tacrolimus [SEP] When tacrolimus side effects persist despite dose reduction, conversion to cycl


cyclosporine [SEP] imus side effects persist despite dose reduction, conversion to cyclosporine-based immunosuppression (CyA) is necessary. We characterized ta

Cyclosporine [SEP] A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes.


neurotoxicity [SEP] ) and late in 41 (58.6%). Indications for early conversion were neurotoxicity (20), (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (5), nephrot

Neurotoxicity Syndromes [SEP] Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method


(insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus [SEP] .6%). Indications for early conversion were neurotoxicity (20), (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (5), nephrotoxicity (3), gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 [SEP] A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPER


IDDM [SEP] were neurotoxicity (20), (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (5), nephrotoxicity (3), gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (6), a


nephrotoxicity [SEP] oxicity (20), (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (5), nephrotoxicity (3), gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (6), and cardiomyopathy (1)

Kidney Diseases [SEP] Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.


gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity [SEP] in-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (5), nephrotoxicity (3), gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (6), and cardiomyopathy (1), and for late conversion were neuro

Gastrointestinal Diseases [SEP] Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.


cardiomyopathy [SEP] 5), nephrotoxicity (3), gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (6), and cardiomyopathy (1), and for late conversion were neurotoxicity (15), IDDM (12)

Cardiomyopathies [SEP] A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classifi


GI toxicity [SEP] version were neurotoxicity (15), IDDM (12), nephrotoxicity (3), GI toxicity (5), hepatotoxicity (6), post-transplant lmphoproliferate disea


hepatotoxicity [SEP] otoxicity (15), IDDM (12), nephrotoxicity (3), GI toxicity (5), hepatotoxicity (6), post-transplant lmphoproliferate disease (PTLD) (2), cardi

Drug-Induced Liver Injury [SEP] A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug


post-transplant lmphoproliferate disease [SEP]  (12), nephrotoxicity (3), GI toxicity (5), hepatotoxicity (6), post-transplant lmphoproliferate disease (PTLD) (2), cardiomyopathy (1), hemolytic anemia (1), and pruri

Lymphoproliferative Disorders [SEP] Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.


PTLD [SEP] , hepatotoxicity (6), post-transplant lmphoproliferate disease (PTLD) (2), cardiomyopathy (1), hemolytic anemia (1), and pruritus (1


hemolytic anemia [SEP] splant lmphoproliferate disease (PTLD) (2), cardiomyopathy (1), hemolytic anemia (1), and pruritus (1). All early-conversion patients showed imp

Anemia, Hemolytic [SEP] A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red bl


pruritus [SEP] sease (PTLD) (2), cardiomyopathy (1), hemolytic anemia (1), and pruritus (1). All early-conversion patients showed improvement/resolutio

Pruritus [SEP] An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.


toxicity [SEP] Relative efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin and tobramycin in oncology patients.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions [SEP] Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chem


netilmicin [SEP] Relative efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin and tobramycin in oncology patients.

Netilmicin [SEP] Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear an


tobramycin [SEP] Relative efficacy and toxicity of netilmicin and tobramycin in oncology patients.

Tobramycin [SEP] An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteri


netilmicin sulfate [SEP] We prospectively compared the efficacy and safety of netilmicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate in conjunction with piperacillin sodium i


tobramycin sulfate [SEP] ively compared the efficacy and safety of netilmicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate in conjunction with piperacillin sodium in 118 immunocompromise


piperacillin sodium [SEP] of netilmicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate in conjunction with piperacillin sodium in 118 immunocompromised patients with presumed severe infectio

Piperacillin [SEP] Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also us


infections [SEP] n sodium in 118 immunocompromised patients with presumed severe infections. The two treatment regimens were equally efficacious. Nephrotox

Infection [SEP] Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.


Nephrotoxicity [SEP] nfections. The two treatment regimens were equally efficacious. Nephrotoxicity occurred in a similar proportion in patients treated with netil


netilmicin [SEP] We prospectively compared the efficacy and safety of netilmicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate in conjunction with piperacillin


tobramycin [SEP] ively compared the efficacy and safety of netilmicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate in conjunction with piperacillin sodium in 118 immunoco


Ototoxicity [SEP] n patients treated with netilmicin and tobramycin (17% vs 11%). Ototoxicity occurred in four (9.5%) of 42 netilmicin and piperacillin and i

Hearing Disorders [SEP] Conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices,


piperacillin [SEP] of netilmicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate in conjunction with piperacillin sodium in 118 immunocompromised patients with presumed severe i


aminoglycoside [SEP] llin-treated patients (18 of 78 vs 67 of 115). We conclude that aminoglycoside-associated ototoxicity was less severe and more often reversibl

Aminoglycosides [SEP] Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTIC


ototoxicity [SEP] of 78 vs 67 of 115). We conclude that aminoglycoside-associated ototoxicity was less severe and more often reversible with netilmicin than


prostaglandin [SEP] Effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on experimentally induced convulsions in

Prostaglandins [SEP] A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway.


convulsions [SEP] f prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on experimentally induced convulsions in rats.

Seizures [SEP] Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of br


prostaglandins [SEP] To investigate the relationship of prostaglandins (PGs) to seizure induction, the effects of six PG synthetase in


PGs [SEP] To investigate the relationship of prostaglandins (PGs) to seizure induction, the effects of six PG synthetase inhibit


seizure [SEP] To investigate the relationship of prostaglandins (PGs) to seizure induction, the effects of six PG synthetase inhibitors on convu


convulsions [SEP] izure induction, the effects of six PG synthetase inhibitors on convulsions induced by flurothyl, picrotoxin, pentetrazol (PTZ), electrosho


flurothyl [SEP] fects of six PG synthetase inhibitors on convulsions induced by flurothyl, picrotoxin, pentetrazol (PTZ), electroshock or bicuculline wer

Flurothyl [SEP] A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock


picrotoxin [SEP] x PG synthetase inhibitors on convulsions induced by flurothyl, picrotoxin, pentetrazol (PTZ), electroshock or bicuculline were evaluated.

Picrotoxin [SEP] A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated c


pentetrazol [SEP] ase inhibitors on convulsions induced by flurothyl, picrotoxin, pentetrazol (PTZ), electroshock or bicuculline were evaluated. Ibuprofen, s

Pentylenetetrazole [SEP] A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-comp


PTZ [SEP] s on convulsions induced by flurothyl, picrotoxin, pentetrazol (PTZ), electroshock or bicuculline were evaluated. Ibuprofen, sulind


bicuculline [SEP] ed by flurothyl, picrotoxin, pentetrazol (PTZ), electroshock or bicuculline were evaluated. Ibuprofen, sulindac, mefenamic acid, and low do

Bicuculline [SEP] An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors


Ibuprofen [SEP]  pentetrazol (PTZ), electroshock or bicuculline were evaluated. Ibuprofen, sulindac, mefenamic acid, and low dose meclofenamic acid incre

Ibuprofen [SEP] A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis.


sulindac [SEP] l (PTZ), electroshock or bicuculline were evaluated. Ibuprofen, sulindac, mefenamic acid, and low dose meclofenamic acid increased the l

Sulindac [SEP] A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the p


mefenamic acid [SEP] lectroshock or bicuculline were evaluated. Ibuprofen, sulindac, mefenamic acid, and low dose meclofenamic acid increased the latency-to-onset

Mefenamic Acid [SEP] A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyc


meclofenamic acid [SEP] re evaluated. Ibuprofen, sulindac, mefenamic acid, and low dose meclofenamic acid increased the latency-to-onset in the flurothyl and/or PTZ mode

Meclofenamic Acid [SEP] A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynth


fluorthyl [SEP] ts suggest that PGs are involved in the mechanism(s) underlying fluorthyl- and PTZ-induced convulsions, but not picrotoxin-, electroshock


angioedema [SEP] Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-associated angioedema of the stomach and small intestine: a case report.

Angioedema [SEP] Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs i


hypertension [SEP] t on a 45-year old African-American female with newly diagnosed hypertension, who was started on a combination pill of amlodipine/benazapril

Hypertension [SEP] Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is c


amlodipine [SEP] iagnosed hypertension, who was started on a combination pill of amlodipine/benazapril 10/5 mg. The very next day, she presented at the eme

Amlodipine [SEP] A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.


benazapril [SEP] pertension, who was started on a combination pill of amlodipine/benazapril 10/5 mg. The very next day, she presented at the emergency room

benazepril [SEP]


abdominal pain [SEP] he very next day, she presented at the emergency room (ER) with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Physical exam, complete metabolic panel,

Abdominal Pain [SEP] Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region; generally associated with functional disorders, tissue inju


nausea [SEP] , she presented at the emergency room (ER) with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Physical exam, complete metabolic panel, and hemo

Nausea [SEP] An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and moti


vomiting [SEP] nted at the emergency room (ER) with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Physical exam, complete metabolic panel, and hemogram were in

Vomiting [SEP] The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.


angioedema [SEP]  cavity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-induced angioedema was suspected, and anti-hypertensive medications were discontin


hypertensive [SEP] yme inhibitor (ACEI)-induced angioedema was suspected, and anti-hypertensive medications were discontinued. Her symptoms improved within the


ascites [SEP] ovement in stomach and small bowel thickening and resolution of ascites. The recognition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ang

Ascites [SEP] Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.


angiotensin [SEP]  bowel thickening and resolution of ascites. The recognition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)

Angiotensins [SEP] Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANG


intestinal [SEP] -converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) intestinal angioedema constitutes a challenge to primary care physicians,

Intestinal Diseases [SEP] Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.


Valproic acid [SEP] Valproic acid I: time course of lipid peroxidation biomarkers, liver toxicity

Valproic Acid [SEP] A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not


liver toxicity [SEP] Valproic acid I: time course of lipid peroxidation biomarkers, liver toxicity, and valproic acid metabolite levels in rats.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury [SEP] A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug


valproic acid [SEP] me course of lipid peroxidation biomarkers, liver toxicity, and valproic acid metabolite levels in rats.


valproic acid [SEP] A single dose of valproic acid (VPA), which is a widely used antiepileptic drug, is associated


VPA [SEP] A single dose of valproic acid (VPA), which is a widely used antiepileptic drug, is associated with


15-F(2t)-isoprostane [SEP]  stress in rats, as recently demonstrated by elevated levels of 15-F(2t)-isoprostane (15-F(2t)-IsoP). To determine whether there was a temporal rela

8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha [SEP]


15-F(2t)-IsoP [SEP] cently demonstrated by elevated levels of 15-F(2t)-isoprostane (15-F(2t)-IsoP). To determine whether there was a temporal relationship betwee

8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha [SEP]


hepatotoxicity [SEP] mporal relationship between VPA-associated oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated ip with VPA (500 m


lipid hydroperoxides [SEP] sessed by determining plasma and liver levels of 15-F(2t)-IsoP, lipid hydroperoxides (LPO), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs). Pla

Lipid Peroxides [SEP] Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of


LPO [SEP] plasma and liver levels of 15-F(2t)-IsoP, lipid hydroperoxides (LPO), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs). Plasma a


thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [SEP]  liver levels of 15-F(2t)-IsoP, lipid hydroperoxides (LPO), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs). Plasma and liver 15-F(2t)-IsoP were elevated and reach

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances [SEP] Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation prod


TBARs [SEP] roperoxides (LPO), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs). Plasma and liver 15-F(2t)-IsoP were elevated and reached a pl


Liver toxicity [SEP] ere not increased until 14 days (2-fold vs. control, p < 0.05). Liver toxicity was evaluated based on serum levels of alpha-glutathione S-tran


glutathione [SEP] 5). Liver toxicity was evaluated based on serum levels of alpha-glutathione S-transferase (alpha-GST) and by histology. Serum alpha-GST lev

Glutathione [SEP] A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some en


inflammation [SEP] onded to hepatotoxicity as shown by the increasing incidence of inflammation of the liver capsule, necrosis, and steatosis throughout the st

Inflammation [SEP] A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions


necrosis [SEP]  the increasing incidence of inflammation of the liver capsule, necrosis, and steatosis throughout the study. The liver levels of beta-o

Necrosis [SEP] The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrol


steatosis [SEP] g incidence of inflammation of the liver capsule, necrosis, and steatosis throughout the study. The liver levels of beta-oxidation metabo

Fatty Liver [SEP] Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usua


4-ene-VPA [SEP] etabolites of VPA were decreased by day 14, while the levels of 4-ene-VPA and (E)-2,4-diene-VPA were not elevated throughout the study. O

2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid [SEP]


2,4-diene-VPA [SEP] were decreased by day 14, while the levels of 4-ene-VPA and (E)-2,4-diene-VPA were not elevated throughout the study. Overall, these findings

2,4-diene-valproic acid [SEP]


Pheochromocytoma [SEP] Pheochromocytoma unmasked by amisulpride and tiapride.

Pheochromocytoma [SEP] A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paragang


amisulpride [SEP] Pheochromocytoma unmasked by amisulpride and tiapride.

sultopride [SEP]


tiapride [SEP] Pheochromocytoma unmasked by amisulpride and tiapride.

Tiapride Hydrochloride [SEP] Benzamide derivative with dopamine antagonist actions similar to SULPIRIDE.


pheochromocytoma [SEP] OBJECTIVE: To describe the unmasking of pheochromocytoma in a patient treated with amisulpride and tiapride. CASE SUMMAR


amisulpride [SEP] ibe the unmasking of pheochromocytoma in a patient treated with amisulpride and tiapride. CASE SUMMARY: A 42-year-old white man developed a

sultopride [SEP]


tiapride [SEP] g of pheochromocytoma in a patient treated with amisulpride and tiapride. CASE SUMMARY: A 42-year-old white man developed acute hyperten


hypertension [SEP] tiapride. CASE SUMMARY: A 42-year-old white man developed acute hypertension with severe headache and vomiting 2 hours after the first doses

Hypertension [SEP] Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is c


headache [SEP]  42-year-old white man developed acute hypertension with severe headache and vomiting 2 hours after the first doses of amisulpride 100 m

Headache [SEP] The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACH


vomiting [SEP] white man developed acute hypertension with severe headache and vomiting 2 hours after the first doses of amisulpride 100 mg and tiaprid


nicardipine [SEP] iately discontinued, and the patient recovered after subsequent nicardipine and verapamil treatment. Abdominal ultrasound showed an adrenal

Nicardipine [SEP] A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the tr


verapamil [SEP] ued, and the patient recovered after subsequent nicardipine and verapamil treatment. Abdominal ultrasound showed an adrenal mass, and pos

Verapamil [SEP] A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.


benzamide [SEP] eochromocytoma are often associated with the use of substituted benzamide drugs, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. In our case, us

benzamide [SEP]


hypertensive [SEP] probability scale indicated a possible relationship between the hypertensive crisis and amisulpride and tiapride therapy. CONCLUSIONS: As of


psychosis [SEP] Quantitative drug levels in stimulant psychosis: relationship to symptom severity, catecholamines and hyperkine

Psychoses, Substance-Induced [SEP] Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.


catecholamines [SEP] evels in stimulant psychosis: relationship to symptom severity, catecholamines and hyperkinesia.

Catecholamines [SEP] A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.


hyperkinesia [SEP] psychosis: relationship to symptom severity, catecholamines and hyperkinesia.

Hyperkinesis [SEP] Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole, which may be associated with organic or psychological disorders.


catecholamines [SEP] ne the relationship between quantitative stimulant drug levels, catecholamines, and psychotic symptoms, nineteen patients in a psychiatric eme


psychotic symptoms [SEP] between quantitative stimulant drug levels, catecholamines, and psychotic symptoms, nineteen patients in a psychiatric emergency service with a di


psychiatric [SEP]  catecholamines, and psychotic symptoms, nineteen patients in a psychiatric emergency service with a diagnosis of amphetamine- or cocaine-i

Mental Disorders [SEP] Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of tho


amphetamine [SEP] patients in a psychiatric emergency service with a diagnosis of amphetamine- or cocaine-induced psychosis were interviewed, and plasma and

Amphetamine [SEP] A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blockin


cocaine [SEP] ychiatric emergency service with a diagnosis of amphetamine- or cocaine-induced psychosis were interviewed, and plasma and urine were c

Cocaine [SEP] An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinic


psychosis [SEP] ncy service with a diagnosis of amphetamine- or cocaine-induced psychosis were interviewed, and plasma and urine were collected for quant


catecholamine [SEP] ne the relationship between quantitative stimulant drug levels, catecholamines, and psychotic symptoms, nineteen patients in a psychiatric em


Methamphetamine [SEP] e assays of stimulant drug and catecholamine metabolite levels. Methamphetamine or amphetamine levels were related to several psychopathology s

Methamphetamine [SEP] A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is


hyperkinesia [SEP] s were related to several psychopathology scores and the global hyperkinesia rating. HVA levels were related to global hyperkinesia but not


stereotypies [SEP] y a role, intensity of stimulant-induced psychotic symptoms and stereotypies appears to be at least in part dose-related.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder [SEP] Motor behavior that is repetitive, often seemingly driven, and nonfunctional. This behavior markedly interferes with normal acti


asystolic [SEP] Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with hig

Heart Arrest [SEP] Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most c


cardiac arrest [SEP] Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intraven


diltiazem [SEP] Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium.

Diltiazem [SEP] A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.


overdose [SEP] Delayed asystolic cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium.

Drug Overdose [SEP] Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.


calcium [SEP] er diltiazem overdose; resuscitation with high dose intravenous calcium.

Calcium [SEP] A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic sym


overdose [SEP] A 51 year old man took a mixed overdose including 1.8-3.6 g of diltiazem, paracetamol, aspirin, isosorb


diltiazem [SEP] A 51 year old man took a mixed overdose including 1.8-3.6 g of diltiazem, paracetamol, aspirin, isosorbide nitrate, and alcohol. He init


paracetamol [SEP] old man took a mixed overdose including 1.8-3.6 g of diltiazem, paracetamol, aspirin, isosorbide nitrate, and alcohol. He initially present

Acetaminophen [SEP] Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but


aspirin [SEP] a mixed overdose including 1.8-3.6 g of diltiazem, paracetamol, aspirin, isosorbide nitrate, and alcohol. He initially presented to hos

Aspirin [SEP] The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties a


isosorbide [SEP] verdose including 1.8-3.6 g of diltiazem, paracetamol, aspirin, isosorbide nitrate, and alcohol. He initially presented to hospital after

Isosorbide [SEP] 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.


nitrate [SEP] luding 1.8-3.6 g of diltiazem, paracetamol, aspirin, isosorbide nitrate, and alcohol. He initially presented to hospital after six hour

Nitrates [SEP] Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.


alcohol [SEP] 6 g of diltiazem, paracetamol, aspirin, isosorbide nitrate, and alcohol. He initially presented to hospital after six hours with mild h

Ethanol [SEP] A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bacterici


hypotension [SEP] l. He initially presented to hospital after six hours with mild hypotension and was treated with activated charcoal and intravenous fluids.

Hypotension [SEP] Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DI


tonic-clonic seizures [SEP] luids. Eighteen hours after the overdose he had two generalised tonic-clonic seizures. The patient remained unresponsive with junctional bradycardia,

Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic [SEP] A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk


bradycardia [SEP] nic seizures. The patient remained unresponsive with junctional bradycardia, unrecordable blood pressure, and then became asystolic. He was

Bradycardia [SEP] Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. Th


asystolic [SEP] ional bradycardia, unrecordable blood pressure, and then became asystolic. He was resuscitated with high dose (13.5 g) intravenous calciu


calcium [SEP] stolic. He was resuscitated with high dose (13.5 g) intravenous calcium and adrenaline (epinephrine). He required inotropic support and


adrenaline [SEP] as resuscitated with high dose (13.5 g) intravenous calcium and adrenaline (epinephrine). He required inotropic support and temporary paci

Epinephrine [SEP] The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes


epinephrine [SEP] ted with high dose (13.5 g) intravenous calcium and adrenaline (epinephrine). He required inotropic support and temporary pacing over the n


asystole [SEP] py in severe diltiazem overdose, particularly with the onset of asystole. It should be considered early in cases of cardiac arrest after


cardiac arrest [SEP] he onset of asystole. It should be considered early in cases of cardiac arrest after diltiazem overdose. The case also highlights the problems


toxicity [SEP] em overdose. The case also highlights the problems with delayed toxicity when whole bowel irrigation is not administered.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions [SEP] Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chem


Renal papillary necrosis [SEP] Renal papillary necrosis due to naproxen.

Kidney Papillary Necrosis [SEP] A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this ar


naproxen [SEP] Renal papillary necrosis due to naproxen.

Naproxen [SEP] An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatmen


rheumatoid arthritis [SEP] A 31-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis, who had previously been treated with sulindac, fenoprofen calc

Arthritis, Rheumatoid [SEP] A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular stru


sulindac [SEP] with rheumatoid arthritis, who had previously been treated with sulindac, fenoprofen calcium, high dose salicylates and gold salts, deve

Sulindac [SEP] A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the p


fenoprofen calcium [SEP] atoid arthritis, who had previously been treated with sulindac, fenoprofen calcium, high dose salicylates and gold salts, developed renal papillar

Fenoprofen [SEP] An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic highly bound to plasma proteins. It is pharmacologically similar to ASPIRIN, but


salicylates [SEP] ously been treated with sulindac, fenoprofen calcium, high dose salicylates and gold salts, developed renal papillary necrosis (RPN) 4 mont

Salicylates [SEP] The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and


gold [SEP] ed with sulindac, fenoprofen calcium, high dose salicylates and gold salts, developed renal papillary necrosis (RPN) 4 months after

Gold [SEP] A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating


renal papillary necrosis [SEP] profen calcium, high dose salicylates and gold salts, developed renal papillary necrosis (RPN) 4 months after institution of naproxen therapy. No other


RPN [SEP] salicylates and gold salts, developed renal papillary necrosis (RPN) 4 months after institution of naproxen therapy. No other facto


naproxen [SEP] ed renal papillary necrosis (RPN) 4 months after institution of naproxen therapy. No other factor predisposing to RPN could be discovere


Sulindac [SEP] erapy. No other factor predisposing to RPN could be discovered. Sulindac was substituted for naproxen and no further adverse renal effec


renal toxicity [SEP] ossible advantages of sulindac in patients who have experienced renal toxicity from other antiinflammatory agents.

Kidney Diseases [SEP] Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.


beta-adrenergic blocking drugs [SEP] Adverse interaction between beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and verapamil--report of three cases.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists [SEP] Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adren


verapamil [SEP] Adverse interaction between beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and verapamil--report of three cases.

Verapamil [SEP] A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.


ischaemic heart disease [SEP] Three patients with ischaemic heart disease developed profound cardiac failure, hypotension and bradycardia

Myocardial Ischemia [SEP] A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may


cardiac failure [SEP] Three patients with ischaemic heart disease developed profound cardiac failure, hypotension and bradycardia during combined therapy with verap

Heart Failure [SEP] A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Hear


hypotension [SEP] ith ischaemic heart disease developed profound cardiac failure, hypotension and bradycardia during combined therapy with verapamil and beta

Hypotension [SEP] Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DI


bradycardia [SEP] art disease developed profound cardiac failure, hypotension and bradycardia during combined therapy with verapamil and beta-adrenergic bloc


verapamil [SEP] ilure, hypotension and bradycardia during combined therapy with verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. This clinical picture resol


beta-adrenergic blocking drugs [SEP] sion and bradycardia during combined therapy with verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. This clinical picture resolved completely with cessation of th


bendrofluazide [SEP] Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Report

Bendroflumethiazide [SEP] A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial


propranolol [SEP] Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Report of Medical Resea

Propranolol [SEP] A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; A


hypertension [SEP] ons to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Report of Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild to Mo

Hypertension [SEP] Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is c


Hypertension [SEP] t of Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension.


hypertension [SEP] ipants in the Medical Research Council treatment trial for mild hypertension are randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: bendrof


bendrofluazide [SEP] tension are randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: bendrofluazide, propranolol, or a placebo for either of these drugs. The trial


propranolol [SEP] omly allocated to one of four treatment groups: bendrofluazide, propranolol, or a placebo for either of these drugs. The trial is single-bl


impotence [SEP] esults show an association between bendrofluazide treatment and impotence, and impotence also occurred more frequently in patients taking

Erectile Dysfunction [SEP] The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.


impaired glucose tolerance [SEP] dverse reactions significantly linked with active drugs include impaired glucose tolerance in men and women and gout in men, associated with bendrofluazid

Glucose Intolerance [SEP] A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above appro


gout [SEP] e drugs include impaired glucose tolerance in men and women and gout in men, associated with bendrofluazide treatment, and Raynaud's

Gout [SEP] Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and ar


Raynaud's phenomenon [SEP]  and gout in men, associated with bendrofluazide treatment, and Raynaud's phenomenon and dyspnoea in men and women taking propranolol. No corneal di

Raynaud Disease [SEP] An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS


dyspnoea [SEP] ted with bendrofluazide treatment, and Raynaud's phenomenon and dyspnoea in men and women taking propranolol. No corneal disease is know

Dyspnea [SEP] Difficult or labored breathing.


corneal disease [SEP] phenomenon and dyspnoea in men and women taking propranolol. No corneal disease is known to have occurred in the propranolol group. Mean serum

Corneal Diseases [SEP] Diseases of the cornea.


potassium [SEP]  is known to have occurred in the propranolol group. Mean serum potassium level fell, and urea and uric acid levels rose, in men and wome

Potassium [SEP] An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cat


urea [SEP]  in the propranolol group. Mean serum potassium level fell, and urea and uric acid levels rose, in men and women taking bendrofluazi

Urea [SEP] A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of prote


uric acid [SEP] ropranolol group. Mean serum potassium level fell, and urea and uric acid levels rose, in men and women taking bendrofluazide. In the pro

Uric Acid [SEP] An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product o


Dexmedetomidine [SEP] Dexmedetomidine and cardiac protection for non-cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis

Dexmedetomidine [SEP] A imidazole derivative that is an agonist of ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. It is closely-related to MEDETOMIDINE, which is the r


dexmedetomidine [SEP] We conducted a systematic review of the effects of dexmedetomidine on cardiac outcomes following non-cardiac surgery. We included


Dexmedetomidine [SEP] entified, 20 were included in the meta-analysis (840 patients). Dexmedetomidine was associated with a trend towards improved cardiac outcomes;


myocardial infarction [SEP] ause mortality (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.01-7.13, p = 0.44), non-fatal myocardial infarction (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.04-1.60, p = 0.14), and myocardial ischaemia

Myocardial Infarction [SEP] NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).


myocardial ischaemia [SEP] yocardial infarction (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.04-1.60, p = 0.14), and myocardial ischaemia (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.26-1.63, p = 0.36). Peri-operative hypotensi

Myocardial Ischemia [SEP] A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may


hypotension [SEP] ischaemia (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.26-1.63, p = 0.36). Peri-operative hypotension (26%, OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.91-7.54, p = 0.0001) and bradycardia (1


bradycardia [SEP] ve hypotension (26%, OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.91-7.54, p = 0.0001) and bradycardia (17%, OR 5.45, 95% CI 2.98-9.95, p < 0.00001) were significantl

Bradycardia [SEP] Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. Th


creatine [SEP] Differential diagnosis of high serum creatine kinase levels in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Creatine [SEP] An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Cr


systemic lupus erythematosus [SEP] Differential diagnosis of high serum creatine kinase levels in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic [SEP] A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by


chloroquine [SEP] inical and bioptic findings for a 57-year-old woman with severe chloroquine-induced myopathy. Since 1989, she had been suffering from syste

Chloroquine [SEP] The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arth


myopathy [SEP] indings for a 57-year-old woman with severe chloroquine-induced myopathy. Since 1989, she had been suffering from systemic lupus erythem

Muscular Diseases [SEP] Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.


systemic lupus erythematosus [SEP] quine-induced myopathy. Since 1989, she had been suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with renal involvement and undergone periods of treatment


SLE [SEP] 1989, she had been suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with renal involvement and undergone periods of treatment with


renal involvement [SEP] had been suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with renal involvement and undergone periods of treatment with azathioprine and cyclop

Kidney Diseases [SEP] Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.


azathioprine [SEP]  with renal involvement and undergone periods of treatment with azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. Additional therapy with chloroquine (CQ)

Azathioprine [SEP] An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthr


cyclophosphamide [SEP] vement and undergone periods of treatment with azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. Additional therapy with chloroquine (CQ) was started because o

Cyclophosphamide [SEP] Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to fo


CQ [SEP] rine and cyclophosphamide. Additional therapy with chloroquine (CQ) was started because of arthralgia. At the same time, slightly


arthralgia [SEP] Additional therapy with chloroquine (CQ) was started because of arthralgia. At the same time, slightly increased creatine kinase (CK) leve

Arthralgia [SEP] Pain in the joint.


creatine [SEP] ted because of arthralgia. At the same time, slightly increased creatine kinase (CK) levels were noted. Myositis was suspected, and the


Myositis [SEP] ime, slightly increased creatine kinase (CK) levels were noted. Myositis was suspected, and the patient was treated with steroids. The C

Myositis [SEP] Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.


steroids [SEP] noted. Myositis was suspected, and the patient was treated with steroids. The CK increase persisted, however, and she developed progress

Steroids [SEP] A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precurso


muscular weakness [SEP] e CK increase persisted, however, and she developed progressive muscular weakness and muscular atrophy. Routine controls revealed markedly elevat

Muscle Weakness [SEP] A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be character


muscular atrophy [SEP] d, however, and she developed progressive muscular weakness and muscular atrophy. Routine controls revealed markedly elevated CK levels of 1,700

Muscular Atrophy [SEP] Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, pr


myositis [SEP] rological and electrophysiological findings were not typical of myositis. Thus, muscle biopsy of the deltoid muscle was performed in ord


polymyositis [SEP]  biopsy of the deltoid muscle was performed in order to exclude polymyositis or toxic myopathy. As it revealed chloroquine-induced myopathy,

Polymyositis [SEP] Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated wi


affection of the musculoskeletal system [SEP] ication was stopped. Discriminating between primary SLE-induced affection of the musculoskeletal system and drug-induced side effects is important for appropriate trea

Musculoskeletal Diseases [SEP] Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collect


ribavirin [SEP] Intravenous ribavirin treatment for severe adenovirus disease in immunocompromised ch

Ribavirin [SEP] A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.


adenovirus disease [SEP] Intravenous ribavirin treatment for severe adenovirus disease in immunocompromised children.

Adenoviridae Infections [SEP] Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.


adenovirus disease [SEP] ortality in the immunocompromised host. The incidence of severe adenovirus disease in pediatrics is increasing in association with growing numbers


ribavirin [SEP] ports and small series. Experience is greatest with intravenous ribavirin and cidofovir. Ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, has broad antiv


cidofovir [SEP] l series. Experience is greatest with intravenous ribavirin and cidofovir. Ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, has broad antiviral activity

cidofovir [SEP]


Ribavirin [SEP] xperience is greatest with intravenous ribavirin and cidofovir. Ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, has broad antiviral activity against bot


guanosine [SEP] greatest with intravenous ribavirin and cidofovir. Ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, has broad antiviral activity against both RNA and DNA

Guanosine [SEP] A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid


respiratory syncytial virus infection [SEP] tro. Ribavirin is licensed in aerosol form for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection, and orally in combination with interferon to treat hepatitis C

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections [SEP] Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats


hepatitis C [SEP] s infection, and orally in combination with interferon to treat hepatitis C. Intravenous ribavirin is the treatment of choice for infection

Hepatitis C [SEP] INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 day


infection with hemorrhagic fever viruses [SEP] patitis C. Intravenous ribavirin is the treatment of choice for infection with hemorrhagic fever viruses. The most common adverse effect of intravenous ribavirin is rev

Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral [SEP] A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability


anemia [SEP] mmon adverse effect of intravenous ribavirin is reversible mild anemia. The use of cidofovir in severe adenovirus infection has been l

Anemia [SEP] A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.


adenovirus infection [SEP] virin is reversible mild anemia. The use of cidofovir in severe adenovirus infection has been limited by adverse effects, the most significant of wh


nephrotoxicity [SEP] en limited by adverse effects, the most significant of which is nephrotoxicity. OBJECTIVE: We report our experience with intravenous ribavirin


hemorrhagic [SEP] avenous ribavirin is the treatment of choice for infection with hemorrhagic fever viruses. The most common adverse effect of intravenous ri

Hemorrhage [SEP] Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.


cystitis [SEP] enovirus disease. Two patients developed adenovirus hemorrhagic cystitis after cardiac and bone marrow transplants, respectively. The bo

Cystitis [SEP] Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful


adenovirus [SEP] ortality in the immunocompromised host. The incidence of severe adenovirus disease in pediatrics is increasing in association with growing


pneumonia [SEP] eminated disease. An additional 3 children developed adenovirus pneumonia; 2 were neonates, 1 of whom had partial DiGeorge syndrome. The

Pneumonia, Viral [SEP] Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.


DiGeorge syndrome [SEP] ed adenovirus pneumonia; 2 were neonates, 1 of whom had partial DiGeorge syndrome. The remaining infant had recently undergone a cardiac transpla

DiGeorge Syndrome [SEP] Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLAN


progressive renal failure [SEP] well tolerated. Use of cidofovir in 1 child was associated with progressive renal failure and neutropenia. DISCUSSION: Our series of patients is represen

Acute Kidney Injury [SEP] Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney


neutropenia [SEP] ir in 1 child was associated with progressive renal failure and neutropenia. DISCUSSION: Our series of patients is representative of the sp

Neutropenia [SEP] A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.


immunodeficiency [SEP]  bone marrow transplant recipients, neonates, and children with immunodeficiency. Although intravenous ribavirin was not effective for all child

Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes [SEP] Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.


infection [SEP] n aerosol form for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection, and orally in combination with interferon to treat hepatitis C

Infection [SEP] Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.


Hepatotoxicity [SEP] Hepatotoxicity of amiodarone.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury [SEP] A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug


amiodarone [SEP] Hepatotoxicity of amiodarone.

Amiodarone [SEP] An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibitin


Amiodarone [SEP] Amiodarone has proved very effective in the treatment of otherwise resista


tachyarrhythmias [SEP]  very effective in the treatment of otherwise resistant cardiac tachyarrhythmias. The use of amiodarone has, however, been limited due to its se

Tachycardia [SEP] Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturba


amiodarone [SEP] ent of otherwise resistant cardiac tachyarrhythmias. The use of amiodarone has, however, been limited due to its serious side-effects. A p


cholestatic [SEP] r, been limited due to its serious side-effects. A patient with cholestatic hepatitis due to amiodarone treatment is presented below and a

Cholestasis [SEP] Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EX


hepatitis [SEP] ted due to its serious side-effects. A patient with cholestatic hepatitis due to amiodarone treatment is presented below and a review of


hepatotoxicity [SEP]  to amiodarone treatment is presented below and a review of the hepatotoxicity of amiodarone is given. It is concluded that solid evidence exi


hepatic injury [SEP] odarone is given. It is concluded that solid evidence exists of hepatic injury due to amiodarone treatment, including steatosis, alterations r


steatosis [SEP] exists of hepatic injury due to amiodarone treatment, including steatosis, alterations resembling alcoholic hepatitis, cholestatic hepati

Fatty Liver [SEP] Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usua


alcoholic hepatitis [SEP] iodarone treatment, including steatosis, alterations resembling alcoholic hepatitis, cholestatic hepatitis and micronodular cirrhosis of the liver.

Hepatitis, Alcoholic [SEP] INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and


cirrhosis of the liver [SEP] ing alcoholic hepatitis, cholestatic hepatitis and micronodular cirrhosis of the liver. Patients receiving amiodarone should be regularly screened wit

Liver Cirrhosis [SEP] Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably


cholestatic injury [SEP] zyme levels. Therapy should be discontinued on the suspicion of cholestatic injury or hepatomegaly.


hepatomegaly [SEP] hould be discontinued on the suspicion of cholestatic injury or hepatomegaly.

Hepatomegaly [SEP] Enlargement of the liver.


Catalepsy [SEP] Catalepsy induced by combinations of ketamine and morphine: potentiation,

Catalepsy [SEP] A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. Th


ketamine [SEP] Catalepsy induced by combinations of ketamine and morphine: potentiation, antagonism, tolerance and cross-tol

Ketamine [SEP] A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can bl


morphine [SEP] Catalepsy induced by combinations of ketamine and morphine: potentiation, antagonism, tolerance and cross-tolerance in the

Morphine [SEP] The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central


ketamine [SEP] Previous studies demonstrated that both ketamine and morphine induced analgesia and catalepsy in the rat. Pre-tr


morphine [SEP] Previous studies demonstrated that both ketamine and morphine induced analgesia and catalepsy in the rat. Pre-treatment with


analgesia [SEP] us studies demonstrated that both ketamine and morphine induced analgesia and catalepsy in the rat. Pre-treatment with ketamine produced

Pain Insensitivity, Congenital [SEP] A syndrome characterized by indifference to PAIN despite the ability to distinguish noxious from non-noxious stimuli. Absent cor


catalepsy [SEP] onstrated that both ketamine and morphine induced analgesia and catalepsy in the rat. Pre-treatment with ketamine produced cross-toleranc


cataleptic [SEP] not induce cross-tolerance to ketamine but rather augmented the cataleptic response; this augmentation was attributed to residual morphine


rigidity [SEP] tive doses of morphine. Latency to the loss of righting reflex, rigidity and behavior on recovery, reflected the relative predominance o

Muscle Rigidity [SEP] Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected m


Naloxone [SEP] ative predominance of ketamine or morphine in each combination. Naloxone inhibited the induced cataleptic effects. The degree and time c

Naloxone [SEP] A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid recepto


naloxone [SEP] r, asymmetry of cross-tolerance and a widely-different ID50 for naloxone would argue against an action at a single opioid site.


Acute renal failure [SEP] Acute renal failure in patients with AIDS on tenofovir while receiving prolonged va

Acute Kidney Injury [SEP] Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney


AIDS [SEP] Acute renal failure in patients with AIDS on tenofovir while receiving prolonged vancomycin course for os

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome [SEP] An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-ly


tenofovir [SEP] Acute renal failure in patients with AIDS on tenofovir while receiving prolonged vancomycin course for osteomyelitis.

tenofovir [SEP]


vancomycin [SEP] re in patients with AIDS on tenofovir while receiving prolonged vancomycin course for osteomyelitis.

Vancomycin [SEP] Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wal


osteomyelitis [SEP] DS on tenofovir while receiving prolonged vancomycin course for osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis [SEP]


Renal failure [SEP] Renal failure developed after a prolonged course of vancomycin therapy in 2 p

Renal Insufficiency [SEP] Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain


vancomycin [SEP] Renal failure developed after a prolonged course of vancomycin therapy in 2 patients who were receiving tenofovir disoproxil f


tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [SEP] d course of vancomycin therapy in 2 patients who were receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate as part of an antiretroviral regimen. Tenofovir has been implic

tenofovir disoproxil [SEP]


Tenofovir [SEP] fovir disoproxil fumarate as part of an antiretroviral regimen. Tenofovir has been implicated in the development of Fanconi syndrome and

tenofovir [SEP]


Fanconi syndrome [SEP] al regimen. Tenofovir has been implicated in the development of Fanconi syndrome and renal insufficiency because of its effects on the proximal

Fanconi Syndrome [SEP] A hereditary or acquired form of generalized dysfunction of the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE without primary involvement of the KIDNEY


renal insufficiency [SEP]  has been implicated in the development of Fanconi syndrome and renal insufficiency because of its effects on the proximal renal tubule. Vancomycin


Vancomycin [SEP] ufficiency because of its effects on the proximal renal tubule. Vancomycin nephrotoxicity is infrequent but may result from coadministrati


nephrotoxicity [SEP] because of its effects on the proximal renal tubule. Vancomycin nephrotoxicity is infrequent but may result from coadministration with a nephr

Kidney Diseases [SEP] Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.


nephrotoxic [SEP] because of its effects on the proximal renal tubule. Vancomycin nephrotoxicity is infrequent but may result from coadministration with a ne


tenofovir [SEP] d course of vancomycin therapy in 2 patients who were receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate as part of an antiretroviral regimen. Tenof

tenofovir [SEP]


renal failure [SEP] Clinicians should be aware that tenofovir may raise the risk of renal failure during prolonged administration of vancomycin.


leukoencephalopathy [SEP] Delayed leukoencephalopathy with stroke-like presentation in chemotherapy recipients.

Leukoencephalopathies [SEP] Any of various diseases affecting the white matter of the central nervous system.


stroke [SEP] Delayed leukoencephalopathy with stroke-like presentation in chemotherapy recipients.

Stroke [SEP] A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA o


leukoencephalopathy [SEP] BACKGROUND: A transient leukoencephalopathy mimicking cerebrovascular accident has been described as a comp


cerebrovascular accident [SEP] BACKGROUND: A transient leukoencephalopathy mimicking cerebrovascular accident has been described as a complication of chemotherapy, most comm

Cerebral Infarction [SEP] The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of th


methotrexate [SEP] ion of chemotherapy, most commonly in recipients of intrathecal methotrexate for childhood leukaemia. Recently published neuroimaging data s

Methotrexate [SEP] An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and pre


leukaemia [SEP] ommonly in recipients of intrathecal methotrexate for childhood leukaemia. Recently published neuroimaging data suggest a common pathophy

Leukemia [SEP] A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukoc


stroke [SEP]  for single reports and case series of patients presenting with stroke-like episodes while receiving systemic or intrathecal chemother


cerebrovascular accidents [SEP] ded studies providing detailed neuroimaging data. Patients with cerebrovascular accidents were excluded. RESULTS: We identified 27 reports of toxic leuko


5-fluorouracil [SEP]  in patients treated with methotrexate (intrathecal, systemic), 5-fluorouracil and its derivative carmofur, and capecitabine. Diffusion weight

Fluorouracil [SEP] A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTH


carmofur [SEP] xate (intrathecal, systemic), 5-fluorouracil and its derivative carmofur, and capecitabine. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) of all pati

1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil [SEP]


capecitabine [SEP] cal, systemic), 5-fluorouracil and its derivative carmofur, and capecitabine. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) of all patients revealed well

capecitabine [SEP]


lesions within the subcortical white matter [SEP] ing (DWI) of all patients revealed well demarcated hyperintense lesions within the subcortical white matter of the cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum, correspond


white matter abnormalities [SEP] rsion recovery (FLAIR) sequences frequently revealed persistent white matter abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Several pathophysiological models of delayed leuk


cytotoxic oedema within cerebral white matter [SEP] ve been proposed. DWI findings in this cohort are indicative of cytotoxic oedema within cerebral white matter and lend support to an at least partially reversible metabolic

Brain Edema [SEP] Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular f


norepinephrine [SEP] Down-regulation of norepinephrine transporter function induced by chronic administration of desip

Norepinephrine [SEP] Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Nor


desipramine [SEP] hrine transporter function induced by chronic administration of desipramine linking to the alteration of sensitivity of local-anesthetics-i

Desipramine [SEP] A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine


convulsions [SEP] g to the alteration of sensitivity of local-anesthetics-induced convulsions and the counteraction by co-administration with local anestheti

Seizures [SEP] Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of br


norepinephrine [SEP] Alterations of norepinephrine transporter (NET) function by chronic inhibition of NET in rela


seizures [SEP] on by chronic inhibition of NET in relation to sensitization to seizures induce by cocaine and local anesthetics were studied in mice. D


cocaine [SEP] ition of NET in relation to sensitization to seizures induce by cocaine and local anesthetics were studied in mice. Daily administratio

Cocaine [SEP] An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinic


desipramine [SEP] local anesthetics were studied in mice. Daily administration of desipramine, an inhibitor of the NET, for 5 days decreased [(3)H]norepineph


lidocaine [SEP] pus but not cortex, striatum or amygdalae. Co-administration of lidocaine, bupivacaine or tricaine with desipramine reversed this effect.

Lidocaine [SEP] A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more pro


bupivacaine [SEP]  cortex, striatum or amygdalae. Co-administration of lidocaine, bupivacaine or tricaine with desipramine reversed this effect. Daily treatm

Bupivacaine [SEP] A widely used local anesthetic agent.


tricaine [SEP] um or amygdalae. Co-administration of lidocaine, bupivacaine or tricaine with desipramine reversed this effect. Daily treatment of cocai

tricaine [SEP]


convulsions [SEP] mine increased the incidence of appearance of lidocaine-induced convulsions and decreased that of cocaine-induced convulsions. Co-administr


convulsive [SEP] istration of lidocaine with desipramine reversed the changes of convulsive activity of lidocaine and cocaine induced by repeated administr


Na [SEP] e-induced sensitization of lidocaine convulsions. Inhibition of Na(+) channels by local anesthetics may regulate desipramine-induc

Sodium [SEP] A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.


Desipramine [SEP] n of cocaine induces up-regulation of hippocampal NET function. Desipramine-induced sensitization of lidocaine seizures may have a mechanis


anemia [SEP] Definition and management of anemia in patients infected with hepatitis C virus.

Anemia [SEP] A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.


infected with hepatitis C virus [SEP] Definition and management of anemia in patients infected with hepatitis C virus.

Hepatitis C [SEP] INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 day


Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus [SEP] Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) can progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and

Hepatitis C, Chronic [SEP] INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead


cirrhosis [SEP] Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) can progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and end-stage liver disease. The cur

Fibrosis [SEP] Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other


hepatocellular carcinoma [SEP] fection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) can progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and end-stage liver disease. The current best treatment for HC

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular [SEP] A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indisti


end-stage liver disease [SEP]  (HCV) can progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and end-stage liver disease. The current best treatment for HCV infection is combination th

End Stage Liver Disease [SEP] Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.


HCV infection [SEP] ma, and end-stage liver disease. The current best treatment for HCV infection is combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin.


interferon [SEP] eatment for HCV infection is combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Although this regimen produces sustained virolog

Interferons [SEP] Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different v


ribavirin [SEP]  infection is combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Although this regimen produces sustained virologic responses (

Ribavirin [SEP] A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.


hemolytic anemia [SEP] patients, it can be associated with a potentially dose-limiting hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobin concentrations decrease mainly as a result of ribav

Anemia, Hemolytic [SEP] A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red bl


hemolysis [SEP] concentrations decrease mainly as a result of ribavirin-induced hemolysis, and this anemia can be problematic in patients with HCV infect

Hemolysis [SEP] The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and change


anemia [SEP] it can be associated with a potentially dose-limiting hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobin concentrations decrease mainly as a result of ribav


cardiovascular disorders [SEP] with HCV infection, especially those who have comorbid renal or cardiovascular disorders. In general, anemia can increase the risk of morbidity and mort

Cardiovascular Diseases [SEP] Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.


Viramidine [SEP] avirin-associated anemia but has other potential disadvantages. Viramidine, a liver-targeting prodrug of ribavirin, has the potential to m

ribavirin amidine [SEP]


chronic hepatitis C [SEP]  while decreasing the risk of hemolytic anemia in patients with chronic hepatitis C.


Calcium carbonate [SEP] Calcium carbonate toxicity: the updated milk-alkali syndrome; report of 3 cases a

Calcium Carbonate [SEP] Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically a


toxicity [SEP] Calcium carbonate toxicity: the updated milk-alkali syndrome; report of 3 cases and review

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions [SEP] Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chem


milk-alkali syndrome [SEP] Calcium carbonate toxicity: the updated milk-alkali syndrome; report of 3 cases and review of the literature.

Hypercalcemia [SEP] Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.


calcium carbonate [SEP] OBJECTIVE: To describe 3 patients with calcium carbonate-induced hypercalcemia and gain insights into the cause and mana


hypercalcemia [SEP] BJECTIVE: To describe 3 patients with calcium carbonate-induced hypercalcemia and gain insights into the cause and management of the milk-alk


milk-alkali syndrome [SEP] calcemia and gain insights into the cause and management of the milk-alkali syndrome. METHODS: We report the clinical and laboratory data in 3 patie


calcium [SEP] OBJECTIVE: To describe 3 patients with calcium carbonate-induced hypercalcemia and gain insights into the caus

Calcium [SEP] A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic sym


acute renal insufficiency [SEP] literature on milk-alkali syndrome. RESULTS: The 3 patients had acute renal insufficiency, relative metabolic alkalosis, and low parathyroid hormone (PTH

Acute Kidney Injury [SEP] Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney


metabolic alkalosis [SEP] RESULTS: The 3 patients had acute renal insufficiency, relative metabolic alkalosis, and low parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH-related peptide, and 1,

Alkalosis [SEP] A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.


1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [SEP] is, and low parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH-related peptide, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations. No malignant lesion was found. Treatment includ

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [SEP]


furosemide [SEP] . Treatment included aggressive hydration and varied amounts of furosemide. The 2 patients with the higher serum calcium concentrations re

Furosemide [SEP] A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFF


pamidronate [SEP]  patients with the higher serum calcium concentrations received pamidronate intravenously (60 and 30 mg, respectively), which caused severe

pamidronate [SEP]


hypocalcemia [SEP] intravenously (60 and 30 mg, respectively), which caused severe hypocalcemia. Of the 3 patients, 2 were ingesting acceptable doses of elemen

Hypocalcemia [SEP] Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle an


Milk-alkali syndrome [SEP] he cases reported from early 1995 to November 2003. CONCLUSION: Milk-alkali syndrome may be a common cause of unexplained hypercalcemia and can be p


vitamin D [SEP] rathyroid hormone (PTH), PTH-related peptide, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations. No malignant lesion was found. Treatment includ

Vitamin D [SEP] A vitamin that includes both CHOLECALCIFEROLS and ERGOCALCIFEROLS, which have the common effect of preventing or curing RICKETS


Pamidronate [SEP] iscontinuation of the calcium and vitamin D source is adequate. Pamidronate treatment is associated with considerable risk for hypocalcemia

pamidronate [SEP]


ribavirin [SEP] Management strategies for ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C: clini


hemolytic anemia [SEP] Management strategies for ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C: clinical and economic implicat


hepatitis C [SEP] gies for ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C: clinical and economic implications.

Hepatitis C [SEP] INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 day


ribavirin [SEP] fectiveness of combination therapy with interferon and alpha-2b/ribavirin compared with interferon-alpha monotherapy in the treatment of


interferon-alpha [SEP] on therapy with interferon and alpha-2b/ribavirin compared with interferon-alpha monotherapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Comb

Interferon-alpha [SEP] One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity


chronic hepatitis C [SEP]  compared with interferon-alpha monotherapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Combination therapy is associated with a clinically impo

Hepatitis C, Chronic [SEP] INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead


CHC [SEP] eron-alpha monotherapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Combination therapy is associated with a clinically important


hemolytic anemia [SEP] d with a clinically important adverse effect: ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia (RIHA). The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct


RIHA [SEP] y important adverse effect: ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia (RIHA). The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct health


amine [SEP] Effects of amine pretreatment on ketamine catatonia in pinealectomized or hypoph

Amines [SEP] A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dic


ketamine [SEP] Effects of amine pretreatment on ketamine catatonia in pinealectomized or hypophysectomized animals.

Ketamine [SEP] A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can bl


catatonia [SEP] Effects of amine pretreatment on ketamine catatonia in pinealectomized or hypophysectomized animals.

Catatonia [SEP] A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (ac


catecholamines [SEP] The present studies were designed to clarify the role of catecholamines and pineal idolamines on ketamine-induced catatonia in the inta

Catecholamines [SEP] A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.


ketamine [SEP]  to clarify the role of catecholamines and pineal idolamines on ketamine-induced catatonia in the intact, pinealectomized or hypophysect


catatonia [SEP] ole of catecholamines and pineal idolamines on ketamine-induced catatonia in the intact, pinealectomized or hypophysectomized chick and r


dopamine [SEP]  chick and rat. In the pinealectomized chick, pretreatment with dopamine increased the duration of catatonia (DOC) after ketamine, but p

Dopamine [SEP] One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and


norepinephrine [SEP] ration of catatonia (DOC) after ketamine, but pretreatment with norepinephrine did not. The pineal indolamines exhibited mixed actions. Seroto

Norepinephrine [SEP] Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Nor


Serotonin [SEP] phrine did not. The pineal indolamines exhibited mixed actions. Serotonin and N-acetyl serotonin which augmented ketamine DOC, did not do

Serotonin [SEP] A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily i


N-acetyl serotonin [SEP] . The pineal indolamines exhibited mixed actions. Serotonin and N-acetyl serotonin which augmented ketamine DOC, did not do so in the absence of t

N-acetylserotonin [SEP]


melatonin [SEP]  DOC, did not do so in the absence of the pineal gland, whereas melatonin potentiated the ketamine DOC in both the intact and pinealectom

Melatonin [SEP] A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion incre


Ketamine [SEP]  the ketamine DOC in both the intact and pinealectomized chick. Ketamine was more potent in the hypophysectomized chick and the circadia


amines [SEP] he present studies were designed to clarify the role of catecholamines and pineal idolamines on ketamine-induced catatonia in the inta


azelastine [SEP] nd, multiple-dose, parallel-groups efficacy and safety trial of azelastine, chlorpheniramine, and placebo in the treatment of spring aller

azelastine [SEP]


chlorpheniramine [SEP] -dose, parallel-groups efficacy and safety trial of azelastine, chlorpheniramine, and placebo in the treatment of spring allergic rhinitis.

Chlorpheniramine [SEP] A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veter


spring allergic rhinitis [SEP] f azelastine, chlorpheniramine, and placebo in the treatment of spring allergic rhinitis.

Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal [SEP] Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCH


Azelastine [SEP] Azelastine, a novel antiallergic medication, was compared with chlorphenir

azelastine [SEP]


chlorpheniramine maleate [SEP] Azelastine, a novel antiallergic medication, was compared with chlorpheniramine maleate and placebo for efficacy and safety in the treatment of spring


spring allergic rhinitis [SEP] maleate and placebo for efficacy and safety in the treatment of spring allergic rhinitis in a multicenter, double-blind, multiple-dose, parallel-groups


azelastine [SEP] ing aeroallergens. Medications were given four times daily; the azelastine groups received 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg in the morning and evening

azelastine [SEP]


chlorpheniramine [SEP] Azelastine, a novel antiallergic medication, was compared with chlorpheniramine maleate and placebo for efficacy and safety in the treatment of


Drowsiness [SEP] re were no serious side effects in any of the treatment groups. Drowsiness and altered taste perception were increased significantly over

Disorders of Excessive Somnolence [SEP] Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include pr


altered taste perception [SEP] ous side effects in any of the treatment groups. Drowsiness and altered taste perception were increased significantly over placebo only in the high-dose

Taste Disorders [SEP] Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with OL


seasonal allergic rhinitis [SEP] up. Azelastine appears to be a safe, efficacious medication for seasonal allergic rhinitis.


hypercalcaemia [SEP] One case of acute hypercalcaemia and two of recurrent nephrolithiasis are reported in patients w

Hypercalcemia [SEP] Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.


nephrolithiasis [SEP] One case of acute hypercalcaemia and two of recurrent nephrolithiasis are reported in patients who had regularly consumed large amoun

Nephrolithiasis [SEP] Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.


calcium carbon-ate [SEP] eported in patients who had regularly consumed large amounts of calcium carbon-ate-sodium bicarbonate powders for more than 20 years. The powders

Calcium Carbonate [SEP] Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically a


sodium bicarbonate [SEP]  who had regularly consumed large amounts of calcium carbon-ate-sodium bicarbonate powders for more than 20 years. The powders had been obtained f

Sodium Bicarbonate [SEP] A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in


paralysis [SEP] Prolonged paralysis due to nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and cortic

Paralysis [SEP] A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level


nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents [SEP] Prolonged paralysis due to nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and corticosteroids.

Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents [SEP] Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate.


corticosteroids [SEP] alysis due to nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and corticosteroids.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones [SEP]


nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents [SEP] The long-term use of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (ND-NMBA) has recently been implicated as a cause of prolonged


ND-NMBA [SEP] long-term use of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (ND-NMBA) has recently been implicated as a cause of prolonged muscle we


muscle weakness [SEP]  (ND-NMBA) has recently been implicated as a cause of prolonged muscle weakness, although the site of the lesion and the predisposing factors h

Muscle Weakness [SEP] A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be character


respiratory insufficiency [SEP] been unclear. We report 3 patients (age 37-52 years) with acute respiratory insufficiency who developed prolonged weakness following the discontinuation

Respiratory Insufficiency [SEP] Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)


weakness [SEP] BA) has recently been implicated as a cause of prolonged muscle weakness, although the site of the lesion and the predisposing factors h


ND-NMBAs [SEP] o developed prolonged weakness following the discontinuation of ND-NMBAs. Two patients also received intravenous corticosteroids. Renal


corticosteroids [SEP] ontinuation of ND-NMBAs. Two patients also received intravenous corticosteroids. Renal function was normal but hepatic function was impaired in

Adrenal Cortex Hormones [SEP]


acidosis [SEP]  but hepatic function was impaired in all patients, and all had acidosis. Electrophysiologic studies revealed low amplitude compound mot

Acidosis [SEP] A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and me


vecuronium [SEP]  at 2 Hz showed a decremental response in 2 patients. The serum vecuronium level measured in 1 patient 14 days after the drug had been dis

Vecuronium Bromide [SEP] Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than panc


loss of thick, myosin filaments [SEP] continued was 172 ng/mL. A muscle biopsy in this patient showed loss of thick, myosin filaments. The weakness in these patients is due to pathology at both the

Muscular Diseases [SEP] Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.


pathology at both the neuromuscular junction [SEP] ick, myosin filaments. The weakness in these patients is due to pathology at both the neuromuscular junction (most likely due to ND-NMBA) and muscle (most likely due to cor

Neuromuscular Diseases [SEP] A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manif


Hepatic dysfunction [SEP] ue to ND-NMBA) and muscle (most likely due to corticosteroids). Hepatic dysfunction and acidosis are contributing risk factors.

Liver Diseases [SEP] Pathological processes of the LIVER.


Prostaglandin E2 [SEP] Prostaglandin E2-induced bladder hyperactivity in normal, conscious rats: involv

Dinoprostone [SEP] The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteris


bladder hyperactivity [SEP] Prostaglandin E2-induced bladder hyperactivity in normal, conscious rats: involvement of tachykinins?

Urinary Bladder, Overactive [SEP] Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overacti


tachykinins [SEP] bladder hyperactivity in normal, conscious rats: involvement of tachykinins?

Tachykinins [SEP] A family of biologically active peptides sharing a common conserved C-terminal sequence, -Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is eith


prostaglandin (PG) E2 [SEP] investigated by continuous cystometry, intravesically instilled prostaglandin (PG) E2 facilitated micturition and increased basal intravesical pressu


RP 67,580 [SEP] ct was attenuated by both the NK1 receptor selective antagonist RP 67,580 and the NK2 receptor selective antagonist SR 48,968, given intr

7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one [SEP]


SR 48,968 [SEP]  antagonist RP 67,580 and the NK2 receptor selective antagonist SR 48,968, given intra-arterially, suggesting that it was mediated by sti

SR 48968 [SEP]


PGE2 [SEP] imulation of both NK1 and NK2 receptors. Intra-arterially given PGE2 produced a distinct increase in bladder pressure before initiat


PG [SEP]  continuous cystometry, intravesically instilled prostaglandin (PG) E2 facilitated micturition and increased basal intravesical pr

Prostaglandins [SEP] A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway.


tachykinins [SEP] ven intravesically, PGE2 may stimulate micturition by releasing tachykinins from nerves in and/or immediately below the urothelium. These t


Prostanoids [SEP] iate a micturition reflex by stimulating NK1 and NK2 receptors. Prostanoids may, via release of tachykinins, contribute to both urge and bl


bladder hyperactivity [SEP] ds may, via release of tachykinins, contribute to both urge and bladder hyperactivity seen in inflammatory conditions of the lower urinary tract.


Thiazide [SEP] Thiazide diuretics, hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmias.

Thiazides [SEP] Heterocyclic compounds with SULFUR and NITROGEN in the ring. This term commonly refers to the BENZOTHIADIAZINES that inhibit SOD


hypokalemia [SEP] Thiazide diuretics, hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmias.

Hypokalemia [SEP] Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointest


cardiac arrhythmias [SEP] Thiazide diuretics, hypokalemia and cardiac arrhythmias.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac [SEP] Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by


Thiazide [SEP] Thiazide diuretics are widely accepted as the cornerstone of antihyperte


Hypokalemia [SEP] pted as the cornerstone of antihypertensive treatment programs. Hypokalemia is a commonly encountered metabolic consequence of chronic thia


thiazide [SEP] emia is a commonly encountered metabolic consequence of chronic thiazide therapy. We treated 38 patients (22 low renin, 16 normal renin)


diastolic hypertension [SEP] eated 38 patients (22 low renin, 16 normal renin) with moderate diastolic hypertension with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTC) administered on a twice daily s

Hypertension, Diastolic, Resistance to [SEP]


hydrochlorothiazide [SEP] nin, 16 normal renin) with moderate diastolic hypertension with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTC) administered on a twice daily schedule. Initial dose was

Hydrochlorothiazide [SEP] A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the


HCTC [SEP]  with moderate diastolic hypertension with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTC) administered on a twice daily schedule. Initial dose was 50 mg


K [SEP]  mg and 200 mg daily until blood pressure normalized. The serum K during the control period was 4.5 +/- 0.2 mEq/l an on 50, 100,

Potassium [SEP] An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cat


HCTZ [SEP] trol period was 4.5 +/- 0.2 mEq/l an on 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg HCTZ daily 3.9 +/- 0.3, 3.4 +/- 0.2, 2.9 +/- 0.2, and 2.4 +/- 0.3 mE


hypokalemia [SEP] han 0.001. In conclusion we found that thiazide diuretics cause hypokalemia and depletion of body potassium. The more profound hypokalemia,


potassium [SEP] that thiazide diuretics cause hypokalemia and depletion of body potassium. The more profound hypokalemia, the greater the propensity for


potassium [SEP] Diuretics, potassium and arrhythmias in hypertensive coronary disease.


arrhythmias [SEP] Diuretics, potassium and arrhythmias in hypertensive coronary disease.


hypertensive [SEP] Diuretics, potassium and arrhythmias in hypertensive coronary disease.

Hypertension [SEP] Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is c


coronary disease [SEP] Diuretics, potassium and arrhythmias in hypertensive coronary disease.

Coronary Disease [SEP] An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow


potassium [SEP] It has been proposed that modest changes in plasma potassium can alter the tendency towards cardiac arrhythmias. If this wer


cardiac arrhythmias [SEP] dest changes in plasma potassium can alter the tendency towards cardiac arrhythmias. If this were so, patients with coronary artery disease might b


coronary artery disease [SEP] ncy towards cardiac arrhythmias. If this were so, patients with coronary artery disease might be especially susceptible. Thus, myocardial electrical ex

Coronary Artery Disease [SEP] Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerot


hypertension [SEP] rical excitability was measured in patients with mild essential hypertension and known coronary artery disease after 8 weeks of treatment wi


amiloride [SEP] fter 8 weeks of treatment with a potassium-conserving diuretic (amiloride) and a similar period on a potassium-losing diuretic (chlorthal

Amiloride [SEP] A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a


chlorthalidone [SEP] amiloride) and a similar period on a potassium-losing diuretic (chlorthalidone) in a randomised study. Plasma potassium concentrations were on

Chlorthalidone [SEP] A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.


noradrenaline [SEP] e and volume states as assessed by bodyweight, plasma renin and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) concentrations were similar on the 2 regimens.

Norepinephrine [SEP] Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Nor


norepinephrine [SEP] ates as assessed by bodyweight, plasma renin and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) concentrations were similar on the 2 regimens. Compared to ami


ventricular ectopic beats [SEP] orthalidone phase was associated with an increased frequency of ventricular ectopic beats (24-hour Holter monitoring) and a higher Lown grading, increase

Ventricular Premature Complexes [SEP] A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature contractions of the HEART VENTRICLES. It is characterized by the premature QRS compl


ischaemic heart disease [SEP] an increase myocardial electrical excitability in patients with ischaemic heart disease, even minor falls in plasma potassium concentrations are probab

Myocardial Ischemia [SEP] A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may


GABA [SEP] GABA involvement in naloxone induced reversal of respiratory paralys

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid [SEP] The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.


naloxone [SEP] GABA involvement in naloxone induced reversal of respiratory paralysis produced by thiopenta

Naloxone [SEP] A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid recepto


respiratory paralysis [SEP] GABA involvement in naloxone induced reversal of respiratory paralysis produced by thiopental.

Respiratory Paralysis [SEP] Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with MOTOR NEURON DISEASES; PERIPHER


thiopental [SEP]  naloxone induced reversal of respiratory paralysis produced by thiopental.

Thiopental [SEP] A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anest


respiratory paralysis [SEP] No agent is yet available to reverse respiratory paralysis produced by CNS depressants, such as general anesthetics. In th


naloxone [SEP]  by CNS depressants, such as general anesthetics. In this study naloxone reversed respiratory paralysis induced by thiopental in rats. 2


thiopental [SEP] n this study naloxone reversed respiratory paralysis induced by thiopental in rats. 25 mg/kg, i.v. thiopental produced anesthesia without


GABA [SEP] roduced anesthesia without altering respiratory rate, increased GABA, decreased glutamate, and had no effect on aspartate or glycine


glutamate [SEP] ia without altering respiratory rate, increased GABA, decreased glutamate, and had no effect on aspartate or glycine levels compared to c

Glutamic Acid [SEP] A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in th


aspartate [SEP] rate, increased GABA, decreased glutamate, and had no effect on aspartate or glycine levels compared to controls in rat cortex and brain

Aspartic Acid [SEP] One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar ca


glycine [SEP] ed GABA, decreased glutamate, and had no effect on aspartate or glycine levels compared to controls in rat cortex and brain stem. Pretr

Glycine [SEP] A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also


thiosemicarbazide [SEP] ontrols in rat cortex and brain stem. Pretreatment of rats with thiosemicarbazide for 30 minutes abolished the anesthetic action as well as the r

thiosemicarbazide [SEP]


respiratory arrest [SEP] essant action of thiopental. 50 mg/kg, i.v. thiopental produced respiratory arrest with further increase in GABA and decrease in glutamate again i

Respiratory Insufficiency [SEP] Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)


amino acids [SEP] ate again in cortex and brain stem without affecting any of the amino acids studied in four regions of rat brain. Naloxone (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.

Amino Acids [SEP] Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits


Naloxone [SEP] ng any of the amino acids studied in four regions of rat brain. Naloxone (2.5 mg/kg, i.v.) reversed respiratory paralysis, glutamate and


infection by hepatitis B virus [SEP] National project on the prevention of mother-to-infant infection by hepatitis B virus in Japan.

Hepatitis B [SEP] INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transm


infection by hepatitis B virus [SEP] Japan, a nationwide prevention program against mother-to-infant infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) started in 1985. This program consists of double screenin


hepatitis B surface antigen [SEP] nt women and prophylactic treatment to the infants born to both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mothers. The

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens [SEP] Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several s


HBsAg [SEP] atment to the infants born to both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mothers. These infa


hepatitis B e antigen [SEP] he infants born to both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mothers. These infants are treated with two in

Hepatitis B e Antigens [SEP] A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic he


HBeAg [SEP]  hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive mothers. These infants are treated with two injection


hepatitis B [SEP] onwide prevention program against mother-to-infant infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) started in 1985. This program consists of double sc


hepatitis B vaccine [SEP] globulin (HBIG) and at least three injections of plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine. We sent questionnaires about the numbers of each procedure or

Hepatitis B Vaccines [SEP] Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated hepatitis B or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent hepa


prostaglandin D2 [SEP] Nociceptive effects induced by intrathecal administration of prostaglandin D2, E2, or F2 alpha to conscious mice.

Prostaglandin D2 [SEP] The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesize


prostaglandins [SEP] The effects of intrathecal administration of prostaglandins on pain responses in conscious mice were evaluated by using hot

Prostaglandins [SEP] A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway.


pain [SEP] The effects of intrathecal administration of prostaglandins on pain responses in conscious mice were evaluated by using hot plate a

Pain [SEP] An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.


acetic acid [SEP] sponses in conscious mice were evaluated by using hot plate and acetic acid writhing tests. Prostaglandin D2 (0.5-3 ng/mouse) had a hyperal

Acetic Acid [SEP] Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as


Prostaglandin D2 [SEP] re evaluated by using hot plate and acetic acid writhing tests. Prostaglandin D2 (0.5-3 ng/mouse) had a hyperalgesic action on the response to a


hyperalgesic [SEP] ic acid writhing tests. Prostaglandin D2 (0.5-3 ng/mouse) had a hyperalgesic action on the response to a hot plate during a 3-60 min period

Hyperalgesia [SEP] An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCIC