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S0001457519311005 | This paper investigates truck involved crashes to determine the statistically significant factors that contribute to injury severity under different weather conditions . The analysis uses crash data from the state of Ohio between 2011 and 2015 available from the Highway Safety Information System . To determine if weath... | Truck driver injury severity is analyzed for three weather conditions. Parameter transferability tests suggest that separate models should be used. Mixed logit models are estimated to identify significant contributing factors. A good number of contributing factors are uniquely associated to weather condition. |
S0001457519311029 | Methods based on crash data analysis are effective in identifying intersections with a potential for safety improvement . However it is well recognized that crash data suffer from several shortcomings and that there are clues to safety other than crash occurrence . The systemic approach is an alternative method to addr... | This study developed a procedure to rank unsignalised urban intersections for safety improvement. The procedure identifies and ranks risk factors by safety inspections. The procedure assesses a Safety Index SI for vehicles and pedestrians. The procedure was validated in a sample of eighty nine urban intersections in Fl... |
S0001457519311066 | Skateboarding is being an emerging travel model especially for young travelers . The conflict between skateboarders and the other road users has raised safety concerns for traffic engineers . Safety evaluation about skateboarder related conflicts has not been well performed due to the low skateboarder related crashes a... | LiDAR was used for skateboarder related conflicts identification. A new indicator DDTP was introduced for skateboarder pedestrian near crash identification. The developed procedure was evaluated using the real world data. |
S0001457519311108 | Real time crash risk prediction is expected to play a crucial role in preventing traffic accidents . However most existing studies only focus on freeways rather than urban arterials . This paper proposes a real time crash risk prediction model on arterials using a long short term memory convolutional neural network . T... | A LSTM Convolutional Neural Network LSTM CNN network is proposed to predict crash risk in real time on arterials. The possibilities of using various data sources for real time crash prediction are explored. Such as Bluetooth data detector data and weather data. One years data are analyzed extensively. Different data pr... |
S0001457519311133 | In this paper we examine the relationship between traffic enforcement and traffic outcomes to identify an optimal point of traffic enforcement . | Stronger association between breath tests and crashes than earlier estimates. Breath tests are subject to calculable marginal returns. The optimal ratio of breath tests per driver estimated to be 1.451.54. |
S0001457519311315 | Although mortality trends can be influenced by different ages periods and cohorts few studies have demonstrated the age period cohort effect on road traffic injury mortality . Moreover APC effects in Korea have never been documented despite the high mortality rates from RTIs . This study aimed to describe the trends in... | Road traffic injury mortality in Korea has declined after peaking in the mid 1990s. Road safety policies and the financial crisis might have affected this decline. Educational expansion might reduce mortality risk through the cohort effect. Mortality risk was high among the Korean Generation Y born in 19781983. Policie... |
S0001457519311467 | Speeding has been a great concern around the world due to the occurrence and severity of road crashes . This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of different penalty and camera based enforcement strategies in curbing speeding offences by professional drivers in Hong Kong . A stated preference survey appro... | This study employed a stated preference approach to evaluate the deterrent effects of penalty and enforcement strategies on the speeding behaviors of professional drivers. Driving offence points are found to be more effective than monetary fines in deterring speeding offences. Warning drivers of an upcoming camera enfo... |
S0001457519311510 | The propensity score matching method has been used to estimate safety countermeasure effects from observational crash data . Within the counterfactual framework propensity score matching is used to balance the covariates between treatment and control groups . Recent studies in traffic safety research have demonstrated ... | A Bayesian propensity score analysis is compared to a frequentist propensity score analysis. A no treatment study design using observational data was used for the comparison. The Bayesian nominally outperformed the frequentist method in the largest sample. The methods produced near identical results in the medium sampl... |
S0001457519311637 | Faced with the current growth and change to Western Australias road network as well as the promotion and increased uptake of cycling further investigation into crash injury and road infrastructure characteristics is necessary . An in depth study was conducted of 100 cyclists who were injured due to involvement in a cra... | In depth study of 100 cyclists injured due to an on road crash resulting in hospitalisation. 42 of bicycle crashes involved a motor vehicle and 58 did not involve a motor vehicle. 21 of all crashes involved the cyclist losing control and 18 involved hitting an object. Approximately half of crashes occurred at intersect... |
S0001457519311650 | Worldwide road crashes are a major course of death and serious injury . Police reports provide a rich source of data on the proximal causes of road traffic collisions . Yet road safety research has raised concerns about the quality and reliability of police reported data . In the UK crash report form contributory facto... | 1 Police reports provide a wealth of data on the causes of road traffic collisions. 2 Discord between report procedures and users perceptions can cause reporting errors. 3 Hierarchical clustering minimised report procedure and user perception discord. 4 New insights are revealed by police officers perceptions of crash ... |
S0001457519311728 | Emergency response drivers are often required to engage in high risk driving manoeuvres on their way to a reported incident . Such risk requires that these drivers receive a high level of training and continued development . The aim of this paper was to investigate an innovative format for a new potential tool that cou... | We designed. containing hazards and multiple choice questions for emergency response drivers ERDs . Across two studies experienced ERDs outperformed control drivers. No effect of route familiarity was observed. This test may be suitable for ERDs at the initial stage of training. |
S0001457519311753 | For safety purposes it is critical that bicyclists be conspicuous to drivers . We report two experiments that investigated the benefits of bicycle taillights and fluorescent clothing for enhancing the bicyclists rear conspicuity in daylight . In Experiment 1 24 participants sat in a car parked on a closed road at each ... | In daylight ratings of bicyclist rear conspicuity were higher when rear facing lights were mounted to the bicyclists ankles than when a taillight was mounted to the seat post either on or off or to the helmet. When a taillight was mounted to the seat post daytime conspicuity ratings were higher when the taillight was f... |
S0001457519311790 | Detecting traffic accidents as rapidly as possible is essential for traffic safety . In this study we use eXtreme Gradient Boosting a Machine Learning techniqueto detect the occurrence of accidents using a set of real time data comprised of traffic network demographic land use and weather features . The data used from ... | Develop an XGBoost model to detect accidents with detection rate of 79 and AUC of 89 . The developed model is robust and interpretable thanks to SHAP. Complex interrelated impacts of selected features are captured and analyzed. |
S0001457519311807 | Previous studies have focused on the impact of visibility level on drivers behavior and their safety in foggy weather . However other important environmental factors such as road alignment have not been considered . This paper aims to propose a methodology in investigating rear end collision avoidance behavior under va... | Impact of road alignment on driver behavior in fog has not been addressed. An experiment on the high fidelity OKTAL driving simulator Tongji was conducted. Driver behavior in different foggy conditions was studied from different dimensions. Safety analysis was conducted using the survival analysis approach. Visibility ... |
S000145751931190X | Intersections represent the most dangerous sites in the road network for pedestrians not only is modal separation often impossible but elements of geometry traffic control and built environment further exacerbate crash risk . Evaluating the safety impact of intersection features requires methods to quantify relationshi... | This paper models the effects of exposure geometry and signalization on pedestrian injuries at signalized intersections. Full Bayes spatial models were estimated using the INLA technique on a rich database of intersections in Montreal Quebec. Traffic exposure curb extensions raised medians and exclusive left turn lanes... |
S0001457519311960 | This paper proposes an approach to rationally set automated vehicles car following behavior that explicitly balances between the competing considerations of safety and efficiency . The specification of safety and efficiency are both based on empirically supported concepts and data . In numerical analyses with empirical... | Explicit balancing of safety and efficiency to specify the car following behavior of AVs. Safety specified via crash risk severity of crash and monetary cost of crashes. Efficiency specified via Value of Time considering impacts on arrival time. Numerical case study demonstrates tractability intuitive sensitivity to st... |
S0001457519312011 | Culpability analysis was conducted on 5000 drivers injured as a result of a vehicular collision and in whom comprehensive toxicology testing in blood was conducted . The sample included 1000 drivers for each of 5 years from approximately 50006000 drivers injured and taken to hospital in the State of Victoria . Logistic... | Culpability analysis was conducted on 5000 injured drivers in whom drug testing was conducted. Alcohol gave large increases in the odds of culpability that was concentration dependent. Methylamphetamine also showed a large increase in the odds of culpability. THC gave a modest increase in the odds of culpability. Benzo... |
S0001457519312059 | Roadway departure crashes contribute to a large proportion of fatal and injury crashes in the United States . These crash types are more likely to occur along horizontal curve sections of a roadway . Countermeasures that prevent vehicles from departing the roadway is one method to mitigate roadway departure crashes . P... | Horizontal Curve Warning Pavement Markings in Pennsylvania were Evaluated. Empirical Bayes Before After Analysis was Used. Multiple crash types and severities along horizontal curves were considered. Findings indicate that the pavement markings reduce run off road crashes by 2335 . |
S0001457519312072 | Using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Korean revised version we examined the association between habitual alcohol use and risk taking behaviors among car users . We used the data of 15 043 car users aged 20 years or older from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 20... | Alcohol use was related to risk taking behavior while using a car among Koreans. This association was stronger in men youth and dwellers in higher incidence of traffic accident. The association was also strongest for driving under the influence of alcohol. An evidence of association between habitual drinking and risk b... |
S0001457519312084 | Research on the effect of advertising billboards on road safety has accumulated over the past seven decades but has led to inconclusive data which prevent clear cut conclusions . To enhance road safety it was suggested that researchers should shift their efforts to exploring which billboard characteristics are distract... | Simulator study tested the effect of ads clusters. deteriorated drivers reactions to critical events. hardly affected the reactions to critical events. are suggested as the least harmful cluster while driving. |
S0001457519312102 | Understanding driver behavior of conditionally automated driving is necessary to ensure a safe transition from automated to manual driving . This study aimed to examine the difference in take over performance between high crash risk and lower crash risk drivers in emergency take over situations during conditionally aut... | A driving simulator study examined the effects of time budget and task on take over performance for lower crash risk LCR and high crash risk HCR drivers. LCR drivers had shorter brake reaction time compared to HCR drivers. Reading the news and watching a video seem to have a similar effect on the drivers workload. |
S0001457519312205 | Several factors may influence the decision to drink drive in young drivers such as the amount of alcohol consumed exposure to an in vehicle alcohol feedback device and subjective responses to alcohol . Understanding of their influence on DD is lacking and may be key for targeted intervention . This randomized controlle... | Approximately 60 of participants decided to engage in drink driving in simulation. Perceived higher capacity to drive and male sex predicted decision to drink drive. Higher capacity to drive predicted drink driving for participants not exposed to alcohol feedback. Exposure to feedback disrupted the relationship between... |
S0001457519312230 | Delivery riders an occupation that has emerged from Chinas booming E commerce industry have attracted widespread attention due to their red light running and high accident rates . This study aimed to utilize the theory of planned behavior to investigate the psychological characteristics of delivery riders RLR intention... | The theory of planned behavior was used to investigate the behavior of delivery riders running red lights. The structural equation model was used to predict delivery riders running red lights. Attitude conformity tendency and the traffic environment were significant predictors in the modified TPB model. The results of ... |
S0001457519312266 | This paper 1 analyzes the extent to which drivers engage in multitasking additional to driving under various conditions 2 specifies odds ratios of crashing associated with MAD and 3 explores the structure of MAD . Data from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study was analyzed to quantif... | Prevalence structure and safety risk of multitasking additional to driving MAD were analyzed using driving data in SHRP2. MAD occurs in 11 of control driving segments 22 of crashes and near crashes and 39 of rear end striking crashes. A new graph representation for secondary task prevalence and co occurrence was introd... |
S0001457519312278 | The current study had three aims 1 describe distracted driving beliefs among adolescents by various distraction types 2 examine the factor structure of distracted driving beliefs and 3 test whether individual difference factors shown in prior work to be related to distracted driving behavior significantly predicted fac... | Beliefs about distracted driving varied by distraction type talk vs interacting . Factor analyses suggested distracted driving beliefs are multifaceted. Individual difference factors predicted distracted driving beliefs. |
S000145751931228X | Excessive alcohol use especially binge drinking is an important risk factor for unintentional and intentional injuries . This study used hospital discharge data to estimate the prevalence and trends of treatments for alcohol related injury in Minnesota and discussed opportunities and challenges for public health survei... | Hospital treatments for alcohol related injuries increased significantly. Alcohol related injury patients were more likely to be hospitalized. Alcohol related injuries were more likely to be violence related than all injuries. Further validation of hospital discharge data is needed. |
S000145751931231X | Considerable studies have been conducted to investigate the tunnels traffic safety . However the entrance and exit parts of a tunnel are mostly considered symmetrical in previous studies and the different lengths of tunnels have not been separately studied . This study aims to investigate the characteristics of traffic... | A six zone approach is proposed for the safety analysis of freeway single tunnels. The crash rate crash type and contributing factors vary for the different zones of the tunnel. The crash characteristics vary for the different types of tunnels long medium and short . Several countermeasures for improving freeway single... |
S0001457519312357 | Although only 2 of crashes are head on crashes in the United States they account for over 10 of all crash related fatalities . This study aims to investigate the contributing factors that affect the injury severity of head on crashes and develop appropriate countermeasures . Due to the unobserved heterogeneity inherent... | This paper examines injury severity of head on crashes in North Carolina. Latent class clustering analysis is conducted to reduce heterogeneity in the crash dataset. Mixed logit models are developed to further capture unobserved heterogeneity within clusters. Some variables are found to have random effects across obser... |
S0001457519312370 | Automated vehicles the wide adoption of which is expected to improve traffic safety significantly are penetrating our roads . The AVs that are testing on public roads have been bullied by human road users . We are not sure whether the bullying incidents are isolated or will be common in the future . In a cross national... | We designed an eleven item bullying intention questionnaire. Participants in China and South Korea had a greater intention to bully AVs than to bully other human drivers. Chinese vs. Korean participants reported a greater intention to drive aggressively. Male vs. female participants reported a greater intention to driv... |
S0001457519312643 | Pedestrian avoidance algorithms often tacitly assume that the maneuver which minimizes collisions will also be the safest maneuver . This work shows that this is not always the case when considering pedestrian fatalities . Given the unavoidable uncertainty in vehicle motion environmental parameters and pedestrian behav... | Simulations show minimizing pedestrian vehicle collisions may increase fatalities. Increased speed during collision minimization is the cause of increased fatalities. Braking is often the fatality minimizing maneuver. |
S0001457519312680 | Surrogate measures of safety attract revived interest thanks to the advancements in traffic observations techniques and the growing need for rapid safety evaluation . A new method of safety analysis based on failure caused traffic conflicts and the Lomax distribution was recently proposed to estimate crash frequency mo... | Road departures are analyzed in a driving simulator with failure caused near departures. The method connects drivers behavior with the risk of road departure. The results exhibit the patterns prompted by the theory. The tested method provides insight into the research subject. The experiment time is reduced because dep... |
S0001457519312746 | This study examines the relationship between two variablesmindfulness and incomewith regards to their relationship to the use of smartphones by young drivers which has been known to increase the likelihood of car accidents endangering young drivers and other road users . The study focuses on the relationship between th... | Males who are high on mindfulness use their smartphones less while driving than do males who are low on mindfulness. Males with low incomes use their smartphones more while driving than do males with high incomes. Income and mindfulness are not related to the level of smartphone use by female drivers. |
S0001457519312758 | In this study we test the widely held belief that young workers are less likely than adults to speak up about safety concerns . Counter to this belief and in line with age related resource selectivity theory we hypothesized that older workers would actually be less likely than younger workers to speak up about workplac... | We test the belief that young workers are less likely than adult workers to speak up about safety concerns. Under clear supervisor commitment to safety younger and adult workers did not differ on their safety voice intentions. Under unclear supervisor commitment to safety adult workers were less likely to speak up abou... |
S0001457519312771 | Discretionary lane changing is one of the complex driving manoeuvres that requires surrounding traffic information for efficient and safe manoeuvring . The connected environment not only provides such information but also increases situational awareness which is useful for DLC decision making . However the literature i... | Focused on the connected environments impact on discretionary lane changing decision making. Modeled the connected environments impact on safety associated with DLC manoeuvres. Developed a Generalised Estimation Equation model for gap acceptance. Modelled the duration of discretionary lane changing. |
S0001457519312825 | Wet skid resistance is of paramount importance for road safety as it has been recognized to affect wet road accidents . Recently European Regulations are introducing mandatory classification for tyre friction performance by means of tyre labelling procedure . In this paper an experimental study has been carried out in ... | Bridging the gap among the research on tyre performance and that on the pavement skid resistance. Road Skid Classification based on objective criteria complaint with commercial tyres specifications to increase safety awareness in road users. In depth Review of relationship between tyre road friction and temperature. Pr... |
S0001457519312886 | This paper investigates the effect of High Visibility Enforcement programs on different types of aggressive driving behavior namely speeding tailgating unsafe lane changes and other aggressive driving behavior types . For this purpose the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study data are use... | Developed scaled metrics to capture intensity and duration of aggressive driving. Several surrogate safety measures were investigated. Unobserved heterogeneity was accounted for in all statistical models. Results show that high visibility enforcement has the potential to improve safety. |
S0001457519312904 | This study investigates spatial dependencies between frequency and within severity of vehicle crashes caused by distracted driving along with the role of the built and socio demographic environments in the Columbus Metropolitan Area Ohio . We adopt a full Bayesian hierarchical framework with Multivariate Conditional Au... | Spatial influence on the frequency and severity of vehicle crashes by driving in distraction is examined. A multivariate Bayesian approach captures the unobserved spatial impacts on the relative risk of distraction affected vehicle crashes. Location of census tracts with elevated risks has been identified and this can ... |
S0001457519312928 | Drivers apply brakes to reduce the speed of a vehicle based on the perceived risk while approaching a certain event . Inadequate or excessive braking can lead to serious consequences . The current study analyses the braking behaviour and accident probability of the drivers under increasing time pressure conditions . Tw... | Simulator study was conducted to test braking behvaiour in time pressure conditions. Experiments were performed with 85 drivers for increasing time pressure conditions. Increase in time pressure resulted in abrupt and aggressive application of brakes. Abrupt and aggressive braking lowered accident risk under time press... |
S0001457519313089 | Employee safety citizenship behavior is critical for workplace safety in a high risk work environment but few studies have addressed how safety stressors affect SCB . This study investigates the different relationships between safety stressors and two forms of SCB . It also examines the moderating effect of safety spec... | Safety citizenship behavior is critical for workplace safety in high risk industries. We explore the role of safety stressors on proactive and prosocial safety behaviors. The moderating role of safety specific trust in the relationships between safety stressors and two types of safety citizenship behavior is revealed. ... |
S0001457519313120 | Researchers continue to seek reasons for novice drivers over representation in crashes . Evidence on how early interventions might mitigate this global phenomenon remains inconclusive . This study explores changes in novice drivers beliefs during pre licensure training and within their first one year independent provis... | Longitudinal study explored the changes in drivers beliefs from training. Driving self efficacy increased during training and in one year follow up. Fear of driving decreased during training and in one year follow up. Changes in road safety attitudes were non linear. Changes in beliefs added significantly to the predic... |
S0001457519313168 | This paper reports on an exploratory investigation of the influence of five different fatalistic belief constructs on three classes of self reported pedestrian behaviours and on respondents general attitudes to road safety and how relationships between constructs differ across countries . A survey of over 3400 responde... | Questionnaire survey of 3423 respondents across six countries. Exploration of beliefs road safety attitudes and pedestrian behaviours. Stronger fatalistic beliefs associated with riskier attitudes and behaviours. Relationships were dependent on the specific factors of interest. Despite many similarities there were also... |
S0001457519313284 | Since its discovery at the end of the 1950s hydroplaning has been a matter of concern for drivers on wet roads because it can affect driver safety . Indeed this phenomenon can lead to a complete loss of contact between the tire and the road caused by the layer of water that develops between them resulting in a complete... | The importance of full hydroplaning as a main cause of traffic accident is badly known in the scientific literature. German In Depth Accident Study GIDAS enables to get relevant objective data from accidents. Associated to a physical analysis an evaluation of the share of full hydroplaning as accident main cause was co... |
S0001457519313417 | Inter national benchmarking of road safety with the purpose of achieving continuous improvement by learning lessons from existing best practices has currently been widely encouraged by most countries as an emerging management tool to improve the level of road safety . However performing a successful road safety benchma... | A road safety performance benchmarking analysis was conducted for a set of European countries. An interval multiple layer DEA based composite indicator model was proposed. Both the hierarchical structure of the indicators and the data uncertainty were taken into account. Best performing and underperforming countries we... |
S000145751931379X | Driving with the aid of a navigation system could distract drivers . A high level of distraction influences driver performance and safety leading to a possible increase in road crashes . The illumination level and size of the GPS display may influence the duration and frequency of a drivers glances which in turn may af... | Driving with a small GPS display in an urban area leads to more navigational errors than driving with a large GPS display. When navigating with a GPS system experienced drivers drive safer than their inexperience peers. Drivers in rural areas particularly males have more speed limit violations during the daytime than a... |
S0001457519313880 | Observed accidents have been the main resource for road safety analysis over the past decades . Although such reliance seems quite straightforward the rare nature of these events has made safety difficult to assess especially for new and innovative traffic treatments . Surrogate measures of safety have allowed to step ... | Surrogate safety measures allow to analyze safety without relying on accidents. Using Extreme Value theory accident probabilities can be predicted. We extend existing efforts with bivariate EV models for the joint probability esimtation of two related accident events. Driver characteristics and road design significantl... |
S0001457519313892 | Road safety research in low and middle income countries is limited even though ninety percent of global road traffic fatalities are concentrated in these locations . In Colombia road traffic injuries are the second leading source of mortality by external causes and constitute a significant public health concern in the ... | Standardized bicycling collision rates have decreased in Bogot in the last 7 years. Seven main geographic areas of bicycling risk were identified in Bogot. Risk factors associated with bicycling mortality differ by sex. Findings support policy making to implement targeted interventions to improve safety. Methodology ba... |
S0001457519313909 | To deal with the increasing number of motor vehicle collisions among older drivers a cognitive test has been introduced to a license renewal procedure for drivers aged 75 years since June 2009 . This might have prompted the reduction or cessation of driving by older drivers . We therefore examined whether older drivers... | Stringent licensing for older drivers might prompt premature driving cessation. A cognitive test was added to older drivers license renewal procedure in Japan. Injury risk increased in older unprotected road users afterwards. This risk increase is possibly due to modal shift from driving to non driving. Licensing polic... |
S0001457519313922 | Advanced driver assistance systems can effectively support drivers but can also induce unwanted effects in behavior . The present study investigates this adverse behavioral adaptation in adaptive Forward Collision Warning systems . Other than conventional FCW systems that provide warnings based on static Time To Collis... | Adaptive FCWs adjust warning timing to the drivers current distraction state. Driving simulator study evaluated behavioral adaptation to an adaptive FCW. Adaptive FCW induced adverse behavioral adaptation in longitudinal control. System feedback induced increased secondary task engagement |
S0001457519314083 | Run off road crashes have always been a major concern as this type of crash is usually associated with a considerable number of serious injury and fatal crashes . A substantial portion of ROR fatalities occur in collisions with fixed objects at the roadside . Thus this study seeks to investigate the severity of ROR cra... | This paper compared Intelligent Genetic Algorithm to ANN in investigating fixed object crashes among elderly drivers. Comparing to ANN Intelligent Genetic Algorithm was more capable of predicting high severity crashes. ANN was more accurate in predicting low severity crashes while it was not able to detect more severe ... |
S0001457519314101 | The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of digital billboards on driving performance and visual attention . The impact of dwell time location and content of digital billboards on driving behaviour was also examined . A 3222 experimental study was undertaken using a laboratory driving simulator and data analy... | A simulator study examined the impact of digital billboards on driving performance. The presence of digital billboards negatively affected driving performance. Mean speed speed variability lane position and vehicle headway were affected. Simple billboard content and longer dwell times were safer. |
S0001457519314150 | An imbalanced and small training sample can cause an incident detection model to have a low detection rate and a high false alarm rate . To solve the scarcity of incident samples a novel incident detection framework is proposed based on generative adversarial networks . First spatial and temporal rules are presented to... | Temporal and spatial rules are developed to select variables from the raw traffic flow data to detect traffic incident. A hybrid traffic incident detection method is proposed to solve the imbalance and small sample size problems in the previous studies. The proposed method has strong real time capability. The new model... |
S0001457519314241 | Bicycle wrong way riding is a dangerous and often neglected behavior that engenders threats to traffic safety . Owing to the lack of exposure data the detection of WWR and its relationship with the built environment factors remain unclear . Accordingly this study fills the research gaps by proposing a WWR detection fra... | We detect bicycle wrong way riding WWR behavior using bike sharing data. Negative Binomial based Additive Decision Trees are developed. The non linear effects of built environment on WWR frequency are captured. WWR is unaffected by different times of day. Residence company and transit facility are the most influential ... |
S0001457519314320 | Increased cycling uptake can improve population health but barriers include real and perceived risks . Crash risk factors are important to understand in order to improve safety and increase cycling uptake . Many studies of cycling crash risk are based on combining diverse sources of crash and exposure data such as poli... | Prospective cohort study of over four thousand cyclists in seven European cities. Longitudinal crash and exposure data enable crash risk analysis at individual level. Crash risks varied substantially by individual neighbourhood factors and city. Participants who cycle more often had lower risk of a crash. Gender social... |
S0001457519314423 | Identifiable individual level driver licensing and motor vehicle crash data are essential to advancing transportation safety research . However epidemiologic studies using such data are rare which may reflect their inaccessibility . We conducted a legal mapping study to evaluate US state laws regulating access to drive... | Review of state legal text to characterize release of driver license and crash data. 37 states and D.C. authorize release of individual level licensing data. Disconnect between authorized release of licensing data and limited use in research. Largely unclear if individual level crash data is accessible in existing stat... |
S0001457519314435 | Zonal characteristics have been shown to affect biking attractiveness and safety . However previously developed bikeability indices do not account for cyclist vehicle crash risk . This study aims to develop a comprehensive zone based index to represent both biking attractiveness and cyclist crash risk . The developed B... | Develop a comprehensive zone based index to represent both biking attractiveness and cyclist crash risk. Develop Bike Attractiveness Index by employing Bike Kilometers Travelled and Bike Safety Index by employing cyclist crash data. The BAI consists of bike network density centrality weighted slope land use mix and rec... |
S0001457519314460 | Estimation of ones own crossing time is an important process in making road crossing decisions . This study evaluated the pedestrians ability to estimate crossing time in a field experiment . The estimated crossing time was measured by an interval production method and an imagined crossing method . The results showed t... | Young pedestrians estimated crossing time accurately. Old pedestrians underestimated their crossing time. Fast walking cannot compensate for old pedestrians large underestimation. Declined motor imagery ability cannot account for old pedestrians underestimation. General timing accuracy also cannot account for old pedes... |
S0001457519314587 | Although crashes involving hazardous material vehicles on expressways do not occur frequently compared with other types of vehicles the number of lives lost and social damage is very high when a HAZMAT vehicle involved crash occurs . Therefore it is essential to identify the leading causes of crashes involving HAZMAT v... | Main purpose is to identify the critical causes of crashes involving HAZMAT vehicles. Association rules mining ARM was applied to discover the crash risk factors of HAZMAT vehicle involved crashes. With appropriate support confidence and lift values hidden patterns in the HAZMAT crash characteristics were found. HAZMAT... |
S0001457519314617 | The Rural Intersection Active Warning System is an innovative road safety treatment designed to slow traffic on major approaches to a high risk rural intersection when vehicles are turning or crossing into or out of the side roads thus reducing fatal and serious casualties . A 22 experimental driving simulation study w... | The Rural Intersection Activation Warning System RIAWS is designed to slow traffic. It detects vehicles and activates electronic signage on the intersection approaches. A simulator was used to examine the impact of signage type and content on speed. The RIAWS 80km h sign resulted in significantly lower speeds than all ... |
S0001457519314745 | This study investigates the impact that delta V the relative change in vehicle velocity pre and post crash has on the severity of motor vehicle collisions . We study injury severity using two metrics for each occupant the number of injuries suffered and the probability of suffering a serious or worse injury . We use a ... | We examine the effect of motor vehicle collision MVC factors on the severity of injuries. Two approaches are considered Log linear Regression and Bayesian Probit Regression. delta V plays a primary role in determining the number of injuries and the probability of suffering an MAIS3 injury. Some crash factors influence ... |
S0001457519314757 | Highway rail grade crossings are where a roadway and railway intersect at the same level . Safety at HRGCs has been identified as a high priority concern among transportation agencies but there has been little research on the effects of HRGC geometric parameters on their safety performance . This paper evaluates the ef... | Survival analysis in highway rail grade crossing safety analysis is introduced. Crossing geometric factors traffic exposure and highway railway characteristics are found significant contributors. Effects on crash frequency and crash severity are researched. Geometric factors long term effects on cumulative probability ... |
S0001457519314794 | Using naturalistic driving data this study explored the prevalence of engagement in secondary tasks whilst driving through intersections and investigated whether drivers manage and self regulate such behaviour in response to variations in roadway and environmental conditions . Video recordings of in vehicle and externa... | Drivers self regulate their secondary tasks in relation to the driving context. Less secondary task engagement occurred while moving compared to stationary condition. Lower engagement occurred within intersections than phases immediately before or after. Intersection priority and weather condition relate to secondary t... |
S000145751931485X | The Automated Enforcement System has become the most important traffic enforcement system in China . In this study a spatio temporal kernel density estimation model integrating spatio temporal statistics and three dimensional visualization techniques was applied to reveal the spatial and temporal patterns of traffic vi... | A Spatio temporal Kernel Density Estimation is applied to reveal the space and time patterns of traffic violation behavior. The traffic violation data comes from the Automated Enforcement System at 69 intersections. An optimal bandwidth selector that combines unconstrained pilot bandwidth matrices with a data driven me... |
S0001457519314988 | It has been widely agreed that it is risky for patients with diabetes to drive during hypoglycemia . However driving during non hypoglycemia may also bring certain safety hazards for some patients with diabetes . Based on previous studies on diabetes related to early aging effect as well as gender differences in health... | Middle aged type 2 diabetic men had no reduced confidence in their driving skills. These diabetic drivers showed deteriorated driving performance in non hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia experience was not predictive of their driving performance decline. Perceptual cognitive functions can fully explain such driving performanc... |
S000145751931499X | This study assessed the effect of Chiles 2005 traffic law reform on the rates of road traffic deaths in children aged 014 years adjusting for socioeconomic differences among the regions of the country . Free access sources of official and national information provided the data for every year of the study period and for... | Legislative actions that promote behavioral change may reduce road traffic deaths among children aged 014 years. Between region socioeconomic differences requires road safety policies focused on reducing the disparities. Legislative actions and in country socioeconomic differences are relevant to reduce fatal outcomes ... |
S0001457519315040 | In 2011 a more severe drunk driving law was implemented in China which criminalized driving under the influence of alcohol for the first time and increased penalties for drunk driving . The present study aimed to assess effectiveness of the drunk driving law in China in reducing traffic crashes injuries and mortality .... | The interrupted time series analysis was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of the more severe drunk driving law in China. Drunk driving is still a severe traffic safety problem that needs to be addressed in China. Apart from legal sanctions additional prevention strategies should be taken seriously to improve road sa... |
S0001457519315052 | Forward collision warning and autonomous emergency braking systems are increasingly available and prevent or mitigate collisions by alerting the driver or autonomously braking the vehicle . Threat assessment and decision making algorithms for FCW and AEB aim to find the best compromise for safety by intervening at the ... | 94 drivers negotiated an intersection with a pedestrian in a driving simulator. A fractional factorial design tested the effect of 8 factors on driver response. Driver response mainly depended on pedestrian time to arrival and visibility. OpenDS may enable crowdsourcing and favor repeatability across studies. The resul... |
S0001457519315246 | Trucking plays a vital role in economic development in every country especially countries where it serves as the backbone of the economy . The fast growth of economy in Iran as a developing country has also been accompanied by an alarming situation in terms of fatalities in truck involved crashes among the drivers and ... | This study investigated the severity of single vehicle truck crashes occurred in Iran. This study highlighted the contextual differences in the severity of single vehicle truck crashes. This study used a random thresholds random parameters hierarchical ordered probit HOPIT model. According to the results several safety... |
S0001457519315258 | This paper describes a study that applies the Poisson Tweedie distribution in developing crash frequency models . The Poisson Tweedie distribution offers a unified framework to model overdispersed underdispersed zero inflated spatial and longitudinal count data as well as multiple response variables of similar or mixed... | Given a flexible framework for count data regression the Poisson Tweedie distribution was used to model crash frequency. A series of models with fixed and varying dispersion were developed under different values of power parameter in variance. The performance of a model varied by how the dispersion parameter was formul... |
S0001457519315313 | In May 2014 the Dominican Republic introduced the 911 emergency response system in Santo Domingo . Before its introduction more than 40 phone numbers were available to report emergencies . The objective of this work is to assess whether this new emergency response system was effective in reducing traffic fatalities . W... | Studies in low and middle income countries focusing on emergency response system ERS and traffic fatalities have shown considerable discrepancies. In May 2014 the Dominican Republic introduced the 911 ERS to reduce among other challenges traffic mortalities in Santo Domingo. The introduction of the 911 ERS in this city... |
S0001457519315398 | While computer vision techniques and big data of street level imagery are getting increasing attention a black box model of deep learning hinders the active application of these techniques to the field of traffic safety research . To address this issue we presented a semantic scene labeling approach that leverages wide... | The study examined influence of built environment on perceived crash risk. A semantic scene labeling approach was applied to street view imagery. Visual openness at the intersection reduced risk perception. The proportional area of roadway showed dominant influence on risk perception |
S0001457519315404 | In this study a virtual reality pedestrian simulation method was used to evaluate the risks to pedestrians crossing streets in a traffic system with driving rules that were unfamiliar to them . Pedestrians from mainland China system and Hong Kong system were studied . Significant differences were observed between pedes... | Pedestrian experiment was conducted with virtual reality simulation in a safe repeatable and controllable way. Significant differences exist on pedestrians habitual behavior between mainland China ML and Hong Kong HK . ML pedestrians show more inattentive looking behaviors under the unfamiliar driving rule. Significant... |
S0001457519315507 | Snowy weather is consistently considered as a hazardous factor due to its potential leading to severe fatal crashes . A seven year crash dataset including rural highway single vehicle crashes from 2010 to 2016 in Washington State is applied in the present study . Pseudo elasticity analysis is conducted to investigate s... | This paper examines driver injury severities in snow related single vehicle crashes. Mixed logit model is developed in different years. Pseudo elasticity analysis approach is applied. The results show temporal instability in model specification. The study provides insights on casualties and injury prevention. |
S0001457519315519 | How crashes translate into physical injuries remains controversial . Previous studies recommended a predictor Delta V to describe the crash consequences in terms of mass and impact speed of vehicles in crashes . This study adopts a new factor energy loss based vehicular injury severity to explain the effects of the ene... | An in depth analysis of the severity of crashes is needed to mitigate traffic crashes. Regression models are to analyze the relationship between injury and crash mechanisms. Occupants receive less impact from collisions by protective structures and high stiffness. The mass ratio of vehicles affects energy absorption es... |
S0001457519315593 | Speeding is considered as one of the most significant contributing factors to severe traffic crashes . Understanding the associations between trip driving roadways features and speeding behavior is crucial for both researchers and practitioners . This research utilized naturalistic driving data collected by the Safety ... | Understand speeding behavior from two perspectives speeding pattern and speeding duration. Longer trips driving on the roadway with higher functional class are associated with longer speeding events. Short trips absence of median and lower functional class roadways are associate with moderate speeding events. Drive on ... |
S0001457519315623 | Crosswalk markings are a type of facility installed at the vehicle pedestrian interaction locations and the function is to warn drivers to watch out for pedestrians crossing the street and improve safety for pedestrians . In Beijing a type of new designed crosswalk markings in China was installed . However evaluating t... | When and where vehicle pedestrian interaction occurs is taken into account in the evaluation process. Used TOPSIS to evaluate the effectiveness of NCMC and SCMC. For intersections with the high or low pedestrian flow the effectiveness of NCMC is better than those of SCMC. For intersections with no pedestrians the effec... |
S0001457519315659 | A passing maneuver allows drivers to maintain their desired speed on two lane highways . However it entails a high risk of collision with vehicles travelling in the opposite direction . Investigating drivers behavior while performing passing maneuvers could provide helpful information on the factors that influence this... | The validity of the driving simulator for studies of passing behavior was investigated. Significant similarities in gap acceptance and perception reaction time behavior in the simulator and in the field were found. Level of risk taking by drivers using he driving simulator was similar to that in the field. Although dri... |
S0001457519315738 | This paper employed a high fidelity driving simulator to investigate the impacts of the Wyoming Department of Transportation Connected Vehicle Pilots Traveler Information Messages on drivers speed selection and the safety benefits of their speed harmonization . Three driving simulator experiment scenarios were develope... | Effectiveness of CV Traveler Information Messages on drivers speed behavior was assessed. High Fidelity driving simulator experiments were developed to simulate various real world traffic scenarios. The average speed and speed variance under CV scenarios were generally lower than under baseline scenarios. Time to Colli... |
S0001457519315751 | Lane change has been recognized as a challenging driving maneuver and a significant component of traffic safety research . Developing a real time continuous lane change detection system can assist drivers to perform and deal with complex driving tasks or provide assistance when it is needed the most . This study propos... | Lane change has a substantial impact on roadway safety. More comprehensive SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study datasets were utilized. Six data fusion categories were introduced considering different data availability. Different Machine Learning approaches to detect lane change maneuvers were explored. Findings could be u... |
S0001457519315805 | Most of the previous studies that investigated the factors increasing the severity of rear end collisions were based on analyzing collision reports from multiple years and combining them into a single dataset for analysis . Analyzing pooled data from multiple years carries the risk of introducing aggregation bias in th... | Logistic regression is used to identify factors affecting injury severity in each year for striking and struck drivers. Year models were compared together and compared with pooled models to identify temporally stable factors. Temporal instability found when pooling data for four years or more. Female drivers either str... |
S0001457519315866 | Speeding behaviour is known to influence crash risk among alcohol impaired drivers but this relationship is scarcely explored . The present study investigated the effects of different Blood Alcohol Concentrations levels on driving performance with respect to mean speed of drivers and their ability to avoid crashes duri... | Driving simulator experiments were conducted at 0 0.03 0.05 and 0.08 BACs. Eighty two Indian drivers participated in the experimental study. Effects of alcohol on speeding behaviour and accident probabilities were analysed. Significant increments in driving speed were observed with increasing BACs. Accident probabiliti... |
S0001457519315933 | The objective of this research is to exploit high resolution driving behavior data collected via sensors of smartphones from 303 drivers in order to examine driver behavior at road segment and junction level . These sensor data are combined with traffic and road geometry characteristics and subsequently depicted spatia... | This paper exploits high resolution driving behavior data obtained from smartphones. The analysis is augmented by traffic data at the time of harsh behavior event. Harsh event frequencies are examined in segments junctions of urban expressways. In road segments harsh events increase with traffic volume increases. In ju... |
S0001457519316057 | Most previous studies investigate the safety effects of a single speed camera ignoring the potential impacts from adjacent speed cameras . The mutual influence between two or even more adjacent speed cameras is a relevant attribute worth taking into account when evaluating the safety impacts of speed cameras . This pap... | Propensity score method is applied to analyze how multiple speed cameras affect road safety. Doubly robust estimation is conducted by using a pairwise comparison approach. Sites with more speed cameras perform better in reducing casualties. Multiple speed cameras are most effective with a radius of 200m. |
S0001457519316069 | Traffic congestion is more likely to lead to aggressive driving behavior that is associated with increased crash risks . Previous studies mainly focus on driving behavior during congestion when studying congestion effects . However the negative effects of congestion on driving behavior may also affect drivers post cong... | Congestion effects on driver behavior in post congestion driving were examined. Congestion negatively affected driver behavior on the post congestion roads. More aggressive driving patterns were observed in post congestion driving. Drivers became less focused on the dashboard area in post congestion driving. Findings h... |
S0001457519316112 | This study estimates how many additional cyclist accidents injuries or fatalities are avoided or mitigated by adding a system which increases braking levels the Torricelli Vacuum Emergency Brake to a state of the art Automated Emergency Braking system . To obtain a realistic state of the art AEB system the AEB paramete... | Injury risk curves were created from 2662 passenger car to cyclist accidents. Safety benefits were estimated from 1340simulated car to cyclist accidents. Vacuum Emergency Braking VEB prevents 59 of cyclist accidents. VEB also prevents 67 of severe injuries and 86 of the fatalities. VEB is substantially more effective t... |
S0001457519316173 | The study analyses the Human Machine Interface of a driver assistance system for cooperative driving such as merging or turning left situations . Three versions of the HMI are varied as independent variables within subjects . Two versions displayed in the instrument cluster focus either on a dynamic or a static illustr... | A cooperative driving system for manual and automated driving is evaluated. The form of information presentation dynamic vs. static is investigated. Both versions of the HMI support cooperative behavior and are accepted. With the static HMI the participants felt more distracted than the dynamic one. |
S0001457519316197 | Distracted and impaired driving is a key contributing factor in crashes leading to about 35 of all transportation related deaths in recent years . Along these lines cognitive issues like inattentiveness can further increase the chances of crash involvement . Despite its prevalence and importance little is known about h... | How are duration of distraction and impairment related to safety critical events. Classify secondary tasks performed by drivers prior to crash or near crash. Longer distraction durations especially by cellphones substantially increase crash risk. Alcohol and drug impairment also substantially increase crash risk. |
S0001457519316252 | A rear end crash is a widely studied type of road accident . The road area at the crash scene is a factor that significantly affects the crash severity from rear end collisions . These road areas may be classified as urban or rural and evince obvious differences such as speed limits number of intersections vehicle type... | The previous literature clearly shows that rural and urban roadway are different. A hierarchical model comprising 2 sub models incorporating the random intercept model and the random parameters model. Significant variables in both the urban and rural models are the seat belt use and the time. This study focuses on obta... |
S0001457519316264 | Koreas elderly population is growing rapidly as is attention to elderly pedestrian safety . Despite a consensus that the elderly are vulnerable to pedestrian safety issues our understanding of the determinants of elderly pedestrian crashes is limited . This study explores which attributes of the built environment affec... | Examining effects of built environments on elderly pedestrian crashes. Comparing impacts of built environments between all age and elderly groups. Exploring how the impacts vary across neighborhoods stratified by housing price. Using a negative binomial regression with a spatial autocorrelation correction. Impacts of b... |
S0001457519316306 | The threat of application of legal sanctions remains the prominent approach to reduce the prevalence of drink driving in a vast array of motoring jurisdictions . However ongoing questions remain regarding the extent that such mechanisms impact upon offending behaviours the deleterious effect alcohol consumption has on ... | Various measures used to operationalise drink driving were examined. Perceptions of both legal and non legal sanctions for drink driving were high. Non legal sanctions were a larger deterrent for drink driving than legal sanctions. Past drink driving conviction was a predictor of re offending. Age gender and risky drin... |
S0001457519316380 | This study aimed at modeling the Response Time and Total Braking Time of drivers under Partial Sleep Deprivation . Fifty male participants drove the driving simulator in three experimental conditions two test sessions and a baseline . The two test sessions were conducted after one and two nights of PSD respectively . S... | Initial response time delayed by 25 44 with partial sleep loss. Drivers with habitual sleeprecommended 7 8h are at higher risks of sleep loss impairments. Driving experience does not compensate for sleep loss effects in unfamiliar hazard scenarios. Total braking time reduced in pedestrian event and increased in vehicle... |
S0001457519316422 | Providing drivers with real time weather information and driving assistance during adverse weather including fog is crucial for safe driving . The primary focus of this study was to develop an affordable in vehicle fog detection method which will provide accurate trajectory level weather information in real time . The ... | Primary focus of this study was to develop an in vehicle fog detection method. Videos from the SHRP2 Naturalistic Driving Study dataset were used. Deep learning using TensorFlow Machine Learning library were utilized. The proposed deep learning models provided impressive weather detection accuracy. The proposed method ... |
S0001457519316483 | The rapid development of expressways has led to an increasing number of place names that must be displayed on road guide signs . As a result multi board guide signs have been increasingly set up on expressways . The main aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the directional road sign displayed on multi and sin... | From the perspective of driver s mental workload the impact of the multi board guide signs on traffic safety is studied. 32 participants drove on three simulated scenes guided by single board and multi board road signs with different number of place names as 5 7 9 and 11. The multi board signs generate more mental work... |
S0001457519316525 | Mobile phone distracted driving is a major risk factor for crashes . However this behaviour has been increasing in recent years . Effective enforcement of mobile phone bans while driving faces several obstacles as such it is important to consider additional countermeasures . Applications designed to prevent distracted ... | Mobile phone applications to prevent distraction reduce phone use. Drivers completed diaries and a questionnaire. Diaries show reliability issues with the applications. Management of involuntary distraction needs to be improved. |
S0001457519316537 | This study investigates the traffic conflict risks at the upstream approach of toll plaza during the vehicles diverging period from the time of arrival at the diverging area to that of entering the tollbooths . Based on the vehicles trajectory data extracted from unmanned aerial vehicle videos using an automated video ... | Developed time varying mixed logit models and distance varying mixed logit models for safety evaluation. Evaluated the collision risk of unconstrained vehicle motions at the upstream approach of toll plaza. Investigate the time varying and distance varying effects of influencing factors on vehicle collision risk at tol... |
S0001457519316562 | The distance at which drivers follow other vehicles has been found to be linked to crash risk . Tailgating is both endemic and a leading cause of rear end crashes . Similarly drivers decisions about when to merge with a stream of traffic are likely to influence crash risk . Consistent with this it has been shown that c... | Drivers following distance and gap acceptance behaviours are related to crash risk. These behaviours are difficult to measure in real driving. Video based measures of following distance and gap acceptance were created. Results from evaluations supported the validity and reliability of the tests. These new measures are ... |
S0001457519316574 | Bicyclists are vulnerable road users as they are not protected during a road collision . Although numerous studies have been conducted to understand the parameters contributing to bicyclists injury severity most of these studies have focused on the relationship between crash severity and road environmental vehicle and ... | This study developed a modelling framework to investigate the effect of variables such as speed mass and crash angle on bicyclists injury severity in bicycle car crashes at intersections. A combination of Newtonian Mechanics and statistical analysis was utilised to develop this theory. The results showed that kinetic e... |
S0001457519316811 | Cycling is increasingly promoted as a sustainable transport mode . However bicyclists are more vulnerable to fatality and severe injury in road crashes compared to vehicle occupants . It is necessary to identify the contributory factors to crashes and injuries involving bicyclists . For the prediction of motor vehicle ... | This study investigates the factors contributing to bicycle crash frequency at zonal level. Usage data of a public bicycle rental system is used to estimate the bicycle crash exposure. Road density land use bicycle infrastructure demographic and socioeconomics affect the bicycle crash frequency. Effects of bicycle infr... |
S0001457519316859 | We have investigated the accidents statistics of Europe and North America that are provided by the UN . This investigation has shown that accidents due to the traffic represent around 50 of the total number of accidents every year . Among them rear end collisions hold a 20 share . These numbers display the fact that th... | A cognitive anticipation model based on cellular automata is developed to investigate rear end collisions. Drivers are sorted into two types according to the differences in their psychology. A complex relationship between traffic flow state and rear end collisions is shown. Anticipation is found to ameliorate the flow ... |
S0001457519316884 | The purpose of this study is to summarize the evidence for the association between exposure to a motor vehicle collision and future low back pain . Persistent low back pain is a relatively common complaint after acute injury in a MVC with a reported 1year post crash prevalence of at least 31 of exposed individuals . In... | The relative risk of future low back pain is 2.7 after injury in a car crash. 63 of ongoing low back pain can be attributed to the prior injury in a car crash. Rear end crashes without injury do not increase the risk of future low back pain. Further cohort studies are needed that control for pre injury confounding. |
S0001457519316896 | It has been suggested that Variable Message Signs become less effective at communicating important traffic information when irrelevant information is also displayed on them . The purpose of this study was to examine if practice reading irrelevant information on a VMS influenced compliance with and memory for a detour m... | We asked if irrelevant VMS messages diminish the effectiveness of relevant ones. Previous research suggested that irrelevant messages do not. Our findings indicated that they result in lower compliance with relevant messages. |
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