clonazepam [SEP]  steroids were considerably less potent than the benzodiazepine clonazepam in protecting against pilocarpine seizures, steroids with the 5

Clonazepam [SEP] An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absenc


seizure [SEP] ocarpine-, kainic acid- and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced seizures in mice. Steroids with the 3-hydroxy group in the alpha-positi

Seizures [SEP] Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of br


toxicity [SEP] dicating that some neuroactive steroids may have lower relative toxicity. Steroids with the 5 alpha,3 alpha- or 5 beta,3 alpha-configura

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions [SEP] Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chem


steroid [SEP] potent (ED50 values, 33.8-63.5, i.p.). Although the neuroactive steroids were considerably less potent than the benzodiazepine clonazep

Steroids [SEP] A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precurso


N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin [SEP] The safety and efficacy of combination N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (SC-48334) and zidovudine in patients with HIV-1 infection and

miglustat [SEP]


SC-48334 [SEP] he safety and efficacy of combination N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (SC-48334) and zidovudine in patients with HIV-1 infection and 200-500 CD

miglustat [SEP]


zidovudine [SEP] efficacy of combination N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (SC-48334) and zidovudine in patients with HIV-1 infection and 200-500 CD4 cells/mm3.

Zidovudine [SEP] A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modific


HIV-1 infection [SEP] tyl-deoxynojirimycin (SC-48334) and zidovudine in patients with HIV-1 infection and 200-500 CD4 cells/mm3.

HIV Infections [SEP] Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related


N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin [SEP] to evaluate the safety and activity of combination therapy with N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (SC-48334) (an alpha-glucosidase I inhibitor) and zidovudine ve

miglustat [SEP]


SC-48334 [SEP]  activity of combination therapy with N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (SC-48334) (an alpha-glucosidase I inhibitor) and zidovudine versus zidov

miglustat [SEP]


zidovudine [SEP] xynojirimycin (SC-48334) (an alpha-glucosidase I inhibitor) and zidovudine versus zidovudine alone. Patients with 200 to 500 CD4 cells/mm3


immunodeficiency [SEP] s/ml) was below the in vitro inhibitory concentration for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The mean increase in CD4 cells at week 4 was 73.8

Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes [SEP] Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.


Diarrhea [SEP] d five (45%) and two (14%) at week 24 (p = 0.08), respectively. Diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain, and weight loss were common for co

Diarrhea [SEP] An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of wa


flatulence [SEP] %) and two (14%) at week 24 (p = 0.08), respectively. Diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain, and weight loss were common for combination re

Flatulence [SEP] Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.


abdominal pain [SEP] 14%) at week 24 (p = 0.08), respectively. Diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain, and weight loss were common for combination recipients.(ABSTRA

Abdominal Pain [SEP] Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region; generally associated with functional disorders, tissue inju


weight loss [SEP]  0.08), respectively. Diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain, and weight loss were common for combination recipients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 2

Weight Loss [SEP] Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.


N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid [SEP] al and clinical studies with the thymidylate synthase inhibitor N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid (CB 3717).

CB 3717 [SEP]


CB 3717 [SEP] idylate synthase inhibitor N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid (CB 3717).

CB 3717 [SEP]


CB 3717 [SEP] CB 3717, N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid, is a tight-binding inhibi

CB 3717 [SEP]


N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid [SEP] CB 3717, N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid, is a tight-binding inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS) whos

CB 3717 [SEP]


cytotoxicity [SEP] is a tight-binding inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS) whose cytotoxicity is mediated solely through the inhibition of this enzyme. Recen


breast cancer [SEP]  early clinical studies with CB 3717, activity has been seen in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatoma, and mesothelioma. Toxicities include

Breast Neoplasms [SEP] Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.


ovarian cancer [SEP]  studies with CB 3717, activity has been seen in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatoma, and mesothelioma. Toxicities included hepatotoxicity

Ovarian Neoplasms [SEP] Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin


hepatoma [SEP]  3717, activity has been seen in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatoma, and mesothelioma. Toxicities included hepatotoxicity, malaise,

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular [SEP] A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indisti


mesothelioma [SEP] y has been seen in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatoma, and mesothelioma. Toxicities included hepatotoxicity, malaise, and dose-limiting

Mesothelioma [SEP] A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some region


Toxicities [SEP] n in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatoma, and mesothelioma. Toxicities included hepatotoxicity, malaise, and dose-limiting nephrotoxic


hepatotoxicity [SEP] ovarian cancer, hepatoma, and mesothelioma. Toxicities included hepatotoxicity, malaise, and dose-limiting nephrotoxicity. This latter effect

Drug-Induced Liver Injury [SEP] A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug


malaise [SEP] hepatoma, and mesothelioma. Toxicities included hepatotoxicity, malaise, and dose-limiting nephrotoxicity. This latter effect is though

Fatigue [SEP] The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and re


nephrotoxicity [SEP]  Toxicities included hepatotoxicity, malaise, and dose-limiting nephrotoxicity. This latter effect is thought to be due to drug precipitation

Kidney Diseases [SEP] Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.


renal toxicity [SEP] n nephrotoxicity may have been achieved with only 1 instance of renal toxicity in 10 patients. Hepatotoxicity and malaise are again the most f


Hepatotoxicity [SEP] achieved with only 1 instance of renal toxicity in 10 patients. Hepatotoxicity and malaise are again the most frequent side effects. Evidence


Ethopropazine [SEP] Ethopropazine and benztropine in neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism.

profenamine [SEP]


benztropine [SEP] Ethopropazine and benztropine in neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism.

Benztropine [SEP] A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also


parkinsonism [SEP] Ethopropazine and benztropine in neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism.

Parkinson Disease, Secondary [SEP] Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected co


ethopropazine [SEP] In a 12-week controlled study ethopropazine was compared to benztropine in the treatment of parkinsonism in

profenamine [SEP]


benztropine [SEP] In a 12-week controlled study ethopropazine was compared to benztropine in the treatment of parkinsonism induced by fluphenazine enanth


parkinsonism [SEP] y ethopropazine was compared to benztropine in the treatment of parkinsonism induced by fluphenazine enanthate in 60 schizophrenic outpatien


fluphenazine enanthate [SEP] ared to benztropine in the treatment of parkinsonism induced by fluphenazine enanthate in 60 schizophrenic outpatients. Ethopropazine and benztropine

fluphenazine enanthate [SEP]


schizophrenic [SEP] eatment of parkinsonism induced by fluphenazine enanthate in 60 schizophrenic outpatients. Ethopropazine and benztropine were found to be equ

Schizophrenia [SEP] A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALL


Ethopropazine [SEP] uced by fluphenazine enanthate in 60 schizophrenic outpatients. Ethopropazine and benztropine were found to be equally effective in controlli

profenamine [SEP]


parkinsonian symptoms [SEP] d benztropine were found to be equally effective in controlling parkinsonian symptoms and were as efficacious as procyclidine, their previous antipar


procyclidine [SEP] in controlling parkinsonian symptoms and were as efficacious as procyclidine, their previous antiparkinsonian drug. However, benztropine tre

Procyclidine [SEP] A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorde


tardive dyskinesia [SEP] ver, benztropine treated patients had a significant increase in tardive dyskinesia compared to their condition during procyclindine treatment, and

Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced [SEP] Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or


procyclindine [SEP] crease in tardive dyskinesia compared to their condition during procyclindine treatment, and significantly more anxiety and depression than e


anxiety [SEP] ondition during procyclindine treatment, and significantly more anxiety and depression than ethopropazine treated patients. This sugges

Anxiety Disorders [SEP] Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.


depression [SEP] ing procyclindine treatment, and significantly more anxiety and depression than ethopropazine treated patients. This suggests that benztro

Depressive Disorder [SEP] An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood distur


alpha-tocopherol [SEP] Effect of alpha-tocopherol and deferoxamine on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

alpha-Tocopherol [SEP] A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the pheno


deferoxamine [SEP] Effect of alpha-tocopherol and deferoxamine on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

Deferoxamine [SEP] Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in th


methamphetamine [SEP] Effect of alpha-tocopherol and deferoxamine on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

Methamphetamine [SEP] A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is


neurotoxicity [SEP] of alpha-tocopherol and deferoxamine on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

Neurotoxicity Syndromes [SEP] Neurologic disorders caused by exposure to toxic substances through ingestion, injection, cutaneous application, or other method


Methamphetamine [SEP] Methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity is believed to be assoc


MA [SEP] Methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity is believed to be associate


neurotoxicity [SEP] Methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity is believed to be associated with the increased formation of fr


alpha-tocopherol [SEP] d formation of free radicals. This study examined the effect of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and deferox


alpha-TC [SEP] e radicals. This study examined the effect of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and deferoxamine (DFO


oxygen [SEP]  effect of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, on the MA-in

Oxygen [SEP] An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on ear


deferoxamine [SEP] opherol (alpha-TC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, on the MA-induced neurotoxicity. Male


DFO [SEP] -TC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, on the MA-induced neurotoxicity. Male rats


iron [SEP] cavenger of reactive oxygen species, and deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, on the MA-induced neurotoxicity. Male rats were treat

Iron [SEP] A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBI


dopamine [SEP] Methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity is believed to be associated with the increas

Dopamine [SEP] One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and


DA [SEP] 0 min before MA administration. The concentrations of dopamine (DA), serotonin and their metabolites decreased significantly after


serotonin [SEP]  before MA administration. The concentrations of dopamine (DA), serotonin and their metabolites decreased significantly after MA administ

Serotonin [SEP] A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily i


hyperthermia [SEP] nd DFO pretreatment. alpha-TC and DFO attenuated the MA-induced hyperthermia as well as the alterations in the locomotor activity. The level

Fever [SEP] An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.


glutathione [SEP] ity. The level of lipid peroxidation was higher and the reduced glutathione concentration was lower in the MA-treated rats. These changes w

Glutathione [SEP] A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some en


neuronal damage [SEP] . This suggests that alpha-TC and DFO ameliorate the MA-induced neuronal damage by decreasing the level of oxidative stress.

Nervous System Diseases [SEP] Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, periph


dexamethasone [SEP] Use of dexamethasone with mesna for the prevention of ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic

Dexamethasone [SEP] An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.


mesna [SEP] Use of dexamethasone with mesna for the prevention of ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

Mesna [SEP] A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFA


ifosfamide [SEP] Use of dexamethasone with mesna for the prevention of ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

Ifosfamide [SEP] Positional isomer of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent.


hemorrhagic [SEP] xamethasone with mesna for the prevention of ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

Hemorrhage [SEP] Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.


cystitis [SEP] with mesna for the prevention of ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

Cystitis [SEP] Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful


Hemorrhagic [SEP] AIM: Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a limiting side-effect of chemotherapy with if


cystitis [SEP] AIM: Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a limiting side-effect of chemotherapy with ifosfamide


ifosfamide [SEP] ic cystitis (HC) is a limiting side-effect of chemotherapy with ifosfamide (IFS). In the study presented here, we investigated the use of


IFS [SEP] (HC) is a limiting side-effect of chemotherapy with ifosfamide (IFS). In the study presented here, we investigated the use of dexam


dexamethasone [SEP]  (IFS). In the study presented here, we investigated the use of dexamethasone in combination with mesna for the prevention of IFS-induced HC.


mesna [SEP] e, we investigated the use of dexamethasone in combination with mesna for the prevention of IFS-induced HC. METHODS: Male Wistar rats


Cystitis [SEP] aced with dexamethasone alone or with dexamethasone plus mesna. Cystitis was evaluated 24 h after its induction by the changes in bladde


Dexamethasone [SEP] oses of mesna alone when evaluated microscopically. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone in combination with mesna was efficient in blocking IFS-induced


MK-801 [SEP] Behavioral effects of MK-801 on reserpine-treated mice.

Dizocilpine Maleate [SEP] A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The dr


reserpine [SEP] Behavioral effects of MK-801 on reserpine-treated mice.

Reserpine [SEP] An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into st


dizocilpine [SEP] The effects of dizocilpine (MK-801), a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor


MK-801 [SEP] The effects of dizocilpine (MK-801), a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagon


N-methyl-D-aspartate [SEP] The effects of dizocilpine (MK-801), a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, were studied on dopamine-related be

N-Methylaspartate [SEP] An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NM


NMDA [SEP] of dizocilpine (MK-801), a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, were studied on dopamine-related behavior


dopamine [SEP] -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, were studied on dopamine-related behaviors induced by reserpine treatments. This study f


reserpine [SEP] tagonist, were studied on dopamine-related behaviors induced by reserpine treatments. This study focuses on behavioral syndromes that may


Parkinson's disease [SEP] udy focuses on behavioral syndromes that may used as models for Parkinson's disease, or tardive dyskinesia, and its response after glutamatergic bl

Parkinson Disease [SEP] A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency


tardive dyskinesia [SEP] l syndromes that may used as models for Parkinson's disease, or tardive dyskinesia, and its response after glutamatergic blockage. Reserpine (1 mg

Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced [SEP] Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or


Reserpine [SEP] dive dyskinesia, and its response after glutamatergic blockage. Reserpine (1 mg/kg), administered once every other day for 4 days, produc


orofacial dyskinesia [SEP] nistered once every other day for 4 days, produced increases in orofacial dyskinesia, tongue protrusion and vacuous chewing in mice, which are signs

Movement Disorders [SEP] Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerati


tremor [SEP] signs indicative of tardive dyskinesia. Reserpine also produced tremor and catalepsy, which are signs suggestive of Parkinson's diseas

Tremor [SEP] Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or act


catalepsy [SEP] ative of tardive dyskinesia. Reserpine also produced tremor and catalepsy, which are signs suggestive of Parkinson's disease. MK-801 (0.1

Catalepsy [SEP] A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. Th


apomophine [SEP]  (1 mg/kg), administered 90 min before the test and followed by apomophine injection (0.1 mg/kg) 5 min before the test, did not produce or

Apomorphine [SEP] A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poiso


oral dyskinesia [SEP] ne injection (0.1 mg/kg) 5 min before the test, did not produce oral dyskinesia in mice. On the other hand, reserpine induced increases in trem


abnormal movements [SEP] rpine. These results show that reserpine produces different and abnormal movements, which are related to dose and schedule employed and can be con


parkinsonian [SEP]  related to dose and schedule employed and can be considered as parkinsonian-like and tardive dsykinesia signs. The glutamatergic blockage p


tardive dsykinesia [SEP] chedule employed and can be considered as parkinsonian-like and tardive dsykinesia signs. The glutamatergic blockage produced by NMDA can restore


glyceryl trinitrate [SEP] Effect of glyceryl trinitrate on the sphincter of Oddi spasm evoked by prostigmine-morphine a

Nitroglycerin [SEP] A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is als


sphincter of Oddi spasm [SEP] Effect of glyceryl trinitrate on the sphincter of Oddi spasm evoked by prostigmine-morphine administration.

Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction [SEP] Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes


spasm [SEP] Effect of glyceryl trinitrate on the sphincter of Oddi spasm evoked by prostigmine-morphine administration.

Spasm [SEP] An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.


prostigmine [SEP] of glyceryl trinitrate on the sphincter of Oddi spasm evoked by prostigmine-morphine administration.

Neostigmine [SEP] A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gal


morphine [SEP] trinitrate on the sphincter of Oddi spasm evoked by prostigmine-morphine administration.

Morphine [SEP] The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central


glyceryl trinitrate [SEP] OBJECTIVE: In this study the effect of glyceryl trinitrate on the prostigmine-morphine-induced sphincter of Oddi spasm was


prostigmine [SEP] JECTIVE: In this study the effect of glyceryl trinitrate on the prostigmine-morphine-induced sphincter of Oddi spasm was evaluated in nine


morphine [SEP] this study the effect of glyceryl trinitrate on the prostigmine-morphine-induced sphincter of Oddi spasm was evaluated in nine female pa


sphincter of Oddi spasm [SEP] fect of glyceryl trinitrate on the prostigmine-morphine-induced sphincter of Oddi spasm was evaluated in nine female patients with sphincter of Oddi dy


spasm [SEP] rinitrate on the prostigmine-morphine-induced sphincter of Oddi spasm was evaluated in nine female patients with sphincter of Oddi dy


sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia [SEP] incter of Oddi spasm was evaluated in nine female patients with sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia. METHOD: Sphincter of Oddi spasm was induced by prostigmine-mor


Sphincter of Oddi spasm [SEP] nine female patients with sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia. METHOD: Sphincter of Oddi spasm was induced by prostigmine-morphine administration (0.5 mg pros


Nitrolingual [SEP] ire procedure was repeated during glyceryl trinitrate infusion (Nitrolingual 1 microg/kg/min for 120 min). RESULTS: Prostigmine-morphine pro


Prostigmine [SEP] e infusion (Nitrolingual 1 microg/kg/min for 120 min). RESULTS: Prostigmine-morphine provocation caused significant increases in the time t


Glyceryl trinitrate [SEP] icating a complete spasm at the level of the sphincter of Oddi. Glyceryl trinitrate infusion completely normalized the prostigmine-morphine-induced


steroid [SEP] Effects of acute steroid administration on ventilatory and peripheral muscles in rats.

Steroids [SEP] A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precurso


myopathy [SEP] Occasional case reports have shown that acute myopathy may occur in patients treated with massive doses of corticoster

Muscular Diseases [SEP] Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.


corticosteroids [SEP] te myopathy may occur in patients treated with massive doses of corticosteroids. The mechanism of this myopathy is poorly understood. Therefore

Adrenal Cortex Hormones [SEP]


methylprednisolone [SEP] ere randomly assigned to receive daily injection of saline (C), methylprednisolone (M), or triamcinolone (T) 80 mg/kg/d for 5 d. Nutritional intak

Methylprednisolone [SEP] A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.


M [SEP] d to receive daily injection of saline (C), methylprednisolone (M), or triamcinolone (T) 80 mg/kg/d for 5 d. Nutritional intake,


triamcinolone [SEP] ceive daily injection of saline (C), methylprednisolone (M), or triamcinolone (T) 80 mg/kg/d for 5 d. Nutritional intake, measured daily in 1

Triamcinolone [SEP] A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, o


T [SEP] ccur in patients treated with massive doses of corticosteroids. The mechanism of this myopathy is poorly understood. Therefore, 6


reduction of food intake [SEP] onal intake, measured daily in 15 animals, showed a significant reduction of food intake in the steroid-treated groups (-50 and -79% in M and T, respect

Anorexia [SEP] The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of t


steroid [SEP] athy may occur in patients treated with massive doses of corticosteroids. The mechanism of this myopathy is poorly understood. Therefor


loss in body weight [SEP] % in M and T, respectively). This was associated with a similar loss in body weight. In the 45 remaining animals, diaphragm contractility and histo

Weight Loss [SEP] Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.


tetanic [SEP] oid groups, and time to peak tension was longer with M, whereas tetanic tensions were similar. Steroid treatment also induced a leftwar

Tetany [SEP] A disorder characterized by muscle twitches, cramps, and carpopedal spasm, and when severe, laryngospasm and seizures. This cond


Steroid [SEP] nsion was longer with M, whereas tetanic tensions were similar. Steroid treatment also induced a leftward shift of the force-frequency


atrophy [SEP] hragm, scalenus medius, and gastrocnemius showed type IIb fiber atrophy in the steroid groups and also diaphragmatic type IIa atrophy w

Muscular Atrophy [SEP] Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, pr


necrosis [SEP] examinations revealed a normal muscular pattern with absence of necrosis. Finally, a pair-fed (PF) study, performed in 18 rats (C, T, an

Necrosis [SEP] The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrol


muscle atrophy [SEP] ed (PF) study, performed in 18 rats (C, T, and PF), showed that muscle atrophy was considerably less pronounced in PF animals than in T-treate


steroids [SEP] athy may occur in patients treated with massive doses of corticosteroids. The mechanism of this myopathy is poorly understood. Therefore


atrophy [SEP] hragm, scalenus medius, and gastrocnemius showed type IIb fiber atrophy in the steroid groups and also diaphragmatic type IIa atrophy w

Atrophy [SEP] Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as


cardiogenic shock [SEP] Refractory cardiogenic shock and complete heart block after verapamil SR and metoprolol trea

Shock, Cardiogenic [SEP] Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.


heart block [SEP] Refractory cardiogenic shock and complete heart block after verapamil SR and metoprolol treatment. A case report.

Heart Block [SEP] Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE


verapamil [SEP] Refractory cardiogenic shock and complete heart block after verapamil SR and metoprolol treatment. A case report.

Verapamil [SEP] A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.


metoprolol [SEP] rdiogenic shock and complete heart block after verapamil SR and metoprolol treatment. A case report.

Metoprolol [SEP] A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMI


heart block [SEP] A seventy-eight-year-old woman presented with complete heart block and refractory hypotension two days after a therapeutic dose of


hypotension [SEP] ar-old woman presented with complete heart block and refractory hypotension two days after a therapeutic dose of sustained-release verapami

Hypotension [SEP] Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DI


verapamil [SEP] otension two days after a therapeutic dose of sustained-release verapamil with concomitant use of metoprolol. The patient continued to re


metoprolol [SEP] tic dose of sustained-release verapamil with concomitant use of metoprolol. The patient continued to remain hypotensive with complete hear


hypotensive [SEP]  concomitant use of metoprolol. The patient continued to remain hypotensive with complete heart block, even with multiple uses of intraveno


atropine [SEP] th complete heart block, even with multiple uses of intravenous atropine as well as high doses of pressor agents such as dopamine and do

Atropine [SEP] An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isome


dopamine [SEP] venous atropine as well as high doses of pressor agents such as dopamine and dobutamine. However, shortly after the use of intravenous c

Dopamine [SEP] One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and


dobutamine [SEP] ne as well as high doses of pressor agents such as dopamine and dobutamine. However, shortly after the use of intravenous calcium chloride

Dobutamine [SEP] A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CA


calcium chloride [SEP] e and dobutamine. However, shortly after the use of intravenous calcium chloride, the refractory hypotension and complete heart block resolved.

Calcium Chloride [SEP] A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.


antipurine [SEP] A phase I clinical study of the antipurine antifolate lometrexol (DDATHF) given with oral folic acid.

Antipyrine [SEP] An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of o


lometrexol [SEP] A phase I clinical study of the antipurine antifolate lometrexol (DDATHF) given with oral folic acid.

lometrexol [SEP]


DDATHF [SEP] phase I clinical study of the antipurine antifolate lometrexol (DDATHF) given with oral folic acid.

lometrexol [SEP]


folic acid [SEP] f the antipurine antifolate lometrexol (DDATHF) given with oral folic acid.

Folic Acid [SEP] A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in


Lometrexol [SEP] Lometrexol is an antifolate which inhibits glycinamide ribonucleotide form

lometrexol [SEP]


glycinamide ribonucleotide [SEP] Lometrexol is an antifolate which inhibits glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), an enzyme essential for de novo puri

glycinamide ribonucleotide [SEP]


purine [SEP] tide formyltransferase (GARFT), an enzyme essential for de novo purine synthesis. Extensive experimental and limited clinical data hav

Purines [SEP] A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include ADE


lometrexol [SEP] xtensive experimental and limited clinical data have shown that lometrexol has activity against tumours which are refractory to other drug

lometrexol [SEP]


tumours [SEP] d clinical data have shown that lometrexol has activity against tumours which are refractory to other drugs, notably methotrexate. Howe

Neoplasms [SEP] New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and me


methotrexate [SEP] ty against tumours which are refractory to other drugs, notably methotrexate. However, the initial clinical development of lometrexol was cu

Methotrexate [SEP] An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and pre


toxicities [SEP] as curtailed because of severe and cumulative antiproliferative toxicities. Preclinical murine studies demonstrated that the toxicity of l

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions [SEP] Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chem


toxicity [SEP] ve toxicities. Preclinical murine studies demonstrated that the toxicity of lometrexol can be prevented by low dose folic acid administr


folic acid [SEP] ed that the toxicity of lometrexol can be prevented by low dose folic acid administration, i.e. for 7 days prior to and 7 days following a


Thrombocytopenia [SEP] metrexol can be markedly reduced by folic acid supplementation. Thrombocytopenia and mucositis were the major toxicities. There was no clear rel

Thrombocytopenia [SEP] A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.


mucositis [SEP] dly reduced by folic acid supplementation. Thrombocytopenia and mucositis were the major toxicities. There was no clear relationship betw

Mucositis [SEP] An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vas


folate [SEP] Lometrexol is an antifolate which inhibits glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GA


cancer [SEP]  facilitate the future evaluation of this class of compounds in cancer therapy.


analgesia [SEP] Involvement of the mu-opiate receptor in peripheral analgesia.

Pain Insensitivity, Congenital [SEP] A syndrome characterized by indifference to PAIN despite the ability to distinguish noxious from non-noxious stimuli. Absent cor


morphine [SEP] The intradermal injection of mu (morphine, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol and morphiceptin), kappa (trans-3

Morphine [SEP] The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central


Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol [SEP] The intradermal injection of mu (morphine, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol and morphiceptin), kappa (trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1-py

Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- [SEP] An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.


morphiceptin [SEP] mal injection of mu (morphine, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol and morphiceptin), kappa (trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclo

morphiceptin [SEP]


trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl]benzeneactemide [SEP] orphine, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-NMe-Phe-Gly-ol and morphiceptin), kappa (trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl]benzeneactemide) and delta ([D-Pen2.5]-enkephalin and [D-Ser2]-[Leu]enkephalin-

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer [SEP] A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCO


[D-Pen2.5]-enkephalin [SEP] hyl-N[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl]benzeneactemide) and delta ([D-Pen2.5]-enkephalin and [D-Ser2]-[Leu]enkephalin-Thr) selective opioid-agonists, by

Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)- [SEP] A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.


[D-Ser2]-[Leu]enkephalin-Thr [SEP] yclohexyl]benzeneactemide) and delta ([D-Pen2.5]-enkephalin and [D-Ser2]-[Leu]enkephalin-Thr) selective opioid-agonists, by themselves, did not significantl

enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)- [SEP]


prostaglandin E2 [SEP] opioid-agonists, however, produced dose-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia. The analgesic effect of the mu-agonist mo

Dinoprostone [SEP] The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteris


hyperalgesia [SEP]  produced dose-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia. The analgesic effect of the mu-agonist morphine was dose-depen

Hyperalgesia [SEP] An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCIC


naloxone [SEP]  of the mu-agonist morphine was dose-dependently antagonized by naloxone and prevented by co-injection of pertussis toxin. Morphine did

Naloxone [SEP] A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid recepto


Morphine [SEP] d by naloxone and prevented by co-injection of pertussis toxin. Morphine did not, however, alter the hyperalgesia induced by 8-bromo cyc


8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate [SEP] n. Morphine did not, however, alter the hyperalgesia induced by 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We conclude that the analgesic action of opioids on the periph

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate [SEP] A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation


cyclic adenosine monophosphate [SEP] ine did not, however, alter the hyperalgesia induced by 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate. We conclude that the analgesic action of opioids on the periph

Cyclic AMP [SEP] An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. I


ribavirin [SEP] Adequate timing of ribavirin reduction in patients with hemolysis during combination therapy

Ribavirin [SEP] A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.


hemolysis [SEP] Adequate timing of ribavirin reduction in patients with hemolysis during combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin for chro

Hemolysis [SEP] The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and change


interferon [SEP] uction in patients with hemolysis during combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C.

Interferons [SEP] Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different v


chronic hepatitis C [SEP] ysis during combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C, Chronic [SEP] INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead


Hemolytic anemia [SEP] BACKGROUND: Hemolytic anemia is one of the major adverse events of the combination therapy o

Anemia, Hemolytic [SEP] A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red bl


interferon [SEP] s one of the major adverse events of the combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin. Because of ribavirin-related hemolytic anemia, d


ribavirin [SEP] jor adverse events of the combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin. Because of ribavirin-related hemolytic anemia, dose reduction


hemolytic anemia [SEP] erapy of interferon and ribavirin. Because of ribavirin-related hemolytic anemia, dose reduction is a common event in this therapy. In this clin


hemolysis [SEP] ned the suitable timing of ribavirin reduction in patients with hemolysis during combination therapy. METHODS: Thirty-seven of 160 patien


anemia [SEP] BACKGROUND: Hemolytic anemia is one of the major adverse events of the combination therapy o

Anemia [SEP] A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.


puromycin aminonucleoside [SEP] eased expression and apical targeting of renal ENaC subunits in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats.

Puromycin Aminonucleoside [SEP] PUROMYCIN derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring. It is an antibiotic with antineopl


nephrotic syndrome [SEP] ing of renal ENaC subunits in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats.

Nephrotic Syndrome [SEP] A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in


Nephrotic syndrome [SEP] Nephrotic syndrome is often accompanied by sodium retention and generalized edema.


sodium [SEP] Nephrotic syndrome is often accompanied by sodium retention and generalized edema. However, the molecular basis f

Sodium [SEP] A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.


edema [SEP] ndrome is often accompanied by sodium retention and generalized edema. However, the molecular basis for the decreased renal sodium ex

Edema [SEP] Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.


Na [SEP] um excretion remains undefined. We hypothesized that epithelial Na channel (ENaC) subunit dysregulation may be responsible for the


puromycin aminonucleoside [SEP] odium retention. An experimental group of rats was treated with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN; 180 mg/kg iv), whereas the control group received only ve


PAN [SEP] ental group of rats was treated with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN; 180 mg/kg iv), whereas the control group received only vehicle


proteinuria [SEP] d only vehicle. After 7 days, PAN treatment induced significant proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, decreased urinary sodium excretion, and exten

Proteinuria [SEP] The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.


hypoalbuminemia [SEP] e. After 7 days, PAN treatment induced significant proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, decreased urinary sodium excretion, and extensive ascites. The

Hypoalbuminemia [SEP] A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased h


ascites [SEP] oalbuminemia, decreased urinary sodium excretion, and extensive ascites. The protein abundance of alpha-ENaC and beta-ENaC was increase

Ascites [SEP] Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.


H [SEP] is often accompanied by sodium retention and generalized edema. However, the molecular basis for the decreased renal sodium excre

Hydrogen [SEP] The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.008


K [SEP] protein abundances of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger type 3 (NHE3), Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (BSC-1), and thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-C

Potassium [SEP] An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cat


Cl [SEP] n abundances of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger type 3 (NHE3), Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (BSC-1), and thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) co

Chlorine [SEP] A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 1


thiazide [SEP] ger type 3 (NHE3), Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (BSC-1), and thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (TSC) were decreased. Moreo

Thiazides [SEP] Heterocyclic compounds with SULFUR and NITROGEN in the ring. This term commonly refers to the BENZOTHIADIAZINES that inhibit SOD


nephrotic syndrome [SEP] play a role in the sodium retention associated with PAN-induced nephrotic syndrome. The decreased abundance of NHE3, BSC-1, TSC, and Na-K-ATPase m


breast cancer [SEP] Does hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer have a detrimental effect on memory and cognition? A pilot stud

Breast Neoplasms [SEP] Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.


detrimental effect on memory [SEP] Does hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer have a detrimental effect on memory and cognition? A pilot study.

Memory Disorders [SEP] Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory


breast cancer [SEP] This pilot study examines whether hormone therapy for breast cancer affects cognition. Patients participating in a randomised trial


anastrozole [SEP] ects cognition. Patients participating in a randomised trial of anastrozole, tamoxifen alone or combined (ATAC) (n=94) and a group of women

anastrozole [SEP]


tamoxifen [SEP] n. Patients participating in a randomised trial of anastrozole, tamoxifen alone or combined (ATAC) (n=94) and a group of women without br

Tamoxifen [SEP] One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibitin


oestrogen [SEP] cancer. Verbal memory may be especially sensitive to changes in oestrogen levels, a finding commonly reported in studies of hormone repla

Estrogens [SEP] Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estr


nitric oxide [SEP] Association of nitric oxide production and apoptosis in a model of experimental nephropathy

Nitric Oxide [SEP] A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Ni


nephropathy [SEP] itric oxide production and apoptosis in a model of experimental nephropathy.

Kidney Diseases [SEP] Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.


nitric oxide [SEP] BACKGROUND: In recent studies increased amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and apoptosis have been implicated in various pathological


NO [SEP] ACKGROUND: In recent studies increased amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and apoptosis have been implicated in various pathological con


nephrotic syndrome [SEP]  and its association with apoptosis in an experimental model of nephrotic syndrome induced by a single injection of adriamycin (ADR). METHODS: The


adriamycin [SEP] al model of nephrotic syndrome induced by a single injection of adriamycin (ADR). METHODS: The alteration in the NO pathway was assessed b

Doxorubicin [SEP] Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.


ADR [SEP] nephrotic syndrome induced by a single injection of adriamycin (ADR). METHODS: The alteration in the NO pathway was assessed by mea


nitrite [SEP] ODS: The alteration in the NO pathway was assessed by measuring nitrite levels in serum/urine and by evaluating the changes in vascular

Nitrites [SEP] Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all in


nephropathy [SEP] ystem. Rats were stratified into control groups and ADR-induced nephropathy groups. These two groups were then divided into: group 1, anima


aminoguanidine [SEP] oup 1, animals receiving saline; and group 2, animals receiving aminoguanidine (AG) which is a specific inhibitor of inducible-NO synthase. On

pimagedine [SEP]


AG [SEP] eceiving saline; and group 2, animals receiving aminoguanidine (AG) which is a specific inhibitor of inducible-NO synthase. On day

pimagedine [SEP]


mesangial proliferation [SEP] of the kidneys of rats treated with ADR revealed focal areas of mesangial proliferation and mild tubulointerstitial inflammation. They also had signifi

Mesangial sclerosis, diffuse [SEP]


tubulointerstitial inflammation [SEP] th ADR revealed focal areas of mesangial proliferation and mild tubulointerstitial inflammation. They also had significantly higher levels of proteinuria compa

Nephritis, Interstitial [SEP] Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES an


proteinuria [SEP] tial inflammation. They also had significantly higher levels of proteinuria compared with control and treatment groups (P < 0.05). Urine ni


phenylephrine [SEP]  increased in the ADR-nephropathy group (P < 0.05). In the IPRK phenylephrine and acetylcholine related responses were significantly impaired

Phenylephrine [SEP] An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.


acetylcholine [SEP] ADR-nephropathy group (P < 0.05). In the IPRK phenylephrine and acetylcholine related responses were significantly impaired in the ADR-nephro

Acetylcholine [SEP] A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathe


nephrosis [SEP]  apoptosis are important in the pathogenesis of the ADR-induced nephrosis.

Nephrosis [SEP] Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secon


carteolol hydrochloride [SEP] The attenuating effect of carteolol hydrochloride, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, on neuroleptic-induced catalep

Carteolol [SEP] A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglauc


catalepsy [SEP] hloride, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in rats.

Catalepsy [SEP] A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. Th


akathisia [SEP] beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are effective in the treatment of akathisia, one of the extrapyramidal side effects that occur during neuro

Akathisia, Drug-Induced [SEP] A condition associated with the use of certain medications and characterized by an internal sense of motor restlessness often de


catalepsy [SEP] ts that occur during neuroleptic treatment. Neuroleptic-induced catalepsy, a model of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side effects, wa


carteolol [SEP] st for neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Therefore, the effects of carteolol, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, on haloperidol-induced catalep


haloperidol [SEP] e, the effects of carteolol, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, on haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats were behaviorally studied and compare

Haloperidol [SEP] A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoa


propranolol [SEP] sy in rats were behaviorally studied and compared with those of propranolol and biperiden, a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Carteolol, as

Propranolol [SEP] A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; A


biperiden [SEP] behaviorally studied and compared with those of propranolol and biperiden, a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Carteolol, as well as propra

Biperiden [SEP] A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment o


Carteolol [SEP] of propranolol and biperiden, a muscarinic receptor antagonist. Carteolol, as well as propranolol and biperiden, inhibited the haloperido


dopamine [SEP] er than that of biperiden. Carteolol did not evoke postsynaptic dopamine receptor-stimulating behavioral signs such as stereotypy and hy

Dopamine [SEP] One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and


hyperlocomotion [SEP] ne receptor-stimulating behavioral signs such as stereotypy and hyperlocomotion in rats. Carteolol did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of

Movement Disorders [SEP] Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerati


apomorphine [SEP] lol did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of haloperidol on apomorphine-induced stereotypy and locomotor activity in rats. In addition,

Apomorphine [SEP] A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poiso


5-hydroxytryptophan [SEP] h as flat body posture and forepaw treading and did not inhibit 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced head twitch in rats. Finally, carteolol did not inhibit

5-Hydroxytryptophan [SEP] The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.


physostigmine [SEP] induced head twitch in rats. Finally, carteolol did not inhibit physostigmine-induced lethality in rats. These results strongly suggest that

Physostigmine [SEP] A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also c


Penicillamine [SEP] Penicillamine-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in a patient wit

Penicillamine [SEP] 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic a


glomerulonephritis [SEP] Penicillamine-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

Glomerulonephritis [SEP] Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including anti


rheumatoid arthritis [SEP] nduced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid [SEP] A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular stru


rheumatoid arthritis [SEP] A 67-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis presented rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) after 5


glomerulonephritis [SEP] d woman with rheumatoid arthritis presented rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) after 5 months of D-penicillamine (250 mg/day) treatment


RPGN [SEP] oid arthritis presented rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) after 5 months of D-penicillamine (250 mg/day) treatment. Ligh


D-penicillamine [SEP] rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) after 5 months of D-penicillamine (250 mg/day) treatment. Light microscopy study showed severe gl


steroid [SEP] the capillary walls and mesangium. The patient was treated with steroid pulse, plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide and antiplatelet agents

Steroids [SEP] A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precurso


cyclophosphamide [SEP] um. The patient was treated with steroid pulse, plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide and antiplatelet agents. A complete recovery of renal function

Cyclophosphamide [SEP] Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to fo


antiplatelet agents [SEP] reated with steroid pulse, plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide and antiplatelet agents. A complete recovery of renal function was achieved in a few we

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors [SEP] Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of act


proteinuria [SEP] toring of renal function and evaluation of urinary sediment and proteinuria in these patients. The prompt discontinuation of D-penicillamin

Proteinuria [SEP] The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.


zidovudine [SEP] Nature, time course and dose dependence of zidovudine-related side effects: results from the Multicenter Canadian Azi

Zidovudine [SEP] A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modific


Azidothymidine [SEP] ine-related side effects: results from the Multicenter Canadian Azidothymidine Trial.


zidovudine [SEP] To characterize the nature, time course and dose dependency of zidovudine-related side effects, we undertook a multicenter, prospective,


HIV disease [SEP] C2 from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) classification of HIV disease. Following a 3-week observation period, volunteers were treated

HIV Infections [SEP] Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related


nausea [SEP]  adverse effects were present in 96% of subjects, most commonly nausea (64%), fatigue (55%) and headache (49%). These were generally s

Nausea [SEP] An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and moti


fatigue [SEP] ts were present in 96% of subjects, most commonly nausea (64%), fatigue (55%) and headache (49%). These were generally self-limited, re

Fatigue [SEP] The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and re


headache [SEP]  96% of subjects, most commonly nausea (64%), fatigue (55%) and headache (49%). These were generally self-limited, reappearing briefly a

Headache [SEP] The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACH


Bilateral optic neuropathy [SEP] Bilateral optic neuropathy due to combined ethambutol and isoniazid treatment.

Optic Nerve Diseases [SEP] Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component o


ethambutol [SEP] Bilateral optic neuropathy due to combined ethambutol and isoniazid treatment.

Ethambutol [SEP] An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inh


isoniazid [SEP] Bilateral optic neuropathy due to combined ethambutol and isoniazid treatment.

Isoniazid [SEP] Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis.


ethambutol [SEP] nsuccessful cadaver kidney transplantation and was treated with ethambutol and isoniazid is reported. A bilateral retrobulbar neuropathy w


isoniazid [SEP] aver kidney transplantation and was treated with ethambutol and isoniazid is reported. A bilateral retrobulbar neuropathy with an unusual


bilateral retrobulbar neuropathy [SEP] on and was treated with ethambutol and isoniazid is reported. A bilateral retrobulbar neuropathy with an unusual central bitemporal hemianopic scotoma was found


scotoma [SEP] bulbar neuropathy with an unusual central bitemporal hemianopic scotoma was found. Ethambutol was stopped and only small improvement of

Scotoma [SEP] A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., R


Ethambutol [SEP] ith an unusual central bitemporal hemianopic scotoma was found. Ethambutol was stopped and only small improvement of the visual acuity fol


Isoniazid [SEP] opped and only small improvement of the visual acuity followed. Isoniazid was discontinued later, followed by a dramatic improvement in t


toxicity [SEP] ic improvement in the visual acuity. The hazards of optic nerve toxicity due to ethambutol are known. We emphasize the potential danger

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions [SEP] Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chem


blood coagulation [SEP] Progestational agents and blood coagulation. VII. Thromboembolic and other complications of oral contracept

Blood Coagulation Disorders [SEP] Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of facto


Thromboembolic [SEP] Progestational agents and blood coagulation. VII. Thromboembolic and other complications of oral contraceptive therapy in relati

Thromboembolism [SEP] Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.


oral contraceptive [SEP] ood coagulation. VII. Thromboembolic and other complications of oral contraceptive therapy in relationship to pretreatment levels of blood coagula

Contraceptives, Oral [SEP] Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are


oral contraceptives [SEP] total of 5,877 patient months in four separate studies relating oral contraceptives to changes in hematologic parameters. Significant increases in


blood coagulation [SEP] gic parameters. Significant increases in certain factors of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysin systems (factors I,II,VII,VIII,IX, and X and p


hypercoagulability [SEP] All four had an abnormal blood coagulation profile, suggesting "hypercoagulability" before initiation of therapy. Some of these findings represent

Thrombophilia [SEP] A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.


myocardial infarction [SEP] eased further during therapy. One of these patients developed a myocardial infarction before receiving any medication, shortly after the base-line va

Myocardial Infarction [SEP] NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).


retinopathy [SEP] after the base-line values were obtained. One patient developed retinopathy 19 months after she began therapy, and another developed thromb

Retinal Diseases [SEP]


thrombophlebitis [SEP] opathy 19 months after she began therapy, and another developed thrombophlebitis after 27 months of therapy. The fourth patient developed thromb

Thrombophlebitis [SEP] Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).


thromboembolic episodes [SEP]  studies suggested the possiblility of increased propensity for thromboembolic episodes in patients possessing the A antigen. It appears from these dat


oral contraceptive [SEP] total of 5,877 patient months in four separate studies relating oral contraceptives to changes in hematologic parameters. Significant increases in


Cardiac arrest [SEP] Cardiac arrest in a child with cerebral palsy undergoing sevoflurane induction

Heart Arrest [SEP] Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most c


cerebral palsy [SEP] Cardiac arrest in a child with cerebral palsy undergoing sevoflurane induction of anesthesia after preoperati

Cerebral Palsy [SEP] A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period,


sevoflurane [SEP] Cardiac arrest in a child with cerebral palsy undergoing sevoflurane induction of anesthesia after preoperative clonidine.

sevoflurane [SEP]


clonidine [SEP] dergoing sevoflurane induction of anesthesia after preoperative clonidine.

Clonidine [SEP] An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonl


Clonidine [SEP] Clonidine is a frequently administered alpha2-adrenergic agonist which ca


cerebral palsy [SEP] nd blood pressure. We present a case of a 5-year-old child with cerebral palsy and seizure disorder, receiving clonidine for restlessness, who


seizure disorder [SEP] We present a case of a 5-year-old child with cerebral palsy and seizure disorder, receiving clonidine for restlessness, who presented for placem

Epilepsy [SEP] A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuron


clonidine [SEP] r-old child with cerebral palsy and seizure disorder, receiving clonidine for restlessness, who presented for placement of a baclofen pum


restlessness [SEP] th cerebral palsy and seizure disorder, receiving clonidine for restlessness, who presented for placement of a baclofen pump. Without the kn

Psychomotor Agitation [SEP] A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug tox


baclofen [SEP] ng clonidine for restlessness, who presented for placement of a baclofen pump. Without the knowledge of the medical personnel, the patie

Baclofen [SEP] A GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID derivative that is a specific agonist of GABA-B RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MUSCLE SPAST


anxiety [SEP] dine during the evening before and morning of surgery to reduce anxiety. During induction of anesthesia, the patient developed bradycar

Anxiety Disorders [SEP] Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.


bradycardia [SEP]  anxiety. During induction of anesthesia, the patient developed bradycardia and hypotension requiring cardiac resuscitation. There are no p

Bradycardia [SEP] Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. Th


hypotension [SEP]  induction of anesthesia, the patient developed bradycardia and hypotension requiring cardiac resuscitation. There are no previous reports

Hypotension [SEP] Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DI


cardiac arrest [SEP] citation. There are no previous reports of clonidine-associated cardiac arrest in a child undergoing induction of anesthesia.


UMB24 [SEP] Effects of UMB24 and (+/-)-SM 21, putative sigma2-preferring antagonists, on beh

1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(2-pyridyl)piperazine [SEP]


SM 21 [SEP] Effects of UMB24 and (+/-)-SM 21, putative sigma2-preferring antagonists, on behavioral toxic an

SM 21 [SEP]


cocaine [SEP] rring antagonists, on behavioral toxic and stimulant effects of cocaine in mice.

Cocaine [SEP] An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinic


convulsive [SEP] demonstrated that antagonism of sigma1 receptors attenuates the convulsive, lethal, locomotor stimulatory and rewarding actions of cocaine

Seizures [SEP] Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of br


cocaine [SEP] vulsive, lethal, locomotor stimulatory and rewarding actions of cocaine in mice. In contrast, the contribution of sigma2 receptors is u


UMB24 [SEP] re unavailable. To begin addressing this need, we characterized UMB24 (1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine) and (+/-)-SM 21 (3al


1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine [SEP] ailable. To begin addressing this need, we characterized UMB24 (1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine) and (+/-)-SM 21 (3alpha-tropanyl-2-(4-chorophenoxy)butyrate) i


SM 21 [SEP] ized UMB24 (1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine) and (+/-)-SM 21 (3alpha-tropanyl-2-(4-chorophenoxy)butyrate) in receptor bindin

SM 21 [SEP]


3alpha-tropanyl-2-(4-chorophenoxy)butyrate [SEP] B24 (1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine) and (+/-)-SM 21 (3alpha-tropanyl-2-(4-chorophenoxy)butyrate) in receptor binding and behavioral studies. Receptor binding s

SM 21 [SEP]


convulsions [SEP] h UMB24 or (+/-)-SM 21 significantly attenuated cocaine-induced convulsions and locomotor activity, but not lethality. When administered al


Methimazole [SEP] Methimazole-induced cholestatic jaundice.

Methimazole [SEP] A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine


cholestatic jaundice [SEP] Methimazole-induced cholestatic jaundice.

Jaundice, Obstructive [SEP] Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIA


Methimazole [SEP] Methimazole is a widely used and generally well-tolerated antithyroid agent


jaundice [SEP] ell-tolerated antithyroid agent. A 43-year-old woman had severe jaundice and itching 1 month after receiving methimazole (10 mg tid) and

Jaundice [SEP] A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA


itching [SEP]  antithyroid agent. A 43-year-old woman had severe jaundice and itching 1 month after receiving methimazole (10 mg tid) and propranolol

Pruritus [SEP] An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.


methimazole [SEP] d woman had severe jaundice and itching 1 month after receiving methimazole (10 mg tid) and propranolol (20 mg tid) for treatment of hypert


propranolol [SEP] and itching 1 month after receiving methimazole (10 mg tid) and propranolol (20 mg tid) for treatment of hyperthyroidism. The patient conti

Propranolol [SEP] A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; A


hyperthyroidism [SEP] mazole (10 mg tid) and propranolol (20 mg tid) for treatment of hyperthyroidism. The patient continued treatment for another 4 days after the a

Hyperthyroidism [SEP] Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.


icterus [SEP] at the emergency department 2 weeks later, she still had severe icterus, pruritus, and hyperbilirubinemia, formed mainly of the conjuga


pruritus [SEP] ergency department 2 weeks later, she still had severe icterus, pruritus, and hyperbilirubinemia, formed mainly of the conjugated fracti


hyperbilirubinemia [SEP] ment 2 weeks later, she still had severe icterus, pruritus, and hyperbilirubinemia, formed mainly of the conjugated fraction. Methimazole-induced

Hyperbilirubinemia [SEP] A condition characterized by an abnormal increase of BILIRUBIN in the blood, which may result in JAUNDICE. Bilirubin, a breakdow


cholestasis [SEP] , formed mainly of the conjugated fraction. Methimazole-induced cholestasis was diagnosed, and propranolol therapy was resumed. Over the fo

Cholestasis [SEP] Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EX


bilirubin [SEP] 2 weeks later, she still had severe icterus, pruritus, and hyperbilirubinemia, formed mainly of the conjugated fraction. Methimazole-indu

Bilirubin [SEP] A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.


cholestatic jaundice [SEP] few weeks of therapy, this drug can cause severe and reversible cholestatic jaundice. Physicians and patients should be aware of this adverse effect


Ciprofloxacin [SEP] Ciprofloxacin-induced acute interstitial nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic a

Ciprofloxacin [SEP] A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.


interstitial nephritis [SEP] Ciprofloxacin-induced acute interstitial nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Nephritis, Interstitial [SEP] Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES an


autoimmune hemolytic anemia [SEP] Ciprofloxacin-induced acute interstitial nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune [SEP] Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.


Ciprofloxacin [SEP] Ciprofloxacin has been associated with several side effects including interst


interstitial nephritis [SEP] loxacin has been associated with several side effects including interstitial nephritis and hemolytic anemia. The combination of both side effects is e


hemolytic anemia [SEP]  with several side effects including interstitial nephritis and hemolytic anemia. The combination of both side effects is extremely rare. In thi

Anemia, Hemolytic [SEP] A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red bl


ciprofloxacin [SEP] ffects is extremely rare. In this report, we describe a case of ciprofloxacin-induced interstitial nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.


autoimmune hemolytic anemia [SEP] ribe a case of ciprofloxacin-induced interstitial nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia improved after stopping the drug and initiati


Hemolytic anemia [SEP] induced interstitial nephritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia improved after stopping the drug and initiation of steroid ther


steroid [SEP] lytic anemia improved after stopping the drug and initiation of steroid therapy. Unfortunately, acute interstitial nephritis was irreve

Steroids [SEP] A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precurso


end-stage renal disease [SEP] terstitial nephritis was irreversible and the patient developed end-stage renal disease.

Kidney Failure, Chronic [SEP] The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the l


sodium valproate [SEP] Contribution of sodium valproate to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic horm

Valproic Acid [SEP] A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not


syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone [SEP] Contribution of sodium valproate to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

Inappropriate ADH Syndrome [SEP] A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of A


sodium valproate [SEP] We report the case of a 62-year-old man who was administered sodium valproate (VPA) and who subsequently developed the syndrome of inappropri


VPA [SEP] ase of a 62-year-old man who was administered sodium valproate (VPA) and who subsequently developed the syndrome of inappropriate s


syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone [SEP] tered sodium valproate (VPA) and who subsequently developed the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). He had been taking VPA for treatment of idiopathic gen


SIADH [SEP] he syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). He had been taking VPA for treatment of idiopathic generalize


tonic-clonic convulsions [SEP]  He had been taking VPA for treatment of idiopathic generalized tonic-clonic convulsions since he was 56 years old. After substituting VPA with zonisami

Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic [SEP] A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk


zonisamide [SEP] vulsions since he was 56 years old. After substituting VPA with zonisamide, the serum sodium level returned to normal. We consider this ep

zonisamide [SEP]


sodium [SEP] We report the case of a 62-year-old man who was administered sodium valproate (VPA) and who subsequently developed the syndrome of

Sodium [SEP] A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.


weakness of the central nervous system [SEP]  SIADH to be the result of a combination of factors including a weakness of the central nervous system and the long-term administration of VPA.

Central Nervous System Diseases [SEP] Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spi


Vasopressin [SEP] Vasopressin in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension in severe hea

Vasopressins [SEP] Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balan


milrinone [SEP] Vasopressin in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension in severe heart failure.

Milrinone [SEP] A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase type 3 activity in myocar


hypotension [SEP] Vasopressin in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension in severe heart failure.

Hypotension [SEP] Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DI


heart failure [SEP] sin in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension in severe heart failure.

Heart Failure [SEP] A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Hear


milrinone [SEP] The use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as milrinone in the treatment of severe heart failure is frequently restrict


heart failure [SEP] sterase inhibitors such as milrinone in the treatment of severe heart failure is frequently restricted because they cause vasodilation and hy


hypotension [SEP] re is frequently restricted because they cause vasodilation and hypotension. In patients with decompensated heart failure with hypotension


vasopressin [SEP] e with hypotension after treatment with milrinone, low doses of vasopressin restored blood pressure without inhibiting the inotropic effect


halothane [SEP] esthetics form liver adducts and antigens that cross-react with halothane-induced antibodies.

Halothane [SEP] A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analg


enflurane [SEP] Two halogenated anesthetics, enflurane and isoflurane, have been associated with an allergic-type hepa

Enflurane [SEP] An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respi


isoflurane [SEP] Two halogenated anesthetics, enflurane and isoflurane, have been associated with an allergic-type hepatic injury both

Isoflurane [SEP] A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.


hepatic injury [SEP] rane and isoflurane, have been associated with an allergic-type hepatic injury both alone and following previous exposure to halothane. Haloth

Drug-Induced Liver Injury [SEP] A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug


halothane [SEP] pe hepatic injury both alone and following previous exposure to halothane. Halothane hepatitis appears to involve an aberrant immune resp


Halothane [SEP] injury both alone and following previous exposure to halothane. Halothane hepatitis appears to involve an aberrant immune response. An an


hepatitis [SEP] h alone and following previous exposure to halothane. Halothane hepatitis appears to involve an aberrant immune response. An antibody res


trifluoroacetyl [SEP] antibody response to a protein-bound biotransformation product (trifluoroacetyl adduct) has been detected on halothane hepatitis patients. This

Trifluoroacetic Acid [SEP] A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is


hypersensitivity [SEP] mine cross-reactivity between enflurane and isoflurane with the hypersensitivity induced by halothane. The subcellular and lobular production of

Drug Hypersensitivity [SEP] Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.


Enflurane [SEP] ure of these neoantigens was investigated in two animal models. Enflurane administration resulted in neoantigens detected in both the mic


paracetamol [SEP] Induction by paracetamol of bladder and liver tumours in the rat. Effects on hepatocyte

Acetaminophen [SEP] Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but


liver tumours [SEP] Induction by paracetamol of bladder and liver tumours in the rat. Effects on hepatocyte fine structure.

Liver Neoplasms [SEP] Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.


paracetamol [SEP] Leeds strain rats were fed diets containing either 0.5% or 1.0% paracetamol by weight for up to 18 months. At the 1.0% dosage level, 20% of


Papillomas [SEP] on, the latter also being observed in the low dosage male rats. Papillomas of the transitional epithelium of the bladder developed in all

Papilloma [SEP] A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm co


bladder carcinomas [SEP] eveloped in all paracetamol-treated groups, and three rats bore bladder carcinomas. However, significant yields of bladder tumours were only obtai

Urinary Bladder Neoplasms [SEP] Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.


bladder tumours [SEP] ee rats bore bladder carcinomas. However, significant yields of bladder tumours were only obtained from low dosage females and high dosage male


hyperplasia [SEP] . Additionally, 20 to 25% of paracetamol-treated rats developed hyperplasia of the bladder epithelium, which was not coincident with the pr

Hyperplasia [SEP] An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increa


bladder calculi [SEP] adder epithelium, which was not coincident with the presence of bladder calculi. A low yield of tumours at various other sites also arose follo

Urinary Bladder Calculi [SEP] Stones in the URINARY BLADDER; also known as vesical calculi, bladder stones, or cystoliths.


tumours [SEP] bore bladder carcinomas. However, significant yields of bladder tumours were only obtained from low dosage females and high dosage male

Neoplasms [SEP] New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and me


hepatocarcinogens [SEP]  resemble those that result from exposure to a variety of known hepatocarcinogens.


bupivacaine hydrochloride [SEP] anesthetics that are commonly used in ophthalmic surgery (0.75% bupivacaine hydrochloride, 2.0% mepivacaine hydrochloride, and 2.0% lidocaine hydrochlori

Bupivacaine [SEP] A widely used local anesthetic agent.


mepivacaine hydrochloride [SEP] ed in ophthalmic surgery (0.75% bupivacaine hydrochloride, 2.0% mepivacaine hydrochloride, and 2.0% lidocaine hydrochloride plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) w

Mepivacaine [SEP] A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for inf


lidocaine hydrochloride [SEP] vacaine hydrochloride, 2.0% mepivacaine hydrochloride, and 2.0% lidocaine hydrochloride plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) were injected into the retrobulbar

Lidocaine [SEP] A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more pro


epinephrine [SEP]  hydrochloride, and 2.0% lidocaine hydrochloride plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) were injected into the retrobulbar area of rat eyes. Controls

Epinephrine [SEP] The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes


Muscle degeneration [SEP] etics produced massive degeneration of the extraocular muscles. Muscle degeneration is followed by regeneration of the damaged muscle fibers. In ad

Muscular Diseases [SEP] Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.


muscle damage [SEP] ed by regeneration of the damaged muscle fibers. In addition to muscle damage, severe damage was also seen in harderian glands, especially af


mepivacaine [SEP] ed in ophthalmic surgery (0.75% bupivacaine hydrochloride, 2.0% mepivacaine hydrochloride, and 2.0% lidocaine hydrochloride plus 1:100,000


lidocaine [SEP] vacaine hydrochloride, 2.0% mepivacaine hydrochloride, and 2.0% lidocaine hydrochloride plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) were injected into th


diplopia [SEP] h these findings in rats, it is hypothesized that the temporary diplopia sometimes seen in patients after ophthalmic surgery might be du

Diplopia [SEP] A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated


catalepsy [SEP] Reversal of neuroleptic-induced catalepsy by novel aryl-piperazine anxiolytic drugs.

Catalepsy [SEP] A condition characterized by inactivity, decreased responsiveness to stimuli, and a tendency to maintain an immobile posture. Th


buspirone [SEP] The novel anxiolytic drug, buspirone, reverses catalepsy induced by haloperidol. A series of aryl-pi

Buspirone [SEP] An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unr


catalepsy [SEP] The novel anxiolytic drug, buspirone, reverses catalepsy induced by haloperidol. A series of aryl-piperazine analogues o


haloperidol [SEP] novel anxiolytic drug, buspirone, reverses catalepsy induced by haloperidol. A series of aryl-piperazine analogues of buspirone and other 5

Haloperidol [SEP] A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoa


5-hydroxytryptaminergic agonists [SEP] l. A series of aryl-piperazine analogues of buspirone and other 5-hydroxytryptaminergic agonists were tested for their ability to reverse haloperidol induced ca

Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists [SEP] Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists f


5-hydroxytryptamine [SEP] l. A series of aryl-piperazine analogues of buspirone and other 5-hydroxytryptaminergic agonists were tested for their ability to reverse haloperid

Serotonin [SEP] A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily i


5-HT [SEP] s were able to reverse catalepsy. Drugs with affinity for other 5-HT receptors or weak affinity were ineffective. However, inhibitio


Diazepam [SEP] Diazepam facilitates reflex bradycardia in conscious rats.

Diazepam [SEP] A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of actio


bradycardia [SEP] Diazepam facilitates reflex bradycardia in conscious rats.

Bradycardia [SEP] Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. Th


diazepam [SEP] The effects of diazepam on cardiovascular function were assessed in conscious rats. Int


bradycardia [SEP] oth the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate. Also, reflex bradycardia was produced in rats by intravenous infusion of adrenaline (1.2


adrenaline [SEP] lex bradycardia was produced in rats by intravenous infusion of adrenaline (1.25-2.5 micrograms kg-1). Intravenous pretreatment of the rat


picrotoxin [SEP] antagonized by pretreatment of rats with an intravenous dose of picrotoxin (an agent blocks chloride channels by binding to sites associat

Picrotoxin [SEP] A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated c


chloride [SEP] of rats with an intravenous dose of picrotoxin (an agent blocks chloride channels by binding to sites associated with the benzodiazepine

Chlorides [SEP] Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.


benzodiazepine [SEP] locks chloride channels by binding to sites associated with the benzodiazepine-GABA-chloride channel macromolecular complex). The data indicat

Benzodiazepines [SEP] A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.


GABA [SEP] channels by binding to sites associated with the benzodiazepine-GABA-chloride channel macromolecular complex). The data indicate tha

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid [SEP] The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.


carbamazepine [SEP] Chronic carbamazepine inhibits the development of local anesthetic seizures kindled b

Carbamazepine [SEP] An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but s


seizures [SEP] onic carbamazepine inhibits the development of local anesthetic seizures kindled by cocaine and lidocaine.

Seizures [SEP] Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of br


cocaine [SEP] nhibits the development of local anesthetic seizures kindled by cocaine and lidocaine.

Cocaine [SEP] An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinic


lidocaine [SEP] development of local anesthetic seizures kindled by cocaine and lidocaine.

Lidocaine [SEP] A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more pro


carbamazepine [SEP] The effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment on local anesthetic-kindled seizures and lethal


CBZ [SEP] The effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment on local anesthetic-kindled seizures and lethality w


seizures [SEP] ts of carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment on local anesthetic-kindled seizures and lethality were evaluated in different stages of the kindlin


lidocaine [SEP] inistration. Chronic oral CBZ inhibited the development of both lidocaine- and cocaine-induced seizures, but had little effect on the ful


cocaine [SEP] ronic oral CBZ inhibited the development of both lidocaine- and cocaine-induced seizures, but had little effect on the fully developed


seizure [SEP] ts of carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment on local anesthetic-kindled seizures and lethality were evaluated in different stages of the kindli


D-penicillamine [SEP] D-penicillamine in the treatment of localized scleroderma.

Penicillamine [SEP] 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic a


localized scleroderma [SEP] D-penicillamine in the treatment of localized scleroderma.

Scleroderma, Localized [SEP] A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but


Localized scleroderma [SEP] Localized scleroderma has no recognized internal organ involvement but may be disfigu


localized scleroderma [SEP] r affect children. There is no accepted or proven treatment for localized scleroderma. Case reports of 11 patients with severe, extensive localized s


D-penicillamine [SEP] h severe, extensive localized scleroderma who were treated with D-penicillamine are summarized in this article. This drug was judged to have a


contractures [SEP] th of the affected limb in 2 of 3 children. Joint stiffness and contractures also improved. The dose of D-penicillamine associated with a fa

Contracture [SEP] Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.


D-Penicillamine [SEP] mg/kg per day given over a period ranging from 15 to 53 months. D-Penicillamine caused nephrotic syndrome in 1 patient and milder reversible pr


nephrotic syndrome [SEP] r a period ranging from 15 to 53 months. D-Penicillamine caused nephrotic syndrome in 1 patient and milder reversible proteinuria in 3 other patie

Nephrotic Syndrome [SEP] A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in


proteinuria [SEP] ne caused nephrotic syndrome in 1 patient and milder reversible proteinuria in 3 other patients; none developed renal insufficiency. These

Proteinuria [SEP] The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.


renal insufficiency [SEP] lder reversible proteinuria in 3 other patients; none developed renal insufficiency. These data suggest that D-penicillamine may be effective in se

Renal Insufficiency [SEP] Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain


hypotension [SEP] Preservation of renal blood flow during hypotension induced with fenoldopam in dogs.

Hypotension [SEP] Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DI


fenoldopam [SEP] reservation of renal blood flow during hypotension induced with fenoldopam in dogs.

Fenoldopam [SEP] A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilati


hypotension [SEP] The introduction of drugs that could induce hypotension with different pharmacological actions would be advantageous be


dopamine [SEP] g could be minimized by selecting appropriate therapy. Specific dopamine-1, (DA1) and dopamine-2 (DA2) receptor agonists are now under c

Dopamine [SEP] One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and


DA [SEP] nimized by selecting appropriate therapy. Specific dopamine-1, (DA1) and dopamine-2 (DA2) receptor agonists are now under clinical


Fenoldopam mesylate [SEP] 2 (DA2) receptor agonists are now under clinical investigation. Fenoldopam mesylate is a specific DA1 receptor agonist that lowers blood pressure b


fenoldopam [SEP] at lowers blood pressure by vasodilatation. The hypothesis that fenoldopam could be used to induce hypotension and preserve blood flow to


sodium [SEP] the cardiovascular and renal vascular effects of fenoldopam and sodium nitroprusside in ten dogs under halothane general anaesthesia.

Sodium [SEP] A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.


nitroprusside [SEP] diovascular and renal vascular effects of fenoldopam and sodium nitroprusside in ten dogs under halothane general anaesthesia. Mean arterial

Nitroprusside [SEP] A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for f


halothane [SEP] ffects of fenoldopam and sodium nitroprusside in ten dogs under halothane general anaesthesia. Mean arterial pressure was decreased 30 +/

Halothane [SEP] A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analg


cibenzoline [SEP] Antiarrhythmic effects of optical isomers of cibenzoline on canine ventricular arrhythmias.

cifenline [SEP]


ventricular arrhythmias [SEP] iarrhythmic effects of optical isomers of cibenzoline on canine ventricular arrhythmias.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac [SEP] Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by


cibenzoline [SEP] Antiarrhythmic effects of (+)-cibenzoline and (-)-cibenzoline were examined using two canine ventricular

cifenline [SEP]


ventricular arrhythmia [SEP] -cibenzoline and (-)-cibenzoline were examined using two canine ventricular arrhythmia models. Digitalis arrhythmia, which is suppressed by Na channel


Digitalis [SEP] e were examined using two canine ventricular arrhythmia models. Digitalis arrhythmia, which is suppressed by Na channel blockers, was ind

Digitalis [SEP] A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the SCROPHULARIACEAE which yield cardiotonic DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES. The most usefu


arrhythmia [SEP]  and (-)-cibenzoline were examined using two canine ventricular arrhythmia models. Digitalis arrhythmia, which is suppressed by Na channel


Na [SEP] arrhythmia models. Digitalis arrhythmia, which is suppressed by Na channel blockers, was induced by intermittent intravenous (i.v.


ouabain [SEP] rs, was induced by intermittent intravenous (i.v.) injection of ouabain in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Adrenaline arrhythmia, whic

Ouabain [SEP] A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants


pentobarbital [SEP] uced by intermittent intravenous (i.v.) injection of ouabain in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Adrenaline arrhythmia, which is suppressed b

Pentobarbital [SEP] A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given


Adrenaline arrhythmia [SEP] (i.v.) injection of ouabain in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. Adrenaline arrhythmia, which is suppressed by Ca channel blockers, was induced by adr


Ca [SEP] nesthetized dogs. Adrenaline arrhythmia, which is suppressed by Ca channel blockers, was induced by adrenaline infusion in halotha

Calcium [SEP] A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic sym


adrenaline [SEP] mia, which is suppressed by Ca channel blockers, was induced by adrenaline infusion in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Ten and 5 mg/kg i.v. (

Epinephrine [SEP] The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes


halothane [SEP] d by Ca channel blockers, was induced by adrenaline infusion in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Ten and 5 mg/kg i.v. (+)-cibenzoline suppres


digitalis [SEP] sthetized dogs. Ten and 5 mg/kg i.v. (+)-cibenzoline suppressed digitalis- and adrenaline-induced arrhythmias, respectively. The minimum


arrhythmias [SEP] v. (+)-cibenzoline suppressed digitalis- and adrenaline-induced arrhythmias, respectively. The minimum effective plasma concentrations of (


Hibiscus rosa sinensis [SEP] Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on reserpine-induced neurobehavioral and biochemical alteration

Plant Extracts [SEP] Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is ev


reserpine [SEP] Effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis on reserpine-induced neurobehavioral and biochemical alterations in rats.

Reserpine [SEP] An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into st


Hibiscus rosa sinensis [SEP] Effect of methanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (100-300 mg/kg) was studied on reserpine-induced orofacial dysk


reserpine [SEP] xtract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (100-300 mg/kg) was studied on reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and neurochemical alterations. The


dyskinesia [SEP] nsis (100-300 mg/kg) was studied on reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and neurochemical alterations. The rats were treated with intra

Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced [SEP] Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or


Reserpine [SEP] hewing movements and tongue protrusions were counted for 5 min. Reserpine treated rats significantly developed vacuous chewing movements


superoxide [SEP] nificantly increased lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GSH)

Superoxides [SEP] Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated dur