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Abstract algebra | Algèbre générale | In algebra, which is a broad division of mathematics, abstract algebra (occasionally called modern algebra) is the study of algebraic structures. Algebraic structures include groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, lattices, and algebras. The term "abstract algebra" was coined in the early 20th century to distinguish this area of study from the other parts of algebra. | L'algèbre générale, ou algèbre abstraite, est la branche des mathématiques qui porte principalement sur l'étude des structures algébriques et de leurs relations. L'appellation "algèbre générale" s'oppose à celle d"'algèbre élémentaire" ; cette dernière enseigne le calcul algébrique, c'est-à-dire les règles de manipulation des formules et des expressions algébriques. | [
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Linear algebra | Algèbre linéaire | Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as linear maps such as and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. | L’algèbre linéaire est la branche des mathématiques qui s'intéresse aux espaces vectoriels et aux transformations linéaires, formalisation générale des théories des systèmes d'équations linéaires. | [
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Algorithm | Algorithme | In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of well-defined, computer-implementable instructions, typically to solve a class of problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are always unambiguous and are used as specifications for performing calculations, data processing, automated reasoning, and other tasks. | Un algorithme est une suite finie et non ambiguë d’opérations ou d'instructions permettant de résoudre une classe de problèmes. Le mot "algorithme" vient du nom d'un mathématicien perse du, Al-Khwârizmî (en arabe : ). Une autre étymologie dit qu'un algorithme est un calcul (« arithmos » en grec), qui est tellement long et difficile à faire à la main qu'il en devient douloureux : « algos » signifie douleur en grec ; un algorithme est un calcul pénible à faire à la main. Étymologie elle aussi acceptable, puisqu'elle rend compte du "g ;" au, "algorithme" signifiait l'arithmétique avec les chiffres arabes. | [
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Politics of Argentina | Politique en Argentine | The politics of Argentina take place in the framework of what the Constitution defines as a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where the President of Argentina is both Head of State and Head of Government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Argentine National Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the Executive and the Legislature. Elections take place regularly on a multi-party system. | L'Argentine est une république présidentielle multipartite, où le président est à la fois chef de l'État et chef du gouvernement. Le pouvoir exécutif est détenu par le gouvernement et le pouvoir législatif est partagé entre le gouvernement et les deux chambres du parlement. Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des deux premiers. | [
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Boolean algebra | Algèbre de Boole (logique) | In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values "true" and "false", usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively. Instead of elementary algebra where the values of the variables are numbers, and the prime operations are addition and multiplication, the main operations of Boolean algebra are the conjunction ("and)" denoted as ∧, the disjunction ("or)" denoted as ∨, and the negation ("not)" denoted as ¬. It is thus a formalism for describing logical operations in the same way that elementary algebra describes numerical operations. | L'algèbre de Boole, ou calcul booléen, est la partie des mathématiques qui s'intéresse à une approche algébrique de la logique, vue en termes de variables, d'opérateurs et de fonctions sur les variables logiques, ce qui permet d'utiliser des techniques algébriques pour traiter les expressions à deux valeurs du calcul des propositions. Elle fut lancée en 1854 par le mathématicien britannique George Boole. Aujourd'hui, l'algèbre de Boole trouve de nombreuses applications en informatique et dans la conception des circuits électroniques. Elle fut utilisée la première fois pour les circuits de commutation téléphoniques par Claude Shannon. | [
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Austria | Autriche | Austria (, ; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states ("Bundeslände"r), one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and its largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Austria occupies an area of and has a population of nearly 9 million people. While German is the country's official language, many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects. | L'Autriche ( ), en forme longue la république d'Autriche (), est un État fédéral d'Europe centrale sans accès à la mer. Pays montagneux, il est entouré, dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, par l'Allemagne et la Tchéquie au nord, la Slovaquie et la Hongrie à l'est, la Slovénie et l'Italie au sud, et par la Suisse et le Liechtenstein à l'ouest. L'Autriche est membre de l'Union européenne et de la zone euro respectivement depuis 1995 et 1999. Sa langue officielle est l'allemand, mais depuis la ratification de la Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires, six autres langues (hongrois, slovène, croate du Burgenland, tchèque, slovaque et romani) sont reconnues. Sa capitale et plus grande ville est Vienne. | [
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Aisne | Aisne (département) | Aisne (,, ) is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. It is named after the river Aisne. | L'Aisne est un département français dont le nom vient de la rivière homonyme. Il appartient à la région Hauts-de-France. L'Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le code 02. Sa préfecture est Laon. | [
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Arc de Triomphe | Arc de triomphe de l'Étoile | The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (,, ; ) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the "étoile" or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues. The location of the arc and the plaza is shared between three arrondissements, 16th (south and west), 17th (north) and 8th (east). The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. | L’arc de triomphe de l’Étoile, souvent appelé simplement l’Arc de triomphe, dont la construction, décidée par l'empereur, débuta en 1806 et s'acheva en 1836 sous Louis-Philippe, est situé à Paris, dans les,, et arrondissements. | [
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Allier | Allier (département) | Allier (,, ; ) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the centre of France. Named after the river Allier, it had a population of 339,384 in 2016. Moulins is the prefecture; Montluçon and Vichy are the subprefectures. Its INSEE and post code is 03. | L’Allier () est un département français situé dans la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. L’Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le code 03. Sa préfecture est Moulins. | [
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Alpes-de-Haute-Provence | Alpes-de-Haute-Provence | Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (; ; ) is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. Formerly part of the province of Provence, it had a population of 161,588 in 2016. Its main cities are Digne-les-Bains (prefecture), Manosque, Sisteron, Barcelonnette, Castellane and Forcalquier. Inhabitants of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are called the Bas-Alpins or Bas-Alpines referring to the department of Basses-Alpes which was the former name of the department until 1970. | Les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence ou AHP ( ), appelées Basses-Alpes jusqu'en 1970, sont un département français de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 04. Sa préfecture est Digne-les-Bains. | [
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Aube | Aube (département) | Aube () is a French department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 305,606 inhabitants (2012), Aube is 76th department in terms of population. The inhabitants of the department are known as "Aubois" or "Auboises" | LAube est un département français de la région Grand Est dont le nom vient de l'Aube, premier affluent notable de la Seine (rive droite). L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 10. Les habitants de ce département sont appelés les Aubois. Sa préfecture est Troyes. | [
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Arsène Lupin | Arsène Lupin | Arsène Lupin is a fictional gentleman thief and master of disguise created in 1905 by French writer Maurice Leblanc. He was originally called Arsène Lopin, until a local politician of the same name protested. The character was first introduced in a series of short stories serialized in the magazine "Je sais tout". The first story, "The Arrest of Arsène Lupin", was published on 15 July 1905. | Arsène Lupin est un personnage de fiction français créé par Maurice Leblanc. Ce gentleman cambrioleur est particulièrement connu pour son talent à user de déguisements et changer d'identité pour commettre ses délits. | [
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Aveyron | Aveyron (département) | Aveyron (; ; ) is a department located in Occitanie region of Southern France. Named after the Aveyron River, it had a population of 278,697 in 2016. Its inhabitants are known as "Aveyronnais" or "Aveyronnaises" in French. The inhabitants of Rodez are called "Ruthénois", based on the first Celtic settlers in the area, the "Ruteni". | L'Aveyron ( ) est un département français situé dans la région Occitanie, dans le sud-ouest de la France. Il prend le nom de la rivière Aveyron. Il est au centre d'un triangle formé par les villes de Toulouse, Clermont-Ferrand et Montpellier. Ce département reprend approximativement les contours de l'ancienne province du Rouergue. C'est l'un des plus grands départements de France métropolitaine par sa superficie (le cinquième avec, sixième si l'on tient compte de la Guyane). Les habitants de l’Aveyron sont les "Aveyronnais". | [
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Alpes-Maritimes | Alpes-Maritimes | Alpes-Maritimes (; ;, "Maritime Alps") is a department of France located in the extreme southeast corner of the country, on the border with Italy and on the Mediterranean coast. Part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, it had a population of 1,083,310 in 2017. | Les Alpes-Maritimes ( ) sont un département français de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Maralpins". L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le. Sa préfecture est Nice. | [
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Ariège (department) | Ariège (département) | Ariège (; ) is a department in southwestern France, in the Occitanie region. It is named after the Ariège River and its capital is Foix. Ariège is known for its rural landscape, with a population of 153,067 as of 2016. Its INSEE and postal code is 09, hence the department's informal name of "le zéro neuf". The inhabitants of the department are known as "Ariègeois" or "Ariègeoises". | L’Ariège ( en français standard ; "Arièja" en occitan (en languedocien, en gascon...) est un département français de la région Occitanie, nommé d'après la rivière homonyme. L’Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 09. Sa préfecture est Foix. | [
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Auvergne | Auvergne | Auvergne (, ; or ) is a former administrative region in south-central France, comprising the four departments of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. | LAuvergne ( ou "Euvarnhà") est une région culturelle et historique de France située au cœur du Massif central. De 1941 à 1946 et de 1956 à 2015, la région Auvergne fut également une région administrative française composée des quatre départements de l'Allier, du Cantal, de la Haute-Loire et du Puy-de-Dôme. Sa plus grande ville, Clermont-Ferrand, en était le chef-lieu. Cette région a été supprimée le par la loi sur l'Acte de la décentralisation. Les départements qui la composaient font maintenant partie de la nouvelle région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. | [
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Alloy | Alliage | An alloy is a combination of metals or metals combined with one or more other elements. For example, combining the metallic elements gold and copper produces red gold, gold and silver becomes white gold, and silver combined with copper produces sterling silver. Elemental iron, combined with non-metallic carbon or silicon, produces alloys called steel or silicon steel. The resulting mixture forms a substance with properties that often differ from those of the pure metals, such as increased strength or hardness. Unlike other substances that may contain metallic bases but do not behave as metals, such as aluminium oxide (sapphire), beryllium aluminium silicate (emerald) or sodium chloride (salt), an alloy will retain all the properties of a metal in the resulting material, such as electrical conductivity, ductility, opaqueness, and luster. Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications, from the steel alloys, used in everything from buildings to automobiles to surgical tools, to exotic titanium-alloys used in the aerospace industry, to beryllium-copper alloys for non-sparking tools. In some cases, a combination of metals may reduce the overall cost of the material while preserving important properties. In other cases, the combination of metals imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength. Examples of alloys are steel, solder, brass, pewter, duralumin, bronze and amalgams. | Un alliage est la combinaison d'un élément métallique avec un ou plusieurs métaux par fusion. Les caractéristiques mécaniques des métaux purs sont la plupart du temps relativement faibles. Le fait d'ajouter d'autres éléments permet de « durcir » le métal en augmentant ses caractéristiques mécaniques. Outre les renforcements mécaniques engendrés par déformation, tel que l'écrouissage, il existe des durcissements chimiques par addition d'éléments en solution solide ou par précipitation de phases secondaires durcissantes telles que les carbures. Ces ajouts permettent également de modifier les caractéristiques chimiques, telle que la résistance à la corrosion, ou d'améliorer d'autres caractéristiques, par exemple la coulabilité. | [
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Ardèche | Ardèche (département) | Ardèche (; Occitan and Arpitan: "Ardecha") is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. It is named after the Ardèche River and had a population of 320,379 as of 2013. Its largest cities are Aubenas, Annonay, Guilherand-Granges, Tournon-sur-Rhône and Privas (prefecture). | Le département de l'Ardèche ( ) est un département français situé dans la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Sa préfecture est Privas. Il doit son nom à la rivière Ardèche qui le traverse d'ouest en est, ses habitants s'appellent les "Ardéchois(es)". Il est composé de 335 communes au. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 07. | [
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Aude | Aude (département) | Aude (; ) is a department in Southern France, located in the Occitanie region and named after the Aude River. The departmental council also calls it "Cathar Country" (French: "Pays cathare") after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th century. | L'Aude ( ) est un département français de la région Occitanie, qui se situe dans le Sud de la France. Sa préfecture est Carcassonne, avec sa ville médiévale fortifiée tandis que sa plus grande ville est Narbonne avec plus de. | [
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South Africa | Afrique du Sud | South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. With over 58 million people, it is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of. South Africa has three capital cities: executive Pretoria, judicial Bloemfontein and legislative Cape Town. The largest city is Johannesburg. About 80% of South Africans are of Black African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European, Asian, Indian, and multiracial ancestry. | LAfrique du Sud, en forme longue la république d'Afrique du Sud, est un pays situé à l'extrémité australe du continent africain. Sa capitale administrative est Pretoria. Il est frontalier à l'ouest-nord-ouest avec la Namibie, au nord et au nord-nord-est avec le Botswana, au nord-est avec le Zimbabwe, et à l'est-nord-est avec le Mozambique et l'Eswatini. Le Lesotho est pour sa part un État enclavé dans le territoire sud-africain. | [
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Aikido | Aïkido | Aikido's fundamental principles include: irimi (entering), atemi, kokyu-ho (breathing control), sankaku-ho (triangular principle) and tenkan (turning) movements that redirect the opponent's attack momentum. Its curriculum comprises various techniques, primarily throws and joint locks. It also includes a weapons system encompassing the "bokken", "tantō" and "jō". | L' est un art martial japonais (budo), fondé par Morihei Ueshiba "ōsensei" entre 1925 et 1969. L'aïkido a été officiellement reconnu par le gouvernement japonais en 1940 sous le nom d’"aikibudō" et sous le nom aikido en 1942 donné par la « Dai Nippon Butoku Kai », organisme gouvernemental visant à regrouper tous les arts martiaux japonais pendant la guerre. Il a été créé à partir de l'expérience que son fondateur avait de l'enseignement des koryu (écoles d'arts martiaux anciennes), essentiellement l"aikijutsu" de l'école "daitō ryū" et le kenjutsu (art du sabre japonais). L'aïkido est né de la rencontre entre ces techniques de combat et une réflexion métaphysique de Morihei Ueshiba sur le sens de la pratique martiale à l'ère moderne. | [
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Angola | Angola | Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (), is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda. | L’Angola, en forme longue la république d'Angola, en portugais, en kikongo, est un pays du Sud-Ouest de l'Afrique, limitrophe de la république démocratique du Congo au nord et au nord-est, de la république du Congo au nord-ouest (par l'enclave de Cabinda), de la Zambie à l'est-sud-est et de la Namibie au sud. | [
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Antigua and Barbuda | Antigua-et-Barbuda | Antigua and Barbuda (; ) is an island sovereign state in the West Indies in the Americas, lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda (separated by 39 miles), and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York Islands and further south, the island of Redonda). The permanent population numbers about 95,900 (2018 est.), with 97% being resident on Antigua. The capital and largest port and city is St. John's on Antigua, with Codrington being the largest town on Barbuda. Lying near each other (the main Barbuda airport is less than 0.5° of latitude, or, north of the main Antigua airport), Antigua and Barbuda are in the middle of the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17°N of the equator. | Antigua-et-Barbuda ou Antigue-et-Barbude est un État des Antilles ayant pour capitale Saint John's, situé à une cinquantaine de kilomètres au nord de la Guadeloupe et au nord-est de l'île des Antilles britanniques de Montserrat, dans les Caraïbes. Cet État est composé de deux îles principales, Antigua, et Barbuda, ainsi que de quelques îles plus petites. | [
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Aten | Aton | Aten also Aton, Atonu, Itn (, "reconstructed" ) was the focus of Atenism, the religious system established in ancient Egypt by the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. The Aten was the disc of the sun and originally an aspect of Ra, the sun god in traditional ancient Egyptian religion, but Akhenaten made it the sole focus of official worship during his reign. | Aton est un dieu solaire de l'Égypte antique. Il est surtout connu comme un dieu éphémère de la mythologie égyptienne du Nouvel Empire durant le règne d'Amenhotep qui prit le nom d'Akhenaton ("ȝḫ n Jtn", « Éclat d’Aton » ou, en l'absence du déterminatif : « Utile à Aton ») (v. -1353 à -1337). | [
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Advanced Micro Devices | Advanced Micro Devices | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara County, California that develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets. While initially it manufactured its own processors, the company later outsourced its manufacturing, a practice known as going fabless, after GlobalFoundries was spun off in 2009. AMD's main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors and graphics processors for servers, workstations, personal computers and embedded system applications. | Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) est un fabricant américain de semi-conducteurs, microprocesseurs, cartes graphiques basé à Santa Clara (Californie). La compagnie a été fondée le par un groupe d'ingénieurs et de dirigeants de Fairchild Semiconductor. Les cofondateurs d'AMD sont Jerry Sanders,, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Jack Gifford, Frank Botte, Jim Giles et Larry Stenger. La flèche du logotype de la compagnie dirigée vers la droite symbolise sa croissance dans le « droit chemin » (« "the right way" »). | [
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ASCII art | Art ASCII | ASCII art is a graphic design technique that uses computers for presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from the 95 printable (from a total of 128) characters defined by the ASCII Standard from 1963 and ASCII compliant character sets with proprietary extended characters (beyond the 128 characters of standard 7-bit ASCII). The term is also loosely used to refer to text based visual art in general. ASCII art can be created with any text editor, and is often used with free-form languages. Most examples of ASCII art require a fixed-width font (non-proportional fonts, as on a traditional typewriter) such as Courier for presentation. | L’art ASCII consiste à réaliser des images uniquement à l'aide des lettres et caractères spéciaux contenus dans le code ASCII. | [
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Atum | Atoum | Atum (, Egyptian: "jtm(w)" or "tm(w)", "reconstructed" ; Coptic "Atoum"), sometimes rendered as Atem or Tem, is an important deity in Egyptian mythology. | Atoum ou Toum (traduit par certains par "l'Indifférencié") est un dieu de la mythologie égyptienne. Originaire de la ville d'Héliopolis, il y était particulièrement vénéré. Un temple lui était aussi dédié à Pithôm, dans le delta du Nil. | [
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Abbreviation | Abréviation | An abbreviation (from Latin "brevis", meaning "short" ) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters, or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word "abbreviation" can itself be represented by the abbreviation "abbr.", "abbrv.", or "abbrev."; "NBM", for nil (or nothing) by mouth is an abbreviated medical instruction. It may also consist of initials only, a mixture of initials and words, or words or letters representing words in another language (for example, e.g., i.e. or RSVP). Some types of abbreviations are acronyms (which are pronounceable), initialisms (using initials only), or grammatical contractions or crasis. | Une abréviation (du latin "brevis", en français : « court », abrégé en « abr. » ou « abrév. ») est le raccourcissement d'un mot ou d'un groupe de mots, représentés alors par un caractère ou un groupe de caractères issus de ce mot. L'abréviation consiste donc toujours en une suppression, plus ou moins importante. Par exemple, « c'est-à-dire » peut s'abréger en « c.-à-d. ». Il existe plusieurs méthodes pour abréger des groupes de mots, dont les plus courantes sont la siglaison et l'acronymie. Le point autre que celui de fin de phrase est souvent l'indice d'une abréviation. Il s'utilise quand la dernière lettre du mot abrégé est elle aussi supprimée : « Monsieur » s'abrège en « » et « Maître » en « » (« e » étant bien la dernière lettre du mot). Si l'abréviation finit la phrase, le point abréviatif et le point final se confondent. | [
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Accelerated Graphics Port | Port AGP | The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) was designed as a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer system, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. It was originally designed as a successor to PCI-type connections for video cards. Since 2004, AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe); by mid-2008, PCI Express cards dominated the market and only a few AGP models were available, with GPU manufacturers and add-in board partners eventually dropping support for the interface in favor of PCI Express. | En informatique le port AGP (de l'anglais signifiant littéralement port graphique accéléré, en français), est un port interne destiné exclusivement aux cartes graphiques. Successeur pour ces périphériques du bus PCI, l’AGP permet aux informations de circuler plus rapidement. | [
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Argentina | Argentine | Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (), is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. With a mainland area of, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the fourth largest in the Americas, the second largest in South America after Brazil, and the largest Spanish-speaking nation. The sovereign state is subdivided into twenty-three provinces (, singular "provincia") and one autonomous city ("ciudad autónoma"), Buenos Aires, which is the federal capital of the nation () as decided by Congress. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands (), and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. | L’Argentine, en forme longue la République argentine, ( et "" ) est un pays d’Amérique du Sud partageant ses frontières avec le Chili au nord-ouest, à l’ouest et au sud-ouest, la Bolivie au nord, le Paraguay au nord-nord-est, le Brésil au nord-est et l’Uruguay à l'est-nord-est, enfin l’océan Atlantique au sud-est et au sud. Son territoire américain continental couvre une grande partie du Cône Sud. | [
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Andorra | Andorre | Andorra (, ; ), officially the Principality of Andorra (), is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell. The present principality was formed by a charter in 1278. It is known as a principality as it is a diarchy headed by two princes: the Bishop of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain, and the President of the French Republic. | LAndorre, en forme longue la principauté d'Andorre (en catalan et ), est un État d'Europe du Sud et, selon certaines définitions, de l'Ouest. Bordée par l'Espagne et la France (donc enclavée dans l'Union européenne), et située dans le massif des Pyrénées, elle est principalement constituée de montagnes élevées. Il s'agit d'un des plus petits États souverains d'Europe, avec une superficie de et une population estimée à en 2019. Établie à au-dessus du niveau de la mer, Andorre-la-Vieille, sa capitale, est la plus haute d'Europe. La langue officielle est le catalan, la monnaie officielle est l'euro. La devise de l'Andorre est « "Virtus Unita Fortior" », et son drapeau est constitué de trois bandes verticales bleue, jaune et rouge, la bande jaune étant plaquée de l'écusson andorran. L'hymne national est "El Gran Carlemany". | [
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Pornographic film actor | Acteur pornographique | A pornographic film actor or actress, adult entertainer, or porn star is a person who performs sex acts in video that is usually characterized as a pornographic movie. Such videos tend to be made in a number of distinct pornographic subgenres and attempt to present a sexual fantasy and the actors selected for a particular role are primarily selected on their ability to create or fit that fantasy. Pornographic videos are characterized as either "softcore", which does not contain depictions of sexual penetration or "extreme fetishism" and "hardcore", which can contain depictions of penetration or extreme fetishism, or both. The genres and sexual intensity of videos is mainly determined by demand. Depending on the genre of the film, the on-screen appearance, age, and physical features of the main actors and their ability to create the sexual mood of the video is of critical importance. Most actors specialize in certain genres, such as gay sex, lesbian sex, bondage, strap-on sex, anal sex, double penetration, semen swallowing, teenage women, interracial or MILFs. | Les acteurs ou actrices pornographiques, parfois appelés « acteur ou actrice X » ou encore « hardeur » ou « hardeuse », sont les personnes se livrant à des actes sexuels non simulés dans le cadre d'un film pornographique. | [
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Astronomy | Astronomie | Astronomy (from ) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates outside Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy. It studies the Universe as a whole. | L’astronomie est la science de l’observation des astres, cherchant à expliquer leur origine, leur évolution, ainsi que leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques. Avec plus de d’histoire, les origines de l’astronomie remontent au-delà de l’Antiquité dans les pratiques religieuses préhistoriques. L’astronomie est l’une des rares sciences où les amateurs jouent encore un rôle actif. Elle est pratiquée à titre de loisir par un large public d’astronomes amateurs. | [
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Akira Kurosawa | Akira Kurosawa | Akira Kurosawa ( "Kurosawa Akira"; March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter, who directed 30 films in a career spanning 57 years. He is regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. | Akira Kurosawa débuta en 1936 en tant qu'assistant réalisateur et scénariste. En 1943, au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il réalise son premier film,. Son huitième long métrage,, sort en 1948 et est acclamé par la critique, affirmant la réputation de Kurosawa. Ce film marque les débuts de l'acteur Toshirō Mifune, qui tournera au total seize films avec Kurosawa. | [
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Armenia | Arménie | Armenia (;, ), officially the Republic of Armenia (, ), is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located in Western Asia, on the Armenian Highlands, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the "de facto" independent Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. | L’Arménie, en forme longue la république d'Arménie, en arménien ', et ',, est un pays situé dans la région du Petit Caucase en Asie occidentale. Cette ancienne république socialiste soviétique a des frontières terrestres avec la Turquie à l'ouest, la Géorgie au nord-nord-ouest, l'Azerbaïdjan à l'est et l'Iran au sud-est. | [
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Amun | Amon | Amun (also "Amon, Ammon, Amen",, "reconstructed" ; Greek "Ámmōn", "Hámmōn") was a major ancient Egyptian deity who appears as a member of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad. Amun was attested from the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amaunet. With the 11th dynasty ( 21st century BC), Amun rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes by replacing Montu. | Amon est l’une des principales divinités du panthéon égyptien, dieu de Thèbes. Son nom "Imen", « le Caché » ou « l’Inconnaissable », traduit l’impossibilité de connaître sa « vraie » forme, car il se révèle sous de nombreux aspects. Il est "Imen achâ renou", « Amon aux noms multiples ». | [
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Akhenaton (rapper) | Akhenaton (rappeur) | Philippe Fragione (), better known by his stage name Akhenaton (born 17 September 1968, Marseille), is a French rapper and hip hop producer of Italian origin. He has also worked under the aliases Chill, AKH, Sentenza, and Spectre. He became famous as a member of the group IAM, and has since made a number of records, both with IAM and as a solo artist. | Akhenaton (), né le à Marseille, est un rappeur, producteur, réalisateur et animateur de radio français. Membre emblématique du groupe IAM, Akhenaton est, selon RFI, Son maniement des figures de style et de la rime, sa grande expérience dans la production instrumentale ainsi que ses talents de scénariste lui valent une reconnaissance artistique qui s'étend au-delà de la scène du rap français dans laquelle il est l'un des plus influents. | [
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Apep | Apophis | Apep ( or ; also spelled Apepi or Aapep) or Apophis (; ) was the ancient Egyptian deity who embodied chaos ("ı͗zft" in Egyptian) and was thus the opponent of light and Ma'at (order/truth). He appears in art as a giant serpent. His name is reconstructed by Egyptologists as *ʻAʼpāp(ī), as it was written "ꜥꜣpp(y)" and survived in later Coptic as "Aphōph". Apep was first mentioned in the Eighth Dynasty, and he was honored in the names of the Fourteenth Dynasty king 'Apepi and of the Greater Hyksos king Apophis. | Apophis (en grec ancien : ou, ou ou, en égyptien : Apep ou Apepi ou Aapep ou Aapef) est un dieu de la mythologie égyptienne des forces mauvaises et de la nuit, personnification du chaos, du mal, de l'obscurité, cherchant à anéantir la création divine. Son nom "Aapep" ou "Aapef" (en égyptien ancien) signifiait « géant » ou « serpent géant ». | [
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Anuket | Anoukis | Anuket was the ancient Egyptian goddess of the cataracts of the Nile and Lower Nubia in general, worshipped especially at Elephantine near the First Cataract. | Anoukis est le nom grec d'une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne. Son nom égyptien est "Anqet" (ou "Anket", "Anouket"), « Celle qui enlace/embrasse ». | [
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South America | Amérique du Sud | South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is how it is viewed in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking regions of the Americas. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil). | L’Amérique du Sud est un continent ou un sous-continent et la partie méridionale de l'Amérique. Il est situé entièrement dans l'hémisphère ouest et principalement dans l'hémisphère sud. Il est bordé à l'ouest par l'océan Pacifique et au nord et à l'est par l'océan Atlantique. L'Amérique centrale, qui relie le sous-continent à l'Amérique du Nord, et les Caraïbes sont situées au nord-ouest. | [
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Ampere | Ampère | The ampere ( or (UK), symbol: A), often shortened to "amp", is the base unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics. | L’ampère (symbole A) est l'unité de mesure du Système international d'unités de l'intensité du courant électrique. Un courant d’un ampère correspond au transport d'une charge électrique d'un coulomb par seconde à travers une surface (section de fil, électrolyte, tube à vide). | [
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Personal digital assistant | Assistant personnel | A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a handheld PC, is a variety mobile device which functions as a personal information manager. PDAs have been mostly displaced by the widespread adoption of highly capable smartphones, in particular those based on iOS and Android. | Un assistant personnel est un outil constitué, L'objectif d'un assistant personnel est d'aider un individu dans l'exécution de certaines tâches comme la gestion d'un agenda ou la gestion d'un carnet d'adresses. | [
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Ancient history | Antiquité | Ancient history as a term refers to the aggregate of past events from the beginning of writing and recorded human history and extending as far as post-classical history. The phrase may be used either to refer to the period of time or the academic discipline. | L'Antiquité est une époque de l'Histoire. C'est par le développement ou l'adoption de l'écriture que l'Antiquité succède à la Préhistoire : certaines civilisations de ces périodes charnières n'avaient pas d'écriture, mais sont mentionnées dans les écrits d'autres civilisations : on les place dans la Protohistoire. Le passage de la Préhistoire à l'Antiquité s'est donc produit à différentes périodes pour les différents peuples. | [
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Apis (deity) | Apis | In ancient Egyptian religion, Apis or Hapis (, reconstructed as Old Egyptian with unknown final vowel > Medio-Late Egyptian, "ḥapə"), alternatively spelled Hapi-ankh, was a sacred bull worshiped in the Memphis region, identified as the son of Hathor, a primary deity in the pantheon of Ancient Egypt. Initially, he was assigned a significant role in her worship, being sacrificed and reborn. Later, Apis also served as an intermediary between humans and other powerful deities (originally Ptah, later Osiris, then Atum). | Apis est le nom grec d'un taureau sacré de la mythologie égyptienne vénéré dès l'époque préhistorique. Les premières traces de son culte sont représentées sur des gravures rupestres, il est ensuite mentionné dans les "textes des pyramides" de l'Ancien Empire et son culte perdura jusqu'à l'époque romaine. Apis est symbole de fertilité, de puissance sexuelle et de force physique. | [
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Akhenaten | Akhenaton | Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, Ikhnaton, and Khuenaten (, meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning circa 1353–1336 or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as Amenhotep IV (, meaning "Amun is satisfied," Hellenized as "Amenophis IV"). | Amenhotep (né probablement entre -1371/-1365 et mort vers -1338/-1337, "Aménophis " en grec ancien d'après le nom donné par Manéthon à son prédécesseur qui lui ne le nomme pas explicitement), Akhenaton, (ou plus rarement Khounaton) est le dixième pharaon de la. | [
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Alejandro Toledo | Alejandro Toledo | Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (; born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian politician who served President of Peru, from 2001 to 2006. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000. | Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (né à Cabana, Ancash, Pérou, le ) est un économiste et un homme d'État péruvien. Il fut président de la République du au. Il remporte les élections présidentielles en 2001, en battant au deuxième tour Alan García. Il est marié avec l'anthropologue belge Éliane Karp. | [
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Underwater archaeology | Archéologie sous-marine | Underwater archaeology is archaeology practiced underwater. As with all other branches of archaeology, it evolved from its roots in pre-history and in the classical era to include sites from the historical and industrial eras. Its acceptance has been a relatively late development due to the difficulties of accessing and working underwater sites, and because the application of archaeology to underwater sites initially emerged from the skills and tools developed by shipwreck salvagers. As a result, underwater archaeology initially struggled to establish itself as bona fide archaeological research. The situation changed when universities began teaching the subject and when a theoretical and practical base for the sub-discipline was firmly established. Underwater archaeology now has a number of branches including, after it became broadly accepted in the late 1980s, maritime archaeology: the scientifically based study of past human life, behaviours and cultures and their activities in, on, around and (lately) under the sea, estuaries and rivers. This is most often effected using the physical remains found in, around or under salt or fresh water or buried beneath water-logged sediment. In recent years, the study of submerged WWII sites and of submerged aircraft in the form of underwater aviation archaeology have also emerged as bona fide activity. | L'archéologie sous-marine est un des domaines de l'archéologie, caractérisé par la localisation, l'exploration et l'étude des vestiges archéologiques se trouvant actuellement sous la mer. Ces vestiges peuvent être constitués d'embarcations et de navires anciens, échoués, naufragés, mais aussi de lieux de vie désormais submergés du fait des variations du niveau des mers et océans au cours du temps. La Convention sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique adoptée par l'UNESCO en 2001 définit ces vestiges comme « toutes traces de l’existence humaine présentant un caractère culturel, historique ou archéologique se trouvant partiellement ou totalement immergé, de manière périodique ou continuelle ». Cela comprend donc l’ensemble des sites, constructions, artefacts, les épaves ainsi que leurs cargaisons. L'archéologie sous-marine se distingue, en France, de l'archéologie subaquatique, pratiquée quant à elle dans les eaux douces (fleuves, rivières, lacs). | [
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Atari ST | Atari ST | The Atari ST is a line of home computers from Atari Corporation and the successor to the Atari 8-bit family. The initial model, the 520ST, saw limited release in April–June 1985 and was widely available in July. The 520ST is the first personal computer to come with a bitmapped color GUI, using a version of Digital Research's GEM released in February 1985. The 1040ST, released in 1986, is the first personal computer to ship with a megabyte of RAM in the base configuration and also the first with a cost-per-kilobyte of less than US$1. | Les Atari ST forment une famille d'ordinateurs personnels conçus par la firme américaine Atari dont le succès commercial a marqué la deuxième moitié des années 1980 et le début des années 1990. Le succès fut autant grand public (jeux vidéo) que professionnel (traitement de texte, PAO et surtout MAO). | [
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Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri | Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri | Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is a 4X video game, considered a spiritual sequel to the "Civilization" series. Set in a science fiction depiction of the 22nd century, the game begins as seven competing ideological factions land on the planet Chiron ("Planet") in the Alpha Centauri star system. As the game progresses, Planet's growing sentience becomes a formidable obstacle to the human colonists. | Jeu de gestion et de stratégie en tour par tour, créé par Sid Meier, Alpha Centauri repose sur une hypothétique colonisation humaine de la planète Chiron, située dans le système d’Alpha du Centaure. | [
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Arlette Laguiller | Arlette Laguiller | Arlette Yvonne Laguiller (born 18 March 1940) is a French politician. From 1973 to 2008, she was the spokeswoman and the best known leader and presidential nominee of Lutte Ouvrière (LO), Trotskyist political party. | Arlette Laguiller, aussi connue sous le pseudonyme Bizet, née le à Paris, est une femme politique française d'extrême gauche. | [
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Precision agriculture | Agriculture de précision | Precision agriculture (PA), satellite farming or site specific crop management (SSCM) is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops. The goal of precision agriculture research is to define a decision support system (DSS) for whole farm management with the goal of optimizing returns on inputs while preserving resources. | L'agriculture de précision est un principe de gestion des parcelles agricoles qui vise l'optimisation des rendements et des investissements, en cherchant à mieux tenir compte des variabilités des milieux et des conditions entre parcelles différentes ainsi qu'à des échelles intra-parcellaires. | [
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Anime | Anime | Anime (, ; Japanese: アニメ, plural: "anime"), sometimes called Japanimation, is hand-drawn and computer animation originating from Japan. The term "anime" is derived from the English word "animation", and in Japan is used to refer to all forms of animated media. Outside Japan, the term refers specifically to animation from Japan or to a Japanese-disseminated animation style often characterized by colorful graphics, vibrant characters and fantastical themes. This culturally abstract approach to the word's meaning may open the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. | Un, également appelé parfois japanime ou japanimation, désigne une série d'animation ou un film d'animation en provenance du Japon. C'est le diminutif du mot, lui-même transcription de l'anglais "". | [
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Aston Martin | Aston Martin | Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc is a British independent manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers. It was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. Steered from 1947 by David Brown, it became associated with expensive grand touring cars in the 1950s and 1960s, and with the fictional character James Bond following his use of a DB5 model in the 1964 film "Goldfinger". Their sports cars are regarded as a British cultural icon. Aston Martin has held a Royal Warrant as purveyor of motorcars to the Prince of Wales since 1982. It has over 150 car dealerships in over 50 countries on six continents, making them a global automobile brand. The company is traded at the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. In 2003 it received the Queen's Award for Enterprise for outstanding contribution to international trade. The company has gone bankrupt seven times in its history. | La fusion des deux noms « Aston » et « Martin » donna donc le nom de la marque. L'emblème ailé, introduit en 1932 par Sammy Davis, un ancien pilote de la marque Bentley, a pour origine le dieu égyptien Khépri, symbolisé par un scarabée. | [
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Nitrogen | Azote | Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name "nitrogène" was suggested by French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790 when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates. Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name azote, from the Greek ἀζωτικός "no life", as it is an asphyxiant gas; this name is instead used in many languages, such as French, Russian, Romanian and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds. | L'azote est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 7, de symbole N (du latin ""). C'est la tête de file du groupe des pnictogènes. Dans le langage courant, l'azote désigne le corps simple N (diazote), constituant majoritaire de l'atmosphère terrestre, représentant presque les 4/5 de l'air (78,06 %, en volume). L'azote est le constituant la croûte terrestre par ordre d'importance. | [
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Asia | Asie | Asia () is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres. It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa. Asia covers an area of, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements, as well as vast barely populated regions. Its 4.5 billion people () constitute roughly 60% of the world's population. | L'Asie est l'un des continents ou une partie des supercontinents Eurasie ou Afro-Eurasie de la Terre. Avec de terres et 4,3 milliards d'habitants, l'Asie est le plus grand continent (8,6 % de la surface totale terrestre ou 29,4 % des terres émergées) et le plus peuplé (environ 60 % de la population mondiale). L'Asie est davantage un concept culturel qu'une entité physique homogène. | [
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Albert King | Albert King | Albert Nelson (April 25, 1923 – December 21, 1992), known by his stage name Albert King, was an American blues guitarist and singer whose playing influenced many other blues guitarists. He is perhaps best known for the popular and influential album "Born Under a Bad Sign" (1967) and its title track. He is one of the three performers (together with B.B. King and Freddie King) known as the "Kings of the Blues." King was known for his "deep, dramatic sound that was widely imitated by both blues and rock guitarists." | Albert Nelson, dit Albert King, est un guitariste,compositeur et chanteur de blues américain né le et mort à Memphis, Tennessee, le. | [
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Anthropology | Anthropologie | Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour and cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans. Visual anthropology, which is usually considered to be a part of social anthropology, can mean both ethnographic film (where photography, film, and new media are used for study) as well as the study of "visuals", including art, visual images, cinema etc. Oxford Bibliographies describes visual anthropology as "the anthropological study of the visual and the visual study of the anthropological". | L'anthropologie est une science, située à l'articulation entre les différentes sciences humaines et naturelles, qui étudie l'être humain et les groupes humains sous tous leurs aspects, à la fois physiques (anatomiques, biologiques, morphologiques, physiologiques, évolutifs) et culturels (social, religieux, linguistiques, psychologiques, géographiques). Chapitre le plus vaste de l'histoire naturelle, l'anthropologie constitue une monographie sur le genre "Homo", qui décrit et analyse les, c'est-à-dire caractéristiques de l'hominisation et de l'humanité. | [
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Antwerp | Anvers | Antwerp (; ; ) is a city in Belgium and the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of around 1,200,000 people, it is the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels. | Anvers (, en néerlandais : "") est une ville belge dans la Région flamande, chef-lieu de la province d'Anvers et de l'arrondissement administratif du même nom, située au cœur de la Dorsale européenne. | [
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Algiers | Alger | Algiers ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145 and in 2011 was estimated to be around 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population of the larger metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000. Algiers is located on the Mediterranean Sea and in the north-central portion of Algeria. | Alger (en arabe : en surnommée El Bahdja (« la joyeuse »), El Mahrussa (« la bien-gardée ») ou El Beida (« la blanche »), est la capitale de l'Algérie et en est la ville la plus peuplée. | [
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Steel | Acier | Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and, sometimes, other elements such as chromium. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is best used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base metal of steel and it can take on two crystalline forms (allotropic forms): body centred cubic and face-centred cubic. These forms depend on temperature. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an iron atom in the centre and eight atoms at the vertices of each cubic unit cell; in the face-centred cubic, there is one atom at the centre of each of the six faces of the cubic unit cell and eight atoms at its vertices. It is the interaction of the allotropes of iron with the alloying elements, primarily carbon, that gives steel and cast iron their range of unique properties. | Un acier est un alliage métallique constitué principalement de fer et de carbone (dans des proportions comprises entre 0,02 % et 2 % en masse pour le carbone). | [
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American National Standards Institute | American National Standards Institute | The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. | L’ (ANSI, « Institut national de normalisation américain ») est un organisme privé à but non lucratif qui supervise le développement de normes pour les produits, les services, les procédés, les systèmes et les employés des États-Unis. Ces normes sont proposées à partir d’une démarche volontaire et consensuelle. L’organisation coordonne également la définition des normes américaines avec les normes internationales afin que les produits américains puissent être utilisés à l’étranger. Par exemple, la normalisation garantit que les possesseurs d’appareil-photo trouveront des pellicules adaptées partout dans le monde. | [
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Architecture | Architecture | Architecture (Latin "architectura", from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων "arkhitekton" "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "creator") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. | L'architecture est l'art majeur de concevoir des espaces et de bâtir des édifices, en respectant des règles de construction empiriques ou scientifiques, ainsi que des concepts esthétiques, classiques ou nouveaux, de forme et d'agencement d'espace, en y incluant les aspects sociaux et environnementaux liés à la fonction de l'édifice et à son intégration dans son environnement, quelle que soit cette fonction : habitable, sépulcrale, rituelle, institutionnelle, religieuse, défensive, artisanale, commerciale, scientifique, signalétique, muséale, industrielle, monumentale, décorative, paysagère, voire purement artistique. | [
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Amharic | Amharique | Amharic ( or ; (Amharic: ), "", ) is one of the Ethiopian Semitic languages, which are a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language by the Amharas and as a lingua franca by other populations residing in major cities and towns of Ethiopia. | L’amharique (en ) est une langue chamito-sémitique de la famille des langues sémitiques, une famille au sein de laquelle elle occupe, en termes de locuteurs, la deuxième place après l'arabe. En raison de la politique linguistique avant la chute du Derg, la langue est parlée en Éthiopie par une majorité de la population, soit comme langue maternelle — majoritairement par les Amharas —, soit comme langue seconde ou véhiculaire. | [
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Arthur Evans | Arthur John Evans | Sir Arthur John Evans (8 July 1851–11 July 1941) was an English archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilisation in the Bronze Age. He is most famous for unearthing the palace of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete. Based on the structures and artefacts found there and throughout the eastern Mediterranean, Evans found that he needed to distinguish the Minoan civilisation from Mycenaean Greece. Evans was also the first to define Cretan scripts Linear A and Linear B, as well as an earlier pictographic writing. | Arthur John Evans (né le à Nash Mills dans le Hertfordshire et mort le à Boars Hill dans le Oxfordshire) est un archéologue anglais, qui a mis au jour le site de Cnossos en Crète et est à l'origine des découvertes du XXe siècle sur la civilisation minoenne. | [
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Agriculture in Saudi Arabia | Agriculture en Arabie saoudite | Agriculture in Saudi Arabia is focused on the export of dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, and flowers to markets around the world as it has achieved self-sufficiency in the production of such products. The government of Saudi Arabia is heavily involved in the agriculture industry, and the ministry of agriculture (part of the "Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture") is primarily responsible for the agricultural policies in the nation. The private sector also plays a role in the nation's agriculture, as the government offers long-term interest-free loans and low-cost water, fuel, electricity, and duty-free imports of raw materials and machinery. | L'agriculture représente approximativement 2 % du produit intérieur brut du Royaume d'Arabie saoudite et emploie près de 5 % de la population active. L'État est très engagé pour la production agricole du pays, qui doit cependant importer 70 % de sa nourriture. Les exportations sont principalement constituées de dattes, œufs, poisson, volaille, fruits, légumes et fleurs. | [
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Amstrad | Amstrad | Amstrad was a British electronics company, founded in 1968 by Alan Sugar at the age of 21. The name is a contraction of Alan Michael Sugar Trading. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in April 1980. During the late 1980s, Amstrad had a substantial share of the PC market in the UK. Amstrad was once a FTSE 100 Index constituent but since 2007 is wholly owned by Sky UK., Amstrad's main business was manufacturing Sky UK interactive boxes. In 2010 Sky integrated Amstrad's satellite division as part of Sky so they could make their own set-top boxes in-house. | Amstrad est une entreprise d'électronique grand public créée par Alan Michael Sugar au Royaume-Uni, et basée à Brentwood dans l'Essex, Angleterre. Le nom est une contraction de Alan Michael Sugar TRADing. Anciennement connue en France pour ses ordinateurs, elle appartient depuis 2007 à la British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB). | [
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ASCII | American Standard Code for Information Interchange | ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters. | L' (Code américain normalisé pour l'échange d'information), plus connu sous l'acronyme ASCII (), est une norme informatique de codage de caractères apparue dans les années 1960. C'est la norme de codage de caractères la plus influente à ce jour. ASCII définit 128 codes à 7 bits, comprenant 95 caractères imprimables : les chiffres arabes de 0 à 9, les lettres minuscules et capitales de A à Z, et des symboles mathématiques et de ponctuation. ASCII suffit pour représenter les textes en anglais, mais il est trop limité pour les autres langues, dont le français et ses lettres accentuées. Les limitations du jeu de caractères ASCII sont encore sensibles au, par exemple dans le choix restreint de caractères généralement offerts pour composer une adresse email. | [
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Alfred Nobel | Alfred Nobel | Alfred Bernhard Nobel (, ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. He held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. He owned Bofors, which he redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Having read a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prize. His name also survives in companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of mergers with companies that Nobel established. | Alfred Bernhard Nobel /'alfrəd 'bɛɳhɑ:ɖ noˈbɛ:l /, né le à Stockholm en Suède et mort le à Sanremo en Italie, est un chimiste, industriel et fabricant d'armes suédois. Dépositaire de plus de 350 brevets scientifiques de son vivant, dont celui de la dynamite, invention qui a fait sa renommée, il possédait l'entreprise d'armement Bofors. | [
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Amphetamine | Amphétamine | Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant marketed under the brand name Evekeo, among others. It is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. "Amphetamine" properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in their pure amine forms. The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. | L’amphétamine (DCI) est une substance sympathicomimétique aux effets anorexigènes et psychoanaleptiques. Dans la plupart des pays du monde, l'amphétamine est considérée comme un stupéfiant. | [
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Alkene | Alcène | In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a carbon–carbon double bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two or more double bonds are known as alkadienes, alkatrienes, alkatetraenes, and so on. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably (see nomenclature section below). Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups, known as mono-enes, form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula. Alkenes have two hydrogen atoms fewer than the corresponding alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. The simplest alkene, ethylene (CH), with the IUPAC name "ethene", is the organic compound produced on the largest scale industrially. Aromatic compounds are often drawn as cyclic alkenes, but their structure and properties are sufficiently distinct that they are not classified as alkenes. | Les alcènes sont des hydrocarbures insaturés, caractérisés par la présence d'au moins une double liaison covalente entre deux atomes de carbone. Ces liaisons sont toujours de types covalentes normales parfaites. Les alcènes non cycliques n'ayant qu'une double liaison possèdent une formule brute de la forme CH où "n" est un entier naturel supérieur ou égal à 2. L'alcène le plus simple est l'éthylène (nom usuel de l'éthène). | [
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Abessive case | Abessif | In linguistics, abessive (abbreviated or ), caritive and privative (abbreviated ) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition "without" or by the suffix "-less." | En linguistique, l'abessif est le cas grammatical exprimant l'absence d'une chose. On le désigne également sous le nom de caritif. Il correspond à la préposition française "sans". | [
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Allative case | Allatif | Allative case (abbreviated ; from Latin "allāt-", "afferre" "to bring to") is a type of locative case. The term allative is generally used for the lative case in the majority of languages that do not make finer distinctions. | En linguistique, l'allatif (du latin "allatum", participe passé de "affero" « apporter ») est un cas grammatical exprimant le lieu non clos vers lequel se produit un mouvement. L'allatif est complémentaire de l'ablatif en exprimant le mouvement en direction opposée, et l'adessif se situe entre les deux en exprimant la position en un lieu non clos sans mouvement. | [
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Visual arts | Arts visuels | The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts also involve aspects of visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art. | Les arts visuels sont les arts qui produisent des objets perçus essentiellement par l'œil. Ils englobent les arts plastiques traditionnels (les anciens beaux-arts dégagés de la notion restrictive d'esthétique, comme du « beau »), auxquels s'ajoutent les techniques nouvelles : la photographie, le cinéma, l'art vidéo et l'art numérique, mais aussi les arts appliqués et les arts décoratifs (art textile, design, marqueterie...) et l'architecture. Le mouvement moderne, mais surtout l'art contemporain, l'introduction de collections d'arts non-occidentaux ont nécessité d'élargir le champs de l'art aux nouvelles formes qui ne cessaient d'apparaître à partir des années 1960. La critique de l'usage des termes hérités de la culture occidentale appliqués indiscernement à l'ensemble de la planète et tous temps confondus a beaucoup participé à l'usage du concept d'« arts visuels ». | [
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Anubis | Anubis | Anubis or Inpu, Anpu in Ancient Egyptian (;, Egyptian: "inpw", Coptic: "Anoup") is the Greek name of the god of death, mummification, embalming, the afterlife, cemeteries, tombs, and the Underworld, in ancient Egyptian religion, usually depicted as a canine or a man with a canine head. Archeologists have identified Anubis's sacred animal as an Egyptian canid, the African golden wolf. (The African wolf was formerly called the "African golden jackal", until a 2015 genetic analysis updated the taxonomy and the common name for the species. As a result, Anubis is often referred to as having a "jackal" head, but this "jackal" is now more properly called a "wolf".) | Anubis ( ) est un dieu funéraire de l'Égypte antique, maître des nécropoles et protecteur des embaumeurs, représenté comme un grand canidé noir couché sur le ventre, sans doute un chacal ou un chien sauvage, ou comme un homme à tête de canidé. La signification du mot Anubis, "inpou" en égyptien ancien, "Anoub" en copte, / "Anoubis" en grec ancien, demeure obscure : de nombreuses explications ont été avancées, mais il peut s'agir simplement d'une onomatopée traduisant le hurlement du chacal. La forme canine du dieu a peut-être été inspirée aux Anciens Égyptiens par le comportement des canidés, souvent charognards opportunistes errant la nuit dans les nécropoles à la recherche de cadavres. | [
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Affix | Affixe | In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English "-ness" and "pre-", or inflectional, like English plural "-s" and past tense "-ed". They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Affixation is the linguistic process that speakers use to form different words by adding morphemes at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words. | En morphologie, domaine de la linguistique, un affixe (du latin "ad-fixus" > "affixus", « (qui est) fixé contre ») est un morphème en théorie lié qui s'adjoint au radical ou au lexème d'un mot. Des affixes peuvent se lexicaliser et donc devenir des morphèmes libres : c'est par exemple le cas pour le préfixe "ex-" dans une expression comme "mon ex", à savoir "mon ex-mari / -petit ami", etc. | [
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AOL | America Online | AOL (stylized as Aol., formerly a company known as AOL Inc. and originally known as America Online) is an American web portal and online service provider based in New York City. It is a brand marketed by Verizon Media. | Après quinze années d'utilisation de la marque aux États-Unis, la société a décidé le de renommer la société AOL LLC afin d'adopter la marque AOL qui était jusqu'alors principalement utilisée pour communiquer sur ses services en Europe. | [
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Aeronautics | Aéronautique | Aeronautics is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight–capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies the aspects of "aeronautical Art, Science and Engineering" and "the profession of Aeronautics (which expression includes Astronautics)." | L'aéronautique comporte les sciences et les techniques ayant pour but de construire et de faire évoluer un aéronef dans l'atmosphère terrestre. | [
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Arvo Pärt | Arvo Pärt | Arvo Pärt (; born 11 September 1935) is an Estonian composer of classical and religious music. Since the late 1970s, Pärt has worked in a minimalist style that employs his self-invented compositional technique, tintinnabuli. Pärt's music is in part inspired by Gregorian chant. His most performed works include "Fratres" (1977), "Spiegel im Spiegel" (1978), and "Für Alina" (1976). From 2011 to 2018, Pärt was the most performed living composer in the world, and the second most performed in 2019. The Arvo Pärt Centre, in Laulasmaa, was opened to the public in 2018. | Arvo Pärt (), né le à Paide (alors en RSS d'Estonie), est un compositeur estonien. Créateur de musique classique, de musique religieuse et de musique contemporaine, il est souvent associé au mouvement de musique minimaliste. | [
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Alberta | Alberta | Alberta (; ) is a province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,067,175 people as of the 2016 census, it is Canada's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Its area is about. Alberta and Saskatchewan were formerly districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1, 1905. | L'Alberta () est une province de l'Ouest du Canada, la sixième plus vaste du pays, avec et la quatrième la plus peuplée, avec près de d'habitants en 2016. Elle fait partie de la région des prairies. Sa capitale est Edmonton alors que Calgary est sa plus grande ville. Les Albertains sont en très grande majorité des citadins et plus de la moitié d'entre eux vivent dans ces deux agglomérations. Cependant, l'identité de la province repose surtout sur un folklore rural (rodéo, western, musique country, cow-boys). | [
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Albanian language | Albanais | Albanian (;, or, ) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Albanians in the Balkans and the Albanian diaspora in the Americas, Europe and Oceania. With about 7.5 million speakers, it comprises an independent branch within the Indo-European languages and is not closely related to any other language. | L'albanais ("" en albanais) est une langue qui constitue à elle seule une branche de la famille des langues indo-européennes, issue des langues paléo-balkaniques. | [
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International Phonetic Alphabet | Alphabet phonétique international | The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators and translators. | L'alphabet phonétique international (API ;, "IPA") est un alphabet utilisé pour la transcription phonétique des sons du langage parlé. Contrairement aux nombreuses autres méthodes de transcription qui se limitent à des familles de langues, l'API est prévu pour couvrir l'ensemble des langues du monde. Développé par des phonéticiens français et britanniques sous les auspices de l'Association phonétique internationale, il a été publié pour la première fois en 1888. Sa dernière révision date de 2005 ; celle-ci comprend 107 lettres, 52 signes diacritiques et 4 caractères de prosodie. | [
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Anarchy | Anarchie | Anarchy is the state of a society being freely constituted without authorities or a governing body. It may also refer to a society or group of people that totally rejects a set hierarchy. | L’anarchie est une société sans système de pouvoir tel que le gouvernement autoritaire, l'économie d'exploitation ou la religion dominante. C'est la situation d’un milieu social où il n’existe pas de rapports de pouvoir, de chefs, d’autorité centrale ; une société où chaque personne, groupe, communauté ou milieu est autonome dans ses relations internes et externes. Il existe toujours une organisation, un ordre, un pouvoir politique ou même plusieurs, mais pas de domination unique ayant un caractère coercitif. | [
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Anarchism | Anarchisme | Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. It radically calls for the abolition of the state which it holds to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. | Lanarchisme regroupe plusieurs courants de philosophie politique développés depuis le sur un ensemble de théories et de pratiques anti-autoritaires. Le terme libertaire, souvent utilisé comme synonyme, est un néologisme créé en 1857 par Joseph Déjacque pour renforcer le caractère égalitaire. | [
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André Gide | André Gide | André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (in 1947). Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. The author of more than fifty books, at the time of his death his obituary in "The New York Times" described him as "France's greatest contemporary man of letters" and "judged the greatest French writer of this century by the literary cognoscenti." | André Gide est un écrivain français, né à Paris le et mort à Paris le. Après une jeunesse perturbée par le puritanisme de son milieu, jeune Parisien, où il se lie d'une amitié intense et tourmentée, avec Pierre Louÿs, il tente de s'intégrer au milieu littéraire post symboliste et d'épouser sa cousine. Une rencontre avec Oscar Wilde et un voyage intiatique avec Paul Albert Laurens le font rompre avec le protestantisme et vivre son homosexualité péderaste. Il écrit, notamment "Paludes" qui clotûre sa période symboliste et, après la mort « libératrice » de sa mère, ses noces avec sa cousine Madeleine, il achève "Les Nourritures terrestres", dont le lyrisme est salué par une partie de la critique à sa parution en 1897 mais qui est aussi critiqué pour son individualisme. Après des échecs au théâtre, il s'affirme comme un romancier moderne dans la construction et dans les thématiques et s'impose dans les revues littéraires. | [
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Anastylosis | Anastylose | Anastylosis (from the Ancient Greek: ;, = "again", and = "to erect [a stela or building]") is an archaeological term for a reconstruction technique whereby a ruined building or monument is restored using the original architectural elements to the greatest degree possible. It is also sometimes used to refer to a similar technique for restoring broken pottery and other small objects. | L'anastylose (du grec ancien, composé de : « de nouveau » et : « ériger ») est un terme archéologique qui désigne la technique de reconstruction d'un monument en ruines grâce à l'étude méthodique de l'ajustement des différents éléments qui composent son architecture. La reconstruction est faite en utilisant les fragments trouvés sur place avec des matériaux modernes, de couleur et de qualités différentes, de sorte que l'on puisse distinguer à l’œil nu l'ancien du moderne et préserver les pierres antiques de l'altération (par exemple en utilisant des matériaux légers). | [
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Andrew Wiles | Andrew Wiles | Sir Andrew John Wiles (born 11 April 1953) is an English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specializing in number theory. He is best known for proving Fermat's Last Theorem, for which he was awarded the 2016 Abel Prize and the 2017 Copley Medal by the Royal Society. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2000, and in 2018 was appointed as the first Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford. Wiles is also a 1997 MacArthur Fellow. | Andrew John Wiles (né le à Cambridge, Angleterre) est un mathématicien britannique, professeur à l'université d'Oxford, en Angleterre. Il est célèbre pour avoir démontré le grand théorème de Fermat (1994). Il est lauréat du prix Abel 2016. | [
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Asteroid | Astéroïde | Asteroids are minor planets, especially of the inner Solar System. Larger asteroids have also been called planetoids. These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not resolve into a disc in a telescope and was not observed to have characteristics of an active comet such as a tail. As minor planets in the outer Solar System were discovered that were found to have volatile-rich surfaces similar to comets, these came to be distinguished from the objects found in the main asteroid belt. In this article, the term "asteroid" refers to the minor planets of the inner Solar System, including those co-orbital with Jupiter. | Un astéroïde (du grec ancien, « qui ressemble à une étoile ») est une planète mineure composé de roches, de métaux et de glaces, et dont les dimensions varient de l'ordre du mètre (limite actuelle de détection) à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres. L'appellation « en forme d'étoile » vient de l'aspect irrégulier des astéroïdes au télescope, différent du disque parfait des planètes, lors des premières observations astronomiques. | [
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Asthma | Asthme | Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These may occur a few times a day or a few times per week. Depending on the person, asthma symptoms may become worse at night or with exercise. Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry lung function testing. Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic, where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. There is no cure for asthma. Symptoms can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Long-acting beta agonists (LABA) or antileukotriene agents may be used in addition to inhaled corticosteroids if asthma symptoms remain uncontrolled. Treatment of rapidly worsening symptoms is usually with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids taken by mouth. In very severe cases, intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required. In 2015, 358 million people globally had asthma, up from 183 million in 1990. It caused about 397,100 deaths in 2015, most of which occurred in the developing world. Asthma often begins in childhood, and the rates have increased significantly since the 1960s. Asthma was recognized as early as Ancient Egypt. The word "asthma" is from the Greek, "ásthma", which means "panting". | L'asthme du grec ancien, "ásthma", via le latin "asthma" signifiant « respiration difficile », est une maladie du système respiratoire touchant les voies aériennes inférieures et notamment les bronches, définie comme étant une gêne respiratoire. La maladie s'explique par quatre mécanismes caractéristiques : | [
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Armenian language | Arménien | The Armenian language (classical: ; reformed: ) is an Indo-European language that is the only language in the Armenian branch. It is the official language of Armenia as well as the de facto Republic of Artsakh. Historically being spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands, today, Armenian is widely spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots. | L'arménien est une langue qui constitue à elle seule une branche de la famille des langues indo-européennes, étant seule de cette famille à être plus agglutinante que flexionnelle. L'arménien classique (ou "Grabar" : en arménien Գրաբար, littéralement « langue écrite ») est attesté à partir du et véhicule une riche littérature théologique, historique, poétique, mystique et épique. Aujourd'hui coexistent l'arménien oriental, langue officielle de la république d'Arménie, parlée par les habitants de l'Arménie et par les communautés arméniennes d'Iran et de Russie, et l'arménien occidental, parlé par la diaspora arménienne. le parlent en Arménie en 2013, pour un total de dans le monde. | [
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Alfred de Musset | Alfred de Musset | Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay (; 11 December 1810 – 2 May 1857) was a French dramatist, poet, and novelist. Along with his poetry, he is known for writing the autobiographical novel "La Confession d'un enfant du siècle" ("The Confession of a Child of the Century"). | Alfred de Musset est un écrivain français de la période romantique, né le à Paris, où il est mort le. | [
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Alvar Aalto | Alvar Aalto | Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (; 3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware, as well as sculptures and paintings. He never regarded himself as an artist, seeing painting and sculpture as "branches of the tree whose trunk is architecture." Aalto's early career ran in parallel with the rapid economic growth and industrialization of Finland during the first half of the 20th century. Many of his clients were industrialists, among them the Ahlström-Gullichsen family. The span of his career, from the 1920s to the 1970s, is reflected in the styles of his work, ranging from Nordic Classicism of the early work, to a rational International Style Modernism during the 1930s to a more organic modernist style from the 1940s onwards. Typical for his entire career is a concern for design as a Gesamtkunstwerk, a "total work of art", in which he – together with his first wife Aino Aalto – would design the building, and give special treatment to the interior surfaces, furniture, lamps and glassware. His furniture designs are considered Scandinavian Modern, in the sense of a concern for materials, especially wood, and simplification but also technical experimentation, which led him to receiving patents for various manufacturing processes, such as bent wood. As a designer he is celebrated as the inventor of bent plywood furniture. The Alvar Aalto Museum, designed by Aalto himself, is located in what is regarded as his home city Jyväskylä. | Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (né le à Kuortane et mort le à Helsinki) est un architecte, dessinateur, urbaniste et designer finlandais, adepte du fonctionnalisme et de l'architecture organique. | [
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Sustainable agriculture | Agriculture durable | Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways, which means meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. There are many methods to increase the sustainability of agriculture. When developing agriculture within sustainable food systems, it is important to develop flexible business process and farming practices. | L'agriculture durable (anciennement soutenable, traduction alternative de l'anglais "sustainable") est l'application à l'agriculture des principes du développement durable tels que définis par la communauté internationale à Rio de Janeiro en. Il s'agit d'un système de production agricole qui vise à assurer une production pérenne de nourriture, de bois et de fibres en respectant les limites écologiques, économiques et sociales qui assurent la maintenance dans le temps de cette production. | [
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Anarcho-capitalism | Anarcho-capitalisme | Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy and economic theory that advocates the elimination of centralized states in favor of self-ownership, private property and free markets. Anarcho-capitalists hold that in the absence of statute (which they describe as law by arbitrary autocratic decrees, or bureaucratic legislation swayed by transitory political special interest groups), society tends to contractually self-regulate and civilize through the spontaneous and organic discipline of the free market which they describe as a voluntary society. Anarcho-capitalists support wage labour as a "voluntary trade" and believe that neither protection of person and property nor victim compensation requires a state. | L’anarcho-capitalisme ou capitalisme libertaire est un courant de pensée politique inspiré par le libéralisme philosophique, selon laquelle l’existence de l’État est illégitime et inutile. Ce courant est une branche du libertarianisme, différent du minarchisme, qui soutient quant à lui l'existence d'un État minimal pour tous (« État veilleur »). | [
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Alfred Hitchcock | Alfred Hitchcock | Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director and producer. He is one of the most influential and extensively studied filmmakers in the history of cinema. Known as "the Master of Suspense", he directed over 50 feature films in a career spanning six decades, becoming as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, his cameo roles in most of his films, and his hosting and producing of the television anthology "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1955–1965). His films garnered a total of 46 Oscar nominations and six wins. | Sir Alfred Hitchcock est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma britannique né le à Leytonstone (Londres) et mort le à Bel Air (Los Angeles). | [
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Accusative case | Accusatif | The accusative case (abbreviated ) is a linguistics term for a grammatical case relating to how some languages typically mark a direct object of a transitive verb. Among those languages, analogous marking principles often apply to the objects of (some or all) prepositions. The characteristics of an accusative case often entails (such as in Latin) what generally is termed the nominative case. | En linguistique, l'accusatif (abréviation : ; du latin grammatical "accusativus", « qui marque l'aboutissement de l'action »), est un cas grammatical exprimant le complément d'objet direct (COD), c'est-à-dire l'actant qui subit l'action exercée par le sujet d'un verbe transitif direct actif, dit aussi "objet patient". Dans les langues ergatives, cette fonction peut être assumée par le cas absolutif. | [
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Halogen lamp | Lampe à incandescence halogène | A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed into a compact transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine. The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a halogen cycle chemical reaction which redeposits evaporated tungsten to the filament, increasing its life and maintaining the clarity of the envelope. This allows the filament to operate at a higher temperature than a standard incandescent lamp of similar power and operating life; this also produces light with higher luminous efficacy and color temperature. The small size of halogen lamps permits their use in compact optical systems for projectors and illumination. The small glass envelope may be enclosed in a much larger outer glass bulb for a bigger package; the outer jacket will be at a much lower and safer temperature, and it also protects the hot bulb from harmful contamination and makes the bulb mechanically more similar to a conventional lamp that it might replace. | La lampe à incandescence halogène produit de la lumière, comme une lampe à incandescence classique, en portant à incandescence un filament de tungstène, mais des gaz halogénés (iode et brome) à basse pression ont été introduits dans une ampoule en verre de quartz supportant les hautes températures et permettant la régénération du filament, au moins partiellement, ce qui augmente la durée de vie de l'ampoule. | [
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Aruba | Aruba | Aruba (,, ) is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea, located about west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and north of the coast of Venezuela. It measures long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and across at its widest point. Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean. | Aruba est une île néerlandaise de la mer des Caraïbes, située au large des côtes du Venezuela, faisant partie des Petites Antilles. L'île forme un État du royaume des Pays-Bas à part entière depuis qu'elle s'est séparée des Antilles néerlandaises en 1986. En 2010, Aruba comptait, dont vivaient à Oranjestad, capitale de l'île. | [
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Singer-songwriter | Auteur-compositeur-interprète | Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. In the United States, the category is built on the folk-acoustic tradition. Singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. | Un auteur-compositeur-interprète, une auteure-compositrice-interprète ou une autrice-compositrice-interprète (ACI) est une personne qui rédige les paroles et compose la musique de chansons qu'elle interprète. | [
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Amasis II | Ahmôsis II | Amasis II () or Ahmose II was a pharaoh (reigned 570 BCE526 BCE) of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt, the successor of Apries at Sais. He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. | Ahmôsis (ou Ahmès, Iâhmes, ou encore Amasis, d'après Manéthon) est un pharaon de la (Basse époque de l'Egypte antique), régnant de -571 environ, à -526. | [
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51,
189258,
11,
191,
8,
21,
15,
63473,
184,
6,
89780,
8,
96,
25,
154167,
31385,
... | null | null | null | null | null | null |
NATO phonetic alphabet | Alphabet phonétique de l'OTAN | The NATO phonetic alphabet is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. It is officially the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, with a variation officially known as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) assigned codewords acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that critical combinations of letters and numbers are most likely to be pronounced and understood by those who exchange voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the communication channel. Such spelling alphabets are often called "phonetic alphabets", but they are unrelated to phonetic transcription systems such as the International Phonetic Alphabet. | L'alphabet phonétique de l'OTAN est le nom que l'on donne parfois à l'alphabet radio international qui a été normalisé par l'Union internationale des télécommunications. Il est utilisé notamment par l'OACI et l'OTAN mais aussi par les services de secours utilisant les fréquences radio tels que les pompiers, la police, la gendarmerie, la Croix-Rouge, la protection civile, la sécurité civile, les radioamateurs, etc. Il est issu des différents alphabets radio utilisés par les forces armées des États-Unis et a remplacé les alphabets radio nationaux. Il a été généralisé par l'OTAN, d'où son nom dans le langage courant. | [
250004,
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24372,
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24089,
9523,
6,
229231,
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70,
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18543,
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1363,
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30941,
670,
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509,
30666,
297,
390,
5941,
3789,
21640,
136,
15889,
53702,
7,
4,
26719,
7... | [
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1,
1,
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1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
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1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1... | [
250008,
339,
25,
229231,
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76572,
8,
96,
25,
670,
38586,
437,
95,
9901,
41,
96,
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17302,
58472,
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229231,
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21640,
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366,
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25,
147547,
29208,
224,
80149,
222535,
7,
5,
891,
... | null | null | null | null | null | null |
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