Robin Fåhræus' grave at Uppsala old cemetery


The structure of 1q21.1; similar regions in the same color


Observed relation within 1q21.1


Blue Top Vacutainer tube (sodium citrate vial) used for PT and PTT blood tests


This image explains agglutination in the blood


The 'bedside card' method of blood typing, in this case using a Serafol card. The result is blood group A positive.


Structural model of an antibody molecule. Rounded portions indicate antigen binding sites.


Structure of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) antigen. (A) The 3-D structure of HEL (CPK representation) together with three Abs (ribbon representation). (B) The structure of HEL colored according to the same three epitopes as in (A). (C) The structure of HEL colored according to the epitopes predicted by Discotope (light blue), ellipro (purple), and seppa (pink).


Disinfect, insert the cannula, pull out the cannula, dress the wound. The blue pressure cuff is controlled by the platelet apheresis machine in newer models.


A Fenwal Erythropheresis machine being used for plasmapheresis


The assembly (A–D), operation (E) and disassembly (F) of the platelet apheresis machine, which can be configured to separate other components as well


Platelets collected by using apheresis at an  American Red Cross  donation center


Top two vials are  venous blood , and the bottom three are arterial blood


Visual Model of Ashby Technique.


A crystal of Bence Jones protein.


Hemoglobin, a globular protein green = haem (or heme) groups red & blue = protein subunits


A  scanning electron microscope  (SEM) image of a normal  red blood cell  (left), a  platelet  (middle), and a  white blood cell  (right)


Vertebrate red blood cell types, measurements in micrometers


Frog red blood cells magnified 1000 times


Turtle red blood cells magnified 1000 times


Chicken red blood cells magnified 1000 times


Human red blood cells magnified 1000 times


Circulation of blood through the human heart


Basic hemoglobin saturation curve. It is moved to the right in higher acidity (more dissolved carbon dioxide) and to the left in lower acidity (less dissolved carbon dioxide)


Capillary blood from a bleeding finger


Venous blood collected during blood donation


Jan Janský  is credited with the first classification of blood into four types (A, B, AB, and O)


Blood donation  pictogram


Blood donation center at the  University Hospital of Basel , Switzerland. From left to right: Two cell separators for  apheresis , secluded office for pre-donation blood pressure measurement and  blood count , and on the right, chairs for whole blood donations.


A patient donating blood at a Blood  Bank in Córdoba, Argentina


A blood collection bus ( bloodmobile ) from  Japanese Red Cross  at  Myōdani Station  in  Suma-ku ,  Kobe ,  Hyōgo Prefecture ,  Japan


Blood donation campaigns are events that allow people to donate blood at schools, churches, and other community locations.


Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men       – Men who have sex with men may donate blood;  No deferral       – Men who have sex with men may donate blood;  Temporary deferral       – Men who have sex with men may not donate blood;  Permanent deferral       – No Data


Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men       – Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood;  No deferral       – Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood;  Temporary deferral       – Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood;  Permanent deferral       – No Data


A patient's health screening report given after a blood donation


A  US Navy  sailor donating blood


A donor's arm at various stages of donation. The two photographs on the left show a blood pressure cuff being used as a tourniquet.


A mechanical tray agitates the bag to mix the blood with anticoagulants and prevent clotting.


Platelets collected by using  apheresis  at an  American Red Cross  donation center


A relatively large needle is used for blood donations.


Bruising three days after donation


Whole blood is often separated, using a centrifuge, into components for storage and transportation.


UK  awards for 50, 25 and 100 donations


Ruby award from the  Singapore Red Cross  for 75 voluntary donations


Monument to blood donors in  Ávila, Spain


A unit of donated  fresh plasma


Bags of frozen plasma, from a person with  hypercholesterolemia  (left) and typical plasma (right)


Private Roy W. Humphrey is being given blood plasma after he was wounded by shrapnel in Sicily in August 1943.


Dried plasma packages used by the British and US militaries during WWII


A machine being used for plasma donation


The patient receives a blood transfusion through the cannula


Banked blood during the blood transfusion process


As the person receives their blood transfusion, the bag slowly empties, leaving behind blood that has clotted before it could be administered.


Illustration depicting intravenous blood transfusion


A bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma


Glass used in an antiquated method of blood transfusion.


Illustration of labeled blood bag


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems .  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


Richard Lower  pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human in 1665 at the  Royal Society .


James Blundell  successfully transfused human blood in 1818.


William Stewart Halsted , M.D. (1852–1922) performed one of the first blood transfusions in the United States.


Dr.  Luis Agote  ( 2nd from right ) overseeing one of the first safe and effective blood transfusions in 1914


Old glass used for blood transfusion.


World War II  Russian syringe for direct inter-human blood transfusion


Alexander Bogdanov  established a scientific institute to research the effects of blood transfusion in Moscow, 1925.


British poster of 1944 encouraging people to donate blood for the war effort


Wounded soldier being given  blood plasma  in  Sicily , 1943


Charles R. Drew  oversaw the production of blood plasma for shipping to Britain during WW2.


Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells.


ABO blood group system : diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group


Simplified  Punnett square  of the possible genotypes and phenotypes of children given genotypes and phenotypes of their mother (rows) and father (columns) shaded by phenotype


Main symptoms of  acute hemolytic reaction  due to blood type mismatch. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]


Red blood cell compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.


Plasma compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group; plasma from type AB can be given to A, B and O; plasma from types A, B and AB can be given to O.


A hospital worker takes samples of blood from a donor for testing


Section of bone marrow core biopsy as seen under the microscope (stained with H&E).


The preferred sites for the procedure


A needle used for bone marrow aspiration, with removable stylet.


Bone marrow aspirate.


A volunteer donating bone marrow for scientific research.


A woman's bruising after a severe fall


Bruise caused by colliding with a  handrail , typical of  extreme sports  such as  skateboarding  and  rollerblading .


Bruise caused by a  sprained ankle


Black eye  and  subconjunctival hemorrhage  after a punch to the face


Severe bruising resulting from yard work injury


Healing of a  black eye  over a nine-day period caused by a  wisdom tooth  extraction


Hot cauters were applied to tissues or arteries to stop them from bleeding.


Electrocauter


Number of people estimated to be affected by clonal hematopoiesis out of the total U.S. population, by age group. [ 5 ] [ 26 ]


Two pathways of the complement cascade. [ 15 ]  Components and enzymes of the  classical  and  alternative pathways  of the complement cascade, which provides a complementary means for human and other systems to defend against foreign pathogens (see text). Not shown are elements of the  lectin  pathway. [ 16 ]  Note, while the appended letters in this figure are lower cases, they are synonymous with the same designations appearing in upper case in the text.


Model of common structural genes and their possible contribution to the development of schizophrenia (as thoroughly defined in the Sekar et al. article)


Infant with skin lesions from congenital rubella


"Salt-and-pepper" retinopathy is characteristic of congenital rubella. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Congenital rubella serology timeline


Swelling from fluid (edema) can result in "pitting" after pressure is applied. If this occurs only on one side, it raises the likelihood of DVT.


The iliac veins (in the pelvis) include the external iliac vein, the internal iliac vein, and the common iliac vein. The common femoral vein is below the external iliac vein. (It is labeled simply "femoral" here.)


Depiction of DVT


The  coagulation  system, often described as a  "cascade" , includes a group of proteins that regulate clotting. DVT risk can be altered by abnormalities in the cascade. The regulators, antithrombin (ᾳTHR) and activated protein C (APC), are shown in green above the clotting factors they affect.


Upper extremity DVTs can occur in the subclavian, axillary, brachial, ulnar, and radial veins (pictured) and the  jugular  and  brachiocephalic veins  (not pictured). The cephalic and basilic veins, however, are superficial veins. [ 11 ]


D-dimer production


An IVC filter


The incision for a completed  knee replacement surgery , a procedure that can precipitate DVT formation


An example of a compression stocking


Serena Williams  has spoken at length about a frightening encounter she had with VTE while she was hospitalized in 2017. [ 174 ]


Rudolf Virchow


Warfarin, a common vitamin K antagonist, was the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for about 50 years.


blood film  in a patient with  hereditary elliptocytosis : approximately 60% to 70% of the RBCs are  elliptocytes .


Elliptocyte compared to other forms of  poikilocytosis .


Thrombotic embolism, branch left pulmonary artery, hemorrhagic  infarction apex left lower lobe.


3D Medical Animation still shot showing Pulmonary Embolism


Illustration depicting embolism from detached thrombus


This pulmonary  thromboembolism  was the result of a  thrombus  (blood clot) detaching from the wall of a distant blood vessel. It then traveled through circulation until lodging in this pulmonary vessel, becoming a thromboembolism.


Vasculature-based immune suppression mechanisms. Tumor endothelial cell anergy is represented by the suppression of endothelial adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin. The tumor vasculature contributes to more immune suppression through enhanced expression of immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-L1 and IDO, that suppress the function of leukocytes. In addition, the tumor vasculature expresses molecules, such as FASL and galectin-1, that can give death signals to leukocytes. [ 1 ]


A faggot cell (bottom left of the central cell cluster) with a prominent collection of Auer rods from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia.


Illustration showing  influenza virus  attaching to  cell membrane  via the surface  protein  hemagglutinin


A schematic diagram of the experimental setup to detect  hemagglutination  for blood typing.


Jesus on the Mount of Olives


Schematic diagram of 3-part analyzer.


The spectrum of target antigens associated with tumor immunity and alloimmunity after allogeneic HSCT: Host-derived T and B cells can be induced to recognize tumor-associated antigens, whereas donor-derived B and T cells can recognize both tumor-associated antigens and alloantigens.


Bone marrow harvest


Peripheral blood stem cells


A  red blood cell  in a hypotonic solution, causing water to move into the cell


A  red blood cell  in a hypertonic solution, causing water to move out of the cell


Hemolysis of blood samples. Red blood cells without (left and middle) and with (right) hemolysis. If as little as 0.5% of the red blood cells are hemolyzed, the released hemoglobin will cause the  serum  or  plasma  to appear pale red or cherry red in color. [ 26 ]  Note that the hemolyzed sample appears clearer, because there are significantly fewer cells to scatter light.


Hemolysis from  Streptococcus . Examples of the blood culture patterns created by (from left) alpha-, beta- and gamma-hemolytic streptococci.


Figure 1 - Displacement due to Elastic and Viscous Effects


Figure 2 - Schematic of Maxwell model using one dash-pot and one spring connected in series


Figure 3 - Torque vs. Displacement graph showing viscoelastic behavior


Histopathology of a case of chronic pulmonary congestion, showing interstitium with hemosiderin deposition (black arrow), edema and collagenous thickening. The alveolus contains a  siderophage  (white arrow, characterized by coarse brown pigment, which is slightly refractile).


Hemosiderin image of a kidney viewed under a microscope. The brown areas represent hemosiderin


Aggregation of  thrombocytes  (platelets). Platelet-rich human blood plasma (left vial) is a turbid liquid. Upon addition of  ADP , platelets are activated and start to aggregate, forming white flakes (right vial).


Blue plaque in  Bedford Square , London.


Tombstone of Thomas Hodgkin in Jaffa, Israel


Illustration of hook effect adapted from Schiettecatte et al. [ 1 ]


Illustration of the effects of excess antigen and blocking antibodies on immunoassays.


Simple illustration of the effects of excess antigen and dosage response curve.


Diagram showing a generalized view of cellular iron homeostasis in humans. Iron import can occur via endocytosis of  transferrin receptor 1  or via ferrous iron importers  DMT1  and  ZIP14 , which require the activity of iron reductases such as  STEAP2 ,  SDR-2  and  Dcytb . Intracellular iron can be stored in  ferritin  and used for protein biosynthesis, or to generate  reactive oxygen species  (ROS) and regulate transcription via  iron-responsive element-binding proteins  (IRP1/2). Export occurs through  ferroportin , often aided by  hephaestin  (Hp) and/or  ceruloplasmin  (Cp), and repressed by  hepcidin .


Structure of  Heme b ; "Fe" is the chemical symbol of iron, "II" indicates its oxidation state.


Electron micrograph of  E. coli . Most bacteria that cause human disease require iron to live and to multiply.


Illustration of blood cell production in the  bone marrow . In  iron deficiency , the bone marrow produces fewer blood cells, and as the deficiency gets worse, the cells become smaller.


Humans use  20 mg  of  iron  each day for the production of new  red blood cells , much of which is recycled from old red blood cells.


Hephaestin is an enzyme that helps release iron from enterocytes. The regulation of hephaestin expression is one of the mechanisms that control iron absorption by the body.


This schematic outlines iron metabolism in the brain illustrating that iron crosses the  blood–brain barrier  either by: [ 34 ] The  transcytosis  pathway (illustrated in the upper right segment of the image), where the complex “Fe 3+ -transferrin-transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1)” undergoes endocytosis and exocytosis from the luminal pole to the cerebral  extracellular matrix  (ECM) and  interstitial fluid . The facilitated transporter pathway, where  endothelial cells  internalize the complex “Fe 3+ -transferrin-transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1)” in endosome, reduce ferric Fe 3+  ion to ferrous Fe 2+  ion by STEAP3 enzyme and then Fe 2+  ion crosses the endosomal membrane thanks to DMT1. Fe 2+  is  then exported to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and interstitial fluid, via ferroportin coupled with ceruloplasmin.


Iron is an important topic in  prenatal care  because women can sometimes become iron-deficient from the increased iron demands of pregnancy.


Preoperative contrasted CT scans of the patient, showing multiple bilateral kidney tumors, with diameters ranging between 1 and 5 cm. Radiologically, most of the tumors have malignant characteristics due to their hypervascularity and radiopaque enhancement.


Ischemic preconditioning of the heart (B) provides functional recovery of the heart contractile activity at reperfusion


Jan Janský on bronze Janského medal


Leukocyte-adhesion deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.


Neutrophils   extravasate  from blood vessels to the site of tissue injury or infection during the  innate immune response .


Micrograph  showing leukocyte migration,  H&E  stain


Leukocyte extravasation


The lymph nodes where lymphoma most commonly develops


Lymphoma and lymphatic system


An initial evaluation of a suspected lymphoma is to make a "touch prep" wherein a glass slide is lightly pressed against excised lymphoid tissue, and subsequently stained (usually  H&E stain ) for evaluation under  light microscopy .


Lymph node with mantle cell lymphoma (low-power view, H&E)


DNA-microarray analysis of Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) showing differences in gene expression patterns. Colors indicate levels of expression; green indicates genes that are underexpressed in lymphoma cells (as compared to normal cells), whereas red indicates genes that are overexpressed in lymphoma cells.


Diagram showing common sites where lymphoma spreads


Deaths from lymphomas and multiple myeloma per million persons in 2012       0–13    14–18    19–22    23–28    29–34    35–42    43–57    58–88    89–121    122–184


Thomas Hodgkin


Dominique Meyer


Serum  protein electrophoresis  showing a paraprotein (spike/peak in the gamma zone) in a patient with  multiple myeloma .


Structure of oxyhemoglobin


Hemoglobin saturation curve


Fetal hemoglobin saturation curve


The patient receives a blood transfusion through the cannula.


Blood bag during the blood transfusion process


Chilean Minister  Camila Vallejo  donating blood


Fibrinolysis


3-dimensional structure of tPA


3-dimensional structure of uPA


Domain  structure of preproprotein C (top) and the mature heterodimer (bottom).


Blood coagulation and the protein C anticoagulation pathway


Red cell agglutination in a patient with cold agglutinin disease.


Blood film  with  Giemsa stain .  Monocytes  surrounded by  erythrocytes .


Blood film  stained with  Giemsa  showing  Plasmodium  (center of image), the parasite that causes  malaria  infections.


Bronchoalveolar lavage  specimen stained with  Diff-Quik , a commercial Romanowsky stain variant widely used in cytopathology


Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky (1861-1921)


Ernst Malachowsky


Gustav Giemsa


A very large hemorrhagic pericardial effusion due to malignancy as seen on ultrasound which was causing tamponade. closed arrow: the heart, open arrow: the effusion


Animation showing the formation of an occlusive blood clot in a vein. Several  platelets  attach to the lips of the valve, narrowing the opening and causing more platelets and red blood cells to pool and clot. Clotting of immobile blood on both sides of the blockage can cause the clot to spread in both directions. Acute blockage (embolism) of a blood vessel by a thrombus that has detached from its place of formation (on the wall of a vessel) and entered the circulating blood. As a result of this blockage, blood flow in the vessel stops—a condition called thromboembolism. [ 1 ]


Acute thrombus in the right MCA M1 branch


Cancer-associated thrombosis can result from: (1) stasis, i.e., direct pressure on blood vessels by the tumor mass, poor performance status, and bed rest following surgical procedures; (2) iatrogenic, due to treatment with antineoplastic medications; and (3) secretion of heparanase from malignant tumors that results in degradation of endogenous heparin. [ 36 ]


A lower leg vein with good flow. Statis of blood would occur if this vein was compressed and blood flow decreased or was stopped.


The poplitial vein can be one site of venous stasis in the lower leg. Obstruction of this vein during travel contributes to statis.


Illustration comparing normal artery with diseased artery with a blood clot.


Animation of the formation of an occlusive thrombus in a vein. A few platelets attach themselves to the valve lips, constricting the opening and causing more platelets and red blood cells to aggregate and coagulate. Coagulation of unmoving blood on both sides of the blockage may propagate a clot in both directions.


Mechanism of blood clotting


Toxic granulation in two  white blood cells ,  bone marrow aspiration .


Türk's solution in a laboratory bottle


Still photo of a venipuncture procedure


An elastic  tourniquet  used to temporarily restrict blood flow. The tourniquet distends the veins, making them more  palpable  and visible.


Vacutainer blood vials


Welts on the hand and forearm


Atherosclerosis: narrowing of the artery


Symptoms of Raynaud's disease


Symptoms of erythromelalgia


Angiography showing blockade of coronary artery


The pale hand of a woman with severe anemia (left) in comparison to the normal hand of her husband (right)


Seven-year-old Nigerian boy with Burkitt's lymphoma presenting with a severely ulcerated and swollen jaw


Blood film of hemoglobin SC disease, showing many  target cells  and few sickle cells


(a) schematic representation of a hemoglobin molecule,  showing alpha and beta globins. (b) structure of the heme molecular component of hemoglobin


Red blood cells from a person with beta thalassemia


Historical distribution of red blood cell abnormalities


Yellowing of the sclera due to jaundice.


Blood smear of a patient with sickle cell disease. The characteristic sickle-shaped appearance of red blood cells can be observed.


Blood smear of a patient with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP). Notice that some red blood cells are nucleated. This is a characteristic finding in such blood smears.


Process of heme breakdown that leads to the production of bilirubin, in extravascular hemolysis.


Zones of cephalocaudal jaundice progression according to the Kramer's scale.


Phototherapy for newborns with jaundice.


Pathophysiology of hypovolemia


Leukocytes


Otitis


Vitamin B 12


Characteristic staining pattern of perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies ( p-ANCA ) around the nucleii of neutrophils


3-D simulation of a neutrophil


Newborn infant with severe Rhesus disease, suffering from  hydrops fetalis . The infant did not survive. [ 3 ]


Ultrasound images and electrocardiogram of an infant with  hydrops fetalis  as the result of severe Rh disease. A) Ultrasound image of the fetal head showing scalp edema (arrow); (B) ultrasound image showing high abundance ascites (arrow) on a sagittal section of the abdomen; (C) Sinusoidal type fetal heart rate recording [ 3 ]


Modern hospital hematology laboratory


A  venipuncture  performed using a  vacutainer


Vacutainer  tubes used in the collection of blood. During venipuncture, pressure differences between the vein and the vacuum in the Vacutainer forces blood into the tube.


The  adrenal glands  sit atop the kidneys.


Location of the  pituitary gland


Thrombin generation curves  in the absence (HPP -APC) and presence (HPP +APC) of  activated protein C  (APC) in healthy pooled plasma and in plasma of women on various  combined oral contraceptives . [ 5 ]  The contraceptives are  estetrol/drospirenone  (E4/DRSP),  ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel  (EE/LNG),  ethinylestradiol/desogestrel  (EE/DSG), and  ethinylestradiol/drospirenone  (EE/DRSP). [ 5 ]


Perinuclear staining typical of p-ANCA


The granular, cytoplasmic staining pattern of c-ANCA


Immunofluorescence staining pattern of ANCA. Top left – PR3 antibodies on ethanol-fixed neutrophils (c-ANCA pattern). Bottom left – PR3 antibodies on formalin-fixed neutrophils(c-ANCA pattern). Top right – MPO antibodies on ethanol-fixed neutrophils (p-ANCA pattern). Bottom right – MPO antibodies on formalin-fixed neutrophils (c-ANCA pattern).(FITC conjugate)


Bench top analyzer ABL800 FLEX -  Radiometer Medical


Modern, blood gas analyzer. This device is capable of reporting pH,  pCO 2 , pO 2 , SatO 2 , Na + , K + , Cl − , Ca 2+ , Hemoglobin (total and derivatives: O 2 Hb, MetHb, COHb, HHb, CNHb, SHb ), Hematocrit, Total bilirubin, Glucose, Lactate and Urea. (Cobas b 221 -  Roche Diagnostics ).


Detail of measurement chamber of a modern blood gas analyzer showing the measurement electrodes. (Cobas b 121 - Roche Diagnostics)


ABO antigens and antibodies


Blood typing for the  RhC/c, RhE/e  and  K  antigens


Blood typing by column agglutination method: type O positive


Anaerobic, aerobic, and paediatric blood culture bottles


Signs of growth in manual blood culture systems: a) a film of growth ( pellicle ) on the surface; b) bubbles from gas production; c)  turbidity  from microbial growth (in right bottle); d) visible microbial colonies [ 42 ]


Loading a target plate containing microbial samples into a  Bruker  Biotyper, an instrument used for  MALDI-TOF  analysis in microbiology


An early vacuum tube system for blood culture collection, described by C.E. Simon & C.C.W. Judd in 1915 [ 85 ]


Variations of red blood cell shape on blood film, overall termed  poikilocytosis


Blood smears showing various developmental stages of the malaria parasite  Plasmodium falciparum , stained with  Wright stain  and  Giemsa stain


The fluctuation of blood sugar (red) and the sugar-lowering hormone  insulin  (blue) in humans during the course of a day with three meals. One of the effects of a  sugar -rich vs a  starch -rich meal is highlighted. [ 1 ]


A schematic of a complement fixation test


The  cells  and  platelets  in human blood. The  red blood cells , which carry oxygen are predominant and give rise to the colour of blood. The  white blood cells  are part of the  immune system . The platelets are needed to  form clots , which prevent excessive bleeding.


Sysmex  XT-4000i automated  hematology analyzer


The Coulter principle—the transient current drop is proportional to the particle volume


Example of a white blood cell differential scattergram: differently coloured clusters indicate different cell populations


Manual determination of hematocrit. The blood has been centrifuged, separating it into red blood cells and plasma.


Blood smear  from a person with  iron deficiency anemia , displaying characteristic red blood cell morphology. The red blood cells are abnormally small ( microcytosis ), have large areas of central pallor ( hypochromia ), and vary greatly in size ( anisocytosis ).


Blood film from a person with  chronic myeloid leukemia : many immature and abnormal white blood cells are visible.


Blood film of  essential thrombocythemia . Platelets are visible as small purple structures.


Red blood cells stained with  new methylene blue : the cells containing dark blue structures are reticulocytes.


Blood smear from a newborn baby, showing a few nucleated red cells


Red blood cell agglutination : clumps of red blood cells are visible on the blood smear


An early hemoglobinometer: blood samples were compared to a colour chart of reference standards to determine the hemoglobin level. [ 199 ]


Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky  invented Romanowsky staining.


Model A Coulter counter


Schematic showing the direct and indirect Coombs tests


Algorithm for the main diagnoses in a positive DAT [ 7 ]


Plasmodium  Glutamate dehydrogenase (pGluDH) separated by counterimmunoelectrophoresis [ 1 ]


Cytometers  are the instruments which count the blood cells in the common blood test.


A  hemocytometer


Model A  Coulter Counter  — The first commercial flow cytometer


D-dimer formation.  Shown are  fibrinogen , with its one  E  domain and two  D  domains, acted upon in cascade, by the following  enzymes :  Thrombin , to create a  mesh of fibrin  protofibrils;  Factor XIII  to  crosslink the fibrin mesh  (linking protofibril D domains), the scaffold for  clot  formation;  Plasmin , whose action in  fibrinolysis  produces  fibrin degradation products  ( FDPs ), the smallest of which are  D-dimers , protein fragments with one E and two crosslinked D domains from an original fibrinogen. [ 1 ] [ 5 ]


Russell's viper,  Daboia russelii


Svante Arrhenius , father of the concept of electrolyte dissociation in  aqueous solution  for which he received the  Nobel Prize in Chemistry  in 1903


Electrolytic cell  producing  chlorine  (Cl 2 ) and  sodium hydroxide  (NaOH) from a solution of common salt


A LabCorp fecal occult blood immunoassay testing kit.


A positive traditional guaiac fecal occult blood test


Iron uptake through the 3-fold channel of ferritin


The FibroTest score (in this case 0.88) may indicate the presence of  cirrhosis .


Blood glucose monitoring


Schematic diagram of a flow cytometer, from sheath focusing to data acquisition.


Analysis of a marine sample of  photosynthetic   picoplankton  by flow cytometry showing three different populations ( Prochlorococcus ,  Synechococcus , and  picoeukaryotes )


Flow cytometry gating into main categories of  blood cells  by  side scatter  and  CD45 , in a case with normal distributions.


Cell Sorting Using Flow Cytometry and Droplet Technology


Use of flow cytometry to measure copy number variation of a specific DNA sequence ( Flow-FISH )


Flow cytometry using  7-Aminoactinomycin D  (7-AAD), wherein a lower signal indicates viable cells. Therefore, this case shows good viability.


Proteins separated by  SDS-PAGE ,  Coomassie brilliant blue  staining


Postulated migration of proteins in a Laemmli gel system A: Stacking gel, B: Resolving gel, o: sample application c: discontinuities in the buffer and electrophoretic matrix


Schematic representation of a protein electrophoresis gel.


Serum protein electrophoresis showing a paraprotein (peak in the gamma zone) in a patient with  multiple myeloma .


Four generations of blood glucose meter, c. 1991–2005. Sample sizes vary from 30 to 0.3 μl. Test times vary from 5 seconds to 2 minutes (modern meters typically require less than 15 seconds).


Glycation pathway via Amadori rearrangement (in HbA1c, R is typically N-terminal valine). [ 16 ]


Diagram of packed cell volume


A man uses a hand centrifuge to analyse two test tubes with blood,  Guinea-Bissau , 1973.


INR self monitoring with one blood drop. the INR is too high and the warfarine dose must be decreased.


Percentiles for Jostel's TSH index (TSHI or JTI) along with reference ranges for thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT) and univariable reference ranges for thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), shown in the two-dimensional phase plane defined by serum concentrations of TSH and FT4.


Kaolin


KB stain with green marks at cells counted as fetal (HbF) cells, and red marks at incompletely colored cells at top and a too small cell at right


Plasmodium  Glutamate dehydrogenase (pGluDH) precipitated by host antibodies [ 1 ]


Comparison of Plasmodium Lactate Dehydrogenase (PLDH) Malaria Antibodies


Hemoglobin


The image on the left shows a monocyte actively phagocytizing an antibody-sensitized red blood cell. The image on the right shows multiple RBC that have been phagocytized by a single monocyte.


Blood is collected from a vein by a phlebotomist


Figure 2: Production pathway of PCT and CT in healthy and infected individuals via the induction of CALC-1 gene


Risk of prostate cancer in two age groups based on  Free PSA  as % of Total PSA [ 65 ]


Vacutainer tube used for PT and PTT blood tests


Patient testing with microINR from iLine Microsystems


A Roche CoaguChek XS


Levels of  estradiol  (the main estrogen),  progesterone ,  luteinizing hormone  and  follicle-stimulating hormone  during the menstrual cycle. [ 88 ]


Diagram showing a schematic nephron and its blood supply. The basic physiologic mechanisms of handling fluid and electrolytes by the nephron - filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion - are labelled.


Diagram showing a schematic  nephron  and its blood supply. The basic physiologic mechanisms of handling fluid and electrolytes by the nephron—filtration, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion—are labelled.


Reticulocyte


Erythrocyte


In his majority opinion, Justice  William J. Brennan, Jr.  emphasized that "[t]he overriding function of the Fourth Amendment is to protect personal privacy and dignity against unwarranted intrusion by the State." [ 37 ]


In his dissenting opinion, Justice  William O. Douglas  wrote that involuntary blood samples violate the right to privacy enumerated in  Griswold v. Connecticut . [ 44 ]


In his dissenting opinion in  South Dakota v. Neville , Justice  John Paul Stevens  wrote that  Schmerber  intended to adopt a broad and liberal interpretation of the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. [ 60 ]


IgG and IgM  rapid diagnostic test  for  COVID-19


O positive blood type: the patient's red cells are agglutinated by Anti-D (anti-Rh factor) antisera, but not by anti-A and anti-B antisera. The patient's plasma agglutinates type A and B red cells.


Interpretation of antibody panel used in serology to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems .  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


Reference ranges for blood tests , comparing blood content of iron and related compounds (shown in brown and orange) with other constituents.


An MHC tetramer binding to T-cell receptors (left), and an MHC molecule on the surface of an antigen presenting cell binding to T-cell receptors (right)


TGA thrombogram (thrombin generation curve) parameters. [ 1 ]  ETP is the endogenous thrombin potential or area under the curve. [ 1 ]


Thrombodynamics analyser scheme


Thromboelastography mechanics.


Normal thromboelastogram with parameters.


Reference ranges for thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT) and Jostel's TSH index (TSHI or JTI) compared to univariable reference ranges for thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), shown in the two-dimensional phase plane defined by serum concentrations of TSH and FT4.


Reference ranges for blood tests , sorted by mass and molar concentration, with thyroid function tests marked in  purple boxes  in left half of diagram.


Percentiles for thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT) along with reference ranges for Jostel's TSH index (TSHI or JTI) and univariable reference ranges for thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4), shown in the two-dimensional phase plane defined by serum concentrations of TSH and FT4.


The manual differential technique allows cells to be classified based on subtle changes in appearance, as in these  reactive lymphocytes  seen in a person with  infectious mononucleosis .


Closeup of the feathered edge of a stained blood smear


Example of a white blood cell differential scattergram: differently coloured clusters indicate different cell populations


An automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex XT-4000i)


The Model A Coulter counter, the first commercial hematology analyzer


A heme unit of human carboxyhaemoglobin, showing the  carbonyl ligand  at the apical position,  trans  to the histidine residue. [ 1 ]


Structure of hemoglobin Gower 2


Gene expression  of hemoglobin before and after birth, also showing the cells types and organs where different subunits are being produced over time (data on  Wood W.G. , (1976).  Br. Med. Bull. 32, 282. ) Figure last adapted by user Leonid 2.


Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves in fetus and adult


Increasing the body's production of fetal hemoglobin is used as a strategy to treat  sickle-cell disease .


Max Perutz  won the  Nobel Prize for chemistry  for his work determining the molecular structure of hemoglobin and  myoglobin [ 15 ]


Protein alignment of human hemoglobin proteins, alpha, beta, and delta subunits respectively. The alignments were created using  UniProt 's alignment tool available online.


Heme  b group


A schematic visual model of oxygen-binding process, showing all four  monomers  and  hemes , and  protein chains  only as diagrammatic coils, to facilitate visualization into the molecule.  Oxygen  is not shown in this model, but, for each of the  iron  atoms, it binds to the iron (red sphere) in the flat  heme . For example, in the upper-left of the four hemes shown, oxygen binds at the left of the iron atom shown in the upper-left of diagram. This causes the iron atom to move backward into the heme that holds it (the iron moves upward as it binds oxygen, in this illustration), tugging the  histidine  residue (modeled as a red pentagon on the right of the iron) closer, as it does. This, in turn, pulls on the protein chain holding the  histidine .


The sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin's oxygen-dissociation curve results from cooperative binding of  oxygen  to hemoglobin.


Gene expression of hemoglobin before and after birth. Also identifies the types of cells and organs in which the gene expression (data on  Wood W.G. , (1976).  Br. Med. Bull. 32, 282. )


A hemoglobin concentration measurement being administered before a blood donation at the  American Red Cross  Boston Blood Donation Center.


The giant tube worm  Riftia pachyptila  showing red hemoglobin-containing plumes


Heart of Steel (Hemoglobin)  (2005) by  Julian Voss-Andreae . The images show the 5-foot (1.5 m) tall sculpture right after installation, after 10 days, and after several months of exposure to the elements.


The structure of adult human hemoglobin.  α  and  β  subunits are shown in red and blue, and the iron-containing  heme  groups in green. From  PDB : 1GZX  Proteopedia  Hemoglobin.


Biosynthesis of heme which involves many enzymatic steps which begin in the mitochondrion and ends in the cytoplasm of the cell.


A :Normal  red blood cells  are shown flowing freely in a  blood vessel  on the top of the diagram. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin.  B :Demonstrates abnormal, sickled red blood cells blocking blood flow in a blood vessel ( vaso-occlusive crisis ). The inset image shows a cross-section of a sickle cell with sickle hemoglobin. From: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/


Blood smear from an individual with Beta-Thalassemia


First thirty amino acid of normal Hb (on top) and of HbE (down).


Heredity of hemoglobin E/β-thalassemia


Distribution of red blood cell abnormalities worldwide


Diagram of an example of a hemoglobin mutation


A mutated hemoglobin protein


Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland


In human, the HBB gene is located on  chromosome 11  at position p15.5.


Global distribution of red blood cell abnormalities


Hemoglobin


Nucleated Red Blood Cells


The structure of  cytochrome b5 reductase , the enzyme that converts methemoglobin to hemoglobin. [ 1 ]


Image of a positive  Kleihauer–Betke test ; the pink smudges are foetal-haemoglobin-containing red blood cells that have entered maternal circulation.


Athar Blood Bank Inauguration ceremony. (L-R) Maulana Syed Shahabuddin Salfi Firdausi, Sushil Kumar Shinde (Then Minister of Power India) and Qayyum Inamdar


Athar Blood Bank Inauguration ceremony. (L-R) Alka Rathod, Praniti Shinde, Maulana Syed Shahabuddin Salfi Firdausi, Sushil Kumar Shinde, Dilip Rao Mane, Qayyum Inamdar


B Positive Choir performing for Anthony Nolan


Various Blood Donation Badges of Honor


Blood bank in France


Luis Agote  ( second from right ) overseeing one of the first safe and effective blood transfusions in 1914


World War II Russian syringe for direct inter-human blood transfusion


Alexander Bogdanov  established a scientific institute to research the effects of blood transfusion in Moscow, 1925.


British poster encouraging people to donate  blood  for the war effort


Wounded soldier is given  blood plasma  in  Sicily , 1943.


Charles R. Drew  oversaw the production of blood plasma for shipping to Britain during WW2.


Woman receiving blood donation, Sydney, Australia, 1940


Blood donation at the  Royal Melbourne Hospital  during the 1940s


US  Food and Drug Administration  scientist prepares blood donation samples for testing.


Whole blood is often separated, using a centrifuge, into components for storage and transportation.


Blood donation camp in New Delhi


Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men      -Men who have sex with men may donate blood;  No deferral      -Men who have sex with men may donate blood;  Temporary deferral      -Men who have sex with men may not donate blood;  Permanent deferral      -No Data


Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men      -Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood;  No deferral      -Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood;  Temporary deferral      -Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood;  Permanent deferral      -No Data


American Red Cross  bloodmobile at the  University of California, San Diego .


Imam Hussain AS  Blood Donation Campaign Logo


Daya Bir Singh Kansakar


Paropakar Adarsha High School, established 1952


Prasuti Griha maternity hospital, established 1959


A duck tagged for the project and ready to be found


Oliver's former home at 5 Colyton Road, as of 2015


Blue plaque erected in 1979 by Greater London Council at 5 Colyton Road, Peckham Rye, Southwark


Platelets collected by using  apheresis  at an  American Red Cross  donation center


A single line cartridge based, centrifuge machine. Collecting a 'double unit' in this instance.


Plasma can be collected simultaneously with a platelet donation.


Platelet donation by a single line automatic separation and leukocyte reduction apheresis machine at an Australian donation centre in 2020


Platelet donation by a double catheter at a US donation center in 2022. Blood is drawn from the right arm, platelets are extracted using the machine, and the remaining blood components are returned through the left arm


A  hematoma  caused by a dislodged needle during a plateletpheresis donation


Tara Devi as a nurse in 1961.


The nunnery of Dharmakirti Vihar, Kathmandu.


A donor's arm at various stages of donation. The two photographs on the left show a blood pressure cuff being used as a tourniquet.


Starting Timeline of YFB


4th Meeting of YFB at Federation of Nepalese Journalist's Building, Biratnagar


Street Blood Awareness Campaign


'My Email to My PM' Campaign to pressurized government to lower service charge of blood


Interior of the  United States   Department of Defense  Serum Repository (DoDSR).


Exterior of the  United States   Department of Defense  Serum Repository (DoDSR), located at 11800 Tech Road, Silver Spring, MD.


Interior of one of 15 of the large walk-in freezers in the DoDSR.


International Council for Standardization in Haematology


Jeannie Callum


A diagram depicting CAR T-cell therapy from the National Cancer Institute (NCI)


Comparison between healthy red blood cells and red blood cells in an individual with sickle cell anemia.


Bone marrow  aspirate  showing normal "trilineage hematopoiesis":  myelomonocytic cells  (an  eosinophil  myelocyte marked),  erythroid cells  (an  orthochromatic  erythroblast marked), and  megakaryocytic cells


Hematopoietic precursor cells:  promyelocyte  in the center, two  metamyelocytes  next to it and  band cells  from a bone marrow aspirate


A  Wright's-stained  bone marrow aspirate smear from a patient with  leukemia


A bone marrow harvest in progress


The preferred sites for the procedure


Bone marrow may have first evolved in  Eusthenopteron , a species of prehistoric fish with close links to early  tetrapods .


Life cycle of a red blood cell


Micrograph  showing  nucleated red blood cells  (bottom left of image), one of the elements necessary to call extramedullary hematopoiesis, in an  endometrial polyp .  H&E stain .


Diagram of human haematopoiesis, showing all types of granulocyte precursors.


Diagram showing the development of different blood cells from haematopoietic stem cell to mature cells


Sites of haematopoiesis (human) in pre- and postnatal periods


More detailed and comprehensive diagram that shows the development of different blood cells in humans: The morphological characteristics of the hematopoietic cells are shown as seen in a Wright's stain, May-Giemsa stain or May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain. Alternative names of certain cells are indicated between parentheses. Certain cells may have more than one characteristic appearance. In these cases, more than one representation of the same cell has been included. Together, the monocyte and the lymphocytes comprise the agranulocytes, as opposed to the granulocytes (basophil, neutrophil and eosinophil) that are produced during granulopoiesis. B., N. and E. stand for Basophilic, Neutrophilic and Eosinophilic, respectively – as in Basophilic promyelocyte. For  lymphocytes, the T and B are actual designations. The polychromatic erythrocyte (reticulocyte) at the right shows its characteristic appearance when stained with methylene blue or Azure B. The erythrocyte at the right is a more accurate representation of its appearance in reality when viewed through a microscope. Other cells that arise from the monocyte: osteoclast, microglia (central nervous system), Langerhans cell (epidermis), Kupffer cell (liver). For clarity, the T and B lymphocyte are split to better indicate that the plasma cell arises from the B-cell. Note that there is no difference in the appearance of B- and T-cells unless specific staining is applied.


Diagram including some of the important cytokines that determine which type of blood cell will be created. [ 23 ]  SCF=  Stem cell factor ; Tpo=  Thrombopoietin ; IL=  Interleukin ; GM-CSF=  Granulocyte Macrophage-colony stimulating factor ; Epo=  Erythropoietin ; M-CSF=  Macrophage-colony stimulating factor ; G-CSF=  Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor ; SDF-1=  Stromal cell-derived factor-1 ; FLT-3 ligand= FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; TNF-a =  Tumour necrosis factor-alpha ; TGFβ =  Transforming growth factor  beta [ 23 ] [ 24 ]


Immunology pioneer  Elie Metchnikoff


Early B cell development: from stem cell to immature B cell


Transitional B cell  development: from immature B cell to MZ B cell or mature  FO B cell .


Figure 1. Summary of the effects of mitochondrial mass on hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and proliferation. [ 24 ]  Created with BioRender.com


Figure 2. Summary of HIF1α regulation in hematopoietic stem cells. Stabilization of HIF1α causes a shift towards glycolysis, while degradation promotes the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. [ 28 ]


ABO blood group  antigens  present on  red blood cells  and  IgM   antibodies  present in the  serum


Ukraine  marine uniform imprint, showing the wearer's blood type as "B (III) Rh+"


Jan Janský, who invented type I, II, III, IV system


A and B are  codominant , giving the AB  phenotype .


Punnett square  of the possible genotypes and phenotypes of children given genotypes and phenotypes of their mother (rows) and father (columns) shaded by phenotype


Main symptoms that may appear in anemia [ 20 ]


The hand of a person with severe anemia (on the left, with ring) compared to one without (on the right)


Symptoms of anemia are written in  Bengali , Hindi and English language on a board at  AIIMS Kalyani ,  West Bengal .


Figure shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin. [ 34 ]


Peripheral blood smear microscopy of a patient with  iron-deficiency anemia


A Giemsa-stained blood film from a person with iron-deficiency anemia. This person also had hemoglobin Kenya.


An antibody elution removes bound antibody from the surface of a red blood cell to aid in the antibody identification process.


This infographic shows the acid antibody elution principle.


Styptic pencil


Alum  block and razor


Diagram illustrating the principles of autotransfusion


Illustration depicting bone autograft


A  subconjunctival hemorrhage  is a common and relatively minor post- LASIK  complication.


Micrograph  showing abundant  hemosiderin -laden  alveolar macrophages  (dark brown), as seen in a  pulmonary hemorrhage .  H&E stain .


Fibrosarcoma cells, reportedly stained with an antibody binding to CD151 (green) and a dye for the nucleus (blue).


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems .  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems , including Duffy.  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


The arterial pressure points


Warfarin


Albumin


Causes of gastrointestinal bleeding


The Blakemore esophageal balloon used for stopping esophageal bleeds if other measures have failed


N -Acetylgalactosamine


Sphingosine


A  neutrophil  seen in a  blood smear


Newborn infant with  Rhesus disease , a type of hemolytic disease of the newborn, suffering from  hydrops fetalis  (edema caused by heart failure). The infant did not survive. [ 4 ]


Hh antigen system  - diagram showing the molecular structure of the ABO(H) antigen system


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant human blood group systems


HLA region of Chromosome 6


DR protein (DRA:DRB1*0101 gene products) with bound Staphylococcal enterotoxin ligand (subunit I-C), view is top down showing all DR amino acid residues within 5 Angstroms of the SEI peptide.  PDB :  2G9H


Illustration of an HLA-DQ molecule (magenta and blue) with a bound ligand (yellow) floating on the plasma membrane of the cell


Codominant expression of HLA genes


Chemical structure of  N -acetyllactosamine , the base unit in I and i antigens


The corporate logo incorporates a stylised  pelican , as well as the name of the service.


Autosomal recessive inheritance


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems , including Kell.  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems , including Kidd.  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


Samuel Armstrong Lane. Litograph by  Richard James Lane .


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems , including Lewis.  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


Physician Mary N. Crawford worked at the Serum Exchange of the  Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , where, in 1962, she discovered that she was one of a few people in the world with the rare blood type Lu (a−b−) and that her blood might be donated to a patient in Great Britain.


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems , including MNS.  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


Awards for 50, 25 and 100 donations


The  Battenburg markings  used on service vehicles


UK Transplant offices in north Bristol


Structures of P1PK blood group antigens


Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant  human blood group systems , including P1P k .  Further information:  Blood compatibility testing


Plasma donation uses two lines – a single needle connects to one line that splits into an outgoing line and a return line. A spur can also be seen that is used for collecting test samples of the whole blood.


Detail shows the process as the return line is filling for the first time


Detail shows the process when the return line is full


An  Erythropheresis  machine being used for plasmapheresis


Edwin J. Cohn  &  Josep Antoni Grífols i Roig  [ ca ]  at the 4th International Congress of Blood Transfusion, Lisbon, 1951


The  ligands , denoted by letter L, signal for platelets (P) to migrate towards the wound (Site A). As more platelets gather around the opening, they produce more ligands to amplify the response. The platelets congregate around the wound in order to create a cap to stop blood flow out of the tissue.


Platelets derive from multipotent marrow stem cells.


Platelets extruded from megakaryocytes


3D rendering of four inactivated and three activated platelets


Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. From left to right: human  erythrocyte , activated platelet,  leukocyte .


Diagram of the structure of a platelet showing the granules


Platelet clumps in a blood smear


On for example optical densitometry, a first and second wave of platelet aggregation is seen, in this case for an  ADP -initiated aggregation.


Platelet concentrate


Platelets collected by using  apheresis  at an  American Red Cross  donation center


Whole blood placed in centrifuge prior to two-stage centrifugation


Purpura spots


Performing a uterine massage


Side view of a uterine massage with underlying anatomy


Platelet factor 4 can cause  heparin-induced thrombocytopenia .


The name  rhesus factor  (Rh) goes back to the use of  erythrocytes  extracted from the blood of  rhesus monkeys  for obtaining the first  blood serum .


1. This is the Rh-positive blood cell. 2. This is the Rh-negative blood cell. 3. These are the antigens on the Rh-positive blood cell that make it positive. The antigens allow the positive blood cell to attach to specific antibodies.


This is a Punnett square for Rh factor inheritance. This square specifically shows two heterozygous Rh positive parents and the possible genotypes/phenotypes the offspring could have.


Example of breast augmentation by fat grafting


Human mesenchymal stem cells


Benign calcification in breast, at high magnification


Nature of stem cell therapies offered across surveyed websites


A one-gram ampoule of tranexamic acid


A chest x-ray showing pulmonary edema with bilateral pleural effusions.


An illustration of an individual receiving intravenous blood transfusion.


A person receiving supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula.


Chest X-ray  of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) compared to chest X-ray of the same person after treatment


Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) illustration. The donor twin (D) is confined within the amniotic sac, whereas the recipient twin (R) has freedom of movement.


Illustration of a  fetoscopy  and laser ablation of connecting vessels in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome


De Wikkelkinderen  (The Swaddled Children), 1617, by an unknown artist, is thought to depict TTTS.


Autosomal recessive inheritance


Patients with anti-Vel antibodies require rare Vel-negative  donor blood , or may self-donate before elective surgery that calls for a blood transfusion.


The donor drinks some liquid (here a tube of apple juice) to replace the lost blood volume, eats some cookies, and is on his way in about 10 minutes.


The needle is removed and pressure is applied over the venipuncture site, then a bandage is placed for the next couple of hours.


Just after the bag has filled, blood from the line is taken to fill several collection tubes for further testing.


Blood fills the collection bag by gravity in a few minutes. The sealed plastic collection bag contains a blood preservative.


The needle used to draw the blood from the vein is gently inserted.


The disinfectant is applied to the area around the vein to be used.


The site for drawing blood is selected and disinfected. A prominent vein is chosen for the venipuncture site.


The donor sits in a reclining chair. An inflatable cuff on the arm is used to check blood pressure and to maintain venous filling.


The blood is drawn into a capillary tube which is then spun in the small centrifuge (seen in the background) to determine the hematocrit.


A fingerstick yields a drop of blood for testing to determine if the donor has a high enough hematocrit to safely donate blood.


In the interview process a questionnaire is filled out. The questions are designed to identify potential health problems for the donor or potential infections that may be present in the donor that could be transmitted through transfusion to another person.