The  Alliance for Heart Failure  is a coalition of charities, patient groups, professional bodies, public sector organisations and corporate members working together to raise the profile of  heart failure  within the  UK Government , the  National Health Service , and  media .  It was formed in October 2015.


The Alliance for Heart Failure's mission is to achieve better outcomes for people with heart failure by ensuring timely diagnosis and access to the right care and support.


Current members of the Alliance for Heart Failure are:


The co-chairs are Preeti Minhas from  Health Education for Health  and Richard Corder from  Cardiovascular Care Partnership . They have a 12-month tenure. Day-to-day decisions are made by a steering committee.


The Alliance for Heart Failure is supported and funded by  AstraZeneca UK ,  Boehringer Ingelheim Limited ,  Medtronic Limited ,  Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd , and  Roche Diagnostics Ltd . Funders are not responsible for any of the materials produced by the Alliance for Heart Failure, which are created independently by the Alliance's Secretariat.


Heart Failure: A call to action  was published on 22 February 2021. The report evaluates the progress made since the  2016 All Party Parliamentary Group ‘Focus on Heart Failure’ report  and makes  ten new recommendations  to improve heart failure care and patient outcomes.


The report also calls for urgent action to meet the growing demand from a rising number of heart failure cases following the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic  [1]   [2] .


Heart Failure: A call to action was developed with input from heart failure specialists, patient groups, and professional organisations.


In 2016, the  All Party Parliamentary Group  on Heart Disease, chaired by  Stuart Andrew MP , held an inquiry into living with  heart failure .  Written and oral evidence was provided by patients, healthcare professionals, and commissioners. The Inquiry's report,  Focus on Heart Failure , was published in September 2016 and made  ten recommendations  for improving heart failure services.


Nine members of the Alliance for Heart Failure were co-opted onto an advisory panel for the inquiry.  The panel had ten members in total.


The  National Heart Failure Audit  which analysed data from 2020 to 2021, highlighted a serious issue with access to  echocardiography  services, a vital diagnostic tool for heart failure, as well as a problem with follow up specialist care and cardiac rehabilitation for those living long-term with the illness. It also highlighted the chronic challenge of training and developing echocardiographers to ensure sufficient resources to meet demand in the future.


The Alliance for Heart Failure  responded to the report  stating that longstanding issues have been exacerbated, rather than caused, by the COVID-19 pandemic.


The  National Heart Failure Audit  (2017–18), published on 12 September 2019, reported that mortality among patients admitted to hospital remained high overall at 10.1% compared to 9.4% in the previous audit. However, the number of patients seen by heart failure specialists increased to over 82% (from 80% in the last audit), while more than 88% of patients get an echocardiogram. Rates still remain higher for those admitted to Cardiology (92%), however this has decreased since the last report (96%). The rate on General Medical wards remained the same at 84%. The report also recorded an increase in the prescription of key disease-modifying medicines for patients since last year.


The Alliance for Heart Failure  responded positively to the report  but called for the regional variation in patient service to be urgently addressed.


The  National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) , published on 22 November 2018, recommended improvements in the process of care for patients with acute heart failure who died while admitted to hospital as an emergency.  Responding to the report , the Alliance for Heart Failure said that it reinforces the need for urgent action to improve heart failure services, and the important role of heart failure specialist nurses, as part of a full multi-disciplinary heart failure team, in maximising outcomes for patients.


The  American Academy of Cardiovascular Perfusion (AACP)  is a professional association located in Fogelsville, PA, that aims to increase knowledge of  cardiovascular   perfusion  by providing educational resources to its members. [ 1 ]  The organization was founded in 1979. [ 1 ]  The AACP was organized in 1979 by Earl Lawrence, who was encouraged to establish the organization by Thomas Wharton. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


This article about a United States health organization is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  American College of Cardiology  ( ACC ), based in  Washington, D.C. , is a nonprofit medical association established in 1949. It bestows credentials upon  cardiovascular  specialists who meet its qualifications. Education is a core component of the college, which is also active in the formulation of health policy and the support of cardiovascular research.


The American College of Cardiology was chartered and incorporated as a teaching institution in 1949, and established its headquarters, called Heart House, in  Bethesda, Maryland , in 1977. [ citation needed ]  In 2006, the college relocated to  Washington, D.C. 's  West End  neighborhood.


Past papers for the institution are held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland. [ 1 ]


The college is governed by its officers, including the president, president-elect, vice president, secretary, treasurer, chief executive officer and board of trustees (BOT). The current ACC Board of Trustees consists of 14 college members. The president of ACC leads the board of trustees for a one-year term. Members of the board of governors serve as grassroots liaisons between the local chapters and the college's national headquarters. Athena Poppas, MD, FACC, was the president for 2020–2021. In July 2023, the college announced that Cathleen Biga, MSN, RN, FACC, would assume the role as president for 2024–2025. [ 2 ]


The American College of Cardiology has approximately 54,000 members, including physicians, registered nurses, clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, doctors of pharmacology and practice administrators, specializing in cardiovascular care. Becoming a fellow of the American College of Cardiology, associate fellow or affiliate member is based on training, specialty board certification, scientific and professional accomplishments and duration of active participation in a cardiovascular related field. At least 75 percent of professional activities must be devoted to the field of cardiovascular disease. Those who have long exposure in field of academics, research and patient care are eligible for the fellowship of this college.  The website of ACC has eligibility calculator from which one can find their eligibility score which should be more than 100. Those achieving highest distinction in the field are awarded the title Master of the American College of Cardiology, which is bestowed upon a maximum of three practicing cardiologists each year.


The college maintains 48 chapters in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Chapters are legally distinct entities from national organization and do not share budgets or staffing. Since 2008, national members have automatically become members of a local chapter.


As early as the 1980s, the college partnered with the  American Heart Association  to develop the first clinical practice guidelines for cardiovascular practice. In the 1990s, the college used the guidelines to lay the groundwork for studies documenting discrepancies best and actual cardiovascular practices. The college works with national organizations such as the  National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute  to continually develop and update these guidelines.


In 2000, the college partnered with the American Heart Association to begin development and publication of national performance measurement standards and data standards for both inpatient and outpatient care based on the guidelines. Measurement sets include:  coronary artery disease ,  hypertension ,  heart failure ,  atrial fibrillation ,  cardiac rehabilitation ,  myocardial infarction ,  primary prevention  and  peripheral arterial disease . In addition, the college has submitted its measures to the  National Quality Forum , with the majority of its measures receiving endorsement as national standards.


The college has also collaborated with specialty societies to undertake the task of developing and publishing clinical data standards. Clinical data standards developed include those for acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation, heart failure and  electrophysiology .


The college has published criteria for  single-photon emission computed tomography   myocardial perfusion imaging  (SPECT MPI),  computed tomography  of the heart and  cardiac magnetic resonance imaging , resting  transthoracic  and  transesophageal echocardiography , and coronary revascularization.


The college's National Cardiovascular Data Registry is a source for measuring and quantifying outcomes and identifying gaps in the delivery of quality care. Its data are used in select pay-for-reporting and/or performance programs to demonstrate the benefits and challenges of such incentive programs. To date, the college has developed five hospital-based cardiovascular registries. In addition, the PINNACLE Registry is the nation's first and largest practice-based cardiovascular registry. In 2011, the college and The  Society of Thoracic Surgeons  launched the STS/ACC TVT Registry, which tracks transcatheter valve therapy procedures.


Currently several key quality initiatives are underway to help translate science into practice and improve outcomes for cardiovascular patients. These projects include the Door to Balloon Alliance, Hospital to Home and Imaging in FOCUS.


Launched in November 2006, the Door to Balloon Alliance is focused on helping hospital not only reduce, but successfully sustain the guideline-recommended time of 90 minutes or less from the time a patient with chest pain arrives at an emergency room until they have a balloon dilatation procedure. The alliance provides hospitals with the evidence-based strategies and resources to focus on process improvement, interdisciplinary cooperation and coordination to substantially impact their door-to-balloon times, and thus, improve patient outcomes.


The hospital to Home initiative, led by both the American College of Cardiology and the  Institute for Healthcare Improvement , is a national quality improvement campaign to reduce cardiovascular-related hospital rehospitalizations and improve the transition from inpatient to outpatient status for individuals hospitalized with cardiovascular disease. Launched in 2009, it seeks to examine and address readmission problems.


Imaging in FOCUS is a community designed to guide implementation of appropriate use criteria and ensure patients are receiving the right care at the right time; the initiative has produced innovations such as pocket cards and mobile applications; access to an online community; and access to webinars, educational programs and performance improvement tools.


The American College of Cardiology Foundation offers a variety of educational programs and products tailored to the needs of clinicians in a variety of specialty areas at all stages of their careers.


The college also advocates for health policies that allow cardiovascular professionals to provide quality, appropriate and cost-effective care on such issues as Medicare physician payment, medical imaging, health care reform implementation, medical liability reform and funding for prevention and research. The college is also active on policies that address non-communicable diseases.


The college also publishes a peer reviewed scientific journal  Journal of the American College of Cardiology  with a high  Impact factor .


The College organizes an annual conference for each year for sharing the latest research in the field of  Cardiology . The college cancelled its flagship conference for the first time since inception of the college for the year 2020 in light of the  COVID-19 pandemic . [ 3 ]


The  American Heart Association  ( AHA ) is a  nonprofit organization  in the United States that funds cardiovascular  medical research , educates consumers on healthy living and fosters appropriate  cardiac  care in an effort to reduce  disability  and deaths caused by  cardiovascular disease  and  stroke . They are known for publishing guidelines on cardiovascular disease and prevention, standards on  basic life support ,  advanced cardiac life support  (ACLS),  pediatric advanced life support  (PALS), and in 2014 issued the first guidelines for preventing strokes in women. [ 1 ]  The American Heart Association is also known for operating a number of highly visible  public service  campaigns starting in the 1970s, and also operates several fundraising events.


Originally formed in  Chicago  in 1924, [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  the American Heart Association is currently headquartered in  Dallas , Texas. It was originally headquartered in  New York City . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  The American Heart Association is a national voluntary health agency. [ 4 ]
The mission of the organization, updated in 2018, is "To be a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives." [ 5 ]  The organization's work can be divided into five key areas: research; heart and brain health; health equity; advocacy; and professional education and development.


In 1924, cardiologists  Paul Dudley White , Hugh D. McCulloch, Joseph Sailer, Robert H. Halsey, James B. Herrick, and, Lewis A. Conner, [ 6 ]  formed the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease as a professional society for doctors. In 1948, the organization transitioned into a nationwide voluntary health organization. [ 7 ]  Since 1949, it has funded over $5 billion in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and brain health research. [ 8 ]  The organization, now known as the American Heart Association, consists of over 33 million volunteers who are dedicated to improving heart health and reducing deaths from cardiovascular diseases. [ 7 ]


In the 1950s and 1960s, the American Heart Association published several reports and guidelines focused on recommended lifestyles to improve cardiovascular health. This included a 1957 report that said: (1) Diet may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, (2) The fat content and total calories in the diet are probably important factors, (3) The ratio between saturated and unsaturated fat may be the basic determinant, and (4) A wide variety of other factors besides fat, both dietary and non-dietary, may be important. [ 9 ]


By 1961, these findings had been strengthened, leading to the new 1961 American Heart Association recommendations: (1) Maintain a correct body weight, (2) Engage in moderate exercise, e.g., walking to aid in weight reduction, (3) Reduce intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Increase intake of polyunsaturated fat, (4) Men with a strong family history of atherosclerosis should pay particular attention to diet modification, and (5) Dietary changes should be carried out under medical supervision. These recommendations continued to become more precise from 1957 to 1980, but there maintained "a general coherence among them". [ 9 ]


In 1994, the  Chronicle of Philanthropy , an industry publication, released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility. The study showed that the American Heart Association was ranked as the fifth "most popular charity/non-profit in America" of over 100 charities researched with 95 percent of Americans over the age of 12 choosing the  Love  and  Like A lot  description categories. [ 10 ]


In 1998, the AHA created the American Stroke Association to help prevent strokes, improve treatments, and maximize recoveries. In 2003, the two organizations created the Get With the Guidelines (GWTG)-Stroke program. [ 11 ]  It is a voluntary registry that hospitals can use to receive the latest scientific treatment guidelines. [ 12 ]  The program also collects data on patient characteristics, hospital adherence to guidelines, and patient outcomes. [ 11 ]


In 2004 the American Heart Association launched the " Go Red for Women " campaign [ 13 ]  specifically targeting women, with information about risks and action they can take to protect their health. [ 14 ]  All revenues from the local and national campaigns go to support awareness, research, education and community programs to benefit women. [ 15 ] [ 14 ]


In 2008, the AHA recommended “hands only” CPR as an option for bystanders who want to help keep a cardiac arrest victim alive. [ 16 ] [ 17 ]  This method removes the practice of performing rescue breaths and depends solely on chest compressions. [ 16 ]


On November 30, 2009, The American Heart Association announced a new  cardiac arrest  awareness campaign called Be the Beat. [ 18 ]  The campaign's aim is to teach 12- to 15-year-olds fun ways to learn the basics of  cardiopulmonary resuscitation  and how to use an  automated external defibrillator .


In 2012, the AHA renewed its focus on hands-only CPR by carrying out a national campaign to educate more people on how to perform this method.  Jennifer Coolidge  was a spokesperson for the campaign. [ 19 ] [ 20 ]


It also carried out a campaign in 2012 to educate more people on how to carry out hands-only CPR. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ]  The 2012 campaign, which began in  New York City , had  Jennifer Coolidge  as the spokesperson. [ 22 ]


In 2013, the American Heart Association issued a joint guideline recognizing obesity as a disease and recommending its treatment by weight loss. [ 23 ]


In 2014, the American Heart Association issued its first guidelines for preventing strokes in women. [ 1 ]  Just as heart attack systems differ between men and women, men and women also face different stroke risks. For women, the guidelines for preventing strokes focus on factors such as birth control, pregnancy, and depression. [ 1 ]


In 2015, the American Heart Association officially endorsed the  Tobacco 21  campaign, urging local, state and national governments to raise the tobacco and nicotine sales age from 18 to 21. [ 24 ]


In 2016, the American Heart Association, Verily Life Sciences, and AstraZeneca invested $75 million in the One Brave Idea program. The money was awarded to institutions researching new biomarkers, such as genetic and molecular factors, that put individuals at risk for atherosclerosis. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]  It was hoped that the research would help the AHA reach its goals of increasing cardiovascular health by 20% and reducing cardiovascular mortality by 20% by 2020. [ 26 ]


In 2017, the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and nine other groups redefined high blood pressure for the first time in fourteen years. [ 27 ]  Under the new guidelines, the high blood pressure reading is 130 over 80, a change from the old 140 over 80. The change was made in recognition of the risk of heart disease, disability, and death faced by those with blood pressures at 130 over 80. [ 27 ]  The organization said that they hoped by identifying cardiovascular risks earlier, more people would be able to address the health risks by lifestyle changes instead of medication. [ 27 ]


In 2018, the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology issued new guidelines for clinicians on the management of  cholesterol  as a way to reduce risk for heart attack and  stroke . Newly included in the guidelines is a recommendation to use coronary artery calcium score if healthcare providers are having difficulty deciding if a patient could benefit from statin medications or should focus solely on lifestyle modifications. The cholesterol guidelines were last updated in 2013. [ 28 ]


In 2020 and 2021, the annual flagship meeting of the organization was held virtually owing to the  COVID-19 pandemic  and resumed as an in-person conference in 2022. [ 29 ]


In June 2024, the American Heart Association celebrated its 100 year anniversary of its founding. [ 30 ]  With the official celebration of its founding, the association was recognized as the nation’s oldest and largest voluntary organization dedicated to fighting heart disease and stroke. [ 31 ]  The association held CPR training, where in many places the first hundred or so people to participate in the 5-minute training were given take-home CPR kits. [ 32 ]


Some of the American Heart Association's research, campaigns, and other work is included here.


Since 1949, the association has funded over $5 billion in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and brain health research. [ 33 ]


In 2014, the American Heart Association announced the Strategically Focused Research Network initiative to address "key strategic issues as determined by the AHA Board of Directors." Some of the topics focused on by SFRNs include hypertension, heart failure, heart disease, and health technologies and innovation. [ 34 ] [ 35 ]


The Go Red for Women campaign started in 2004 to raise awareness that women, and not only men, are vulnerable to heart disease. [ 36 ]  Between 2016 and 2021, the American Heart Association invested $20 million in the Go Red for Women Strategically Focused Research Network. The SFRN also received $52 million from the National Institutes of Health. [ 36 ]


In 2017, the Go Red National Leadership Council was started to engage female executives in the campaign. Additional projects associated with the campaign include Research Goes Red and National Wear Red Day. [ 36 ]


As of 2023, over 900,000 women have joined the campaign and receive updates on what they can do to improve their heart health. The campaign's social media channels had audiences of over 5.3 million in 2022. [ 36 ]


The "Be the Beat" challenge encourages people to learn CPR. [ 36 ]


The CEO Roundtable was formed in 2013 and focuses on implementing evidence-based approaches to workplace health. In 2020, the CEOs of CVS Health, Walgreens Boots Alliance, and US Foods joined the association. [ 37 ]  In 2023, there were almost 50 Fortune 100 CEOs in the association. [ 38 ]


In 1998, the association created the American Stroke Association to help prevent strokes, improve treatments, and maximize recoveries. In 2003, the two organizations created the Get With the Guidelines (GWTG)-Stroke program. [ 39 ]  It is a voluntary registry that hospitals can use to receive the latest scientific treatment guidelines. [ 40 ]  The program also collects data on patient characteristics, hospital adherence to guidelines, and patient outcomes. [ 39 ]


The American Heart Association announced in October of 2024 a grant aimed at improving heart health in rural communities by funding initiatives that address healthcare access and education. This support is expected to enhance resources for prevention and treatment of heart disease in underserved areas. [ 41 ]


This 2023 Spanish-language campaign works to raise awareness among Hispanic Americans about stroke symptoms. The acronym stands for: [ 42 ] [ 43 ]


The American Stroke Association has launched a new  Spanish-language website,  to educate Hispanic and Latino communities about stroke recognition, prevention, and recovery. [ 44 ]


This is a joint campaign from the American heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. It works to raise awareness about the connection between diabetes and heart disease. [ 45 ] [ 46 ]  The AHA reports that adults with diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to die from heart disease than adults without diabetes. [ 45 ]


The "Check. Change. Control." program is an evidence-based hypertension management program that encourages blood pressure self-monitoring. In 2019 it was used by more than 315,000 people. [ 47 ]


This program was started in 2023 to “educate and prepare teens and adults to be confident to save life in a cardiac emergency.” More than 350,000 people have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests each year, and this program wants to help improve their survival rate. [ 48 ]


As part of National Wear Red Day, NFL star Damar Hamlin joined the American Heart Association at the Empire State Building to raise awareness about heart health. [ 49 ]  Hamlin, who survived a cardiac arrest on the field during a January 2023 game, shared his experience of how a direct hit caused his heart to stop and emphasized the importance of heart health and emergency response. Cardiologist Dr. Joseph Puma highlighted that timely medical attention, including heart scans, can prevent life-threatening events, urging individuals to seek care if experiencing chest pain, shortness of breath, or other warning signs of heart issues. [ 49 ] [ 50 ]


Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) are cardiovascular health measurements shared by the AHA. Previously the measurements were known as the LE7, but in 2022, the AHA added sleep health as an additional behavioral metric. The other metrics look at body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, smoking, physical activity, and diet. [ 51 ] [ 52 ]


The American Heart Association’s 2024 Impact Goal states, "Every person deserves the opportunity for a full, healthy life. By 2024, as champions for health equity, the American Heart Association will advance cardiovascular health for all, including identifying and removing barriers to health care access and quality." [ 53 ]


The AHA partnered with the Deloitte Health Equity Institute and the Society for Human Resource Management Foundation on the Health Equity in the Workforce initiative. The initiative provides tools to help employers improve health equity in the workplace. [ 54 ]


The AHA's Social Impact Fund is a nationwide fund that provides financial resources for "evidence-based, community driven entrepreneurial solutions that help remove the social and economic barriers to health equity and drive economic empowerment, healthy food access, affordable housing, access to quality healthcare, transportation, educational opportunities, and reduce recidivism." [ 55 ]


Organizations that have received funding include:


The HSI scholarship program is for students who identify as Hispanic/Latino who are enrolled in public health and healthcare focused programs at 18 Hispanic-serving colleges and universities. [ 58 ] [ 59 ]  The program's goal is to increase representation in health care. [ 60 ]  Students in the program are paired with volunteer mentors. They develop and present a research project that addresses basic, clinical, and educational science, receive a stipend, and participate in professional development workshops. [ 59 ]


The HBCU Scholars program pairs students with a local American Heart Association researcher and was created to " support the development of minority scientists and healthcare professionals ," and increase the number of minority students who apply and are accepted into biomedical and health science programs. [ 61 ] [ 62 ]   Students and researchers study the impact of cardiovascular disease in their community, learn the factors affecting vulnerable populations, and sample areas of scientific inquiry. [ 62 ]  Students also receive financial stipends. [ 63 ]


HeartCorps is the American Heart Association's Public Health AmeriCorps program and is designed to drive health equity in rural America. As of November 2022, twenty-six states participated in the program. [ 64 ]


The American Heart Association supports legislation that creates smoke-free workplaces and public spaces. [ 65 ]  Starting in 2014, the AHA called for regulations for e-cigarettes to prevent young people from becoming addicted to nicotine, referencing studies that suggest the e-cigarettes can be a gateway drug. [ 66 ]


The American Heart Association supports the No Surprises Act, stating it will keep costs and premiums down and encourage more people to seek care from healthcare professionals. [ 67 ]


In 2022, the American Heart Association, the Rockefeller Foundation, Kroger, and other partners announced a plan to build a national Food is Medicine Research Initiative to help provide concrete evidence that food-as-medicine programs improve health. [ 54 ]


In September 2023, the AHA partnered with the National Association of Chain Drug Stores, the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the Food is Medicine Institute at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University to launch  Nourish My Health . It is a national public education campaign that promotes the protective health benefits of nutritious food. [ 68 ]


You're the Cure is the national grassroots network of the American Heart Association. [ 69 ]


The American Heart Association publishes healthcare guidelines, statements, and performance measures.A small sample of these professional education and development resources include:


The AHA also holds an annual Scientific Sessions meeting, which covers several days and a number of medical/healthcare topics; and hosts an International Stroke Conference. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ]


The Second Century of Science Initiative was announced in 2023 as part of the AHA’s plans to celebrate its first 100 years. Under the Initiative, the AHA awarded $20 million in grants to over 100 scientists in the U.S. The grants were awarded in three categories: the Second Century Implementation Science Award, the Second Century Early Faculty Independence Award, and the Clinical Fellow Research Education Program  [ 33 ]


In 2003, the AHA and the American Stroke Association created the Get With the Guidelines (GWTG)-Stroke program. [ 78 ]  It is a voluntary registry that hospitals can use to receive the latest scientific treatment guidelines. [ 79 ]  The program also collects data on patient characteristics, hospital adherence to guidelines, and patient outcomes. [ 78 ]


Fellowship is open to wide-ranged medical professionals (physicians, scientists, etc.) who demonstrate a major and productive interest in cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The association has 16 different councils. Members (at the Premium Professional or Premium Professional Plus level) of one of these councils can apply for Fellowship. All applicants from all councils will be evaluated against the same criteria. Fellows are entitled to use the post-nominal designation FAmerican Heart Association (Fellow of the American Heart Association), which reflects not only the professional stature of the Fellow but also their record of valuable service to the association and the council. In addition, American Heart Association fellowship offers several benefits; e.g., reduced subscription rates for all American Heart Association print journals and reduced registration fees for American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. [ 80 ]


Nancy Brown is the CEO of the American Heart Association. [ 81 ] [ 82 ]  Joseph Wu is the volunteer president and Marsha Jones is the volunteer chairperson. [ 83 ]  Nancy Brown has been the chief executive officer since 2009.


The following journals are published by the American Heart Association:


The  Association for Inherited Cardiac Conditions  is the UK national professional body for experts in  genetics  and  cardiology  dealing with inherited diseases of the  heart . [ 1 ]  These include heart muscle diseases such as  hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ,  dilated cardiomyopathy ,  noncompaction cardiomyopathy , and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (also known as  arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ), as well as inherited arrhythmia disorders such as  long QT syndrome ,  Brugada syndrome , and  catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia  (CPVT). The AICC also represents experts in aortic disease such as  Marfan syndrome  and other systemic diseases which affect the heart or circulation. [ citation needed ]


Individually, many of these diseases are rare, but in total they affect a large number of people worldwide. They are an important cause of sudden death in young people. [ 2 ]


The AICC was set up in 2009 as part of NHS improvement. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  The first President was Professor William McKenna. [ 5 ]  It holds an annual conference as well as sessions at the annual meeting of the British Cardiovascular Society [ 6 ]  and the Heart Rhythm Congress. [ 7 ]  Its members are involved in research into the natural history, diagnosis and management of these diseases, including projects such as the 100,000 Genomes Project run by  Genomics England [ 8 ]


The  AF Association  ( AF–A ) is an international  charity  that provides information and support for patients suspected of having, or diagnosed with  atrial fibrillation  (AF); the most common heart rhythm disorder. [ 1 ]  The AF Association also works to campaign for greater awareness of AF amongst the general public and increase education for  healthcare professionals  and service providers involved in the management of AF. [ citation needed ]


In 2007, the AF-A was founded by Mrs Trudie Lobban MBE, Professor A John Camm, Professor Richard Schilling and Consultant Arrhythmia Nurse Mrs Jayne Mudd. The charity was formed after requests from  arrhythmia  patients seeking reliable information and support about this heart rhythm disorder. There are currently over 20,000 members and 30 affiliated groups established worldwide. [ citation needed ]


The charity partners with Arrhythmia Alliance (A-A) to facilitate educational meetings and symposia for healthcare professionals, including sessions at the annual Heart Rhythm Congress [ 2 ]   and regional Cardiac Update Meetings held across the UK. [ citation needed ]


Know Your Pulse - Since 2009 the AF Association has been campaigning for manual pulse checks to be included in all routine medical checkups carried out by the NHS in England. [ 5 ]  A manual pulse check is one of the easiest ways to detect a cardiac arrhythmia, which otherwise often goes untreated until a stroke or other serious illness occurs.


ACT on AF: [ citation needed ]


Ask – are you at risk of AF?;


Check – your pulse regularly;


Talk – to your doctor if you have any concern.


This includes the annual ACT on AF Friday.


Heart Rhythm Week  - in collaboration with Arrhythmia Alliance. Held annually during the first week of June this event involves extensive activities with individuals, groups, medical centres and celebrities focused on raising awareness and greater understanding of AF. [ 6 ]


Sign Against Stroke  - Patient organisations from twenty countries produced the Global Atrial Fibrillation Charter. [ 7 ]  Launched at the World Heart Federation, World Congress of Cardiology Scientific Sessions in Dubai on 18 April 2012. The aim of the charter is to turn the world's attention to atrial fibrillation and AF-related stroke. [ citation needed ]


Stop Start Campaign  - supported by the AF Association this initiative seeks to educate healthcare practitioners on the benefits of anticoagulation in AF management, and the inappropriateness of antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of AF-related strokes. [ citation needed ]


AF Patient Days - held during the annual Heart Rhythm Congress, Birmingham UK, Europe AF, London UK and at a number of US centres. The AF Association hosts a day of seminars and discussion for those affected by AF. [ citation needed ]


Regional Cardiac Update meetings - in association with Arrhythmia Alliance these are designed for healthcare professionals involved in the management of arrhythmias. [ citation needed ]


AF Symposium at the Heart Rhythm Congress - held annually in Birmingham, UK. [ citation needed ]


GRASP The Initiative (2012) [ 8 ]   - in collaboration with NHS Improvement (NHSI) Heart & Stroke, this report showcases the merits of using the NHS free assessment tool – GRASP (Guidance on Risk Assessment and Stroke Prevention).


Keeping The Pulse of the NHS (2012) - in collaboration with A-A and Anticoagulation Europe (ACE) this highlights the lottery of quality AF care across England immediately prior to April 2013's NHS changes. [ citation needed ]


The AF Report (2011) [ 9 ]   - documents current challenges and options in AF care across England and Wales.


Finger on The Pulse (2009 England, 2010 Wales) - evidences the burden of AF for patients and the healthcare services. [ citation needed ]


In 2011 an All-Party Parliamentary Group on atrial fibrillation (APGAF) was established in partnership with the AF Association. It is chaired by  Glyn Davies MP , who is himself affected by AF. [ 10 ]  The APGAF has published a number of reports on improving AF care in the NHS. [ citation needed ]


The AF-Association receives approximately 60% of its funding from donations, and the remainder from grants. [ citation needed ]


The  Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , commonly known as the  Baker Institute , is an Australian independent  medical research   institute  headquartered in  Melbourne ,  Victoria . Established in 1926, the institute is one of Australia's oldest medical research organisations with a historical focus on  cardiovascular disease . In 2008, it became the country's first medical research institute to target  diabetes ,  heart disease ,  obesity  and their complications at the basic, clinical and population health levels.


The Institute is located adjacent to  The Alfred Hospital  within the Alfred Research Alliance Precinct.


The Baker Institute's work ranges from cellular and molecular biology research in the laboratory to clinical-based research through to lifestyle and behavioural research that aims to inform prevention strategies.


The Institute has identified key areas of strength to enable scientists to channel their talents and energy in answering big-picture questions. Each of these Research Programs is led by senior Institute scientists. [ 1 ]


The Institute's domains provide the management structure for the Institute and bring researchers of kindred skills together.


The Baker Medical Research Institute was the creation of Dr. John F. Mackeddie, a clinical doctor and researcher, who had the idea of improving the laboratory facilities at The Alfred Hospital to keep up with advances in research. Mackeddie persuaded his friend, the photography industry pioneer and philanthropist Thomas Baker and his wife, Alice and sister-in-law, Eleanor Shaw, to assume financial responsibility. They decided the Institute should not only provide a better laboratory service for the hospital but should also have facilities for medical research. [ 21 ] : 3–7


In 1926, prior to appointing its first director, the Baker Institute hired Australian  bacteriologist  and  biochemist  Phyllis Ashworth as its first biochemist and  electrocardiographer . Ashworth worked with the Institute's newly acquired Cambridge electrocardiograph, alongside her research into  eclampsia . [ 22 ]


Dr. William J. Penfold, who was internationally renowned in bacteriology and preventative medicine and was prominent in establishing the Australian Medical Research Council, [ 23 ]  was the first director of the Baker from 1926 until 1938. [ 21 ] : 15–20   He was followed by Dr. Arthur B. Corkill, who first came to the Institute as a biochemist. [ 21 ] : 20–22   Corkill described the methods of diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus at The Alfred Hospital in 1927. [ 24 ]  Twenty years later, in 1947, a young biochemist called Joe Bornstein was introduced to Corkill. Their work together resulted in the discovery of the two forms of diabetes—insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). [ 25 ]  This discovery in 1949 "... literally changed the concepts, research and treatment of diabetes". [ 26 ] : 37


From 1949 until 1974, Dr. Thomas E. Lowe was the institute's director. [ 21 ] : 23–30   With a team of notable investigators, Lowe developed the Baker into a major research organisation with world-class facilities. [ 27 ]  The team included:


It was during this time that cardiovascular research became the major focus. Research included the further development of cardiovascular surgery; new techniques of ECG and phonocardiography; treatment of congestive cardiac failure and of arterial hypertension. Sir James Officer Brown researched and tested open heart surgery in pre-clinical trials with the support of the Baker Institute, paving the way for Australia's first successful open heart operation at The Alfred Hospital in 1957 which was undertaken by Kenneth Morris. [ 20 ] : 81–83   Morris went on to make major contributions to cardiac and thoracic surgery, alongside George Stirling (Director of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit at The Alfred Hospital from 1971 to 1988), with strong support from the Baker Institute in trialling and developing new cardiothoracic techniques. [ 20 ] : 101  [ 20 ] : 119–126


Professor Paul Korner  AO , a cardiac physiologist noted for his contributions to the understanding of hypertension, took on the role of director in 1975 [ 20 ] : 86   and by this time, the sole focus of the institute was cardiovascular disease research. Significant advancements during this time included new strategies for hypertension; greater understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system; insight into the role of cholesterol in atherogenesis and triglycerides as an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. [ 33 ] : 151–157    Notable investigators included Paul Nestel (nutrition, CVD, atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism),  Murray Esler  (causes and treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure, and effects of stress on the cardiovascular system) and Garry Jennings (causes, prevention and treatment of CVD, and relationship between exercise, blood pressure, sympathetic nervous system activity and glucose metabolism).


Other notable investigators whose work would come to have a significant bearing on the Institute included Paul Zimmet, who pioneered Australia's first institute dedicated exclusively to diabetes. [ 34 ]  His research in Australian, Pacific, and Indian Ocean populations has highlighted the rise of diabetes worldwide, providing new insights into the genetic and environmental determinants of type 2 diabetes.


Professor  John Funder   AC  was appointed Director in 1990 and bought his work on cardiovascular endocrinology, especially aldosterone action to the institute. Funder rewrote the pathophysiology of adrenal steroid action in the cardiovascular system, reshaping what we believe about aldosterone, cortisol and mineralcorticol receptors. [ 35 ]  He was recognised for his contributions to public policy across primary health issues.


In 2001, cardiologist-researcher Professor Garry Jennings AO became the institute's sixth director. Under Jennings' leadership, the Institute grew substantially and by 2002, the Institute had its own purpose-built facilities adjacent to The Alfred Hospital. By 2007, a national Aboriginal Health research program was established [ 36 ]  to help address the profound health disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. Jennings also oversaw one of the most significant changes in the institute's history, the merger in 2008 of the Baker Heart Research Institute [ 37 ]  with the International Diabetes Institute, which was founded and led by Zimmet. This created Australia's first multidisciplinary medical research institute dedicated to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and their complications, such as kidney disease.


In January 2016, Professor Thomas Marwick was appointed Director of the Institute. Professor Thomas Marwick FACC FESC FRCP FRACP had been Director of the Menzies Institute for Medical Research at the University of Tasmania and a Cardiologist at the Royal Hobart Hospital. He holds an MBBS from the University of Melbourne, a PhD from the University of Louvain and an MPH from Harvard School of Public Health. He has previously held the role of Head of the Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute and Imaging Institute at the Cleveland Clinic.


In May 2023, the Baker Institute appointed respected cardiovascular researcher and cardiologist Professor John Greenwood MBChB, PhD as their new Director. Professor Greenwood was the Director of the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust in the United Kingdom and President of the British Cardiovascular Society.


J. F. Mackeddie, a pathologist originally from Scotland, but who practised in Melbourne in the early 20th century, became a close friend of Thomas Baker through being neighbours on land south of the city. Mackeddie was "concerned with the science of diseases and the need to apply the advancing knowledge of biological science to human illness…” [ citation needed ]  After convincing Baker to donate funds, firstly to the Alfred Hospital and then for research, he went on to become one of the founding Trustees of the Baker Medical Research Institute. Mackeddie recruited A. B. (Basil) Corkill as a biochemist for the new Institute. The salary was paid by Thomas Baker.


The only consistent basic research in relation to diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism in the 20 years from 1925 was carried out at the Baker Institute in Melbourne.


The initial project dealt with new techniques for diagnosing diseases of the nervous system, in particular, the changes in cell content and chemistry of  cerebro-spinal fluid  in various diseases. [ 21 ] : 66   Other projects in the early days involved  bacteriology , at the time the institute was started, the advancing edge of scientific medicine, and its application to the management of  infectious disease  in man. In the 1930s microbiology was a focus, with many of those projects reliant upon  blood cultures  and the techniques developed were published in a monograph – "Blood Cultures and their Significance" by H Butler in 1937. The Monograph Series lasted until 1974 – with 9 published. They covered  anaesthesia ,  tumours , the  cardiovascular system  and  scleroderma .


Basil Corkill described the methods of diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus at the Alfred Hospital in 1927. [ 24 ]  Twenty years later, in 1947, Joe Bornstein a young  biochemist  was introduced to Basil Corkill, who by then was Director of the Baker Institute. Their work together resulted in the discovery of the 2 forms of diabetes – insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). [ 25 ]  This discovery in 1949 “..literally changed the concepts, research and treatment of diabetes". [ 26 ] : 37


In the circumstances of the formation of the Institute it was to be expected that much of the research, at least in the earlier years, would be directed to the application of existing knowledge to the practical problems of clinical medicine.


In their collection of memoirs of Baker Medical Research Institute Alumni, Andrew and Barnett describe the work of the Baker Institute to have “..always been in the interface between scientific medicine and the practice of medicine, a field engendered and enhanced by its association with Alfred Hospital". [ 33 ] : 50   They remark that from its earliest days, the staff were involved in communicating the outputs of research to the clinical community and the community in general. An example being the statewide tours of Victoria that Basil Corkill and Ewen Downe made to introduce the new insulin treatment of diabetes mellitus. [ citation needed ]


In 1940, Paul Fantl became interested in  blood clotting . At the time, synthetic  Vitamin K  was being produced and was often in short supply. Using very simple equipment – test tubes, water bath, stop watches and a  centrifuge  – he was "in the forefront of a revolutionary concept that led to the recognition of Factors V, VII, and X", and with Miss Nance, internationally credited with the discovery of Factor V. [ 21 ] : 103   He went on to become a member of the International Committee for the Standardisation of the Nomenclature of Blood Clotting Factors in 1956. In 1963 he was honoured when the Fantl-Koller Schema was declared. [ citation needed ]


Other areas of research up to 1949 included  asthma ,  eye disease ,  immunoproteins ,  scleroderma  and surgery. The research on surgery lead to the development of cardiac surgery at the Alfred Hospital.


In the 1950s Tom Lowe decided to make a study of congestive heart failure. He concluded "that the body's fluid system was an 'open system' with an intake and output and divisions of the contents under control of various factors". [ 20 ] : 272   He was also interested in  electrocardiography , especially vector cardiography and had machines constructed to show the three-dimensional view.


Between 1949 and 1974, staff at the Baker Medical Research Institute also devoted a significant amount of time and energy to equipment construction to meet the needs of their researchers, this included some early, crude versions of  heart-lung machines  to aid in cardiac surgery. [ 20 ] : 122   Some research on the  alimentary canal  also was undertaken, however this work ceased in 1968. [ 21 ] : 68–74


In 1949, cardiovascular research was one of the major growth edges of medicine was cardiology. At the time, it represented two-thirds of the total research in the Baker Medical Research Institute. Cardiology research included:


The International Diabetes Institute was started in Melbourne in 1984 by Professor Paul Zimmet  AO  a number of years after his appointment to the Royal Southern Memorial Hospital. [ 34 ]


"The research of Paul and his team in Pacific and Indian Ocean populations has provided new insights into the genetic contribution of NIDDM as well as the role of obesity, physical activity, nutrition and sociocultural change in the  aetiology  of this disorder". [ 38 ]


In 1980 Zimmet was asked by the Council of the Australian Diabetes Society to prepare a submission, along with colleague Dr Ian Martin, titled 'Diabetes in Australia'. The submission was to the Federal Minister of Health. The submission highlighted the impact of diabetes in the community and what government needed to invest to find a cure or treatment and to support people with diabetes. [ 26 ] : 75   At the same time, with Drv Matthew Cohen, Zimmet was the first to report their experience with home glucose monitoring and its acceptance in the diabetic population. They found better control, less  hypoglycaemia  and 95% acceptance. [ 39 ]


One of the most significant contributions of the International Diabetes Institute has been the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). In 2000 it was the first national study to provide estimates of the number of people with diabetes (based on blood tests) and its public health and societal impact. It is now considered an integral component of the National Diabetes Strategy to tackle the mounting problem of diabetes and its complications in Australia. [ 40 ]


In addition to research, the IDI operated diabetes clinics in Melbourne from the site of the Caulfield Hospital. The diabetes clinics are the largest in Victoria, with more than 8000 patients per year and continue to be operated by Baker IDI from the organisation's site in Prahran in Melbourne's inner south-east.


In 2008 the Baker Heart Research Institute, as it was then known, merged with the International Diabetes Institute which had operated in Melbourne for over 25 years. [ 26 ] : 69


Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute houses  World Health Organization  Collaborating Centres for Research & Training in Cardiovascular Disease [ 41 ]  and Diabetes (WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Health Promotion for NCD Control). [ 42 ]


In 2017 the Baker Institute streamlined their name and became the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute.


Research, education to the public, health professionals, biomedical research students and patient care are located within the Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct in Melbourne and  Adelaide  and the Baker IDI Centre for Indigenous Vascular and Diabetes Research in Alice Springs. International projects in heart disease and diabetes are currently conducted in  Mauritius ,  South Africa ,  Fiji ,  India  and  Vietnam .


The Baker Heart Research Institute is funded from a diverse range of Government and private sources including the corporate sector, trusts and foundations and individual donors. Financial supporters from the  pharmaceutical industry  since 2016 include  Abbott Laboratories ,  Amgen ,  AstraZeneca ,  Bayer ,  Boehringer Ingelheim ,  Eli Lilly and Company ,  GlaxoSmithKline ,  Merck & Co. ,  Novo Nordisk ,  Pfizer  and  Sanofi . The  United States government  has also provided funding through the  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  and  National Institutes of Health . [ 43 ]


In 2007 the Baker IDI Concise Financial Report showed receipts from granting bodies of $32.6 million. A further $7.4 million came from donations and bequests and $20.27 million from commercial income. [ 44 ]


The institute was a founding partner of the Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct in 2002, which also includes Alfred Health,  Monash University ,  Burnet Institute ,  La Trobe University  and  Deakin University . [ 45 ]


The Baker Institute is also a partner of Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre, an Australian health industry, research and educational collaboration. [ 46 ]  In March 2015, Monash Partners was recognised by the  National Health and Medical Research Council  as one of four Advanced Health Research and Translation Centres in Australia. [ 47 ]


Baker Institute's longest partnership has been with The Alfred Hospital, which dates back to the institute's inception in 1926 on the hospital site. One of the significant developments of this partnership has been the Alfred Baker Medical Unit, which was established in 1949 and is the hub of joint research and clinical activity between the two institutions. [ 48 ]


The  Blood Pressure Association  (or BPA) is a British  charitable organisation , established in October 2000, that seeks to provide information and support to people with high blood pressure (also known as  hypertension ) and to educate the general public about the importance of  blood pressure  to health.


It is based at  St George's Hospital  in  Tooting ,  London .


Every second week of September the Association runs a Blood Pressure Testing Week as part of its  Know Your Numbers  campaign, where doctors, nurses, pharmacists and trainers offer free blood pressure tests in  hospitals ,  pharmacies , health centres and shopping centres throughout the UK.  Sir David Attenborough  was appointed patron of the Association in May 2005.


The  British Cardiovascular Society  (BCS) is a United Kingdom-wide health organisation based in London. It aims to represent all healthcare professionals working in the field of cardiology, set standards for prevention, diagnosis, and clinical care, and communicate those standards to the community and the patients through training, education and public outreach.


The first idea for the BCS came in 1910 by the Scottish  cardiologist  Sir  James Mackenzie . At an Association of Physicians meeting in Oxford on 22 April 1922, the Cardiac Club was formed by 5 cardiologists:  Carey F. Coombs ,  T. F. Cotton , John Cowan,  A. G. Gibson  (as chair), and  W. E. Hume . It was founded in 1922 at the Club's first active meeting by 15 founder members — the original five plus ten others, including  Thomas J. Horder  and  Thomas Lewis  — and with one honorary member, namely Mackenzie. [ 1 ]  In April 1937 it became the Cardiac Society of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1946 it became the  British Cardiac Society .


It was incorporated (03005604) on 1 January 1995 as the British Cardiac Society. [ 2 ]  It became the British Cardiovascular Society on 8 May 2006. [ 3 ]


It produces the  Heart journal ; this was established in 1939 as the  British Heart Journal . The Editor is  Catherine Otto . Another journal it produces is called  Open Heart .


It is situated in  Fitzrovia  in the  London Borough of Camden . It became a UK Registered Charity in 2002. Its membership (2,500) included doctors and nurses. It is an affiliate of the  European Society of Cardiology . [ 4 ]  The current President of the Society for the 2018–2021 term is Simon Ray, Honorary Professor of Cardiology of  Manchester University . [ 5 ]


51°31′24.8″N   0°8′23.0″W  /  51.523556°N 0.139722°W  /  51.523556; -0.139722


This article about an organisation in the  United Kingdom  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  British Heart Foundation  ( BHF ) is a cardiovascular research  charity  in the United Kingdom. [ 5 ]  It funds medical research related to heart and circulatory diseases and their risk factors, and runs influencing work aimed at shaping public policy and raising awareness. [ 5 ]


In 2021, a study conducted by YouGov ranked the British Heart Foundation as the top charity or organisation in the UK by per cent of adults who hold a positive opinion of the organisation. [ 6 ]


The British Heart Foundation was founded in 1961 by a group of  medical professionals  who were concerned about the increasing  death rate  from  cardiovascular disease . They wanted to fund extra research into the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of heart and circulatory diseases. [ 7 ]


Dr Charmaine Griffiths has been the BHF's Chief Executive since February 2020, succeeding Simon Gillespie OBE.
Professor Bryan Williams OBE became the charity's first Chief Scientific and Medical Officer (CSMO) in December 2023, after Professor Sir  Nilesh Samani  stood down as Medical Director after more than 7 years in the role. [ 8 ]


The BHF's Board of Trustees is made up of up to 14 Trustees, and is a mix of medically-qualified and lay members: [ 9 ]


Karen A. Frank is the Chair of the Board of Trustees.


King Charles III  has been the BHF's Patron since May 2024, succeeding  Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . [ 10 ]


The British Heart Foundation's main focus is to fund cardiovascular research, aiming to spend around £100 million a year funding scientists around the UK. They are currently funding over 1000 research projects. [ 11 ]


Since 2008 the BHF has been investing in Centres of Research Excellence. The six current centres bring together scientists from a number of disciplines to work on research projects to beat heart and circulatory disease. [ 12 ]
The current Centres of Research are:


In 2013 the BHF committed to funding three multi-institution Centres of Regenerative Medicine, investing £7.5 million over four years to fund scientists looking for new treatments for  heart failure . [ 13 ]


The British Heart Foundation Clinical Research Collaborative was launched in 2019, hosted by the  British Cardiovascular Society . [ 14 ]  Designed to support the planning of high-quality national cardiovascular research, it brings together professional societies, research groups and patient and public involvement to better coordinate and prioritise research efforts. [ 14 ]  It also launched a fund to support the development of clinical research in cardiovascular disease, providing grants from £5,000-20,000, and all topic ideas will be considered. [ 14 ]


Other patients and public activities include:


In 2020, The British Heart Foundation had a net income of just over £107m. [ 17 ]  In the same year, the BHF spent over £93m on funding cardiovascular research. [ 18 ]


The charity announced, in June 2021, that it had joined forces with leading cardiovascular research funders around the world to form the Global Cardiovascular Research Funders Forum (GCRFF). [ 19 ]  In addition to the British Heart Foundation, the Forum's members are:


In 2019, The British Heart Foundation launched the Big Beat Challenge, a global competition with a single award of £30m for the research team who proposed a transformational solution to any cardiovascular disease. [ 21 ]  The Big Beat Challenge was open to applications from any country globally, and accepted proposals in any research area related to cardiovascular disease. Based on a panel of BHF research-funding committee members and an International Advisory panel, a shortlist was finalised in January 2020 to include a robotic heart, a 'Google map' of atherosclerosis, a project harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) and wearables to create a cardiovascular digital twin of a patient, and a genetic cure for inherited heart conditions. [ 22 ]


CureHeart, led by co-PIs Professor  Hugh Christian Watkins  and Professor  Christine Seidman , which aims to find a cure for genetic cardiomyopathies, was announced as the winner of the Big Beat Challenge in July 2022. [ 23 ]


BHF fundraising events accounted for nearly £54m of income in 2019-20. [ 24 ]


The BHF won the bid to be named as the London Marathon charity partner for the 2022 raise, aiming to raise £3m through the partnership to invest in clinical research. [ 25 ]


The annual London to Brighton Bike Ride is a flagship fundraising event, with over 16,000 cyclists and raising over £2.8m. [ 26 ]  The event was cancelled in 2020 and 2021, and was expected to return in 2022 with PureGym as the sponsor. [ 26 ] [ needs update ]


The BHF runs the largest network of charity shops in the UK, and generates income through online sales too. [ 27 ]  As of 2021, they run around 730 shops which include over 160 furniture and electrical shops selling up to 85,000 items daily. [ 28 ]  The BHF Retail division makes roughly £30 million every year. [ 29 ]


In June 2011, the British Heart Foundation was one of several health charities, alongside  Cancer Research UK , the  Alzheimer's Society  and  Parkinson's UK , targeted by animal rights pressure group  Animal Aid , in a series of newspaper advertisements urging the public not to donate to the organizations under the pretence of funding experiments on animals. [ 32 ] [ 33 ]  The pressure group argued that 100 dogs had died since 1988 during the experiments. [ 34 ] [ 35 ]


The BHF has responded to these criticisms by saying the charity only funds animal research after grant applications have gone through an independent peer review process and follows the  three Rs  principles when considering such grants. [ 36 ]


In 2016, the BHF was fined by the UK  Information Commissioner's Office  which ruled that the charity had breached data protection legislation by employing external bodies to analyse the financial status of supporters in order to appeal to them for further donations, a practice known as 'wealth screening'. [ 37 ]   BBC News Online  reported that, "Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham said donors had not been informed of the charity's practices, and were therefore unable to consent or object to them." She suggested other charities could also be engaged in similar activities. [ 37 ]


The charity's chief executive stated that "The ICO's conclusions were 'wrong, disproportionate and inconsistent […] We find the decision surprising, as earlier this year in June the ICO praised our data handling. Our trustees will therefore consider whether it's in the interests of our supporters and beneficiaries to challenge this decision." [ 37 ]


The  Canadian Cardiovascular Society  ( CCS ) is the national voice for cardiovascular physicians and scientists in Canada. The CCS is a membership organization that represents more than 1,800 professionals in the cardiovascular field. Its mission is to promote cardiovascular health and care through knowledge translation, professional development and leadership in health policy. [ 1 ]


The official journal of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society is the  Canadian Journal of Cardiology  (editor-in-chief – Stanley Nattel).


On April 2, 2014, the Society released a list of "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" as part of the Choosing Wisely Canada campaign. [ 2 ]  CCS recommendations include:


1. Don’t perform stress cardiac imaging or advanced non-invasive imaging when initially evaluating patients when there are no cardiac symptoms present unless the patient has high-risk markers.
 [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


2. Don’t perform annual stress cardiac imaging or advanced non-invasive imaging in asymptomatic patients in a routine follow-up. [ 5 ]


3. Don’t perform stress cardiac imaging or advanced non-invasive imaging in pre-operative assessment for patients who are scheduled to undergo low-risk non-cardiac surgery. [ 3 ]


4. Don’t perform echocardiography in routine follow-up for adult patients who have mild, asymptomatic native valve disease with no change in signs or symptoms. [ 3 ]


5. Don’t order annual electrocardiograms (ECGs) in patients who are low-risk and do not have any symptoms. [ 6 ]


The Canadian Cardiovascular Society Angina Grading Scale is commonly used for the classification of severity of  angina : [ 7 ]


It is similar to the  New York Heart Association Functional Classification  of  heart failure .


Cardiac Risk in the Young  ( CRY ) is a humanitarian  charitable organisation  helping to raise awareness of young  sudden cardiac death  (YSCD, SCD), including  sudden arrhythmic death syndrome  (SADS, SDS). CRY was established in May 1995 by Alison Cox  MBE  and is based in the  United Kingdom .


The charity supports the families of victims of YSCD, facilitates the heart screening of young people through cardiac testing programmes and contributes to  medical research .


The CRY General Election Manifesto 2015 states: “Through awareness, support and screening many deaths can be prevented, and research into these conditions will be the key to providing the knowledge crucial to saving these young lives.” [ 1 ]


CRY offers support to those who have suffered tragedies through a network of trained volunteer bereavement supporters, [ 2 ]  counselling groups and medical information. [ 3 ]  The charity also offers support and regular meetings to young people diagnosed with a cardiac condition through their myheart Network. [ 4 ]


CRY holds regular subsidised  ECG  screening clinics for those aged 14 to 35 across the UK, [ 5 ]  with the majority of events funded by bereaved families and free to the public.


The charity funds an expert centre for fast-track cardiac pathology in the UK, the CRY Centre for Cardiac Pathology [ 6 ]  (CRY CCP) at  St George's Hospital , London. The centre is directed by Professor Mary Sheppard. Pathology is free of charge when the cause of death is unascertained and the deceased was aged 35 or under. CRY also funds the CRY Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease and Sports Cardiology at St George’s Hospital. Professor Sanjay Sharma, medical director of the  London Marathon , is CRY’s consultant cardiologist and leads their research programme. [ 7 ]


On 15 July 2004 CRY launched its National Postcard Campaign [ 8 ]  to highlight the deaths of eight young people per week from undiagnosed heart problems by featuring their pictures. The campaign was launched at a Parliamentary Reception in  Westminster . From August 2004 the Postcard has been re-launched as region specific including South West, North East, South, North West, Scotland and Wales versions.
In February 2009 the postcard campaign was updated to "12 a week" [ 9 ]  and continues to draw attention the number of young people with undetected heart conditions.


Cardiovascular Cell Therapy Research Network  ( CCTRN ) is a network of  physicians ,  scientists , and support staff dedicated to studying  stem cell therapy  for treating  heart disease . The CCTRN is funded by the  National Institutes of Health  (NIH) and includes expert researchers with experience in cardiovascular care at seven stem cell centers in the  United States .  The goals of the Network are to complete research studies that will potentially lead to more effective treatments for patients with  cardiovascular disease , and to share knowledge quickly with the  healthcare  community.


The mission of the CCTRN is to achieve  public health  advances for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, through the conduct and dissemination of collaborative research leading to  evidence-based treatment  options and improved outcome for patients with heart disease. [ 1 ]


The sponsor


The  National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute  ( NHLBI ) is one of 27 institutes/centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and supports research related to the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of  heart ,  blood vessel ,  lung , and  blood diseases ; and  sleep disorders . The NHLBI plans and directs research in the development and evaluation of interventions and devices related to prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with such diseases and disorders.


The Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials


Since 1971, the  Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials  ( [1] ) at The  University of Texas School of Public Health  has played a leading role in cardiovascular disease and vision research by serving as a coordinating center for 25 nationwide multicenter  clinical trials . The CCCT's primary function is to provide and coordinate all operations, procedures, and activities of a large-scale randomized controlled clinical trial. The CCCT serves as the Data Coordinating Center for the CCTRN. The DCC was led by Lemuel Moye (2006-2019) and  Barry R. Davis  (2019-2021).


The clinical sites


The CCTRN includes seven stem cell centers in the United States with experience and expertise in clinical trials studying treatments for heart disease and peripheral artery disease. These sites include:


In July 2008, the CCTRN opened enrollment in two studies in patients who had recently had   heart attacks : TIME [ 2 ]  ( (NCT00684021) ) and LateTIME [ 3 ]  ( (NCT00684060) ).  The purpose of these studies was to determine if  stem cells  safely taken from an individual's  bone marrow  could be  transplanted  back into the injured heart muscle of the individual and improve the heart's ability to pump following a heart attack, as well as to determine the best time for transplanting the cells following a heart attack.  The results of both studies were presented at the American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific meetings in 2011 (LateTIME) and 2012 (TIME), and simultaneously published in JAMA. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


In March 2009, the CCTRN opened enrollment in a  heart failure  study: FOCUS  [ 6 ]  ( (NCT00824005) ).  The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of injecting bone marrow stem cells into heart muscle in an attempt to promote blood vessel growth that could potentially improve the  blood supply  in  hearts that are failing .  This study recruited patients who had heart failure, but would no longer benefit from other forms of standard treatment such as surgery or  coronary artery  repair procedures such as  balloon angioplasty  or  stent  placement.  The results of this study were presented at the American College of Cardiology (ACC) Annual Meeting in 2012 and simultaneously published in JAMA. [ 7 ]


In June 2013, CCTRN opened enrollment in a study in  peripheral artery disease : PACE  [ 8 ]  ( (NCT01774097) ).  The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of bone marrow-derived stem cell therapy on improving blood flow and walking ability in patients with peripheral artery disease.  The results of this study were published in Circulation in 2017. [ 9 ]


In October 2015, CCTRN opened enrollment in a study in  heart failure : CONCERT-HF  [ 10 ]   (NCT02501811) . The purpose of the study was to determine whether giving autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and/or C-kit+ cells to patients with heart muscle damage is safe and to help us learn whether these treatments improve heart function for people who are not ideal candidates for other forms of standard therapy such as surgery.  The results of this study were published in the European Journal of Heart Failure in 2021. [ 11 ]


In September 2016, CCTRN opened enrollment in a study in  anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy  (AIC): SENECA  [ 12 ]   (NCT02509156) . The purpose of the study was to determine whether giving allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to patients with AIC is safe and whether these treatments improve heart function. The results of this study were published in JACC CardioOncology in 2020. [ 13 ]


The Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society  (CSDS), founded on 5 October 1976 in  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , by organ system  physiologist  and  biomedical engineers , was a historic first in its mathematical and quantitative approach to cardiovascular mechanics. [ citation needed ]


Currently the society includes investigators in muscle and vascular biology, subcellular and  sarcomere  dynamics, the microcirculation, cardiovascular biology, clinical disease, and modeling.  The primary theme remains cardiovascular function, its physiologic and molecular mechanisms, with an aim to understand how these features integrate to achieve overall performance.  An important component of the overall approach remains inclusion of mathematical predictive and causal models for the micro to the macro level. [ 1 ]


Biannual conferences rotate between Europe, North America and Japan. [ citation needed ]


This article about  biomedical engineering  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  Children's Cardiomyopathy Foundation  ( CCF ) is a national  501(c)(3)   nonprofit organization  focused on the pediatric forms of  cardiomyopathy , a rare and chronic heart condition. [ 1 ]  Founded in New Jersey, CCF has grown into a global community of families, physicians, and scientists focused on accelerating the search for causes and cures for pediatric cardiomyopathy through increased research, education, awareness, and advocacy. [ 2 ]  The organization also provides support and resources to affected children and their families. [ 3 ]


CCF was founded in 2002 by Eddie Yu and Lisa Yue, who lost two children to cardiomyopathy. At the time, cardiomyopathy was a poorly understood disease in young children with low public awareness. [ 4 ]  Due to the lack of research being conducted on pediatric cardiomyopathy, the Foundation established a research grant program and formed research partnerships with the  American Heart Association ,  American Academy of Pediatrics , and  National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute -funded Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. [ 1 ]  The Foundation also organizes international scientific conferences to encourage collaboration among researchers across medical centers. [ 5 ]


CCF's investment into research and education has led to more than 420 medical presentations and peer-reviewed publications on pediatric cardiomyopathy and a four-fold increase in the number and dollar amount of pediatric cardiomyopathy studies funded by the  National Institutes of Health . [ 4 ]


In a 2017 paper published in the  Journal of the American College of Cardiology , “Survival Without Cardiac Transplantation Among Children with Dilated Cardiomyopathy,” it was shown that there was a 50% reduction in diagnosed children dying and needing a heart transplant because of better care guidelines and collaborative research efforts made possible by CCF's support of the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. [ 6 ]


Through CCF's advocacy work, the Cardiomyopathy Health Education Awareness Risk Assessment and Training in the Schools Act was the first bill on cardiomyopathy to be introduced in the  United States House of Representatives  and  United States Senate . [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  In 2020, it was reintroduced as a bipartisan bill in the House of Representatives.


Congenital Heart Surgeons' Society (CHSS)  is a professional membership organization of heart surgeons who specialize in treating  congenital heart defects . The society is a  non-profit organization  registered in the United States.


The history of the group goes back to the early days of cardiac surgery in the mid 1950s, when 16 surgeons met annually to relate their early pioneering experience in operating on children with congenital heart defects. The CHSS' purpose is to associate persons interested in, and carry on activities related to, the science and practice of congenital heart surgery. It also strives to encourage and stimulate investigation and study with an aim to increase the knowledge of congenital cardiac physiology, pathology and therapy, and to correlate and disseminate such knowledge. [ citation needed ]


Congenital Heart Surgeons who have a significant interest in congenital heart surgery may apply for membership in the Congenital Heart Surgeons' Society (CHSS). There are three types of membership in the CHSS: Active, Emeritus and Honorary. Currently the CHSS has over 140 member surgeons from more than 70 hospitals. [ citation needed ]


In 1985 Dr. John Kirklin and Dr. Eugene Blackstone proposed that the centers pool their experience and data in managing infants with rare congenital anomalies of the heart. Data collection required the establishment of a Data Center, initially in  Birmingham, Alabama . [ 1 ]  In 1997, the Data Center moved to  The Hospital for Sick Children  in  Toronto ,  Canada . The CHSS sponsors and oversees multi-institutional clinical studies evaluating the application of surgical interventions in congenital heart disease. [ 2 ]


The mission of the Data Center is to improve care for patients with congenital heart disease through collaborative research. Some of the CHSS studies involve treatment of heart defects like the  transposition of the great arteries , congenital  valvular heart disease ,  coarctation of aorta ,  hypoplastic left heart syndrome ,  anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery  among others. Approximately 6000 patients have participated in CHSS research studies, of which about 4000 patients are being actively followed by the Data Center. [ 3 ]  The CHSS also collaborates with other professional organizations to advance care of the children with heart diseases. They include Society of Thoracic Surgeons, European Association of Congenital Heart Surgeons, etc. [ citation needed ]


Corindus, Inc.  was founded in Israel in 2002 by  Rafael Beyar , an  interventional cardiologist , and his student at the Technion, Tal Wenderow. The company's original goal was to use remote control and robotics to move coronary  guidewires  and balloon/stent catheters. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Corindus Vascular Robotics, Inc. (NYSE: CVRS) was later moved to the United States to be headquartered in  Waltham, Massachusetts . The company's FDA-cleared CorPath® System became the first medical device that allows  interventionalists  to manipulate guidewires and balloon/stents from an interventional cockpit. [ 3 ]


The company went public in August 2014 and traded on the  New York Stock Exchange  under the ticker symbol  CVRS .


Under the leadership of CEO Mark Toland and CFO David Long, the company continued to grow and received additional clearances from the FDA. Investments in the development of next generation products and expanded regulatory clearances lead to the negotiation of a potential strategic transaction. In August 2019,   Siemens Healthineers  publicly announced its intention to acquire Corindus for $1.1 billion. The final transaction closed in October 2019, representing one of the largest  MedTech  deals in 2019.  [ 4 ]


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The  Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie  ( DGK ;  German Cardiac Society  in English) is a German medical research organization based in  Düsseldorf .  It is a member of the  European Society of Cardiology , [ 1 ]  and the  World Heart Federation . [ citation needed ]


They award the  Arthur Weber Prize  for excellence in the field of  cardiology . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


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The  Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin  ( DHZB ) is a medical research centre in  Berlin ,  Germany , specialised in  cardiovascular  disease, as well as  cardiopulmonary transplantation . [ 1 ]


The hospital has two  CMR  scanners. [ 2 ]  A new heart centre is planned to be built in 2018 and finish construction in 2021. [ 3 ]


52°32′32″N   13°20′49″E  /  52.542222°N 13.346944°E  /  52.542222; 13.346944


The  European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery  ( EACTS ) is a membership organisation devoted to the practice of  cardiothoracic surgery . The mission statement of the association is to advance education in the field of cardiac, thoracic and vascular interventions; and promote research into cardiovascular and thoracic physiology, pathology and therapy, with the aim to correlate and disseminate the results for the public benefit. Within the EACTS there is a large number of committees working on various issues in order to improve cardio-thoracic surgery. [ 1 ]


EACTS was founded as a  European  organisation. However, its membership is now spread all over the world in all continents representing some 70 countries. Since its foundation in 1986 more than 3500 members have been admitted, and the interest in applying for membership has grown considerably during the last few years. [ 2 ]


The EACTS Annual Meeting is the largest cardio-thoracic meeting in the world [ citation needed ]  focusing on scientific developments and research in the following specialities: Acquired Cardiac Disease, Congenital Heart Disease, Vascular Disease and Thoracic Disease. [ citation needed ]


The EACTS publishes two journals focused on high-quality research and cardio thoracic surgery education and one website featuring video based cardio-thoracic tutorials these are:  European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EJCTS) ,  Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (ICVTS) , and  Multimedia Manual of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (MMCTS)   [ citation needed ]


The Quality Improvement Programme was launched in 2012 to facilitate continuing improvement of clinical outcomes in adult cardiac surgery through improving education, and various research initiatives. [ citation needed ]


The organisation has collaborated with the  European Society of Cardiology , the  American Heart Association ,  Oxford University , and other organizations to produce clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements related to the treatment of cardiovascular disease. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


The  European Society of Cardiology  ( ESC ) is an independent  non-profit , non-governmental  professional association  that works to advance the prevention, diagnosis and management of diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and improve scientific understanding of the heart and vascular system. [ 2 ]  This is done by:


Most of the approximately 100,000 ESC members are cardiologists, cardiovascular nurses and allied professionals wishing to increase their knowledge and update their skills.
The association adheres to the Alliance for Biomedical Research in Europe Code of Conduct.


The ESC was founded in 1950. Its headquarters is located in the technology park of  Sophia Antipolis  between Nice and Cannes, in the south of France. The first ESC-organised congress, The European Congress of Cardiology was held in London in September 1952. [ 3 ]


In February 2013, the ESC opened the  European Heart Agency in Brussels , close to the European Parliament complex, in order to have a base in the political and legislative capital of Europe. [ 4 ]


The ESC is governed by an elected board of volunteers who are cardiovascular experts. [ 5 ]


Its activities are overseen by dedicated committees made up of more than 2,000 volunteers. [ 6 ]


Employed staff support ESC volunteers in the development and management of its activities. ESC staff report to the chief executive officer, who reports to the president and management group of the ESC Board. [ citation needed ]


The ESC comprises  57 National Cardiac Societies, 7 sub-specialty associations and 22 sub-specialty working groups and councils. [ 7 ]  Since 2013, [ 8 ]  additional support has been developed within the sub-specialty communities to address the special interests and needs of young physicians. [ 9 ]


The ESC organises numerous cardiology congresses each year, including the largest cardiology congress in the world,  ESC Congress .


Annual or biennial sub-specialty congresses address acute cardiac care (Acute CardioVascular Care), cardiac imaging (EuroEcho), prevention, rehabilitation and sports cardiology (ESC Preventive Cardiology), nuclear cardiology and cardiac CT (ICNC-CT), magnetic resonance (EuroCMR congress), interventional cardiology (EuroPCR), heart failure (Heart Failure), heart rhythm and electrophysiology (EHRA), as well as basic science (Frontiers in CardioVascular Biolomedicine). [ 10 ]


The ESC produces clinical practice guidelines for  cardiology  professionals from evidence-based clinical trials data. The guidelines aim to present all the relevant evidence on a particular clinical issue in order to help physicians weigh the benefits and risks of particular diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. [ 11 ]


A Fellow of the European Society of Cardiology is a cardiologist considered to be a person who has had a significant experience in the field and who has distinguished themself individually in clinical, educational, investigational, organisational or professional aspects of cardiology. Fellows have the right to use the postnominal designation of the FESC. [ 12 ]


The ESC publishes 17 periodicals covering cardiovascular medicine and research: [ 13 ]


The ESC publishes numerous books for those studying cardiology and subspecialties in the field: [ 14 ]


The ESC supports continuing medical training and development by offering a broad portfolio of needs-based education initiatives, including online and in-person courses as well as post-graduate programmes led by experts in cardiology. [ 15 ]


Grants to help offset education costs are offered by the association. [ citation needed ]


Among the educational products produced by the ESC are interactive webinars that include case-based presentations, online assessments, and live discussions with key opinion leaders in cardiology. [ 16 ]  The society hosts an online platform for these presentations called ESC 365. [ 17 ]


Despite advances in cardiovascular medicine, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the world's biggest killer. The ESC collects cardiovascular data from across its 57 members countries through its 'Atlas of Cardiology' to better understand why and how CVD mortality can be reduced. [ 18 ]


This compendium underlines major healthcare gaps and inequalities and provides robust data for budget owners and decision-makers who can improve population health at a European level. [ citation needed ]


The ESC operates a registry programme supported by  pharmaceutical industry  sponsors. [ 19 ] [ 20 ]


The ESC leverages the knowledge, network and influence of the cardiology profession to promote policy, regulation and research funding that advances cardiovascular science, supports high quality healthcare, and encourages evidence-based decision making. [ 21 ]


The  Herz und Diabeteszentrum (Heart and Diabetes Centre) , is a heart clinic in the German town  Bad Oeynhausen . It is known for performing the most heart transplants in Germany (over 2,700 since 1989).


Besides having a lot of cooperations with the clinics and institutes of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, it has a lot of national and international cooperations.
International cooperations are: [ 2 ]


The general orientation of the HDZ NRW is to improve the quality of living of cardiac and diabetes patients by a great amount. The patients get the best treatment with a low risk due to their high performance technology. [ 3 ]


The  Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada  is a Canadian charity dedicated to advocacy, education, and the funding of  research  surrounding  heart disease  and  stroke . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


In November 2016, the organization re-branded as  Heart & Stroke  and introduced a new logo; the new branding is meant to signify a more "personal" approach to its marketing, with a wider targeting of younger demographics and immigrants. [ 1 ]


Heart and Stroke works with medical doctors and healthcare institutions to reduce mortality from cardiovascular events. [ 2 ]  Key institutional stakeholders include provincial ministries of health, hospital associations, and healthcare institutes. [ 2 ]  They have collaborated with the Canadian Stoke Society and the Health Canada Laboratory Centre for Disease Control to create the Stroke System Coalition. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Heart and Stroke fund and take part in research and fund publications of research that addresses the way in which women and other demographic groups are particularly affected by cardiovascular incidents. [ 4 ]


In early February 2018, the organization released  Ms Understood , a report about how women's early warning signs of a heart attack are frequently missed. [ 5 ]


Heart and Stroke operates a number of fundraising events, including the "Big Bike" event, in which 29 riders power one big red bike for twenty minutes. [ 6 ]  "Jump Rope for Heart" is an  elementary school -based fundraising initiative involving physical activities centered around skipping. [ 7 ]  Jump Rope for Heart celebrated its 35th anniversary in 2017, with close to 4,000 schools participating across Canada. Heart and Stroke's "Ride for Heart" is an annual summer running and cycling event based in  Toronto ,  Ontario , taking place on part of the  Gardiner Expressway  and  Don Valley Parkway , both of which are closed for the event. In 2017, Ride for Heart celebrated its 30th anniversary with 15,000 riders and 5,000 runners and walkers. Its title sponsor is  Manulife Financial . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]  In 2018, Toronto city councilor  Stephen Holyday  requested that the event be moved to inner city streets rather than  Gardiner Expressway , to ease traffic congestion. [ 10 ]  Proceeds from Heart & Stroke's annual lottery goes toward supporting grants for research at teaching hospitals and universities across the province of Ontario. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]


The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada advices people to reduce intake of  saturated fat  and replace saturated fats with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats to reduce  LDL-cholesterol . [ 13 ] [ 14 ]  They recommend a healthy diet consisting of fruit, legumes, vegetables,  whole grains , low-fat  dairy products , dairy alternatives, fish and poultry. [ 13 ]  They also recommend a limit on processed food such as  processed meats  and  sweetened beverages . [ 13 ]


The  Heart Institute,  University of São Paulo  ( Portuguese :  Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo , or  InCor ) is one of the clinical  institutes  of the central University's teaching  hospital  ( Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo ) and recognized [ citation needed ]  as one of the world's academic and clinical excellence centers in  cardiology ,  cardiovascular medicine  and  cardiovascular surgery .


The Heart Institute was founded in 1963  (62 years ago)  ( 1963 )  by the noted  cardiovascular   surgeon  and professor of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, Dr.  Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini . [ 1 ]


23°33′25″S   46°40′04″W  /  23.557040°S 46.667729°W  /  -23.557040; -46.667729


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The  Heart Research Institute  ( HRI ) is a not-for-profit  research facility , originally based in  Camperdown ,  New South Wales ,  Australia  and currently based in  Newtown , New South Wales.


Established in 1989 by a group of cardiologists at  Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , HRI is an internationally-recognised medical research institute that performs groundbreaking cardiovascular research.


The Heart Research Institute was officially opened on 17 March 1989, spearheaded by a group of cardiologists at Sydney's  Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , led by David Richmond, and also supported by The  University of Sydney .


The original vision was to create NSW's first medical research institute dedicated to the detection, prevention and treatment of heart disease.


In September 2009, the Institute relocated from its Camperdown, New South Wales site to its present site in Newtown, New South Wales. [ 1 ]  The Institute was opened by  Quentin Bryce   AC , the  Governor-General of Australia . [ 1 ]


HRI has maintained a strong tradition of clinical research ever since that has led to multiple breakthroughs and groundbreaking discoveries.


The HRI, currently located within a purpose-built building on 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, New South Wales, is closely located to the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and the  University of Sydney . [ 1 ]


The HRI has state-of-the-art research laboratories and support facilities. [ 1 ]


Heart Research UK  is a national charity organisation in the  United Kingdom . [ 1 ]  They fund medical research in to the prevention, treatment and cure of  heart disease , as well as community projects aimed at improving the public's heart health. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Since its foundation, Heart Research UK has funded over £25 million of research into heart disease and related conditions. [ 5 ]


Heart Research UK was founded as the 'National Heart Research Fund' in  Leeds  in 1967 by eminent cardiovascular surgeon Mr David Watson, with the aim of making heart surgery safer. Following the death of a young patient after a long heart operation, Mr Watson launched an appeal with the  Yorkshire Evening Post  to raise funds to research ways to improve the safety of heart surgery. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Heart Research UK funded the first hospital-based cardiac research unit in the UK, at Killingbeck Hospital in Leeds.  Whilst working here, Mr Watson developed a tissue valve in 1976 which became the prototype for many of the valves used in surgery today. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


In 1979, Heart Research UK funded six of the first eight successful heart transplants in the UK, which were carried out by  Sir Terence English  at  Papworth Hospital  in  Cambridgeshire . [ 6 ]


In 2000, Heart Research UK funded the implantation of the world's first permanent artificial heart in to  Peter Houghton , at the  John Radcliffe Hospital ,  Oxford . Mr Houghton was fitted with a Jarvik 2000 pump, and is to this day a Guinness World Record holder for the 'Longest surviving artificial heart transplant patient.' [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]


In 2005, The National Heart Research Fund changed its name to Heart Research UK and later opened up a regional office in  Birmingham . [ 6 ]


Heart Research UK funds medical research through a programme of grants. Novel and Emerging Technologies (NET) Grants, of up to £250,000, are awarded to research projects which focus on the development of new technologies to diagnose, treat and prevent heart disease and related conditions and Translational Research Project (TRP) Grants, are awarded for projects that transfer breakthroughs into practical tools that can be used for patient care. [ 12 ]


Heart Research UK also awards dedicated grants for  Northern Ireland , aimed at encouraging applications and supporting research at hospitals and universities across the whole of the UK. [ 13 ]  In 2018, building on the success of the Northern Ireland Grants, Heart Research UK launched a similarly dedicated grant for  Scotland . [ 14 ]


Current medical research being funded by Heart Research UK includes a project with the  University College London  and  Great Ormond Street Hospital  to develop a much faster technique for imaging the hearts of babies born with  congenital heart disease  (CHD), [ 15 ]  a project at the  University of Leicester  using  electrocardiograms  (ECG's) to measure the risk of  sudden cardiac death  (SDC), [ 16 ]  and a project at the Bristol Heart Institute to repair the hearts of babies born with congenital heart disease (CHD) using stem cells from the  umbilical cord . [ 17 ]


Since 2012, Heart Research UK have funded 'Masterclasses', in which leading international and UK experts give surgeons, doctors, nurses, physiotherapists and other health professionals the opportunity to gain new skills and knowledge. By the end of 2018, 15 masterclasses will have taken place, covering topics such as heart transplantation, imaging, mitral valve surgery, aortic surgery and exercise prescription for congenital heart disease. [ 18 ] [ 19 ]


Since 2009, Heart Research UK has been partnered with  Subway  to support customers' choice for a low fat option. Together, they run the Heart Research UK and Subway Healthy Heart grant scheme, an initiative that funds community projects to promote heart health across the UK. These grants are funded by in-store collections and a programme of 5K runs across the UK. [ 20 ]


Heart Support of America  is an American  non-profit organization , a  501(c)(3)  charity, based in  Knoxville, Tennessee , also known as "Veteran's Heart Relief".  The mission of the organization is to provide financial assistance directly to individuals who have  cardiac  problems and grants to social organizations involved in assisting patients with cardiac problems.  Patients or their families can apply for aid via an online application form accessible from the organization's homepage. [ citation needed ]


Jim Halliburton founded the organization sometime after 1991 when he had a  near-death experience  following a massive heart attack. A former patient of  Dr. Ron Rosedale , Mr. Halliburton publishes and distributes a work entitled  Heart Support of America  which advocates Dr. Rosedale's metabolic approach to the treatment of heart disease.


Heart Support of America has been criticized for giving an overly low percentage of their funds to the causes that they represent. [ 1 ] [ unreliable source? ]  It was listed as one of "America's worst charities" in a 2013  Tampa Bay Times / CNN / Center for Investigative Reporting  report because of its fundraising and spending practices. [ 2 ]  Charitable organizations differ in and are often compared on the basis of their methods of  fundraising  and the percentage of funds going toward primary mission aims versus administrative overhead.  Information available from 2004 indicates that Heart Support of America distributes less than 40% of funds collected to the patients and social organizations that figure in its mission statement; the remaining 60% of funds raised were expended on a mixture of expenses incurred in raising funds and overall administrative expenses.  Fundraising is conducted by the organization through a combination of direct solicitation and indirectly through professional solicitors.