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Abstract algebra | Algèbre générale | In algebra, which is a broad division of mathematics, abstract algebra (occasionally called modern algebra) is the study of algebraic structures. Algebraic structures include groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, lattices, and algebras. The term "abstract algebra" was coined in the early 20th century to distin... | L'algèbre générale, ou algèbre abstraite, est la branche des mathématiques qui porte principalement sur l'étude des structures algébriques et de leurs relations. L'appellation "algèbre générale" s'oppose à celle d"'algèbre élémentaire" ; cette dernière enseigne le calcul algébrique, c'est-à-dire les règles de manipulat... | [
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Linear algebra | Algèbre linéaire | Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as linear maps such as and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. | L’algèbre linéaire est la branche des mathématiques qui s'intéresse aux espaces vectoriels et aux transformations linéaires, formalisation générale des théories des systèmes d'équations linéaires. | [
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Algorithm | Algorithme | In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of well-defined, computer-implementable instructions, typically to solve a class of problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are always unambiguous and are used as specifications for performing calculations, data processing, automated rea... | Un algorithme est une suite finie et non ambiguë d’opérations ou d'instructions permettant de résoudre une classe de problèmes. Le mot "algorithme" vient du nom d'un mathématicien perse du, Al-Khwârizmî (en arabe : ). Une autre étymologie dit qu'un algorithme est un calcul (« arithmos » en grec), qui est tellement long... | [
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Politics of Argentina | Politique en Argentine | The politics of Argentina take place in the framework of what the Constitution defines as a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where the President of Argentina is both Head of State and Head of Government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Argentine National Congress. The Judi... | L'Argentine est une république présidentielle multipartite, où le président est à la fois chef de l'État et chef du gouvernement. Le pouvoir exécutif est détenu par le gouvernement et le pouvoir législatif est partagé entre le gouvernement et les deux chambres du parlement. Le pouvoir judiciaire est indépendant des deu... | [
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Boolean algebra | Algèbre de Boole (logique) | In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values "true" and "false", usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively. Instead of elementary algebra where the values of the variables are numbers, and the prime operations are addition and multi... | L'algèbre de Boole, ou calcul booléen, est la partie des mathématiques qui s'intéresse à une approche algébrique de la logique, vue en termes de variables, d'opérateurs et de fonctions sur les variables logiques, ce qui permet d'utiliser des techniques algébriques pour traiter les expressions à deux valeurs du calcul d... | [
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Austria | Autriche | Austria (, ; ), officially the Republic of Austria (, ), is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe. It is composed of nine federated states ("Bundeslände"r), one of which is Vienna, Austria's capital and its largest city. It is bordered by Germany to the northwest, Czech Republic to the... | L'Autriche ( ), en forme longue la république d'Autriche (), est un État fédéral d'Europe centrale sans accès à la mer. Pays montagneux, il est entouré, dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, par l'Allemagne et la Tchéquie au nord, la Slovaquie et la Hongrie à l'est, la Slovénie et l'Italie au sud, et par la Suisse e... | [
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Aisne | Aisne (département) | Aisne (,, ) is a French department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France. It is named after the river Aisne. | L'Aisne est un département français dont le nom vient de la rivière homonyme. Il appartient à la région Hauts-de-France. L'Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le code 02. Sa préfecture est Laon. | [
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Arc de Triomphe | Arc de triomphe de l'Étoile | The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (,, ; ) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the "étoile" or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues. The location of the ar... | L’arc de triomphe de l’Étoile, souvent appelé simplement l’Arc de triomphe, dont la construction, décidée par l'empereur, débuta en 1806 et s'acheva en 1836 sous Louis-Philippe, est situé à Paris, dans les,, et arrondissements. | [
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Allier | Allier (département) | Allier (,, ; ) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the centre of France. Named after the river Allier, it had a population of 339,384 in 2016. Moulins is the prefecture; Montluçon and Vichy are the subprefectures. Its INSEE and post code is 03. | L’Allier () est un département français situé dans la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. L’Insee et La Poste lui attribuent le code 03. Sa préfecture est Moulins. | [
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Alpes-de-Haute-Provence | Alpes-de-Haute-Provence | Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (; ; ) is a department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. Formerly part of the province of Provence, it had a population of 161,588 in 2016. Its main cities are Digne-les-Bains (prefecture), Manosque, Sisteron, Barcelonnette, Castellane and Forcalquier. Inhabitants ... | Les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence ou AHP ( ), appelées Basses-Alpes jusqu'en 1970, sont un département français de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 04. Sa préfecture est Digne-les-Bains. | [
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Aube | Aube (département) | Aube () is a French department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 305,606 inhabitants (2012), Aube is 76th department in terms of population. The inhabitants of the department are known as "Aubois" or "Auboises" | LAube est un département français de la région Grand Est dont le nom vient de l'Aube, premier affluent notable de la Seine (rive droite). L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 10. Les habitants de ce département sont appelés les Aubois. Sa préfecture est Troyes. | [
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Arsène Lupin | Arsène Lupin | Arsène Lupin is a fictional gentleman thief and master of disguise created in 1905 by French writer Maurice Leblanc. He was originally called Arsène Lopin, until a local politician of the same name protested. The character was first introduced in a series of short stories serialized in the magazine "Je sais tout". The ... | Arsène Lupin est un personnage de fiction français créé par Maurice Leblanc. Ce gentleman cambrioleur est particulièrement connu pour son talent à user de déguisements et changer d'identité pour commettre ses délits. | [
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Aveyron | Aveyron (département) | Aveyron (; ; ) is a department located in Occitanie region of Southern France. Named after the Aveyron River, it had a population of 278,697 in 2016. Its inhabitants are known as "Aveyronnais" or "Aveyronnaises" in French. The inhabitants of Rodez are called "Ruthénois", based on the first Celtic settlers in the area, ... | L'Aveyron ( ) est un département français situé dans la région Occitanie, dans le sud-ouest de la France. Il prend le nom de la rivière Aveyron. Il est au centre d'un triangle formé par les villes de Toulouse, Clermont-Ferrand et Montpellier. Ce département reprend approximativement les contours de l'ancienne province ... | [
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Alpes-Maritimes | Alpes-Maritimes | Alpes-Maritimes (; ;, "Maritime Alps") is a department of France located in the extreme southeast corner of the country, on the border with Italy and on the Mediterranean coast. Part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, it had a population of 1,083,310 in 2017. | Les Alpes-Maritimes ( ) sont un département français de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Maralpins". L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le. Sa préfecture est Nice. | [
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Ariège (department) | Ariège (département) | Ariège (; ) is a department in southwestern France, in the Occitanie region. It is named after the Ariège River and its capital is Foix. Ariège is known for its rural landscape, with a population of 153,067 as of 2016. Its INSEE and postal code is 09, hence the department's informal name of "le zéro neuf". The inhabita... | L’Ariège ( en français standard ; "Arièja" en occitan (en languedocien, en gascon...) est un département français de la région Occitanie, nommé d'après la rivière homonyme. L’Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le code 09. Sa préfecture est Foix. | [
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Auvergne | Auvergne | Auvergne (, ; or ) is a former administrative region in south-central France, comprising the four departments of Allier, Puy-de-Dôme, Cantal and Haute-Loire. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. | LAuvergne ( ou "Euvarnhà") est une région culturelle et historique de France située au cœur du Massif central. De 1941 à 1946 et de 1956 à 2015, la région Auvergne fut également une région administrative française composée des quatre départements de l'Allier, du Cantal, de la Haute-Loire et du Puy-de-Dôme. Sa plus gran... | [
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Alloy | Alliage | An alloy is a combination of metals or metals combined with one or more other elements. For example, combining the metallic elements gold and copper produces red gold, gold and silver becomes white gold, and silver combined with copper produces sterling silver. Elemental iron, combined with non-metallic carbon or silic... | Un alliage est la combinaison d'un élément métallique avec un ou plusieurs métaux par fusion. Les caractéristiques mécaniques des métaux purs sont la plupart du temps relativement faibles. Le fait d'ajouter d'autres éléments permet de « durcir » le métal en augmentant ses caractéristiques mécaniques. Outre les renforce... | [
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Ardèche | Ardèche (département) | Ardèche (; Occitan and Arpitan: "Ardecha") is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. It is named after the Ardèche River and had a population of 320,379 as of 2013. Its largest cities are Aubenas, Annonay, Guilherand-Granges, Tournon-sur-Rhône and Privas (prefecture). | Le département de l'Ardèche ( ) est un département français situé dans la région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Sa préfecture est Privas. Il doit son nom à la rivière Ardèche qui le traverse d'ouest en est, ses habitants s'appellent les "Ardéchois(es)". Il est composé de 335 communes au. L'Insee et la Poste lui attribuent le co... | [
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Aude | Aude (département) | Aude (; ) is a department in Southern France, located in the Occitanie region and named after the Aude River. The departmental council also calls it "Cathar Country" (French: "Pays cathare") after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th century. | L'Aude ( ) est un département français de la région Occitanie, qui se situe dans le Sud de la France. Sa préfecture est Carcassonne, avec sa ville médiévale fortifiée tandis que sa plus grande ville est Narbonne avec plus de. | [
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South Africa | Afrique du Sud | South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. With over 58 million people, it is the world's 24th-most populous nation and covers an area of. South Africa has three capital cities: executive Pretoria, judicial Bloemfontein and legislative Cape Town. The largest city... | LAfrique du Sud, en forme longue la république d'Afrique du Sud, est un pays situé à l'extrémité australe du continent africain. Sa capitale administrative est Pretoria. Il est frontalier à l'ouest-nord-ouest avec la Namibie, au nord et au nord-nord-est avec le Botswana, au nord-est avec le Zimbabwe, et à l'est-nord-es... | [
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Aikido | Aïkido | Aikido's fundamental principles include: irimi (entering), atemi, kokyu-ho (breathing control), sankaku-ho (triangular principle) and tenkan (turning) movements that redirect the opponent's attack momentum. Its curriculum comprises various techniques, primarily throws and joint locks. It also includes a weapons system ... | L' est un art martial japonais (budo), fondé par Morihei Ueshiba "ōsensei" entre 1925 et 1969. L'aïkido a été officiellement reconnu par le gouvernement japonais en 1940 sous le nom d’"aikibudō" et sous le nom aikido en 1942 donné par la « Dai Nippon Butoku Kai », organisme gouvernemental visant à regrouper tous les ar... | [
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Angola | Angola | Angola (; ), officially the Republic of Angola (), is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, ... | L’Angola, en forme longue la république d'Angola, en portugais, en kikongo, est un pays du Sud-Ouest de l'Afrique, limitrophe de la république démocratique du Congo au nord et au nord-est, de la république du Congo au nord-ouest (par l'enclave de Cabinda), de la Zambie à l'est-sud-est et de la Namibie au sud. | [
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Antigua and Barbuda | Antigua-et-Barbuda | Antigua and Barbuda (; ) is an island sovereign state in the West Indies in the Americas, lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda (separated by 39 miles), and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pea... | Antigua-et-Barbuda ou Antigue-et-Barbude est un État des Antilles ayant pour capitale Saint John's, situé à une cinquantaine de kilomètres au nord de la Guadeloupe et au nord-est de l'île des Antilles britanniques de Montserrat, dans les Caraïbes. Cet État est composé de deux îles principales, Antigua, et Barbuda, ains... | [
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Aten | Aton | Aten also Aton, Atonu, Itn (, "reconstructed" ) was the focus of Atenism, the religious system established in ancient Egypt by the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten. The Aten was the disc of the sun and originally an aspect of Ra, the sun god in traditional ancient Egyptian religion, but Akhenaten made it the sole f... | Aton est un dieu solaire de l'Égypte antique. Il est surtout connu comme un dieu éphémère de la mythologie égyptienne du Nouvel Empire durant le règne d'Amenhotep qui prit le nom d'Akhenaton ("ȝḫ n Jtn", « Éclat d’Aton » ou, en l'absence du déterminatif : « Utile à Aton ») (v. -1353 à -1337). | [
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Advanced Micro Devices | Advanced Micro Devices | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara County, California that develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets. While initially it manufactured its own processors, the company later outsourced its manufacturing, ... | Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) est un fabricant américain de semi-conducteurs, microprocesseurs, cartes graphiques basé à Santa Clara (Californie). La compagnie a été fondée le par un groupe d'ingénieurs et de dirigeants de Fairchild Semiconductor. Les cofondateurs d'AMD sont Jerry Sanders,, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Ja... | [
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ASCII art | Art ASCII | ASCII art is a graphic design technique that uses computers for presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from the 95 printable (from a total of 128) characters defined by the ASCII Standard from 1963 and ASCII compliant character sets with proprietary extended characters (beyond the 128 characters of stand... | L’art ASCII consiste à réaliser des images uniquement à l'aide des lettres et caractères spéciaux contenus dans le code ASCII. | [
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Atum | Atoum | Atum (, Egyptian: "jtm(w)" or "tm(w)", "reconstructed" ; Coptic "Atoum"), sometimes rendered as Atem or Tem, is an important deity in Egyptian mythology. | Atoum ou Toum (traduit par certains par "l'Indifférencié") est un dieu de la mythologie égyptienne. Originaire de la ville d'Héliopolis, il y était particulièrement vénéré. Un temple lui était aussi dédié à Pithôm, dans le delta du Nil. | [
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Abbreviation | Abréviation | An abbreviation (from Latin "brevis", meaning "short" ) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters, or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word "abbreviation" can itself be represented by the abbreviation "abbr.", "abbrv.", or "abbr... | Une abréviation (du latin "brevis", en français : « court », abrégé en « abr. » ou « abrév. ») est le raccourcissement d'un mot ou d'un groupe de mots, représentés alors par un caractère ou un groupe de caractères issus de ce mot. L'abréviation consiste donc toujours en une suppression, plus ou moins importante. Par ex... | [
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Accelerated Graphics Port | Port AGP | The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) was designed as a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer system, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. It was originally designed as a successor to PCI-type connections for video cards. Since 2004, AGP has been progressiv... | En informatique le port AGP (de l'anglais signifiant littéralement port graphique accéléré, en français), est un port interne destiné exclusivement aux cartes graphiques. Successeur pour ces périphériques du bus PCI, l’AGP permet aux informations de circuler plus rapidement. | [
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Argentina | Argentine | Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (), is a country located mostly in the southern half of South America. Sharing the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, the country is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the eas... | L’Argentine, en forme longue la République argentine, ( et "" ) est un pays d’Amérique du Sud partageant ses frontières avec le Chili au nord-ouest, à l’ouest et au sud-ouest, la Bolivie au nord, le Paraguay au nord-nord-est, le Brésil au nord-est et l’Uruguay à l'est-nord-est, enfin l’océan Atlantique au sud-est et au... | [
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Andorra | Andorre | Andorra (, ; ), officially the Principality of Andorra (), is a sovereign landlocked microstate on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south. Believed to have been created by Charlemagne, Andorra was ruled by the count of Urgell until 988, when it was transfe... | LAndorre, en forme longue la principauté d'Andorre (en catalan et ), est un État d'Europe du Sud et, selon certaines définitions, de l'Ouest. Bordée par l'Espagne et la France (donc enclavée dans l'Union européenne), et située dans le massif des Pyrénées, elle est principalement constituée de montagnes élevées. Il s'ag... | [
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Pornographic film actor | Acteur pornographique | A pornographic film actor or actress, adult entertainer, or porn star is a person who performs sex acts in video that is usually characterized as a pornographic movie. Such videos tend to be made in a number of distinct pornographic subgenres and attempt to present a sexual fantasy and the actors selected for a particu... | Les acteurs ou actrices pornographiques, parfois appelés « acteur ou actrice X » ou encore « hardeur » ou « hardeuse », sont les personnes se livrant à des actes sexuels non simulés dans le cadre d'un film pornographique. | [
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Astronomy | Astronomie | Astronomy (from ) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bu... | L’astronomie est la science de l’observation des astres, cherchant à expliquer leur origine, leur évolution, ainsi que leurs propriétés physiques et chimiques. Avec plus de d’histoire, les origines de l’astronomie remontent au-delà de l’Antiquité dans les pratiques religieuses préhistoriques. L’astronomie est l’une des... | [
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Akira Kurosawa | Akira Kurosawa | Akira Kurosawa ( "Kurosawa Akira"; March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter, who directed 30 films in a career spanning 57 years. He is regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. | Akira Kurosawa débuta en 1936 en tant qu'assistant réalisateur et scénariste. En 1943, au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il réalise son premier film,. Son huitième long métrage,, sort en 1948 et est acclamé par la critique, affirmant la réputation de Kurosawa. Ce film marque les débuts de l'acteur Toshirō Mifune,... | [
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Armenia | Arménie | Armenia (;, ), officially the Republic of Armenia (, ), is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located in Western Asia, on the Armenian Highlands, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the "de facto" independent Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and... | L’Arménie, en forme longue la république d'Arménie, en arménien ', et ',, est un pays situé dans la région du Petit Caucase en Asie occidentale. Cette ancienne république socialiste soviétique a des frontières terrestres avec la Turquie à l'ouest, la Géorgie au nord-nord-ouest, l'Azerbaïdjan à l'est et l'Iran au sud-es... | [
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Amun | Amon | Amun (also "Amon, Ammon, Amen",, "reconstructed" ; Greek "Ámmōn", "Hámmōn") was a major ancient Egyptian deity who appears as a member of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad. Amun was attested from the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amaunet. With the 11th dynasty ( 21st century BC), Amun rose to the position of patron deity of... | Amon est l’une des principales divinités du panthéon égyptien, dieu de Thèbes. Son nom "Imen", « le Caché » ou « l’Inconnaissable », traduit l’impossibilité de connaître sa « vraie » forme, car il se révèle sous de nombreux aspects. Il est "Imen achâ renou", « Amon aux noms multiples ». | [
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Akhenaton (rapper) | Akhenaton (rappeur) | Philippe Fragione (), better known by his stage name Akhenaton (born 17 September 1968, Marseille), is a French rapper and hip hop producer of Italian origin. He has also worked under the aliases Chill, AKH, Sentenza, and Spectre. He became famous as a member of the group IAM, and has since made a number of records, bo... | Akhenaton (), né le à Marseille, est un rappeur, producteur, réalisateur et animateur de radio français. Membre emblématique du groupe IAM, Akhenaton est, selon RFI, Son maniement des figures de style et de la rime, sa grande expérience dans la production instrumentale ainsi que ses talents de scénariste lui valent une... | [
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Apep | Apophis | Apep ( or ; also spelled Apepi or Aapep) or Apophis (; ) was the ancient Egyptian deity who embodied chaos ("ı͗zft" in Egyptian) and was thus the opponent of light and Ma'at (order/truth). He appears in art as a giant serpent. His name is reconstructed by Egyptologists as *ʻAʼpāp(ī), as it was written "ꜥꜣpp(y)" and sur... | Apophis (en grec ancien : ou, ou ou, en égyptien : Apep ou Apepi ou Aapep ou Aapef) est un dieu de la mythologie égyptienne des forces mauvaises et de la nuit, personnification du chaos, du mal, de l'obscurité, cherchant à anéantir la création divine. Son nom "Aapep" ou "Aapef" (en égyptien ancien) signifiait « géant »... | [
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Anuket | Anoukis | Anuket was the ancient Egyptian goddess of the cataracts of the Nile and Lower Nubia in general, worshipped especially at Elephantine near the First Cataract. | Anoukis est le nom grec d'une déesse de la mythologie égyptienne. Son nom égyptien est "Anqet" (ou "Anket", "Anouket"), « Celle qui enlace/embrasse ». | [
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South America | Amérique du Sud | South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is how it is viewed in Spanish and Portuguese-speaking regions of the Americas. The reference to South Am... | L’Amérique du Sud est un continent ou un sous-continent et la partie méridionale de l'Amérique. Il est situé entièrement dans l'hémisphère ouest et principalement dans l'hémisphère sud. Il est bordé à l'ouest par l'océan Pacifique et au nord et à l'est par l'océan Atlantique. L'Amérique centrale, qui relie le sous-cont... | [
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Ampere | Ampère | The ampere ( or (UK), symbol: A), often shortened to "amp", is the base unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics. | L’ampère (symbole A) est l'unité de mesure du Système international d'unités de l'intensité du courant électrique. Un courant d’un ampère correspond au transport d'une charge électrique d'un coulomb par seconde à travers une surface (section de fil, électrolyte, tube à vide). | [
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Personal digital assistant | Assistant personnel | A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a handheld PC, is a variety mobile device which functions as a personal information manager. PDAs have been mostly displaced by the widespread adoption of highly capable smartphones, in particular those based on iOS and Android. | Un assistant personnel est un outil constitué, L'objectif d'un assistant personnel est d'aider un individu dans l'exécution de certaines tâches comme la gestion d'un agenda ou la gestion d'un carnet d'adresses. | [
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Ancient history | Antiquité | Ancient history as a term refers to the aggregate of past events from the beginning of writing and recorded human history and extending as far as post-classical history. The phrase may be used either to refer to the period of time or the academic discipline. | L'Antiquité est une époque de l'Histoire. C'est par le développement ou l'adoption de l'écriture que l'Antiquité succède à la Préhistoire : certaines civilisations de ces périodes charnières n'avaient pas d'écriture, mais sont mentionnées dans les écrits d'autres civilisations : on les place dans la Protohistoire. Le p... | [
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Apis (deity) | Apis | In ancient Egyptian religion, Apis or Hapis (, reconstructed as Old Egyptian with unknown final vowel > Medio-Late Egyptian, "ḥapə"), alternatively spelled Hapi-ankh, was a sacred bull worshiped in the Memphis region, identified as the son of Hathor, a primary deity in the pantheon of Ancient Egypt. Initially, he was a... | Apis est le nom grec d'un taureau sacré de la mythologie égyptienne vénéré dès l'époque préhistorique. Les premières traces de son culte sont représentées sur des gravures rupestres, il est ensuite mentionné dans les "textes des pyramides" de l'Ancien Empire et son culte perdura jusqu'à l'époque romaine. Apis est symbo... | [
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Akhenaten | Akhenaton | Akhenaten (pronounced ), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, Ikhnaton, and Khuenaten (, meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning circa 1353–1336 or 1351–1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as Amenhotep IV (, meaning "Amun ... | Amenhotep (né probablement entre -1371/-1365 et mort vers -1338/-1337, "Aménophis " en grec ancien d'après le nom donné par Manéthon à son prédécesseur qui lui ne le nomme pas explicitement), Akhenaton, (ou plus rarement Khounaton) est le dixième pharaon de la. | [
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Alejandro Toledo | Alejandro Toledo | Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (; born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian politician who served President of Peru, from 2001 to 2006. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000. | Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (né à Cabana, Ancash, Pérou, le ) est un économiste et un homme d'État péruvien. Il fut président de la République du au. Il remporte les élections présidentielles en 2001, en battant au deuxième tour Alan García. Il est marié avec l'anthropologue belge Éliane Karp. | [
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Underwater archaeology | Archéologie sous-marine | Underwater archaeology is archaeology practiced underwater. As with all other branches of archaeology, it evolved from its roots in pre-history and in the classical era to include sites from the historical and industrial eras. Its acceptance has been a relatively late development due to the difficulties of accessing an... | L'archéologie sous-marine est un des domaines de l'archéologie, caractérisé par la localisation, l'exploration et l'étude des vestiges archéologiques se trouvant actuellement sous la mer. Ces vestiges peuvent être constitués d'embarcations et de navires anciens, échoués, naufragés, mais aussi de lieux de vie désormais ... | [
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Atari ST | Atari ST | The Atari ST is a line of home computers from Atari Corporation and the successor to the Atari 8-bit family. The initial model, the 520ST, saw limited release in April–June 1985 and was widely available in July. The 520ST is the first personal computer to come with a bitmapped color GUI, using a version of Digital Rese... | Les Atari ST forment une famille d'ordinateurs personnels conçus par la firme américaine Atari dont le succès commercial a marqué la deuxième moitié des années 1980 et le début des années 1990. Le succès fut autant grand public (jeux vidéo) que professionnel (traitement de texte, PAO et surtout MAO). | [
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Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri | Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri | Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is a 4X video game, considered a spiritual sequel to the "Civilization" series. Set in a science fiction depiction of the 22nd century, the game begins as seven competing ideological factions land on the planet Chiron ("Planet") in the Alpha Centauri star system. As the game progresses, Plane... | Jeu de gestion et de stratégie en tour par tour, créé par Sid Meier, Alpha Centauri repose sur une hypothétique colonisation humaine de la planète Chiron, située dans le système d’Alpha du Centaure. | [
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Arlette Laguiller | Arlette Laguiller | Arlette Yvonne Laguiller (born 18 March 1940) is a French politician. From 1973 to 2008, she was the spokeswoman and the best known leader and presidential nominee of Lutte Ouvrière (LO), Trotskyist political party. | Arlette Laguiller, aussi connue sous le pseudonyme Bizet, née le à Paris, est une femme politique française d'extrême gauche. | [
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Precision agriculture | Agriculture de précision | Precision agriculture (PA), satellite farming or site specific crop management (SSCM) is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops. The goal of precision agriculture research is to define a decision support system (DSS) for whole farm managem... | L'agriculture de précision est un principe de gestion des parcelles agricoles qui vise l'optimisation des rendements et des investissements, en cherchant à mieux tenir compte des variabilités des milieux et des conditions entre parcelles différentes ainsi qu'à des échelles intra-parcellaires. | [
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Anime | Anime | Anime (, ; Japanese: アニメ, plural: "anime"), sometimes called Japanimation, is hand-drawn and computer animation originating from Japan. The term "anime" is derived from the English word "animation", and in Japan is used to refer to all forms of animated media. Outside Japan, the term refers specifically to animation fr... | Un, également appelé parfois japanime ou japanimation, désigne une série d'animation ou un film d'animation en provenance du Japon. C'est le diminutif du mot, lui-même transcription de l'anglais "". | [
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Aston Martin | Aston Martin | Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc is a British independent manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers. It was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. Steered from 1947 by David Brown, it became associated with expensive grand touring cars in the 1950s and 1960s, and with the fictional char... | La fusion des deux noms « Aston » et « Martin » donna donc le nom de la marque. L'emblème ailé, introduit en 1932 par Sammy Davis, un ancien pilote de la marque Bentley, a pour origine le dieu égyptien Khépri, symbolisé par un scarabée. | [
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Nitrogen | Azote | Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work w... | L'azote est l'élément chimique de numéro atomique 7, de symbole N (du latin ""). C'est la tête de file du groupe des pnictogènes. Dans le langage courant, l'azote désigne le corps simple N (diazote), constituant majoritaire de l'atmosphère terrestre, représentant presque les 4/5 de l'air (78,06 %, en volume). L'azote e... | [
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Asia | Asie | Asia () is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres. It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa. Asia covers an area of, about 30% of Earth's total land ... | L'Asie est l'un des continents ou une partie des supercontinents Eurasie ou Afro-Eurasie de la Terre. Avec de terres et 4,3 milliards d'habitants, l'Asie est le plus grand continent (8,6 % de la surface totale terrestre ou 29,4 % des terres émergées) et le plus peuplé (environ 60 % de la population mondiale). L'Asie es... | [
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Albert King | Albert King | Albert Nelson (April 25, 1923 – December 21, 1992), known by his stage name Albert King, was an American blues guitarist and singer whose playing influenced many other blues guitarists. He is perhaps best known for the popular and influential album "Born Under a Bad Sign" (1967) and its title track. He is one of the th... | Albert Nelson, dit Albert King, est un guitariste,compositeur et chanteur de blues américain né le et mort à Memphis, Tennessee, le. | [
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Anthropology | Anthropologie | Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour and cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Biological or physi... | L'anthropologie est une science, située à l'articulation entre les différentes sciences humaines et naturelles, qui étudie l'être humain et les groupes humains sous tous leurs aspects, à la fois physiques (anatomiques, biologiques, morphologiques, physiologiques, évolutifs) et culturels (social, religieux, linguistique... | [
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Antwerp | Anvers | Antwerp (; ; ) is a city in Belgium and the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region. With a population of 520,504, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of around 1,200,000 people, it is the second largest metropolitan region after Brussels. | Anvers (, en néerlandais : "") est une ville belge dans la Région flamande, chef-lieu de la province d'Anvers et de l'arrondissement administratif du même nom, située au cœur de la Dorsale européenne. | [
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Algiers | Alger | Algiers ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145 and in 2011 was estimated to be around 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population of the larger metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000. Algiers is located on the Mediterranean Sea and in the north-centra... | Alger (en arabe : en surnommée El Bahdja (« la joyeuse »), El Mahrussa (« la bien-gardée ») ou El Beida (« la blanche »), est la capitale de l'Algérie et en est la ville la plus peuplée. | [
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Steel | Acier | Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and, sometimes, other elements such as chromium. Because of its high tensile strength and low cost, steel is best used in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, trains, cars, machines, electrical appliances, and weapons. Iron is the base metal of steel and it can take on two cryst... | Un acier est un alliage métallique constitué principalement de fer et de carbone (dans des proportions comprises entre 0,02 % et 2 % en masse pour le carbone). | [
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American National Standards Institute | American National Standards Institute | The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that Amer... | L’ (ANSI, « Institut national de normalisation américain ») est un organisme privé à but non lucratif qui supervise le développement de normes pour les produits, les services, les procédés, les systèmes et les employés des États-Unis. Ces normes sont proposées à partir d’une démarche volontaire et consensuelle. L’organ... | [
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Architecture | Architecture | Architecture (Latin "architectura", from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων "arkhitekton" "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "creator") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cul... | L'architecture est l'art majeur de concevoir des espaces et de bâtir des édifices, en respectant des règles de construction empiriques ou scientifiques, ainsi que des concepts esthétiques, classiques ou nouveaux, de forme et d'agencement d'espace, en y incluant les aspects sociaux et environnementaux liés à la fonction... | [
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Amharic | Amharique | Amharic ( or ; (Amharic: ), "", ) is one of the Ethiopian Semitic languages, which are a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language by the Amharas and as a lingua franca by other populations residing in major cities and towns of Ethiopia. | L’amharique (en ) est une langue chamito-sémitique de la famille des langues sémitiques, une famille au sein de laquelle elle occupe, en termes de locuteurs, la deuxième place après l'arabe. En raison de la politique linguistique avant la chute du Derg, la langue est parlée en Éthiopie par une majorité de la population... | [
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Arthur Evans | Arthur John Evans | Sir Arthur John Evans (8 July 1851–11 July 1941) was an English archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilisation in the Bronze Age. He is most famous for unearthing the palace of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete. Based on the structures and artefacts found there and throughout the eastern Mediterranean... | Arthur John Evans (né le à Nash Mills dans le Hertfordshire et mort le à Boars Hill dans le Oxfordshire) est un archéologue anglais, qui a mis au jour le site de Cnossos en Crète et est à l'origine des découvertes du XXe siècle sur la civilisation minoenne. | [
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Agriculture in Saudi Arabia | Agriculture en Arabie saoudite | Agriculture in Saudi Arabia is focused on the export of dates, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, and flowers to markets around the world as it has achieved self-sufficiency in the production of such products. The government of Saudi Arabia is heavily involved in the agriculture industry, and the ... | L'agriculture représente approximativement 2 % du produit intérieur brut du Royaume d'Arabie saoudite et emploie près de 5 % de la population active. L'État est très engagé pour la production agricole du pays, qui doit cependant importer 70 % de sa nourriture. Les exportations sont principalement constituées de dattes,... | [
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Amstrad | Amstrad | Amstrad was a British electronics company, founded in 1968 by Alan Sugar at the age of 21. The name is a contraction of Alan Michael Sugar Trading. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in April 1980. During the late 1980s, Amstrad had a substantial share of the PC market in the UK. Amstrad was once a FTSE 1... | Amstrad est une entreprise d'électronique grand public créée par Alan Michael Sugar au Royaume-Uni, et basée à Brentwood dans l'Essex, Angleterre. Le nom est une contraction de Alan Michael Sugar TRADing. Anciennement connue en France pour ses ordinateurs, elle appartient depuis 2007 à la British Sky Broadcasting (BSky... | [
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ASCII | American Standard Code for Information Interchange | ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many a... | L' (Code américain normalisé pour l'échange d'information), plus connu sous l'acronyme ASCII (), est une norme informatique de codage de caractères apparue dans les années 1960. C'est la norme de codage de caractères la plus influente à ce jour. ASCII définit 128 codes à 7 bits, comprenant 95 caractères imprimables : l... | [
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Alfred Nobel | Alfred Nobel | Alfred Bernhard Nobel (, ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. He held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. He owned Bofors, which he redirected from its previous role as pri... | Alfred Bernhard Nobel /'alfrəd 'bɛɳhɑ:ɖ noˈbɛ:l /, né le à Stockholm en Suède et mort le à Sanremo en Italie, est un chimiste, industriel et fabricant d'armes suédois. Dépositaire de plus de 350 brevets scientifiques de son vivant, dont celui de la dynamite, invention qui a fait sa renommée, il possédait l'entreprise d... | [
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Amphetamine | Amphétamine | Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant marketed under the brand name Evekeo, among others. It is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiome... | L’amphétamine (DCI) est une substance sympathicomimétique aux effets anorexigènes et psychoanaleptiques. Dans la plupart des pays du monde, l'amphétamine est considérée comme un stupéfiant. | [
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Alkene | Alcène | In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains a carbon–carbon double bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two or more double bonds are known as alkadienes, alkatrienes, alkatetraenes, and so on. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably (see nomenclature section below... | Les alcènes sont des hydrocarbures insaturés, caractérisés par la présence d'au moins une double liaison covalente entre deux atomes de carbone. Ces liaisons sont toujours de types covalentes normales parfaites. Les alcènes non cycliques n'ayant qu'une double liaison possèdent une formule brute de la forme CH où "n" es... | [
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Abessive case | Abessif | In linguistics, abessive (abbreviated or ), caritive and privative (abbreviated ) is the grammatical case expressing the lack or absence of the marked noun. In English, the corresponding function is expressed by the preposition "without" or by the suffix "-less." | En linguistique, l'abessif est le cas grammatical exprimant l'absence d'une chose. On le désigne également sous le nom de caritif. Il correspond à la préposition française "sans". | [
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Allative case | Allatif | Allative case (abbreviated ; from Latin "allāt-", "afferre" "to bring to") is a type of locative case. The term allative is generally used for the lative case in the majority of languages that do not make finer distinctions. | En linguistique, l'allatif (du latin "allatum", participe passé de "affero" « apporter ») est un cas grammatical exprimant le lieu non clos vers lequel se produit un mouvement. L'allatif est complémentaire de l'ablatif en exprimant le mouvement en direction opposée, et l'adessif se situe entre les deux en exprimant la ... | [
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Visual arts | Arts visuels | The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts also involve aspects of visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also included w... | Les arts visuels sont les arts qui produisent des objets perçus essentiellement par l'œil. Ils englobent les arts plastiques traditionnels (les anciens beaux-arts dégagés de la notion restrictive d'esthétique, comme du « beau »), auxquels s'ajoutent les techniques nouvelles : la photographie, le cinéma, l'art vidéo et ... | [
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Anubis | Anubis | Anubis or Inpu, Anpu in Ancient Egyptian (;, Egyptian: "inpw", Coptic: "Anoup") is the Greek name of the god of death, mummification, embalming, the afterlife, cemeteries, tombs, and the Underworld, in ancient Egyptian religion, usually depicted as a canine or a man with a canine head. Archeologists have identified Anu... | Anubis ( ) est un dieu funéraire de l'Égypte antique, maître des nécropoles et protecteur des embaumeurs, représenté comme un grand canidé noir couché sur le ventre, sans doute un chacal ou un chien sauvage, ou comme un homme à tête de canidé. La signification du mot Anubis, "inpou" en égyptien ancien, "Anoub" en copte... | [
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Affix | Affixe | In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English "-ness" and "pre-", or inflectional, like English plural "-s" and past tense "-ed". They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Af... | En morphologie, domaine de la linguistique, un affixe (du latin "ad-fixus" > "affixus", « (qui est) fixé contre ») est un morphème en théorie lié qui s'adjoint au radical ou au lexème d'un mot. Des affixes peuvent se lexicaliser et donc devenir des morphèmes libres : c'est par exemple le cas pour le préfixe "ex-" dans ... | [
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AOL | America Online | AOL (stylized as Aol., formerly a company known as AOL Inc. and originally known as America Online) is an American web portal and online service provider based in New York City. It is a brand marketed by Verizon Media. | Après quinze années d'utilisation de la marque aux États-Unis, la société a décidé le de renommer la société AOL LLC afin d'adopter la marque AOL qui était jusqu'alors principalement utilisée pour communiquer sur ses services en Europe. | [
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Aeronautics | Aéronautique | Aeronautics is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight–capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies the aspects of "aeronautical Art, Science and Engineering" and "the professio... | L'aéronautique comporte les sciences et les techniques ayant pour but de construire et de faire évoluer un aéronef dans l'atmosphère terrestre. | [
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Arvo Pärt | Arvo Pärt | Arvo Pärt (; born 11 September 1935) is an Estonian composer of classical and religious music. Since the late 1970s, Pärt has worked in a minimalist style that employs his self-invented compositional technique, tintinnabuli. Pärt's music is in part inspired by Gregorian chant. His most performed works include "Fratres"... | Arvo Pärt (), né le à Paide (alors en RSS d'Estonie), est un compositeur estonien. Créateur de musique classique, de musique religieuse et de musique contemporaine, il est souvent associé au mouvement de musique minimaliste. | [
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Alberta | Alberta | Alberta (; ) is a province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,067,175 people as of the 2016 census, it is Canada's fourth most populous province and the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Its area is about. Alberta and Saskatchewan were formerly districts of the Northwest Territories until the... | L'Alberta () est une province de l'Ouest du Canada, la sixième plus vaste du pays, avec et la quatrième la plus peuplée, avec près de d'habitants en 2016. Elle fait partie de la région des prairies. Sa capitale est Edmonton alors que Calgary est sa plus grande ville. Les Albertains sont en très grande majorité des cita... | [
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Albanian language | Albanais | Albanian (;, or, ) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Albanians in the Balkans and the Albanian diaspora in the Americas, Europe and Oceania. With about 7.5 million speakers, it comprises an independent branch within the Indo-European languages and is not closely related to any other language. | L'albanais ("" en albanais) est une langue qui constitue à elle seule une branche de la famille des langues indo-européennes, issue des langues paléo-balkaniques. | [
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International Phonetic Alphabet | Alphabet phonétique international | The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign la... | L'alphabet phonétique international (API ;, "IPA") est un alphabet utilisé pour la transcription phonétique des sons du langage parlé. Contrairement aux nombreuses autres méthodes de transcription qui se limitent à des familles de langues, l'API est prévu pour couvrir l'ensemble des langues du monde. Développé par des ... | [
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Anarchy | Anarchie | Anarchy is the state of a society being freely constituted without authorities or a governing body. It may also refer to a society or group of people that totally rejects a set hierarchy. | L’anarchie est une société sans système de pouvoir tel que le gouvernement autoritaire, l'économie d'exploitation ou la religion dominante. C'est la situation d’un milieu social où il n’existe pas de rapports de pouvoir, de chefs, d’autorité centrale ; une société où chaque personne, groupe, communauté ou milieu est au... | [
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Anarchism | Anarchisme | Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. It radically calls for the abolition of the state which it holds to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. | Lanarchisme regroupe plusieurs courants de philosophie politique développés depuis le sur un ensemble de théories et de pratiques anti-autoritaires. Le terme libertaire, souvent utilisé comme synonyme, est un néologisme créé en 1857 par Joseph Déjacque pour renforcer le caractère égalitaire. | [
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André Gide | André Gide | André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (in 1947). Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars. The author of more than fifty books, at the time o... | André Gide est un écrivain français, né à Paris le et mort à Paris le. Après une jeunesse perturbée par le puritanisme de son milieu, jeune Parisien, où il se lie d'une amitié intense et tourmentée, avec Pierre Louÿs, il tente de s'intégrer au milieu littéraire post symboliste et d'épouser sa cousine. Une rencontre ave... | [
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Anastylosis | Anastylose | Anastylosis (from the Ancient Greek: ;, = "again", and = "to erect [a stela or building]") is an archaeological term for a reconstruction technique whereby a ruined building or monument is restored using the original architectural elements to the greatest degree possible. It is also sometimes used to refer to a similar... | L'anastylose (du grec ancien, composé de : « de nouveau » et : « ériger ») est un terme archéologique qui désigne la technique de reconstruction d'un monument en ruines grâce à l'étude méthodique de l'ajustement des différents éléments qui composent son architecture. La reconstruction est faite en utilisant les fragmen... | [
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Andrew Wiles | Andrew Wiles | Sir Andrew John Wiles (born 11 April 1953) is an English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specializing in number theory. He is best known for proving Fermat's Last Theorem, for which he was awarded the 2016 Abel Prize and the 2017 Copley Medal by the Royal Society. He wa... | Andrew John Wiles (né le à Cambridge, Angleterre) est un mathématicien britannique, professeur à l'université d'Oxford, en Angleterre. Il est célèbre pour avoir démontré le grand théorème de Fermat (1994). Il est lauréat du prix Abel 2016. | [
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Asteroid | Astéroïde | Asteroids are minor planets, especially of the inner Solar System. Larger asteroids have also been called planetoids. These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not resolve into a disc in a telescope and was not observed to have characteristics of an active comet suc... | Un astéroïde (du grec ancien, « qui ressemble à une étoile ») est une planète mineure composé de roches, de métaux et de glaces, et dont les dimensions varient de l'ordre du mètre (limite actuelle de détection) à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres. L'appellation « en forme d'étoile » vient de l'aspect irrégulier des ast... | [
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Asthma | Asthme | Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These may occur a few time... | L'asthme du grec ancien, "ásthma", via le latin "asthma" signifiant « respiration difficile », est une maladie du système respiratoire touchant les voies aériennes inférieures et notamment les bronches, définie comme étant une gêne respiratoire. La maladie s'explique par quatre mécanismes caractéristiques : | [
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Armenian language | Arménien | The Armenian language (classical: ; reformed: ) is an Indo-European language that is the only language in the Armenian branch. It is the official language of Armenia as well as the de facto Republic of Artsakh. Historically being spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands, today, Armenian is widely spoken throughout the ... | L'arménien est une langue qui constitue à elle seule une branche de la famille des langues indo-européennes, étant seule de cette famille à être plus agglutinante que flexionnelle. L'arménien classique (ou "Grabar" : en arménien Գրաբար, littéralement « langue écrite ») est attesté à partir du et véhicule une riche litt... | [
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Alfred de Musset | Alfred de Musset | Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay (; 11 December 1810 – 2 May 1857) was a French dramatist, poet, and novelist. Along with his poetry, he is known for writing the autobiographical novel "La Confession d'un enfant du siècle" ("The Confession of a Child of the Century"). | Alfred de Musset est un écrivain français de la période romantique, né le à Paris, où il est mort le. | [
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Alvar Aalto | Alvar Aalto | Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (; 3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware, as well as sculptures and paintings. He never regarded himself as an artist, seeing painting and sculpture as "branches of the tree whose trunk is architectu... | Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (né le à Kuortane et mort le à Helsinki) est un architecte, dessinateur, urbaniste et designer finlandais, adepte du fonctionnalisme et de l'architecture organique. | [
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Sustainable agriculture | Agriculture durable | Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways, which means meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services. There are many methods to increase the sustainability o... | L'agriculture durable (anciennement soutenable, traduction alternative de l'anglais "sustainable") est l'application à l'agriculture des principes du développement durable tels que définis par la communauté internationale à Rio de Janeiro en. Il s'agit d'un système de production agricole qui vise à assurer une producti... | [
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Anarcho-capitalism | Anarcho-capitalisme | Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy and economic theory that advocates the elimination of centralized states in favor of self-ownership, private property and free markets. Anarcho-capitalists hold that in the absence of statute (which they describe as law by arbitrary autocratic decrees, or bureaucratic legisl... | L’anarcho-capitalisme ou capitalisme libertaire est un courant de pensée politique inspiré par le libéralisme philosophique, selon laquelle l’existence de l’État est illégitime et inutile. Ce courant est une branche du libertarianisme, différent du minarchisme, qui soutient quant à lui l'existence d'un État minimal pou... | [
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Alfred Hitchcock | Alfred Hitchcock | Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director and producer. He is one of the most influential and extensively studied filmmakers in the history of cinema. Known as "the Master of Suspense", he directed over 50 feature films in a career spanning six decades, becoming as well k... | Sir Alfred Hitchcock est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma britannique né le à Leytonstone (Londres) et mort le à Bel Air (Los Angeles). | [
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Accusative case | Accusatif | The accusative case (abbreviated ) is a linguistics term for a grammatical case relating to how some languages typically mark a direct object of a transitive verb. Among those languages, analogous marking principles often apply to the objects of (some or all) prepositions. The characteristics of an accusative case ofte... | En linguistique, l'accusatif (abréviation : ; du latin grammatical "accusativus", « qui marque l'aboutissement de l'action »), est un cas grammatical exprimant le complément d'objet direct (COD), c'est-à-dire l'actant qui subit l'action exercée par le sujet d'un verbe transitif direct actif, dit aussi "objet patient". ... | [
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Halogen lamp | Lampe à incandescence halogène | A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodine lamp, is an incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed into a compact transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine. The combination of the hal... | La lampe à incandescence halogène produit de la lumière, comme une lampe à incandescence classique, en portant à incandescence un filament de tungstène, mais des gaz halogénés (iode et brome) à basse pression ont été introduits dans une ampoule en verre de quartz supportant les hautes températures et permettant la régé... | [
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Aruba | Aruba | Aruba (,, ) is an island and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the southern Caribbean Sea, located about west of the main part of the Lesser Antilles and north of the coast of Venezuela. It measures long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and across at its widest point. Together with... | Aruba est une île néerlandaise de la mer des Caraïbes, située au large des côtes du Venezuela, faisant partie des Petites Antilles. L'île forme un État du royaume des Pays-Bas à part entière depuis qu'elle s'est séparée des Antilles néerlandaises en 1986. En 2010, Aruba comptait, dont vivaient à Oranjestad, capitale de... | [
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Singer-songwriter | Auteur-compositeur-interprète | Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. In the United States, the category is built on the folk-acoustic tradition. Singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or pi... | Un auteur-compositeur-interprète, une auteure-compositrice-interprète ou une autrice-compositrice-interprète (ACI) est une personne qui rédige les paroles et compose la musique de chansons qu'elle interprète. | [
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Amasis II | Ahmôsis II | Amasis II () or Ahmose II was a pharaoh (reigned 570 BCE526 BCE) of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt, the successor of Apries at Sais. He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. | Ahmôsis (ou Ahmès, Iâhmes, ou encore Amasis, d'après Manéthon) est un pharaon de la (Basse époque de l'Egypte antique), régnant de -571 environ, à -526. | [
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NATO phonetic alphabet | Alphabet phonétique de l'OTAN | The NATO phonetic alphabet is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. It is officially the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, and also commonly known as the ICAO phonetic alphabet, with a variation officially known as the ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code. The International Civil Aviatio... | L'alphabet phonétique de l'OTAN est le nom que l'on donne parfois à l'alphabet radio international qui a été normalisé par l'Union internationale des télécommunications. Il est utilisé notamment par l'OACI et l'OTAN mais aussi par les services de secours utilisant les fréquences radio tels que les pompiers, la police, ... | [
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