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| 1 |
+
X-Account-Key: account1
|
| 2 |
+
X-UIDL: AOX1i2IAAAnGUeMu7gAAACblf0Q
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| 3 |
+
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Date: Sun, 14 Jul 2013 23:06:11 -0000
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| 62 |
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Subject: [WethePeople_Shareholders] AUTHENTICATION
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--dQqc8uflwR6B30OOm3etqeRjX1fTbYQ8MpLsfLt
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Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
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+
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
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+
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+
Some things I put together in my research... so if you think 5 pages is too=
|
| 73 |
+
long... don't read it.
|
| 74 |
+
|
| 75 |
+
Apostille Convention
|
| 76 |
+
Apostille Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legali=
|
| 77 |
+
sation for Foreign Public Documents
|
| 78 |
+
|
| 79 |
+
The Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement for Legalisation for Foreig=
|
| 80 |
+
n Public Documents, the Apostille convention, or the Apostille treaty is an=
|
| 81 |
+
international treaty drafted by the Hague Conference on Private Internatio=
|
| 82 |
+
nal Law. It specifies the modalities through which a document issued in one=
|
| 83 |
+
of the signatory countries can be certified for legal purposes in all the =
|
| 84 |
+
other signatory states. Such a certification is called an apostille (French=
|
| 85 |
+
: certification). It is an international certification comparable to a nota=
|
| 86 |
+
rization in domestic law.
|
| 87 |
+
|
| 88 |
+
Procedure
|
| 89 |
+
Apostilles are affixed by Competent Authorities designated by the governmen=
|
| 90 |
+
t of a state which is party to the convention.[2] A list of these authoriti=
|
| 91 |
+
es is maintained by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Exam=
|
| 92 |
+
ples of designated authorities are embassies, ministries, courts or (local)=
|
| 93 |
+
governments. For example, in the United States, the Secretary of State of =
|
| 94 |
+
each state and his or her deputies are usually competent authorities. In th=
|
| 95 |
+
e United Kingdom, all apostilles are issued by the Foreign and Commonwealth=
|
| 96 |
+
Office in Milton Keynes.[3]
|
| 97 |
+
|
| 98 |
+
To be eligible for an apostille, a document must first be issued or certifi=
|
| 99 |
+
ed by an officer recognized by the authority that will issue the apostille.=
|
| 100 |
+
For example, in the US state of Vermont, the Secretary of State maintains =
|
| 101 |
+
specimen signatures of all notaries public, so documents that have been not=
|
| 102 |
+
arized are eligible for apostilles.[4] Likewise, courts in the Netherlands =
|
| 103 |
+
are eligible of placing an apostille on all municipal civil status document=
|
| 104 |
+
s directly. In some cases, intermediate certifications may be required in t=
|
| 105 |
+
he country where the document originates before it will be eligible for an =
|
| 106 |
+
apostille. For example, in New York City, the Office of Vital Records (whic=
|
| 107 |
+
h issues, among other things, birth certificates) is not directly recognize=
|
| 108 |
+
d by the New York Secretary of State.[5] As a consequence, the signature of=
|
| 109 |
+
the City Clerk must be certified by the County Clerk of New York County to=
|
| 110 |
+
make the birth certificate eligible for an apostille.[6][7] In Japan all t=
|
| 111 |
+
he official documents are issued in Japanese language, Ministry of Foreign =
|
| 112 |
+
Affairs (MOFA, JAPAN) then provides an apostille for these documents.[8] In=
|
| 113 |
+
India the apostille certification can be obtained from the Ministry of Ext=
|
| 114 |
+
ernal Affairs[9]
|
| 115 |
+
|
| 116 |
+
|
| 117 |
+
Information
|
| 118 |
+
=20
|
| 119 |
+
|
| 120 |
+
An apostille issued by Norwegian authorities.
|
| 121 |
+
The apostille itself is a stamp or printed form consisting of 10 numbered s=
|
| 122 |
+
tandard fields. On the top is the text APOSTILLE, under which the text Conv=
|
| 123 |
+
ention de La Haye du 5 octobre 1961 (English: Hague Convention of 5 October=
|
| 124 |
+
1961) is placed. In the numbered fields the following information is added=
|
| 125 |
+
:
|
| 126 |
+
1. Country ... [country name]
|
| 127 |
+
This public document
|
| 128 |
+
2. has been signed by ... [name]
|
| 129 |
+
3. acting in the capacity of ... [function]
|
| 130 |
+
4. bears the seal/stamp of ... [authority]certified
|
| 131 |
+
5. at ... [location]
|
| 132 |
+
6. the ... [date]
|
| 133 |
+
7. by ... [name]
|
| 134 |
+
8. No ... [apostille registration number]
|
| 135 |
+
9. Seal/stamp ... [of the authority giving the apostille]
|
| 136 |
+
10. Signature ... [signature of authority giving the apostille]
|
| 137 |
+
The information can be placed on the (back of the) document itself, or atta=
|
| 138 |
+
ched to the document as an allonge.
|
| 139 |
+
|
| 140 |
+
Allonge (from French allonger, "to draw out"), a slip of paper affixed to a=
|
| 141 |
+
negotiable instrument, as a bill of exchange, for the purpose of receiving=
|
| 142 |
+
additional endorsements for which there may not be sufficient space on the=
|
| 143 |
+
bill itself. An endorsement written on the allonge is deemed to be written=
|
| 144 |
+
on the bill itself. An allonge is more usually met with in those countries=
|
| 145 |
+
where the Code Napoleon is in force, as the code requires every endorsemen=
|
| 146 |
+
t to express the consideration. Under English law, as the simple signature =
|
| 147 |
+
of the endorser on the bill, without additional words, is sufficient to ope=
|
| 148 |
+
rate as a negotiation, an allonge is seldom necessary.
|
| 149 |
+
|
| 150 |
+
Eligible documents
|
| 151 |
+
Four types of documents are mentioned in the convention:[1]
|
| 152 |
+
1. court documents
|
| 153 |
+
2. administrative documents (e.g. civil status documents)
|
| 154 |
+
3. notarial acts
|
| 155 |
+
4. Official certificates which are placed on documents signed by persons in=
|
| 156 |
+
their private capacity, such as official certificates recording the regist=
|
| 157 |
+
ration of a document or the fact that it was in existence on a certain date=
|
| 158 |
+
and official and notarial authentications of signatures.
|
| 159 |
+
|
| 160 |
+
Legalization
|
| 161 |
+
States that have not signed the Convention must specify how foreign legal d=
|
| 162 |
+
ocuments can be certified for its use. Two countries may have a special con=
|
| 163 |
+
vention on the recognition of each other's public documents, but in practic=
|
| 164 |
+
e this is infrequent. Otherwise, the document must be certified by the fore=
|
| 165 |
+
ign ministry of the country where the document originated and then by the f=
|
| 166 |
+
oreign ministry of the government where the document will be used; one of t=
|
| 167 |
+
he certifications will often be performed at an embassy or consulate. In pr=
|
| 168 |
+
actice this means the document must be certified twice before it can have l=
|
| 169 |
+
egal effect in the receiving country. For example, as a non-signatory, Cana=
|
| 170 |
+
dian documents for use abroad must be certified by the Deputy Minister of F=
|
| 171 |
+
oreign Affairs in Ottawa or by a Canadian consular official abroad and subs=
|
| 172 |
+
equently by the relevant government office or consulate of the receiving st=
|
| 173 |
+
ate.
|
| 174 |
+
|
| 175 |
+
Abuse
|
| 176 |
+
The Apostille does not give information regarding the quality of the docume=
|
| 177 |
+
nt, but certifies the signature (and the capacity of who placed it) and cor=
|
| 178 |
+
rectness of the seal/stamp on the document which must be certified. In 2005=
|
| 179 |
+
The Hague Conference surveyed its members and produced a report in Decembe=
|
| 180 |
+
r 2008 which expressed serious concerns about Diplomas and Degree certifica=
|
| 181 |
+
tes, titled "THE APPLICATION OF THE APOSTILLE CONVENTION TO DIPLOMAS INCLUD=
|
| 182 |
+
ING THOSE ISSUED BY DIPLOMA MILLS". The possible abuse of the system was hi=
|
| 183 |
+
ghlighted "Particularly troubling is the possible use of diploma mill quali=
|
| 184 |
+
fications to circumvent migration controls, possibly by potential terrorist=
|
| 185 |
+
s." (Page 5) The risk comes from the fact that the various government stamp=
|
| 186 |
+
s give the document an air of authenticity without anyone having checked th=
|
| 187 |
+
e underlying document. "An official looking certificate may be issued to a =
|
| 188 |
+
copy of a diploma mill qualification, and then subsequently issued with an =
|
| 189 |
+
Apostille, without anyone having ever verified the signature on, let alone =
|
| 190 |
+
the contents of, the diploma." (Page 7)=20
|
| 191 |
+
Further member states indicated "they would be obliged to issue an Apostill=
|
| 192 |
+
e for certification of a certified copy of a diploma issued by a diploma mi=
|
| 193 |
+
ll". (Page 15)=20
|
| 194 |
+
The Hague Conference expressed concern as to whether this issue could affec=
|
| 195 |
+
t the entire convention. "...the Apostille does not 'look through the certi=
|
| 196 |
+
fication' and does not relate to the diploma itself .... There is a clear r=
|
| 197 |
+
isk that such practices may eventually undermine the effectiveness and ther=
|
| 198 |
+
efore the successful operation of the Apostille Convention". (Page 5)[11]
|
| 199 |
+
In February 2009 the Hague Conference decided to amend the wording on the A=
|
| 200 |
+
postille to make it clear that no one was checking whether the document bei=
|
| 201 |
+
ng attested was genuine or a fake. The new wording to be used was as follow=
|
| 202 |
+
s. "This Apostille only certifies the signature, the capacity of the signer=
|
| 203 |
+
and the seal or stamp it bears. It does not certify the content of the doc=
|
| 204 |
+
ument for which it was issued."[12]
|
| 205 |
+
References:
|
| 206 |
+
Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for=
|
| 207 |
+
Foreign Public Documents". Hague Conference on Private International Law.
|
| 208 |
+
1. "ABCs of Apostilles p. 13". Hague Conference on Private International La=
|
| 209 |
+
w.
|
| 210 |
+
2. "United Kingdom, Competent Authorities". Hague Conference on Private
|
| 211 |
+
3. International Law. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
|
| 212 |
+
4. Authentication 2009
|
| 213 |
+
5. Birth certificate application 2010
|
| 214 |
+
6. Crampton 2007
|
| 215 |
+
7. Apostiles n.d.
|
| 216 |
+
8. Apostille, MOFA Japan (website in Japanese)
|
| 217 |
+
9. MEA, India Legalisation of Documents.
|
| 218 |
+
10. Information on the application of the convention to Hong Kong and Macau
|
| 219 |
+
11. Permanent Bureau (December 2008). "The application of the Apostille Co=
|
| 220 |
+
nvention to diplomas including those issued by diploma mills". Hague Confer=
|
| 221 |
+
ence on Private International Law.
|
| 222 |
+
12. Permanent Bureau (February 2009). "Conclusions and Recommendations of t=
|
| 223 |
+
he Special Commission on the Practical Operation of the Hague Apostille, Se=
|
| 224 |
+
rvice, Taking of Evidence, and Access to Justice Conventions". Hague Confer=
|
| 225 |
+
ence on Private International Law. p. 13.
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
Apostilles are affixed by Competent Authorities designated by the governmen=
|
| 228 |
+
t of a state which is party to the convention. A list of these authorities =
|
| 229 |
+
is maintained by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Example=
|
| 230 |
+
s of designated authorities are embassies, ministries, courts or (local) go=
|
| 231 |
+
vernments. For example, in the United States, the Secretary of State of eac=
|
| 232 |
+
h state and his or her deputies are usually competent authorities. In the U=
|
| 233 |
+
nited Kingdom, all apostilles are issued by the Foreign and Commonwealth Of=
|
| 234 |
+
fice in Milton Keynes.
|
| 235 |
+
|
| 236 |
+
To be eligible for an apostille, a document must first be issued or certifi=
|
| 237 |
+
ed by an officer recognized by the authority that will issue the apostille.=
|
| 238 |
+
For example, the Secretary of State maintains specimen signatures of all n=
|
| 239 |
+
otaries public, so documents that have been notarized are eligible for apos=
|
| 240 |
+
tilles.=20
|
| 241 |
+
Remedy: Visually check the notarial language on your document and see if yo=
|
| 242 |
+
ur notary has included the expiration date of his/her commission. While not=
|
| 243 |
+
required by law, many notaries include this information, and this could sa=
|
| 244 |
+
ve you valuable time in the authentication process.
|
| 245 |
+
|
| 246 |
+
Certified copies of vital records from unauthorized sources are not suitabl=
|
| 247 |
+
e for authentication or filing abroad. Certified copies of vital records (b=
|
| 248 |
+
irth, marriage and death) may be obtained only from the custodian of those =
|
| 249 |
+
records.=20
|
| 250 |
+
Remedy: Vital Records are Birth, Marriage and Death Certificates. You must =
|
| 251 |
+
obtain certified copies of such documents from the custodian of those recor=
|
| 252 |
+
ds as listed above.=20
|
| 253 |
+
|
| 254 |
+
An Apostille is an authentication of a public document issued pursuant to t=
|
| 255 |
+
he 1961 Hague Convention abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for For=
|
| 256 |
+
eign Public Documents. The Convention provides for the simplified certifica=
|
| 257 |
+
tion of public (including notarized) documents to be used in countries that=
|
| 258 |
+
have joined the convention. Under the Hague Convention, signatory countrie=
|
| 259 |
+
s have agreed to recognize public documents issued by other signatory count=
|
| 260 |
+
ries if those public documents are authenticated by the attachment of an in=
|
| 261 |
+
ternationally recognized form of authentication known as an Apostille.=20
|
| 262 |
+
|
| 263 |
+
Iowa Code on Presumptions
|
| 264 |
+
|
| 265 |
+
554.1206 PRESUMPTIONS.
|
| 266 |
+
Whenever this chapter creates a "presumption" with respect to a fa=
|
| 267 |
+
ct, or provides that a fact is "presumed", the trier of fact must find the =
|
| 268 |
+
existence of the fact unless and until evidence is introduced that supports=
|
| 269 |
+
a finding of its nonexistence.=20=20
|
| 270 |
+
Section History: Recent Form
|
| 271 |
+
2007 Acts, ch 41, =A718, 57=20
|
| 272 |
+
Footnotes
|
| 273 |
+
Former =A7 554.1206 repealed by 2007 Acts, ch 41, =A7 59
|
| 274 |
+
|
| 275 |
+
REQUIREMENT TO MAKE AN OFFICIAL RECORD
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
Title 18 USC Chapter 101 Section 2071(b) is the legal authority that requir=
|
| 278 |
+
es them to record your documents in the Official Record. Even after I infor=
|
| 279 |
+
med them of this, they still refused. I received some advice as to how to h=
|
| 280 |
+
andle these minions at the County Recorder's office from someone who has en=
|
| 281 |
+
countered the same situation and experienced=20
|
| 282 |
+
outstanding results.=20
|
| 283 |
+
|
| 284 |
+
When dealing with your Public Servants who are not following your requests/=
|
| 285 |
+
orders just ask them right out, "Are you a Public Servant?" they say "Yes"=
|
| 286 |
+
then you ask, "Do you have a Bond or are Bonded?" again, they say "Yes", =
|
| 287 |
+
then you say, "Well then, I'm accepting your offer of Oath & your Bond for=
|
| 288 |
+
Public Service, and=20
|
| 289 |
+
I am going to give you a partial grant of my Sovereign Immunity to carry o=
|
| 290 |
+
ut my Orders, and=20
|
| 291 |
+
if you don't follow them then I will summons the Sheriff here to have you =
|
| 292 |
+
arrested for malfeasance of your fiduciary duty, and=20
|
| 293 |
+
for violating your Federal Code at Title 18 sec. 241 & 242, and=20=20
|
| 294 |
+
I will be forced to file a damage claim against your Bond, then you will no=
|
| 295 |
+
t be bondable and you will lose your job, now is it worth it to you? I am o=
|
| 296 |
+
rdering you to file my documents, NOW!=20
|
| 297 |
+
|
| 298 |
+
If they still do not, then point at another employee, accept their oath & b=
|
| 299 |
+
ond and order them to get the Sheriff, and then watch how fast you get some=
|
| 300 |
+
respect, or, you may be introduced to the Chief /Head Supervisor, and you =
|
| 301 |
+
do the same routine upon them.
|
| 302 |
+
=20
|
| 303 |
+
You see, their Oaths of Office is nothing more than a Pubic Offer of Servi=
|
| 304 |
+
ce, but you MUST accept that offer of service thereby "BINDING" them to th=
|
| 305 |
+
eir offer and compelling them to perform their duties, otherwise they are =
|
| 306 |
+
not compelled because you have not "accepted their offer to serve you," oth=
|
| 307 |
+
erwise you really do not have a contract w/them, which is the ONLY thing t=
|
| 308 |
+
hat can bind & compel a man to perform as a "Public Servant", i.e. "a cont=
|
| 309 |
+
ract" since otherwise ALL men are created equal, and per the Maxim of Law =
|
| 310 |
+
that says, "the ONLY thing that can compel a man or woman to perform a dut=
|
| 311 |
+
y or function, or pay a sum of money is, ... > "A Contract!" < ....=20
|
| 312 |
+
|
| 313 |
+
Also, ALL Public Servants/Employees MUST be Bonded to be able to work in t=
|
| 314 |
+
heir capacity as Public Servants for us, no exceptions, as soon as you file=
|
| 315 |
+
a claim against their Bonds (w/Risk Management or similar Dept.) they wil=
|
| 316 |
+
l then be suspended until an investigation is had and decided, which can b=
|
| 317 |
+
e delayed for a very long time, and they will be without pay, they have j=
|
| 318 |
+
ust too much to risk, you're in control, since you are the Employer who fun=
|
| 319 |
+
ds their pay checks. You tell them that you really do not wish to do that b=
|
| 320 |
+
ecause their children are depending on them being good servants, but if the=
|
| 321 |
+
y do not file your documents then they are forcing you file charges & a cla=
|
| 322 |
+
im against their Bonds, it's on them, and they have to be responsible for t=
|
| 323 |
+
he consequences of their actions. They made the offer of servitude to you a=
|
| 324 |
+
nd you are just compelling them to perform their contractual duties to us. =
|
| 325 |
+
You are the Sovereign, you are the One who Employs & funds their salaries.
|
| 326 |
+
|
| 327 |
+
|
| 328 |
+
--dQqc8uflwR6B30OOm3etqeRjX1fTbYQ8MpLsfLt
|
| 329 |
+
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
|
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+
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
|
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+
|
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+
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+
|
| 334 |
+
|
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+
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/htm=
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+
l4/strict.dtd">
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+
<html>
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+
<head>
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+
</head>
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+
|
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
<body style=3D"background-color: #fff;">
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+
<span style=3D"display:none"> </span>
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+
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+
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlStartT|**|-~-->
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+
<div id=3D"ygrp-mlmsg" style=3D"position:relative;">
|
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+
<div id=3D"ygrp-msg" style=3D"z-index: 1;">
|
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+
<!--~-|**|PrettyHtmlEndT|**|-~-->
|
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+
|
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+
<div id=3D"ygrp-text" >
|
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+
=20=20=20=20=20=20
|
| 357 |
+
=20=20=20=20=20=20
|
| 358 |
+
<p>Some things I put together in my research... so if you think 5 pag=
|
| 359 |
+
es is too long... don't read it.<br>
|
| 360 |
+
<br>
|
| 361 |
+
Apostille Convention<br>
|
| 362 |
+
Apostille Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legali=
|
| 363 |
+
sation for Foreign Public Documents<br>
|
| 364 |
+
<br>
|
| 365 |
+
The Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement for Legalisation for Foreig=
|
| 366 |
+
n Public Documents, the Apostille convention, or the Apostille treaty is an=
|
| 367 |
+
international treaty drafted by the Hague Conference on Private Internatio=
|
| 368 |
+
nal Law. It specifies the modalities through which a document issued in one=
|
| 369 |
+
of the signatory countries can be certified for legal purposes in all the =
|
| 370 |
+
other signatory states. Such a certification is called an apostille (French=
|
| 371 |
+
: certification). It is an international certification comparable to a nota=
|
| 372 |
+
rization in domestic law.<br>
|
| 373 |
+
<br>
|
| 374 |
+
Procedure<br>
|
| 375 |
+
Apostilles are affixed by Competent Authorities designated by the governmen=
|
| 376 |
+
t of a state which is party to the convention.[2] A list of these authoriti=
|
| 377 |
+
es is maintained by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Exam=
|
| 378 |
+
ples of designated authorities are embassies, ministries, courts or (local)=
|
| 379 |
+
governments. For example, in the United States, the Secretary of State of =
|
| 380 |
+
each state and his or her deputies are usually competent authorities. In th=
|
| 381 |
+
e United Kingdom, all apostilles are issued by the Foreign and Commonwealth=
|
| 382 |
+
Office in Milton Keynes.[3]<br>
|
| 383 |
+
<br>
|
| 384 |
+
To be eligible for an apostille, a document must first be issued or certifi=
|
| 385 |
+
ed by an officer recognized by the authority that will issue the apostille.=
|
| 386 |
+
For example, in the US state of Vermont, the Secretary of State maintains =
|
| 387 |
+
specimen signatures of all notaries public, so documents that have been not=
|
| 388 |
+
arized are eligible for apostilles.[4] Likewise, courts in the Netherlands =
|
| 389 |
+
are eligible of placing an apostille on all municipal civil status document=
|
| 390 |
+
s directly. In some cases, intermediate certifications may be required in t=
|
| 391 |
+
he country where the document originates before it will be eligible for an =
|
| 392 |
+
apostille. For example, in New York City, the Office of Vital Records (whic=
|
| 393 |
+
h issues, among other things, birth certificates) is not directly recognize=
|
| 394 |
+
d by the New York Secretary of State.[5] As a consequence, the signature of=
|
| 395 |
+
the City Clerk must be certified by the County Clerk of New York County to=
|
| 396 |
+
make the birth certificate eligible for an apostille.[6][7] In Japan all t=
|
| 397 |
+
he official documents are issued in Japanese language, Ministry of Foreign =
|
| 398 |
+
Affairs (MOFA, JAPAN) then provides an apostille for these documents.[8] In=
|
| 399 |
+
India the apostille certification can be obtained from the Ministry of Ext=
|
| 400 |
+
ernal Affairs[9]<br>
|
| 401 |
+
<br>
|
| 402 |
+
Information<br>
|
| 403 |
+
<br>
|
| 404 |
+
<br>
|
| 405 |
+
An apostille issued by Norwegian authorities.<br>
|
| 406 |
+
The apostille itself is a stamp or printed form consisting of 10 numbered s=
|
| 407 |
+
tandard fields. On the top is the text APOSTILLE, under which the text Conv=
|
| 408 |
+
ention de La Haye du 5 octobre 1961 (English: Hague Convention of 5 October=
|
| 409 |
+
1961) is placed. In the numbered fields the following information is added=
|
| 410 |
+
:<br>
|
| 411 |
+
1. Country ... [country name]<br>
|
| 412 |
+
This public document<br>
|
| 413 |
+
2. has been signed by ... [name]<br>
|
| 414 |
+
3. acting in the capacity of ... [function]<br>
|
| 415 |
+
4. bears the seal/stamp of ... [authority]certified<br>
|
| 416 |
+
5. at ... [location]<br>
|
| 417 |
+
6. the ... [date]<br>
|
| 418 |
+
7. by ... [name]<br>
|
| 419 |
+
8. No ... [apostille registration number]<br>
|
| 420 |
+
9. Seal/stamp ... [of the authority giving the apostille]<br>
|
| 421 |
+
10. Signature ... [signature of authority giving the apostille]<br>
|
| 422 |
+
The information can be placed on the (back of the) document itself, or atta=
|
| 423 |
+
ched to the document as an allonge.<br>
|
| 424 |
+
<br>
|
| 425 |
+
Allonge (from French allonger, "to draw out"), a slip of paper af=
|
| 426 |
+
fixed to a negotiable instrument, as a bill of exchange, for the purpose of=
|
| 427 |
+
receiving additional endorsements for which there may not be sufficient sp=
|
| 428 |
+
ace on the bill itself. An endorsement written on the allonge is deemed to =
|
| 429 |
+
be written on the bill itself. An allonge is more usually met with in those=
|
| 430 |
+
countries where the Code Napoleon is in force, as the code requires every =
|
| 431 |
+
endorsement to express the consideration. Under English law, as the simple =
|
| 432 |
+
signature of the endorser on the bill, without additional words, is suffici=
|
| 433 |
+
ent to operate as a negotiation, an allonge is seldom necessary.<br>
|
| 434 |
+
<br>
|
| 435 |
+
Eligible documents<br>
|
| 436 |
+
Four types of documents are mentioned in the convention:[1]<br>
|
| 437 |
+
1. court documents<br>
|
| 438 |
+
2. administrative documents (e.g. civil status documents)<br>
|
| 439 |
+
3. notarial acts<br>
|
| 440 |
+
4. Official certificates which are placed on documents signed by persons in=
|
| 441 |
+
their private capacity, such as official certificates recording the regist=
|
| 442 |
+
ration of a document or the fact that it was in existence on a certain date=
|
| 443 |
+
and official and notarial authentications of signatures.<br>
|
| 444 |
+
<br>
|
| 445 |
+
Legalization<br>
|
| 446 |
+
States that have not signed the Convention must specify how foreign legal d=
|
| 447 |
+
ocuments can be certified for its use. Two countries may have a special con=
|
| 448 |
+
vention on the recognition of each other's public documents, but in pra=
|
| 449 |
+
ctice this is infrequent. Otherwise, the document must be certified by the =
|
| 450 |
+
foreign ministry of the country where the document originated and then by t=
|
| 451 |
+
he foreign ministry of the government where the document will be used; one =
|
| 452 |
+
of the certifications will often be performed at an embassy or consulate. I=
|
| 453 |
+
n practice this means the document must be certified twice before it can ha=
|
| 454 |
+
ve legal effect in the receiving country. For example, as a non-signatory, =
|
| 455 |
+
Canadian documents for use abroad must be certified by the Deputy Minister =
|
| 456 |
+
of Foreign Affairs in Ottawa or by a Canadian consular official abroad and =
|
| 457 |
+
subsequently by the relevant government office or consulate of the receivin=
|
| 458 |
+
g state.<br>
|
| 459 |
+
<br>
|
| 460 |
+
Abuse<br>
|
| 461 |
+
The Apostille does not give information regarding the quality of the docume=
|
| 462 |
+
nt, but certifies the signature (and the capacity of who placed it) and cor=
|
| 463 |
+
rectness of the seal/stamp on the document which must be certified. In 2005=
|
| 464 |
+
The Hague Conference surveyed its members and produced a report in Decembe=
|
| 465 |
+
r 2008 which expressed serious concerns about Diplomas and Degree certifica=
|
| 466 |
+
tes, titled "THE APPLICATION OF THE APOSTILLE CONVENTION TO DIPLOMAS I=
|
| 467 |
+
NCLUDING THOSE ISSUED BY DIPLOMA MILLS". The possible abuse of the sys=
|
| 468 |
+
tem was highlighted "Particularly troubling is the possible use of dip=
|
| 469 |
+
loma mill qualifications to circumvent migration controls, possibly by pote=
|
| 470 |
+
ntial terrorists." (Page 5) The risk comes from the fact that the vari=
|
| 471 |
+
ous government stamps give the document an air of authenticity without anyo=
|
| 472 |
+
ne having checked the underlying document. "An official looking certif=
|
| 473 |
+
icate may be issued to a copy of a diploma mill qualification, and then sub=
|
| 474 |
+
sequently issued with an Apostille, without anyone having ever verified the=
|
| 475 |
+
signature on, let alone the contents of, the diploma." (Page 7) <br>
|
| 476 |
+
Further member states indicated "they would be obliged to issue an Apo=
|
| 477 |
+
stille for certification of a certified copy of a diploma issued by a diplo=
|
| 478 |
+
ma mill". (Page 15) <br>
|
| 479 |
+
The Hague Conference expressed concern as to whether this issue could affec=
|
| 480 |
+
t the entire convention. "...the Apostille does not 'look through =
|
| 481 |
+
the certification' and does not relate to the diploma itself .... There=
|
| 482 |
+
is a clear risk that such practices may eventually undermine the effective=
|
| 483 |
+
ness and therefore the successful operation of the Apostille Convention&quo=
|
| 484 |
+
t;. (Page 5)[11]<br>
|
| 485 |
+
In February 2009 the Hague Conference decided to amend the wording on the A=
|
| 486 |
+
postille to make it clear that no one was checking whether the document bei=
|
| 487 |
+
ng attested was genuine or a fake. The new wording to be used was as follow=
|
| 488 |
+
s. "This Apostille only certifies the signature, the capacity of the s=
|
| 489 |
+
igner and the seal or stamp it bears. It does not certify the content of th=
|
| 490 |
+
e document for which it was issued."[12]<br>
|
| 491 |
+
References:<br>
|
| 492 |
+
Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for=
|
| 493 |
+
Foreign Public Documents". Hague Conference on Private International =
|
| 494 |
+
Law.<br>
|
| 495 |
+
1. "ABCs of Apostilles p. 13". Hague Conference on Private Intern=
|
| 496 |
+
ational Law.<br>
|
| 497 |
+
2. "United Kingdom, Competent Authorities". Hague Conference on P=
|
| 498 |
+
rivate<br>
|
| 499 |
+
3. International Law. Retrieved 9 March 2011.<br>
|
| 500 |
+
4. Authentication 2009<br>
|
| 501 |
+
5. Birth certificate application 2010<br>
|
| 502 |
+
6. Crampton 2007<br>
|
| 503 |
+
7. Apostiles n.d.<br>
|
| 504 |
+
8. Apostille, MOFA Japan (website in Japanese)<br>
|
| 505 |
+
9. MEA, India Legalisation of Documents.<br>
|
| 506 |
+
10. Information on the application of the convention to Hong Kong and Macau=
|
| 507 |
+
<br>
|
| 508 |
+
11. Permanent Bureau (December 2008). "The application of the Apostil=
|
| 509 |
+
le Convention to diplomas including those issued by diploma mills". Ha=
|
| 510 |
+
gue Conference on Private International Law.<br>
|
| 511 |
+
12. Permanent Bureau (February 2009). "Conclusions and Recommendations=
|
| 512 |
+
of the Special Commission on the Practical Operation of the Hague Apostill=
|
| 513 |
+
e, Service, Taking of Evidence, and Access to Justice Conventions". Ha=
|
| 514 |
+
gue Conference on Private International Law. p. 13.<br>
|
| 515 |
+
<br>
|
| 516 |
+
Apostilles are affixed by Competent Authorities designated by the governmen=
|
| 517 |
+
t of a state which is party to the convention. A list of these authorities =
|
| 518 |
+
is maintained by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Example=
|
| 519 |
+
s of designated authorities are embassies, ministries, courts or (local) go=
|
| 520 |
+
vernments. For example, in the United States, the Secretary of State of eac=
|
| 521 |
+
h state and his or her deputies are usually competent authorities. In the U=
|
| 522 |
+
nited Kingdom, all apostilles are issued by the Foreign and Commonwealth Of=
|
| 523 |
+
fice in Milton Keynes.<br>
|
| 524 |
+
<br>
|
| 525 |
+
To be eligible for an apostille, a document must first be issued or certifi=
|
| 526 |
+
ed by an officer recognized by the authority that will issue the apostille.=
|
| 527 |
+
For example, the Secretary of State maintains specimen signatures of all n=
|
| 528 |
+
otaries public, so documents that have been notarized are eligible for apos=
|
| 529 |
+
tilles. <br>
|
| 530 |
+
Remedy: Visually check the notarial language on your document and see if yo=
|
| 531 |
+
ur notary has included the expiration date of his/her commission. While not=
|
| 532 |
+
required by law, many notaries include this information, and this could sa=
|
| 533 |
+
ve you valuable time in the authentication process.<br>
|
| 534 |
+
<br>
|
| 535 |
+
Certified copies of vital records from unauthorized sources are not suitabl=
|
| 536 |
+
e for authentication or filing abroad. Certified copies of vital records (b=
|
| 537 |
+
irth, marriage and death) may be obtained only from the custodian of those =
|
| 538 |
+
records. <br>
|
| 539 |
+
Remedy: Vital Records are Birth, Marriage and Death Certificates. You must =
|
| 540 |
+
obtain certified copies of such documents from the custodian of those recor=
|
| 541 |
+
ds as listed above. <br>
|
| 542 |
+
<br>
|
| 543 |
+
An Apostille is an authentication of a public document issued pursuant to t=
|
| 544 |
+
he 1961 Hague Convention abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for For=
|
| 545 |
+
eign Public Documents. The Convention provides for the simplified certifica=
|
| 546 |
+
tion of public (including notarized) documents to be used in countries that=
|
| 547 |
+
have joined the convention. Under the Hague Convention, signatory countrie=
|
| 548 |
+
s have agreed to recognize public documents issued by other signatory count=
|
| 549 |
+
ries if those public documents are authenticated by the attachment of an in=
|
| 550 |
+
ternationally recognized form of authentication known as an Apostille. <br>
|
| 551 |
+
<br>
|
| 552 |
+
Iowa Code on Presumptions<br>
|
| 553 |
+
<br>
|
| 554 |
+
554.1206 PRESUMPTIONS.<br>
|
| 555 |
+
Whenever this chapter creates a "presumption" with respe=
|
| 556 |
+
ct to a fact, or provides that a fact is "presumed", the trier of=
|
| 557 |
+
fact must find the existence of the fact unless and until evidence is intr=
|
| 558 |
+
oduced that supports a finding of its nonexistence. <br>
|
| 559 |
+
Section History: Recent Form<br>
|
| 560 |
+
2007 Acts, ch 41, =A718, 57 <br>
|
| 561 |
+
Footnotes<br>
|
| 562 |
+
Former =A7 554.1206 repealed by 2007 Acts, ch 41, =A7 59<br>
|
| 563 |
+
<br>
|
| 564 |
+
REQUIREMENT TO MAKE AN OFFICIAL RECORD<br>
|
| 565 |
+
<br>
|
| 566 |
+
Title 18 USC Chapter 101 Section 2071(b) is the legal authority that requir=
|
| 567 |
+
es them to record your documents in the Official Record. Even after I infor=
|
| 568 |
+
med them of this, they still refused. I received some advice as to how to h=
|
| 569 |
+
andle these minions at the County Recorder's office from someone who ha=
|
| 570 |
+
s encountered the same situation and experienced <br>
|
| 571 |
+
outstanding results. <br>
|
| 572 |
+
<br>
|
| 573 |
+
When dealing with your Public Servants who are not following your requests/=
|
| 574 |
+
orders just ask them right out, "Are you a Public Servant?" they=
|
| 575 |
+
say "Yes" then you ask, "Do you have a Bond or are Bonded?=
|
| 576 |
+
" again, they say "Yes", then you say, "Well then, I&#=
|
| 577 |
+
39;m accepting your offer of Oath & your Bond for Public Service, and <br>
|
| 578 |
+
I am going to give you a partial grant of my Sovereign Immunity to carry o=
|
| 579 |
+
ut my Orders, and <br>
|
| 580 |
+
if you don't follow them then I will summons the Sheriff here to have =
|
| 581 |
+
you arrested for malfeasance of your fiduciary duty, and <br>
|
| 582 |
+
for violating your Federal Code at Title 18 sec. 241 & 242, and <br>
|
| 583 |
+
I will be forced to file a damage claim against your Bond, then you will no=
|
| 584 |
+
t be bondable and you will lose your job, now is it worth it to you? I am o=
|
| 585 |
+
rdering you to file my documents, NOW! <br>
|
| 586 |
+
<br>
|
| 587 |
+
If they still do not, then point at another employee, accept their oath & b=
|
| 588 |
+
ond and order them to get the Sheriff, and then watch how fast you get some=
|
| 589 |
+
respect, or, you may be introduced to the Chief /Head Supervisor, and you =
|
| 590 |
+
do the same routine upon them.<br>
|
| 591 |
+
<br>
|
| 592 |
+
You see, their Oaths of Office is nothing more than a Pubic Offer of Servi=
|
| 593 |
+
ce, but you MUST accept that offer of service thereby "BINDING" =
|
| 594 |
+
them to their offer and compelling them to perform their duties, otherwise=
|
| 595 |
+
they are not compelled because you have not "accepted their offer to =
|
| 596 |
+
serve you," otherwise you really do not have a contract w/them, which=
|
| 597 |
+
is the ONLY thing that can bind & compel a man to perform as a "Publ=
|
| 598 |
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ic Servant", i.e. "a contract" since otherwise ALL men are =
|
| 599 |
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created equal, and per the Maxim of Law that says, "the ONLY thing th=
|
| 600 |
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at can compel a man or woman to perform a duty or function, or pay a sum o=
|
| 601 |
+
f money is, ... > "A Contract!" < .... <br>
|
| 602 |
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<br>
|
| 603 |
+
Also, ALL Public Servants/Employees MUST be Bonded to be able to work in t=
|
| 604 |
+
heir capacity as Public Servants for us, no exceptions, as soon as you file=
|
| 605 |
+
a claim against their Bonds (w/Risk Management or similar Dept.) they wil=
|
| 606 |
+
l then be suspended until an investigation is had and decided, which can b=
|
| 607 |
+
e delayed for a very long time, and they will be without pay, they have j=
|
| 608 |
+
ust too much to risk, you're in control, since you are the Employer who=
|
| 609 |
+
funds their pay checks. You tell them that you really do not wish to do th=
|
| 610 |
+
at because their children are depending on them being good servants, but if=
|
| 611 |
+
they do not file your documents then they are forcing you file charges & a=
|
| 612 |
+
claim against their Bonds, it's on them, and they have to be responsib=
|
| 613 |
+
le for the consequences of their actions. They made the offer of servitude =
|
| 614 |
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to you and you are just compelling them to perform their contractual duties=
|
| 615 |
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to us. You are the Sovereign, you are the One who Employs & funds their sa=
|
| 616 |
+
laries.<br>
|
| 617 |
+
<br>
|
| 618 |
+
</p>
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<a href=3D"mailto:longest95@yahoo.com?subject=3DRe%3A%20AUTHENT=
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ICATION" style=3D"text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">
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Reply to sender </a>=20
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>
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<a href=3D"mailto:WethePeople_Shareholders@yahoogroups.com?subj=
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ect=3DRe%3A%20AUTHENTICATION" style=3D"text-decoration: none; color: #2D50F=
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D">
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Reply to group </a>=20
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<td style=3D"font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5p=
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x 5px; color: #FFF; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; "=
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>
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<a href=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WethePeople_Shareholde=
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rs/post;_ylc=3DX3oDMTJmcnNxbW1vBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzUzMjUzMjcxBGdycHNw=
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<td style=3D"font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5p=
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x 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA=
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; " >
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<a href=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WetheP=
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eople_Shareholders/message/6350;_ylc=3DX3oDMTM1bDJtNWVtBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdy=
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cElkAzUzMjUzMjcxBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNTA2MDY4MgRtc2dJZAM2MzUwBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z=
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color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a>
|
| 673 |
+
(1)
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+
</td>
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</tr>
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QzMTc0?o=3D6" style=3D"text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span>
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<span class=3D"ct" style=3D"color: #ff7900;">9</span>
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<span class=3D"cat"><a href=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WethePeo=
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<a href=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WethePeople_Shareholders;_ylc=
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<div style=3D"color: #747575; float: right;">Switch to: <a href=3D"mailto=
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very Format: Traditional" style=3D"text-decoration: none;">Text-Only</a>, <=
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Email Delivery: Digest" class=3D"margin-rt" style=3D"text-decoration: none;=
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Date: Sat, 13 Jul 2013 12:22:49 -0000
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Subject: [WethePeople_Shareholders] your Bill of Exchange
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Might want to add to your Bill of Exchange this if being processed by a cou=
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| 82 |
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rt.
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| 83 |
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| 84 |
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BANKRUPTCY COURT ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND CONCURRENCE:
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| 85 |
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The EXECUTOR'S ORDER is Acknowledged and this BILL OF EXCHANGE is concured =
|
| 86 |
+
as a Just Act of an American's RELIEF.
|
| 87 |
+
This Court here and now ORDERS the Probating and Transfer of the required U=
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| 88 |
+
S Treasury Citizen-SHIP BANKRUPT Funds.
|
| 89 |
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DATE: _________________
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Court signature and seal: ________________________________
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<p>Might want to add to your Bill of Exchange this if being processed by a court.<br>
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<br>
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BANKRUPTCY COURT ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND CONCURRENCE:<br>
|
| 125 |
+
The EXECUTOR'S ORDER is Acknowledged and this BILL OF EXCHANGE is concured as a Just Act of an American's RELIEF.<br>
|
| 126 |
+
This Court here and now ORDERS the Probating and Transfer of the required US Treasury Citizen-SHIP BANKRUPT Funds.<br>
|
| 127 |
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DATE: _________________<br>
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Court signature and seal: ________________________________<br>
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<br>
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<a style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WethePeople_Shareholders/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJxMW1jZXByBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzUzMjUzMjcxBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNTA2MDY4MgRtc2dJZAM2MjkyBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3JwbHkEc3RpbWUDMTM3MzcxODE3Mg--?act=reply&messageNum=6292">Reply via web post</a>
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<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WethePeople_Shareholders/post;_ylc=X3oDMTJmam1mbTVrBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzUzMjUzMjcxBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNTA2MDY4MgRzZWMDZnRyBHNsawNudHBjBHN0aW1lAzEzNzM3MTgxNzI-" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD">Start a New Topic</a>
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<td style="font-size: 12px; font-family: arial; padding: 7px 5px 5px; color: #2D50FD; background-color: #F2F2F2; border: 1px solid #EAEAEA; " >
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<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WethePeople_Shareholders/message/6292;_ylc=X3oDMTM1dGZuazczBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzUzMjUzMjcxBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNTA2MDY4MgRtc2dJZAM2MjkyBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA3Z0cGMEc3RpbWUDMTM3MzcxODE3MgR0cGNJZAM2Mjky" style="text-decoration: none; color: #2D50FD;">Messages in this topic</a>
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(1)
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<span id="vithd" style="font-weight: bold; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; ">Recent Activity:</span>
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<span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WethePeople_Shareholders/members;_ylc=X3oDMTJnMDdwbjl0BF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzUzMjUzMjcxBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNTA2MDY4MgRzZWMDdnRsBHNsawN2bWJycwRzdGltZQMxMzczNzE4MTcy?o=6" style="text-decoration: none;">New Members</a></span>
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<span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">8</span>
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<span class="cat"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WethePeople_Shareholders/files;_ylc=X3oDMTJoNTZnNTNxBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzUzMjUzMjcxBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNTA2MDY4MgRzZWMDdnRsBHNsawN2ZmlsZXMEc3RpbWUDMTM3MzcxODE3Mg--" style="text-decoration: none;">New Files</a></span>
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<span class="ct" style="color: #ff7900;">14</span>
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| 1 |
+
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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| 2 |
+
<HTML>
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| 3 |
+
<HEAD>
|
| 4 |
+
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; CHARSET=windows-1250">
|
| 5 |
+
<TITLE>Bill of Exchange Law</TITLE>
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| 6 |
+
<LINK REL=STYLESHEET TYPE="text/css" HREF="styl.css">
|
| 7 |
+
</HEAD>
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| 8 |
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|
| 9 |
+
<BODY>
|
| 10 |
+
<DIV CLASS="telo">
|
| 11 |
+
<DIV CLASS="top">
|
| 12 |
+
<H1>Bill of Exchange Law</H1>
|
| 13 |
+
</DIV>
|
| 14 |
+
<DIV CLASS="menu">
|
| 15 |
+
<A CLASS="menu" HREF="texty.html">Text</A>
|
| 16 |
+
<A CLASS="menu" HREF="otazky.html">Question</A>
|
| 17 |
+
<A CLASS="menu" HREF="priklady.html">Key words</A>
|
| 18 |
+
<A CLASS="menu" HREF="zakony.html">Vocabulary</A>
|
| 19 |
+
<A CLASS="menu" HREF="literatura.html">Literature</A>
|
| 20 |
+
<A CLASS="menu" HREF="grafika.html">Form</A>
|
| 21 |
+
<A CLASS="menu" HREF="ostatni.html">Act</A>
|
| 22 |
+
</DIV>
|
| 23 |
+
<DIV CLASS="obsah">
|
| 24 |
+
<DIV CLASS="stred">
|
| 25 |
+
<BR>
|
| 26 |
+
<H3>17. Requirements of Bills of Exchange</H3>
|
| 27 |
+
|
| 28 |
+
<P align=justify>
|
| 29 |
+
Requirements of bills of exchange are regulated by eight
|
| 30 |
+
paragraphs of Article I, Section 1, BECA. The following elements
|
| 31 |
+
can never be omitted: the term "bill of exchange" inserted in
|
| 32 |
+
the text of the instrument (Article I, Section 1, Paragraph 1),
|
| 33 |
+
an unconditional order to pay a certain sum of money (Article I,
|
| 34 |
+
Section 1, Paragraph 2), the name of the person who is to pay
|
| 35 |
+
(Article I, Section 1, Paragraph 3), the name of the person to
|
| 36 |
+
whom or to whose order payment is to be made (Article I, Section
|
| 37 |
+
1, Paragraph 6), the date of the drawing of the bill of exchange
|
| 38 |
+
(Article I, Section 1, Paragraph 7) and the signature of the
|
| 39 |
+
drawer (Article I, Section 1, Paragraph 8). On the other hand,
|
| 40 |
+
maturity need not be stated at all in the bill of exchange
|
| 41 |
+
(Article I, Section 1, Paragraph 4). The place of payment
|
| 42 |
+
(Article I, Section 1, Paragraph 5) and the place of the drawing
|
| 43 |
+
of the bill of exchange (Article I, Section 1, Paragraph 7) need
|
| 44 |
+
not result from the bill directly but they may be indirectly
|
| 45 |
+
deduced from other pieces of information in the bill.
|
| 46 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 47 |
+
Notes on individual essential elements of the bill of exchange
|
| 48 |
+
following the order of Article I, Paragraph 1, BECA:
|
| 49 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 50 |
+
<H4><i>a) Stipulation relating to bills of exchange</i></H4>
|
| 51 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 52 |
+
A bill of exchange must primarily include a designation that it
|
| 53 |
+
is a bill of exchange, the so-called stipulation relating to
|
| 54 |
+
bills of exchange. The stipulation must meet two cumulative
|
| 55 |
+
preconditions: first, it must be part of the text of the bill of
|
| 56 |
+
exchange. Therefore it is not enough to insert the term of "bill
|
| 57 |
+
of exchange" only in the heading or as a decorative printed form
|
| 58 |
+
on the margin of the form or in watermark. It is always
|
| 59 |
+
necessary for the designation to be inserted directly in the
|
| 60 |
+
text of the bill.
|
| 61 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 62 |
+
The second precondition is that the designation of bill
|
| 63 |
+
of exchange must be written in the language in which the whole
|
| 64 |
+
document is written. The bill should be drawn only in one
|
| 65 |
+
language. The bill may be written in any of the existing
|
| 66 |
+
languages and the participants are not restricted in any way as
|
| 67 |
+
far as this is concerned. It does not matter who has drawn the
|
| 68 |
+
bill and where it has been drawn, or when the bill is payable.
|
| 69 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 70 |
+
<H4><i>b) Unconditional payment order</i></H4>
|
| 71 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 72 |
+
The essence of the bill of exchange is a payment order of the
|
| 73 |
+
drawer addressed to the drawee. The use of a certain form for
|
| 74 |
+
this order is not prescribed but it must be clear from the text
|
| 75 |
+
of the bill. In practice, we usually come across the mere
|
| 76 |
+
imperative "Pay".
|
| 77 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 78 |
+
Pursuant to Article I, Section 1, Paragraph 2, BECA,
|
| 79 |
+
this order must be unconditional and must be expressed in
|
| 80 |
+
a certain sum of money. The amount requirement is important to the
|
| 81 |
+
negotiability of draft and notes because they usually are sold
|
| 82 |
+
at a discount, or less than face value.
|
| 83 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 84 |
+
The money relating to bills of exchange must be
|
| 85 |
+
expressed in words or figures, or in both ways (it is actually
|
| 86 |
+
required by all bill forms for security reasons). If the sum of
|
| 87 |
+
money relating to bills of exchange is expressed differently in
|
| 88 |
+
figures and words (for example, 100,000 and "one hundred and ten
|
| 89 |
+
thousand") the bill of exchange is not invalid for the reason of
|
| 90 |
+
contradicting pieces of information. In such cases the law
|
| 91 |
+
reasonably states that if there are divergent data concerning
|
| 92 |
+
the sum, it is the one expressed in words that holds. In case of
|
| 93 |
+
the sum of money expressed several times in words or several
|
| 94 |
+
times in figures, it is the sum that is the lowest one that
|
| 95 |
+
holds and in no case the amounts may be added up.
|
| 96 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 97 |
+
The certainty of the sum of money relating to bills of
|
| 98 |
+
exchange is also required by the statement of currency. It is
|
| 99 |
+
not possible to pay interest on the sum of money relating to
|
| 100 |
+
bills of exchange except for sight bills. When a bill of
|
| 101 |
+
exchange is payable at sight, or at a fixed period after sight,
|
| 102 |
+
the drawer may stipulate the sum payable shall bear interest. In
|
| 103 |
+
the case of any other bill of exchange, this stipulation is
|
| 104 |
+
deemed not to be written. The rate of interest must be specified
|
| 105 |
+
in the bill of exchange; in default of such specification, the
|
| 106 |
+
stipulation shall be deemed no to be written. Interest runs from
|
| 107 |
+
the date of the bill of exchange, unless some other date is
|
| 108 |
+
specified.
|
| 109 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 110 |
+
<H4><i>c) Name of the drawee</i></H4>
|
| 111 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 112 |
+
As already mentioned above, the drawee is a mere addressee of
|
| 113 |
+
the payment order of the drawer. An obligation arises for him
|
| 114 |
+
only by his acceptance (comp. Article I, Sections 21 - 29,
|
| 115 |
+
BECA). The drawer may designate himself as the drawee (the
|
| 116 |
+
so-called disguised bill of exchange). It is quite enough to
|
| 117 |
+
state the name (designation, trade name) of the drawer. Other
|
| 118 |
+
complementary data (birth identification number, residence,
|
| 119 |
+
company registration number, seat, etc.) are only desirable from
|
| 120 |
+
the practical point of view but the law does not require them
|
| 121 |
+
for validity of the bill of exchange.
|
| 122 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 123 |
+
<H4><i>d) Indication of maturity</i></H4>
|
| 124 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 125 |
+
Maturity need not be indicated in the bill of exchange as such
|
| 126 |
+
a bill is payable at sight pursuant to Article I, Section 2, BECA.
|
| 127 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 128 |
+
Pursuant to Article I, Section 33, Paragraph 1, the bill
|
| 129 |
+
of exchange may be payable at sight, at a fixed period after
|
| 130 |
+
sight, at a fixed period after the date of drawing and on
|
| 131 |
+
a fixed day. Bills of exchange with another type of maturity are
|
| 132 |
+
invalid. Bills of exchange payable by instalments are also null
|
| 133 |
+
and void.
|
| 134 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 135 |
+
<H4><b>Bills of exchange payable at sight (sight drafts)</b></H4>
|
| 136 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 137 |
+
Maturity at sight is formally based on expressly using words "at
|
| 138 |
+
sight", "at presentation", "after sight", etc. Another option
|
| 139 |
+
consists in not stating the day of maturity as mentioned above.
|
| 140 |
+
With bills of exchange at sight the due day is not determined
|
| 141 |
+
clearly in advance. The due day is the day when the bill of
|
| 142 |
+
exchange is presented to the respective person for payment.
|
| 143 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 144 |
+
<H4><b>Bills of exchange payable at a fixed period after sight
|
| 145 |
+
(time drafts)</b></H4>
|
| 146 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 147 |
+
An example of time draft is a bill of exchange which is due "one
|
| 148 |
+
month after sight". The time stated in the bill runs from the
|
| 149 |
+
day of acceptance of the bill or the protest. Therefore
|
| 150 |
+
acceptance must bear a date. If the bill was not accepted, or
|
| 151 |
+
the date of acceptance was not stated the bill must be
|
| 152 |
+
protested.
|
| 153 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 154 |
+
<H4><b>Bills of exchange payable at a fixed period after the date of
|
| 155 |
+
drawing
|
| 156 |
+
(time drafts)</b></H4>
|
| 157 |
+
These are bills in which maturity is stated at a fixed period
|
| 158 |
+
after the day of drawing, for example, "pay in a month after
|
| 159 |
+
drawing".
|
| 160 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 161 |
+
<H4><b>Bills of exchange payable on a fixed day (fixed time drafts)</b></H4>
|
| 162 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 163 |
+
It is the usual determination of maturity date, for example, "on
|
| 164 |
+
21<SUP>st</SUP> August 2001".
|
| 165 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 166 |
+
Maturity of the bill of exchange may only be determined by the
|
| 167 |
+
four methods mentioned above. Bills of exchange with a different
|
| 168 |
+
maturity date are inadmissible. Now a few notes on various cases
|
| 169 |
+
of invalid bills of exchange because of a defective
|
| 170 |
+
determination of their maturity. The law expressly declares as
|
| 171 |
+
invalid bills of exchange with successive maturity (installment
|
| 172 |
+
bills of exchange).
|
| 173 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 174 |
+
The maturity date must be existing, otherwise the bill
|
| 175 |
+
is invalid (for example, "on 31<SUP>st</SUP> November 2001"). A year must
|
| 176 |
+
be unconditionally stated. Also, there must be only one maturity
|
| 177 |
+
date clear from the bill. Therefore it is inadmissible to state
|
| 178 |
+
the maturity date so that it will be more days, for example,
|
| 179 |
+
"pay in August 2005", as such a bill would have 31 days of
|
| 180 |
+
maturity in total. Also, bills of exchange with maturity "until
|
| 181 |
+
22<SUP>nd</SUP> August 2005" or "during ten days since the day of drawing"
|
| 182 |
+
will be invalid. These data are defective because of the
|
| 183 |
+
prepositions "until" and "during" as it is not clear on which
|
| 184 |
+
concrete day from the remaining time such a bill would be
|
| 185 |
+
mature. Inadmissible are also alternative determinations of
|
| 186 |
+
maturity ("pay on 2/7/2001 or 5/11/2001", "pay at sight or in two
|
| 187 |
+
weeks after sight") and also bills of exchange in which the
|
| 188 |
+
maturity is determined not only by a concrete day but also by an
|
| 189 |
+
hour ("pay on 4<SUP>th</SUP> January 2005 at 13.00").
|
| 190 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 191 |
+
Table: Indication of Maturity
|
| 192 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 193 |
+
<IMG src="obr17a.gif">
|
| 194 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 195 |
+
<H4><i>e) Place of payment</i></H4>
|
| 196 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 197 |
+
The place of payment may be stated in the bill of exchange in
|
| 198 |
+
two manners. Firstly, the drawer may determine it expressly.
|
| 199 |
+
However, if the drawer omits to state the place in the bill it
|
| 200 |
+
does not follow that the bill is invalid. In such a case the
|
| 201 |
+
legal place of payment pursuant to Article I, Section 2,
|
| 202 |
+
Paragraph 3, BECA, is the place stated with the name of the
|
| 203 |
+
drawer. This second possibility of determining the place of
|
| 204 |
+
payment presupposes, of course, that there is a certain place
|
| 205 |
+
stated with his name (and not more different places). Otherwise,
|
| 206 |
+
it is an invalid bill of exchange.
|
| 207 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 208 |
+
The place of payment may be stated in the bill also
|
| 209 |
+
through the domicile, for example, "Payable at the Deutsche
|
| 210 |
+
Bank, Brno branch".
|
| 211 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 212 |
+
<H4><i>f) Designation of the payee</i></H4>
|
| 213 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 214 |
+
As mentioned above, the bill of exchange cannot be issued as
|
| 215 |
+
a security on bearer. The bill must always include the name of its
|
| 216 |
+
first acquirer (payee).
|
| 217 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 218 |
+
The drawer and the payee may be identical (draft to
|
| 219 |
+
one's own order).
|
| 220 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 221 |
+
<H4><i>g) Day and place of drawing</i></H4>
|
| 222 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 223 |
+
The bill of exchange must include the day and the place of
|
| 224 |
+
drawing. As for the day of drawing, the same rules as mentioned
|
| 225 |
+
about the maturity date apply, especially the rule that the day
|
| 226 |
+
must be existing and must be clear enough (day, month, year).
|
| 227 |
+
The date of drawing must always precede the date of payment. If
|
| 228 |
+
the place of drawing is not stated in the bill, it is considered
|
| 229 |
+
to be drawn in the place stated with the name of the drawer
|
| 230 |
+
(comp. Article I, Section 2, Paragraph 4, BECA). If no certain
|
| 231 |
+
place is stated there, the bill is invalid.
|
| 232 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 233 |
+
<H4><i>h) Signature of the drawer</i></H4>
|
| 234 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 235 |
+
The last essential element of bill of exchange stated by the law
|
| 236 |
+
is the signature of the drawer. It is the only element of bill
|
| 237 |
+
of exchange stated in Article I, Section 1, BECA, for which it
|
| 238 |
+
holds that the signature of the drawer must be made in one's own
|
| 239 |
+
hand.
|
| 240 |
+
</P><P align=justify>
|
| 241 |
+
Examples of bills of exchange:
|
| 242 |
+
</P><P align=CENTER>
|
| 243 |
+
<IMG src="obr17b.gif">
|
| 244 |
+
</P><P align=CENTER>
|
| 245 |
+
Bill of exchange, not accepted, payable on sight
|
| 246 |
+
</P>
|
| 247 |
+
<BR><BR><BR>
|
| 248 |
+
<P align=CENTER>
|
| 249 |
+
<IMG src="obr17a.gif">
|
| 250 |
+
</P><P align=CENTER>
|
| 251 |
+
Bill of exchange upon name, accepted, with negative protest stipulation,
|
| 252 |
+
payable on a fixed date
|
| 253 |
+
</P>
|
| 254 |
+
</DIV>
|
| 255 |
+
<DIV CLASS="botseda">
|
| 256 |
+
<H4 CLASS="tucne">References to topic:</H4>
|
| 257 |
+
</DIV>
|
| 258 |
+
<DIV CLASS="odkazy">
|
| 259 |
+
<H4>Question:</H4>
|
| 260 |
+
<A CLASS="hlstr" HREF="042otazka.html">Chapter 17</A>
|
| 261 |
+
<H4>Key words:</H4>
|
| 262 |
+
<A CLASS="hlstr" HREF="068priklad.html">Chapter 17</A>
|
| 263 |
+
</DIV>
|
| 264 |
+
</DIV>
|
| 265 |
+
</DIV>
|
| 266 |
+
</BODY>
|
| 267 |
+
</HTML>
|
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