theophylline preparation upon nocturnal asthma were compared in a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Two samples were studied: 12 patients received oxitropium at 600 micrograms (6 subjects) or at 400 micrograms t.i.d. (6 subjects) whereas 11 received theophylline at 300 mg b.i.d. Morning dipping, assessed by the fall in peak flow overnight, was significantly reduced in the periods when either active drug was taken, whereas no difference was noticed during the placebo administration. No significant difference was noticed between results obtained with either active drug, as well as with either dosage of oxitropium. No subject reported side effects of oxitropium, as compared to three subjects reporting nausea, vomiting and tremors after theophylline. Oxitropium proves to be a valuable alternative to theophylline in nocturnal asthma, since it is equally potent, safer and does not require the titration of dosage.


An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.


The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.


A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)


Anaphylactic Reaction Reactions Shock Anaphylaxis

An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.


A case of oral penicillin anaphylaxis is described, and the terminology, occurrence, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of anaphylaxis are reviewed. Emergency physicians should be aware of oral penicillin anaphylaxis in order to prevent its occurrence by prescribing the antibiotic judiciously and knowledgeably and to offer optimal medical therapy once this life-threatening reaction has begun.


Reversible valproic acid-induced dementia: a case report.

2 Propylpentanoic Acid 2-Propylpentanoic Acetate Dipropyl Propylisopropylacetic Valproic Calcium Valproate Convulsofin Depakene Depakine Depakote Divalproex Sodium Ergenyl Magnesium Semisodium Salt (2:1) Vupral

A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels.


Amentia Amentias Dementia Familial Dementias Senile Paranoid

An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.


Reversible valproic acid-induced dementia was documented in a 21-year-old man with epilepsy who had a 3-year history of insidious progressive decline in global cognitive abilities documented by serial neuropsychological studies. Repeat neuropsychological testing 7 weeks after discontinuation of the drug revealed dramatic improvement in IQ, memory, naming, and other tasks commensurate with clinical recovery in his intellectual capacity. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms which may have been operative in this case include: a direct central nervous system (CNS) toxic effect of valproic acid; a paradoxical epileptogenic effect secondary to the drug; and an indirect CNS toxic effect mediated through valproic acid-induced hyperammonemia.


Aura Auras Awakening Epilepsy Cryptogenic Epilepsies Epileptic Seizure Seizures Disorder Disorders Single

A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)


Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.


Reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia of passive avoidance by pre- and post-training naloxone.

Alcon Brand of Scopolamine Hydrobromide Boro Scopol Boro-Scopol BoroScopol Bull Cooper Hamilton Hope Hyoscine Inibisa Isopto Kwells Novartis Consumer Health Renaudin Roche Scoburen Scopace Scopoderm TTS Transderm Scop V Transderm-V Travacalm HO Vorigeno Winzer Borate

An alkaloid from SOLANACEAE, especially DATURA and SCOPOLIA. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like ATROPINE, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in URINARY INCONTINENCE, in MOTION SICKNESS, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.


Amnesia Memory Loss Dissociative Global Hysterical Tactile Temporary Amnesia-Memory Losses Amnesias Amnestic State States

Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)


Abello Brand of Naloxone Hydrochloride Boots Bristol Myers Squibb Bristol-Myers Curamed Naloxon Dihydride Endo Hydrobromide Lamepro MRZ 2593 Br 2593-Br 2593Br MRZ-2593 MRZ2593 Nalone ratiopharm Naloxon-ratiopharm (5 beta,9 alpha,13 alpha,14 alpha)-Isomer Naloxonratiopharm Narcan Narcanti SERB United Drug

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.


In a series of five experiments, the modulating role of naloxone on a scopolamine-induced retention deficit in a passive avoidance paradigm was investigated in mice. Scopolamine, but not methyl scopolamine (1 and 3 mg/kg), induced an amnesia as measured by latency and duration parameters. Naloxone (0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) injected prior to training attenuated the retention deficit with a peak of activity at 3 mg/kg. The effect of naloxone could be antagonized with morphine (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg), demonstrating the opioid specificity of the naloxone effect. Post-training administration of naloxone (3 mg/kg) as a single or as a split dose also attenuated the scopolamine-induced amnesia. Control experiments indicated that neither an increase in pain sensitivity (pre-training naloxone) nor an induced aversive state (post-training naloxone) appear to be responsible for the influence of naloxone on the scopolamine-induced retention deficit. These results extend previous findings implicating a cholinergic-opioid interaction in memory processes. A possible mechanism for this interaction involving the septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway is discussed.


Age Related Memory Disorders Age-Related Disorder Cognitive Retention Deficit Deficits Semantic Spatial Loss Losses

Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.


Bromide N-Methylscopolamine DD 234 DD-234 DD234 Hyoscine Methiodide Methobromide Iodide Methscopolamine Methylbromide Scopolamine Methylchloride Methylscopolamine Nitrate Methylscopolammonium Methylsulfate N-Methylscine N Methylscine Skopyl Ulix

A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.


Chloride Morphine Contin MS Duramorph Morphia Sulfate (2:1) Anhydrous Pentahydrate Oramorph SR SDZ 202 250 202-250 202250 SDZ202 SDZ202-250 SDZ202250

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.


Ache Aches Burning Pain Pains Crushing Migratory Radiating Splitting Physical Suffering Sufferings

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.


Electron microscopic investigations of the cyclophosphamide-induced lesions of the urinary bladder of the rat and their prevention by mesna.

Anhydrous Cyclophosphamide B 518 B-518 B518 Monohydrate (R)-Isomer (S)-Isomer Cyclophosphane Cytophosphan Cytophosphane Cytoxan Endoxan NSC 26271 NSC-26271 NSC26271 Neosar Procytox Sendoxan

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.


Pathological processes of the URINARY BLADDER.


2 Mercaptoethanesulfonate 2-Mercaptoethanesulfonate 2-Mercaptoethanesulphonate Sodium ASTA D 7093 Medica Brand of Mesna ASTA-D ASTAD Bristol Myers Squibb Bristol-Myers Coenzyme M Kendrick MESNA cell MESNA-cell Sanfer Mesnex Mesnum Mistabron Mistabronco Mitexan Mucofluid UCB 3983 UCB-3983 UCB3983 Uromitexan Ziken pharm

A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.


Fully developed cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis is characterized by nearly complete detachment of the urothelium, severe submucosal edema owing to damage to the microvascular bed and focal muscle necroses. The initial response to the primary attack by the cyclophosphamide metabolites seems to be fragmentation of the luminal membrane. This damages the cellular barrier against the hypertonic urine. Subsequent breaks in the lateral cell membranes of the superficial cells and in all the plasma membranes of the intermediate and basal cells, intercellular and intracellular edema and disintegration of the desmosomes and hemidesmosomes lead to progressive degeneration and detachment of the epithelial cells with exposure and splitting of the basal membrane. The morphological changes of the endothelial cells, which become more pronounced in the later stages of the experiment, the involvement of blood vessels regardless of their diameter and the location-dependent extent of the damage indicate a direct type of damage which is preceded by a mediator-induced increase in permeability, the morphological correlate of which is the formation of gaps in the interendothelial cell connections on the venules. These changes can be effectively prevented by mesna. The only sign of a possible involvement is the increase in the number of specific granules with a presumed lysosomal function in the superficial cells.


Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.


Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.


The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. Distinguish it from APOPTOSIS which is a normal, regulated cellular process.


Acid Phenylethylbarbituric Gardenal Hysteps Luminal Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital Phenemal Sodium Phenobarbitone Phenylbarbital

A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.


Increase in intragastric pressure during suxamethonium-induced muscle fasciculations in children: inhibition by alfentanil.

Anectine Bromide Suxamethonium Celocurine Dibromide Succinylcholine Dichloride Diiodide Diperchlorate Ditilin Listenon Lysthenon Myorelaxin Quelicin Succicuran Chloride Di H2O Di-H2O Iodide Succinyldicholine

A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.


Benign Fasciculation Fasciculations Muscular Neural Skeletal Muscle Tongue

Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations can often by visualized and take the form of a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)


Alfenta Alfentanil Hydrochloride Alfentanyl Esteve Brand of Fanaxal ICI Janssen Limifen R 39209 R-39209 R39209 Rapifen

A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.


Changes in intragastric pressure after the administration of suxamethonium 1.5 mg kg-1 i.v. were studied in 32 children (mean age 6.9 yr) pretreated with either physiological saline or alfentanil 50 micrograms kg-1. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone 5 mg kg-1. The incidence and intensity of muscle fasciculations caused by suxamethonium were significantly greater in the control than in the alfentanil group. The intragastric pressure during muscle fasciculations was significantly higher in the control group (16 +/- 0.7 (SEM) cm H2O) than in the alfentanil group (7.7 +/- 1.5 (SEM) cm H2O). The increase in intragastric pressure was directly related to the intensity of muscle fasciculations (regression line: y = 0.5 + 4.78x with r of 0.78). It is concluded that intragastric pressure increases significantly during muscle fasciculations caused by suxamethonium in healthy children. Alfentanil 50 micrograms kg-1 effectively inhibits the incidence and intensity of suxamethonium-induced muscle fasciculations; moreover, intragastric pressure remains at its control value.


Abbott Brand of Thiopental Sodium Altana Pharma Bomathal Braun Merial Nesdonal Nycomed Penthiobarbital Pentothal Sodico Pharmtech Pisa Rhone Merieux Sodipental Thiomebumal Thionembutal Thiopentobarbital Thiopentone Tiobarbital Trapanal

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.


A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)


Acute insulin treatment normalizes the resistance to the cardiotoxic effect of isoproterenol in streptozotocin diabetic rats. A morphometric study of isoproterenol induced myocardial fibrosis.

Cardiac Toxicities Toxicity Cardiotoxicities Cardiotoxicity

Damage to the heart or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.


4-(1-Hydroxy-2-((1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol Euspiran Hydrochloride Isoproterenol Isadrin Isadrine Isoprenaline Isopropyl Noradrenaline Isopropylarterenol Isopropylnoradrenaline Isopropylnorepinephrine Sulfate Isuprel Izadrin Norisodrine Novodrin

Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.


2-Deoxy-2-((methylnitrosoamino)carbonyl)amino-D-glucose Streptozocin Teva Brand Streptozotocin Streptozotocine of Zanosar

An antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.


A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.


Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.


The acute effect of insulin treatment on the earlier reported protective effect of streptozotocin diabetes against the cardiotoxic effect of high doses of isoproterenol (ISO) was investigated in rats. Thirty to 135 min after the injection of crystalline insulin, ISO was given subcutaneously and when ISO induced fibrosis in the myocardium was morphometrically analyzed 7 days later, a highly significant correlation (r = 0.83, 2 p = 0.006) to the slope of the fall in blood glucose after insulin treatment appeared. The myocardial content of catecholamines was estimated in these 8 day diabetic rats. The norepinephrine content was significantly increased while epinephrine remained unchanged. An enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity with a consequent down regulation of the myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors could, therefore, explain this catecholamine resistance. The rapid reversion after insulin treatment excludes the possibility that streptozotocin in itself causes the ISO resistance and points towards a direct insulin effect on myocardial catecholamine sensitivity in diabetic rats. The phenomenon described might elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms behind toxic myocardial cell degeneration and may possibly have relevance for acute cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.


Anhydrous Dextrose D Glucose D-Glucose Monohydrate (DL)-Isomer (L)-Isomer (alpha-D)-Isomer (beta-D)-Isomer L L-Glucose

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.


A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.


Abbott Brand of Levophed Bitartrate Arterenol Aventis Norepinephrine Hydrochloride Noradrenaline Levarterenol Levonor Levonorepinephrine Noradrénaline tartrate renaudin Norepinephrin d-Tartrate (1:1) (+)-Isomer (+,-)-Isomer l-Tartrate Monohydrate (1:2) Renaudin

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.


4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol Acetate Epinephrine Adrenaline Acid Tartrate Bitartrate Hydrochloride Allergan Brand of Epifrin Hydrogen Epitrate Lyophrin Medihaler-Epi

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.


Differential effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats.

Auditory Seizure Seizures Clonic Convulsion Non Epileptic Non-Epileptic Convulsions Convulsive Focal Generalized Gustatory Jacksonian Motor Olfactory Sensory Somatosensory Tonic Tonic-Clonic Vertiginous Vestibular Visual

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."


Hydrochloride Pilocarpine Isopilocarpine Isoptocarpine Nitrate Ocusert Mononitrate (3S-cis)-Isomer Monohydrochloride Salagen

A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.


The muscarinic cholinergic agonist pilocarpine induces in rats seizures and status epilepticus followed by widespread damage to the forebrain. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of 5 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sodium salicylate, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid, on seizures produced by pilocarpine. Pretreatment of rats with sodium salicylate, ED50 103 mg/kg (60-174), and phenylbutazone, 59 mg/kg (50-70) converted the non-convulsant dose of pilocarpine, 200 mg/kg, to a convulsant one. Indomethacin, 1-10 mg/kg, and ibuprofen, 10-100 mg/kg, failed to modulate seizures produced by pilocarpine. Mefenamic acid, 26 (22-30) mg/kg, prevented seizures and protected rats from seizure-related brain damage induced by pilocarpine, 380 mg/kg. These results indicate that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs differentially modulate the threshold for pilocarpine-induced seizures.


Absence Status Complex Partial Epilepticus Electrographic Generalized Convulsive Grand Mal Non Non-Convulsive Petit Simple Subclinical

A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)


A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is less effective than equal doses of ASPIRIN in relieving pain and reducing fever. However, individuals who are hypersensitive to ASPIRIN may tolerate sodium salicylate. In general, this salicylate produces the same adverse reactions as ASPIRIN, but there is less occult gastrointestinal bleeding. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p120)


Butacote Butadion Butadione Butapirazol Butapyrazole Butazolidin Diphenylbutazone Fenilbutazon Phenylbutazone

A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.


Amuno Hydrochloride Indomethacin Indocid Indocin Indomet 140 Indometacin Metindol Osmosin

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.


Aluminum Salt Ibuprofen Brufen Calcium I.V. Solution IP 82 IP-82 IP82 Ibumetin Zinc (+-)-Isomer (R)-Isomer (S)-Isomer Copper (2+) Magnesium Potassium Sodium Ibuprofen-Zinc Motrin Nuprin Rufen Salprofen Trauma Dolgit Gel Trauma-Dolgit TraumaDolgit alpha-Methyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzeneacetic Acid

A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis.


APS Brand of Mefenamic Acid Mefenaminic Antigen Apo Apo-Mefenamic ApoMefenamic Apotex Ashbourne Chemidex Clonmel Contraflam Coslan Dysman Elan Farmasierra First Horizon Forte Ponstan Gödecke Mefac Mefacit Mefic Nu Pharm Nu-Mefenamic Nu-Pharm NuMefenamic PMS PMS-Mefenamic Parke Davis Parkemed Pfizer Pharmascience Pinalgesic Pinewood Ponalar Ponalgic Ponmel Ponstel Ponsyl Pontal Rowa Warner Lambert Warner-Lambert

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.


Acute Brain Injuries Injury Contusion Contusions Diffuse Focal Traumatic Laceration Lacerations Trauma Traumas Cortical Encephalopathies Post-Concussive Post-Traumatic Encephalopathy Post Concussive Mild TBI (Traumatic Injury) TBIs

Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.


Acute neurologic dysfunction after high-dose etoposide therapy for malignant glioma.

Disease Nervous System Diseases Disorder Neurologic Neurological Disorders

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.


Baxter Brand of Etoposide Oncology Bristol Myers Squibb Bristol-Myers Celltop Demethyl Epipodophyllotoxin Ethylidine Glucoside Eposide Eposin Eto GRY Eto-GRY Etomedac Etopos Pierre Fabre Teva (5S)-Isomer (5a alpha)-Isomer alpha,9 alpha D Glucopyranosyl Isomer alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl Etoposido Ferrer Farma Exitop Gry Lastet Lemery Medac NSC 141540 NSC-141540 NSC141540 Novartis Onkoposid Onkoworks Pharmachemie Prasfarma Riboposid Sanfer Tedec Meiji Toposar VP 16 213 16-213 16213 VP-16 VP16 Vepesid

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.


Glial Cell Tumor Tumors Glioma Malignant Mixed Gliomas

Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)


Etoposide (VP-16-213) has been used in the treatment of many solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. When used in high doses and in conjunction with autologous bone marrow transplantation, this agent has activity against several treatment-resistant cancers including malignant glioma. In six of eight patients (75%) who we treated for recurrent or resistant glioma, sudden severe neurologic deterioration occurred. This developed a median of 9 days after initiation of high-dose etoposide therapy. Significant clinical manifestations have included confusion, papilledema, somnolence, exacerbation of motor deficits, and sharp increase in seizure activity. These abnormalities resolved rapidly after initiation of high-dose intravenous dexamethasone therapy. In all patients, computerized tomographic (CT) brain scans demonstrated stability in tumor size and peritumor edema when compared with pretransplant scans. This complication appears to represent a significant new toxicity of high-dose etoposide therapy for malignant glioma.


Benign Neoplasm Neoplasms Cancer Cancers Neoplasia Tumor Tumors

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.


Hematologic Malignancies Malignancy Neoplasm Neoplasms Hematological Hematopoietic

Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.


Bewilderment Confusion Post Ictal Post-Ictal Reactive Confusional State States Disorientation

A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation.


Choked Disk Disks Decreased Intraocular Pressure Associated Papilledema Pressure-Associated Edema Optic Papilla Retinal Edemas Increased Intracranial Nerve Papillitides Papillitis with Papilledemas

Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)


DOES (Disorders of Excessive Somnolence) DOESs Disorders Somnolence Disorder Hypersomnia Recurrent Hypersomnias Hypersomnolence Primary Secondary

Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)


Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."


Alcon Brand of Dexamethasone Decaject L.A. Decaject-L.A. Decameth Decaspray Dexasone Dexpak ECR Foy Hexadecadrol Hexadrol ICN Maxidex Merck Merz 1 2 Methylfluorprednisolone Millicorten Oradexon


Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.


Adverse Drug Event Events Reaction Reactions Related Side Effects and Effect Toxicities Toxicity Drug-Related Drugs of

Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.


Progressive bile duct injury after thiabendazole administration.

Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.


2-(4'-Thiazolyl)Benzimidazole Mintesol Mintezol Omnizole Thiabendazole Thibendole Tiabendazol

2-Substituted benzimidazole first introduced in 1962. It is active against a variety of nematodes and is the drug of choice for STRONGYLOIDIASIS. It has CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM side effects and hepatototoxic potential. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p919)


A 27-yr-old man developed jaundice 2 wk after exposure to thiabendazole. Cholestasis persisted for 3 yr, at which time a liver transplant was performed. Two liver biopsy specimens and the hepatectomy specimen were remarkable for almost complete disappearance of interlobular bile ducts. Prominent fibrosis and hepatocellular regeneration were also present; however, the lobular architecture was preserved. This case represents an example of "idiosyncratic" drug-induced liver damage in which the primary target of injury is the bile duct. An autoimmune pathogenesis of the bile duct destruction is suggested.

A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.


Bile Duct Obstruction Obstructions Biliary Stases Stasis Cholestases Cholestasis

Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).


Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.


Acute Liver Injury Drug Induced Drug-Induced Disease Diseases Hepatitides Hepatitis Injuries Toxic

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.


Differential effects of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: therapeutic implications.


Antagonists Calcium Channel Exogenous Blockers Blockaders Blocking Drugs Inhibitors

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.


Increasing recognition of the importance of calcium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has stimulated research into the use of calcium channel blocking agents for treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. The favorable efficacy and tolerability profiles of these agents make them attractive therapeutic modalities. Clinical applications of calcium channel blockers parallel their tissue selectivity. In contrast to verapamil and diltiazem, which are roughly equipotent in their actions on the heart and vascular smooth muscle, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are a group of potent peripheral vasodilator agents that exert minimal electrophysiologic effects on cardiac nodal or conduction tissue. As the first dihydropyridine available for use in the United States, nifedipine controls angina and hypertension with minimal depression of cardiac function. Additional members of this group of calcium channel blockers have been studied for a variety of indications for which they may offer advantages over current therapy. Once or twice daily dosage possible with nitrendipine and nisoldipine offers a convenient administration schedule, which encourages patient compliance in long-term therapy of hypertension. The coronary vasodilating properties of nisoldipine have led to the investigation of this agent for use in angina. Selectivity for the cerebrovascular bed makes nimodipine potentially useful in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage, migraine headache, dementia, and stroke. In general, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are usually well tolerated, with headache, facial flushing, palpitations, edema, nausea, anorexia, and dizziness being the more common adverse effects.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.


Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.


Calan Cordilox Dexverapamil Falicard Finoptin Hydrochloride Verapamil Iproveratril Isoptin Isoptine Izoptin Lekoptin Sandoz Brand of

A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.


Aldizem Biovail Brand of Diltiazem Hydrochloride CRD 401 CRD-401 CRD401 Cardil Cardizem Dilacor XR Dilren Malate Dilzem Tiazac Watson Pharmaceuticals Diltazem

A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.


AWD Pharma Brand of Nifedipine Adalat Adcock Ingram BAY a 1040 BAY-a-1040 BAYa1040 Bay Bay-1040 Bay1040 Bayer Cordipin Cordipine Corinfar Fenigidin KRKA Korinfar Monohydrochloride Nifangin GTIS Orion Pfizer Nifedipine-GTIS Procardia XL Vascard

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.


Angina Pectoris Angor Stenocardia Stenocardias

The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.


Blood Pressure High Pressures Hypertension

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.


1A Brand of Nitrendipine Pharma Nitren AL Nitrendipin AbZ Nitre Aliud Almirall Alpharma Apogepha Atid Azupharma BC Balminil Basics Bay e 5009 Bayer Bayotensin Baypresol Baypress Bayvit Nitrendipino Biochemie Nitrendi Biomed Dexcel Docpharm Elan Elfar Gericin Heumann Hexal Jenapharm Juta Jutapress KSK Nitrend Lich Lichtenstein Lindo Lindopharm Merck dura Nidrel Niprina Puren Nitre-Puren NitrePuren Nitregamma acis Nitrendepat Nitrendidoc Nitrendimerck Stada beta ratiopharm Nitrendipin-ratiopharm Q

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.


A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.


9736 Bay e Admon Almirall Brand of Nimodipine Alpharma Andromaco Bayer Bayvit Nimodipino Brainal Calnit Cantabria Elan Esteve Hexal Nimodipin Kenesil Modus ISIS Nimodipin-ISIS NimodipinISIS Nimotop Nymalize Remontal Vita

A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.


Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Hemorrhages Intracranial Perinatal Spontaneous SAH (Subarachnoid Hemorrhage) SAHs

Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.


Abdominal Migraine Migraines Acute Confusional Cervical Syndrome Syndromes Disorder Disorders Headache Sick Headaches Hemicrania Variant Variants Status Migrainosus

A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)


Amentia Amentias Dementia Familial Dementias Senile Paranoid

An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.


Acute Cerebrovascular Accident Accidents Stroke Strokes Apoplexy Brain Vascular CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident) CVAs Cerebral

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)


Bilateral Headache Headaches Cephalalgia Cephalalgias Cephalgia Cephalgias Cephalodynia Cephalodynias Cranial Pain Pains Generalized Head Ocular Orthostatic Periorbital Retro-Ocular Sharp Throbbing Unilateral Vertex Hemicrania Retro

The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.


A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process.


Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.


An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.


The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.


Dizziness Dizzyness Light Headedness Light-Headedness Lightheadedness Orthostasis

An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.


The enhancement of aminonucleoside nephrosis by the co-administration of protamine.

3' Amino 3' deoxy N,N dimethyladenosine 3'-Amino-3'-deoxy-N,N-dimethyladenosine Aminonucleoside Puromycin

PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineoplastic properties and can cause nephrosis.


Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.


An experimental model of focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) was developed in rats by the combined administration of puromycin-aminonucleoside (AMNS) and protamine sulfate (PS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats, uninephrectomized three weeks before, received daily injections of subcutaneous AMNS (1 mg/100 g body wt) and intravenous PS (2 separated doses of 2.5 mg/100 g body wt) for four days. The series of injections were repeated another three times at 10 day intervals. The animals were sacrificed on days 24, 52, and 80. They developed nephrotic syndrome and finally renal failure. The time-course curve of creatinine clearance dropped and showed significant difference (P less than 0.01) from that of each control group, such as, AMNS alone, PS alone or saline injected. Their glomeruli showed changes of progressive FSGS. The ultrastructural studies in the initial stage revealed significant lack of particles of perfused ruthenium red on the lamina rara externa and marked changes in epithelial cell cytoplasm. Therefore, it is suggested that the administration of PS enhances the toxicity of AMNS on the glomerulus and readily produces progressive FSGS in rats resulting in the end-stage renal disease.

Focal Glomerulosclerosis Sclerosing Glomerulonephritides Glomerulonephritis Segmental Glomerular Hyalinosis

A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.


A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)


A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.


Failure Kidney Renal Failures Insufficiency Insufficiencies

Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.


A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.


Adverse Drug Event Events Reaction Reactions Related Side Effects and Effect Toxicities Toxicity Drug-Related Drugs of

Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.


Chronic Kidney Failure Renal Disease End-Stage ESRD End Stage

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.


Theophylline neurotoxicity in pregnant rats.

1,3 Dimethylxanthine 1,3-Dimethylxanthine 3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione Accurbron Aerobin Aerolate Afonilum Retard Anhydrous Theophylline Aquaphyllin Armophylline Bronchoparat Bronkodyl Constant T Constant-T ConstantT Elixophyllin Euphylong Fameasan Brand of Sodium Glycinate Fujisawa Glycine Theophyllinate Lodrane Monospan Mundipharma Nuelin S.A. Quibron SR T-SR TSR Slo Phyllin Slo-Phyllin SloPhyllin Somophyllin Somophyllin-T SomophyllinT Sustaire Synophylate Theo 24 Dur Theo-24 T

A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLATE CYCLASE and cyclic AMP.


Encephalitides Toxic Encephalitis Encephalopathies Encephalopathy Nervous System Poisoning Poisonings Neurotoxic Disorder Disorders Neurotoxicity Syndrome Syndromes Neurotoxin Disease Diseases

Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method. This includes conditions caused by biologic, chemical, and pharmaceutical agents.


The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the neurotoxicity of theophylline is altered in advanced pregnancy. Sprague-Dawley rats that were 20 days pregnant and nonpregnant rats of the same age and strain received infusions of aminophylline until onset of maximal seizures which occurred after 28 and 30 minutes respectively. Theophylline concentrations at this endpoint in serum (total) and CSF were similar but serum (free) and brain concentrations were slightly different in pregnant rats. Theophylline serum protein binding determined by equilibrium dialysis was lower in pregnant rats. Fetal serum concentrations at onset of seizures in the mother were similar to maternal brain and CSF concentrations and correlated significantly with the former. It is concluded that advanced pregnancy has a negligible effect on the neurotoxic response to theophylline in rats.


Afonilum Aminodur Aminophyllin Aminophylline DF Barre Brand of Berlex Byk Cardophyllin Carine Clonmel Clonofilin Corophyllin Diaphyllin Drafilyn Durachemie Duraphyllin Elmuquimica Ethylenediamine Theophylline Eufilina Venosa Euphyllin Retard Euphylline Ferndale G & W Godafilin Hamilton Interstate Drug Exchange Jenapharm Key Knoll Major Merck Mini-Lix Mundipharma Mundiphyllin Napp Novophyllin OPW Phyllocontin Phyllotemp Purdue Frederick Roxanne Rugby Schein Searle SmithKline Beecham Somophyllin T

A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.


Auditory Seizure Seizures Clonic Convulsion Non Epileptic Non-Epileptic Convulsions Convulsive Focal Generalized Gustatory Jacksonian Motor Olfactory Sensory Somatosensory Tonic Tonic-Clonic Vertiginous Vestibular Visual

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."


Hyperkalemia induced by indomethacin and naproxen and reversed by fludrocortisone.

Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemias Hyperpotassemia Hyperpotassemias

Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)


Amuno Hydrochloride Indomethacin Indocid Indocin Indomet 140 Indometacin Metindol Osmosin

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.


Aleve Anaprox MNPA Methoxypropiocin Naprosin Naprosyn Naproxen Sodium Proxen Synflex

An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.


9 Fluoro 17 Hydroxycortisone Fluorocortisol Fluorohydrocortisone alpha Fludrohydrocortisone Hydroxycorticosterone alpha-Fluoro-17-Hydroxycorticosterone alpha-Fluorohydrocortisone 9-Fluoro-17-Hydroxycortisone 9-Fluorocortisol 9-Fluorohydrocortisone Astonin H Merck Astonin-H FCOL Fludrocortisone Brand of

A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.


We have described a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis and a history of mefenamic acid nephropathy in whom hyperkalemia and inappropriate hypoaldosteronism were caused by both indomethacin and naproxen, without major decline in renal function. It is likely that preexisting renal disease predisposed this patient to type IV renal tubular acidosis with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Because he was unable to discontinue nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy, fludrocortisone was added, correcting the hyperkalemia and allowing indomethacin therapy to be continued safely.

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.