{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.12", "caption": "Figure 21.12\u00a0(a) This colorized electron micrograph shows Zika virus particles (red). (b) Women infected by the Zika virus during pregnancy may give birth to children with microcephaly, a deformity characterized by an abnormally small head and brain. (credit a, b: modifications of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.13", "caption": "Figure 21.13\u00a0Virions of the rabies virus have a characteristic bullet-like shape. (credit: modification of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.15.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.14", "caption": "Figure 21.14 (a) An Emerson respiratory (or iron lung) that was used to help some polio victims to breathe. (b) Polio can also result in impaired motor function. (credit b: modification of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.16.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.15", "caption": "Figure 21.15\u00a0(a) Polio is caused by the poliovirus. (b) Two American virologists developed the first polio vaccines: Albert Sabin (left) and Jonas Salk (right). (credit a: modification of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.16", "caption": "Figure 21.16\u00a0The replicative cycle of misfolded prion proteins.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.19", "caption": "Figure 20.19\u00a0A blood smear (human blood stage) shows an early trophozoite in a delicate ring form (upper left) and an early stage schizont form (center) of Plasmodium falciparum from a patient with malaria. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.28.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.5", "caption": "Figure 21.5 (a) A normal human brain removed during an autopsy. (b) The brain of a patient who died from bacterial meningitis. Note the pus under the dura mater (being retracted by the forceps) and the red hemorrhagic foci on the meninges. (credit b: modification of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.6", "caption": "Figure 21.6 N. meningitidis (arrows) associated with neutrophils (the larger stained cells) in a gram-stained CSF sample. (credit: modification of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.7", "caption": "Figure 21.7\u00a0To prevent campus outbreaks, some colleges now require students to be vaccinated against meningogoccal meningitis. (credit: modification of work by James Gathany, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-26.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.9", "caption": "Figure 21.9 A tetanus patient exhibiting the rigid body posture known as opisthotonos. (credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.9.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.10", "caption": "Figure 21.10 (a) An electron micrograph of Listeria monocytogenes infecting a host cell. (b) Listeria is able to use host cell components to cause infection. For example, phagocytosis allows it to enter host cells, and the host\u2019s cytoskeleton provides the materials to help the pathogen move to other cells. (credit a: modification of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by Keith Ireton)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.3", "caption": "Figure 21.3 The layers of tissue surrounding the human brain include three meningeal membranes: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. (credit: modification of work by National Institutes of Health)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 21.4", "caption": "Figure 21.4 (a) A myelinated neuron is associated with oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cell that forms the myelin sheath in the CNS that insulates the axon so that electrochemical nerve impulses are transferred more efficiently. (b) A synapse consists of the axonal end of the presynaptic neuron (top) that releases neurotransmitters that cross the synaptic space (or cleft) and bind to receptors on dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron (bottom).", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-26.4.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.18", "caption": "Figure 20.18\u00a0The life cycle of Plasmodium. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.27.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.20", "caption": "Figure 20.20\u00a0The infectious cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. (credit: \u201cdiagram\u201d: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit \u201ccat\u201d: modification of work by \u201cKaCey97078\u201d/Flickr)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.29.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.21", "caption": "Figure 20.21\u00a0(a) Giemsa-stained Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites from a smear of peritoneal fluid obtained from a mouse inoculated with T. gondii. Tachyzoites are typically crescent shaped with a prominent, centrally placed nucleus. Microscopic cyst containing T. gondii from mouse brain tissue. Thousands of resting parasites (stained red) are contained in a thin parasite cyst wall. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by USDA)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.30.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.14", "caption": "Figure 20.14\u00a0An Ebola virus particle viewed with electron microscopy. These filamentous viruses often exhibit looped or hooked ends. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.22.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.15", "caption": "Figure 20.15 This micrograph shows HIV particles (green) budding from a lymphocyte (top right). (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.23.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.17", "caption": "Figure 20.17\u00a0This graph shows the clinical progression of CD4 T cells (blue line), clinical symptoms, and viral RNA (red line) during an HIV infection. (credit: modification of work by Kogan M, and Rappaport J)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.25.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.6", "caption": "Figure 20.6 Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, has numerous modes of transmission. The modes are divided into two ecological classes: urban and sylvatic (i.e., forest or rural). The urban cycle primarily involves transmission from infected urban mammals (rats) to humans by flea vectors (brown arrows). The disease may travel between urban centers (purple arrow) if infected rats find their way onto ships or trains. The sylvatic cycle involves mammals more common in nonurban environments. Sylvatic birds and mammals (including humans) may become infected after eating infected mammals (pink arrows) or by flea vectors. Pneumonic transmission occurs between humans or between humans and infected animals through the inhalation of Y. pestis in aerosols. (credit \u201cdiagram\u201d: modification of work by Stenseth NC, Atshabar BB, Begon M, Belmain SR, Bertherat E, Carniel E, Gage KL, Leirs H, and Rahalison L; credit \u201ccat\u201d: modification of work by \u201cKaCey97078\u201d/Flickr)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.9.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.7", "caption": "Figure 20.7 (a) Yersinia pestis infection can cause inflamed and swollen lymph nodes (buboes), like these in the groin of an infected patient. (b) Septicemic plague caused necrotic toes in this patient. Vascular damage at the extremities causes ischemia and tissue death. (credit a: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology; credit b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.8", "caption": "Figure 20.8 This Wright\u2019s stain of a blood sample from a patient with plague shows the characteristic \u201csafety pin\u201d appearance of Yersinia pestis. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.9", "caption": "Figure 20.9 This image shows the 2-year life cycle of the black-legged tick, the biological vector of Lyme disease. (credit \u201cmouse\u201d: modification of work by George Shuklin)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.10", "caption": "Figure 20.10 (a) A characteristic bull\u2019s eye rash of Lyme disease forms at the site of a tick bite. (b) A darkfield micrograph shows Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.15.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.2", "caption": "Figure 20.2 The major components of the human circulatory system include the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. This network delivers blood to the body\u2019s organs and tissues. (credit top left: modification of work by Mariana Ruiz Villareal; credit bottom right: modification of work by Bruce Blaus)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.3", "caption": "Figure 20.3 The essential components of the human lymphatic system drain fluid away from tissues.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 20.5", "caption": "Figure 20.5 (a) The spleen is a lymphatic organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen near the stomach and left kidney. It contains numerous phagocytes and lymphocytes that combat and prevent circulatory infections by killing and removing pathogens from the blood. (b) Lymph nodes are masses of lymphatic tissue located along the larger lymph vessels. They contain numerous lymphocytes that kill and remove pathogens from lymphatic fluid that drains from surrounding tissues.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-25.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 19.17", "caption": "Figure 19.17 (a) Adult Ascaris lumbricoides roundworms can cause intestinal blockage. (b) This mass of A. lumbricoides worms was excreted by a child. (c) A micrograph of a fertilized egg of A. lumbricoides. Fertilized eggs can be distinguished from unfertilized eggs because they are round rather than elongated and have a thicker cell wall. (credit a: modification of work by South African Medical Research Council; credit b: modification of work by James Gathany, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit c: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-24.32.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 19.18", "caption": "Figure 19.18 (a) E. vermicularis are tiny nematodes commonly called pinworms. (b) This micrograph shows pinworm eggs.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-24.34.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 19.14", "caption": "Figure 19.14 Rotaviruses in a fecal sample are visualized using electron microscopy. (credit: Dr. Graham Beards)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-24.24.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 19.12", "caption": "Figure 19.12 Clostridium difficile is able to colonize the mucous membrane of the colon when the normal microbiota is disrupted. The toxins TcdA and TcdB trigger an immune response, with neutrophils and monocytes migrating from the bloodstream to the site of infection. Over time, inflammation and dead cells contribute to the development of a pseudomembrane. (credit micrograph: modification of work by Janice Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-24.21.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 19.7", "caption": "Figure 19.7 Tooth decay occurs in stages. When bacterial biofilms (plaque) develop on teeth, the acids produced gradually dissolve the enamel, followed by the dentin. Eventually, if left untreated, the lesion may reach the pulp and cause an abscess. (credit: modification of work by \u201cBruceBlaus\u201d/Wikimedia Commons)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-24.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 19.8", "caption": "Figure 19.8 (a) Tartar (dental calculus) is visible at the bases of these teeth. The darker deposits higher on the crowns are staining. (b) This tooth shows only a small amount of visible decay. (c) An X-ray of the same tooth shows that there is a dark area representing more decay inside the tooth. (d) Removal of a portion of the crown reveals the area of damage. (e) All of the cavity must be removed before filling. (credit: modification of work by \u201cDRosenbach\u201d/Wikimedia Commons)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-24.8.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 19.5", "caption": "Figure 19.5 (a) The structure of the wall of the small intestine allows for the majority of nutrient absorption in the body. (b) Villi are folds in the surface of the small intestine. Microvilli are cytoplasmic extensions on individual cells that increase the surface area for absorption. (c) A light micrograph shows the shape of the villi. (d) An electron micrograph shows the shape of the microvilli. (credit b, c, d: Modification of micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-24.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.16", "caption": "Figure 18.16\u00a0Trichomonas vaginalis is visible in this Gram stained specimen. (credit: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.24.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.15", "caption": "Figure 18.15\u00a0Candida can produce germ tubes, like the one in this micrograph, that develop into hyphae. (credit: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.22.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.9", "caption": "Figure 18.9 Virions of the herpes simplex virus are shown here in this transmission electron micrograph. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.16.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.10", "caption": "Figure 18.10 Genital herpes is typically characterized by lesions on the genitals (left), but lesions can also appear elsewhere on the skin or mucous membranes (right). The lesions can be large and painful or small and easily overlooked. (credit b: modification of work by Schiffer JT, Swan D, Al Sallaq R, Magaret A, Johnston C, Mark KE, Selke S, Ocbamichael N, Kuntz S, Zhu J, Robinson B, Huang ML, Jerome KR, Wald A, and Corey)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.11", "caption": "Figure 18.11 Genital warts may occur around the anus (left) or genitalia (right). (credit left, right: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.12", "caption": "Figure 18.12 In this image, the cervical cells on the left are normal and those on the right show enlarged nuclei and hyperchromasia (darkly stained nuclei) typical of HPV-infected koilocytes. (credit: modification of work by Ed Uthman)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.19.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.13", "caption": "Figure 18.13\u00a0Details associated with two different viral infections of the reproductive tract.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.13-1.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.5", "caption": "Figure 18.5 In this vaginal smear, the cell at the lower left is a clue cell with a unique appearance caused by the presence of bacteria on the cell. The cell on the right is a normal cell.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.9.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.6", "caption": "Figure 18.6 (a) Clinical photograph of gonococcal discharge from penis. The lesions on the skin could indicate co- infection with another STI. (b) Purulent discharge originating from the cervix and accumulating in the vagina of a patient with gonorrhea. (c) A micrograph of urethral discharge shows gram-negative diplococci (paired cells) both inside and outside the leukocytes (large cells with lobed nuclei). These results could be used to diagnose gonorrhea in a male patient, but female vaginal samples may contain other Neisseria spp. even if the patient is not infected with gonorrhoeae. (credit a, b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit c: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.4", "caption": "Figure 18.4 A urine dipstick is compared against a color key to determine levels of various chemicals, proteins, or cells in the urine. Abnormal levels may indicate an infection. (credit: modification of work by Suzanne Wakim)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.2", "caption": "Figure 18.2 These structures of the human urinary system are present in both males and females.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 18.3", "caption": "Figure 18.3 The female reproductive system is located in close proximity to the urinary system. In males, the urethra is shared by the reproductive and urinary systems.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-23.4.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.15", "caption": "Figure 17.15 The illustration shows the structure of an influenza virus. The viral envelope is studded with copies of the proteins neuraminidase and hemagglutinin, and surrounds the individual seven or eight RNA genome segments. (credit: modification of work by Dan Higgins, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.15", "caption": "Figure 17.15", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.14-1.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.16", "caption": "Figure 17.16 (a) Measles typically presents as a raised macular rash that begins on the face and spreads to the extremities. (b) Koplik\u2019s spots on the oral mucosa are also characteristic of measles. (c) A thin-section transmission electron micrograph of a measles virion. (credit a, b, c: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.17", "caption": "Figure 17.17 (a) The characteristic appearance of the pustular chickenpox rash is concentrated on the trunk region. (b) This transmission electron micrograph shows a viroid of human herpesvirus 3, the virus that causes chickenpox in children and shingles when it is reactivated in adults. (credit b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.20.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.18", "caption": "Figure 17.18 (a) An individual suffering from shingles. (b) The rash is formed because of the reactivation of a varicella-zoster infection that was initially contracted in childhood. (credit a: modification of work by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); credit b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.21.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.5", "caption": "Figure 17.5 This scanning electron micrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes shows the characteristic cellular phenotype resembling chains of cocci. (credit: modification of work by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u2013 Medical Illustrator)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.6", "caption": "Figure 17.6 Streptococcal infections of the respiratory tract may cause localized pharyngitis or systemic signs and symptoms. (a) The characteristic appearance of strep throat: bright red arches of inflammation with the presence of dark-red spots (petechiae). (b) Scarlet fever presents as a rash on the skin. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by Alicia Williams)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.7", "caption": "Figure 17.7 (a) A healthy tympanic membrane; the middle ear bones can be seen behind the membrane. (b) An ear with chronic inflammation that has resulted in a torn membrane, erosion of the inner ear bones, and mucus buildup. (credit a: modification of work by \u201cDrER.tv\u201d/YouTube; credit b: modification of work by Li Mg, Hotez PJ, Vrabec JT, Donovan DT)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.8", "caption": "Figure 17.8 A chest radiograph of a patient with pneumonia shows the consolidations (lesions) present as opaque patches. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.9.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.9", "caption": "Figure 17.9 (a) This micrograph of Streptococcus pneumoniae grown from a blood culture shows the characteristic lancet-shaped diplococcal morphology. (b) A colorized scanning electron micrograph of S. pneumoniae. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by Janice Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.10", "caption": "Figure 17.10 Culture of Haemophilus influenzae on a chocolate agar plate. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.11", "caption": "Figure 17.11 The micrograph shows Mycoplasma pneumoniae using their specialized receptors to attach to epithelial cells in the trachea of an infected hamster. (credit: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.12.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.12", "caption": "Figure 17.12 In the infectious cycle of tuberculosis, the immune response of most infected individuals (approximately 90%) results in the formation of tubercles in which the infection is walled off.[footnote]G. Kaplan et al. \u201cMycobacterium tuberculosis Growth at the Cavity Surface: A Microenvironment with Failed Immunity.\u201d Infection and Immunity 71 no.12 (2003):7099\u20137108.[/footnote] The remainder will suffer progressive primary tuberculosis. The sequestered bacteria may be reactivated to form secondary tuberculosis in immunocompromised patients at a later time. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.13.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.13", "caption": "Figure 17.13 (a) The Mantoux skin test for tuberculosis involves injecting the subject with tuberculin protein derivative. The injection should initially produce a raised wheal. (b) The test should be read in 48\u201372 hours. A positive result is indicated by redness, swelling, or hardness; the size of the responding region is measured to determine the final result. (credit a, b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.2", "caption": "Figure 17.2 (a) The ear is connected to the upper respiratory tract by the eustachian tube, which opens to the nasopharynx. (b) The structures of the upper respiratory tract.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 17.3", "caption": "Figure 17.3 The structures of the lower respiratory tract are identified in this illustration. (credit: modification of work by National Cancer Institute)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-22.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.24", "caption": "Figure 16.24 This Loa loa worm, measuring about 55 mm long, was extracted from the conjunctiva of a patient with loiasis. The Loa loa has a complex life cycle. Biting deerflies native to the rain forests of Central and West Africa transmit the larvae between humans. (credit a: modification of work by Eballe AO, Ep\u00e9e E, Koki G, Owono D, Mvogo CE, Bella AL; credit b: modification of work by NIAID; credit c: modification of work by Centers for Disease Controland Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.36.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.25", "caption": "Figure 16.25\u00a0Details associated with loiasis, a parasitic skin and eye infection.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.25.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.22", "caption": "Figure 16.22 Tineas are superficial cutaneous mycoses and are common. (a) Tinea barbae (barber\u2019s itch) occurs on the lower face. (b) Tinea pedis (athlete\u2019s foot) occurs on the feet, causing itching, burning, and dry, cracked skin between the toes. (c) A close-up view of tinea corporis (ringworm) caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. (credit a, c: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by Al Hasan M, Fitzgerald SM, Saoudian M, Krishnaswamy G)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.29.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.19", "caption": "Figure 16.19 Warts can vary in shape and in location. (a) Multiple plantar warts have grown on this toe. (b) A filiform wart has grown on this eyelid.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.25.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.20", "caption": "Figure 16.20 This cold sore was caused by HSV-1. (credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.26.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.7", "caption": "Figure 16.7 (a) A mannitol salt agar plate is used to distinguish different species of staphylococci. In this plate, S. aureus is on the left and S. epidermidis is in the right. Because S. aureus is capable of fermenting mannitol, it produces acids that cause the color to change to yellow. (b) This scanning electron micrograph shows the characteristic grapelike clusters of S. aureus. (credit a: modification of work by \u201cScienceProfOnline\u201d/YouTube; credit b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.9.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.8", "caption": "Figure 16.8 Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles are infections of the skin often caused by Staphylococcus bacteria. (a) A furuncle contains pus and exhibits swelling. (b) A carbuncle is a pus-filled lesion that is typically deeper than the furuncle. It often forms from multiple furuncles. (credit a: modification of work by \u201cMahdouch\u201d/Wikimedia Commons; credit b: modification of work by \u201cDrvgaikwad\u201d/Wikimedia Commons)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.9", "caption": "Figure 16.9 A newborn with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), which results in large regions of peeling, dead skin. (credit: modification of work by D Jeyakumari, R Gopal, M Eswaran, and C MaheshKumar)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.10", "caption": "Figure 16.10 Impetigo is characterized by vesicles, pustules, or bullae that rupture, producing encrusted sores. (credit: modification of work by FDA)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.12.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.11", "caption": "Figure 16.11 Streptococcus pyogenes forms chains of cocci. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.13.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.12", "caption": "Figure 16.12 S. pyogenes can cause a variety of skin conditions once it breaches the skin barrier through a cut or wound. (a) Cellulitis presents as a painful, red rash. (b) Erysipelas presents as a raised rash, usually with clear borders. (c) Erythema nodosum is characterized by red lumps or nodules, typically on the lower legs. (credit a: modification of work by \u201cBassukas ID, Gaitanis G, Zioga A, Boboyianni C, Stergiopoulou C; credit b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit c: modification of work by Dean C, Crow WT)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.13", "caption": "Figure 16.13 (a) The left leg of this patient shows the clinical features of necrotizing fasciitis. (b) The same patient\u2019s leg is surgically debrided to remove the infection. (credit a, b: modification of work by Piotr Smuszkiewicz, Iwona Trojanowska, and Hanna Tomczak)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.15.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.14", "caption": "Figure 16.14 (a) Acne is characterized by whitehead and blackhead comedones that result from clogged hair follicles. (b) Blackheads, visible as black spots on the skin, have a dark appearance due to the oxidation of lipids in sebum via exposure to the air. (credit a: modification of work by Bruce Blaus)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.15", "caption": "Figure 16.15 (a) Cutaneous anthrax is an infection of the skin by B. anthracis, which produces tissue-damaging exotoxins. Dead tissues accumulating in this nodule have produced a small black eschar. (b) Colonies of B. anthracis grown on sheep\u2019s blood agar. (credit a, b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.19.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.16", "caption": "Figure 16.16.\u00a0Details associated with various bacterial infections of the skin.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.16-1.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.17", "caption": "Figure 16.17 Acute, purulent, bacterial conjunctivitis causes swelling and redness in the conjunctiva, the membrane lining the whites of the eyes and the inner eyelids. It is often accompanied by a yellow, green, or white discharge, which can dry and become encrusted on the eyelashes. (credit: \u201cTanalai\u201d/Wikimedia Commons)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.21.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.18", "caption": "Figure 16.18\u00a0Details associated with acute bacterial conjunctivitis, a bacterial infection of the eyes.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.2", "caption": "Figure 16.2 (a) A micrograph of a section through human skin shows the epidermis and dermis. (b) The major layers of human skin are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. (credit b: modification of work by National Cancer Institute)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.3", "caption": "Figure 16.3 The normal microbiota varies on different regions of the skin, especially in dry versus moist areas. The figure shows the major organisms commonly found in different locations of a healthy individual\u2019s skin and external mucosa. Note that there is significant variation among individuals. (credit: modification of work by National Human Genome Research Institute)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.4", "caption": "Figure 16.4 The lacrimal apparatus includes the structures of the eye associated with tear production and drainage. (credit: modification of work by \u201cEvidence Based Medical Educator Inc.\u201d/YouTube)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.5", "caption": "Figure 16.5 Some microbes live on the conjunctiva of the human eye, but the vitreous humor is sterile.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 16.6", "caption": "Figure 16.6 (a) Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva. (b) Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids. (c) Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea. (credit a: modification of work by Lopez-Prats MJ, Sanz Marco E, Hidalgo- Mora JJ, Garcia-Delpech S, Diaz-Llopis M; credit b, c: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-21.8.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.11", "caption": "Figure 15.11\u00a0Hyperpigmentation is a sign of Addison disease. (credit: modification of work by Petros Perros)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.15.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.12", "caption": "Figure 15.12\u00a0The radiograph (left) and photograph (right) show damage to the hands typical of rheumatoid arthritis. (credit right: modification of work by \u201chandarmdoc\u201d/Flickr)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.13", "caption": "Figure 15.13\u00a0(a) Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by autoimmunity to the individual\u2019s own DNA and/ or proteins. (b) This patient is presenting with a butterfly rash, one of the characteristic signs of lupus. (credit a: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m; credit b: modification of work by Shrestha D, Dhakal AK, Shiva RK, Shakya A, Shah SC, Shakya H)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.2", "caption": "Figure 15.2 (a) Allergens in plant pollen, shown here in a colorized electron micrograph, may trigger allergic rhinitis or hay fever in sensitive individuals. (b) Skin rashes are often associated with allergic reactions. (c) Peanuts can be eaten safely by most people but can provoke severe allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.3", "caption": "Figure 15.3 On first exposure to an allergen in a susceptible individual, antigen-presenting cells process and present allergen epitopes with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II to T helper cells. B cells also process and present the same allergen epitope to TH2 cells, which release cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 to stimulate proliferation and differentiation into IgE-secreting plasma cells. The IgE molecules bind to mast cells with their Fc region, sensitizing the mast cells for activation with subsequent exposure to the allergen. With each subsequent exposure, the allergen cross-links IgE molecules on the mast cells, activating the mast cells and causing the release of preformed chemical mediators from granules (degranulation), as well as newly formed chemical mediators that collectively cause the signs and symptoms of type I hypersensitivity reactions.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.4", "caption": "Figure 15.4. This figure shows the isohemagglutinins and antigens associated with the different human blood types.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Figure-15.4v2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.5", "caption": "Figure 15.5 A type II hypersensitivity hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) leading to hemolytic anemia. Blood from a type A donor is administered to a patient with type B blood. The anti-A isohemagglutinin IgM antibodies in the recipient bind to and agglutinate the incoming donor type A red blood cells. The bound anti-A antibodies activate the classical complement cascade, resulting in destruction of the donor red blood cells.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.6", "caption": "Figure 15.6 (a) When an Rh\u2212 mother has an Rh+ fetus, fetal erythrocytes are introduced into the mother \u2019s circulatory system before or during birth, leading to production of anti-Rh IgG antibodies. These antibodies remain in the mother and, if she becomes pregnant with a second Rh+ baby, they can cross the placenta and attach to fetal Rh+ erythrocytes. Complement-mediated hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes results in a lack of sufficient cells for proper oxygenation of the fetus. (b) HDN can be prevented by administering Rho(D) immune globulin during and after each pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus. The immune globulin binds fetal Rh+ RBCs that gain access to the mother \u2019s bloodstream, preventing activation of her primary immune response.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.7", "caption": "Figure 15.7 Type III hypersensitivities and the systems they affect. (a) Immune complexes form and deposit in tissue. Complement activation, stimulation of an inflammatory response, and recruitment and activation of neutrophils result in damage to blood vessels, heart tissue, joints, skin, and/or kidneys. (b) If the kidneys are damaged by a type III hypersensitivity reaction, dialysis may be required.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 15.8", "caption": "Figure 15.8 Exposure to hapten antigens in poison ivy can cause contact dermatitis, a type IV hypersensitivity. (a) The first exposure to poison ivy does not result in a reaction. However, sensitization stimulates helper T cells, leading to production of memory helper T cells that can become reactivated on future exposures. (b) Upon secondary exposure, the memory helper T cells become reactivated, producing inflammatory cytokines that stimulate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells to induce an inflammatory lesion at the exposed site. This lesion, which will persist until the allergen is removed, can inflict significant tissue damage if it continues long enough.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-19.8.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.24", "caption": "Figure 14.24 The four classifications of immunity. (credit top left photo: modification of work by USDA; credit top right photo: modification of work by \u201cMichaelberry\u201d/Wikimedia; credit bottom left photo: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit bottom right photo: modification of work by Friskila Silitonga, Indonesia, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.24.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.25", "caption": "Figure 14.25 (a) A painting of Edward Jenner depicts a cow and a milkmaid in the background. (b) Lesions on a patient infected with cowpox, a zoonotic disease caused by a virus closely related to the one that causes smallpox. (credit b: modification of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.26.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.20", "caption": "Figure 14.20 B-cell receptors are embedded in the membranes of B cells. The variable regions of all of the receptors on a single cell bind the same specific antigen.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.20.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.21", "caption": "Figure 14.21 T-independent antigens have repeating epitopes that can induce B cell recognition and activation without involvement from T cells. A second signal, such as interaction of TLRs with PAMPs (not shown), is also required for activation of the B cell. Once activated, the B cell proliferates and differentiates into antibody-secreting plasma cells.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.21.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.22", "caption": "Figure 14.22 In T cell-dependent activation of B cells, the B cell recognizes and internalizes an antigen and presents it to a helper T cell that is specific to the same antigen. The helper T cell interacts with the antigen presented by the B cell, which activates the T cell and stimulates the release of cytokines that then activate the B cell. Activation of the B cell triggers proliferation and differentiation into B cells and plasma cells.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.22.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.23", "caption": "Figure 14.23 Compared to the primary response, the secondary antibody response occurs more quickly and produces antibody levels that are higher and more sustained. The secondary response mostly involves IgG.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.23.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.14", "caption": "Figure 14.14 (a) Red bone marrow can be found in the head of the femur (thighbone) and is also present in the flat bones of the body, such as the ilium and the scapula. (b) Red bone marrow is the site of production and differentiation of many formed elements of blood, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. The yellow bone marrow is populated primarily with adipose cells.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.15", "caption": "Figure 14.15 The thymus is a bi-lobed, H-shaped glandular organ that is located just above the heart. It is surrounded by a fibrous capsule of connective tissue. The darkly staining cortex and the lighter staining medulla of individual lobules are clearly visible in the light micrograph of the thymus of a newborn (top right, LM \u00d7 100). (credit micrograph: modification of micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.15.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.16", "caption": "Figure 14.16 A T-cell receptor spans the cytoplasmic membrane and projects variable binding regions into the extracellular space to bind processed antigens associated with MHC I or MHC II molecules.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.16.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.17", "caption": "Figure 14.17 This illustration depicts the activation of a na\u00efve (unactivated) helper T cell by an antigen-presenting cell and the subsequent proliferation and differentiation of the activated T cell into different subtypes.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.18", "caption": "Figure 14.18 This figure illustrates the activation of a na\u00efve (unactivated) cytotoxic T cell (CTL) by an antigen- presenting MHC I molecule on an infected body cell. Once activated, the CTL releases perforin and granzymes that invade the infected cell and induce controlled cell death, or apoptosis.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.19", "caption": "Figure 14.19 (a) The macrophage in this figure is presenting a foreign epitope that does not match the TCR of the T cell. Because the T cell does not recognize the epitope, it is not activated. (b) The macrophage in this figure is presenting a superantigen that is not recognized by the TCR of the T cell, yet the superantigen still is able to bridge and bind the MHC II and TCR molecules. This nonspecific, uncontrolled activation of the T cell results in an excessive release of cytokines that activate other T cells and cause excessive inflammation. (credit: modification of work by \u201cMicrobiotic\u201d/YouTube)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.19.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.11", "caption": "Figure 14.11 MHC I are found on all nucleated body cells, and MHC II are found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells (along with MHC I). The antigen-binding cleft of MHC I is formed by domains \u03b11 and \u03b12. The antigen- binding cleft of MHC II is formed by domains \u03b11 and \u03b21.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.12", "caption": "Figure 14.12 A dendritic cell phagocytoses a bacterial cell and brings it into a phagosome. Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome to create a phagolysosome, where antimicrobial chemicals and enzymes degrade the bacterial cell. Proteases process bacterial antigens, and the most antigenic epitopes are selected and presented on the cell\u2019s surface in conjunction with MHC II molecules. T cells recognize the presented antigens and are thus activated.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.12.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.2", "caption": "Figure 14.2 This graph illustrates the primary and secondary immune responses related to antibody production after an initial and secondary exposure to an antigen. Notice that the secondary response is faster and provides a much higher concentration of antibody.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.3", "caption": "Figure 14.3 An antigen is a macromolecule that reacts with components of the immune system. A given antigen may contain several motifs that are recognized by immune cells.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.5", "caption": "Figure 14.5 (a) The typical four-chain structure of a generic antibody monomer. (b) The corresponding three- dimensional structure of the antibody IgG. (credit b: modification of work by Tim Vickers)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.6", "caption": "Figure 14.6\u00a0Details associated with the different human antibodies or immunoglobulin (Ig) classes.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.7", "caption": "Figure 14.7 Neutralization involves the binding of specific antibodies to antigens found on bacteria, viruses, and toxins, preventing them from attaching to target cells.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.8", "caption": "Figure 14.8 Antibodies serve as opsonins and inhibit infection by tagging pathogens for destruction by macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. These phagocytic cells use Fc receptors to bind to IgG-opsonized pathogens and initiate the first step of attachment before phagocytosis.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.8.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.9", "caption": "Figure 14.9 Antibodies, especially IgM antibodies, agglutinate bacteria by binding to epitopes on two or more bacteria simultaneously. When multiple pathogens and antibodies are present, aggregates form when the binding sites of antibodies bind with separate pathogens.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.9.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 14.10", "caption": "Figure 14.10 In this example of ADCC, antibodies bind to a large pathogenic cell that is too big for phagocytosis and then bind to Fc receptors on the membrane of a natural killer cell. This interaction brings the NK cell into close proximity, where it can kill the pathogen through release of lethal extracellular cytotoxins.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-18.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.15", "caption": "Figure 13.15 (a) Mast cells detect injury to nearby cells and release histamine, initiating an inflammatory response. Histamine increases blood flow to the wound site, and increased vascular permeability allows fluid, proteins, phagocytes, and other immune cells to enter infected tissue. These events result in the swelling and reddening of the injured site, and the increased blood flow to the injured site causes it to feel warm. Inflammation is also associated with pain due to these events stimulating nerve pain receptors in the tissue. The interaction of phagocyte PRRs with cellular distress signals and PAMPs and opsonins on the surface of pathogens leads to the release of more proinflammatory chemicals, enhancing the inflammatory response.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.23.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.16", "caption": "Figure 13.16 A tubercle is a granuloma in the lung tissue of a patient with tuberculosis. In this micrograph, white blood cells (stained purple) have walled off a pocket of tissue infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Granulomas also occur in many other forms of disease. (credit: modification of work by Piotrowski WJ, G\u00f3rski P, Duda-Szyma\u0144ska J, Kwiatkowska S)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.24.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.13", "caption": "Figure 13.13 Phagocytic cells contain pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) capable of recognizing various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These PRRs can be found on the plasma membrane or in internal phagosomes. When a PRR recognizes a PAMP, it sends a signal to the nucleus that activates genes involved in phagocytosis, cellular proliferation, production and secretion of antiviral interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, and enhanced intracellular killing.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.20.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.14", "caption": "Figure 13.14 The stages of phagocytosis include the engulfment of a pathogen, the formation of a phagosome, the digestion of the pathogenic particle in the phagolysosome, and the expulsion of undigested materials from the cell.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.21.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.9", "caption": "Figure 13.9 All the formed elements of the blood arise by differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.12.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.10", "caption": "Figure 13.10 Granulocytes can be distinguished by the number of lobes in their nuclei and the staining properties of their granules. (credit \u201cneutrophil\u201d micrograph: modification of work by Ed Uthman)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.11", "caption": "Figure 13.11 Mast cells function similarly to basophils by inducing and promoting inflammatory responses. (a) This figure shows mast cells in blood. In a blood smear, they are difficult to differentiate from basophils (b). Unlike basophils, mast cells migrate from the blood into various tissues. (credit right: modification of work by Greenland JR, Xu X, Sayah DM, Liu FC, Jones KD, Looney MR, Caughey GH)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.15.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.12", "caption": "Figure 13.12 Monocytes are large, agranular white blood cells with a nucleus that lacks lobes. When monocytes leave the bloodstream, they differentiate and become macrophages with tissue-specific properties. (credit left: modification of work by Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; credit right: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.7", "caption": "Figure 13.7 Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, a chemical mediator that lubricates and protect the skin from invading microbes. Sebum is also a food source for resident microbes that produce oleic acid, an exogenously produced mediator. (credit micrograph: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.8.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.8", "caption": "Figure 13.8 Interferons are cytokines released by a cell infected with a virus. Interferon-\u03b1 and interferon-\u03b2 signal uninfected neighboring cells to inhibit mRNA synthesis, destroy RNA, and reduce protein synthesis (top arrow).Interferon-\u03b1 and interferon-\u03b2 also promote apoptosis in cells infected with the virus (middle arrow). Interferon-\u03b3 alerts neighboring immune cells to an attack (bottom arrow). Although interferons do not cure the cell releasing them or other infected cells, which will soon die, their release may prevent additional cells from becoming infected, thus stemming the infection.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.2", "caption": "Figure 13.2 Human skin has three layers, the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis, which provide a thick barrier between microbes outside the body and deeper tissues. Dead skin cells on the surface of the epidermis are continually shed, taking with them microbes on the skin\u2019s surface. (credit: modification of work by National Institutes of Health)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.3", "caption": "Figure 13.3 Rose gardener\u2019s disease can occur when the fungus Sporothrix schenkii breaches the skin through small cuts, such as might be inflicted by thorns. (credit left: modification of work by Elisa Self; credit right: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.4.jpg"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.4", "caption": "Figure 13.4 This scanning electron micrograph shows ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells from the human trachea. The mucociliary escalator pushes mucus away from the lungs, along with any debris or microorganisms that may be trapped in the sticky mucus, and the mucus moves up to the esophagus where it can be removed by swallowing.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.5", "caption": "Figure 13.5 Goblet cells produce and secrete mucus. The arrows in this micrograph point to the mucus-secreting goblet cells (magnification 1600\u2a2f) in the intestinal epithelium. (credit micrograph: Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 13.6", "caption": "Figure 13.6 Tears flush microbes away from the surface of the eye. Urine washes microbes out of the urinary tract as it passes through; as a result, the urinary system is normally sterile.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-17.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.14", "caption": "Figure 12.14\u00a0Even before the Ebola epidemic of 2014\u201315, Ebola was considered an emerging disease because of several smaller outbreaks between the mid-1990s and 2000s.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.16.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.9", "caption": "Figure 12.9 Direct contact transmission of pathogens can occur through physical contact. Many pathogens require contact with a mucous membrane to enter the body, but the host may transfer the pathogen from another point of contact (e.g., hand) to a mucous membrane (e.g., mouth or eye). (credit left: modification of work by Lisa Doehnert)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.9.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.10", "caption": "Figure 12.10 Fomites are nonliving objects that facilitate the indirect transmission of pathogens. Contaminated doorknobs, towels, and syringes are all common examples of fomites. (credit left: modification of work by Kate Ter Haar; credit middle: modification of work by Vernon Swanepoel; credit right: modification of work by \u201cZaldylmg\u201d/Flickr)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.11", "caption": "Figure 12.11 Food is an important vehicle of transmission for pathogens, especially of the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory systems. Notice the glass shield above the food trays, designed to prevent pathogens ejected in coughs and sneezes from entering the food. (credit: Fort George G. Meade Public Affairs Office)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.12", "caption": "Figure 12.12 (a) A mechanical vector carries a pathogen on its body from one host to another, not as an infection. (b) A biological vector carries a pathogen from one host to another after becoming infected itself.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.12.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.13", "caption": "Figure 12.13\u00a0(a) The Aeromedical Biological Containment System (ABCS) is a module designed by the CDC and Department of Defense specifically for transporting highly contagious patients by air. (b) An isolation ward for Ebola patients in Lagos, Nigeria. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by CDC Global)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.15.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.5", "caption": "Figure 12.5 (a) John Snow (1813\u20131858), British physician and father of epidemiology. (b) Snow\u2019s detailed mapping of cholera incidence led to the discovery of the contaminated water pump on Broad street (red square) responsible for the 1854 cholera epidemic. (credit a: modification of work by \u201cRsabbatini\u201d/Wikimedia Commons)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.6", "caption": "Figure 12.6 (a) Outbreaks that can be attributed to point source spread often have a short duration. (b) Outbreaks attributed to propagated spread can have a more extended duration. (credit a, b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.7", "caption": "Figure 12.7 (a) Florence Nightingale reported on the data she collected as a nurse in the Crimean War. (b) Nightingale\u2019s diagram shows the number of fatalities in soldiers by month of the conflict from various causes. The total number dead in a particular month is equal to the area of the wedge for that month. The colored sections of the wedge represent different causes of death: wounds (pink), preventable infectious diseases (gray), and all other causes (brown).", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.8", "caption": "Figure 12.8 Joseph Lister initiated the use of a carbolic acid (phenol) during surgeries. This illustration of a surgery shows a pressurized canister of carbolic acid being sprayed over the surgical site.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.8.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.2", "caption": "Figure 12.2 This graph compares the incidence of HIV (the number of new cases reported each year) with the prevalence (the total number of cases each year). Prevalence and incidence can also be expressed as a rate or proportion for a given population.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 12.3", "caption": "Figure 12.3 The 2007\u20132008 influenza season in the United States saw much higher than normal numbers of visits to emergency departments for influenza-like symptoms as compared to the previous and the following years. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-16.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.8", "caption": "Figure 11.8\u00a0(a) Hyaluronan is a polymer found in the layers of epidermis that connect adjacent cells. (b) Hyaluronidase produced by bacteria degrades this adhesive polymer in the extracellular matrix, allowing passage between cells that would otherwise be blocked.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.9", "caption": "Figure 11.9.\u00a0Lipopolysaccharide is composed of lipid A, a core glycolipid, and an O-specific polysaccharide side chain. Lipid A is the toxic component that promotes inflammation and fever.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.13.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.10", "caption": "Figure 11.10\u00a0(a) In A-B toxins, the B component binds to the host cell through its interaction with specific cell surface receptors. (b) The toxin is brought in through endocytosis. (c) Once inside the vacuole, the A component (active component) separates from the B component and the A component gains access to the cytoplasm. (credit: modification of work by \u201cBiology Discussion Forum\u201d/YouTube)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.11", "caption": "Figure 11.11\u00a0(a) A micrograph of capsules around bacterial cells. (b) Antibodies normally function by binding to antigens, molecules on the surface of pathogenic bacteria. Phagocytes then bind to the antibody, initiating phagocytosis. (c) Some bacteria also produce proteases, virulence factors that break down host antibodies to evade phagocytosis. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.12", "caption": "Figure 11.12\u00a0Antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza viruses. (a) In antigenic drift, mutations in the genes for the surface proteins neuraminidase and/or hemagglutinin result in small antigenic changes over time. (b) In antigenic shift, simultaneous infection of a cell with two different influenza viruses results in mixing of the genes. The resultant virus possesses a mixture of the proteins of the original viruses. Influenza pandemics can often be traced to antigenic shifts.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.3", "caption": "Figure 11.3\u00a0A graph like this is used to determine LD50 by plotting pathogen concentration against the percent of infected test animals that have died. In this example, the LD50 = 104 pathogenic particles.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.3", "caption": "Figure 11.3 The progression of an infectious disease can be divided into five periods, which are related to the number of pathogen particles (red) and the severity of signs and symptoms (blue).", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.4", "caption": "Figure 11.4\u00a0Shown are different portals of entry where pathogens can gain access into the body. With the exception of the placenta, many of these locations are directly exposed to the external environment.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.5", "caption": "Figure 11.5\u00a0Glycocalyx produced by bacteria in a biofilm allows the cells to adhere to host tissues and to medical devices such as the catheter surface shown here. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 11.2", "caption": "Figure 11.2 Blood smears showing two diseases of the blood. (a) Malaria is an infectious, zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan pathogen Plasmodium falciparum (shown here) and several other species of the genus Plasmodium. It is transmitted by mosquitoes to humans. (b) Sickle cell disease is a noninfectious genetic disorder that results in abnormally shaped red blood cells, which can stick together and obstruct the flow of blood through the circulatory system. It is not caused by a pathogen, but rather a genetic mutation. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by Ed Uthman)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-15.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.10", "caption": "Figure 10.10\u00a0In a dilution test, the lowest dilution that inhibits turbidity (cloudiness) is the MIC. In this example, the MIC is 8 \u03bcg/mL. Broth from samples without turbidity can be inoculated onto plates lacking the antimicrobial drug. The lowest dilution that kills \u226599.9% of the starting inoculum is observed on the plates is the MBC. (credit: modification of work by Suzanne Wakim)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-14.19.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.11", "caption": "Figure 10.11\u00a0A microdilution tray can also be used to determine MICs of multiple antimicrobial drugs in a single assay. In this example, the drug concentrations increase from left to right and the rows with clindamycin, penicillin, and erythromycin have been indicated to the left of the plate. For penicillin and erythromycin, the lowest concentrations that inhibited visible growth are indicated by red circles and were 0.06 \u03bcg/mL for penicillin and 8 \u03bcg/ mL for erythromycin. For clindamycin, visible bacterial growth was observed at every concentration up to 32 \u03bcg/mL and the MIC is interpreted as >32 \u03bcg/mL. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-14.20.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.9", "caption": "Figure 10.9\u00a0In recent decades, approvals of new antimicrobials by the FDA have steadily fallen. In the five- year period from 1983\u20131987, 16 new antimicrobial drugs were approved, compared to just two from 2008\u20132012.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-14.22.jpg"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.9", "caption": "Figure 10.9\u00a0There are multiple strategies that microbes use to develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs. (Not shown: target overproduction, target mimicry, and enzymatic bypass). (credit: modification of work by Gerard D Wright)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-10.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.7", "caption": "Figure 10.7\u00a0The predominant sterol found in human cells is cholesterol, whereas the predominant sterol found in fungi is ergosterol, making ergosterol a good target for antifungal drug development.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-14.13.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.8", "caption": "Figure 10.8\u00a0Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is typically used for the treatment of HIV. The targets of drug classes currently in use are shown here. (credit: modification of work by Thomas Splettstoesser)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-14.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.5", "caption": "Figure 10.5 The major classes of protein synthesis inhibitors target the 30S or 50S subunits of cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-14.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.6", "caption": "Figure 10.6\u00a0Sulfonamides and trimethoprim are examples of antimetabolites that interfere in the bacterial synthesis of folic acid by blocking purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, thus inhibiting bacterial growth.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-14.12.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 10.2", "caption": "Figure 10.2 Broad-spectrum antimicrobial use may lead to the development of a superinfection. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-14.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 9.6", "caption": "Figure 9.6\u00a0A disk-diffusion assay is used to determine the effectiveness of chemical agents against a particular microbe. (a) A plate is inoculated with various antimicrobial discs. The zone of inhibition around each disc indicates how effective that antimicrobial is against the particular species being tested. (b) On these plates, four antimicrobial agents are tested for efficacy in killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (left) and Staphylococcus aureus (right). These antimicrobials are much more effective at killing S. aureus, as indicated by the size of the zones of inhibition. (credit b: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-13.31.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 9.7", "caption": "Figure 9.7\u00a0Used disinfectant solutions in a clinical setting can be checked with the in-use test for contamination with microbes.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-13.32.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 9.2", "caption": "Figure 9.2 A protective suit like this one is an additional precaution for those who work in BSL-4 laboratories. This suit has its own air supply and maintains a positive pressure relative to the outside, so that if a leak occurs, air will flow out of the suit, not into it from the laboratory. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-13.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 9.4", "caption": "Figure 9.4\u00a0Details associated with the different protocols used for control of microbial growth.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-13.4.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 9.5", "caption": "Figure 9.5 Microbial death is logarithmic and easily observed using a semilog plot instead of an arithmetic one. The decimal reduction time (D-value) is the time it takes to kill 90% of the population (a 1-log decrease in the total population) when exposed to a specific microbial control protocol, as indicated by the purple bracket.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-13.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 8.5", "caption": "Figure 8.5\u00a0Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector can be used to treat or cure certain genetic diseases in which a patient has a defective gene. (credit: modification of work by National Institutes of Health)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-12.29.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 8.2", "caption": "Figure 8.2\u00a0(a) The gene encoding green fluorescence protein is a commonly used reporter gene for monitoring gene expression patterns in organisms. Under ultraviolet light, GFP fluoresces. Here, two mice are expressing GFP, while the middle mouse is not. (b) GFP can be used as a reporter gene in bacteria as well. Here, a plate containing bacterial colonies expressing GFP is shown. (c) Blue-white screening in bacteria is accomplished through the use of the lacZ reporter gene, followed by plating of bacteria onto medium containing X-gal. Cleavage of X-gal by the LacZ enzyme results in the formation of blue colonies. (credit a: modification of work by Ingrid Moen, Charlotte Jevne, Jian Wang, Karl-Henning Kalland, Martha Chekenya, Lars A Akslen, Linda Sleire, Per \u00d8 Enger, Rolf K Reed, Anne M \u00d8yan, Linda EB Stuhr; credit b: modification of work by \u201c2.5JIGEN.com\u201d/Flickr; credit c: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-12.26.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 8.4", "caption": "Figure 8.4\u00a0This diagram illustrates the process of using siRNA or miRNA in a eukaryotic cell to silence genes involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (credit: modification of work by National Center for Biotechnology Information)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-12.28.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.14", "caption": "Figure 7.14\u00a0A black smoker at the bottom of the ocean belches hot, chemical-rich water, and heats the surrounding waters. Sea vents provide an extreme environment that is nonetheless teeming with macroscopic life (the red tubeworms) supported by an abundant microbial ecosystem. (credit: NOAA)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.28.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.12", "caption": "Figure 7.12\u00a0The curves show the approximate pH ranges for the growth of the different classes of pH-specific prokaryotes. Each curve has an optimal pH and extreme pH values at which growth is much reduced. Most bacteria are neutrophiles and grow best at near-neutral pH (center curve). Acidophiles have optimal growth at pH values near 3 and alkaliphiles have optimal growth at pH values above 9.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.26.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.9", "caption": "Figure 7.9 Anaerobic environments are still common on earth. They include environments like (a) a bog where undisturbed dense sediments are virtually devoid of oxygen, and (b) the rumen (the first compartment of a cow\u2019s stomach), which provides an oxygen-free incubator for methanogens and other obligate anaerobic bacteria. (credit a: modification of work by National Park Service; credit b: modification of work by US Department of Agriculture)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.19.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.10", "caption": "Figure 7.10 Diagram of bacterial cell distribution in thioglycolate tubes.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.20.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.2", "caption": "Figure 7.2 (a) The electron micrograph depicts two cells of Salmonella typhimurium after a binary fission event. (b) Binary fission in bacteria starts with the replication of DNA as the cell elongates. A division septum forms in the center of the cell. Two daughter cells of similar size form and separate, each receiving a copy of the original chromosome. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.3", "caption": "Figure 7.3 FtsZ proteins assemble to form a Z ring that is anchored to the plasma membrane. The Z ring pinches the cell envelope to separate the cytoplasm of the new cells.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.5", "caption": "Figure 7.5 The growth curve of a bacterial culture is represented by the logarithm of the number of live cells plotted as a function of time. The graph can be divided into four phases according to the slope, each of which matches events in the cell. The four phases are lag, log, stationary, and death.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.6", "caption": "Figure 7.6 Both graphs illustrate population growth during the log phase for a bacterial sample with an initial population of one cell and a doubling time of 1 hour. (a) When plotted on an arithmetic scale, the growth rate resembles a curve. (b) When plotted on a semilogarithmic scale (meaning the values on the y-axis are logarithmic), the growth rate appears linear.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 7.8", "caption": "Figure 7.8\u00a0Stages in the formation and life cycle of a biofilm. (credit: modification of work by Public Library of Science and American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-9.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 6.2", "caption": "Figure 6.2 MALDI-TOF methods are now routinely used for diagnostic procedures in clinical microbiology laboratories. This technology is able to rapidly identify some microorganisms that cannot be readily identified by more traditional methods. (credit \u201cMALDI plate photo\u201d: modification of work by Chen Q, Liu T, Chen G; credit \u201cgraphs\u201d: modification of work by Bailes J, Vidal L, Ivanov DA, Soloviev M)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-7.26.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 6.3", "caption": "Figure 6.3 Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis in bacterial identification results in a chromatogram unique to each bacterium. Each peak in the gas chromatogram corresponds to a particular fatty acid methyl ester and its height is proportional to the amount present in the cell. (credit \u201cculture\u201d: modification of work by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit \u201cgraph\u201d: modification of work by Zhang P. and Liu P.)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-7.27.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.10", "caption": "Figure 5.10 Endogenous normal prion protein (PrPc) is converted into the disease-causing form (PrPsc) when it encounters this variant form of the protein. PrPsc may arise spontaneously in brain tissue, especially if a mutant form of the protein is present, or it may originate from misfolded prions consumed in food that eventually find their way into brain tissue. (credit b: modification of work by USDA)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.25.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.11", "caption": "Figure 5.11 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a fatal disease that causes degeneration of neural tissue. (a) These brain scans compare a normal brain to one with CJD. (b) Compared to a normal brain, the brain tissue of a CJD patient is full of sponge-like lesions, which result from abnormal formations of prion protein. (credit a (right): modification of work by Dr. Laughlin Dawes; credit b (top): modification of work by Suzanne Wakim; credit b (bottom): modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.26.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.7", "caption": "Figure 5.7 In influenza virus infection, viral glycoproteins attach the virus to a host epithelial cell. As a result, the virus is engulfed. Viral RNA and viral proteins are made and assembled into new virions that are released by budding.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.8", "caption": "Figure 5.8 (a) Varicella-zoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, has an enveloped icosahedral capsid visible in this transmission electron micrograph. Its double-stranded DNA genome becomes incorporated in the host DNA. (b) After a period of latency, the virus can reactivate in the form of shingles, usually manifesting as a painful, localized rash on one side of the body. (credit a: modification of work by Erskine Palmer and B.G. Partin\u2014scale-bar data from Matt Russell; credit b: modification of work by Rosmarie Voegtli)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.13.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.9", "caption": "Figure 5.9 The one-step multiplication curve for a bacteriophage population follows three steps: 1) inoculation, during which the virions attach to host cells; 2) eclipse, during which entry of the viral genome occurs; and 3) burst, when sufficient numbers of new virions are produced and emerge from the host cell. The burst size is the maximum number of virions produced per bacterium.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.2", "caption": "Figure 5.2 (a) Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) viewed with transmission electron microscope. (b) Plants infected with tobacco mosaic disease (TMD), caused by TMV. (credit a: modification of work by USDA Agricultural Research Service\u2014scale-bar data from Matt Russell; credit b: modification of work by USDA Forest Service, Department of Plant Pathology Archive North Carolina State University)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.4", "caption": "Figure 5.4 The size of a virus is small relative to the size of most bacterial and eukaryotic cells and their organelles.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.4.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.5", "caption": "Figure 5.5 (a) The naked atadenovirus uses spikes made of glycoproteins from its capsid to bind to host cells. (b) The enveloped human immunodeficiency virus uses spikes made of glycoproteins embedded in its envelope to bind to host cells (credit a \u201cmicrograph\u201d: modification of work by NIAID; credit b \u201cmicrograph\u201d: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 5.6", "caption": "Figure 5.6 Viral capsids can be (a) helical, (b) polyhedral, or (c) have a complex shape. (credit a \u201cmicrograph\u201d: modification of work by USDA ARS; credit b \u201cmicrograph\u201d: modification of work by U.S. Department of Energy)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-6.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.14", "caption": "Figure 4.14 Multicellular fungi (molds) form hyphae, which may be septate or nonseptate. Unicellular fungi (yeasts) cells form pseudohyphae from individual yeast cells.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-5.25.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.15", "caption": "Figure 4.15 These images show asexually produced spores. (a) This brightfield micrograph shows the release of spores from a sporangium at the end of a hypha called a sporangiophore. The organism is a Mucor sp. fungus, a mold often found indoors. (b) Sporangia grow at the ends of stalks, which appear as the white fuzz seen on this bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer. The tips of bread mold are the dark, spore-containing sporangia. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b right: modification of work by \u201cAndrew\u201d/Flickr)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-5.28.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.17", "caption": "Figure 4.17\u00a0Table showing the groups of fungi of particular importance for human health.\u00a0(Credit \u201cAscomycota\u201d: modification of work by Dr. Lucille Georg, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit \u201cMicrosporidia\u201d: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-5.33.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.16", "caption": "Figure 4.16\u00a0(a) This brightfield micrograph shows ascospores being released from asci in the fungus Talaromyces flavus var. flavus. (b) This electron micrograph shows the conidia (spores) borne on the conidiophore of Aspergillus, a type of toxic fungus found mostly in soil and plants. (c) This brightfield micrograph shows the yeast Candida albicans, the causative agent of candidiasis and thrush. (credit a, b, c: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-5.29.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.11", "caption": "Figure 4.11 A micrograph of the nematode Enterobius vermicularis, also known as the pinworm. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-5.19.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.12", "caption": "Figure 4.12 (a) The oral sucker is visible on the anterior end of this liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. (b) This micrograph shows the scolex of the cestode Taenia solium, also known as the pork tapeworm. The visible suckers and hooks allow the worm to attach itself to the inner wall of the intestine. (credit a: modification of work by Sripa B, Kaewkes S, Sithithaworn P, Mairiang E, Laha T, and Smout M; credit b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-5.21.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.3", "caption": "Figure 4.3\u00a0(a) Paramecium spp. have hair-like appendages called cilia for locomotion. (b) Amoeba spp. use lobe- like pseudopodia to anchor the cell to a solid surface and pull forward. (c) Euglena spp. use a whip-like structure called a flagellum to propel the cell.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-5.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.4", "caption": "Figure 4.4 This tree shows a proposed classification of the domain Eukarya based on evolutionary relationships. Currently, the domain Eukarya is divided into six supergroups. Within each supergroup are multiple kingdoms. Dotted lines indicate suggested evolutionary relationships that remain under debate. The subgroups with members of clinical relevance have a start next to them.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-4.4-1.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.7", "caption": "Figure 4.7 (a) Apicomplexans are parasitic protists. They have a characteristic apical complex that enables them to infect host cells. (b) A colorized electron microscope image of a Plasmodium sporozoite. (credit b: modification of work by Ute Frevert)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-5.12.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.8", "caption": "Figure 4.8 This specimen of the ciliate Balantidium coli is a trophozoite form isolated from the gut of a primate. B. coli is the only ciliate capable of parasitizing humans. (credit: modification of work by Kouassi RYW, McGraw SW, Yao PK, Abou-Bacar A, Brunet J, Pesson B, Bonfoh B, N\u2019goran EK & Candolfi E)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-5.13.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 4.10", "caption": "Figure 4.10 (a) This illustration of a Euglena shows the characteristic structures, such as the stigma and flagellum. (b) The pellicle, under the cell membrane, gives the cell its distinctive shape and is visible in this image as delicate parallel striations over the surface of the entire cell (especially visible over the grey contractile vacuole). (credit a: modification of work by Claudio Miklos; credit b: modification of work by David Shykind)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-5.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.11", "caption": "Figure 1.11\u00a0Common bacterial shapes. Note how coccobacillus is a combination of spherical (coccus) and rod- shaped (bacillus). (credit \u201cCoccus\u201d: modification of work by Janice Haney Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit \u201cCoccobacillus\u201d: modification of work by Janice Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit \u201cSpirochete\u201d: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-1.13.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.12", "caption": "Figure 1.12\u00a0Some archaea live in extreme environments, such as the Morning Glory pool, a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. The color differences in the pool result from the different communities of microbes that are able to thrive at various water temperatures.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-1.14.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.13", "caption": "Figure 1.13\u00a0Assorted diatoms, a kind of algae, live in annual sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Diatoms range in size from 2 \u03bcm to 200 \u03bcm and are visualized here using light microscopy. (credit: modification of work by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-1.15.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.15", "caption": "Figure 1.15\u00a0Candida albicans is a unicellular fungus, or yeast. It is the causative agent of vaginal yeast infections as well as oral thrush, a yeast infection of the mouth that commonly afflicts infants. C. albicans has a morphology similar to that of coccus bacteria; however, yeast is a eukaryotic organism (note the nuclei) and is much larger. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-1.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.16", "caption": "Figure 1.16\u00a0Large colonies of microscopic fungi can often be observed with the naked eye, as seen on the surface of these moldy oranges.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-1.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.17", "caption": "Figure 1.17\u00a0(a) The beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata, infects both cattle and humans. T. saginata eggs are microscopic (around 50 \u00b5m), but adult worms like the one shown here can reach 4\u201310 m, taking up residence in the digestive system. (b) An adult guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis, is removed through a lesion in the patient\u2019s skin by winding it around a matchstick. (credit a, b: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-1.19.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.18", "caption": "Figure 1.18\u00a0(a) Members of the Coronavirus family can cause respiratory infections like the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Here they are viewed under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). (b) Ebolavirus, a member of the Filovirus family, as visualized using a TEM. (credit a: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit b: modification of work by Thomas W. Geisbert)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig.-1.20.jpg"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.6", "caption": "Figure 1.6\u00a0Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician Carolus Linnaeus developed a new system for categorizing plants and animals. In this 1853 portrait by Hendrik Hollander, Linnaeus is holding a twinflower, named Linnaea borealis in his honor.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-1.8-1.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.7", "caption": "Figure 1.7\u00a0Ernst Haeckel\u2019s rendering of the tree of life, from his 1866 book General Morphology of Organisms, contained three kingdoms: Plantae, Protista, and Animalia. He later added a fourth kingdom, Monera, for unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/b0de7b2434ccb8cece67d06d598ea539c716f852.jpeg"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.8", "caption": "Figure 1.8\u00a0This timeline shows how the shape of the tree of life has changed over the centuries. Even today, the taxonomy of living organisms is continually being reevaluated and refined with advances in technology.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-1.10.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.9", "caption": "Figure 1.9\u00a0Woese and Fox\u2019s phylogenetic tree contains three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domains Archaea and Bacteria contain all prokaryotic organisms, and Eukarya contains all eukaryotic organisms. (credit: modification of work by Eric Gaba)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-1.11.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.2", "caption": "Figure 1.2\u00a0A microscopic view of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the yeast responsible for making bread rise (left). Yeast is a microorganism. Its cells metabolize the carbohydrates in flour (middle) and produce carbon dioxide, which causes the bread to rise (right). (credit middle: modification of work by Janus Sandsgaard; credit right: modification of work by \u201cMDreibelbis\u201d/Flickr)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-1.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.3", "caption": "Figure 1.3\u00a0(a) The Cloaca Maxima, or \u201cGreatest Sewer\u201d (shown in red), ran through ancient Rome. It was an engineering marvel that carried waste away from the city and into the river Tiber. (b) These ancient latrines emptied into the Cloaca Maxima.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-1.4.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.4", "caption": "Figure 1.4\u00a0(a) Hippocrates, the \u201cfather of Western medicine,\u201d believed that diseases had natural, not supernatural, causes. (b) The historian Thucydides observed that survivors of the Athenian plague were subsequently immune to the infection. (c) Marcus Terentius Varro proposed that disease could be caused by \u201ccertain minute creatures . . . which cannot be seen by the eye.\u201d (credit c: modification of work by Alessandro Antonelli)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-1.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 1.5", "caption": "Figure 1.5\u00a0(a) Louis Pasteur (1822\u20131895) is credited with numerous innovations that advanced the fields of microbiology and immunology. (b) Robert Koch (1843\u20131910) identified the specific microbes that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-1.6.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.10", "caption": "Figure 2.10\u00a0A typical prokaryotic cell contains a cell membrane, chromosomal DNA that is concentrated in a nucleoid, ribosomes, and a cell wall. Some prokaryotic cells may also possess flagella, pili, fimbriae, and capsules.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.12.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.11", "caption": "Figure 2.11\u00a0(credit \u201cCoccus\u201d micrograph: modification of work by Janice Haney Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit \u201cCoccobacillus\u201d micrograph: modification of work by Janice Carr, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit \u201cSpirochete\u201d micrograph: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.13.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.12", "caption": "Figure 2.12\u00a0The nucleoid region (the area enclosed by the green dashed line) is a condensed area of DNA found within prokaryotic cells. Because of the density of the area, it does not readily stain and appears lighter in color when viewed with a transmission electron microscope.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.17.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.13", "caption": "Figure 2.13\u00a0Prokaryotic ribosomes (70S) are composed of two subunits: the 30S (small subunit) and the 50S (large subunit), each of which are composed of protein and rRNA components.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.18.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.14", "caption": "Figure 2.14\u00a0(a) Sporulation begins following asymmetric cell division. The forespore becomes surrounded by a double layer of membrane, a cortex, and a protein spore coat, before being released as a mature endospore upon disintegration of the mother cell. (b) An electron micrograph of a Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans endospore. These Bacillus spp. cells are undergoing sporulation. The endospores have been visualized using Malachite Green spore stain. (credit b: modification of work by Jonathan Eisen)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.20.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.15", "caption": "Figure 2.15\u00a0The bacterial plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with a variety of embedded proteins that perform various functions for the cell. Note the presence of glycoproteins and glycolipids, whose carbohydrate components extend out from the surface of the cell. The abundance and arrangement of these proteins and lipids can vary greatly between species.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.21.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.16", "caption": "Figure 2.16\u00a0Peptidoglycan is composed of polymers of alternating NAM and NAG subunits, which are cross-linked by peptide bridges linking NAM subunits from various glycan chains. This provides the cell wall with tensile strength in two dimensions.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.25.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.17", "caption": "Figure 2.17\u00a0Bacteria contain two common cell wall structural types. Gram-positive cell walls are structurally simple, containing a thick layer of peptidoglycan with embedded teichoic acid external to the plasma membrane.[footnote]B. Zuber et al. \u201cGranular Layer in the Periplasmic Space of Gram-Positive Bacteria and Fine Structures of Enterococcus gallinarum and Streptococcus gordonii Septa Revealed by Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections.\u201d Journal of Bacteriology 188 no. 18 (2006):6652\u20136660[/footnote] Gram- negative cell walls are structurally more complex, containing three layers: the inner membrane, a thin layer of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. (credit: modification of work by \u201cFranciscosp2\u201d/Wikimedia Commons)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.26.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.19", "caption": "Figure 2.19\u00a0(a) Capsules are a type of glycocalyx composed of an organized layer of polysaccharides. (b) A capsule stain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterial pathogen capable of causing many different types of infections in humans. (credit b: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.29.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.20", "caption": "Figure 2.20\u00a0Bacteria may produce two different types of protein appendages that aid in surface attachment. Fimbriae typically are more numerous and shorter, whereas pili (shown here) are longer and less numerous per cell. (credit: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.30.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.21", "caption": "Figure 2.21\u00a0The basic structure of a bacterial flagellum consists of a basal body, hook, and filament. The basal body composition and arrangement differ between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (credit: modification of work by \u201cLadyofHats\u201d/Mariana Ruiz Villareal)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.31.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.5", "caption": "Figure 2.5 Robert Hooke (1635\u20131703) was the first to describe cells based upon his microscopic observations of cork. This illustration was published in his work Micrographia.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.5.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.6", "caption": "Figure 2.6\u00a0According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts are each derived from the uptake of bacteria. These bacteria established a symbiotic relationship with their host cell that eventually led to the bacteria evolving into mitochondria and chloroplasts.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.7.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.7", "caption": "Figure 2.7\u00a0Ignaz Semmelweis (1818\u20131865) was a proponent of the importance of handwashing to prevent transfer of disease between patients by physicians.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.8.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.4", "caption": "Figure 2.4 (a) French scientist Louis Pasteur, who definitively refuted the long-disputed theory of spontaneous generation. (b) The unique swan-neck feature of the flasks used in Pasteur \u2019s experiment allowed air to enter the flask but prevented the entry of bacterial and fungal spores. (c) Pasteur\u2019s experiment consisted of two parts. In the first part, the broth in the flask was boiled to sterilize it. When this broth was cooled, it remained free of contamination. In the second part of the experiment, the flask was boiled and then the neck was broken off. The broth in this flask became contaminated. (credit b: modification of work by \u201cWellcome Images\u201d/Wikimedia Commons)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.4.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.8", "caption": "Figure 2.8\u00a0(a) Joseph Lister developed procedures for the proper care of surgical wounds and the sterilization of surgical equipment. (b) Robert Koch established a protocol to determine the cause of infectious disease. Both scientists contributed significantly to the acceptance of the germ theory of disease.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.9.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.2", "caption": "Figure 2.2 Francesco Redi\u2019s experimental setup consisted of an open container, a container sealed with a cork top, and a container covered in mesh that let in air but not flies. Maggots only appeared on the meat in the open container. However, maggots were also found on the gauze of the gauze-covered container.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 2.3", "caption": "Figure 2.3 (a) Francesco Redi, who demonstrated that maggots were the offspring of flies, not products of spontaneous generation. (b) John Needham, who argued that microbes arose spontaneously in broth from a \u201clife force.\u201d (c) Lazzaro Spallanzani, whose experiments with broth aimed to disprove those of Needham.", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-2.3.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 3.2", "caption": "Figure 3.2 (a) Some prokaryotes, called halophiles, can thrive in extremely salty environments such as the Dead Sea, pictured here. (b) The archaeon Halobacterium salinarum, shown here in an electron micrograph, is a halophile that lives in the Dead Sea. (credit a: modification of work by Jullen Menichini; credit b: modification of work by NASA)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-3.2.png"}
{"_id": "microbiology$$$Figure 3.3", "caption": "Figure 3.3 (a) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium live in the root nodules of legumes such as clover. (b) This micrograph of the root nodule shows bacteroids (bacterium-like cells or modified bacterial cells) within the plant cells. The bacteroids are visible as darker ovals within the larger plant cell. (credit a: modification of work by USDA)", "image_path": "microbiology/images/Fig-3.3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1", "caption": "DD-transpeptidase catalytic mechanism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/501px-DD-Transpeptidase_mechanism_fixed.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_2", "caption": "The structural similarity between (A)  D -Ala- D -Ala terminus of peptidoglycan terminus and (B) penicillins. Transpeptidases misrecognize penicillins for the TPase catalytic reaction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/374px-Penicillin_vs_PG_terminus_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_3", "caption": "Bacillus subtilis  mass-swarming outwards on a gel substrate from the mother colony visible at the top middle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/340px-Swarm_of_Bacillus_subtilis_on_Agar_with_B-me_200290e8.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_4", "caption": "A Gram stain of the quorum-sensing  Streptococcus pneumoniae . The dark purple signifies gram-positive bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gram_stain_of_Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_5", "caption": "When  Anthony Fauci  became director of the  NIAID , he drew a map of the world for presentation at a congressional hearing that showed a single notable emerging infectious disease threat: HIV. Since then, he has continually updated the map, now showing the emergence of numerous infectious disease threats to illustrate the experiences of his years in office as well as highlighting certain infections that had emerged before HIV. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Global_Examples_of_Emerging_and_Re-Emerging__b857b2b8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_6", "caption": "Throughout the 20th century until 1980, with the exception of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, the death rate from infectious diseases in the United States was steadily decreasing.  However, because of the AIDS epidemic, the death rate from infectious diseases increased by 58% between 1980 and 1992.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Trends_in_Infectious_Diseases_Mortality%2C_1_dfc7d1c1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_7", "caption": "A representation of the  endosymbiotic theory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Endosymbiosis.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_8", "caption": "An overview of the endosymbiosis theory of eukaryote origin (symbiogenesis).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Endosymbiotic_theory.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_9", "caption": "Diagram of cospeciation, where parasites or endosymbionts speciate or branch alongside their hosts. This process is more common in hosts with primary endosymbionts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cospeciation_%285_processes%29_-_with_key.pn_96d0499b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_10", "caption": "Pea aphids are commonly infested by parasitic wasps. Their secondary endosymbionts attack the infesting parasitoid wasp larvae promoting the survival of both the aphid host and its endosymbionts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-HEMI_Aphididae_Aphidius_attacking_pea_aphid._f07603a7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_11", "caption": "Population numbers as a function of Hamming distance  d  and mutation rate (1-Q). The horizontal axis  d \u00a0 is the Hamming distance of the molecular sequences from the master sequence. The vertical axis is the logarithm of population for any sequence at that distance divided by total population (thus the division of  n d  by the binomial coefficient). The total number of digits per sequence is L=100, and the master sequence has a selective advantage of a=1.05.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/325px-ErrorThreshold1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_12", "caption": "The population of the master sequence as a fraction of the total population ( n ) as a function of overall mutation rate (1-Q). The total number of digits per sequence is L=100, and the master sequence has a selective advantage of a=1.05. The \"phase transition\" is seen to occur at roughly 1-Q=0.05.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/325px-ErrorThreshold2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_13", "caption": "Comparison of typical phage (bacteriophage) infection and transduction ( A ) with typical GTA (gene transfer agent) production and transduction ( B ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Phage_and_GTA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_14", "caption": "Methods for detecting gene transfer agents.  ( A ) Method used by Marrs in 1974.  ( B ) Cell-free extract method.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-GTA_discovery.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_15", "caption": "Typical prophage and GTA gene clusters.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Prophage_and_GTA_cluster.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_16", "caption": "Schematic diagram of phylogenetic relationships between known bacterial gene transfer agents.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-GTA_phylogeny.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_17", "caption": "The evolutionary forces that act on bacterial gene transfer agent and the cells that produce it.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-GTA_evolution.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_18", "caption": "Typical steps in the production of bacterial gene transfer agents. ( 1 ) Transcription and translation of the GTA genes. ( 2 ) Assembly of GTA structural proteins into empty heads and unattached tails. ( 3 ) Packaging of 'headful' segments of DNA into heads and attachment of tails. ( 4 ) Lysis of the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-GTA_production.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_19", "caption": "Genetic transduction by bacterial gene transfer agents. ( 1 ) GTA particles encounter a suitable recipient cell.  ( 2 ) Particles attach to cell and inject their DNA, and cellular proteins translocate the DNA across the inner membrane. ( 3 ) DNA is degraded if it cannot recombine with the recipient genome. ( 4 ) DNA with similar sequences to the recipient genome undergoes recombination.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-GTA_transduction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_20", "caption": "Regulation diagram for RcGTA, the Rhodobacter capsulatus gene transfer agent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Regulation_of_RcGTA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_21", "caption": "Tree of life showing vertical and horizontal gene transfers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tree_Of_Life_%28with_horizontal_gene_transfe_46cbb056.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_22", "caption": "A speciation event produces  orthologs  of a gene in the two daughter species. A horizontal gene transfer event from one species to another adds a  xenolog  of the gene to the receiving genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Xenology.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_23", "caption": "1: Donor bacterium   2: Bacterium who will receive the gene   3: The red portion represents the gene that will be transferred.   Transformation in bacteria happens in a certain environment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Transformation_HGT_in_Bacteria.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_24", "caption": "1: Donor bacterium cell (F+ cell)   2: Bacterium that receives the plasmid (F- cell)   3: Plasmid that will be moved to the other bacterium   4: Pilus and T4SS.   Conjugation in bacteria using a sex pilus; then the bacterium that received the plasmid can go give it to other bacteria as well.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Conjugation_HGT_in_Bacteria.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_25", "caption": "E. coli  cells going through conjugation and sharing genetic information. F-pilus is reaching towards other cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacterial_conjugation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_26", "caption": "Before it is transformed, a bacterium is susceptible to antibiotics. A plasmid can be inserted when the bacteria is under stress, and be incorporated into the bacterial DNA creating antibiotic resistance. When the plasmids are prepared they are inserted into the bacterial cell by either making pores in the plasma membrane with temperature extremes and chemical treatments, or making it semi permeable through the process of  electrophoresis , in which electric currents create the holes in the membrane. After conditions return to normal the holes in the membrane close and the  plasmids  are trapped inside the bacteria where they become part of the genetic material and their genes are expressed by the bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Artificial_Bacterial_Transformation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_27", "caption": "Oil in the sea.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Submerged_oil.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_28", "caption": "Divergent Pathways for the Aerobic Degradation of Toluene [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Degradazione_toluene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_29", "caption": "Anaerobic Degradation of Toluene [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Degradazione_anaerobica_alcani.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_30", "caption": "Involvement of biosurfactant (rhamnolipid) produced by  Pseudomonas sp  in the uptake of hydrocarbons. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biosurfactants.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_31", "caption": "Overview of the biotic section of the global carbon cycle principally related to the metabolism of hydrocarbons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Carbon_biogeochemical_cycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_32", "caption": "The great plate count anomaly. Counts of cells obtained via cultivation are orders of magnitude lower than those directly observed under the microscope. This is because microbiologists are able to cultivate only a minority of naturally occurring microbes using current laboratory techniques, depending on the environment. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Great-plate-count-anomaly.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_33", "caption": "Louis Pasteur", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Louis_Pasteur.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_34", "caption": "Quorum sensing of gram-negative cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/page1-260px-Quorum_sensing_of_Gram_Negative_cell.p_74d4014d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_35", "caption": "Gram-positive bacteria quorum sensing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/page1-260px-Gram_Positive_Bacteria_Quorum_Sensing._0ce44cab.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_36", "caption": "Extent of sea ice coverage throughout the year over Arctic and Antarctic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/363px-Arctice_and_Antarctic_seasonal_ice_cover.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_37", "caption": "Frost flowers growing on sea ice in the Arctic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/236px-Frostflowers2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_38", "caption": "The microbial loop is a marine trophic pathway in which microbes re-incorporate dissolved organic carbon into the food chain and remineralize nutrients.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/201px-Microbial_Loop-hu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_39", "caption": "Time-line of  paleoviruses  in the human lineage [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Journal.pbio.1000301.g001.tif.jp_c1f5cf76.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_40", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of  morbilliviruses  of different species [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Morbillivirus_phylogeny.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_41", "caption": "The equations are the mathematical expression of the major concepts implied by quasispecies theory. The first equation describes the change of concentration of molecule i as a function of replication parameters, and its production from other molecules of the same ensemble. The second equation is the error threshold relationship, indicating the maximum amount of information (\u028b max ) and the maximum average error rate p max  (p = 1- q; q is the copying fidelity) for maintenance of genetic information. Terms are defined in the box on the right. Below, an evolving mutant spectrum (with mutations represented as symbols on the genomes), with an invariant consensus sequence. [ 9 ]  Adapted from. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Viral_quasispecies_Figure_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_42", "caption": "Flow of conceptual derivations of quasispecies theory for viral populations, and some biological consequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Viral_quasispecies_Figure_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_43", "caption": "Upon isolation from an infected host (middle boxes), a virus sample may be adapted to cultured cells and subjected to large population or  bottleneck transfers  (left box), or be adapted to a different host  in vivo  (right box). Relevant adaptive mutations are highlighted with colored symbols.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Viral_quasispecies_Figure_3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_44", "caption": "Illustration of bottleneck of different severity, defined by the different circles inserted in the entire population (large rectangle) and the outer rectangles. Symbols represent mutant classes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/240px-Viral_quasispecies_Figure_4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_45", "caption": "This visualization of \"survival of the flattest\" in evolutionary biology. [ 118 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Visualization_demonstrating_survival_of_the__16922446.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_46", "caption": "The  coccolithophore   Gephyrocapsa oceanica  may become an important  carbon sink  as  the acidity of the ocean increases . [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gephyrocapsa_oceanica_color.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_47", "caption": "Two scientists prepare samples of soil mixed with oil to test a microbe's ability to clean up contaminated soil.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-PNNL_soil_tests.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_48", "caption": "Paleoarchean  (3.35-3.46 billion years old) stromatolite from Western Australia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Stromatolite_%28Strelley_Pool_Formation%2C_P_544d789e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_49", "caption": "The colors of  Grand Prismatic Spring  in  Yellowstone National Park  are due to mats of  thermophilic   bacteria . [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28vi_656869d8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_50", "caption": "Blood Falls, 2006", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Blood_Falls_by_Peter_Rejcek.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_51", "caption": "Blood Falls, at the toe of  Taylor Glacier ,  2013", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Taylorglacier_pho_2013_studinger.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_52", "caption": "A schematic cross-section of Blood Falls showing how subglacial microbial communities have survived in cold, darkness, and absence of oxygen for a million years in brine water below  Taylor Glacier .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Blood_falls1_f_Low_Res_nsf.gov.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_53", "caption": "Environments in which subsurface life has been found [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Subsurface_life_environments.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_54", "caption": "Photograph of the sunken  Alvin  taken in 1969", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Alvin_%28DSV-2%29_sunk_1968.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_55", "caption": "Schematic of an expedition aboard the Japanese drilling ship  D/V  Chiky\u016b [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Chikyu_mission.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_56", "caption": "Researcher sampling fluid from a deep mine [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sampling_fluid_from_deep_mine.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_57", "caption": "The PUSH50 device keeps deep-sea samples at high pressure. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-PUSH50.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_58", "caption": "Schematic of the  Sumatra Trench  and the associated  island arcs  and  back-arc regions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Sumatra-subduction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_59", "caption": "The purplish rod-shaped cells, a few microns long, are \" Candidatus  Desulforudis audaxviator \". [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Candidatus_Desulforudis_audaxviator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_60", "caption": "The bright colors of  Grand Prismatic Spring  and  Yellowstone National Park , are produced by  thermophiles , a type of extremophile.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28vi_40c8d437.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_61", "caption": "Diversity of extreme environments on Earth \u200a [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Diversity_of_extreme_environments_on_Earth.j_cf108c67.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_62", "caption": "Microscopic image from the hypersaline  Lake Tyrrell  (salinity> 20% w/v), in which the eukaryotic  chlorophyte ,  Dunaliella salina , can be tentatively identified.  Dunaliella salina  is grown commercially for the carotenoid,  \u03b2-carotene , which is widely used as a natural food colorant as well as a precursor to vitamin A. Alongside is the haloarchaeon,  Haloquadratum walsbyi , which has flat square-shaped cells with gas vesicles that allow flotation to the surface, most likely to acquire oxygen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Microorganisms_from_the_hypersaline_Lake_Tyr_44dd1143.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_63", "caption": "This is a before and after picture of a cleanup project of the  Little Conemaugh River [ 55 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Acid_mine_drainage_comparison.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_64", "caption": "Magnified cells of bacterium GFAJ-1 grown in medium containing arsenate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-GFAJ-1_%28grown_on_arsenic%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_65", "caption": "Wolfe-Simon at Mono Lake, 2010", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-503354main_Wolfe_Simon.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_66", "caption": "Tufa  formations along the shore of  Mono Lake", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Mono_Lake_1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_67", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph  of GFAJ-1 cells grown in defined minimal medium supplemented with 1.5\u00a0mM phosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-GFAJ-1_%28grown_on_phosphorus%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_68", "caption": "Structure of poly-\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Poly-%28R%29-3-hydroxybutyrat.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_69", "caption": "Structures found on meteorite fragment  Allan Hills 84001", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-ALH84001_structures.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_70", "caption": "Desulfovibrio vulgaris  is the best-studied sulfate-reducing microorganism species; the bar in the upper right is 0.5  micrometre  long.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dvulgaris_micrograph.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_71", "caption": "Sludge from a pond; the black color is due to metal sulfides that result from the action of sulfate-reducing microorganisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/190px-Teichschlamm1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_72", "caption": "Overview of the three key enzymatic steps of the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway. Enzymes:  sat  and  atps  respectively stand for sulfate adenylyltransferase and ATP sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4);  apr  and  aps  are both used to adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase (EC 1.8.4.8); and  dsr  is the dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase (EC 1.8.99.5);", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/524px-Dissimilatory_sulfate_reduction.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_73", "caption": "Contamination on an agar plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_74", "caption": "96 pinner used to perform spot assays with yeast, fungal or bacterial cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-96pinner.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_75", "caption": "An agar plate being viewed in an electronic  colony counter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Quintote_colony_counter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_76", "caption": "Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England community hospital setting. Different agar plates are used for different specimen sources, as seen in the upper left quadrant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Diagnostic_algorithm_of_possible_bacterial_i_c0e81736.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_77", "caption": "Red blood cells  on an agar plate are used to diagnose  infection . On the left is a positive  Staphylococcus  infection, on the right a positive  Streptococcus  culture.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_78", "caption": "Hemolyses of  Streptococcus  spp.  (left) \u03b1-hemolysis ( S. mitis ); (middle) \u03b2-hemolysis ( S. pyogenes ); (right) \u03b3-hemolysis (= nonhemolytic,  S. salivarius )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Streptococcal_hemolysis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_79", "caption": "Four types of agar plate demonstrating differential growth depending on bacterial  metabolism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Agarplates.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_80", "caption": "the yeast  Candida albicans  growing both as yeast cells and  filamentous cells  on YPD agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Candida_albicans_growing_as_yeast_cells_and__b3f46f2c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_81", "caption": "A bacterial lawn used in antibiotic resistance testing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacterial_lawn_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_82", "caption": "Staphylococcus aureus  biofilm on an indwelling  catheter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_83", "caption": "Probable  cyanobacteria  in the vertical section of a silicified biofilm from the Lower Cretaceous. Very shallow hypersaline environment of the  Urgonian   carbonate platform  of Provence, south eastern France.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Algae_in_silicified_sediment_with_evaporite__f8f3bab9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_84", "caption": "Biofilm of golden  hydrophobic   bacteria ; ceiling of Golden Dome Cave, a  lava tube  in  Lava Beds National Monument [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-A114%2C_Lava_Beds_National_Monument%2C_Calif_e9749fad.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_85", "caption": "Mature biofilm structure \u200a [ 25 ]  Biofilm is characterised by heterogenous environment and the presence of a variety of subpopulations. A biofilm structure is composed of metabolically active (both resistant and tolerant) and non-active cells (viable but not culturable cells and persisters) as well as polymer matrix consisting of polysaccharide, extracellular DNA and proteins. Biofilm growth is associated with an escalated level of mutations and  horizontal gene transfer  which is promoted in due to the packed and dense structure. Bacteria in biofilms communicate by  quorum sensing , which activates genes participating in virulence factors production. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Mature_biofilm_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_86", "caption": "Five stages of biofilm development \u200a [ 28 ]  (1) Initial attachment, (2) Irreversible attachment, (3) Maturation I, (4) Maturation II, and (5) Dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a  photomicrograph  of a developing  P. aeruginosa  biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown to the same scale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Biofilm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_87", "caption": "Biofilm dispersal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/550px-Honors_Option-MMG.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_88", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph of mixed-culture biofilm, demonstrating in detail a spatially heterogeneous arrangement of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mixed-culture_biofilm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_89", "caption": "Mats of bacterial biofilm color the hot springs in  Yellowstone National Park . The longest raised mat area is about half a meter long.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacteria_mats_near_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_in_2c3fe777.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_90", "caption": "Thermophilic bacteria in the outflow of  Mickey Hot Springs ,  Oregon , approximately 20\u00a0mm thick.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_91", "caption": "A biofilm from the  Dead Sea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Screen_Shot_2017-12-13_at_1.40.19_PM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_92", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph showing bacteria Escherichia coli that form extensive biofilms using a network of conjugative F-pili. Source: Jonasz Patkowski", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-383px-Escherichia_coli_forming_biofilm_c92f3dec.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_93", "caption": "Aeromonas veronii  biovar  sobria   Gram stain  on microscope slide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Aeromonas_veronii_biovar_sobria_Gram_Stain_o_76336816.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_94", "caption": "Colonial morphology of various specimens of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , including mucoid types", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_on_blood_agar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_95", "caption": "Some terms used to describe colonial morphology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacterial_colony_morphology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_96", "caption": "A colony of  Brandt's cormorants  in  Point Lobos , California", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Phalacrocorax_penicillatus_%28Brandt%27s_Cor_e39dff91.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_97", "caption": "A breeding colony of  northern gannets  on the  Heligoland  archipelago in the  North Sea .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Colony_Northern_Gannet_Morus_bassanus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_98", "caption": "The pelagic  Marrus orthocanna  is a colonial  siphonophore  assembled from two types of  zooids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Marrus_orthocanna.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_99", "caption": "A dilution made with bacteria and  peptoned  water is placed in an  Agar plate  ( Agar plate count  for food samples or  Trypticase soy agar  for clinic samples) and spread over the plate by tipping in the pattern shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mezcla_homogenea_UFC.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_100", "caption": "A solution of bacteria at an unknown concentration is often  serially diluted  in order to obtain at least one plate with a countable number of bacteria. In this figure, the \"x10\" plate is suitable for counting.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Serial_dilution_and_plating_of_bacteria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_101", "caption": "The traditional way of enumerating CFUs with a \"click-counter\" and a pen. When the colonies are too numerous, it is common practice to count CFUs only on a fraction of the dish.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Manual_CFU_counting.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_102", "caption": "An automated colony counter using image processing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Quintote_colony_counter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_103", "caption": "Figure 1. Alternative Electron Transport Chain to move electrons to outer membrane of  Geobacter Sulfurreducens .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Geobacter_Sulfurreducens_Pathway.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_104", "caption": "Figure 2. Proposed methods of exoelectrogen electron transport: Direct Transfer, Transfer through Electron Shuttle, Transfer through Conductive Biofilm, Transfer through Conductive Pili.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Exoelectrogen_Electron_Transport_Mechanisms._1a3515d5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_105", "caption": "Extracellular polymeric substance matrix formation in a  biofilm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Biofilm_Formation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_106", "caption": "Succinoglycan from  Sinorhizobium meliloti", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/550px-Sinorhizobium_meliloti_monosuccinylated_succ_caabd509.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_107", "caption": "Two strains of  Zoogloea resiniphila . The tube on the left shows typical floc formations in an otherwise clear culture of a bacterium,  Zoogloea resiniphila , isolated from an activated sludge wastewater treatment reactor. In the tube on the right, planktonic growth by a floc-impaired mutant results in a turbid appearance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Zoogloea_floc_vs_planktonic.tiff_903699b0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_108", "caption": "Photomicrograph of the microflora Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, 900x mag.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Streptococcus_pyogenes_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_109", "caption": "Hemolyses of  Streptococcus  spp. (left) \u03b1-hemolysis ( S. mitis ); (middle) \u03b2-hemolysis ( S. pyogenes ); (right) \u03b3-hemolysis (non-hemolytic,  S. salivarius )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Streptococcal_hemolysis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_110", "caption": "The aquatic microbial loop is a marine trophic pathway which incorporates  dissolved organic carbon  into the food chain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Microbial_Loop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_111", "caption": "Soil carbon cycle through the microbial loop \u200a [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Soil_carbon_cycle_through_the_microbial_loop_17ef1f10.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_112", "caption": "Microbial cultures on solid and liquid media", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Microbial_cultures_fridge.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_113", "caption": "A culture of  Bacillus anthracis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Anthrax_culture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_114", "caption": "Liquid cultures of the  cyanobacterium   Synechococcus  PCC 7002", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Synechococcus_cyanobacteria-cultures.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_115", "caption": "Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England setting. The grey box near top left shows a  Venn diagram  of what culture media are routinely used for various sources or purposes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Diagnostic_algorithm_of_possible_bacterial_i_c0e81736.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_116", "caption": "Motile and non-motile bacteria can be differentiated along the stab lines. Motile bacteria (left) will grow out from the stab line while non-motile bacteria (right) are present only along the stab line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Stab_culture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_117", "caption": "Broth dilution assay. The MIC is determined by examining tubes containing the microbe and a  dilution series  of antimicrobial agent for turbidity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/368px-Minimum_Inhibitory_Concentration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_118", "caption": "Etest. After the required incubation period, when an even lawn of growth is distinctly visible, the MIC value is read where the pointed end of the inhibition ellipse intersects the side of the strip.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/369px-Etest_Vancomycin_S_aureus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_119", "caption": "E. Coli/Coliform Petrifilms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Petrifilm_new.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_120", "caption": "Plastic spreader", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Spreader.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_121", "caption": "EC Petrifilm which has tested positive for coliforms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Petrifilm_plate_with_coliform_colonies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_122", "caption": "Individual coliform colony from previous picture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-PositiveZoomed.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_123", "caption": "The plant aerial surface, mostly occupied by leaves, is inhabited by diverse microorganisms, forming the phyllosphere", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-The_plant_aerial_surface.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_124", "caption": "A leaf from a healthy  Arabidopsis  plant (left) and a leaf from a dysbiosis mutant plant (right) [ 33 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Healthy_and_unhealthy_leaf.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_125", "caption": "{A} The  heatmap  on the left illustrates how the composition of  operational taxonomic units  (OTUs) in the manuka phyllosphere and associated soil communities differed significantly. No core soil microbiome was detected. (B) The chart on the right shows how OTUs in phyllosphere and associated soil communities differed in relative abundances. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Differential_abundance_of_taxa_in_manuka_phy_5f1a2a14.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_126", "caption": "Depiction of the human body and bacteria that predominate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Skin_Microbiome20169-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_127", "caption": "Scanning electron microscope  image of  Staphylococcus epidermidis  one of roughly a thousand  bacteria  species present on  human skin . Though usually not  pathogenic , it can cause  skin infections  and even life-threatening illnesses in those that are  immunocompromised .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Staphylococcus_epidermidis_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_128", "caption": "Ecology of the 20 sites on the skin studied in the Human Microbiome Project", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Skin_Microbiome20161-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_129", "caption": "Social motility of  African trypanosomiasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-African_Trypanosome_%288093712590%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_130", "caption": "Swarming motility of  Pseudomonas aeruginosa .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Swarming_motility_of_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa._5d8204ff.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_131", "caption": "The Wistar rat, which was the first developed rat model strain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/164px-Albino_Rat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_132", "caption": "Line of T175 cell culture flasks containing red cell culture medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Line_of_culture_flask_%28385575933%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_133", "caption": "Airing  futons  (of both the quilt and mattress variety) in Japan. Note  specialized railing clips", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-%E5%B8%83%E5%9B%A3%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%A5%E5%92%8_55b0bc53.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_134", "caption": "Figure 1: Wenzel model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Wenzel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_135", "caption": "Figure 2: Schematic of grafting density.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/500px-Grafting_Density.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_136", "caption": "Figure 3: Biocide release over time", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biocide_release.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_137", "caption": "Overview of cycle between autotrophs and  heterotrophs .  Photosynthesis  is the main means by which plants, algae and many bacteria produce organic compounds and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water ( green arrow ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_138", "caption": "Flowchart to determine if a species is autotroph, heterotroph, or a subtype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-AutoHeteroTrophs_flowchart.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_139", "caption": "Green fronds of a  maidenhair fern , a photoautotroph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Colpfl27a.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_140", "caption": "Foton-12 capsule on display", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Foton12.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_141", "caption": "Experiment BIOPAN-5 part of the Foton-M2 mission", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biopan_Space_Expo_001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_142", "caption": "A  black smoker  vent in the  Atlantic Ocean , providing energy and nutrients for chemotrophs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Blacksmoker_in_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_143", "caption": "Earthworms  are soil-dwelling detritivores.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Earthworm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_144", "caption": "Two  Adonis blue  butterflies lap at a small lump of feces lying on a rock.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Adonis_Blue_butterflies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_145", "caption": "Fungi are the primary  decomposers  in most environments, illustrated here  Mycena interrupta . Only fungi produce the enzymes necessary to decompose  lignin , a chemically complex substance found in wood.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Mycena_interrupta.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_146", "caption": "A decaying tree trunk in Canada's  boreal forest . Decaying wood fills an important ecological niche, providing habitat and shelter, and returning important nutrients to the soil after undergoing decomposition.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Decaying_tree_trunk..jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_147", "caption": "Detritivore nutrient cycling model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Detritivore_nutrient_cycling_model.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_148", "caption": "Transmission electron microscope image of a cross section through a soybean ( Glycine max )  root nodule . The nitrogen fixing bacteria, and fungi  Bradyrhizobium japonicum , infects the roots and establishes a symbiosis. This high magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroid (bacterium-like cell or modified bacterial cell) within their  symbiosomes . In this image, you can also see  endoplasmic reticulum ,  Golgi apparatus  and cell wall.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Root-nodule01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_149", "caption": "Plant-endophytic bacteria interactions \u200a [ 6 ]  Abbreviations: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), volatile organic compounds (VOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), type III secretion system (T3SS), type VI secretion system (T6SS), hemagglutinins (HA), small RNAs (sRNAs), copper-micro RNAs (Cu-miRNAs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA). The arrows pointing upwards indicate an increase, while the ones pointing downwards indicate a decrease in the expression levels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Plant-endophytic_bacteria_interactions.webp._b516f596.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_150", "caption": "Location of the astrobiology EXPOSE-E and EXPOSE-R facilities on the  International Space Station", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-EXPOSE_location_on_the_ISS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_151", "caption": "Colonies of  Bacillus subtilis  grown on a culture dish in a  molecular biology  laboratory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacillus_subtilis_colonies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_152", "caption": "Ultraviolet radiation harm the  DNA  molecules of living organisms in different ways. In one common damage event, adjacent  thymine  bases bond with each other, instead of across the \"ladder\". This \" thymine dimer \" makes a bulge, and the distorted DNA molecule does not function properly.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-DNA_UV_mutation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_153", "caption": "Acarospora", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Acarospora_glaucocarpa_45871.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_154", "caption": "Tobacco seeds ( Nicotiana tabacum )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tobacco-seeds.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_155", "caption": "Types of  ionizing radiation  - gamma rays are represented by wavy lines, charged particles and neutrons by straight lines. The small circles show where ionization processes occur.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Strahlenarten_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_156", "caption": "Chemical structure of 2'-fucosyllactose consisting of lactose and fucose subunits", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/235px-2%27-Fucosyllactose.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_157", "caption": "The different types of organisms involved in biological weathering of the Earth's crust and a timescale for their evolution. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Biological_weathering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_158", "caption": "Anaerobic  bacteria  can be identified by growing them in test tubes of  thioglycollate broth :   1:  Obligate aerobes  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.   2:  Obligate anaerobes  are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.   3:  Facultative anaerobes  can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.   4:  Microaerophiles  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.   5:  Aerotolerant organisms  do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Anaerobic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_159", "caption": "Fungi are a major group of osmotrophic organisms since Fungi degrade biomass.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Fungi-05_%28xndr%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_160", "caption": "Photoheterotrophs are ubiquitous in marine ecosystems. Notably, bacteria and archaea may use proteorhodopsin as a supplementary, light-driven energy source.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Clouds_over_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_161", "caption": "Flowchart to determine if a species is  autotroph ,  heterotroph , or a subtype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Troph_flowchart.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_162", "caption": "Terrestrial and aquatic phototrophs: plants grow on a fallen log floating in algae-rich water", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dead_tree_river.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_163", "caption": "Flowchart to determine if a species is autotroph,  heterotroph , or a subtype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/500px-Troph_flowchart.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_164", "caption": "The  lichen   Xanthoria elegans  can continue to  photosynthesize  at \u221224\u00a0\u00b0C. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Xanthoria_elegans_97571_wb1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_165", "caption": "Snow surface with  snow algae   Chlamydomonas nivalis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chlamydomonas_nivalis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_166", "caption": "Psychrophilic  algae  can tolerate cold temperatures, like this  Chlamydomonas  green algae growing on snow in  Antarctica .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chlamydomonas3_%28Antarctique%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_167", "caption": "Antarctic  diatom  algae covering the underwater surface of broken  sea ice  in the  Ross Sea .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Broken_pack_ice_with_cryopelagic_antarctic_d_17da3542.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_168", "caption": "The wingless midge ( Chironomidae )  Belgica antarctica .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Belgica_antarctica_mating.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_169", "caption": "Many microbial rhodopsins, such as this  bacteriorhodopsin , are ion pumps that convert light to chemical energy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-1m0l_opm.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_170", "caption": "A  cluster  of  Escherichia coli   bacteria  magnified 10,000 times", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_171", "caption": "Mahavira  postulated the existence of microscopic creatures in the  6th century BC .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Mahaveer_swami.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_172", "caption": "The mausoleum of  Akshamsaddin , who mentioned microorganisms in his book Maddat ul-Hayat in the 15th century, in Bolu, Turkiye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/172px-Akshamsaddin%27s_Tomb_at_Goynuk.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_173", "caption": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek  was the first to study microscopic organisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Na_61bc91c3.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_174", "caption": "Lazzaro Spallanzani  showed that boiling a broth stopped it from decaying.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Spallanzani.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_175", "caption": "Louis Pasteur  showed that Spallanzani's findings held even if air could enter through a filter that kept particles out.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_176", "caption": "Robert Koch  showed that microorganisms caused  disease .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Robert_Koch.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_177", "caption": "Carl Woese 's 1990  phylogenetic tree  based on  rRNA  data shows the domains of  Bacteria ,  Archaea , and  Eukaryota . All are microorganisms except some eukaryote groups.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/325px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_178", "caption": "Staphylococcus aureus  bacteria magnified about 10,000x", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Staphylococcus_aureus_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_179", "caption": "Euglena mutabilis , a  photosynthetic   flagellate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Euglena_mutabilis_-_400x_-_1_%2810388739803%_29b2cb64.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_180", "caption": "A tetrad of  Deinococcus radiodurans , a  radioresistant   extremophile  bacterium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_181", "caption": "The photosynthetic  cyanobacterium   Hyella caespitosa  (round shapes) with fungal hyphae (translucent threads) in the  lichen   Pyrenocollema halodytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Hyella_caespitosa.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_182", "caption": "Wastewater treatment plants  rely largely on microorganisms to  oxidise  organic matter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-WWTP_Antwerpen-Zuid.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_183", "caption": "A laboratory  fermentation  vessel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biofermentor.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_184", "caption": "The  eukaryotic   parasite   Plasmodium falciparum  (spiky blue shapes), a causative agent of  malaria , in human  blood", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Plasmodium.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_185", "caption": "Clockwise from top right:  Amoeba proteus ,  Actinophrys sol ,  Acanthamoeba  sp.,  Nuclearia thermophila .,  Euglypha acanthophora ,  neutrophil  ingesting bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Amoeba_collage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_186", "caption": "The forms of  pseudopodia , from left: polypodial and lobose; monopodial and lobose; filose; conical; reticulose; tapering actinopods; non-tapering actinopods", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/380px-PseudopodiaFormsDavidPatterson.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_187", "caption": "Amoeba  phagocytosis  of a  bacterium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Phagocytosis_--_amoeba.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_188", "caption": "Foraminifera  have reticulose (net-like) pseudopods, and many species are visible with the naked eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_189", "caption": "Trophozoites  of the pathogenic  Entamoeba histolytica  with ingested  red blood cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Trophozoites_of_Entamoeba_histolytica_with_i_e8f3bef4.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_190", "caption": "The first illustration of an amoeboid, from R\u00f6sel von Rosenhof's  Insecten-Belustigung  (1755)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Der_Kleine_Proteus_from_Roesel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_191", "caption": "Neutrophil  (white blood cell) engulfing anthrax bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_192", "caption": "A. robustus  grown in culture media (Bowen, Benjamin P., etal)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Anaeromyces_robustus_2.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_193", "caption": "Basic features of an  in vivo  microrobot \u200a [ 2 ]  In a biohybrid approach, all three of these  basic features can be realised either biologically by a microorganism, or artificially by synthetic attachments. Blue indicates biological entities (flagellated or target cells), red indicates artificial structures (attached tubes, helices, particles, or external devices). Arrows in the upper left panel indicate the motile actor, wave lines in the upper right panel indicate signal pathways. The lower panel shows how functionalities can be carried out based on cell-cell interactions or by synthetic cargo (red particles).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Basic_features_of_an_in_vivo_microrobot.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_194", "caption": "Biohybrid  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii  microswimmers \u200a [ 31 ]  Top: Schematics of production steps for biohybrid  C. reinhardtii . Bottom: SEM images of bare microalgae (left) and biohybrid microalgae (right) coated with chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CSIONPs). Images were pseudocolored. A darker green color on the right SEM image represents chitosan coating on microalgae cell wall. Orange-colored particles represents CSIONPs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Biohybrid_Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii_microswi_4b937410.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_195", "caption": "Robocolith hybrids combining polydopamine and coccoliths \u200a [ 61 ]   EHUX coccolithophores are cultivated for isolation of coccoliths. When coccoliths (asymmetric morphology) are exposed to light, no collective motion is observed. Coccoliths are then mixed gently with dopamine solutions. Thus, polydopamine-coated coccoliths hybrids are obtained as a basis for design of Robocoliths. Light excitation and the asymmetry of Robocoliths generates a thermal flux of heat because of polydopamine's photothermal properties. Coupling of convection from neighboring Robocoliths transforms their movement into an aggregated collective motion. Robocolith functionalization is also proposed to prevent and control nonspecific attachment of biomacromolecules and possible diminution of the aggregation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Robocolith_hybrids_combining_polydopamine_an_7a97f9a1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_196", "caption": "Asymmetric architecture of coccolith morphology \u200a [ 61 ]  (A) EHUX coccolithophores were cultivated successfully and visualized by SEM (scale bar, 4 \u03bcm).  (B) Following this, we broke and removed the cellular material from EHUX coccolithophores to isolate multiple (top; scale bar, 20 \u03bcm) and individual (bottom; scale bar, 1 \u03bcm) coccoliths, as visualized by SEM.  (C) AFM image of an individual coccolith. Micrograph size, 4 \u00d7 4 \u03bcm.  (D) AFM magnification the micrograph of an individual coccolith. Scale bar, 400\u00a0nm.  (E) Illustration of a coccolith, depicting its specific morphological parameters.  (F) Typical plotted values of the specific morphological parameters. Data are represented as mean \u00b1 SD (n = 55), where n is the number of coccoliths visualized by TEM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Asymmetric_architecture_of_coccolith_morphol_e806564f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_197", "caption": "Emiliania huxleyi  protected with asymmetric  coccoliths", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Emiliania_huxleyi.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_198", "caption": "Biohybrid bacterial microswimmers \u200a [ 83 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Biohybrid_bacterial_microswimmers.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_199", "caption": "Biohybrid diatomite microswimmer drug delivery system  Diatom frustule surface functionalised with photoactivable molecules (orange spheres) linked to vitamin B-12 (red sphere) acting as a tumor-targeting tag. The system can be loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs (light blue spheres), which can be selectively delivered to colorectal cancer cells. In addition, diatomite microparticles can be photoactivated to generate carbon monoxide or free radicals inducing tumor cell apoptosis. [ 84 ] [ 85 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Bio-inspired_hybrid_multifunctional_drug_del_ebd16c70.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_200", "caption": "Cable bacteria in between two layers of sediment split apart inside a glass cylinder.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cable_bacteria_in_sediment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_201", "caption": "Diagram demonstrating cable bacteria metabolism in surface sediment. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is oxidized in the sulfidic sediment layer, and the resulting electrons (e \u2212 ) are conducted up through the cable bacteria filament to the  oxic  layer and used to reduce molecular oxygen (O 2 ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cable_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_202", "caption": "Figure 1: Major steps of a CyTOF procedure. Isotope chelation, antibody tagging, cellular staining, and aerosol injection into the ICP-MS, and data analysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/524px-CyTOF_Workflow.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_203", "caption": "Role of the microbial community in the marine  carbon cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Marine_carbon_cycle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_204", "caption": "Relative sizes of microscopic entities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Relative_sizes_of_microscopic_entities_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_205", "caption": "The range of sizes shown by  prokaryotes  (bacteria and archaea) and  viruses  relative to those of other organisms and  biomolecules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Relative_scale.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_206", "caption": "Under a magnifier, a splash of seawater teems with microscopic life", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Marine_critters.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_207", "caption": "Sea spray containing marine microorganisms can be swept high into the atmosphere where they become  aeroplankton , and can travel the globe before falling back to earth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Ocean_mist_and_spray_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_208", "caption": "Virus-host interactions in the marine ecosystem, including viral infection of bacteria, phytoplankton and fish [ 30 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Marine_virus-host_interactions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_209", "caption": "Virions  of different families of  tailed phages", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Caudovirales.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_210", "caption": "These are  cyanophages , viruses that infect  cyanobacteria  (scale bars indicate 100 nm)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Cyanophages.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_211", "caption": "The giant  mimivirus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Electron_microscopic_image_of_a_mimivirus_-__096051f9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_212", "caption": "Largest known virus,  Tupanvirus , named after  Tup\u00e3 , the Guarani  supreme god of creation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tupanvirus.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_213", "caption": "Pelagibacter ubique , the most abundant bacteria in the ocean, plays a major role in the global  carbon cycle .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pelagibacter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_214", "caption": "Vibrio vulnificus , a virulent bacterium found in  estuaries  and along coastal areas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Vibrio_vulnificus_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_215", "caption": "Electron micrograph showing a species of the widespread cyanobacteria  Synechococcus .  Carboxysomes  appear as polyhedral dark structures.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Synechococcus_elongatus_PCC_7942_electron_mi_bce9c9c3.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_216", "caption": "Archaea were initially viewed as  extremophiles  living in harsh environments, such as the yellow archaea pictured here in a  hot spring , but they have since been found in a much broader range of  habitats . [ 78 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_217", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Amoeba_proteus_from_Leidy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_218", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Diatom_-_Triceratium_favus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_219", "caption": "Lichen  on a rock in a marine  splash zone . Lichens are mutualistic associations between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Lichen_rock.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_220", "caption": "A  sea snail ,  Littoraria irrorata , covered in lichen. This snail farms intertidal  ascomycetous  fungi", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Littoraria_irrorata.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_221", "caption": "Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis, including both oceanic  phytoplankton  and terrestrial  vegetation . Dark red and blue-green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_222", "caption": "Plankton are drifting or floating organisms that cannot swim effectively against a current, and include organisms from most areas of life:  bacteria ,  archaea ,  algae ,  protozoa  and  animals .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/240px-Plankton_collage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_223", "caption": "Phytoplankton \u2013 such as this colony of  Chaetoceros socialis  \u2013 naturally gives off red fluorescent light which dissipates excess solar energy they cannot consume through photosynthesis. This glow can be detected by satellites as an indicator of how efficiently ocean phytoplankton is photosynthesising. [ 154 ] [ 155 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/240px-Colony_of_Chaetoceros_socialis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_224", "caption": "Structure of a centric diatom frustule [ 162 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/324px-Structure_of_diatom_frustules.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_225", "caption": "Model of the energy generating mechanism in marine bacteria (1) When sunlight strikes a rhodopsin molecule (2) it changes its configuration so a proton is expelled from the cell (3) the chemical potential causes the proton to flow back to the cell (4) thus generating energy (5) in the form of  adenosine triphosphate . [ 165 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Model_of_the_energy_generating_mechanism_in__2b846266.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_226", "caption": "Halobacteria  in  salt evaporation ponds  coloured purple by  bacteriorhodopsin [ 167 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/180px-Salt_ponds_SF_Bay_%28dro%21d%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_227", "caption": "Stone dagger of  \u00d6tzi the Iceman  who lived during the  Copper Age . The blade is made of  chert  containing radiolarians, calcispheres, calpionellids and a few sponge spicules. The presence of  calpionellids , which are extinct, was used to date this dagger. [ 216 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman_-_Dagger_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_228", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Marine_sediment_thickness_%28legend%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_229", "caption": "Archaea rock \u2013 this deep ocean rock harboured worms that consumed methane-eating archaea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Archaea_rock.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_230", "caption": "Main types of microbial symbioses  (A) Microbial interactions range from mutually beneficial to harmful for one or more partners. Blue double headed arrows highlight that relationships can move between classifications often influenced by environmental conditions. (B) Host-microbe symbioses should be considered within the context of microbial communities where the host participates in multiple and often different symbiotic relationships. (C) Microbial communities are influenced by a variety of microbe-microbe symbioses ranging from cooperation (e.g., syntrophy or co-metabolism) to competition. Arrows depict generally beneficial (blue) and detrimental (red) outcomes for one (single arrowhead) or both (double arrowhead) members. Note as with host-microbe symbioses these relationships can be viewed as fluid and influenced by environmental conditions. [ 230 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Types_of_microbial_symbioses.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_231", "caption": "Marine  export production", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Marine_export_production.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_232", "caption": "Marine  microbial loop", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Microbial_Loop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_233", "caption": "Roles of fungi in the marine carbon cycle [ 247 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Roles_of_fungi_in_the_marine_carbon_cycle.jp_e5376e94.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_234", "caption": "The  viral shunt pathway  facilitates the flow of  dissolved organic matter  (DOM) and  particulate organic matter  (POM) through the marine food web", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/320px-Viral_shunt.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_235", "caption": "Size and classification of marine particles [ 249 ] Adapted from Simon et al., 2002. [ 250 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Size_and_classification_of_marine_particles._7d7640ab.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_236", "caption": "Fluorescence microscopy of various  picoplankton  in the ocean, much of which cannot be effectively studied because they resist attempts at laboratory culture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/320px-Picoplancton_fluorescence_Pacific.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_237", "caption": "Subsurface life environments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/320px-Subsurface_life_environments.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_238", "caption": "These aerobic microorganisms, found deep in organically poor sediments, have been in quasi-suspended animation for maybe 100 million years", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/320px-13C_and_15N_incorporation_in_representative__dff2422b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_239", "caption": "Unidentified spherical algal microorganism, part of the  microbial dark matter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Unidentified_spherical_algal_microorganism.j_54642e90.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_240", "caption": "Strategies for sampling plankton by size classes and abundance The blue background indicates the filtered volume required to obtain sufficient organism numbers for analysis. Actual volumes from which organisms are sampled are always recorded. [ 277 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/880px-Plankton_sampling_methods.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_241", "caption": "DNA barcode  alignment and comparison between the two species of marine bacteria pictured above [ 280 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-DNA_barcoding_of_marine_bacteria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_242", "caption": "Methods used to study phytoplankton  Three different possibilities to process the sample are using raw samples, fixation or preservation, and filtration. For microscopy and flow cytometry raw samples either are measured immediately or have to be fixed for later measurements. Since molecular methods, pigment analysis and detection of molecular tracers usually require concentrated cells, filter residues serve for phytoplankton measurements. Molecular characterization and quantification of trace molecules is performed using  chromatography ,  mass spectrometry , and  nuclear magnetic resonance  spectroscopy. [ 281 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Methods_used_for_phytoplankton_studies.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_243", "caption": "DNA sequencing technologies used in marine metagenomics  The discovery process involves marine sampling,  DNA sequencing  and  contig generation . Previously unknown genes, pathways and even whole genomes are being discovered. These genome-editing technologies are used to retrieve and modify valuable microorganisms for production, particularly in marine metagenomics. Organisms may be cultivable or uncultivable.  Metagenomics  is providing especially valuable information for uncultivable samples. [ 287 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-DNA_sequencing_technologies_used_in_marine_m_35c06681.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_244", "caption": "Meta-omics data based biogeochemical modeling  [ 293 ]  A schematic conceptual framework for  marine biogeochemical modeling  from environmental, imaging, and meta-omics data. [ 294 ]  A semi-automatic computational pipeline is schematized for combining biomarkers with biogeochemical data  [ 295 ]  that can be incorporated into classic biogeochemical models  [ 296 ]  for creating a next generation of biogeochemical trait-based meta-omics models by considering their respective traits. Such novel meta-omics-enabled approaches aim to improve the monitoring and prediction of ocean processes while respecting the complexity of the planktonic system. [ 297 ] [ 298 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Meta-omics_data_based_biogeochemical_modelin_63b61294.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_245", "caption": "Using omics data with marine phytoplankton [ 299 ]  As an example of how omics data can be used with marine phytoplankton to inform  Earth system science ,  metatranscriptome sequences  from natural phytoplankton communities were used to help identify physiological traits (cellular concentration of  ribosomes  and their  rRNAs ) underpinning adaptation to environmental conditions (temperature). A mechanistic phytoplankton cell model was used to test the significance of the identified physiological trait for cellular  stoichiometry . Environmental selection in a trait\u2010based global marine ecosystem model was then linking emergent growth and cellular allocation strategies to large\u2010scale patterns in light, nutrients and temperature in the surface marine environment. Global predictions of cellular resource allocation and stoichiometry (N:P ratio) were consistent with patterns in metatranscriptome data [ 300 ]  and latitudinal patterns in the elemental ratios of marine plankton and organic matter. [ 301 ]  The three\u2010dimensional view of ribosome shows rRNA in dark blue and dark red. Lighter colours represent  ribosomal proteins . Bands above show temperature\u2010dependent abundance of the  eukaryotic  ribosomal protein S14. [ 300 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Omics_data_and_marine_phytoplankton.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_246", "caption": "Microorganisms and climate change in marine and terrestrial biomes [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Microorganisms_and_climate_change.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_247", "caption": "Diagram above contains clickable links", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/12px-Interactive_icon.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_248", "caption": "This timeline contains clickable links", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/12px-Interactive_icon.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_249", "caption": "Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms, showing a view of the origins of eukaryotes and prokaryotes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Tree_of_Living_Organisms_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_250", "caption": "The range of sizes shown by  prokaryotes  (bacteria and archaea) and  viruses  relative to those of other organisms and  biomolecules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Relative_scale.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_251", "caption": "Sea spray  containing  marine microorganisms , including prokaryotes, can be swept high into the atmosphere where they become  aeroplankton , and can travel the globe before falling back to earth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Ocean_mist_and_spray_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_252", "caption": "Estimates of microbial species counts in the three domains of life  Bacteria are the oldest and most biodiverse group, followed by Archaea and Fungi (the most recent groups). In 1998, before awareness of the extent of microbial life had gotten underway,  Robert M. May [ 49 ]  estimated there were 3 million species of living organisms on the planet. But in 2016, Locey and Lennon  [ 50 ]  estimated the number of microorganism species could be as high as 1 trillion. [ 51 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Microbial_species_present_in_the_three_domai_563b1dff.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_253", "caption": "Different bacteria shapes ( cocci ,  rods  and  spirochetes ) and their sizes compared with the width of a human hair. [ 58 ]  A few bacteria are comma-shaped ( vibrio ). Archaea have similar shapes, though the archaeon  Haloquadratum  is flat and square. [ 59 ]     The unit  \u03bcm  is a measurement of length, the  micrometer , equal to 1/1,000 of a millimeter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Shapes_of_bacteria_and_size_comparisons.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_254", "caption": "Pelagibacter ubique  of the  SAR11 clade  is the most abundant bacteria in the ocean and plays a major role in the global  carbon cycle .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pelagibacter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_255", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph of a strain of  Roseobacter , a widespread and important genus of marine bacteria. For scale, the membrane pore size is 0.2 \u00a0 \u03bcm in diameter. [ 60 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Roseobacter_strain_HIMB11.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_256", "caption": "Vibrio vulnificus , a virulent bacterium found in  estuaries  and along coastal areas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Vibrio_vulnificus_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_257", "caption": "Colonies of marine cyanobacteria  Trichodesmium interact with bacteria to acquire iron from dust   a.  The N 2 -fixing  Trichodesmium  spp., which commonly occurs in tropical and sub-tropical waters, is of large environmental significance in fertilizing the ocean with important nutrients. b.   Trichodesmium  can establish massive blooms in nutrient poor ocean regions with high dust deposition, partly due to their unique ability to capture dust, center it, and subsequently dissolve it. c.  Proposed dust-bound Fe acquisition pathway: Bacteria residing within the colonies produce  siderophores  (c-I) that react with the dust particles in the colony core and generate dissolved Fe (c-II). This dissolved Fe, complexed by siderophores, is then acquired by both  Trichodesmium  and its resident bacteria (c-III), resulting in a mutual benefit to both partners of the  consortium . [ 82 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/550px-Trichodesmium_interact_with_bacteria_to_acqu_d647557a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_258", "caption": "The  chloroplasts  of  glaucophytes  have a  peptidoglycan  layer, evidence suggesting their  endosymbiotic  origin from  cyanobacteria . [ 83 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/280px-Glaucocystis_sp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_259", "caption": "Archaea were initially viewed as  extremophiles  living in harsh environments, such as the yellow archaea pictured here in a  hot spring , but they have since been found in a much broader range of  habitats . [ 91 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_260", "caption": "Two  Nanoarchaeum equitans  cells with its larger host  Ignicoccus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Urzwerg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_261", "caption": "A microbial mat encrusted with iron oxide on the flank of a  seamount  can harbour microbial communities dominated by the iron-oxidizing  Zetaproteobacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Loihiflank.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_262", "caption": "Bacterial flagellum  rotated by a  molecular motor  at its base", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Flagellum_base_diagram-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_263", "caption": "Earth's magnetic field", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/140px-VFPt_Dipole_field.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_264", "caption": "Model of the energy generating mechanism in marine bacteria \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (1) When sunlight strikes a rhodopsin molecule \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (2) it changes its configuration so a proton is expelled from the cell \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (3) the chemical potential causes the proton to flow back to the cell \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (4) thus generating energy \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (5) in the form of  adenosine triphosphate . [ 152 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/420px-Model_of_the_energy_generating_mechanism_in__78bb2052.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_265", "caption": "Halobacteria  in  salt evaporation ponds  coloured purple by  bacteriorhodopsin [ 154 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/180px-Salt_ponds_SF_Bay_%28dro%21d%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_266", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree representing bacterial OTUs from  clone libraries  and  next-generation sequencing . OTUs from next-generation sequencing are displayed if the OTU contained more than two sequences in the unrarefied OTU table (3626 OTUs). [ 164 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Bacterial_OTUs_from_clone_libraries_and_next_14aab656.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_267", "caption": "Bacterioplankton and the pelagic marine food web  Solar radiation can have positive (+) or negative (\u2212) effects resulting in increases or decreases in the heterotrophic activity of bacterioplankton. [ 171 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-The_pelagic_marine_food_web_and_bacterioplan_2e606a77.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_268", "caption": "Bacteria, sea slicks and satellite remote sensing   Surfactants are capable of dampening the short capillary ocean surface waves and smoothing the sea surface.  Synthetic aperture radar  (SAR) satellite remote sensing can detect areas with concentrated surfactants or sea slicks, which appear as dark areas on the SAR images. [ 174 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Bacteria%2C_sea_slicks_and_satellite_remote__ba3cb13a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_269", "caption": "Export processes in the ocean from remote sensing [ 176 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Export_Processes_in_the_Ocean_from_Remote_Se_bdc6f236.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_270", "caption": "Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms, showing a schematic view of the central position occupied by the protista (protists)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Tree_of_Living_Organisms_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_271", "caption": "Schematic view of the eukaryotic  tree of life  with effigies of main marine protist representatives\u200a [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/700px-Phylogenetic_relationships_of_marine_protist_ec28b742.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_272", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Amoeba_proteus_from_Leidy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_273", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Diatom_-_Triceratium_favus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_274", "caption": "Difference of beating pattern of flagellum and cilium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Flagellum-beating.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_275", "caption": "Marine flagellates from the genera (left to right) Cryptaulax ,  Abollifer ,  Bodo ,  Rhynchomonas ,  Kiitoksia ,  Allas , and  Metromonas \u200a [ 47 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Marine_flagellates.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_276", "caption": "Cilia performs powerful forward strokes with a stiffened flagellum followed by relatively slow recovery movement with a relaxed flagellum.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Cillia1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_277", "caption": "Diatoms come in many shapes and sizes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/324px-Diatom3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_278", "caption": "Structure of a centric diatom frustule [ 66 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/380px-Structure_of_diatom_frustules.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_279", "caption": "The fossil coccolithophore  Braarudosphaera bigelowii  has an unusual shell with a regular dodecahedral structure about 10 micrometers across. [ 74 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/240px-Braarudosphaera_bigelowii.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_280", "caption": "Conjugation of two  Coleps  sp.  Two similar-looking but sexually distinct partners connected at their front ends exchange genetic material via a plasma bridge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Coleps-Konjugation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_281", "caption": "Yellow-brown zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic algae that lives inside hosts like  radiolarians  and  coral", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Zooxanthellae.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_282", "caption": "Planktonic protist interactome \u200a [ 118 ] Bipartite  networks, providing an overview of the interactions represented by a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Planktonic_protist_interactome.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_283", "caption": "Possible ecological interactions between two individuals. The result of the interaction for each member of the pair can be positive, negative or neutral. For example, in predation, one partner obtains the benefits while the other assumes the costs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Ecological_interactions_between_two_individu_d31ab4be.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_284", "caption": "Main types of microbial symbioses  (A) Microbial interactions range from mutually beneficial to harmful for one or more partners. Blue double headed arrows highlight that relationships can move between classifications often influenced by environmental conditions. (B) Host-microbe symbioses should be considered within the context of microbial communities where the host participates in multiple and often different symbiotic relationships. (C) Microbial communities are influenced by a variety of microbe-microbe symbioses ranging from cooperation (e.g., syntrophy or co-metabolism) to competition. Arrows depict generally beneficial (blue) and detrimental (red) outcomes for one (single arrowhead) or both (double arrowhead) members. Note as with host-microbe symbioses these relationships can be viewed as fluid and influenced by environmental conditions. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Types_of_microbial_symbioses.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_285", "caption": "Figure 1 shows  Osedax rubiplumus  with ovisac (red colored projections) which houses symbiont bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Osedax_rubiplumus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_286", "caption": "Figure 2 shows sagittal section of bobtail squid  Euprymna scolopes . light organ. The crypts house symbiont bacteria  Vibrio fischeri . They emit light during night time to camouflage themselves against the moon and star light coming down the ocean. It helps them to avoid predators.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/276px-Bobtail_Squid_Light_Organ.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_287", "caption": "The sponge holobiont  The sponge  holobiont  is an example of the concept of nested ecosystems. Key functions carried out by the microbiome (coloured arrows) influence holobiont functioning and, through cascading effects, subsequently influence community structure and ecosystem functioning. Environmental factors act at multiple scales to alter microbiome, holobiont, community, and ecosystem scale processes. Thus, factors that alter microbiome functioning can lead to changes at the holobiont, community, or even ecosystem level and vice versa, illustrating the necessity of considering multiple scales when evaluating functioning in nested ecosystems. [ 16 ]   DOM:  dissolved organic matter ; POM:  particulate organic matter ; DIN: dissolved inorganic nitrogen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/480px-The_sponge_holobiont.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_288", "caption": "General steps of methylotrophic metabolism displaying 4 known assimilatory methylotrophic pathways. The general catabolic pathway is also shown. Q denotes a membrane-bound quinone. Methane monooxygenase (MMO) and Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) may be membrane-associated or cytoplasmic while Methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) and Formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) are always membrane-associated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Common_methylotrophic_metabolic_pathways.svg_6fe20fce.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_289", "caption": "RuMP pathway in type I methanotrophs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-RuMP_pathway.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_290", "caption": "3-hexulose 6-phos\u00adphate (hexu\u00adlose phos\u00adphate)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-HR170765_bw.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_291", "caption": "Microbial consortia naturally formed on the roots of  Arabidopsis thaliana  Scanning electron microscopy pictures of root surfaces from natural A. thaliana populations showing the complex microbial networks formed on roots. a) Overview of an  A. thaliana  root (primary root) with numerous root hairs. b)  Biofilm-forming  bacteria. c)  Fungal  or  oomycete   hyphae  surrounding the root surface. d) Primary root densely covered by  spores  and  protists . e, f)  Protists , most likely belonging to the  Bacillariophyceae  class. g) Bacteria and  bacterial filaments . h, i) Different bacterial individuals showing great varieties of shapes and morphological features. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Microbial_consortia_naturally_formed_on_the__a03fa15a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_292", "caption": "Rhizosphere microbial consortia \u200a [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Rhizosphere_microbial_consortia.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_293", "caption": "Workflow of enrichment and dilution-to-extinction cultures to select simplified microbial consortia (SMC) for keratin degradation. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Selection_of_microbial_consortia_for_keratin_0b8d8339.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_294", "caption": "Painting of a cross-section through an  Escherichia coli  bacterium, a   chemoheterotrophic  bacterium often used in synthetic microbial consortia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Escherichia-coli-bacterium%281%2_2bd6f1d3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_295", "caption": "Ancient bacteria found in the permafrost possess a remarkable range of antibiotic resistance genes (red). However, their capacity to resist is also generally lower than of modern bacteria from the same area (black). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Perron_2015_permafrost_antibiotic_resistance_c328dc05.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_296", "caption": "Some of the ancient amoeba-eating viruses revived by the research team of Jean-Michel Claverie. Clockwise from the top:  Pandoravirus yedoma ;  Pandoravirus mammoth  and  Megavirus mammoth ;  Cedratvirus lena ;  Pithovirus mammoth ;  Megavirus mammoth ;  Pacmanvirus lupus . [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Alempic_2023_permafrost_viruses.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_297", "caption": "Topographic map of the Red Sea and the relative location.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_298", "caption": "Morphologies of varying Caudovirales including  Siphoviridae ,  Myoviridae , and  Podoviridae .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ben_Darby_Caudovirales_illustrations.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_299", "caption": "Modern  stromatolites  in Shark Bay, Western Australia. It can take a century for a stromatolite to grow 5 cm. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_300", "caption": "Bacteria in a capule", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/242px-Bacteria_with_capsule.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_301", "caption": "A bottom-dwelling community found deep in the European Arctic. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/215px-Echinoderms_600.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_302", "caption": "Paramecium tetraurelia , a ciliate, with oral groove visible", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Paramecia_tetraurelia.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_303", "caption": "A scanning electron microscope image of a  diatom", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_7632_SEM_diatom.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_304", "caption": "Transmission electron microscope image of budding  Ogataea polymorpha", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Kg3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_305", "caption": "FMIB 50036 Vibrion Babuette (Muller), magnified", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/FMIB_50036_Vibrion_Babuette_%28Muller%29%2C_magnif_9a5aa626.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_306", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Secretory_mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_307", "caption": "Porosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/240px-Porosome_for_wiki-2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_308", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-T1SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_309", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-T2SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_310", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-T3SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_311", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-T5SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_312", "caption": "An illustration depicting diversity in the architecture of protein secretion systems found in  diderm bacteria [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-All_secretion_systems.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_313", "caption": "T1SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-T1SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_314", "caption": "T2SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-T2SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_315", "caption": "T3SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-T3SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_316", "caption": "T4SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-T4SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_317", "caption": "T5SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-T5SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_318", "caption": "ESX-5: type VII secretion system, Mycobacterium xenopi", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/159px-7b9s.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_319", "caption": "Type IX secretion system schematic diagram [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-T9ss.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_320", "caption": "Earwax in ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ear_Wax.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_321", "caption": "Dry-type human earwax", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dry_earwax_cropped.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_322", "caption": "World map of the distribution of the A allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs17822931 in the  ABCC11  gene associated with dry-type earwax. The proportion of A alleles (dry-type earwax) in each population is represented by the white area in each circle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-World_map_ABCC11_A_Allele.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_323", "caption": "An ear-cleaner, attending to a man's ear. Gouache painting, Delhi, 1825.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-An_ear-cleaner%2C_attending_to_a_man%27s_ear_fe519811.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_324", "caption": "Photograph of a male  red deer  ( Cervus elaphus ), taken during the  mating season . The prominent preorbital gland is  enlarged  and dilated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Red_deer_stag_2009_denmark.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_325", "caption": "A male  P\u00e8re David's deer  ( Elaphurus davidianus ). Note the large preorbital gland extending from just below the  orbit .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Elaphurus_davidianus_at_Sharkarosa_Wildlife__052c1d18.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_326", "caption": "A male  sambar  ( Rusa unicolor ) in  Pench National Park ,  Madhya Pradesh , India. These animals are often referred to as \"four-eyed deer\", due to their large preorbital glands. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sambhar_deer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_327", "caption": "Hirola  ( Beatragus hunteri ) are often referred to as the \"four-eyed antelope\", due to their large preorbital glands [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Hirola2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_328", "caption": "Circadian and ultradian rhythms of thyrotropin (TSH) concentration. Simulated time series created with  SimThyr .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/241px-TSH_rhythms.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_329", "caption": "Insulin release from the islet of Langerhans is pulsatile with a period of 3\u20136 minutes. [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/241px-Pancreas_insulin_oscillations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_330", "caption": "Conditions of sebaceous glands", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Blausen_0811_SkinPores.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_331", "caption": "Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the basic Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Taabasic1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_332", "caption": "Figure 2  The C-terminal membrane anchor domain can clearly be seen on the right in blue. The stalk domain can be seen in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-PDB_3emo_EBI.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_333", "caption": "Figure 3 The protein domain arrangement of the Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin, BadA [ 1 ]  This figure shows the head, stalk and anchor domains. It shows the YadA-like head in grey. The stalk contains repeats coloured in green and the membrane anchor in red. The sequence below shows colouring according to domain arrangement and protease cleavage sites red (trypsin) and blue (chymotrypsin). (Figure used from open access journal, in the public domain, Public Library of Science (PLoS) Pathogen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Lupasfig2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_334", "caption": "Figure 4 Comparison of Head domains in different Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins [ 10 ]  (Figure used from open access journal, in the public domain, Public Library of Science (PLoS) Pathogen)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Edwardsfig5.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_335", "caption": "Figure 5 A schematic diagram illustrating the Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins in Type V  Secretion  System.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-T5SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_336", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-T2SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_337", "caption": "Diagram showing the type II secretion system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Type_II_secretion_system.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_338", "caption": "Type IV Secretion system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/305px-T4SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_339", "caption": "A  transmission electron microscope  image of isolated T3SS needle complexes from  Salmonella  Typhimurium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-TEM_of_isolated_T3SS_needle_complexes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_340", "caption": "Diagram of individual substructures of the needle complex from  Salmonella typhimurium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Basal_body_of_T3SS_needle_complex.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_341", "caption": "The topology and organization of the  Salmonella  needle complex. [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Topology_of_T3SS_needle_complex.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_342", "caption": "Flagellum of Gram-negative bacteria. The rings of the base are very similar to needle-complex rings, although the existence of a C-ring in the needle complex has not been proven. The flagellar hook is homologous to the T3SS needle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Flagellum_base_diagram-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_343", "caption": "Structure of a Type VI  secretion system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Untitled_Diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_344", "caption": "An oligomer formed by one of proteins from Type VI secretion system in  Burkholderia pseudomallei .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-3wx6.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_345", "caption": "The antibacterial mechanism in  P. aeruginosa .  P. aeruginosa  have self-immunity to their own effector toxins: Tsi proteins bind and stabilise Tse toxins, preventing cell senescence and peptidoglycan cell wall lysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Antibacterial_Mechanisms_of_T6SS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_346", "caption": "Currently identified secretion systems", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-All_secretion_systems.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_347", "caption": "Architecture of Yip1 domain family proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-YIP1_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_348", "caption": "Localization of Yip1 domain family members", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Yip1_domain_family_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_349", "caption": "The magneto-mechano-chemical synthesis (1) is accompanied by splitting of electron energy levels (SEELs) and electron transfer in magnetic field (2) from nanoparticles Fe3O4 to doxorubicin. The concentration of paramagnetic centers (free radicals) is increased in the magneto-sensitive complex (MNC) (3). The local combined action of constant magnetic and electromagnetic fields and MNC in tumor (4) initiated SEELs, free radicals, leading to  oxidative stress ,  electron-  and  proton-transport  deregulation in the mitochondrion and changes in mechanochemical tumor heterogeneity (5). Magnetic nanotherapy has more effectively inhibited the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria of tumor cell and induced the death of tumor cells compared to conventional doxorubicin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Algorithm_cancer_magnetic_nanotherapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_350", "caption": "Schematic of a cylindrical superconducting MR scanner. Top: cross section of the cylinder with primary coil, gradient coils and RF transmit coils. Bottom: longitudinal section of the cylinder and table, showing the same coils and the RF receive coil.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_351", "caption": "A mobile MRI unit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_And_1fbbb00f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_352", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_353", "caption": "Effects of TR and TE on MR signal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-TR_TE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_354", "caption": "Examples of T1-weighted, T2-weighted and  PD-weighted  MRI scans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-T1t2PD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_355", "caption": "Diagram of changing magnetization and spin orientations throughout spin-lattice relaxation experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_356", "caption": "Patient being positioned for MR study of the head and abdomen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_357", "caption": "Radiologist  interpreting MRI images of head and neck", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_358", "caption": "MRI diffusion tensor imaging of  white matter  tracts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_T_afbafc36.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_359", "caption": "MR angiogram in congenital heart disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-PAPVR.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_360", "caption": "Magnetic resonance angiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mra1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_361", "caption": "Motion artifact (T1 coronal study of cervical vertebrae) [ 142 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_362", "caption": "The process of magnetofection. Magnet concentrates nanoparticles with gene vectors to cells for transfection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/375px-Magnetofection_with_labels.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_363", "caption": "Neural stem cells growing in culture.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Neural_Stem_Cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_364", "caption": "Bruker 700\u00a0MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-700_lab_fix.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_365", "caption": "Splitting of nuclei spin energies in an external magnetic field", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-NMR_splitting.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_366", "caption": "An intuitive model. Nuclei with spin have  magnetic moments  ( spin magnetic moments ). By itself, there is no energetic difference for any particular orientation of the nuclear magnet (only one energy state, on the left), but in an external magnetic field there is a high-energy state and a low-energy state depending on the relative orientation of the magnet to the external field, and in thermal equilibrium, the low-energy orientation is preferred. The average orientation of the magnetic moment will  precess  around the field. The external field can be supplied by a large magnet and also by electrons and other nuclei in the vicinity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-NMR_EPR.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_367", "caption": "A  Hahn echo  decay experiment measuring dephasing time.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-GWM_HahnEchoDecay.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_368", "caption": "900\u00a0MHz, 21.2\u00a0 T  NMR Magnet at HWB-NMR, Birmingham, UK", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/HWB-NMR_-_900MHz_-_21.2_Tesla.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_369", "caption": "Medical MRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-MRI-Philips.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_370", "caption": "Schematic of in situ NMR", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Schematic_of_in_situ_NMR.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_371", "caption": "A collage of different bacteria viewed under a microscope.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacteria_collage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_372", "caption": "Tanmay Bharat at the  MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bharat_Tanmay_2023_CC_BY-SA_4.0_MRC_LMB.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_373", "caption": "Dr Mina Bizic at Soapbox Science in Berlin 2020", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dr_Mina_Bizic_performing_street_science_in_B_418fc619.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_374", "caption": "Mireille Dosso (2011)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Professeur_Mireille_Dosso.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_375", "caption": "Grave of David Gruby,  Saint-Vincent Cemetery ,  Montmartre", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tombe_David_Gruby%2C_Cimeti%C3%A8re_Saint-Vi_9563a984.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_376", "caption": "Four photographs of a series of underwater fresh water springs found in the Dead Sea, approximately 1.8 km west of Mitzpe Shalem, in 2010 by Danny Ionescu", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Underwater_Fresh_Water_Springs_in_the_Dead_S_7843c813.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_377", "caption": "Irina Ivshina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ibivshina.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_378", "caption": "Memorial at M\u00fcnster zoo. The medallion was made by sculptor August Schmiemann and unveiled in 1903 by zoo director  Hermann Landois .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Anton_Karsch.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_379", "caption": "1878 engraving", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Anton_Karsch_engraving.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_380", "caption": "Vil\u00e9m Du\u0161an Lambl", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Vilem_Dusan_Lambl_1895.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_381", "caption": "Vil\u00e9m Du\u0161an Lambl photographed as a young man", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Vil%C3%A9m_Du%C5%A1an_Lambl_Port_0e5e9c7e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_382", "caption": "Professor Ogbadu", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Professor_Lucy_J._Ogbadu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_383", "caption": "Rebecca Vega Thurber sampling in Cura\u00e7ao", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-20150523--IMG_5235_%2818137236925%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_384", "caption": "Eug\u00e8ne Wollman, circa 1910", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Wollman_vers_1910.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_385", "caption": "Arturo Zychlinsky discovered  Neutrophil Extracellular Traps  (NETs) together with Volker Brinkmann. This scanning electron image shows a NET (green), ejected by a neutrophil (yellow) to capture bacteria (purple). A red blood cell (orange) is also trapped in the NET.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Neutrophil_Extracellular_Trap.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_386", "caption": "The BCCM collections contain more than 269.000 different resources.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/700px-BCCMpatrimonium.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_387", "caption": "Building where the Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) is located.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/353px-Culture_Collection_University_of_Gothenburg__b488eb8b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_388", "caption": "Headquarters of the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology in Los Ba\u00f1os, Laguna", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Uplb_biotech_bldg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_389", "caption": "University of Santander", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-UdeS_Bucaramanga%2C_Sder-Colombia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_390", "caption": "Chlorophyll d", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chlorophyll_d_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_391", "caption": "A  bioreactor  containing the anammox bacterium  Kuenenia stuttgartiensis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Anammox_sbr.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_392", "caption": "C17-C20 ladderane lipids from anammox bacteria containing either three linearly  fused  cyclobutane rings and one cyclohexane or five cyclobutane rings. Fatty acids are esterified with methanol or the glycerol backbone, and the ladderane alcohols are ether-linked with glycerol, all in different combinations. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ladderane_lipids_of_anammox_bacteria.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_393", "caption": "Figure 2. The biological nitrogen cycle, with  dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-The_nitrogen_cycle_Arrigo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_394", "caption": "Figure 3. Possible biochemical pathway and cellular localization of the enzyme systems involved in anammox reaction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Anammox_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_395", "caption": "Figure 4. Hypothetical metabolic pathways and reversed electron transport in the anammoxosome. (a) Anammox catabolism that uses nitrite as the electron acceptor for the creation of a proton motive force over the anammoxosomal membrane. (b) Proton motive force- driven reversed electron transport combines central catabolism with nitrate reductase (NAR) to generate ferredoxin for carbon dioxide reduction in the acetyl-CoA pathway. HAO,  hydrazine oxidoreductase ; HD, hydrazine dehydrogenase; HH, hydrazine hydrolase; NIR, nitrite oxidoreductase; Q, quinine. Light blue diamonds, cytochromes; blue arrows, reductions; pink arrows, oxidations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Metabolic_pathways.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_396", "caption": "Wastewater", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Discharge_pipe.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_397", "caption": "The Laboratory of Microbiology in  Delft , where Beijerinck worked from 1897 to 1921.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Former_Delft_School_of_Microbiology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_398", "caption": "Beijerinck working in his laboratory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_399", "caption": "General structure of a PCB", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/254px-PCB_general_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_400", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/495px-PCBs%27_Degradation_Pathway.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_401", "caption": "Global distribution of  A. thalassa [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/359px-Global_distribution_of_Atelocyanobacterium_t_f74e0b31.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_402", "caption": "Mechanism of Ammonium Oxidation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/308px-Anammox_mechanism_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_403", "caption": "Cavanaugh's analyses of bacterial symbioses involving  giant tube worms  and other  deep sea   invertebrateshas  led to her being described as a \"scientific  Captain Nemo .\" [ 3 ] [ third-party source needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/280px-Nur04505.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_404", "caption": "Ruth Turner  and Cavanaugh dissecting  Alvin -retrieved clams from the deep sea in 1992", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Photo_of_Ruth_Turner_and_Colleen_Cavanaugh_d_218bcda4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_405", "caption": "Leica  confocal microscope systems", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Confocal_Microscopes_Center_for_Biofilm_Rese_7839bb25.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_406", "caption": "Anaerobic experiment station", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Anerobic_Experiment_Station_Center_for_Biofi_ccc2b964.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_407", "caption": "CBE Industrial Associates as of Nov. 1, 2021.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-2021-Nov_4-IA_Logos.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_408", "caption": "Venenivibrio stagnispumantis  gains energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Venenivibrio.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_409", "caption": "Giant tube worms ( Riftia pachyptila ) have an organ containing chemosynthetic bacteria instead of a gut.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gollner_Riftia_pachyptila.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_410", "caption": "Figure 1. Steps of Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis for a single microbial community with 3 phylotypes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/page1-220px-Step-by-step_procedure_of_using_T-RFLP_d98b4d7e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_411", "caption": "Figure 2. The microbial fingerprinting technique called Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. The diagram demonstrates how samples from different microbial communities can be compared.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/page1-220px-Step-by-step_procedure_of_using_DGGE_a_b2dbeece.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_412", "caption": "Figure 3. The microbial fingerprinting technique called (Automated) Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis. The diagram shows the output of both Automated RISA (Pathway 1) or RISA (Pathway 2).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/page1-220px-Step-by-step_procedure_of_using_ARISA__1ac16ab1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_413", "caption": "The Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sippewissett_Marsh.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_414", "caption": "Nitrogen cycle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/320px-Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_415", "caption": "Leguminous plants used to fertilize an abandoned land", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Leguminous_plant_by_MG.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_416", "caption": "Escherichia coli , one of the many species of  bacteria  present in the human gut", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_417", "caption": "Composition and distribution of gut microbiota in human body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Composition_and_distribution_of_intestinal_m_7f2369dc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_418", "caption": "Candida albicans , a dimorphic fungus that grows as a yeast in the gut", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Candida_albicans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_419", "caption": "Illustration showing the developmental colonization of gut microbiota", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/500px-Illustration_of_the_developmental_colonizati_780cd88f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_420", "caption": "Microfold cells  transfer antigens (Ag) from the lumen of the gut to  gut-associated lymphoid tissue  (GALT) via  transcytosis  and present them to different innate and adaptive immune cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Transvesicular_transport_by_microfold_cells._ac766a90.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_421", "caption": "Gut\u2013brain axis overview [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/441px-Gut-brain_axis_overview.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_422", "caption": "Gut-brain communication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gut-Brain_Axis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_423", "caption": "Bifidobacterium adolescentis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_424", "caption": "Lactobacillus  sp 01", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Lactobacillus_sp_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_425", "caption": "Graphic depicting the human  skin microbiota , with relative prevalences of various classes of bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/280px-Skin_Microbiome20169-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_426", "caption": "Flowchart illustrating how the human microbiome is studied on the DNA level.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/280px-Microbiome_analysis_flowchart.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_427", "caption": "Commensals vs pathogens mechanism. Mechanisms underlying the inflammation in COPD. Airway epithelium has complex structure: consists of at least seven diverse cell types interacting with each other by means of tight junctions. Moreover, epithelial calls can deliver the signals into the underlying tissues taking part in the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune defence.  The key transmitters of the signals are dendritic cells.  Once pathogenic bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa) has activated particular pattern recognition receptors on/in epithelial cells, the proinflammatory signaling pathways are activated.  This results mainly in IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 production.  These cytokines induce the chemotaxis to the site of infection in its target cells (e.g., neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages). On the other hand, representatives of standard microbiota cause only weak signaling preventing the inflammation.  The mechanism of distinguishing between harmless and harmful bacteria on the molecular as well as on physiological levels is not completely understood.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/280px-Commensals_vs_pathogens_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_428", "caption": "Microbiome-based interventions to modulate gut ecology and the immune system [ 127 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Constituents_and_mechanisms_of_microbiome-ba_06b7145f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_429", "caption": "Depiction of prevalences of various classes of bacteria at selected sites on human skin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Skin_Microbiome20169-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_430", "caption": "Biofilms in marine environments  Various biofilm components (including bacteria, algae, and fungi) are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biofilm_components_in_streams.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_431", "caption": "Stages of biofilm development    1) Initial Attachment 2) Irreversible Attachment 3) Maturation I 4) Maturation II 5) Dispersion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biofilm_id.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_432", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph of mixed-culture biofilm, showing the arrangement of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mixed-culture_biofilm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_433", "caption": "Various types of interactions within the biofilm (1) Communication through quorum sensing (2) Adaptations to varying conditions such as light", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mature_biofilm_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_434", "caption": "Nutrient cycling in the marine environment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Nutrient-cycle_hg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_435", "caption": "In metagenomics, the genetic materials ( DNA ,  C ) are  extracted  directly from samples taken from the environment (e.g. soil, sea water, human gut,  A ) after filtering ( B ), and are  sequenced  ( E ) after multiplication by  cloning  ( D ) in an approach called  shotgun sequencing . These short sequences can then be put together again using  assembly methods  ( F ) to deduce the individual genomes or parts of genomes that constitute the original environmental sample. This information can then be used to study the  species diversity  and functional potential of the microbial community of the environment. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Environmental_shotgun_sequencing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_436", "caption": "Flow diagram of a typical metagenome project [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-200px-Flow_diagram_of_a_typical_metage_8fd495b6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_437", "caption": "Schematic representation of the main steps necessary for the analysis of whole metagenome shotgun sequencing-derived data. [ 27 ]  The software related to each step is shown in italics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/450px-WGS_metagenomics_analysis_steps.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_438", "caption": "Metagenomics allows the study of microbial communities like those present in this stream receiving acid drainage from surface coal mining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_439", "caption": "General overview of microbial biodegradation of petroleum oil by microbial communities. Some microorganisms, such as  A. borkumensis , are able to use hydrocarbons as their source for carbon in metabolism. They are able to oxidize the environmentally harmful hydrocarbons while producing harmless products, following the general equation C n H n  + O 2  \u2192 H 2 O + CO 2 . In the figure, carbon is represented as yellow circles, oxygen as pink circles, and hydrogen as blue circles. This type of special metabolism allows these microbes to thrive in areas affected by oil spills and are important in the elimination of environmental pollutants.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biodegradation_of_Pollutants.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_440", "caption": "Decomposing  pig  showing signs of bloat and discoloration, a result of microbial proliferation within the   body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Decomp_pig.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_441", "caption": "Proposed evolution of microorganisms within the body during decomposition. As oxygen is available at the beginning of decomposition, aerobic microorganisms flourish and quickly deplete the oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria can then proliferate in the body. Later in the decomposition process, fungi and bacteria from the environment will also become involved in the process.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Microo_scheme.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_442", "caption": "Skeletonized pig carcass showing the production of a cadaver decomposition island surrounding the remains as a result of leaching of decomposition fluids into the surrounding environment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Example_of_a_pig_carcass_in_the_dry_decay_st_2fe5cbf0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_443", "caption": "Fungal mycelia (white) on hoof of a deceased pig", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Fungihoof.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_444", "caption": "The nutrient cycles in and around the oxygen minimum zone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-OMZ_cycles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_445", "caption": "Methanogenesis cycle with intermediates", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Methanogenesis_cycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_446", "caption": "Sulfate reduction pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dissimilatory_sulfate_reduction.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_447", "caption": "(A) Detection frequencies of the 504 trace substances. Red line is detection frequency of 25%. (B) Maximum concentrations (cmax) of all compounds with cmax > 1 \u00b5g/L. (C) Detection frequencies of 96 compounds detected in more than 25% of the samples. The number next to each bar represents the mean concentration (cmed) in \u00b5g/L. (D) Maximum concentrations (cmax > 1 \u00b5g/L) of compounds detected in more than 25% of the samples. The number next to each bar represents the maximum concentration (cmax) in \u00b5g/L. Pesticides and biocides are shown in green, pharmaceuticals in blue and other chemicals in purple.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chemical_compounds_detected_in_European_stre_8b20922b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_448", "caption": "Block diagram of a so-called Ulm process with powdered activated carbon (PAC)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-PAC_Ulmer_Verfahren.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_449", "caption": "Phototrophic biofilm cultivated in a lab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Cultivated_phototrophic_biofilm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_450", "caption": "Cross-section of a  microbial mat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Microbial_mat_section.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_451", "caption": "Crateriform structures. (A) Crateriform structures from the outside of the cell (B\u2013E) Micrographs of crateriform structures, perpendicular to the membrane outer membrane (OM), inner membrane (IM), cytoplasm (C), and periplasm (P). Scale bars, 50 nm [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Crateriform.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_452", "caption": "Representation of cell division modes in the last PVC common ancestor and in current the PVC superphylum: Outer membranes are represented by thick lines, and inner membranes are represented by thin lines. The peptidoglycan layer is displayed in dotted lines, and FtsZ proteins are displayed as a ring of gray circles. [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Representation_of_division_modes_in_the_last_e20e4030.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_453", "caption": "Transmission electron micrographs of dividing cells displaying different cell division modes in the PVC superphylum. (a)  Gemmata obscuriglobus  (b)  Chthoniobacter flavus  (c)  Lentisphaera araneosa  (d)  Phycisphaera mikurensis  and (e)  Chlamydia trachomatis . Scale bars, 0.5 \u03bcm. [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Fmicb-07-01964-g002_%281%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_454", "caption": "Ecklonia radiata ,  a species of kelp in the phylum  Ochrophyta", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Seaweed_barangaroo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_455", "caption": "Laminaria hyperborea ,  a species of kelp in the phylum Ochrophyta", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Standard_compressed_LAMHY_2_JanneGitmark_NIV_43631d12.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_456", "caption": "Labeled diagram of an anammox cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Brocadia_anammoxidans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_457", "caption": "Diagram of the anammox mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Anammox_mechanism_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_458", "caption": "Schematic of the microbial loop.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Microbial_Loop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_459", "caption": "A photo of sewage fungus found in the River Crane (London, England)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sewage_fungus_%28River_Crane%2C_England%2C_U_81b27a2a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_460", "caption": "Three examples of the triangle inequality for triangles with sides of lengths  x ,  y ,  z . The top example shows a case where  z  is much less than the sum  x  +  y  of the other two sides,  and the bottom example shows a case where the side  z  is only slightly less than  x  +  y .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-TriangleInequality.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_461", "caption": "Environmental Shotgun Sequencing (ESS) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (A) Sampling from habitat \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (B) filtering particles, typically by size \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (C) Lysis and DNA extraction \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (D) cloning and library construction \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (E) sequencing the clones \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (F) sequence assembly into contigs and scaffolds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Environmental_shotgun_sequencing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_462", "caption": "This picture depicts the initial appearance of three different Winogradsky columns.  They are soil and water samples from a river, the later two columns have been modified with phosphate, nitrate, sulfur and oxygen additives. These additions promote the growth of various bacteria specific to the anaerobic and aerobic regions of the column.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Winogradsky_Week1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_463", "caption": "Shown above as a result of a 7-week period where the columns have been allowed to grow  algae , cyanobacteria and other bacterial colonies.  Of specific interest are the red regions of the middle column, indicative of purple non-sulfur bacteria (e.g.  Rhodospirillaceae ). Also, in column three, the red growth along the side of the column: a purple sulfur bacterium,  Chromatium .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Week7.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_464", "caption": "Nitrogen cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_465", "caption": "Main staining types when using  hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) , where acidophile cells stain eosinophilic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Eosinophilic%2C_basophilic%2C_chromophobic_a_e5eaa363.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_466", "caption": "Anaerobic  bacteria  can be identified by growing them in test tubes of  thioglycollate broth :   1:  Obligate aerobes  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.   2:  Obligate anaerobes  are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.   3:  Facultative anaerobes  can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.   4:  Microaerophiles  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.   5:  Aerotolerant organisms  do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen.  They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Anaerobic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_467", "caption": "Alginite", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Alginit.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_468", "caption": "Staphylococcus  growth in Baird-Parker (BP) agar.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-S._aureus_colonies_in_Baird-Parker_agar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_469", "caption": "After 24 hours of growth, this image depicts four different agar media culture plates that had been inoculated with Shigella sp., Escherichia sp., and Proteus sp. bacteria, (clockwise: MacConkey, Shigella-Salmonella, Bismuth Sulfite, and Brilliant Green agars).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Agarplates.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_470", "caption": "First known science-based boil-water advisory (1866)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-First_Boil_Water_Notice_1866.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_471", "caption": "P. aeruginosa  with yellow-green pycocyanin-pigment on cetrimid agar-agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-P-aeruginosa_pigment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_472", "caption": "Chocolate agar showing  Francisella tularensis  colonies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Chocolate_agar_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_473", "caption": "Comparison of two culture media types used to grow  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  bacteria. Known as overgrowth,  the nonselective chocolate agar medium on the left, due to its composition, allowed for the growth of organismal colonies other than those of  N.\u00a0gonorrhoeae , while the selective  Thayer\u2013Martin medium  on the right, containing antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of organisms other than  N.\u00a0gonorrhoeae , shows no overgrowth, but is positive for  N.\u00a0gonorrhoeae  bacteria. (Enlarge image to see  N.\u00a0gonorrhoeae  colonies)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_474", "caption": "Botryococcus braunii", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Botryococcus_braunii.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_475", "caption": "Multiwell culture plates", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/254px-Multiwell_cell_culture_plates-set.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_476", "caption": "Penicillium  mold colonies in a Petri dish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/168px-Penicillia_on_Petri_dish.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_477", "caption": "Aspergillus tubingensis  growing on Czapek medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Aspergillus_tubingensis_FJBJ11.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_478", "caption": "Aspergillus bertholletius  on Czapek agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Aspergillus_bertholletius_-_Journal.pone.004_59c808ed.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_479", "caption": "Aspergillus fumigatus  on Czapek agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Aspergillus_fumigatus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_480", "caption": "Blacksmoker  thermal vent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Blacksmoker_in_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_481", "caption": "Endo agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Endo-Agar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_482", "caption": "French depiction of gongylidia and staphylae in different sizes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gonglydia_staphylae_drawing_fr.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_483", "caption": "Photograph of gongylidia (G) and staphylae (S) in a fungal garden taken care of by  Acromyrmex echinatior", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gonglydia_staphylae_picture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_484", "caption": "Dr. Kerstin Voigt, head of the Jena Microbial Resource Collection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Dr._Kerstin_Voigt_%28Jena%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_485", "caption": "The fungus  Lichtheimia corymbifera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Absidia_corymbifera.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_486", "caption": "The fungus  Mucor mucedo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mucor_spec._-_Lindsey_1a.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_487", "caption": "Kinyoun stain on organism  Mycobacterium smegmatis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Kinyoun_Stain%2C_organism_Mycobacterium_smeg_c947eb20.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_488", "caption": "Photograph of a fungus (unidentified) mounted using a Lactofuchsin mount.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Lactofuchsin_Mount.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_489", "caption": "Fusarium oxysporum   conidiophores  stained by lactophenol cotton blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-2FB_60X8.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_490", "caption": "LIA used in test", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Agar_LIA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_491", "caption": "An MSA plate with  Micrococcus  sp. (1),  Staphylococcus epidermidis  (2) and  S. aureus  colonies (3).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chapmanes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_492", "caption": "Methylmalonyl-CoA pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Propionate_pathway.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_493", "caption": "Endospore made visible with a stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacillus_subtilis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_494", "caption": "MRC-5 cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-MERS_Coronavirus_Particles_%2814702511068%29_8aaf8e70.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_495", "caption": "Adelchi Negri", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Adelchi_Negri.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_496", "caption": "Negri's tomb in the Monumental Cemetery in Pavia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Adelchi_Negri%27s_tomb%2C_Monumental_Cemeter_79a6aee0.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_497", "caption": "Escherichia coli  is a neutrophilic organism. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/229px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_498", "caption": "Streak plates  of several bacterial species on nutrient agar plates", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-K_pneumoniae_M_morganii_providencia_styphimu_63ee4d93.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_499", "caption": "Aerobic and anaerobic  bacteria  can be identified by growing them in test tubes of  thioglycollate broth :   1:  Obligate aerobes  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.   2:  Obligate anaerobes  are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.   3:  Facultative anaerobes  can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.   4:  Microaerophiles  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.   5:  Aerotolerant organisms  do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen.  They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Anaerobic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_500", "caption": "Toxoplasma gondii in a bar-shouldered dove, lung. Two  tachyzoites  enclosed in a parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (pvm). Note conoid (co), micronemes (mn), rhoptries (ro) with honey-combed contents, and a nucleus (nu) in each tachyzoite. The parasitophorous vacuole has membranous tubules. Transmission electron microscopy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite140105-fig3_Toxoplasmosi_a8f9b129.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_501", "caption": "An isolate of  Erythropsidinium . The arrow indicates the piston; the double arrowhead indicates the  ocelloid . Scale bar 20 \u03bcm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Bmc_evol_bio_hoppenrath_Erythropsidinium_ocelloid__44eefd26.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_502", "caption": "Alataspora solomoni , a  myxosporean  parasite of Atlantic horse mackerel, showing the arrangement of the polar capsules on either side of the sutural line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Myxobolus_spinacurvatura.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_503", "caption": "Aspergillus  sp.  growing in potato dextrose agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Aspergillus_sp._plate.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_504", "caption": "Risk assessment relative to the other activities of risk analysis1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-3circles_diagram_color.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_505", "caption": "Bottom view of a Sabouraud agar plate with a colony of  Trichophyton rubrum  var.  rodhaini", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Trichophyton_rubrum_var._rodhaini_PHIL_4248__7c8ba876.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_506", "caption": "Sporothrix schenckii  in Sabouraud agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sporothrix_schenckii_PHIL_3943_lores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_507", "caption": "Candida albicans  in Sabouraud agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Candida_albicans_PHIL_3192_lores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_508", "caption": "Trichophyton  terrestre  in Sabouraud agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Trichophyton_terrestre_PHIL_4300_lores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_509", "caption": "A stained preparation of  Bacillus subtilis  showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Bacillus_subtilis_Spore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_510", "caption": "Albomycin \u03b42, a sideromycin, bound to iron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Albomycin_%CE%B42-iron_bound.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_511", "caption": "Simmons' citrate agar (not planted yet)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Simmons%27_citrate_agar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_512", "caption": "Comparison of two culture media types used to grow  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  bacteria. Known as overgrowth, note that the non-selective  chocolate agar  medium on the left, due to its composition, allowed for the growth of organismal colonies other than those of  Neisseria gonorrhoeae , while the selective Thayer\u2013Martin medium on the right, containing antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of organisms other than  N. gonorrhoeae , shows no overgrowth, but is positive for  N. gonorrhoeae  bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_513", "caption": "Aerobic and anaerobic  bacteria  can be identified by growing them in test tubes of thioglycolate broth:   1:  Obligate aerobes  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.   2:  Obligate anaerobes  are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.   3:  Facultative anaerobes  can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.   4:  Microaerophiles  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube, but not the very top.   5:  Aerotolerant organisms  do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes, though, they are not poisoned by oxygen.  They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Anaerobic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_514", "caption": "Thioglycollate broth medium is recommended to isolate strict  anaerobes  should an anaerobic infection be suspected. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/160px-Thio_cropped.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_515", "caption": "Principle of transcriptional memory. A pulse of an inducer (priming) results in expression of target genes, which subsides upon withdrawal. During a window of no induction (window of memory), some genes maintain a poised but transcriptionally silent state that results in a stronger gene activation upon a second challenge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Transcriptional_memory.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_516", "caption": "Paramecium tetraurelia,  a ciliate, with discharged trichocysts (artificially colored in blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Trichosyst.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_517", "caption": "Colonies of Micrococcus luteus on Tryptic Soy Agar. Cultivation 48 hours, 37\u00b0C.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Micrococcus_luteus_colonies_on_TSA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_518", "caption": "An  agar plate  containing tryptone supporting growth of a micro-organism.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/180px-Rhizobium_tropici_strain_BR816_on_TY_agar.JP_156d39ea.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_519", "caption": "Helicobacter pylori  colonized on the surface of regenerative epithelium, stained with the Warthin\u2013Starry method.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pylorigastritis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_520", "caption": "Clusters of  bacteria  (arrow) shown on Warthin\u2013Starry stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacteria_on_Warthin%E2%80%93Starry_stain.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_521", "caption": "Blood smear taken from a patient with bubonic plague. Note the safety pin appearance of  Yersinia pestis . Magnification \u00d71000. Wayson stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Yersinia_pestis_wayson.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_522", "caption": "Salmonella growing on XLD agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Salmonella_growing_on_XLD_agar.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_523", "caption": "YPD medium bottle and YPD agar plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-YPDmedium.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_524", "caption": "An  agar plate  streaked with  microorganisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_525", "caption": "Avicenna  postulated the existence of microorganisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Avicenna_TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999_%28crop_c40c797b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_526", "caption": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek  (1632\u20131723)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Na_61bc91c3.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_527", "caption": "Statue of  Robert Koch , one of the founders of microbiology, [ 13 ]  in Berlin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Statue_of_Robert_Koch_in_Berlin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_528", "caption": "Martinus Beijerinck  is often considered a  founder of virology .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Martinus_Willem_Beijerinck_in_his_laboratory_4f2396d8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_529", "caption": "Innovative  laboratory glassware  and experimental methods developed by  Louis Pasteur  and other biologists contributed to the young field of bacteriology in the late 19th century.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_530", "caption": "A university food microbiology laboratory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-LUA%2C_Faculty_of_Food_Technology_Food_micro_8d491e80.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_531", "caption": "Fermenting tanks with  yeast  being used to  brew   beer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Cuves_de_fermentations.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_532", "caption": "Aerobic and anaerobic  bacteria  can be identified by growing them in test tubes of  thioglycollate broth :   1:  Obligate aerobes  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.   2:  Obligate anaerobes  are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.   3:  Facultative anaerobes  can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.   4:  Microaerophiles  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.   5:  Aerotolerant organisms  do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen.  They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Anaerobic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_533", "caption": "Some common air-borne spores", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/231px-Spores_Trapped_From_Ambient_Air.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_534", "caption": "A puffball mushroom ejecting its spores.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Puffballs_emitting_spores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_535", "caption": "Illustration depicting inflammation associated with allergic rhinitis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Blausen_0015_AllergicRhinitis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_536", "caption": "Map of precipitation change at +2\u00a0\u00b0C of global warming", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/215px-Precipitation_and_climate_change.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_537", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_538", "caption": "Steps of Alkaline lysis. Created in  https://BioRender.com", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/410px-Methodology_of_Alkaline_Lysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_539", "caption": "'The All-Species Living Tree' Project logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-All-Species_Living_Tree_Logo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_540", "caption": "The  heterolobosean  pathogen  Naegleria fowleri  can behave as an amoeba (center) or as a flagellate (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_541", "caption": "The  choanoflagellate   Salpingoeca rosetta  can switch between a swimming ( flagellate ) stage and a crawling ( amoeboid ) stage when subjected to a confined space. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Salpingoeca_rosetta_elife-61037-fig1-E-P.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_542", "caption": "Spinoloricus cinziae , a metazoan that metabolises with hydrogen, lacking  mitochondria  and instead using  hydrogenosomes .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/100px-Spinoloricus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_543", "caption": "Aerobic and anaerobic  bacteria  can be differentiated by culturing them in test tubes of  thioglycollate broth :  Obligate aerobes  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest. Obligate anaerobes  are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest. Facultative anaerobes  can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolize energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more  adenosine triphosphate  (ATP) than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Microaerophiles  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top. Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolize energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes, however, they are not poisoned by  oxygen . They can/will be evenly distributed throughout the test tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Ana.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_544", "caption": "Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England community hospital setting. Multiple anaerobic growth media are mentioned among agar plate cultures. Anaerobes may also be identified by  MALDI-TOF  as shown at bottom right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Diagnostic_algorithm_of_possible_bacterial_i_c0e81736.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_545", "caption": "Depiction of a once water covered Mars", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-An_artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_Mars_four__1c508424.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_546", "caption": "Anabaena  flosaquae , a cyanobacterium that would thrive on Mars", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Anabaenaflosaquae_EPA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_547", "caption": "Prototypal diagram of Mars bioreactor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/660px-Mars_Bioreactor.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_548", "caption": "Cyanobacteria  such as these carry out  photosynthesis .  Their emergence foreshadowed the evolution of many photosynthetic plants and  oxygenated Earth's atmosphere .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-20100422_235222_Cyanobacteria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_549", "caption": "Graphic showing net annual amounts of CO 2  fixation by land and sea-based organisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/600px-CO2FixnData.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_550", "caption": "Overview of the six known biological carbon fixation cycles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/416px-Carbon_fixation_cycles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_551", "caption": "Overview of the Calvin Cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Calvin-cycle4.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_552", "caption": "Reverse Krebs Cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Reductive_TCA_cycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_553", "caption": "The reductive acetyl-CoA pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Reduktiver_Acetyl-CoA-Weg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_554", "caption": "Part 1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/191px-3-Hydroxypropionatzyklus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_555", "caption": "Part 2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/193px-3-Hydroxypropionatzyklus_II.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_556", "caption": "Borgs features including tandem, direct, and inverted repeats.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Borg_Genome_Overview.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_557", "caption": "Food microbiology laboratory at the  Faculty of Food Technology ,  Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-LUA%2C_Faculty_of_Food_Technology_Food_micro_8d491e80.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_558", "caption": "Salmonella  bacteria (red) invade cultured human cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-SalmonellaNIAID.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_559", "caption": "S. aureus  uses coagulase to form a fibrin coat from fibrinogen present in the bloodstream. This helps the bacteria evade detection and phagocytosis by the immune system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Staphylococcus_aureus%2C_50%2C000x%2C_USDA%2_4cb96220.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_560", "caption": "A fibrin clot formed in a test tube by the  coagulase reaction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Coagulase%2B.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_561", "caption": "This clinic uses  negative room pressure  to prevent disease transmission", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-NIH_Clinical_Center_-_Special_Clinical_Studi_5b6e854f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_562", "caption": "Fungi acting as decomposers of a fallen tree branch", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Fungi_on_fallen_Birch_Branch_-_geograph.org._5d7efe42.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_563", "caption": "Sample of penicillin mould presented by Alexander Fleming to Douglas Macleod in 1935", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sample_of_penicillin_mould_presented_by_Alex_692ddf4e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_564", "caption": "Alexander Fleming in his laboratory at  St Mary's Hospital , London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468.jp_3c3072fa.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_565", "caption": "St Mary's Hospital showing Fleming's lab and Praed Street", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Flemming_laboratory_%283%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_566", "caption": "Fleming at work in his laboratory at St Mary's Hospital, London, during the Second World War", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Professor_Alexander_Fleming_at_work_in_his_l_8209b636.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_567", "caption": "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine  medal awarded to  Sir  Alexander Fleming , on display at the  National Museum of Scotland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C__2948ec8b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_568", "caption": "Cuvettes for in-vitro electroporation. These are  plastic  with aluminium  electrodes  and a blue lid. They hold a maximum of 400  \u03bcl .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/230px-Electroporation_Cuvettes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_569", "caption": "Schematic cross-section showing the theoretical arrangement of lipids in a hydrophobic pore (top) and a hydrophilic pore (bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Pore_schematic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_570", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/775px-Electrogenetransfer.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_571", "caption": "This figure shows that exotoxins are secreted by bacterial cells,  Clostridium botulinum  for example, and are toxic to somatic cells. Somatic cells have  antibodies  on the cell wall to target exotoxins and bind to them, preventing the invasion of somatic cells. The binding of the exotoxin and antibody forms an antigen-antibody interaction and the exotoxins are targeted for destruction by the immune system. If this interaction does not happen, the exotoxins bind to the  exotoxin receptors  that are on the cell surface and causes death of the host cell by inhibiting protein synthesis. This figure also shows that the application of heat or chemicals to exotoxins can result in the deactivation of exotoxins. The deactivated exotoxins are called toxoids and they are not harmful to somatic cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/373px-Immune_Response_to_Exotoxins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_572", "caption": "Louis Pasteur , Archives Photographiques", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_Archives_Photographiques.jp_f5223d45.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_573", "caption": "Process of  Fermentation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gemischte_S%C3%A4ureg%C3%A4rung.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_574", "caption": "A fermentation lock, an example of a curved neck apparatus used in brewing today", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Fermentation_lock.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_575", "caption": "Burton Union fermentation system, Coors Visitor Centre", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Burton_Union_fermentation_system%2C_Coors_Vi_2289c84e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_576", "caption": "A  Bacillus cereus  cell that has undergone filamentation following antibacterial treatment (upper electron micrograph; top right) and regularly sized cells of untreated  B. cereus  (lower electron micrograph)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Filamentation_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_577", "caption": "\"Flagellata\" from  Ernst Haeckel 's  Artforms of Nature , 1904", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Haeckel_Flagellata.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_578", "caption": "Parasitic  Excavata  ( Giardia lamblia )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Giardia_lamblia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_579", "caption": "Green algae  ( Chlamydomonas )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chlamydomonas_%2810000x%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_580", "caption": "\"Flagellata\" from  Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Flagellata_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_581", "caption": "Cultivated shiitake mushrooms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cultivo_tradicional_de_shiitake_en_Pradej%C3_404d4f10.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_582", "caption": "A merchant selling oyster mushrooms that have been grown indoors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/230px-Eco_Fair_2019_Mushrooms.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_583", "caption": "Home-cultivated  shiitake  developing over approximately 24 hours", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Shiitake_growing_s.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_584", "caption": "Harvesting  Pleurotus ostreatus , cultivated using  spawns  embedded in  sawdust  mixture placed in plastic containers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Harvestingoystermushroomcultivatedinbaggedsa_3a62b1be.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_585", "caption": "Details of the gill structure of the edible oyster mushroom  Pleurotus ostreatus [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pleurotus_ostreatus_Eglinton.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_586", "caption": "Scanning electron microscope  image of  Vibrio cholerae ,  the  bacterium  that causes  cholera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_587", "caption": "A representation by  Robert Seymour  of the cholera epidemic depicts the spread of the disease in the form of poisonous air.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cholera_art.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_588", "caption": "Louis Pasteur's  spontaneous generation  experiment illustrates that liquid nutrients are spoiled by particles in the air rather than the air itself. These results of these experiments supported the germ theory of disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Experiment_Pasteur_English.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_589", "caption": "Griffith's experiment discovering the \"transforming principle\" in  Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/450px-Griffith_experiment.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_590", "caption": "Glass phial of British Standard penicillin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Glass_phial_of_British_Standard_penicillin%2_96e678d4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_591", "caption": "Penicillium  mould on an orange", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Penicillium_mould_on_Orange_%2851821975804%2_998dfa7d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_592", "caption": "Penicillium mould", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-P_commune_M35_9_d_tribu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_593", "caption": "Alexander Fleming in his laboratory at  St Mary's Hospital , London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468.jp_3c3072fa.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_594", "caption": "St Mary's Hospital showing Fleming's lab and Praed Street", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Flemming_laboratory_%283%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_595", "caption": "Howard Florey  in his office in 1944", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Penicillin_Past%2C_Present_and_Future-_the_D_593e5cc4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_596", "caption": "The  Sir William Dunn School of Pathology  in Oxford", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sir_William_Dunn_School_of_Pathology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_597", "caption": "Ernst Chain  in his laboratory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-The_Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_durin_bd13682e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_598", "caption": "Thousands of glass fermentation vessels like this one were used in laboratories to produce penicillin. The mould was grown on the surface of a liquid filled with nutrients. The stopper kept contaminants out while allowing the mould to get fresh air.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Penicillin_fermentation_vessel%2C_England_We_88dac16a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_599", "caption": "A laboratory worker sprays a solution containing penicillin mould into flasks of  corn steep liquor  medium, to encourage further penicillin growth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Penicillin_Past%2C_Present_and_Future-_the_D_4c6b6627.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_600", "caption": "Mary Hunt, believed to be on the left, with a fellow worker inside the USDA Northern Regional Research Laboratory,  c. \u20091943", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mary_Hunt%2C_believed_to_be_on_the_left%2C_w_8bfdb142.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_601", "caption": "The USDA's penicillin research team. Back row, left to right: Dorothy Fennell Alexander, H. T. Herrick, F. H. Stodola,  Kenneth B. Raper , Robert Coghill, George Ward and  Andrew J. Moyer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-The_USDA%27s_penicillin_research_team.webp.p_161d8b0d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_602", "caption": "A notebook page signed by Dorothy Fennell Alexander. The circled strain, PS46 (later known as NRRL 1951), was the top performer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-A_notebook_page_signed_by_Dorothy_Fennell_Al_89fb932f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_603", "caption": "A 1957 fermentor used to grow Penicillium mould in the  Science Museum, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Penicillin_bioreactor.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_604", "caption": "Mould being strained at the harvest table during the manufacture of penicillin at the  Commonwealth Serum Laboratories  in  Parkville, Victoria .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mould_being_strained_at_the_harvest_table.jp_dc5a1de2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_605", "caption": "Penicillin production at the Royal Navy Medical School in  Clevedon , Somerset, in 1944", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Penicillin_Production_at_the_Royal_Navy_Medi_f9bee51f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_606", "caption": "Construction workers are exhorted to complete work on penicillin plants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-%22Every_Minute_Lost_on_this_Job_may_Mean..%_ffc4017b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_607", "caption": "Poster touting the value penicillin to inspire workers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-170px-Penicillin_poster_5.40.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_608", "caption": "1945 molecular model of Penicillin by  Dorothy Hodgkin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Molecular_model_of_Penicillin_by_Dorothy_Hod_ca4d3739.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_609", "caption": "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine  medal awarded to  Sir  Alexander Fleming , on display at the  National Museum of Scotland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Nobel_prize_medal_for_medicine%2C_Sweden%2C__2948ec8b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_610", "caption": "Amoxicillin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ospamox_1000_mg_tbl.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_611", "caption": "Antibiotic-resistance is a growing public health concern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Ar-infographic-950px.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_612", "caption": "Antibiotic use in livestock", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Antibiotic_use_in_livestock%2C_OWID.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_613", "caption": "Unbleached and bleached coral", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-CoralBleaching.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_614", "caption": "Green Vegetable Bug ( Nezara viridula ) in  Fronton , France", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Nezara_viridula_MHNT_verte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_615", "caption": "Neo-Lamarckian  inheritance of hologenome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Neo-Lamarckian_inheritance_of_hologenome.svg_7457305a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_616", "caption": "Pea aphids extracting sap from the stem and leaves of garden peas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Acyrthosiphon_pisum_%28pea_aphid%29-PLoS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_617", "caption": "Some representative hopanoids: A. Diploptene, also called 22(29)-hopene  B. Diplopterol, also called hopan-22-ol, the hydrated cyclomer of diploptene  C. Bacteriohopanetetrol (BHT), a common extended hopanoid  D. Hopane, the diagenetic product of A and B that results from reducing conditions during deposition and persists in the rock record. The diagenetic product of C would be an extended C 35  hopane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/377px-Representative_hopanoids.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_618", "caption": "Active site of the squalene-hopene cyclase from  Methylococcus capsulatus  engaging the substrate, squalene, shown in gold. The cyclase is depicted as a monomer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/293px-Cyclase_activesite.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_619", "caption": "Alpha barrel structure of the squalene-hopene cyclase from  Methylococcus capsulatus . Alpha helices are shown in blue, loop regions in green, and beta sheets in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Mcapshc_bbarrel_colored_big.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_620", "caption": "Structure of a 2-\u03b1-methylhopane with the carbons of the base hopane structure numbered according to convention. The methyl group at the C 2  position is indicated in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-2-alpha-methylhopane_annotated_with_carbon_n_cdec9059.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_621", "caption": "Electron micrograph of  Caenorhabditis elegans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Electron_micrograph_of_%27%27Caenorhabditis_elegan_62f5f045.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_622", "caption": "Imbalance between our knowledge of  C. elegans  biology gained by laboratory discoveries versus  C. elegans  natural ecology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Imbalance.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_623", "caption": "Pseudomonas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pseudomonas.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_624", "caption": "Caenorhabditis elegans  intestine infected with  Bacillus thuringiensis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-%27%27Caenorhabditis_elegans%27%27_intestine_3ea53788.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_625", "caption": "Calendar from a Medieval  book of hours : the month of December, showing a  baker  putting  bread  into the oven. c. 1490\u20131500", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Bakermiddleages.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_626", "caption": "A 16th-century brewery, engraved by  Jost Amman", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-The_Brewer_designed_and_engraved_in_the_Sixt_1718945b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_627", "caption": "An early  Penicillin  bioreactor, from 1957, now in the  Science Museum, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Penicillin_bioreactor.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_628", "caption": "Scientists working with Class III cabinets at the U.S. Biological Warfare Laboratories, Camp Detrick, Maryland, in the 1940s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-B-w-scientists.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_629", "caption": "Jack London 's 1912  The Scarlet Plague  was reprinted in the February 1949 issue of  Famous Fantastic Mysteries , the cover illustrated by  Lawrence Sterne Stevens .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Famous_fantastic_mysteries_194902.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_630", "caption": "Semper Augustus Tulip , 17th century, owed its pattern to  a virus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Semper_Augustus_Tulip_17th_century.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_631", "caption": "A photomicrograph of a stool that has shigella dysentery. This bacteria typically causes foodborne illness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/276px-Shigella_stool.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_632", "caption": "Two pinworms next to a ruler, measuring in 6 millimeters in length", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Threadworm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_633", "caption": "Magnified 100X and stained. This photomicrograph of the brain tissue shows the presence of the prominent spongiotic changes in the cortex, with the loss of neurons in a case of a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/269px-Variant_Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease_%28vCJD%29_a14d85be.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_634", "caption": "Chemosynthetic   microbial mats  at the junction between  hydrothermal vent  and  coral reef  communities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Chemosynthetic_Microbial_Mats.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_635", "caption": "A cloud of effluent being violently expelled by a hydrothermal vent.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/236px-Expl1296_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_636", "caption": "A diagram showing the process of how seawater becomes a part of the hydrothermal effluent including the elements that are added and precipitated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/388px-Deep_Sea_Vent_Chemistry_Diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_637", "caption": "The sulfur cycle processes relevant to hydrothermal vent microbial communities with examples of phyla/genera.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/368px-Sulfur_Cycle_for_Hydrothermal_Vents.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_638", "caption": "Processes of the nitrogen cycle relevant to microbial communities at hydrothermal vents, including names of pyla/genera. Adapted from Gruber et al. (2008)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/401px-Nitrogen_cycle_of_hydrothermal_vents_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_639", "caption": "Black smoker  in the High Rise portion of the  Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-High_Rise_black_smoker.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_640", "caption": "Lysogenic Cycle: 1. The prokaryotic cell is shown with its DNA, in green. 2. The bacteriophage attaches and releases its DNA, shown in red, into the prokaryotic cell. 3. The phage DNA then moves through the cell to the host's DNA. 4. The phage DNA integrates itself into the host cell's DNA, creating prophage. 5. The prophage then remains dormant until the host cell divides. 6. After the host cell has duplicated, the phage DNA in the daughter cells activate, and the phage DNA begins to express itself. Some of the cells containing the prophage go on to create new phages which will move on to infect other cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Lysogentic_cycle_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_641", "caption": "Figure 1: Equivalent electrical circuit to model a couple of electrodes in direct contact with a liquid medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Figure1_IM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_642", "caption": "Figure 2: R s  curve and bacterial concentration curve as function of time", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Figure2_Impedance_Microbiology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_643", "caption": "Figure 3: R s  curves for samples featuring different bacterial concentration as function of time", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Figure3_Impedance_Microbiology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_644", "caption": "IMViC Results", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-IMViC_Results.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_645", "caption": "In Situ Bioremediation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-In_Situ_Bioremediation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_646", "caption": "Synthesis and general structure of polychlorinated byphenyls.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Reacciotriclorur.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_647", "caption": "Rickettsia rickettsii  (stained red) within tick haemolymph cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_648", "caption": "Bacteria extracted from soil sample.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-SoilFlora.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_649", "caption": "Example of gram staining on a gram positive rod.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-GramPositiveStain.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_650", "caption": "Collage depicting the Franco-Prussian war.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Franco-Prussian_War_Collage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_651", "caption": "Robert Koch was a German physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905. He is considered one of the founders of microbiology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Robert_Koch_%286909161361%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_652", "caption": "Louis Pasteur [1822 - 1895], microbiologist and chemist Description.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Louis_Pasteur.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_653", "caption": "Cholera bacteria under a microscope.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_654", "caption": "Candida albicans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Candida_albicans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_655", "caption": "Gram stain of lactobacilli and squamous epithelial cells in vaginal swab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Lactobacilli_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_656", "caption": "Bacteroides", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacteroides_biacutis_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_657", "caption": "Fusobacterium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Fusobacterium_novum_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_658", "caption": "Staphylococcus epidermidis 01", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Staphylococcus_epidermidis_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_659", "caption": "Enterococcus faecalis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Enterococcus_faecalis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_660", "caption": "Escherichia coli (257 06) Gramnegative rods", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Escherichia_coli_%28257_06%29_Gramnegative_r_d8e6442c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_661", "caption": "Candida albicans  ( Gram stain )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Candida_Gram_stain.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_662", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/125px-Wikidata_link.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_663", "caption": "An example of what prehistoric Microbial matgrounds may have looked like. The wrinkled \"elephant skin\" texture is seen throughout most Precambrian sediments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Runzelmarken.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_664", "caption": "Microbes and men: scientists working with Class III cabinets at the U.S.  Biological Warfare  Laboratories, Camp Detrick, Maryland, in the 1940s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-B-w-scientists.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_665", "caption": "Beach scene with bacterial strains expressing different kinds of  fluorescent protein , from the laboratory of the  Nobel Prize \u2013winning biochemist  Roger Tsien", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-FPbeachTsien.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_666", "caption": "Cell to Cell , winner of 2015  ASM  Agar Art Competition (by Mehmet Berkmen and Maria Pe\u00f1il)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cell_to_Cell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_667", "caption": "Cyst stage of  Entamoeba histolytica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Entamoeba_histolytica_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_668", "caption": "Cyst of  Artemia salina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossless-page1-130px-Artemia_salina_cyst.tif.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_669", "caption": "Life cycle of  Giardia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Giardia_life_cycle_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_670", "caption": "Cryptosporidium  life cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cyclospora_LifeCycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_671", "caption": "Cryptosporidium  under a microscope.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cryptosporidium_parvum_02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_672", "caption": "Bacteria are classified by their shape.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_673", "caption": "Taq polymerase which is used in Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Taq.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_674", "caption": "The  cyanobacterial   algal mat , salty lake on the  White Sea  seaside", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_675", "caption": "Stromatolites  are formed by some microbial mats as the microbes slowly move upwards to avoid being smothered by sediment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Stromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_676", "caption": "Wrinkled Kinneyia-type fossil sedimentary structures formed beneath cohesive microbial mats in  peritidal zones . [ 11 ]  The image shows the location, in the  Burgsvik beds  of  Sweden , where the texture was first identified as evidence of a fossil microbial mat. [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Runzelmarken.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_677", "caption": "Fossil  Kinneyia -like structure in the Grimsby Formation (Silurian) exposed in Niagara Gorge, New York", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Kinneyia_Grimsby_Silurian_Niagara_Gorge.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_678", "caption": "Blister-like fossil microbial mat on ripple-marked surface of a  Cambrian  tidal flat at  Blackberry Hill , Wisconsin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Microbial_mat_on_ripple-marked_surface.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_679", "caption": "Diverse microbial communities of characteristic microbiota are part of  plant microbiomes , and are found on the outside surfaces and in the internal tissues of the host plant, as well as in the surrounding soil. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-The_plant_microbiome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_680", "caption": "The predominant species of  bacteria  on  human skin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Skin_Microbiome20169-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_681", "caption": "Pathogenic  microbiota causing  inflammation  in the lung", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Commensals_vs_pathogens_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_682", "caption": "Routes of colonization of potato tubers by bacteria [ 45 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Colonization_of_potato_tubers_by_bacteria.pn_0362335e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_683", "caption": "Light micrograph of a cross section of a coralloid root of a cycad, showing the layer that hosts symbiotic cyanobacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Cycas_coralloid_root_XS_high.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_684", "caption": "Bleached branching coral (foreground) and normal branching coral (background). Keppel Islands,  Great Barrier Reef .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Keppelbleaching.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_685", "caption": "Smear from solid medium and liquid medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Smear.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_686", "caption": "Tissue processing - Embedding station", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tissue_processing_-_Embedding_station.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_687", "caption": "Tissue processing - Tissue sections on slides are stained on an automated stainer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tissue_processing_-_Tissue_sections_on_slide_228897e3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_688", "caption": "Paraffin wax", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Paraffin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_689", "caption": "Microtome-knife-profile", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Microtome-knife-profile.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_690", "caption": "Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/120px-Ehrenberg%2C_Christian_Gottfried%2C_by_Eduar_556e47ec.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_691", "caption": "Ernst Marcus  - 1943", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/120px-Ernst_Marcus_1943.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_692", "caption": "A mixotrophic plant using mycorrhizal fungi to obtain photosynthesis products from other plants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Mycorrhizal_network.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_693", "caption": "Traditional classification of mixotrophic protists  In this diagram, types in open boxes as proposed by Stoecker\u200a [ 18 ]  have been aligned against groups in grey boxes as proposed by Jones. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 DIN = dissolved inorganic nutrients", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Traditional_classification_of_mixotrophic_pr_218e84e9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_694", "caption": "A variety of different bacteria - testing for antimicrobial resistance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Antimicrobial_resistance.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_695", "caption": "Structures found in the  ALH84001 meteorite  are similar to the structures found in nanobes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-ALH84001_structures.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_696", "caption": "Necrobiome on pig cadaver", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Necrobiome_on_a_pig_cadaver.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_697", "caption": "Aerobic and anaerobic  bacteria  can be identified by growing them in test tubes of  thioglycollate broth :   1:  Obligate aerobes  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.   2:  Obligate anaerobes  are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.   3:  Facultative anaerobes  can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.   4:  Microaerophiles  need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.   5:  Aerotolerant organisms  do not require oxygen and cannot utilise it even if present; they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes, however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.  Both facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant organisms will undergo fermentation in the absence of oxygen, but the facultative anaerobes will switch to aerobic metabolism when oxygen is present (a phenomenon known as the  Pasteur effect ). The Pasteur effect is sometimes used to distinguish between facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant organisms, in the lab.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Anaerobic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_698", "caption": "Thrush, a common condition caused by overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans. Cases are characterized by growth of matted, yellow-white patches of fungus in the mouth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Oral_thrush_Aphthae_Candida_albicans._PHIL_1_84ed2fe8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_699", "caption": "Oral Microbiology Lab Analysis Report. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossless-page1-300px-Oral_Microbiology.tiff.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_700", "caption": "Systemic effects of human oral microbiome. [ 34 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gancz1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_701", "caption": "Pangenome analysis of  Streptococcus agalactiae  genomes made with Anvi'o  [ 1 ]  software whose development is led by  A. Murat Eren . Genomes obtained from Tettelin et al. (2005). [ 2 ]  Each circle corresponds to one genome and each radius represent a gene family. At the bottom and at right are localized the core genome families. Some families in the core may have more than one homologous gene per genome. In the middle, at the left of the figure the shell genome is observed. At the top left are shown families from the dispensable genome and singletons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Example_of_Anvi%E2%80%99o_software_output.pn_0232435d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_702", "caption": "In the pangenome, we can identify three sets of genes: Core, Shell, and Cloud genome. The Core genome comprises the genes that are present in all genomes analyzed. To avoid dismissing families due to sequencing artifacts some authors consider the softcore (>95% occurrence). The Shell genome consists of the genes shared by the majority of genomes (10-95% occurrence). The gene families present in only one genome or <10% occurrence are described as Dispensable or Cloud genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/430px-Parts_of_the_pangenome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_703", "caption": "a) Closed pangenomes are characterized by large core genomes and small accessory genomes. b) Open pangenomes tend to have small core genomes and large accessory genomes. c) The size of open pangenomes tends to increase with every added genome, meanwhile closed pangenome's size tends to be asymptotic despite adding more genomes. Due to this characteristic, complete pangenome size for closed pangenomes can be predicted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/307px-Characteristics_of_open_and_closed_pangenome_08b983ba.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_704", "caption": "The supergenome is defined as all genes accessible for a certain species, the pangenome if sequencing of all genomes of one species was available. Metapangenome is the pangenome analysis applied to metagenomic samples, where the union of genes of several species is evaluated for a given habitat.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/296px-Supergenome_and_metapangenome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_705", "caption": "The  S.\u00a0pneumoniae  pan-genome. (a) Number of new genes as a function of the number of sequenced genomes. The predicted number of new  genes  drops sharply to zero when the number of genomes exceeds 50. (b) Number of core genes as a function of the number of sequenced genomes. The number of core genes converges to 1,647 for number of genomes n\u2192\u221e. From Donati et al. [ 36 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/233px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae_pan-genome_Donati_2_873da718.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_706", "caption": "Pangenome analysis of genomes of  Streptococcus agalactiae . [ 2 ]  Example of phylogenies made with BPGA software. This software allows us to generate phylogenies based on the clustering of the core genome or pangenome. Core and pan phylogenetic reconstructions are not necessarily matching.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/307px-BPGA_analysis_of_Streptococcus_agalactiae.pn_62b6621f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_707", "caption": "Pangenome graph of 3 117  Acinetobacter baumannii  genomes generated with PPanGGOLiN software. Edges correspond to genomic colocalization and nodes correspond to genes. The thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of genomes sharing that link. The edges between persistent (similar to core genes), shell and cloud nodes are colored in orange, green and blue, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/302px-Pcbi.1007732.g002.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_708", "caption": "Example of possible outputs of BPGA software. Pangenome analysis of genomes of  Streptococcus agalactiae . At the left, the distribution of Go terms by core/dispensable/unique genome is shown. In this example, the category replication, recombination, and repair are enriched on unique gene families. On the right, a typical pan/core plot is shown, when more genomes have added the size of the core is decreasing, and on the contrary the size of the pangenome increases. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/611px-Pangenome_analysis_with_BPGA_software.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_709", "caption": "A photomicrograph of a stool that has shigella dysentery. These bacteria typically cause foodborne illness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/273px-Shigella_stool.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_710", "caption": "Magnified 100\u00d7 and stained. This photomicrograph of the brain tissue shows the presence of the prominent spongiotic changes in the cortex, with the loss of neurons in a case of a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/238px-Variant_Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease_%28vCJD%29_e5f49377.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_711", "caption": "Two pinworms next to a ruler, measuring 6 millimeters in length", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Threadworm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_712", "caption": "Brown rot fungal disease on an apple. Brown rot typically target a variety of top-fruits.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Brown_Rot_on_Apple.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_713", "caption": "A structure of Doxycycline a tetracycline-class antibiotic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/258px-Doxycycline_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_714", "caption": "Summary of dynamic genomics events", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Improved_Figure1._copy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_715", "caption": "Pan-genome overview", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Pan-genome-graphics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_716", "caption": "Staphylococcus aureus biofilm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_717", "caption": "Summary of host-microbe project goals in the Pathogenomics European Research Agenda [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Host-pathogen_analysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_718", "caption": "Baby receiving immunizations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Babyimmunization.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_719", "caption": "Bacterial black spot of mango caused by  Xanthomonas citri  pv.  mangiferaeindicae", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacterial_black_spot_of_mango_caused_by_Xant_f9616eb4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_720", "caption": "Bacterial leaf blight of common panax ( Polyscias guilfoylei ) caused by  Xanthomonas campestris  pv.  hederae", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-DSC08095_bacterial_leaf_blight_of_panax_%285_1bd44252.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_721", "caption": "Phage display cycle. 1) fusion proteins for a viral coat protein + the gene to be evolved (typically an antibody fragment) are expressed in bacteriophage. 2) the library of phage are washed over an immobilised target. 3) the remaining high-affinity binders are used to infect bacteria. 4) the genes encoding the high-affinity binders are isolated. 5) those genes may have random mutations introduced and used to perform another round of evolution. The selection and amplification steps can be performed multiple times at greater stringency to isolate higher-affinity binders.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Phage_display.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_722", "caption": "A culture of bacteria infected by bacteriophages, the \"holes\" are areas where the bacteria have been killed by the virus. The culture is 10cm in diameter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-LambdaPlaques.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_723", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of multiple bacteriophages attached to a bacterial cell wall", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/254px-Phage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_724", "caption": "Chart demonstrating variations in the phageome as seen due to age, disease, diet and methodological choices in research.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/412px-Phage_Variation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_725", "caption": "Placenta and its tissue layers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gray39.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_726", "caption": "Sunlight and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere are absorbed by the leaves in the plant and converted to fixed carbon. This carbon travels down into the roots of the plant, where some travels back up to the leaves. The fixed carbon traveling to the root is radiated outward into the surrounding soil where microbes use it as food for growth. In return, microbes attach to the plant root where it improves the roots access to nutrients and its resistance to environmental stress and pathogens. In specific plant/root symbiotic relationships, the plant root secretes flavonoids into the soil which is sensed by microbes, where these microbes release nod factors to the plant root which promotes the infection of the plant root. These unique microbes carry out nitrogen fixation in root nodules, which supplies nutrients to the plant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Rhizodeposition.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_727", "caption": "Microorganisms reside in saliva", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-1985%E5%B9%B4%E9%AB%98%E4%BF%AE%E6%B0%91%E6%_d92372f8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_728", "caption": "Salivary glands : 1. parotid , 2. submandibular , 3. sublingual .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_729", "caption": "Two serotypes 1a and 1b with  antigens  2a and 2b on surface, which are recognized by two distinct  antibodies , 3a and 3b, respectively", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Serotypes_%E2%80%93_Antibody_versus_antigen._9b8cac1e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_730", "caption": "Agglutination of  HLA-A3  positive  red blood cells  with anti-A3 alloreactive  antisera  containing Anti-A3  IgM", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Anti-HLA_agglutinated_RBC.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_731", "caption": "Ribbon diagram  of Shiga toxin (Stx) from  S. dysenteriae . From  PDB :  1R4Q \u200b.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Shiga_toxin_%28Stx%29_PDB_1r4q.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_732", "caption": "SLT2 from  Escherichia coli  O157:H7 . A-subunit is shown above (viridian), with B-subunit  pentamer  below (multicolored). From  PDB :  1R4P \u200b.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-1R4P_Structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_733", "caption": "Lactococcus lactis  micrograph courtesy of Kenneth Todar, PhD.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/166px-Lactococcus_lactis%2C_scanning_electron_micr_62a068c5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_734", "caption": "Wisconsin is a great cheese state.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/188px-Prize_winning_cheese_by_the_makers_of_Wiscon_e5977a8c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_735", "caption": "The  bobtail squid  can be a home for  Aliivibrio fischeri", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossless-page1-209px-Hawaiian_Bobtail_squid.tiff.p_67ea08a7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_736", "caption": "Aliivibrio fischeri  glowing on a petri dish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Aliivibrio_fischeri.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_737", "caption": "Flavobacterium akiavivensis  was discovered in an \u02bb\u0101kia bush.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/202px-Wikstroemia_oahuensis_var._oahuensis_%285187_67db097a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_738", "caption": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (brewer's yeast) as seen in a scanning electron micrograph.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_SEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_739", "caption": "Beer is a noteworthy product of brewer's yeast, the Official Microbe of Oregon.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-MisterAlcohol_Beer.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_740", "caption": "Streptomyces griseus  shown in a color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph. Original b&w image used with permission of the Actinomycetes Society of Japan by S.\u00a0Amano, S.\u00a0Miyadoh & T.\u00a0Shomura .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/227px-Streptomyces_griseus_color_enhanced_scanning_bb5858e9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_741", "caption": "The potent antibiotic streptomycin is produced by Streptomyces griseus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Streptomycin.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_742", "caption": "Penicillium chrysogenum  produces the antibiotic penicillin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Penicillium_notatum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_743", "caption": "Penicillin continues to have a profound effect on infectious disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Penicillin_cures_gonorrhea.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_744", "caption": "The penicillin G molecule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Penicillin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_745", "caption": "Microorganisms growing on an  agar  plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Contamination_on_agar_plate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_746", "caption": "Joseph Lister , a pioneer of  antiseptic surgery .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/160px-Joseph_Lister_c1855.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_747", "caption": "Apparatus to sterilize surgical instruments (1914\u20131918)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Der_Apparat_zur_Sterilisierung_d_cd3234c0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_748", "caption": "Dry heat sterilizer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-2003-12-03-Heissluft-Sterilisator.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_749", "caption": "Chemiclav", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-2003-12-03-Chemiclav.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_750", "caption": "Efficiency illustration of the different radiation technologies (electron beam, X-ray, gamma rays)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-E-beam-x-ray-gamma-efficiency.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_751", "caption": "A  curette  in sterile packaging.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Curette_in_sterile_packaging.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_752", "caption": "In the theory of symbiogenesis, a merger of an  archaean  and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic  mitochondria ; a second merger added  chloroplasts , creating the green plants. The original theory by  Lynn Margulis  proposed an additional preliminary merger, but this is poorly supported and not now generally believed. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/480px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_753", "caption": "Konstantin Mereschkowski 's 1905  tree-of-life  diagram, showing the origin of complex life-forms by two episodes of symbiogenesis, the incorporation of  symbiotic   bacteria  to form successively  nuclei  and  chloroplasts [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Konstantin_Mereschkowski_Symbiogenesis_Tree__141732e9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_754", "caption": "An  autogenous model  of the origin of eukaryotic cells. Evidence now shows that a mitochondrion-less eukaryote has never existed, i.e. the nucleus was acquired at the same time as the mitochondria. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Serial_endosymbiosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_755", "caption": "Internal symbiont :  mitochondrion  has a  matrix  and membranes, like a free-living  alphaproteobacterial  cell, from which it may derive.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Mitochondria%2C_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_756", "caption": "Diagram of endomembrane system in eukaryotic cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_757", "caption": "The  human mitochondrial genome  has retained genes encoding 2  rRNAs  (blue), 22  tRNAs  (white), and 13 redox  proteins  (yellow, orange, red).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_f81c715d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_758", "caption": "a  TEM  picture of E. coli, chemoheterotrophic bacteria often used in synthetic microbial consortia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-E._coli_Bacteria_%2816578744517%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_759", "caption": "DNA microarray  used to analyze the expression of human (left) and mouse genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Affymetrix-microarray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_760", "caption": "Microbiome analysis flowchart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Microbiome_analysis_flowchart.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_761", "caption": "Epstein\u2013Barr virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journa_08881674.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_762", "caption": "Escherichia coli", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_763", "caption": "Candida  sp.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Candida_albicans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_764", "caption": "Bar chart demonstrating increased publications focusing on the uterine microbiome.  A search keyword of \u201cuterine microbiome\u201d was used on Web of Science, and this bar chart only included articles and review papers. The date range of this search is from January 1, 2013 to March 26, 2024.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/420px-Bar_Graph_of_Research_Papers_and_Articles_Pu_77edf567.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_765", "caption": "Lactobacilli and a vaginal  squamous  cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Lactobacillus_sp_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_766", "caption": "Glycogen is the complex form of sugar present in the  vaginal epithelium  that is metabolized into lactic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/100px-Glycogen_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_767", "caption": "Gram stain of lactobacilli and squamous epithelial cells in vaginal swab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Lactobacilli_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_768", "caption": "Gram stain of a vaginal swab showing gonococci (in pairs - arrow) inside polymorphonuclear granulocytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells_in_a_vag_8325c715.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_769", "caption": "Vaginal squamous cell with normal vaginal flora versus  bacterial vaginosis  on  Pap stain . Normal vaginal flora (left) is predominantly rod-shaped  Lactobacilli , whereas in bacterial vaginosis (right) there is an overgrowth of bacteria, which can be of various species.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/270px-Normal_vaginal_flora_versus_bacterial_vagino_898e035b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_770", "caption": "Viability PCR workflow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Phast.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_771", "caption": "Halteria  sp. A species capable of virivory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Halteria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_772", "caption": "Paramecium bursaria .  A species capable of virivory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Paramecium_bursaria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_773", "caption": "The viral shunt that demonstrates the movement of organic matter from an organism into the dissolved and particulate organic matter pools.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/380px-Viral_shunt.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_774", "caption": "Host cell lysis of a virally infected cell results in the release of both DOM and viral progeny. Viral progeny is taken up by grazers, which are then consumed by organisms of higher trophic levels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/281px-The_Viral_Sweep.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_775", "caption": "Oxyrrhis marina , a heterotrophic dinoflagellate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/201px-Oxyrrhis_marina.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_776", "caption": "Scenario 1 represents vertical migration of copepods through the water column. Scenario 2 represents the sinking of fecal pellets from the mixed layer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Copepod_faecal_pellet_production_in_the_deep_04e794c1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_777", "caption": "Negombata magnifica .  A red sea sponge capable of filtering marine viruses. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Negombata_magnifica_at_Shaab_el_Erg.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_778", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/282px-Wichita_Uplift_fault_map.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_779", "caption": "Zodleton Spring: sediments under the spring water", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mbio.00016-22-sf001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_780", "caption": "Adult  black fly  ( Simulium yahense ) with  Onchocerca volvulus  emerging from the insect's antenna. The parasite is responsible for the disease known as  river blindness  in Africa. Sample was chemically fixed and critical point dried, then observed using conventional scanning electron microscopy. Magnified 100\u00d7.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Onchocerca_volvulus_emerging_from_a_black_fl_2795dca3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_781", "caption": "The  Italian   Francesco Redi , considered to be the father of modern parasitology, was the first to recognize and correctly describe details of many important  parasites . [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Francesco_Redi.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_782", "caption": "Cyst and imago of  Giardia lamblia , the protozoan parasite that causes  giardiasis . The species was first observed by  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek  in 1681.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Giardia_lamblia.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_783", "caption": "Steer  with bovine trypanosomiasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-A_Steer_with_bovine_trypanosomiasis_Wellcome_9bb62a8d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_784", "caption": "Cachectic  dog infested with  T. congolense  after travel in  West Africa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite150045-fig1_Dog_with_Try_0550e555.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_785", "caption": "Schistosoma haematobium egg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Schistosoma_haematobium_egg_4843_lores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_786", "caption": "Capillaria hepatica  eggs from the corpse of an adolescent from the late  Roman  period in France, treated with  petrographic  methods", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite130094-fig3_Cysts.tif.jp_895fef10.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_787", "caption": "The capture, captive breeding, and reintroduction of  California condors  into the wild was the most expensive species conservation project in United States history. The bird was saved from extinction but its  ectoparasite , the  louse   Colpocephalum californici , became extinct. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Condor_in_flight.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_788", "caption": "Ryukyu rabbit tick", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-H_pentalagi.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_789", "caption": "IUCN SSC parasite specialist group logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-IUCNparasitegrouplogo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_790", "caption": "A  mosquito  shortly after obtaining blood from a human (note the droplet of blood plasma being expelled as the mosquito squeezes out excess water). Mosquitos are a vector for several diseases, including  malaria .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_791", "caption": "The  deer tick , a vector for  Lyme disease  pathogens", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Adult_deer_tick%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_792", "caption": "This figure shows how the  Flavivirus  is carried by  mosquitos  in the  West Nile virus  and  Dengue fever . The mosquito would be considered a disease vector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Disease_Vector.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_793", "caption": "Public health agencies educate people about many different disease vectors.  This artwork, at the  London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , shows 10 different animal vectors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gilded_Vectors_of_Disease_-_Horizontal.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_794", "caption": "When comparing host sister clades we tend to find taxonomically richer parasite fauna on the taxonomically richer group of hosts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/320px-EichlersRule.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_795", "caption": "The \"F-diagram\" ( feces ,  fingers ,  flies ,  fields ,  fluids ,  food ), showing pathways of fecal\u2013oral disease transmission. The vertical blue lines show barriers:  toilets ,  safe water ,  hygiene  and  handwashing .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-F-diagram-01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_796", "caption": "Villagers during a  community-led total sanitation  (CLTS) triggering exercise go to the place where meals are prepared to observe how flies are attracted to  human feces  and carry diseases by landing on the food (village near Lake Malawi, Malawi)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Actions_to_end_open_defecation_in_a_village__1495bf85.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_797", "caption": "School children during a CLTS triggering event in West Bengal, India looking at a glass of water and fresh  human feces  where the flies pass from the water to the feces and back. This demonstrates how pathogens can pollute water.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-CLTS_triggering_in_Malda_District%2C_West_Be_f2c2abfa.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_798", "caption": "Modified F-diagram including interventions that can block human exposure to animal feces. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Modified_F-Diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_799", "caption": "Launcelot Harrison 1880-1928", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Launcelot_Harrison_1880-1928.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_800", "caption": "Schematic diagram of Harrison's rule: small host species harbor small, large host species harbor large parasite species", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Harrison%27s_rule.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_801", "caption": "Schematic diagram of Harrison's rule with Poulin's supplement: small host species harbor small, large host species harbor both small and large (on average: larger) parasite species", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Harrison%27s_rule_with_Poulin%27s_supplement_056d15b3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_802", "caption": "Melampsora laricis-populina  life cycle. (a) Biological macrocyclic heteroecious cycle of  M. larici-populina . (b) Vegetative cycle occurring on  poplar  leaves and used as a model for molecular investigations of the poplar- poplar rust  interaction. hpi=hours of postinoculation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Melampsora-larici-populina_life_cycle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_803", "caption": "The  black rat  is a  reservoir host  for  bubonic plague . The  rat fleas  that infest the rats are  vectors  for the disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Roof_rat-%28rattus_rattus%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_804", "caption": "Micropredator ,  parasite ,  parasitoid , and  predator   strategies  compared. Their interactions with their hosts form a continuum. Micropredation and parasitoidism are now considered to be  evolutionary strategies  within parasitism. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/550px-Micropredator_Parasite_Parasitoid_Predator_s_e0189865.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_805", "caption": "Buff ermine  moth  caterpillar , a polyphagous  micropredator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Spilarctia_luteum_larva.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_806", "caption": "Influenza  virus can change by genetic reassortment as it travels between different hosts in its range.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-AntigenicShift_HiRes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_807", "caption": "Mycorrhiza , a  mutualistic interaction  between a plant's roots and a fungus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mycorrhizal_root_tips_%28amanita%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_808", "caption": "Cleaning symbiosis :  a  Hawaiian cleaner wrasse  with its client, a  yellowtail wrasse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Coris_gaimard_and_Labroides_phthirophagus.JP_aba085d4.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_809", "caption": "Nurse shark  playing host to  commensal   remoras , which gain  a free ride  and which may serve as cleaners", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Nurse_shark_with_remoras_%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_810", "caption": "Two apicomplexans,  Toxoplasma gondii , within their host cell. Transmission electron microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite140105-fig3_Toxoplasmosi_a8f9b129.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_811", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Konstanty_Janicki.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_812", "caption": "Great frigatebirds  ( Fregata minor ) chasing a  red-footed booby  ( Sula sula ) to steal its food", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Klepto.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_813", "caption": "Cuckoo bee from the genus  Nomada", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cuckoo_bee.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_814", "caption": "Miltogrammine  fly ( Craticulina seriata ) is a kleptoparasite of  sand wasps , depositing its larvae on the food reserved for the larvae of the wasp", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Craticulina_sp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_815", "caption": "Velia caprai  ( Ardennes , Belgium)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Velia.caprai.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_816", "caption": "Argyrodes flavescens  on the web of  Argiope pulchella", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Argyrodes_flavescens_at_Nayikayam_Thattu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_817", "caption": "The relative size and location of each segment present on the MSP-1 complex is shown above. SS represents the signal sequence, which is a short sequence present on the N-terminus of new proteins. GA represents the GPI anchor, which is located at the C-terminus of the protein. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Merozoite_Surface_Protein-1_S_25f65f86.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_818", "caption": "Tachyzoites  of  Toxoplasma gondii ,  transmission electron microscopy . [ 1 ]   Micronemes: mn  (click to enlarge)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite140105-fig3_Toxoplasmosi_a8f9b129.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_819", "caption": "Transmission of malaria parasites between mosquito and human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Life_Cycle_of_the_Malaria_Parasite.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_820", "caption": "Laveran's drawing of pigmented parasites and the exflagellation of male gametocytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Laveran_malaria_drawings.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_821", "caption": "The page in Ross' notebook where he recorded the \"pigmented bodies\" in mosquitoes that he later identified as malaria parasites", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ross%2C_20.Aug.1897.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_822", "caption": "Ribonucleoprotein particles (GFP-Imp) in the Drosophila melanogaster egg chamber, being transported from the nurse cells to the oocyte", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ribonucleoprotein_particles_in_the_Drosophil_0e87faac.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_823", "caption": "Saurophthirus , an ectoparasitic Cretaceous insect [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Saurophthirid-flea-Saurophthirus-laevigatus-_015b760b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_824", "caption": "Cysts found in a corpse in a late Roman grave in France, interpreted  [ 5 ]  as signs of probable  hydatidosis  and  capillariasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite130094-fig1_Capillaria_h_cf7b267e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_825", "caption": "Restoration of a  Tyrannosaurus  head with holes possibly caused by a  Trichomonas -like parasite", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tyrannosaurus_with_infection.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_826", "caption": "High parasite load. Lappet moth caterpillar parasited by braconid wasps.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Lappet_moth_caterpillar_parasited_by_braconi_d156a48d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_827", "caption": "Enumeration of  Plasmodium  parasites (blue) in human red blood cells (pink) to quantify relative parasite load.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Plasmodium.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_828", "caption": "Schistosoma mansoni , an endoparasite that lives in human tissue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Schistosoma_mansoni2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_829", "caption": "An example of a cost the peacock must bear from having such a large tail. The tail requires a lot of energy as it weighs the peacock down during its flight.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Peacock_Flying.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_830", "caption": "A gazelle stotting to indicate its fitness and ability to outrun a predator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Springbok_pronk.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_831", "caption": "A barn swallow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Barn_swallow_%28Hirundo_rustica_rustica%29.j_cf2cabaf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_832", "caption": "Crab with egg sac of the parasitic barnacle  Sacculina carcini . The parasite stops reproduction in its host, the crab, and stimulates the female crab to disperse parasite eggs with the same behavior that she would normally use for her own eggs. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Sacculina_carcini.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_833", "caption": "A  fish parasite , the isopod  Cymothoa exigua , replacing the tongue of a  Lithognathus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Cymothoa_exigua_parassita_Lithognathus_mormy_c3ea152b.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_834", "caption": "Head (scolex) of tapeworm  Taenia solium , an  intestinal parasite , has hooks and  suckers  to attach to its  host", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Taenia_solium_tapeworm_scolex_with_its_four__a3864557.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_835", "caption": "The parasitic castrator  Sacculina carcini  (highlighted) attached to  its crab host", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sacculina_carcini.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_836", "caption": "Human head-lice  are directly transmitted  obligate  ectoparasites", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Male_human_head_louse.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_837", "caption": "Clonorchis sinensis , the Chinese liver fluke, is trophically transmitted", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_838", "caption": "The  vector-transmitted  protozoan endoparasite  Trypanosoma  among human  red blood cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Trypanosoma_sp._PHIL_613_lores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_839", "caption": "Mosquitoes  are micropredators and important vectors of disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Anopheles_minimus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_840", "caption": "Life cycle  of  Entamoeba histolytica , an anaerobic parasitic protozoan transmitted by the  fecal\u2013oral route", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-Entamoeba_histolytica_life_cycle-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_841", "caption": "Cuscuta  (a dodder), a stem  holoparasite , on an  acacia  tree", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Cuscuta_parasite_plant.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_842", "caption": "The honey fungus,  Armillaria mellea , is a parasite of trees, and a  saprophyte  feeding on the trees it has killed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Armillaria_mellea%2C_Honey_Fungus%2C_UK_1.jp_2c29a5e6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_843", "caption": "Borrelia burgdorferi , the bacterium that causes  Lyme disease , is transmitted by  Ixodes  ticks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Borrelia_burgdorferi-cropped.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_844", "caption": "Enterobacteria phage T4  is a  bacteriophage  virus. It infects its host,  Escherichia coli , by injecting its DNA through its tail, which attaches to the bacterium's surface.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tevenphage.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_845", "caption": "Restoration of a  Tyrannosaurus  with holes possibly caused by a  Trichomonas -like parasite", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tyrannosaurus_with_infection.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_846", "caption": "Wolbachia  bacteria within an insect cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Wolbachia.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_847", "caption": "Biologists long suspected  cospeciation  of  flamingos  and  ducks  with their parasitic  lice , which were similar in the two families. Cospeciation did occur, but it led to flamingos and  grebes , with a later  host switch  of flamingo lice to ducks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pink_Flamingos_with_Duck_-_Camargue%2C_Franc_ffd223f0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_848", "caption": "The protozoan  Toxoplasma gondii  facilitates its transmission by  inducing behavioral changes  in rats through infection of neurons in their  central nervous system .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Toxoplasma_gondii_%282%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_849", "caption": "Trait loss: bedbug  Cimex lectularius  is flightless, like many insect ectoparasites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bed_bug%2C_Cimex_lectularius.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_850", "caption": "The dry  skin  of vertebrates such as the  short-horned lizard  prevents the entry of many parasites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Short_Horned_Lizard_%284457945238%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_851", "caption": "Leaf spot  on  oak . The spread of the parasitic fungus is limited by defensive chemicals produced by the tree, resulting in circular patches of damaged tissue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Leaf_Spot_on_Oak_in_Gunnersbury_Triangle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_852", "caption": "The rescuing from extinction of the  California condor  was a successful and expensive project, but its  ectoparasite , the louse  Colpocephalum californici , was made extinct.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Condor_in_flight.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_853", "caption": "Parasites are  distributed unevenly  among their hosts, most hosts having no parasites, and a few hosts harbouring most of the parasite population. This distribution makes sampling difficult and requires careful use of statistics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Aggregated_distribution_of_parasites_on_host_17d5e4cc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_854", "caption": "A plate from  Francesco Redi 's  Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi  (Observations on living animals found inside living animals), 1684", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Francesco_Redi_Osservazioni_intorno_agli_ani_d60793c0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_855", "caption": "Ronald Ross  won the 1902  Nobel Prize  for showing that the  malaria parasite  is transmitted by mosquitoes. This 1897 notebook page records his first observations of the parasite in mosquitoes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Ross%2C_20.Aug.1897.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_856", "caption": "Encarsia formosa , widely used in  greenhouse  horticulture, was one of the first biological control agents developed. [ 138 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Encarsia_formosa%2C_an_endoparasitic_wasp%2C_9c735dd7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_857", "caption": "\"An Old Parasite in a New Form\": an 1881  Punch  cartoon by  Edward Linley Sambourne  compares a  crinoletta  bustle to a parasitic insect's  exoskeleton", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-THE_CRINOLETTA_DISFIGURANS_AnOldParasite_in__a62cc14c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_858", "caption": "Fictional parasitism: oil painting  Parasites  by Katrin Alvarez, 2011", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Parasites_Katrin_Alvarez.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_859", "caption": "A  parasitoid wasp  ( Trioxys complanatus ,  Aphidiinae )  ovipositing  into the body of a spotted alfalfa  aphid  ( Therioaphis maculata ,  Calaphidinae ), a behaviour that is used in  biological pest control [ a ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2357_Spotted_alfalfa_aphi_565aaf74.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_860", "caption": "A  hyperparasitoid   chalcidoid wasp  on the cocoons of its host, a  braconid wasp , itself a koinobiont parasitoid of  Lepidoptera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Pteromalid_hyperparasitoid.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_861", "caption": "Female  phorid fly   Apocephalus borealis  (centre left)  ovipositing  into the abdomen of a worker  honey bee ,  altering its behaviour", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Female_Apocephalus_borealis_ovipositing_into_c8538622.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_862", "caption": "Potter wasp , an idiobiont, building a mud nest; she will  provision it  with paralysed insects, on which she will lay her eggs; she will then seal the nest and provide no further care for her young", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Potter_Wasp_building_mud_nest_near_completio_a39b957b.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_863", "caption": "The head of a sessile female  strepsipteran  protruding (lower right) from the abdomen of its wasp host; the male (not shown) has wings", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Odynerus_spinipes%5E_Vespidae._See_parasite__10d35d82.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_864", "caption": "Encarsia formosa , an endoparasitic  aphelinid  wasp, bred commercially to control whitefly in  greenhouses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Encarsia_formosa%2C_an_endoparasitic_wasp%2C_9c735dd7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_865", "caption": "Parasitic wasps  (centre right) with their  garden tiger moth  host, by  Maria Sibylla Merian", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Garden_Tiger_Moth_Maria_Sibylla_Merian.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_866", "caption": "A 1990s  gargoyle  at  Paisley Abbey , Scotland, resembling a  Xenomorph [ 69 ]  parasitoid from the film  Alien [ 70 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Paisley_Abbey_%22Xenomorph%22_Gargoyle_%2810_8386eb9a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_867", "caption": "The  screw-worm fly  was the first  pest  successfully eliminated from an area through the sterile insect technique, by the use of an integrated area-wide approach.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cochliomyia_hominivorax_%28Coquerel%2C_1858%_a6160180.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_868", "caption": "Entomologist Edward F. Knipling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-EdwardF.KniplingEntomologist.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_869", "caption": "The map shows the current (orange) and former (yellow) distribution area and the approximate seasonal spread of the  screw-worm fly .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cochliomyia_hominivorax_distribution.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_870", "caption": "A  United States Environmental Protection Agency  researcher dragging for ticks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Tick_dragging.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_871", "caption": "Transovarial and transstadial transmission of the  Ixodes  tick", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Transovarian_and_Transstadial_Transmission.j_cf89525f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_872", "caption": "Transovarial and transstadial transmission of the  Ixodes  tick", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Transovarian_and_Transstadial_Transmission.j_cf89525f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_873", "caption": "Aedes triseriatus  is the most common vector for La Crosse virus, causing La Crosse Encephalitis. This mosquito is also implicated in the transmission of West Nile Virus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Enlarged_view_of_an_Aedes_triser_c4f19c0f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_874", "caption": "Malaria Lifecycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Malaria_lifecycle.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_875", "caption": "Life cycle of  Balantidium coli", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Balantidium_LifeCycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_876", "caption": "1977 Selman A. Waxman Award Medal - Front View", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-1977_Selman_A._Waxman_Award_Medal_-_Front_Vi_5202e939.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_877", "caption": "1977 Selman A. Waxman Award Medal - Rear View", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-1977_Selman_A._Waxman_Award_Medal_-_Rear_Vie_72d4c1ad.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_878", "caption": "Blastocystis  isolated from stool sample of infected patient.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Parasite140080-fig2_Gastrointestinal_parasit_aa1c1d29.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_879", "caption": "Plasmodium  in erythrocytic cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Plasmodium_in_erythrocytic_cycle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_880", "caption": "Top: Ant infected with  Ophiocordyceps unilateralis  fungus clinging to underside of leaf with fungus sprouting from its head. Bottom: Detail of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sprouting from ants head.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ophiocordyceps_unilateralis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_881", "caption": "API 20NE Detection system after 24 hours incubation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Api20ne.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_882", "caption": "Example of antibiotic sensitivity testing. Thin paper discs containing an  antibiotic  have been placed on an  agar plate  growing  bacteria . Bacteria are not able to grow around antibiotics to which they are sensitive. This is called \"the zone of inhibition\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Antibiotic_sensitivity_test.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_883", "caption": "From left to right: 0.5, 1, and 2  McFarland standards", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-McFarland_standards.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_884", "caption": "Example of an  Etest , which uses a plastic strip impregnated with an antibiotic at a range of concentrations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-E-test_Ngono.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_885", "caption": "Antibiotic resistance tests : Bacteria are streaked on dishes with white disks, each impregnated with a different antibiotic. Clear rings, such as those on the left, show that bacteria have not grown\u2014indicating that these bacteria are not resistant. The bacteria on the right are fully resistant to all but two of the seven antibiotics tested. [ 33 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Antibiotic_sensitivity_and_resistance.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_886", "caption": "Hand scrubbing procedure for surgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-A_day_in_the_life_of_an_OR_technician_160920_fb0f9fde.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_887", "caption": "William Stewart Halsted", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-William_Stewart_Halsted.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_888", "caption": "Packaged, sterilized surgical instruments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Scalpel_blade_01.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_889", "caption": "Medical illustration of Staphylococcus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_890", "caption": "Oocysts of  Cryptosporidium parvum  stained with the fluorescent auramine\u2013rhodamine stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cryptosporidium_parvum_auramine-rhodamine_la_96ad82bf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_891", "caption": "E. coli  culture on a Petri dish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacterial_culture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_892", "caption": "A tanner treating leather in Morocco", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tannery_worker%2C_Fes_%283093412250%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_893", "caption": "Anaerobic, aerobic, and paediatric blood culture bottles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bloodculturetubes.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_894", "caption": "Signs of growth in manual blood culture systems: a) a film of growth ( pellicle ) on the surface; b) bubbles from gas production; c)  turbidity  from microbial growth (in right bottle); d) visible microbial colonies [ 42 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Signs_of_growth_in_manual_blood_culture_syst_12075719.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_895", "caption": "Loading a target plate containing microbial samples into a  Bruker  Biotyper, an instrument used for  MALDI-TOF  analysis in microbiology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-MALDI-TOF_target_plate_for_microbial_identif_10cc9027.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_896", "caption": "An early vacuum tube system for blood culture collection, described by C.E. Simon & C.C.W. Judd in 1915 [ 85 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/100px-Early_blood_culture_collection_tubes_by_Judd_c7c656fa.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_897", "caption": "This is an example of a positive CAMP test indicated by the formation of dark arrowheads where the Strep group B ( Streptococcus agalactiae ) meets the  Staphylococcus aureus  (light-yellow/golden middle streak with surrounding dark hemolysis).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-CAMP_test.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_898", "caption": "Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England community hospital setting. CAMP test is shown at bottom left.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Diagnostic_algorithm_of_possible_bacterial_i_c0e81736.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_899", "caption": "The process of colony hybridization: growth of cell colonies, replication on filter, hybridization, and identification of desired colonies.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Blot_Hybridization.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_900", "caption": "Conformational changes can elicit the motion of a  protein complex .  Kinesin  walking on a  microtubule  is a molecular   biological machine  using  protein domain dynamics  on  nanoscales", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Kinesin_walking.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_901", "caption": "An example of a  solenoid  powered cryogenic grinder.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Cryogenic_Grinder.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_902", "caption": "How cryogenic grinding with a solenoid works", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-COIL1.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_903", "caption": "Chemical-etching measured in real-time", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chemical_Etching_measured_with_digital_holog_18f18046.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_904", "caption": "Figure 1.  DHM phase shift image of cell details.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-DHM-CellDetails.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_905", "caption": "Surface finish measurement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Surface_finish_measured_using_digital_hologr_18670172.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_906", "caption": "Figure 2.  Typical optical setup of DHM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-OpticalSetupDHM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_907", "caption": "Figure 3.  Comparison of a DHM phase shift image (left) and a  phase-contrast microscopy  image (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Phase-Phase_Contrast.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_908", "caption": "Figure 4.  DHM phase shift image of human  red blood cells .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-DHM_image_of_human_red_blood_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_909", "caption": "Figure 5.  Time-lapse of unstained, dividing and migrating cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/DHM-CellTimeLapse.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_910", "caption": "Self-healing surface recovering from a scratch\u00a0: real-time measurement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Self-Healing-Polymer-DHM-Digital-Holographic_ee571adc.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_911", "caption": "Ultrasonic Transducers measured at 8 MHz in stroboscopic mode", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ultrasonic-Transducers-MUT-IPMS-Digital-Holo_7e60fd4a.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_912", "caption": "Automatic measurement of hip prosthesis\u00a0: surface roughness characterization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Digital_Holographic_Microscopy_for_measuring_cf291f21.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_913", "caption": "In diagnostic laboratories, the disk diffusion test is used to determine the susceptibility of clinical isolates of bacteria to different antibiotics.  An effective antibiotic will produce a large zone of inhibition (disk C), while an ineffective antibiotic may not affect bacterial growth at all (disk A).  Antibiotics to which a bacterial isolate is partially susceptible will produce an intermediate size zone of inhibition (disk B). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Agar_Diffusion_Method_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_914", "caption": "In drug discovery laboratories, the disk diffusion test is used to screen natural product extracts for antibacterial activity.  Extracts with antibacterial activity, for example the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and acetone extracts above, will produce a zone of inhibition. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Zone_of_inhibition_by_microorganism_bks.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_915", "caption": "Standard Kirby\u2013Bauer testing: White disks containing antibiotics shown on an agar plate of bacteria.  Circular zones of poor bacterial growth surround some disks, indicating susceptibility to the antibiotic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-KB_test.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_916", "caption": "Endospore stain on  Bacillus subtilis . The spore is stained green and the vegetative cell is stained a pinkish red color.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-OSC_Microbio_02_04_Endospores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_917", "caption": "Etest being used to determine the susceptibility of  Neisseria gonorrhoeae  to benzylpenicillin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-E-test_Ngono.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_918", "caption": "E-test being used to determine the susceptibility of  Candida albicans  to caspofungin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-E-test_Caspofungin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_919", "caption": "The chemical structure of gentamicin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Gentamicin_C2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_920", "caption": "Main types of staining seen on H&E stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Eosinophilic%2C_basophilic%2C_chromophobic_a_e5eaa363.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_921", "caption": "Retina  (part of the  eye ) stained with  hematoxylin  and  eosin , cell nuclei stained blue-purple and extracellular material stained pink.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Retina_--_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_922", "caption": "Rack of slides being removed from a bath of hematoxylin stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Slide_rack_in_haematoxylin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_923", "caption": "Hemagglutination assay of different influenza samples diluted from the left to the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Hemagglutination_assay.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_924", "caption": "Indirect hemagglutination assay for human echinococcosis. Different  serum  samples diluted from the left to the right. Seropositivity was suspected in Sample 179", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-%C4%B0ndirekt_Hemagl%C3%BCtinasyon_Deneyi.jp_2924dc75.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_925", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/668px-Indole.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_926", "caption": "Indole test positive: appearance of pink layer at top (e.g.  Escherichia coli )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Indole_test_positive.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_927", "caption": "Bacterial  growth curve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Bacterial_growth_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_928", "caption": "Reagents used for Lancefield grouping", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Streptococcal_grouping_kit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_929", "caption": "A live-cell microscope. Live-cell microscopes are generally  inverted . To keep cells alive during observation, the microscopes are commonly enclosed in a micro  cell incubator  (the transparent box).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/280px-Olympus_FluoView_FV1000_Confocal_Microscope__545168ff.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_930", "caption": "A) Upright lens configuration. B) Inverted lens configuration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/440px-Lens_Configuration2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_931", "caption": "Scanning electron microscope  image of  pollen  (false colors)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_932", "caption": "Microscopic examination in a biochemical laboratory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Microscopic_observation%2C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B_738f93f9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_933", "caption": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek  (1632\u20131723)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Na_beb39a71.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_934", "caption": "Stereo microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Optical_stereo_microscope_nikon_smz10.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_935", "caption": "A  diatom  under Rheinberg illumination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Rheinberg_6.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_936", "caption": "Phase-contrast  light micrograph  of undecalcified  hyaline cartilage  showing  chondrocytes  and  organelles ,  lacunae  and  extracellular matrix", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_937", "caption": "Images may also contain  artifacts . This is a  confocal laser scanning   fluorescence   micrograph  of  thale cress  anther (part of  stamen ). The picture shows among other things a nice red flowing collar-like structure just below the anther. However, an intact thale cress stamen does not have such collar, this is a fixation artifact: the stamen has been cut below the picture frame, and  epidermis  (upper layer of cells) of stamen stalk has peeled off, forming a non-characteristic structure. Photo: Heiti Paves from  Tallinn University of Technology .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Anther_of_thale_cress_%28Arabidopsis_thalian_5fccc442.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_938", "caption": "Mathematically modeled Point Spread Function of a pulsed THz laser imaging system. [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/247px-THZPSF.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_939", "caption": "Example of super-resolution microscopy. Image of  Her3  and  Her2 , target of the  breast cancer  drug  Trastuzumab , within a cancer cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/600px-3D_Dual_Color_Super_Resolution_Microscopy_Cr_de716800.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_940", "caption": "Human cells imaged by DHM phase shift (left) and  phase contrast microscopy  (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Phase-Phase_Contrast.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_941", "caption": "Photoacoustic micrograph of human red blood cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-HumanRBCsPAM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_942", "caption": "TMPD", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tetramethylphenylendiamine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_943", "caption": "DMPD", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dimethylphenylenediamine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_944", "caption": "Papanicolaou stain showing a low-grade  squamous intraepithelial lesion  (LSIL) from a  Pap test .  Cell nuclei  stained blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Low_grade_squamous_intraepithelial_lesion.jp_455cf98d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_945", "caption": "Figure 1 : In this phase shift image of cells in culture, the height and color of an image point correspond to the measured phase shift. The phase shift induced by an object in an image point depends only on the object thickness and the relative  refractive index  of the object in the image point. The volume of an object can therefore be determined from a phase shift image when the difference in refractive index between the object and the surrounding media is known. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Phase_shift_image_of_cells_in_3D.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_946", "caption": "Negative selection  through replica plating to  screen  for ampicillin sensitive colonies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Replica-dia-w.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_947", "caption": "A sterile velvet on a plastic block for replica plating", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Sterile_velvet_on_a_block.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_948", "caption": "Rhodamine B solution in water", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/90px-Rodamina_B.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_949", "caption": "Rhodamine B closed form (A) and open form (B)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Synthese_von_Rhodamin_B.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_950", "caption": "A plate which has been streaked showing the colonies thinning as the streaking moves clockwise.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Legionella_Plate_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_951", "caption": "Illustration of streak plate procedure to achieve isolated colonies using aseptic technique.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-FINAL_mmg_301_honors_option.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_952", "caption": "Different labs have different standards as to the direction and style of the streaking.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_953", "caption": "Diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Thermal_Shift_Assay.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_954", "caption": "One of the microcinematographs used at the Marey Institute during the late 19th century", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Marey%27s_micro-cinematograph.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_955", "caption": "The electron microscope can achieve a resolution of up to 100  picometers , allowing eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, viruses,  ribosomes , and even single atoms to be visualized (note the  logarithmic scale ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Limits_of_Electron_Microscope.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_956", "caption": "Workflow of transmission electron microscopy DNA sequencing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-TEM-SMS-Workflow.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_957", "caption": "Electron microscopy image of DNA: ribosomal transcription units of Chironomus pallidivitatus . This image was recorded with relatively old technology (ca. 2005).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-RibosomaleTranskriptionsEinheit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_958", "caption": "This plated viability assay measures various yeast viability though a method called \"frogging\". The research is completed through drop-inoculation techniques. Research has since been conducted on \"tadpoling\", which is a variation of \"frogging\" that is completed by keeping the test cells diluted in liquid throughout their examination. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Laboratoorne_pagarip%C3%A4rm_%28Saccharomyce_b8d93fdc.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_959", "caption": "Flow cytometry  using  7-Aminoactinomycin D  (7-AAD), wherein a lower signal indicates viable cells. Therefore, this case shows good viability (viability of the cells in flow cytometry should be around 95% but not less than 90%. [ 8 ] ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Flow_cytometric_viability_by_7-AAD.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_960", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph  of  M. tuberculosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_961", "caption": "Chain of infection; the chain of events that lead to infection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chain_of_Infection.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_962", "caption": "Infection of an  ingrown toenail ; there is pus (yellow) and resultant inflammation (redness and swelling around the nail).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dit_del_peu_gros_infectat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_963", "caption": "This image depicts the steps of pathogenic infection. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pathogenic_Infection.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_964", "caption": "A southern house mosquito ( Culex quinquefasciatus ) is a  vector  that transmits the pathogens that cause  West Nile fever  and  avian malaria  among others.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-CulexNil.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_965", "caption": "Four  nutrient agar  plates growing colonies of common  Gram negative  bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-K_pneumoniae_M_morganii_providencia_styphimu_b7f2820b.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_966", "caption": "Nucleic acid testing conducted using an Abbott Laboratories ID Now device", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-ID_Now_testing_%2851038387158%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_967", "caption": "A temporary drive-in testing site for COVID-19 set up with tents in a parking lot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-BGSU_COVID-19_Drive-Thru_Testing_Site_Close__6ce468cc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_968", "caption": "Washing one's hands, a form of  hygiene , is an effective way to prevent the spread of infectious disease. [ 69 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-OCD_handwash.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_969", "caption": "Mary Mallon  (a.k.a. Typhoid Mary) was an asymptomatic carrier of  typhoid fever . Over the course of her career as a cook, she infected 53 people, three of whom died.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mallon-Mary_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_970", "caption": "Deaths due to infectious and parasitic diseases per million persons in 2012:  \u00a0 \u00a028\u201381 \u00a0 \u00a082\u2013114 \u00a0 \u00a0115\u2013171 \u00a0 \u00a0172\u2013212 \u00a0 \u00a0213\u2013283 \u00a0 \u00a0284\u2013516 \u00a0 \u00a0517\u20131,193 \u00a0 \u00a01,194\u20132,476 \u00a0 \u00a02,477\u20133,954 \u00a0 \u00a03,955\u20136,812", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Infectious_and_parasitic_diseases_world_map-_05f0937f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_971", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year  for infectious and parasitic diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004: [ 86 ] \u00a0 \u00a0no data \u00a0 \u00a0\u2264250 \u00a0 \u00a0250\u2013500 \u00a0 \u00a0500\u20131000 \u00a0 \u00a01000\u20132000 \u00a0 \u00a02000\u20133000 \u00a0 \u00a03000\u20134000 \u00a0 \u00a04000\u20135000 \u00a0 \u00a05000\u20136250 \u00a0 \u00a06250\u201312,500 \u00a0 \u00a012,500\u201325,000 \u00a0 \u00a025,000\u201350,000 \u00a0 \u00a0\u226550,000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Infectious_and_parasitic_diseases_world_map__2b8d2e30.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_972", "caption": "The  Great Plague of Marseille  in 1720 killed 100,000 people in the city and the surrounding provinces.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Marseille-peste-Serre.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_973", "caption": "Herrerasaurus  skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Herrerasaurus1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_974", "caption": "Smallpox vaccine needle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Smallpox_vaccination_needle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_975", "caption": "Charcot's triad", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Charcot%27s_cholangitis_triad-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_976", "caption": "Diagram showing liver and related parts of the digestive system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biliary_system_new.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_977", "caption": "Cholangiogram  through a nasobiliary drain showing the common bile duct in black (diagonally from top left to bottom right in the center) with an interruption in the contour due to a large  gallstone .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-ERCP_stone.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_978", "caption": "Typhoid Mary  in a 1909 newspaper illustration. Mary Mallon was an asymptomatic carrier of  Salmonella typhi  who is thought to have infected 53 others with  typhoid fever  while continuing her work as a cook.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Mallon-Mary_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_979", "caption": "Typhoid Mary  in a New York Hospital", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Mary_Mallon_%28Typhoid_Mary%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_980", "caption": "Contaminated currency  such as banknotes frequently used for snorting may spread  hepatitis C [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cocaine_lines_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_981", "caption": "Brain abscess after metastasis treatment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Brain_MRI_131749_rgbca-.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_982", "caption": "MRI (T1 with contrast) showing the ring-enhancing lesion. From a rare case report of an abscess formed as a complication of the CSF shunt. Jamjoom et al., 2009. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_983", "caption": "Ancylostoma braziliense  mouthparts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ancylostoma_braziliense_mouth_parts_CDC_PHIL_0cb705ce.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_984", "caption": "Immunofluorescence micrograph of three  cytotoxic T cells  (outer three) surrounding a cancer cell. Lytic granules (red) are secreted at the contact site, killing the target. Cytotoxic T cells are powerful agents of cellular immunity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/280px-Killer_T_cells_surround_a_cancer_cell.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_985", "caption": "Mobile chest photofluorography car in  Almaty , Kazakhstan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Fluoromobil.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_986", "caption": "Model of a mobile mass miniature X-ray unit: Science Museum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mass_X-ray.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_987", "caption": "Climate change is altering the geographic range and seasonality of some insects that can carry diseases, for example  Aedes aegypti , the mosquito that is the  vector  for  dengue  transmission.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Aedes_aegypti_CDC9253.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_988", "caption": "Cyanobacteria  (blue-green algae) bloom on  Lake Erie  (United States) in 2009. These kinds of algae can cause harmful algal blooms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Blue-gree_algae_bloom_Lake_Erie.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_989", "caption": "Deaths due to malaria per million persons in 2012  \u00a0 \u00a00\u20130 \u00a0 \u00a01\u20132 \u00a0 \u00a03\u201354 \u00a0 \u00a055\u2013325 \u00a0 \u00a0326\u2013679 \u00a0 \u00a0680\u2013949 \u00a0 \u00a0950\u20131,358", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Malaria_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons_a3b104eb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_990", "caption": "Past and current malaria prevalence in 2009", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-World-map-of-past-and-current-malaria-preval_3b71a863.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_991", "caption": "This figure shows how the  Flavivirus  is carried by  mosquitos  in the  West Nile virus  and  Dengue fever . The mosquito would be considered a  disease vector .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Disease_Vector.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_992", "caption": "The  deer tick , a vector for  Lyme disease  pathogens", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Adult_deer_tick%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_993", "caption": "A tick crawling on a human head in a wooded area near  LeRoy, Michigan .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tick_on_human_head.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_994", "caption": "A sheep infected with bluetongue virus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-FCO-brebis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_995", "caption": "An  Anopheles stephensi  mosquito shortly after obtaining blood from a human (the droplet of blood is expelled as a surplus). This mosquito is a vector of  malaria , and mosquito control is an effective way of reducing its incidence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Anopheles_stephensi.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_996", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_997", "caption": "Infant with skin lesions from congenital rubella", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Infant_with_skin_lesions_from_congenital_rub_f85db1cc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_998", "caption": "\"Salt-and-pepper\" retinopathy is characteristic of congenital rubella. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Congenital_Rubella_Syndrome%2C_Salt_and_Pepp_f8414b20.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_999", "caption": "Congenital rubella serology timeline", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rubella_serology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1000", "caption": "Cowpox (variola vaccina) pustules on a cow's udder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cowpox_Engraving_%28detail%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1001", "caption": "In  The Cow-Pock\u2014or\u2014the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation!  (1802),  James Gillray  caricatured recipients of the vaccine developing cow-like appendages.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-The_cow_pock.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1002", "caption": "Double-stranded RNA makes mRNA and genomic RNA using RNA-dependent RNA polymerase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pathway_of_how_double_stranded_RNA_viruses_r_1775f882.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1003", "caption": "Abscess originating from a tooth, that has spread to the  buccal space .  Above : deformation of the cheek on the second day.  Below : deformation on the third day.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Abces_dentaire.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1004", "caption": "Tooth#4, the maxillary right second premolar (upper right 2nd bicuspid), after extraction.  The two single-headed arrows point to the  CEJ , which is the line separating the  crown  (in this case, heavily decayed) and the roots.  The double headed arrow  (bottom right)  shows the extent of the abscess that surrounds the apex of the  palatal  root.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chronic_apical_periodontitis_%28with_arrows%_6ec754af.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1005", "caption": "A dental infection resulting in an abscess and inflammation of the maxillary sinus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dental_infectionMark.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1006", "caption": "CT scan showing a large tooth abscess  (right in the image)  with significant inflammation of fatty tissue under the skin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Abc%C3%A9s_dentaire_TDM_1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1007", "caption": "An infected disc at the level of C5 C6 causing neurological symptoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pinfecteddisc.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1008", "caption": "Percentage of stool samples from US states found to contain various protozoa in 2000 [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-HISTORY_EMERGING_AMIN_2000.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1009", "caption": "Number of stool samples from Canadian Lab found to contain various protozoa in 2005 [ 45 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-HISTORY_EMERGING_CMAJ_2005.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1010", "caption": "Rabies virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1011", "caption": "Spinal tap on a newborn", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Spinal_tap_newborn.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1012", "caption": "Encephalitis deaths per million persons in 2012  \u00a0 \u00a00-0 \u00a0 \u00a01-1 \u00a0 \u00a02-2 \u00a0 \u00a03-4 \u00a0 \u00a05-9 \u00a0 \u00a010-14 \u00a0 \u00a015-24 \u00a0 \u00a025-45", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Encephalitis_world_map-Deaths_per_million_pe_ce520277.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1013", "caption": "Human alphaherpesvirus 3  virion \u2212 a  herpesvirus  known to infect humans. It causes  chickenpox (varicella) , a disease most commonly affecting children, teens, and young adults, and  shingles (herpes zoster)  in adults.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Varicella_%28Chickenpox%29_Virus_PHIL_1878_l_2baa0373.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1014", "caption": "Detecting whether medics have inadvertently transferred fluids to their clothing during a training sequence using simulated bodily fluids carrying an  ultraviolet  dye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-UV_screening_for_potentially_virus-carrying__090cc0fd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1015", "caption": "Illustration from circa 1890 advertisement for a \"Compound Vapor Bath\" recommended for rheumatics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Fumigatory_box.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1016", "caption": "Bristol stool chart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/370px-BristolStoolChart.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1017", "caption": "Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) as seen with a microscope at 1000 fold magnification and following Gram staining", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Salmonella_Typhimurium_Gram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1018", "caption": "Percentage of rotavirus tests with positive results, by surveillance week, United States, July 2000 \u2013 June 2009", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-RotavirusV2009.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1019", "caption": "Deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases per million persons in 2012  \u00a0 \u00a00\u20132 \u00a0 \u00a03\u201310 \u00a0 \u00a011\u201318 \u00a0 \u00a019\u201330 \u00a0 \u00a031\u201346 \u00a0 \u00a047\u201380 \u00a0 \u00a081\u2013221 \u00a0 \u00a0222\u2013450 \u00a0 \u00a0451\u2013606 \u00a0 \u00a0607\u20131799", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Diarrhoeal_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_mil_603f8023.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1020", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year  for diarrhea per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2004          \u00a0 \u00a0 no data   \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2264500   \u00a0 \u00a0 500\u20131000   \u00a0 \u00a0 1000\u20131500   \u00a0 \u00a0 1500\u20132000   \u00a0 \u00a0 2000\u20132500   \u00a0 \u00a0 2500\u20133000       \u00a0 \u00a0 3000\u20133500   \u00a0 \u00a0 3500\u20134000   \u00a0 \u00a0 4000\u20134500   \u00a0 \u00a0 4500\u20135000   \u00a0 \u00a0 5000\u20136000   \u00a0 \u00a0 \u22656000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Diarrhoeal_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO20_7aed298f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1021", "caption": "Map with the main travels of the  Age of Discovery  (began in 15th century).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Age_of_Discovery_explorations_in_English.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1022", "caption": "Contemporary engraving of  Naples  during the  Naples Plague  in 1656", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Micco_Spadaro_-_Largo_Mercatello_durante_la__e7b1fd1a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1023", "caption": "Worldwide distribution of plague-infected animals, 1998", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-World_distribution_of_plague_1998.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1024", "caption": "An early medical illustration of people with syphilis, Vienna, 1498", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-400Behandlung_der_Syphilis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1025", "caption": "New cases of leprosy in 2016", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Leprosy_new_case_detection_2016_rates%2C_201_4d1c3a92.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1026", "caption": "Past and current malaria prevalence in 2009", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-World-map-of-past-and-current-malaria-preval_802bb601.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1027", "caption": "In 2007, the prevalence of TB per 100,000 people was highest in  Sub-Saharan Africa , and was also relatively high in Asian countries like  India .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tuberculosis-prevalence-WHO-2009.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1028", "caption": "Estimated HIV/AIDS prevalence among young adults (15-49) by country as of 2008", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-HIV_Epidem_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1029", "caption": "Cases of Ebola fever in Africa since 1976", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ebolaf%C3%A4lle_bis_einschlie%C3%9Flich_2020_09455100.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1030", "caption": "Diagram showing horizontal transmission of a symbiont in its host.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/441px-Horizontal_transmission_symbiont.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1031", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/page1-220px-Making_Health_Care_Safer-CDC_Vital_Sig_aa4731e3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1032", "caption": "Mortality rates 1841\u20131846 in two clinics documented by Semmelweis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Yearly_mortality_rates_1841-1846_two_clinics_0dbc0a2d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1033", "caption": "Pneumonia as seen on chest x-ray.   A : Normal chest x-ray.  B : Abnormal chest x-ray with shadowing from pneumonia in the right lung (left side of image).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pneumonia_x-ray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1034", "caption": "Hutchinson's teeth resulting from congenital syphilis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Hutchinson_teeth_congenital_syphilis_PHIL_23_9afd3b6a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1035", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-VaccineBySandraRugio.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1036", "caption": "In some diseases, as depicted in this diagram, the latency period is shorter than the incubation period. After the latency period (but before clinical infection) the infected person can transmit the disease without signs of any symptoms. Such infection is called subclinical infection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Concept_of_incubation_period.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1037", "caption": "Helicobacter pylori", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-EMpylori.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1038", "caption": "The relationship between the  latent period , the infectious period (the period of communicability) and the  incubation period . In some diseases, as depicted in this diagram, the latent period is shorter than the incubation period. A person can transmit an infection without showing any signs of the disease. Such an infection is called a  subclinical infection .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Concept_of_incubation_period.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1039", "caption": "Sports centre requisitioned for the isolation and care of people infected with  coronavirus disease 2019 , in  Wuhan  (China).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B_a53942bf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1040", "caption": "A scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicting a number of Gram-negative  Bordetella bronchiseptica  bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bordetella_bronchiseptica.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1041", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of parainfluenza virus. Two intact particles and free filamentous nucleocapsid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Parainfluenza_virus_TEM_PHIL_271_lores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1042", "caption": "Robert Hermann Koch (11 December 1843 \u2013 27 May 1910) was a  German   physician  who developed Koch's postulates. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Robert_Koch_BeW.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1043", "caption": "Koch's postulates of disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Koch%27s_Postulates.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1044", "caption": "In some diseases, as depicted in this diagram, the latent period is shorter than the  incubation period . In such cases, a person can transmit infection without showing any signs of the disease and is called subclinically infectious or an  asymptomatic carrier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Concept_of_incubation_period.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1045", "caption": "Deaths from lower respiratory infections per million persons in 2012:  \u00a0 \u00a024-120 \u00a0 \u00a0121-151 \u00a0 \u00a0152-200 \u00a0 \u00a0201-241 \u00a0 \u00a0242-345 \u00a0 \u00a0346-436 \u00a0 \u00a0437-673 \u00a0 \u00a0674-864 \u00a0 \u00a0865-1,209 \u00a0 \u00a01,210-2,085", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Death_d2561bdd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1046", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year  for lower respiratory infections per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2004: [ 18 ]   \u00a0 \u00a0no data   \u00a0 \u00a0less than 100   \u00a0 \u00a0100\u2013700   \u00a0 \u00a0700\u20131,400   \u00a0 \u00a01,400\u20132,100   \u00a0 \u00a02,100\u20132,800   \u00a0 \u00a02,800\u20133,500   \u00a0 \u00a03,500\u20134,200   \u00a0 \u00a04,200\u20134,900   \u00a0 \u00a04,900\u20135,600   \u00a0 \u00a05,600\u20136,300   \u00a0 \u00a06,300\u20137,000   \u00a0 \u00a0more than 7,000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DAL_c217600a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1047", "caption": "Human mycetoma in India in 2013 [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Human_Mycetoma_in_India_in_2013.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1048", "caption": "Bighorn sheep tagging after  Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae  testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bighorn_Sheep_Tagging.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1049", "caption": "On-site testing for  Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae  in Hells Canyon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-On-Site_Bighorn_Sheep_Testing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1050", "caption": "Bighorn Sheep capture in Hells Canyon for ' Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae  testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bighorn_Sheep_Capture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1051", "caption": "The internal air is forced out so that negative air pressure is created pulling air passively into the system from other inlets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Negative_Air_Pressure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1052", "caption": "Inside view of a negative pressure isolation chamber for patients with contagious diseases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Beth-El_Industries_Isolation_chamber_inside__1c68e5bd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1053", "caption": "Schematic of a network of rooms where air (shown in blue) flows in one direction from the corridor into the negative pressure room (green). Exhaust air is safely removed from the area through a ventilation system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Negative_room.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1054", "caption": "A young boy from  Panama  with  Chagas disease . It has manifested as an acute infection with swelling of one eye (chagoma).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/166px-Chagoma.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1055", "caption": "Dracunculus medinensis  larvae", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/195px-Dracunculus_medinensis_larvae.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1056", "caption": "Lifecycle of  Echinococcus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/207px-Echinococcus_gran_LifeCycle_lg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1057", "caption": "A child with yaws", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/186px-10.1177_0956462414549036-fig3-Papilloma_of_p_e72634d4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1058", "caption": "Fasciola hepatica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/188px-Fasciola_hepatica.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1059", "caption": "Lifecycle of African Trypanosomiasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Trypanosoma_African_life_cycle_CDC.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1060", "caption": "Lifecycle of Leishmaniasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/211px-Leishmaniasis_life_cycle_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1061", "caption": "Hands deformed by leprosy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/177px-Leprosy_deformities_hands.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1062", "caption": "Elephantiasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/168px-Elephantiasis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1063", "caption": "Onchocerca volvulus  emerging from a blackfly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/189px-Onchocerca_volvulus_emerging_from_a_black_fl_36ac89e4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1064", "caption": "Rabies virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/155px-Rabies_Virus_EM_PHIL_1876.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1065", "caption": "11-year-old Filipino boy with  ascites  due to schistosomiasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/188px-Schistosomiasis_in_a_child_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1066", "caption": "Adult ascaris worms being removed from the bile duct of a patient in South Africa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Adult_ascaris_worms_being_removed_from_the_b_69e6165e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1067", "caption": "Eliminating NTDs in  C\u00f4te d'Ivoire  through education and distribution of anti-parasitic drugs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-On_the_Road_to_Eliminating_Neglected_Tropica_6b454a3d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1068", "caption": "School nurse checks student's health in Kenya", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-School_nurse_checks_student%27s_health.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1069", "caption": "Global overlap of six of the common NTDs, specifically guinea worm disease, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and trachoma, in 2011", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ntd-world.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1070", "caption": "The structure of two of the ivermectins, an important class of drug in the control of Onchocerciasis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ivermectin_skeletal.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1071", "caption": "Melinda and Bill Gates speak during press conference at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, January 30, 2009.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Remy_Steinegger_-_World_Economic_Forum_-_Mel_98efc907.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1072", "caption": "The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, a web-focused not-for-profit drug R&D organization dedicated to creating new NTD treatments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-DNDi_logo.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1073", "caption": "Chorioamnionitis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chorioamnionitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1074", "caption": "Bernardino Ramazzini", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ramazzini.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1075", "caption": "Sir Robert Peel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Robert_Peel_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_13103._b351bd8a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1076", "caption": "Harry McShane, age 16, 1908. Pulled into machinery in a factory in  Cincinnati  and had his arm ripped off and his leg broken without any compensation. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Lewis_Wickes_Hines_-_Harry_McShane_1908.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1077", "caption": "Various health and safety warning campaigns have sought to reduce workplace hazards, such as this one about ladder safety.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-A_man_carrying_a_ladder_knocks_the_forward_e_e53b1665.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1078", "caption": "Rollover protection bar  on a  Fordson  tractor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ford_Tractor_with_ROPS_bar_fitted.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1079", "caption": "Beekeeper  wearing protective clothing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Beekeeper_keeping_bees.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1080", "caption": "Construction workers not wearing fall protection equipment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protec_ed3e0e7a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1081", "caption": "Workplace safety notices at the entrance of a Chinese construction site", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-China_Construction_Site_Safety.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1082", "caption": "Leather craftsman gloves, safety  goggles , and a properly fitted  hard hat  are crucial for proper safety in a construction environment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Occupational_Safety_Equipment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1083", "caption": "Proportion of disease-specific work-related mortality in 2019, globally, with 95% confidence intervals [ 75 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/340px-Proportion_of_disease-specific_work-related__cc860d33.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1084", "caption": "Deaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+), joint study conducted by  World Health Organization  and  International Labour Organization  in 2016", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Deaths_from_Karoshi.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1085", "caption": "Average annual hours actually worked per worker in  OECD  countries from 1970 to 2020", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Annual_working_time_in_OECD.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1086", "caption": "Share of number of employees engaged in hazardous and/or dangerous working conditions in Russia between 1993 and 2017 [ 79 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/340px-Workplace-conditions-in-RF-from-1993-to-2017_d20dcefc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1087", "caption": "Number of occupational fatal work injuries in the US from 1992 until 2014 (2001 statistics do not include deaths related to the  11 September terrorist attacks .)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/340px-Number_of_Fatal_Work_Injuries%2C_1992-2014.j_d19d42bf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1088", "caption": "Rate of fatal work injuries per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers by employee status, 2006\u201317. Rate = (fatal work injuries/total hours worked by all workers) \u00d7 200,000,000 where 200,000,000 = base for 100,000 full-time equivalent workers (FTEs) working 40\u00a0hours per week, 50\u00a0weeks per year. Total hours worked are annual average estimates from the  Current Population Survey  (CPS).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/340px-Rate_of_fatal_work_injuries_by_employee_stat_65632e49.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1089", "caption": "Hardware stores in China specializing in safety equipment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Hardware_stores_in_China_specializing_in_saf_d3283d4e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1090", "caption": "AI-enabled  wearable  sensor networks may improve worker safety and health through access to real-time, personalized data, but also present psychosocial hazards such as  micromanagement , a perception of  surveillance , and  information security  concerns.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Autographer_lifelogging_device.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1091", "caption": "Automated guided vehicles are examples of cobots. Use of AI to operate these robots may result in physical hazards such as the robot colliding with workers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-AGVs_amarillos.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1092", "caption": "A containment hood protecting workers handling nanomaterials", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Nano_containment_hood.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1093", "caption": "Respiratory droplets are released through talking, coughing, or sneezing. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sneeze.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1094", "caption": "Brocky, Karoly - Mother and Child (1846-50)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Brocky%2C_Karoly_-_Mother_and_Child_%281846-_2aeda92b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1095", "caption": "1940 US WPA poster encouraging modernized privies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-WPA_Outhouse.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1096", "caption": "A normal throat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Amigdalas_%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1097", "caption": "Exudative  pharyngitis in a person with  infectious mononucleosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mononucleosis.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1098", "caption": "A case of strep throat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pos_strep.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1099", "caption": "Throat swab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Throat_Culture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1100", "caption": "Main symptoms of infectious pneumonia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1101", "caption": "The bacterium  Streptococcus pneumoniae , a common cause of pneumonia, imaged by an  electron microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1102", "caption": "Cavitating pneumonia due to MRSA as seen on a CT scan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-MRSAPneumoCT.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1103", "caption": "A chest x-ray of a patient with severe viral pneumonia due to  SARS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-SARS_xray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1104", "caption": "Pneumonia fills the lung's  alveoli  with fluid, hindering oxygenation. The alveolus on the left is normal, whereas the one on the right is full of fluid from pneumonia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-New_Pneumonia_cartoon.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1105", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1106", "caption": "A chest X-ray showing a very prominent wedge-shaped area of airspace consolidation in the right lung characteristic of acute bacterial lobar pneumonia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-X-ray_of_lobar_pneumonia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1107", "caption": "CT of the chest demonstrating right-sided pneumonia (left side of the image)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-CT_scan_of_the_chest%2C_demonstrating_right-_a74d92d6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1108", "caption": "A  pleural effusion : as seen on chest X-ray. The A arrow indicates fluid layering in the right chest. The B arrow indicates the width of the right lung. The volume of the lung is reduced because of the collection of fluid around the lung.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pleural_effusion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1109", "caption": "Deaths from lower respiratory infections per million persons in 2012  \u00a0 \u00a024\u2013120 \u00a0 \u00a0121\u2013151 \u00a0 \u00a0152\u2013200 \u00a0 \u00a0201\u2013241 \u00a0 \u00a0242\u2013345 \u00a0 \u00a0346\u2013436 \u00a0 \u00a0437\u2013673 \u00a0 \u00a0674\u2013864 \u00a0 \u00a0865\u20131,209 \u00a0 \u00a01,210\u20132,085", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Death_d2561bdd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1110", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year  for lower respiratory infections per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2004 [ 143 ]   \u00a0 \u00a0no data   \u00a0 \u00a0less than 100   \u00a0 \u00a0100\u2013700   \u00a0 \u00a0700\u20131,400   \u00a0 \u00a01,400\u20132,100   \u00a0 \u00a02,100\u20132,800   \u00a0 \u00a02,800\u20133,500   \u00a0 \u00a03,500\u20134,200   \u00a0 \u00a04,200\u20134,900   \u00a0 \u00a04,900\u20135,600   \u00a0 \u00a05,600\u20136,300   \u00a0 \u00a06,300\u20137,000   \u00a0 \u00a0more than 7,000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DAL_c217600a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1111", "caption": "WPA  poster, 1936/1937", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-WPA_Pneumonia_Poster.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1112", "caption": "Chart showing symptoms of long COVID", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1113", "caption": "Cells infected with  Epstein\u2013Barr virus , one of the viruses implicated in PAISs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Epstein-barr_virus_%28ebv%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1114", "caption": "ME/CFS has many competing definitions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-ME-CFS_Diagnostic_Criteria_Comparison.webp.p_e1ee9725.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1115", "caption": "In his 1861 book,  Ignaz Semmelweis  presented evidence to demonstrate that the advent of  pathological anatomy  in Vienna in 1823 (vertical line) was correlated to the incidence of fatal childbed fever there. Onset of  chlorine  handwash in 1847 marked by vertical line. Rates for Dublin maternity hospital, which had no pathological anatomy, is shown for comparison ( view rates ). His efforts were futile, however.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Yearly_mortality_rates_1784-1849.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1116", "caption": "Q flag", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-ICS_Quebec.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1117", "caption": "Rabies prevention efforts in India, which accounts for 36% of the world's rabies deaths [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1118", "caption": "A stray dog with an ear tag, indicating that it has been part of a  trap\u2013neuter\u2013return  program, a policy enacted in many countries in order to prevent the spread of rabies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Dog_with_eartag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1119", "caption": "Managing stray dogs, by vaccination or removal from the streets, is necessary in order to prevent rabies. It is estimated that there are about 62 million stray dogs in India. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-1saved_by_Ravi_Gill.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1120", "caption": "Cases of animal rabies in the United States in 2001", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Reported_l.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1121", "caption": "A rabid dog, with saliva dripping out of the mouth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Rabid_dog.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1122", "caption": "A fox in Romania. Foxes and stray dogs are considered to be at highest risk of rabies in Romania. [ 104 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Vulpes_vulpes_%2832846612491%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1123", "caption": "Map of rabies-free countries and territories", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.pn_0513ab78.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1124", "caption": "Stray  Askals  in the Philippines. Lack of awareness about rabies prevention can lead to tourists dying from contracting the disease. [ 123 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-3817Queues_Social_amelioration_program_Askal_92244021.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1125", "caption": "PrP Sc  (stained in red) revealed in a photomicrograph of scrapie-infected mouse neuronal cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/180px-Scrapie_prions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1126", "caption": "Models of normal (PrP C ) and infectious (PrP Sc ) forms of prion protein on a membrane: polypeptide (turquoise); glycans (red); glycolipid anchors (blue). The core structures are based on NMR spectroscopy (PrP C ) and cryo-electron microscopy (PrP Sc ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Prion_structure_membrane_bound_fibril.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1127", "caption": "Heterodimer model of prion propagation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Prion_propagation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1128", "caption": "Fibril model of prion propagation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Prion_Replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1129", "caption": "Photomicrograph of Prototheca wickerhamii infection in a human. Note the floret-like arrangements. Hematoxylin and eosin stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Prototheca_wickerhamii.hematoxylin_eosin_sta_e7f04889.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1130", "caption": "Photomicrograph of Prototheca wickerhamii infection in a human. Note the floret-like arrangements. Gomori methenamine silver(GMS) stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Prototheca_wickerhamii.GMS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1131", "caption": "Photomicrograph of Prototheca wickerhamii infection in a human. Note the floret-like arrangements. Periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Prototheca_wickerhamii.PAS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1132", "caption": "Animals with \"dumb\" rabies appear depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Dog_with_rabies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1133", "caption": "A young girl about to receive PEP after being bitten by an animal thought to be rabid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rabiesvaccination.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1134", "caption": "Map of rabies-free countries and territories", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.pn_9326fb3f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1135", "caption": "Rabies cases in humans and domestic animals \u2013 United States, 1938\u20132018", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Mm6823e1-F1.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1136", "caption": "Two dogs with the paralytic, or dumb, form of rabies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-PHIL_2184.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1137", "caption": "Respiratory system  anatomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/444px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1138", "caption": "Deaths from respiratory infections per million persons in 2012  \u00a0 \u00a024-120 \u00a0 \u00a0121-151 \u00a0 \u00a0152-200 \u00a0 \u00a0201-244 \u00a0 \u00a0245-346 \u00a0 \u00a0347-445 \u00a0 \u00a0446-675 \u00a0 \u00a0676-866 \u00a0 \u00a0867-1,209 \u00a0 \u00a01,210-2,090", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/290px-Respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per__c1fc700d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1139", "caption": "The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Zoonosis_of_Malaria.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1140", "caption": "\"African trypanosomes\" or \"Old World trypanosomes\" are protozoan hemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma, in the subgenus Trypanozoon.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Zoonosis_Transmission_of_African_Trypanosome_990dcd32.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1141", "caption": "Arbovirus in the urban cycle jumping to the wild maintenance cycle due to the Aedes aegypti vector infecting non-human primates or viremic individuals infecting the wild mosquito.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Reverse_Zoonoses_with_Mixing_of_sylvatic_and_urban_5a6b831b.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1142", "caption": "Confronting data sparsity to identify potential sources of Zika virus spillover infection among primates", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-A_conceptual_figure_of_Zika_virus_transmissi_274a62fb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1143", "caption": "Case studies of reverse zoonoses by animal and disease type before 2014", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-List_of_publications_concerning_reverse_zoon_5e0884f2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1144", "caption": "Nelson, M. I., & Vincent, A. L. (2015). Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface. Trends in microbiology, 23(3), 142\u2013153.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2014.12.002", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-A_model_for_the_ecology_of_influenza_A_virus_2ceb4fe8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1145", "caption": "Colonies of the bacterial sapronosis  Legionella pneumophila", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-LegionellaPneumophila_Kolonie.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1146", "caption": "Patient of an  intensive care unit  of a German hospital (2015) with severe sepsis caused by a  chain reaction  of incidental negative events after a prior surgery of the  abdomen . After an emergency surgery, he received  antibiotics ,  parenteral nutrition  and  pain killers  via automated injection employing  infusion pumps  (background right).  Hemodialysis  via the machine on the left became necessary due to  kidney  malfunction and  multiple organ dysfunction syndrome . After three months in the hospital, the patient recovered within a month and has since then fully recovered (as of 2023).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Patient_lying_in_bed_in_intensive_care_unit__a0c8d30a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1147", "caption": "Blood culture  bottles: orange cap for  anaerobes , green cap for  aerobes , and yellow cap for blood samples from children [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bloodculturetubes.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1148", "caption": "Sepsis Steps. Training tool for teaching the progression of sepsis stages", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/280px-Sepsis_Steps.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1149", "caption": "Intravenous fluids being given", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sepsis_treatment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1150", "caption": "Personification of  septicemia , carrying a spray can marked \" Poison \"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-%27ware_Hitler%27s_Greatest_Ally_Art.IWMPST1_89e379d0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1151", "caption": "Phenotypic strategy switches of microbes capable of provoking sepsis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sepsis_fig.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1152", "caption": "People socially distancing while  queuing  to enter a supermarket in London during the  COVID-19 pandemic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Social_distancing_queueing_for_the_supermark_f43ff5f9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1153", "caption": "Without social distancing and other pandemic containment measures, pathogens can spread exponentially. [ 1 ]  This graphic shows how early adoption of containment measures tends to protect wider swaths of the population.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-20200609_Effect_of_pandemic_containment_meas_2d6a148f.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1154", "caption": "Social distancing helps prevent a sharp peak of infections (\"flattens the  epidemic curve \") to help healthcare services deal with demand, and extends time for healthcare services to be increased and improved. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-20200403_Flatten_the_curve_animated_GIF.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1155", "caption": "Social distancing includes eliminating the physical contact that occurs with the typical  handshake ,  hug , or  hongi ; this New Zealand illustration offers eight alternatives.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Covid-19-Handshake-Alternatives-v3.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1156", "caption": "Muslims in Indonesia  pray in congregation  while imposing to strict physical-distancing protocols during the  COVID-19 pandemic . During the pandemic, Mosques in Indonesia has also removed the indoor rugs and has ordered worshipers to bring their own personal prayer rugs to prevent the spreading of the virus. Some mosques which are located in the most infected regions even are ordered to be closed for worship", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/326px-Islamic_Congregational_Prayer_with_Physical__708bf41c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1157", "caption": "Swine flu cases per week in the United Kingdom in 2009; schools typically  close for summer  in mid-July and re-open in early September. [ 42 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Swineflu_uk_hpa_model.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1158", "caption": "VE Day  celebrations in 2020 took place under lockdown; here a socially distanced street party is taking place on  Hallfield Estate ,  Wetherby .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Socially_distanced_street_party_for_the_75th_1071a313.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1159", "caption": "Simulations comparing rate of spread of infection, and number of deaths due to overrun of hospital capacity, when social interactions are \"normal\" (left, 200 people moving freely) and \"distanced\" (right, 25 people moving freely). Green\u00a0= Healthy, uninfected individuals Red\u00a0= Infected individuals Blue\u00a0= Recovered individual Black\u00a0= Dead individuals [ 95 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Katapult_importance_social_distancing.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1160", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Saka_2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1161", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/125px-Impetigo_elbow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1162", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/125px-Yeartinfection.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1163", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-MonoThroat.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1164", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Mrsa_cyst_exploded.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1165", "caption": "Typhoid Mary , pictured above in a 1909 tabloid, was a famous case of a subclinical infection of  Salmonella enterica serovar .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mallon-Mary_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1166", "caption": "9th floor layout of the Hotel Metropole in  Hong Kong , showing where a superspreading event of  severe acute respiratory syndrome  (SARS) occurred in 2003", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Hotel_Metropole_9th_floor_layout_SARS_2003.s_9fb346c3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1167", "caption": "How an infection spreads in a community with immunized and non-immunized members.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-Herd_immunity.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1168", "caption": "Guangdong Province in southeastern China where the first outbreak of SARS occurred in 2003.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Guangdong_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%_bd04c9bf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1169", "caption": "Rates of  measles vaccination  worldwide in 2010", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Measles_vaccination_coverage_world.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1170", "caption": "Primary syphilis on a tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Primary_stage_syphilis_sore_%28chancre%29_on_97de09d7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1171", "caption": "Chancre on a penis due to primary syphilis, 1978", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chancres_on_the_penile_shaft_due_to_a_primar_69a5266a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1172", "caption": "Typical presentation of secondary syphilis with a rash on the palms of the hands, 1967", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Secondary_Syphilis_on_palms_CDC_6809_lores.r_36af3629.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1173", "caption": "Reddish  papules  and  nodules  over much of the body due to secondary syphilis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Syphilis_second_state_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1174", "caption": "Model of a head of a person with tertiary (gummatous) syphilis,  Mus\u00e9e de l'Homme , Paris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Tertiary_syphilis_head.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1175", "caption": "Histopathology  of  Treponema pallidum  bacteria using a modified  Steiner silver stain , 1986", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Treponema_pallidum_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1176", "caption": "This  Works Progress Administration  poster ( c.  1936) acknowledges the social stigma of syphilis, while urging those who possibly have the disease to be tested", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Syphilis_false_shame_and_fear_may_destroy_yo_3192805a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1177", "caption": "Micrograph  of secondary syphilis skin lesions. (A/B) H&E stain of SS lesions. (C/D) IHC staining reveals abundant bacteria embedded within a mixed cellular inflammatory infiltrate (shown in the red box) in the papillary dermis. The blue arrow points to a tissue histiocyte and the read arrows to two dermal lymphocytes [ 40 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Micrograph_of_secondary_syphilis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1178", "caption": "Portrait of a man affected with what is now believed to have been congenital syphilis,  c. \u20091820 [ 49 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Portrait_of_Mr._J._Kay%2C_afflicted_with_a_r_3859af39.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1179", "caption": "Jarisch\u2013Herxheimer reaction in a person with syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus [ 71 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Jarisch-Herxheimer_reaction_in_patient_%28cr_738cba4d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1180", "caption": "Syphilis deaths per million persons in 2012  \u00a0 \u00a00\u20130 \u00a0 \u00a01\u20131 \u00a0 \u00a02\u20133 \u00a0 \u00a04\u201310 \u00a0 \u00a011\u201319 \u00a0 \u00a020\u201328 \u00a0 \u00a029\u201357 \u00a0 \u00a058\u2013138", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Syphilis_world_map-Deaths_per_million_person_72cf7102.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1181", "caption": "Age-standardized   disability adjusted life years  from syphilis per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2004 [ 75 ]           \u00a0 \u00a0no data   \u00a0 \u00a0<35   \u00a0 \u00a035\u201370   \u00a0 \u00a070\u2013105   \u00a0 \u00a0105\u2013140   \u00a0 \u00a0140\u2013175   \u00a0 \u00a0175\u2013210       \u00a0 \u00a0210\u2013245   \u00a0 \u00a0245\u2013280   \u00a0 \u00a0280\u2013315   \u00a0 \u00a0315\u2013350   \u00a0 \u00a0350\u2013500   \u00a0 \u00a0>500", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Syphilis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1182", "caption": "Portrait of  Gerard de Lairesse  by  Rembrandt van Rijn , circa 1665\u201367, oil on canvas. De Lairesse, himself a painter and art theorist, had congenital syphilis that deformed his face and eventually blinded him [ 85 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_095.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1183", "caption": "A healthy man and a diseased man torture  Christ  before  his crucifixion . From a Frensh  book of hours ,  c. \u20091375\u20131435", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Medieval_illumination_of_Christ_being_tortur_37e60251.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1184", "caption": "An early medical illustration of people with syphilis, Vienna, 1498", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-400Behandlung_der_Syphilis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1185", "caption": "A  Work Projects Administration  poster about syphilis c. 1940", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Stop_syphilis_LCCN98509573.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1186", "caption": "Preparation and Use of Guayaco for Treating Syphilis , after  Stradanus , 1590", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/299px-De_ontdekking_van_Guaiacum_als_middel_tegen__2635fccc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1187", "caption": "Age-standardized  death from syphilis per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2004. [ 1 ]   \u00a0 \u00a0no data \u00a0 \u00a0<35 \u00a0 \u00a035\u201370 \u00a0 \u00a070\u2013105   \u00a0 \u00a0105\u2013140   \u00a0 \u00a0140\u2013175 \u00a0 \u00a0175\u2013210   \u00a0 \u00a0210\u2013245   \u00a0 \u00a0245\u2013280   \u00a0 \u00a0280\u2013315   \u00a0 \u00a0315\u2013350   \u00a0 \u00a0350\u2013500   \u00a0 \u00a0>500", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/365px-Syphilis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1188", "caption": "Syphilis cases by gender, transmission category and year in EU/EEA countries reporting consistently, 2012\u20132021", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Syphilis_cases_by_gender%2C_transmission_cat_e10ce984.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1189", "caption": "Syphilis\u2014Reported Cases by Stage of Infection, United States, 1941\u20132009.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-SyphilisUS2009.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1190", "caption": "Rates of syphilis by gender in the United States.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Trends-syphilis-780.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1191", "caption": "Activation of macrophage or B cell by T helper cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-Activation_of_T_and_B_cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1192", "caption": "T-cell dependent B-cell activation, showing TH2-cell (left) B-cell (right) and several interaction molecules self-made according to Janeway et al,  Immunologie  (Berlin, 2002)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/400px-T-dependent_B_cell_activation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1193", "caption": "Antigen presentation stimulates na\u00efve CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to become mature  \"cytotoxic\" CD8+ cells  and \"helper\" CD4+ cells respectively .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Antigen_presentation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1194", "caption": "T h 1/T h 2 Model for helper T cells. An antigen is ingested and processed by an  APC . It presents fragments from it to T cells. The upper, T h 0, is a T helper cell. The fragment is presented to it by  MHC2 . [ 24 ]  IFN-\u03b3,  interferon \u03b3 ; TGF-\u03b2,  transforming growth factor \u03b2 ; m\u00f8,  macrophage ; IL-2,  interleukin 2 ; IL-4,  interleukin 4", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/407px-Lymphocyte_activation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1195", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year  for tropical diseases per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants. These include  trypanosomiasis ,  chagas disease ,  schistosomiasis ,  leishmaniasis ,  lymphatic filariasis ,  onchocerciasis .   \u00a0 \u00a0no data   \u00a0 \u00a0\u2264100   \u00a0 \u00a0100\u2013200   \u00a0 \u00a0200\u2013300   \u00a0 \u00a0300\u2013400   \u00a0 \u00a0400\u2013500   \u00a0 \u00a0500\u2013600   \u00a0 \u00a0600\u2013700   \u00a0 \u00a0700\u2013800   \u00a0 \u00a0800\u2013900   \u00a0 \u00a0900\u20131000   \u00a0 \u00a01000\u20131500   \u00a0 \u00a0\u22651500", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tropical-cluster_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_ae079bb2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1196", "caption": "Time line for cold symptoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Cold_symptoms_cdc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1197", "caption": "Upper respiratory infections deaths per million persons in 2012  \u00a0 \u00a00 \u00a0 \u00a01 \u00a0 \u00a02 \u00a0 \u00a03\u201329", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Upper_respiratory_infections_world_map-Death_47aff382.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1198", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year  for URTIs per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2002: [ 25 ]   \u00a0 \u00a0no data   \u00a0 \u00a0less than 10   \u00a0 \u00a010\u201330   \u00a0 \u00a030\u201360   \u00a0 \u00a060\u201390   \u00a0 \u00a090\u2013120   \u00a0 \u00a0120\u2013150   \u00a0 \u00a0150\u2013180   \u00a0 \u00a0180\u2013210   \u00a0 \u00a0210\u2013240   \u00a0 \u00a0240\u2013270   \u00a0 \u00a0270\u2013300   \u00a0 \u00a0more than 300", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/310px-Upper_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DAL_f2cbd954.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1199", "caption": "Urine may contain pus (a condition known as  pyuria ) as seen from a person with  sepsis  due to a urinary tract infection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pyuria2011.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1200", "caption": "Uropathogenic  Escherichia coli  (UPEC)  cells adhered to bladder epithelial cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-UPEC_adhered_to_BEC.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1201", "caption": "Bladder infection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bladder_Infection.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1202", "caption": "Multiple  bacilli  (rod-shaped bacteria, here shown as black and bean-shaped) shown between white blood cells in urinary microscopy. These changes are indicative of a urinary tract infection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacteriuria_pyuria_4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1203", "caption": "Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole tablets, a commonly used antibiotic for UTI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Co-trimoxazole.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1204", "caption": "A child being immunized against  polio", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Poliodrops.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1205", "caption": "Evolution mechanisms of Influenza A virus. (A)  Antigenic Drift : Gradual accumulation of mutations in the genome of IAVs leads to emergence of new virus variants. (B)  Antigenic Shift : The reassortment of genetic segments between two or more invading IAVs in a host cell can lead to emergence of an antigenically novel subtype.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Viruses-10-00497-g003.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1206", "caption": "A typical virus replication cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-HepC_replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1207", "caption": "Some bacteriophages inject their  genomes  into bacterial cells (not to scale)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Phage_injecting_its_genome_into_bacteria.svg_c685aa10.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1208", "caption": "The Baltimore Classification of viruses is based on the method of viral  mRNA  synthesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/330px-VirusBaltimoreClassification.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1209", "caption": "Overview of the main types of viral infection and the most notable species involved [ 107 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Viral_infections_and_involved_species.svg.pn_d6bc5d34.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1210", "caption": "Transmission electron microscope  image of a recreated 1918 influenza virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Reconstructed_Spanish_Flu_Virus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1211", "caption": "Two  rotaviruses : the one on the right is coated with antibodies that prevent its attachment to cells and infecting them.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rotavirus_with_antibody.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1212", "caption": "The structure of the DNA base  guanosine  and the antiviral drug  acyclovir", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Guanosine_aciclovir_comparison.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1213", "caption": "Peppers  infected by mild mottle virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pepper_mild_mottle_virus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1214", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of multiple bacteriophages attached to a bacterial cell wall", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Phage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1215", "caption": "Scientist studying the  H5N1  influenza virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Influenza_virus_research.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1216", "caption": "A sketch of two women suffering from Winterbottom's Sign", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Signo_de_Winterbottom.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1217", "caption": "A gorilla licking a wound", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gorilla_licking_wound.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1218", "caption": "A dog licking a wounded paw", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Dog_licking_wound.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1219", "caption": "A cat with an  Elizabethan collar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cat_with_Elizabethan_collar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1220", "caption": "Lick granuloma  from excessive licking", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Canine_lick_granuloma.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1221", "caption": "Possibilities for zoonotic disease transmissions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Figure_3-_Examples_of_Zoonotic_Diseases_and__56f99d12.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1222", "caption": "Selman Waksman , who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for developing 22 antibiotics\u2014most notably  Streptomycin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1223", "caption": "Illustrative scheme of photodynamic reactions. The photosensitizer absorbs light and is promoted from its ground  singlet state  ( 1 PS) to an excited singlet state ( 1 PS*). Alternatively, the photosensitizer can convert to an excited  triplet state  ( 3 PS*) by  intersystem crossing . This is a longer-living state that allow sufficient time for chemical reactions to occur. A photosensitizer in  3 PS* state can return to  ground state  ( 1 PS) either by emitting  phosphorescence , or by  photochemical reactions  that occur through transfer of charges or energy. These photochemical reactions can locally generate cytotoxic  reactive oxygen species  (ROS) via the Type I or II photodynamic reactions. In a cellular microenvironment, these ROS have a short lifespan (<10\u03bcs), and react with and destroy biomolecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids, very close (<1\u03bcm) to the production site. Type I: Charges, such as  electrons , are transferred to surrounding substrates (R), forming  radicals  (R \u2022 ) due to the presence of the unpaired electron that was received. Molecular oxygen (O 2 ) participates directly or indirectly in this reaction pathway forming the radical anion known as  superoxide  (O 2 \u2022\u2013 ). The superoxide radical can be further reduced to form  hydrogen peroxide  (H 2 O 2 ), which can also be reduced to form highly reactive free  hydroxyl radicals  (HO \u2022 ) via  Fenton-like reactions . Type II: Energy is transferred to ground state triplet molecular oxygen ( 3 O 2 ), creating  singlet oxygen  ( 1 O 2 *), an excited form of oxygen that is much more reactive than its ground state triplet counterpart.  1 PS = Ground Singlet State of Photosensitizer;  1 PS* = First Excited Singlet State of Photosensitizer;  3 PS* = First Excited Triplet State of Photosensitizer; ISC = Intersystem Crossing;  3 O 2  = Ground State Triplet Oxygen;  1 O 2  = Excited State Singlet Oxygen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/354px-Photodynamic_reaction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1224", "caption": "Molecular frameworks most often used as photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. The examples listed in this figure include:  methylene blue  (MB,  phenothiazine ),  crystal violet  (CV,  triarylmethane ),  porphyrins ,  phtalocyanines ,  riboflavin  (Vitamin B 2 ),  rose bengal  (RB, halogenated  xanthene ),  chlorins  and  curcumin .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/830px-Photosensitizer_molecules.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1225", "caption": "Electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction of an antimicrobial polymer and biomimetic polymer, causing membrane disruption and cell death. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Electorastatic_and_Hydrophobic_Interactions._22471f07.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1226", "caption": "Schematic of the antimicrobial mechanism of action, [ 10 ]  demonstrating the antimicrobial mechanism of polymers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Mechanism_of_Action_Diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1227", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/100px-Structure_of_SMPM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1228", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-N-TBTM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1229", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Monomeric_biocides.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1230", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Structure_of_MQ.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1231", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/100px-Rui_Scheme_4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1232", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Vinyl_monomers_with_phenol_and_benzoic_acid._4a183995.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1233", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Rui_Scheme_5.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1234", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Rui_Scheme_6.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1235", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Structure_of_sulfonium_salts.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1236", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Structure_of_MDPB.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1237", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Monomers_based_on_DABCO%282%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1238", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Rui_Scheme_7.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1239", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Sand_particle_as_matrix.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1240", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Cross-linked_with_triphenylphosphine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1241", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/140px-EVOH-CBZ2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1242", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/70px-Rui_Scheme_10.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1243", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Rui_Scheme_13.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1244", "caption": "Quaternized N-alklyl Chitosan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rui_Scheme_19.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1245", "caption": "Incorporation of  bithionol  into the polymer backbone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rui_Fig_37.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1246", "caption": "A copper alloy pen that has been deployed on a  fish farm  at depth of 14 feet for one year shows no signs of  biofouling .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-CopperAlloysInAquacultureUR30UnderwaterPuert_2ff55b28.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1247", "caption": "Arachidonic acid inflammatory cascade", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/350px-Inflammatory_cascade.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1248", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1249", "caption": "Dispersive forces of grafted polymer chains can prevent bacterial adhesion to a surface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Polymers_preventing_bacterial_adhesion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1250", "caption": "Contact angle of a liquid droplet wetted to a rigid solid surface.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Contact_angle.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1251", "caption": "Wenzel model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Wenzel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1252", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1253", "caption": "Ball and stick model of DBNPA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/110px-DBNPA-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1254", "caption": "Spacefill model of DBNPA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/110px-DBNPA-3D-spacefill.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1255", "caption": "Dichlor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/120px-Troclosene.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1256", "caption": "Dichlor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/140px-Troclosene3d.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1257", "caption": "3D structure of Formaldehyde", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Formaldehyde-3D-balls-A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1258", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/110px-Hexamine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1259", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/110px-Hexamine-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1260", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1261", "caption": "Hexamethylenetetramine from  Bayer  ( IG Farben )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Hexamethylenetetramine_Bayer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1262", "caption": "On the left is leuco-malachite Green (LMG) and on the right are the two equivalent  resonance structures  of the MG cation. The alcohol derivative of MG is derived from LMG by replacement of the unique C\u2013H by C\u2013OH.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/638px-MalachiteGr%26Leuco.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1263", "caption": "Synthesis of malachite green", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/lossy-page1-500px-Malachite_green_preparation1.tif_e6fb6a96.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1264", "caption": "A preparation of  Bacillus subtilis  showing  endospores  stained with malachite green (vegetative cells stained pink with safranin counterstain)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/260px-Bacillus_subtilis_Spore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1265", "caption": "Streak plates  of several bacterial species on nutrient agar plates", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-K_pneumoniae_M_morganii_providencia_styphimu_63ee4d93.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1266", "caption": "Kirby\u2013Bauer testing: White wafers containing  antibiotics  shown on plate of  bacteria . Circles of poor bacterial growth surround some wafers, indicating susceptibility to the antibiotic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-KB_test.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1267", "caption": "100 mg Macrobid, Canada", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Macrobid2016.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1268", "caption": "Figure 1. Tirandamycin family of structures", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tirandamycins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1269", "caption": "Figure 2. Biosynthetic pathway of tirandamycins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Biosynthetic_pathway_of_tirandamycins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1270", "caption": "Figure 3. TrdL in vitro activity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tirandamycin_oxidation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1271", "caption": "Figure 4. TamI and TamL post-translational modifications", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Figure4trd.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1272", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/110px-Trichloroisocyanuric-acid-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1273", "caption": "Symclosene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/110px-Trichloroisocyanuric-acid-3D-spacefill.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1274", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1275", "caption": "ASM Microbe 2018 meeting in Atlanta", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Microbe_2018.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1276", "caption": "Academy Fellows\u2019 reception at Microbe 2022 that pictures some of the newly elected fellows with the ASM president.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-2022_Fellows.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1277", "caption": "Gas-Pak jar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gas-Pak_jar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1278", "caption": "Immunofluorescence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-ANCA_ETHANOL_AND_FORMALIN.JPEG.JPEG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1279", "caption": "Immunofluorescence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Immunofluorescence.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1280", "caption": "API 20NE rapid test system, one day after sample application", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Api20ne.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1281", "caption": "Antibiotic susceptible bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/320px-Antibiotic_suceptible_bacteria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1282", "caption": "A positive CAMP test with the characteristic arrowhead shaped zone of hemolysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-CAMP_test.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1283", "caption": "Color transition of Methyl red solution under different acid-base conditions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/319px-Color_transition_of_Methyl_red_solution_unde_61fa3453.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1284", "caption": "TSI Agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/245px-Agar_tsi.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1285", "caption": "Raoultella planticola on urea agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/282px-Raoultella_planticola_on_urea_agar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1286", "caption": "Tabletop centrifuge", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tabletop_centrifuge.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1287", "caption": "Strawberries  dropped on the ground. The  five-second rule  suggests that if they are picked up within five seconds, it is safe to eat them without rewashing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Spilled_strawberries.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1288", "caption": "Portrait of  Genghis Khan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1289", "caption": "A microbiologist working in a biosafety laboratory tests for high risk pathogens in food", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-FDA_microbiologist_working_in_a_biosafety_la_952998bc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1290", "caption": "Food microbiology laboratory at the  Faculty of Food Technology ,  Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-LUA%2C_Faculty_of_Food_Technology_Food_micro_7b25b828.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1291", "caption": "Representation of bioreactors. They are used to store the microbes while they are producing desired product of interest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bioreactor_principle.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1292", "caption": "Schematic workflow for microbial factory optimization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Schematic_work%EF%AC%82ow_for_microbial_fact_f0fa3f30.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1293", "caption": "Traumatic injuries, like those from improvised explosive devices, leave large open areas contaminated with debris that are vulnerable to becoming infected with  A. baumannii .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Soldiers_receive_tr_4945e592.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1294", "caption": "The logistics of transporting wounded soldiers result in patients visiting several facilities where they may acquire  A. baumannii  infections.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-CASEVAC_flowchart.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1295", "caption": "Aspergillus clavatus  colony growing on petri dish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/294px-Aspergillus_clavatus_petri_dish.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1296", "caption": "Aspergillus flavus  in a petri dish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Aspergillus_flavus_in_petri_dish.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1297", "caption": "Electron micrograph of  Bacillus cereus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacillus_cereus_SEM-cr.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1298", "caption": "Bacillus cereus  endospore stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacillus_cereus_endospore_stain.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1299", "caption": "Bacillus cereus colonies on the indicator media Brilliance Bacillus cereus agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacillus_cereus_colonies_on_the_indicator_me_5f24fc08.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1300", "caption": "Regulation of sporulation in  B.\u00a0subtilis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-B._subtilis_sporulation_reg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1301", "caption": "Gram-stained  B.\u00a0subtilis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Bacillus_subtilis_Gram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1302", "caption": "Colonies of  B.\u00a0subtilis  grown on a  culture dish  in a  molecular biology   laboratory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Bacillus_subtilis_colonies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1303", "caption": "Enteritis, a major complication of a  Campylobacter jejuni  infection, results in inflammation as pictured above, in which eosinophil aggregation occurs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Eosinophilic_enteritis%2C_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1304", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph depicting a number of  Campylobacter jejuni  bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Campylobacter_jejuni_5778_lores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1305", "caption": "Various stages in the life cycle of  Claviceps purpurea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Claviceps_purpurea_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_M_aad99b89.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1306", "caption": "fruiting bodies with head and stipe on  Sclerotium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Stroma_Claviceps_purpurea.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1307", "caption": "Model of  Claviceps purpurea ,  Botanical Museum Greifswald", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Modell_von_Claviceps_purpurea_%28Mutterkornp_017b6239.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1308", "caption": "Sclerotium  of  Claviceps purpurea  on  Alopecurus myosuroides", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Alopecurus_claviceps_2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1309", "caption": "Ergot-derived drug to stop postnatal bleeding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Moederkoornpreparaat_Methergin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1310", "caption": "Sphacelia segetum  on  potato dextrose agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sphacelia_Segetum.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1311", "caption": "This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image of a cluster of barrel-shaped,  Clostridium perfringens  bacteria. The artistic recreation was based upon scanning electron microscopic (SEM) imagery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/192px-21913_lores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1312", "caption": "Vaginal squamous cell with normal  vaginal flora  versus  bacterial vaginosis  on  Pap stain . Normal vaginal flora (left) is predominantly rod-shaped  Lactobacilli , whereas in bacterial vaginosis (right) there is an overgrowth of bacteria, which can be of various species.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Normal_vaginal_flora_versus_bacterial_vagino_7f8848d1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1313", "caption": "Dental caries", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/110px-Dental_Caries_Cavity_2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1314", "caption": "Conjugation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Conjugation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1315", "caption": "Crushed hop", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Crushed_hop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1316", "caption": "Gram-positive cellwall-schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gram-positive_cellwall-schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1317", "caption": "Clue cells - CDC PHIL 3720", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Clue_cells_-_CDC_PHIL_3720.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1318", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-M221.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1319", "caption": "Chromogenic agar can help in indicating  P.\u00a0kudriavzevii  infection versus some similar fungi. (CHROMAgar shown)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-CHROMAgar_with_N_glabratus%2C_P_kudriavzevii_87866dcc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1320", "caption": "Gem-shaped sporangiospores of  R. stolonifer  showing characteristic striations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Rhizopus_stolonifer2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1321", "caption": "R. stolonifer  colonizing a strawberry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Rhizopus_stolonifer_on_a_strawberry_showing__564ca3ba.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1322", "caption": "Staphylococcus aureus  on basic cultivation media", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Staphylococcus_aureus_appearance_on_agar_pla_50096e22.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1323", "caption": "Hemolysis  on  blood agar ,  DNase  activity,  clumping factor ,  latex agglutination , growth on  mannitol-salt  and  Baird-Parker  agar,  hyaluronidase  production.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Staphylococcus_aureus_identification.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1324", "caption": "Gram stain of  S. saprophyticus  cells, which typically occur in clusters: The cell wall readily absorbs the  crystal violet  stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Staphylococcus_aureus_Gram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1325", "caption": "Key characteristics of  Staphylococcus aureus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Staphylococcus_aureus_biochemical_tests_for__6f6ff6b1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1326", "caption": "3D medical animation still shot of osteomyelitis bone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/251px-3D_Medical_Animation_Staphylococcus_Aureus.j_74af1e7b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1327", "caption": "This 2005  scanning electron micrograph  (SEM) depicts numerous clumps of  methicillin-resistant  S. aureus  (MRSA) bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-MRSA7820.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1328", "caption": "S. aureus  on  trypticase soy agar :  The strain is producing a yellow pigment  staphyloxanthin .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Staphylococcus_aureus_on_TSA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1329", "caption": "Typical gram-positive cocci, in clusters, from a sputum sample, Gram stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Staph_sputum.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1330", "caption": "Bacterial cells of  S. aureus , which is one of the causal agents of  mastitis in dairy cows : Its large capsule protects the organism from attack by the cow's immunological defenses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Staphylococcus_aureus%2C_50%2C000x%2C_USDA%2_67eaefcc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1331", "caption": "Susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Staphylococcus_aureus_susceptibility.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1332", "caption": "A  microscope  for  Trichinella  detection (from 1847).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-1847_%22Praepariermikroskop%22_First_simple__fec4c3cb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1333", "caption": "TCBS agar  plate of  Vibrio Cholerae  (left) and  Vibrio parahaemolyticus  (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-TCBS_agar_plate_of_Vibrio_Cholerae_and_vibri_3749f372.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1334", "caption": "Cholera toxin interrupting regulation of adenyl cyclase inside the cell causing efflux of water and sodium into the intestinal lumen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/584px-Toxin2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1335", "caption": "Children in Mpape community play in a waste water drainage area. This drainage was the suspected source of contamination of the well water that led to the cholera outbreak investigated by Nigeria FELTP residents in April 2014. Two samples collected from home wells around this drainage tested positive for  Vibrio cholerae .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Suspected_Source_of_Cholera-_Waste_Water_-_N_839b99ce.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1336", "caption": "The process of fermentation at work on Pinot noir. As yeast consume the sugar in the  must  it releases alcohol and carbon dioxide (seen here as the foaming bubbles) as byproducts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-Stefano_Lubiana_Pinot_Noir_ferment_vintage_2_8a164714.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1337", "caption": "French scientist Louis Pasteur discovered the connection between microscopic yeast and the process of fermentation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Louis_Pasteur_-_1885.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1338", "caption": "In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells will take the pyruvate produced by glycolysis and reduce it into acetaldehyde which is further reduced into ethanol \"recharging\" the NAD+ co-enzymes that is needed for various metabolic processes of the yeast.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ethanol_to_acetaldehyde.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1339", "caption": "If a Chardonnay has too much \"buttery\" diacetyl notes, winemakers may add fresh yeast to the wine to consume the diacetyl and reduce it to the more neutral-smelling fusel oil 2,3-Butanediol.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Chardonnay-UVa.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1340", "caption": "The distinctive \"aldehydic\" notes of  Sherry wines  are caused by special yeast native to the  Jerez wine region .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-CatavinoEnMano.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1341", "caption": "The lees left over from the secondary fermentation of sparkling wine can be seen on the bottom side of this bottle being inspected. Eventually this wine will go through riddling to collect the lees in the neck, where it will be removed prior to corking.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Undegorgierter_Champagner.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1342", "caption": "Film yeast on the surface of wine in a barrel of  Vin jaune  from the  Jura wine  region of France", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Vin_jaune_13.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1343", "caption": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae  as seen under a Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1344", "caption": "While some strains of yeast may influence the sensory characteristics and aromas of young wine, these differences seem to fade as the wine ages.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Smelling_the_wine.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1345", "caption": "Fruit flies are a common vector that transports ambient or \"wild\" yeast strains within wineries.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Female_Mexican_fruit_fly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1346", "caption": "Wineries that wish to cultivate an \"in-house\" ambient yeast strain will often recycle the leftover pomace of previous vintages as compost in the vineyard.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pomace_in_the_vineyard_after_pressing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1347", "caption": "Some winemakers favor the use of freeze-dried cultured yeast (left) and yeast nutrients (right) because of their relative predictability in beginning and completing a fermentation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Yeast_and_nutrients.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1348", "caption": "Preparing a yeast starter culture and gradually cooling the culture down to the must temperature by adding some wine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Adding_Agria_wine_to_rehydrated_yeast_to_pre_0f74ac12.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1349", "caption": "Diammonium phosphate (or DAP) is a common additive that provides two necessary nutrients for yeast to have a healthy and sustained fermentation\u00a0\u2013 nitrogen and phosphate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Diammonium_phosphate.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1350", "caption": "One traditional way of providing nutrients for the yeast is the  ripasso  method where the leftover grape skins and pomace  (pictured)  from a previous fermentation is added to a newly fermenting wine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Red_wine_grape_pomace.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1351", "caption": "Film yeast like  Candida  ( pictured ) and  Pichia  can cover the surface of a wine with a film layer that not only consumed most of the free sulfur dioxide available to protect the wine but also produces high levels of acetic acid that will contribute to volatile acidity in a wine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Candida.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1352", "caption": "While some wine regions view the influence of  Brettanomyces  on the wine, in limited amounts, as added complexity, many winemakers view the presence of  Brettanomyces  species such as  Brettanomyces bruxellensis  ( pictured ) in their wineries as a negative influence that needs to be controlled.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Aspect_de_brettanomyces_bruxellensis_sur_g%C_2ee4559f.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1353", "caption": "Micropipette in action", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Micropipette_in_action.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1354", "caption": "Schematic diagram of an air displacement pipette. The \"Digital volume indicator\" is a dial display that indicates the digits (i.e. unrelated to electronic). The components vary between brands and different volume sizes have different components, for example the piston in a P2 is needle-like and can be separated with ease from the piston assembly whereas in a P10ML it is drum-like and over 1\u00a0cm in diameter and is enclosed in plastic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/600px-Gilson_schematic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1355", "caption": "Three air-displacement pipettes that handle different volumes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Pipettes_colours.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1356", "caption": "Adjustable tip spacing pipette transferring samples from a 384 well plate to a 96 well plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-VOYAGER_adjustable_tip_spacing_pipette.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1357", "caption": "Autoclaved (left) and unautoclaved (right) autoclave tape", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Autoclavetape.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1358", "caption": "Schematic diagram of a Berkefeld filter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Schematic_diagram_of_a_Bakerfeld_filter.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1359", "caption": "Berkefeld field filter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-TWA_6_front_view.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1360", "caption": "Class II Biosafety Cabinet Types using color to illustrate where it is safe to handle hazardous chemistry with microbiology. (Blue is recirculated air where it is NOT safe to use hazardous chemistry. Red is single pass air and is safe for chemical use. Purple is uncertainty due to location of the BSCs smoke-split)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Class_II_BSC_work_surface_view_for_user_trai_59dc37d0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1361", "caption": "A researcher observing a specimen through the built-in microscope in a Class III biosafety cabinet", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-BSC_with_microscope.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1362", "caption": "Aerosol  control platform inside a Class III Biosafety Cabinet", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-NIAID_Integrated_Research_Facility_-_Class_I_45635fa3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1363", "caption": "Components of a Pasteur-Chamberland filter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Pasteur-Chamberland_filter_IMG_0020_2014.002_52f2b300.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1364", "caption": "Schematic diagram of a Chamberland filter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Schematic_diagram_of_a_Chamberland_filter.sv_e2a93aa9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1365", "caption": "A cotton swab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-White_menbo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1366", "caption": "A pack of 54 Q-tips", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Q_Tips_plain_BG.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1367", "caption": "Wet-type earwax  on a cotton swab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Earwax_on_swab.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1368", "caption": "Cotton swabs in a round container", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cotton_swabs_%28or_cotton_buds%29_-in_round__760ce86e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1369", "caption": "Diagram of a Durham Tube", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/90px-Durham_tube_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1370", "caption": "[ 1 ]  This table displays the steps involved in using a GasPak to create a completely anaerobic environment for incubating an inoculated agar plate. After inoculating the agar plate(s) with bacteria under aseptic conditions, the agar plates are placed in an anaerobic jar that contains components, like the catalyst chamber, that will help facilitate the reaction to eliminate free oxygen and provide completely anaerobic conditions. The methylene blue strip is an indicator that is placed in the jar that will turn colorless under entirely anaerobic conditions, which provides proof that the jar was able to successfully reach an anaerobic state. The components of the GasPak envelope along with the addition of water, allow for the start of the reaction that takes place in the catalyst chamber. The sealed anaerobic jar is then incubated at a desired temperature to allow growth of the bacteria. In the above figure for example, the incubation occurred at 100\u00a0\u00b0F (38\u00a0\u00b0C). A colorless indicator strip provides proof that the anaerobic conditions were met and the agar plates can now be observed for bacterial growth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Gas_Pak.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1371", "caption": "Hot air oven", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/336px-Hot_air_oven.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1372", "caption": "Interior of a  CO 2  incubator used in  cell culture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/238px-Binder_CB_210_incubator_interior.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1373", "caption": "A Bacteriological incubator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/185px-Bacteriological_incubator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1374", "caption": "Reaumur thermometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/100px-Old_R%C3%A9aumur_scale_thermometer_-_IMG_098_0f2f99cf.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1375", "caption": "Incubator invented by Hess", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/Incubatrice_di_Hess.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1376", "caption": "Shaking incubator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/180px-Shaking_incubator_for_culture_tubes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1377", "caption": "A close up of an inoculation needle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Tip_of_inoculation_needle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1378", "caption": "Sterilization of an inoculation needle via alcohol burner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Sterillizing_inoculation_needle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1379", "caption": "Stab Cultures after inoculation by inoculation needle with E. coli from left to right: TSI, Soft nutrient, Simmons Citrate agar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Stab_cultures.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1380", "caption": "Inside a shaking water bath", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Shaking_water_bath_2015.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1381", "caption": "A water bath operating at 72\u00b0C", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Circulating_water_bath_2015.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1382", "caption": "Preparation of microbiological samples in a laminar chamber", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Preparation_of_microbiological_samples_in_a__c9e3ff8b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1383", "caption": "McFarland standards. No. 0.5, 1 and 2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-McFarland_standards.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1384", "caption": "18th-century microscopes from the  Mus\u00e9e des Arts et M\u00e9tiers ,  Paris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Old-microscopes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1385", "caption": "Carl Zeiss binocular compound microscope, 1914", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Binocular_compound_microscope%2C_Carl_Zeiss__aa9421f0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1386", "caption": "Electron microscope constructed by  Ernst Ruska  in 1933", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches__ab7f2302.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1387", "caption": "First atomic force microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Atomic_Force_Microscope_Science_Museum_Londo_bd6c990e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1388", "caption": "Fluorescence microscope with the filter cube turret above the objective lenses, coupled with a camera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1389", "caption": "Types of microscopes illustrated by the principles of their beam paths", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-MicroscopesOverview.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1390", "caption": "Evolution of spatial resolution achieved with optical, transmission (TEM) and aberration-corrected electron microscopes (ACTEM) [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/300px-MicroscopyResolution.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1391", "caption": "Unstained cells viewed by typical brightfield (left) compared to phase-contrast microscopy (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Brightfield_phase_contrast_cell_image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1392", "caption": "Modern transmission electron microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/170px-Electron_Microscope.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1393", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of a dividing cell undergoing cytokinesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Cytokinesis-electron-micrograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1394", "caption": "Leaf surface viewed by a scanning electron microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Leaf_epidermis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1395", "caption": "Typical atomic force microscopy set-up", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/75px-AFMsetup.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1396", "caption": "A glass Petri dish with culture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Antonio_e_Biagio_e_Cesare_Arrigo_Petri_dish._b4bf9120.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1397", "caption": "A Petri dish with  bacterial  colonies on an  agar -based  growth medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1398", "caption": "Axenic  cell culture  of the plant  Physcomitrella patens  on an  agarplate  in a Petri dish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Physcomitrella_growing_on_agar_plates.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1399", "caption": "Principle of photoactivation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Principle_of_photoactivating_%22caged%22_com_f3e4034b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1400", "caption": "Single-Channel  Electronic Pipettes  designed to handle 0.5\u201310ml", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/60px-Air-displacement_electronic_pipette_with_maxi_4d6db80d.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1401", "caption": "VIAFLO electronic multichannel pipettes from INTEGRA Biosciences", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-VIAFLO-electronic-pipettes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1402", "caption": "Several sizes of volumetric pipette.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/60px-Vollpipetten.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1403", "caption": "Pasteur pipettes with rubber bulbs attached.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/150px-Pasteur_Pipets.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1404", "caption": "A transfer pipette", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Plastic_Pasteur_pipette.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1405", "caption": "Combustion pipette", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/100px-Combustion_pipette.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1406", "caption": "A biochemist pipetting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-DNA_biochemistry_%285912370383%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1407", "caption": "A smart pipette stand that can control electronic pipettes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/200px-Smart_pipette_stand.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1408", "caption": "The upper part of a plankton net consisting of (1) towing line connected to (2) three-point bridle, which are responsible for holding the plankton net", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-The_upper_part_of_plankton_net.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1409", "caption": "A simple plankton net", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-A_simple_plankton_net.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1410", "caption": "Cod end\u2014an outlet valve with collecting cylinder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-An_outlet_valve_with_bucket_of_the_plankton__fd31953a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1411", "caption": "Aquatic scientist casting a plankton net in  Brown's Lake Bog .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Plankton_net_casting_at_BLB.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1412", "caption": "Rubber policemen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Rubberpoliceman.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1413", "caption": "A type of policeman which is made of plastic and is formed into spatula shapes at the ends.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Plastic_Policeman.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1414", "caption": "A picture of stainless steel laboratory policeman.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/220px-Stainless_laboratory_spatula.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Microbiology$$$query_1415", "caption": "A traveling microscope. E\u2014 eyepiece ,  O\u2014 objective ,  K\u2014knob for focusing, V\u2014vernier, R\u2014rails, S\u2014screw for fine position adjustment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Microbiology/images/250px-Traveling_microscope.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1", "caption": "Schematic of cell adhesion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cell_Adhesion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2", "caption": "Overview diagram of different types of cell junctions present in epithelial cells, including cell\u2013cell junctions and cell\u2013matrix junctions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Cell_junctions_types_shown_on_epithelial_cel_30d1da0a.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_3", "caption": "Adheren junction showing homophilic binding between cadherins and how catenin links it to actin filaments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Adheren_junction_showing_homophilic_binding__e64f340f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_4", "caption": "Gap junctions showing connexons and connexins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Gap_junctions_showing_connexons_and_connexin_ec7c0a0b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_5", "caption": "Hemidesmosomes diagram showing interaction between integrins and laminin, including how integrins are linked to keratin intermediate filaments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Hemidesmosomes_showing_interaction_between_i_5ea65aa8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_6", "caption": "Top: Under normal blood flow conditions, leukocytes (gray circles) float freely in the bloodstream. Bottom: Under conditions of infection and inflammation, high shear stress causes leukocytes to bind and roll along blood vessel walls (red lines). This is known as the shear-threshold phenomenon.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/335px-Shear_Threshold_Phenomenon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_7", "caption": "Catch-slip transition allows leukocytes to roll along blood vessel walls.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/513px-Leukocyte_rolling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_8", "caption": "Allosteric model states that applied tension results in an extended conformation of the EGF domain, causing a conformational change to the lectin domain, resulting in increased binding affinity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/316px-Allosteric_figure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_9", "caption": "Image courtesy of Wikipedia user JWSchmidt under the GNU Free Documentation License", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Adhesion_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_10", "caption": "Myxococcus xanthus  visualized under a microscope.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/420px-Glycerol_induced_spores_of_Myxococcus_xanthu_368b8f20.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_11", "caption": "M. xanthus  Fruiting Bodies are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Myxococcus_xanthus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_12", "caption": "This image depicts a variety of types of bacterial locomotion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Types_of_bacterial_locomotion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_13", "caption": "Two common modes of amoeboid motility", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-WikiPic4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_14", "caption": "Diagram of the three main kinds of amoeboid cell movement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-363px-Types_of_amoeboid_movement.tif.j_73aeee4e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_15", "caption": "During  apoptosis , blebbing is the first phase (left) of cell disassembly. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Apoptotic_cell_disassembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_16", "caption": "Chemical structure of blebbistatin [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blebbistatin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_17", "caption": "Two different models for how cells move. A) Cytoskeletal model. B) Membrane Flow Model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cellmigrationmodels.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_18", "caption": "(A) Dynamic microtubules are necessary for tail retraction and are distributed at the rear end in a migrating cell. Green, highly dynamic microtubules; yellow, moderately dynamic microtubules and red, stable microtubules. (B) Stable microtubules act as struts and prevent tail retraction and thereby inhibit cell migration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Microtubule_in_Cell_Migration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_19", "caption": "Rearward membrane flow (red arrows) and vesicle trafficking from back to front (blue arrows) drive adhesion-independent migration. [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Adhesion-independent_migration.t_47f0e19c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_20", "caption": "Schematic representation of the collective biomechanical and molecular mechanism of cell motion  [ 32 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Collective_Mechanism_of_Cell_Motion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_21", "caption": "3D rendering of centrioles showing the triplets", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Blausen_0214_Centrioles.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_22", "caption": "A mother and daughter centriole, attached  orthogonally", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Centriole-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_23", "caption": "Electron micrograph of a centriole from a mouse embryo.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Spindle_centriole_-_embryonic_brain_mouse_-__ac366e3b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_24", "caption": "Neutrophils being repelled from a chemokinetic agent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Immunorepulsion_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_25", "caption": "Neutrophils are critical constituents of the innate immune system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neutrophil2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_26", "caption": "Along the PIP3 gradient, the signaling pathway is highly conserved between  D.discoideum  and human neutrophils", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chemotaxis_Mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_27", "caption": "Directional Decision Making Mechanism in a Human Neutrophil", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Il88.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_28", "caption": "Eukaryotic motile cilium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Eukaryotic_cilium_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_29", "caption": "Illustration depicting motile cilia on  respiratory epithelium .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blausen_0766_RespiratoryEpithelium.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_30", "caption": "Tracheal  respiratory epithelium showing cilia and much smaller  microvilli  on non-ciliated cells in  scanning electron micrograph .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Bronchiolar_epithelium_4_-_SEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_31", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph  of nodal cilia on a  mouse  embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nodal_cilia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_32", "caption": "Patterns of cancer cell invasion: collective cell and individual cell migration. In collective cell migration, tumor cells exhibit high expression of E-cadherin and integrins. Epithelial-mesenchymal (EMT) and collective-amoeboid (CAT) transitions are a trigger between collective cell invasion and individual cell migration. EMT involves activation of  transcription factors , such as  TWIST1 ,  Snail ,  Slug ,  ZEB1 / 2 , a decrease in  E-cadherin  expression, and an increase in  protease  activity. During EMT, tumor cells acquire the mesenchymal phenotype, detach from the tumor mass, and migrate by the mesenchymal mechanism. In contrast, the partial EMT that is specific to the tumor invasive front means that tumor cells retain cell-cell adhesion but already possess migratory ability. This tumor cell phenotype was named the \u201cepithelial-mesenchymal\u201d phenotype. In CAT, which takes place when  \u03b21 integrins  are down-regulated, tumor cells detach from the tumor mass and move by the  amoeboid mechanism . Amoeboid migration involves a decrease in protease and integrin expression and changes in the activity of  GTPases  \u2013 inhibition of  Rac1  and activation of  RhoA . This movement type occurs in the loose/soft extracellular matrix. In contrast, mesenchymal migration is associated with the opposite phenotype and predominates in the dense/stiff matrix. These two movement types are highly plastic and can convert to each other, depending on the extracellular matrix type and intracellular regulation. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Patterns_of_cancer_cell_invasion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_33", "caption": "This electron micrograph shows exaggerated filopodia with club-like shape induced by formin mDia2 in cultured cells. These filopodia are filled with bundled  actin filaments  which were born in and converged from the  lamellipodial network .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Filopodia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_34", "caption": "Prokaryotic  (bacterial and archaeal) flagella run in a rotary movement, while eukaryotic flagella run in a bending movement. The prokaryotic flagellum uses a  rotary motor , and the eukaryotic flagellum uses a complex sliding filament system. Eukaryotic flagella are ATP-driven, while prokaryotic flagella can be ATP-driven (Archaea) or proton-driven (Bacteria). [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Difference_Between_Prokaryote_and_Eukaryote__3cf29c5b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_35", "caption": "Bacterial flagellar motor assembly: Shown here is the C-ring at the base with FliG in red, FliM in yellow, and FliN in shades of purple; the MS-ring in blue; the MotAB in brown; the LP-ring in pink; and the rod in gray. [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Flagellar_Motor_Assembly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_36", "caption": "Eukaryotic flagella. 1\u2013axoneme, 2\u2013cell membrane, 3\u2013IFT (IntraFlagellar Transport), 4\u2013Basal body, 5\u2013Cross section of flagella, 6\u2013Triplets of microtubules of basal body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Eukarya_Flagella.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_37", "caption": "Cross section of an  axoneme", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Eukaryotic_flagellum.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_38", "caption": "Longitudinal section through the flagella area in  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagellum. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets (see structure at bottom center of image).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_09.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_39", "caption": "The \"9+2\" structure is visible in this cross-section micrograph of an axoneme.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_17.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_40", "caption": "Beating pattern of eukaryotic \"flagellum\" and \"cillum\", a traditional distinction before the structures of the two are known.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Flagellum-beating.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_41", "caption": "Immunofluorescence coloration of actin (green) and the focal adhesion protein vinculin (red) in a fibroblast. Focal adhesions are visible as red dots at the end of the green bundles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Focaladhesiondetail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_42", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Gliding_Motility.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_43", "caption": "Figure 1. Lamellipodia are thin-like projections on the leading edge of a cell (Image A). It is a feature of motile cells such as endothelial cells, neurons, and immune cells. The lamellipodia on the leading edge of the cell (green arrows) contain ATP- bound actin and the lamella on the \"spike\" end of the cell contain ADP-bound actin (red arrow). This allows for a \"treadmilling\" action to occur when the cell is signaled to move (Image B).  [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Wiki_Commons.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_44", "caption": "A  ribosome  is a  biological machine  that utilizes  protein dynamics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Protein_translation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_45", "caption": "Kinesin   uses  protein domain dynamics  on  nanoscales  to walk along a  microtubule .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Kinesin_walking.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_46", "caption": "Molecular dynamics simulation of a  synthetic molecular motor  composed of three molecules in a nanopore (outer diameter 6.7 nm) at 250 K. [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MD_rotor_250K_1ns.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_47", "caption": "Cell division.  All cells can be considered motile for having the ability to divide into two new daughter cells. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Binucleated_cell_overlay.tiff.jp_5635d99e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_48", "caption": "Kinesin  \"walking\" on a  microtubule  using  protein dynamics  on  nanoscales", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Kinesin_walking.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_49", "caption": "The action of myosin along the actin filaments causes the shortening and lengthening of the sarcomere; responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1003_Thick_and_Thin_Filaments.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_50", "caption": "Muscle fiber showing thick and thin myofilaments of a  myofibril .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1002_Organization_of_Muscle_Fiber.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_51", "caption": "Amoeba proteus  extending lobose pseudopodia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Amoeba_proteus_with_many_pseudopodia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_52", "caption": "The forms of pseudopodia, from left: polypodial and lobose; monopodial and lobose; filose; conical; reticulose; tapering actinopods; non-tapering actinopods", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-PseudopodiaFormsDavidPatterson.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_53", "caption": "The  radial spoke  shown in an  axoneme  cross-section", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Eukaryotic_flagellum.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_54", "caption": "Muscle contraction based on  sliding filament theory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/301px-Sarcomere.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_55", "caption": "Molecular model of the Sarcomere in the A-band. Organization of the central region of the A-band (C-zone). The thin filaments (actin in green, tropomyosin in pink) and the thick filaments (myosins in the OFF state are depicted in shades of blue, titin in red) are densely packed within the sarcomere. The myosin-binding protein C (yellow) connects thick and thin filaments. Artistic representation based on publicly available models  [ 4 ] .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Molecular_model_of_the_Sarcomere_in_the_A-ba_1104d613.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_56", "caption": "Cardiac sarcomere structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/301px-Cardiac_sarcomere_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_57", "caption": "Sliding filament theory: A  sarcomere  in relaxed (above) and contracted (below) positions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sarcomere.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_58", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sliding_Filament_Theory.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_59", "caption": "This model shows the four main and significant steps of the sliding filament theory as well as with a detailed visual.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-The_Sliding_Filament_Theory_Visual_Mod_e306dc28.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_60", "caption": "Structure of muscle fibre (sarcomere) under electron microscope with schematic explanation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Sarcomere.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_61", "caption": "Diagrammatic explanation of sliding filament hypothesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Sarcomere.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_62", "caption": "Actin Treadmilling Mechanism. This figure assumes that the critical  concentration  at the positive end is less than the critical concentration at the negative end and that the cytosolic subunit concentration is in between the positive and negative end critical concentrations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/503px-Actin_Treadmilling_Mechanism_.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_63", "caption": "Twitching motility. Type IV pili are extended from the surface of twitching-capable cells and attach to a nearby surface. Pilus retraction results in the forwards movement of the cell. Arrows indicate direction of pilus retraction/extension. Inset: Structure of the type IV pilus machinery. The four composing subcomplexes (the motor subcomplex (red), alignment subcomplex (blue and violet), secretion subcomplex (yellow) and pilus (green)) are highlighted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Twitching_Motility_Summary.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_64", "caption": "The tug-of-war model of twitching motility. Cells (such as the shown  N. gonorrhoeae   diplococcus ) extend pili (green) that attach themselves to locations in the surrounding environment (blue circles). Pili experience tension due to activation of the retraction machinery. Upon detachment or rupture of a pilus (red), the cell quickly jerks into a new position based on the resulting balance of forces acting through the remaining pili.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Twitching_tug-of-war.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_65", "caption": "Optical Scheme of 4Pi Microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Color-online-Simplified-schematic-of-a-4Pi-Type-C-_9ad6aea5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_66", "caption": "Flow cytometry  using 7-AAD, wherein a lower signal indicates viable cells. Therefore, this case shows good viability.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Flow_cytometric_viability_by_7-AAD.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_67", "caption": "Three brainbows of mouse neurons from Lichtman and Sanes, 2008", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Brainbow_%28Lichtman_2008%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_68", "caption": "A brainbow of mouse neurons from Smith, 2007", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Brainbow_%28Smith_2007%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_69", "caption": "Three copies of the genetic construct allow for the expression of multiple fluorophore color combinations. Lawson Kurtz et al. / Duke University", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-The_Spectrum_of_Brainbow_Expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_70", "caption": "The basic Brainbow1 genetic construct. Lawson Kurtz et al. / Duke University", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Brainbow_Genetic_Construct.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_71", "caption": "A brainbow of neurons in a mouse embryo (b), as well as some  tractographical  images of similar neurons (Ch\u00e9dotal and Richards, 2010)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Brainbow_%28Ch%C3%A9dotal_and_Richards%2C_20_e4967213.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_72", "caption": "Schematic of a typical setup for calcium fluorescence imaging of isolated cardiac myocytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Calcium_fluorescence_imaging_schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_73", "caption": "An example of cellomics software interface.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Cellomics_software.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_74", "caption": "Confocal point sensor principle from Minsky's patent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Minsky_Confocal_Reflection_Microscope.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_75", "caption": "GFP  fusion protein being expressed in  Nicotiana benthamiana . The fluorescence is visible by confocal microscopy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MP-30-GFP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_76", "caption": "This projection of multiple confocal images, taken at the  EMBL  light microscopy facility, shows a group of  diatoms  with cyan cell walls, red chloroplasts, blue DNA, and green membranes and organelles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Diatom_chain.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_77", "caption": "Example of a stack of confocal microscope images showing the distribution of actin filaments throughout a cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-STD_Depth_Coded_Stack_Slices_through_Cells.p_1b490a80.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_78", "caption": "Scheme from Minsky's patent application showing the principle of the transmission confocal scanning microscope he built.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Minski-confocal-patent-figure1.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_79", "caption": "Scheme of Petr\u00e1\u0148's Tandem-Scanning-Microscope. Red bar added to indicate the Nipkow-Disk.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Petran-Patent-Figure2-cutout.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_80", "caption": "Chemical-etching measured in real-time", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chemical_Etching_measured_with_digital_holog_18f18046.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_81", "caption": "Figure 1.  DHM phase shift image of cell details.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DHM-CellDetails.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_82", "caption": "Surface finish measurement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Surface_finish_measured_using_digital_hologr_18670172.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_83", "caption": "Figure 2.  Typical optical setup of DHM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-OpticalSetupDHM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_84", "caption": "Figure 3.  Comparison of a DHM phase shift image (left) and a  phase-contrast microscopy  image (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phase-Phase_Contrast.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_85", "caption": "Figure 4.  DHM phase shift image of human  red blood cells .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DHM_image_of_human_red_blood_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_86", "caption": "Figure 5.  Time-lapse of unstained, dividing and migrating cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/DHM-CellTimeLapse.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_87", "caption": "Self-healing surface recovering from a scratch\u00a0: real-time measurement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Self-Healing-Polymer-DHM-Digital-Holographic_ee571adc.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_88", "caption": "Ultrasonic Transducers measured at 8 MHz in stroboscopic mode", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ultrasonic-Transducers-MUT-IPMS-Digital-Holo_7e60fd4a.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_89", "caption": "Automatic measurement of hip prosthesis\u00a0: surface roughness characterization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Digital_Holographic_Microscopy_for_measuring_cf291f21.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_90", "caption": "These are the colored Becke` lines of a glass sphere that matches the refractive index of the mounting medium at a wavelength of 589 nanometers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dispersion_Staining_Becke_line.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_91", "caption": "Chart 1: These are the dispersion staining colors associated with different matching wavelengths when using any of the methods that generate a color pair.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dispersion_Staining_Color_Pairs2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_92", "caption": "This is the color shown by a glass sphere that matches the refractive index of the mounting medium at a wavelength of 589 nanometers when using darkfield dispersion staining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dispersion_Staining_Darkfield.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_93", "caption": "Chart 2: These are the dispersion staining colors associated with different \u03bbo's when using any of the methods that generate a single color.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dispersion_Staining_Color_Pairs.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_94", "caption": "These are the colors shown by a glass sphere that matches the refractive index of the mounting medium at a wavelength of 589 nanometers when using phase contrast dispersion staining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dispersion_Staining_Phase_Contrast.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_95", "caption": "Multicolor fluorescence image of living HeLa cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Multicolor_fluorescence_image_of_living_HeLa_550ee259.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_96", "caption": "Diagram showing connection between absorption and fluorescence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Jablonski_Diagram_of_Fluorescence_Only-en.sv_e6713a8c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_97", "caption": "Green fluorescent protein (GFP) being illuminated under UV light in three laboratory mice", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GFP_Mice_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_98", "caption": "Agarose gel using ethidium bromide as fluorescent tag under UV light illumination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/191px-Agarose_gel_with_UV_illumination_-_Ethidium__11f1adf7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_99", "caption": "Example of fluorescence microscope with a charged-coupled device (CCD) to capture images", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_100", "caption": "Varying colors of fluorescence from range of fluorescent proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fluorescence_from_Fluorescent_Proteins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_101", "caption": "An upright fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX61) with the fluorescence filter cube turret above the objective lenses, coupled with a digital camera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Olympus-BX61-fluorescence_microscope.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_102", "caption": "Schematic of a fluorescence microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FluorescenceFilters_2008-09-28.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_103", "caption": "A sample of  herring   sperm  stained with  SYBR green  in a  cuvette  illuminated by blue light in an epifluorescence microscope. The SYBR green in the sample binds to the herring sperm  DNA  and, once bound, fluoresces giving off green light when illuminated by blue light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-FluorescenceMicroscopeSample_HerringSpermSYB_9fff9bbb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_104", "caption": "Principle of FRAP A) The bilayer is uniformly labeled with a fluorescent tag B) This label is selectively photobleached by a small (~30 micrometre) fast light pulse C) The intensity within this bleached area is monitored as the bleached dye diffuses out and new dye diffuses in D) Eventually uniform intensity is restored", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Frap_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_105", "caption": "Typical core-domain of an FbFP ( PDB :  2PR5 \u200b)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-FbFP_core_domain.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_106", "caption": "Typical excitation and emission spectrum of FMN-binding fluorescent proteins (FbFPs)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FbFP_spectrum_EN.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_107", "caption": "Jablonski diagram  of FRET with typical timescales indicated. The black dashed line indicates a  virtual photon .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FRET_Jablonski_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_108", "caption": "Cartoon diagram of the concept of F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer (FRET).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Concept_of_FRET.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_109", "caption": "If the linker is intact, excitation at the absorbance wavelength of CFP (414\u00a0nm) causes emission by YFP (525\u00a0nm) due to FRET. If the linker is cleaved by a protease, FRET is abolished and emission is at the CFP wavelength (475\u00a0nm).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Proteolytic_cleavage_of_a_Dual-GFP_fusion_FR_81b88286.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_110", "caption": "FRET-based probe that activates upon interaction with Cd2+", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FRET_probe_for_the_detection_of_Cd2%2B.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_111", "caption": "GCaMP bound to Ca 2+  (top) and unbound (bottom)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/212px-Gcamp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_112", "caption": "Aequorea victoria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Aequorea_victoria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_113", "caption": "3D reconstruction of confocal image of VEGF-overexpressing neural progenitors (red) and GFP-positive control neural progenitor cells (green) in the rat olfactory bulb. RECA-1-positive blood vessels - blue color.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-200px-Neural_progenitors_in_the_olfact_837b5896.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_114", "caption": "The diversity of genetic mutations is illustrated by this San Diego beach scene drawn with living bacteria expressing 8 different colors of fluorescent proteins (derived from GFP and dsRed).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-FPbeachTsien.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_115", "caption": "A palette of variants of GFP and DsRed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-174-GFPLikeProteins_GFP-like_Pro_df11db1e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_116", "caption": "Live lancelet ( B. floridae ) under a fluorescent microscope.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lancelet_GFP_GIF.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_117", "caption": "In the marine copepod  Pontella   mimocerami", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pone.0011517.g001.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_118", "caption": "Different proteins produce different fluorescent colors when exposed to ultraviolet light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fluorescence_from_Fluorescent_Proteins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_119", "caption": "White light image, or image seen by the eye, of fluorescent proteins in image above.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-White_Light_Image_of_Fluorescent_Proteins.jp_591cae6a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_120", "caption": "E. coli colonies expressing fluorescent proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/296px-E._coli_expressing_fluorescent_proteins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_121", "caption": "Superresolution with two  fusion proteins  (GFP-Snf2H and RFP-H2A), Co-localisation studies (2CLM) in the nucleus of a bone cancer cell. 120.000 localized molecules in a widefield area (470\u00a0\u03bcm 2 ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-GFP_Superresolution_Christoph_Cremer.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_122", "caption": "Mice expressing GFP under UV light (left & right), compared to normal mouse (center)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GFP_Mice_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_123", "caption": "Julian Voss-Andreae 's GFP-based sculpture  Steel Jellyfish  (2006). The image shows the stainless-steel sculpture at  Friday Harbor Laboratories  on  San Juan Island  (Wash., USA), the place of GFP's discovery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Steel_Jellyfish_%28GFP%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_124", "caption": "Eukaryote cells sort misfolded proteins into two quality control compartments: JUNQ and IPOD, based on their ubiquitination state.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-A_scheme_of_a_yeast_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and__d0115052.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_125", "caption": "Eukaryote cells sort misfolded proteins, based on their ubiquitination state, into two quality control compartments:  1. JUNQ (green), which is tethered to the  nucleus  (orange) 2. IPOD(green), which is tethered to the  vacuole  (black shadow)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-A_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and_IPOD_inclusions.pn_abf2032a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_126", "caption": "A JUNQ inclusion viewed by a ubiquitinated VHL protein(green), is tethered to the  nucleus  (orange).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-290px-JUNQ_%28green%29_tethered_to_the_36372de8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_127", "caption": "An IPOD inclusion viewed by a non-ubiquitinated VHL protein(red), tethered to the  vacuole  (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-269px-IPOD_%28red%29_tethered_to_the_v_dfbb920d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_128", "caption": "Laser capture micro-dissection transfer of pure  breast duct  epithelial cells. Left panel shows tissue section with selected cells removed. Right panel shows isolated epithelial cells on transfer film.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Laser_capture_microdissection_transfer_of_pure_bre_52904420.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_129", "caption": "Laser Capture Microdissection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Laser_Capture_Microdissection.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_130", "caption": "(partial) Optical path of a lattice light sheet microscope.  (a). from the laser lines and the AOTF,  (b). x cylindrical lens,  (c). z cylindrical lens,  (d). SLM,  (e). annulus mask,  (f). z and x galvos.,  (g). excitation objective,  (h). observation objective, (i). to EMCCD camera. inset: zoom on the objectives.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Optical_path_of_a_lattice_light_sheet_micros_460e0ee1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_131", "caption": "Lattice of destructively interfering Bessel beams. (a). schematic of destructive (top) and constructive (bottom) interference patterns between two Bessel beams. Note how the rings between the two centers get attenuated/amplified.  (b). interference pattern on a 2D optical lattice created by the interference of Bessel beams. inset: one Bessel function before interference,  (c)-left: SLM-mediated selection of a subpattern of the lattice, red: SLM pixels off, -right: view of the incident beam at sample (after dithering the beam in the x direction),  (d). Bessel function (left) and its intensity in the Fourier domain (right), and a zoom on the annulus (inset), (e). intensity at the Fourier plane of an array of Bessel beams (left) and its intensity at the object plane (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Lattice_light_sheet_theory.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_132", "caption": "The principle setup of a light sheet fluorescence microscope.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Spim_prinziple_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_133", "caption": "Comparison of different microscopy illumination modalities (LSFM: light sheet fluorescence microscopy, WF: widefield microscopy, CF: confocal microscopy). Light sheet fluorescence microscopy combines good z-sectioning (as confocal) and illuminates only the observed plane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lsfm_lightsheetinsample.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_134", "caption": "Illustration of different light sheet fluorescence microscope implementations. See text for details. Legend:  CAM=camera, TL=tube lens, F=filter, DO=detection objective, S=sample, SC=sample chamber, PO=projection objective, CL=cylindrical lens, SM=scanning mirror", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Lsfm_methods.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_135", "caption": "Different types of sample mounting for light sheet fluorescence microscopy: embryo embedded in hanging gel cylinder, plant growing in supported gel cylinder, adherent cells on glass, liquid sample in a sample bag", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lsfm_samplemounting.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_136", "caption": "Top: stripe artifacts in light sheet fluorescence microscopy. Bottom: Reducing stripe artifacts by pivoting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lsfm_stripes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_137", "caption": "A live-cell microscope. Live-cell microscopes are generally  inverted . To keep cells alive during observation, the microscopes are commonly enclosed in a micro  cell incubator  (the transparent box).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Olympus_FluoView_FV1000_Confocal_Microscope__545168ff.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_138", "caption": "A) Upright lens configuration. B) Inverted lens configuration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Lens_Configuration2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_139", "caption": "Scanning electron microscope  image of  pollen  (false colors)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Misc_pollen_colorized.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_140", "caption": "Microscopic examination in a biochemical laboratory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Microscopic_observation%2C_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B_738f93f9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_141", "caption": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek  (1632\u20131723)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Na_beb39a71.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_142", "caption": "Stereo microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Optical_stereo_microscope_nikon_smz10.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_143", "caption": "A  diatom  under Rheinberg illumination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Rheinberg_6.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_144", "caption": "Phase-contrast  light micrograph  of undecalcified  hyaline cartilage  showing  chondrocytes  and  organelles ,  lacunae  and  extracellular matrix", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_145", "caption": "Images may also contain  artifacts . This is a  confocal laser scanning   fluorescence   micrograph  of  thale cress  anther (part of  stamen ). The picture shows among other things a nice red flowing collar-like structure just below the anther. However, an intact thale cress stamen does not have such collar, this is a fixation artifact: the stamen has been cut below the picture frame, and  epidermis  (upper layer of cells) of stamen stalk has peeled off, forming a non-characteristic structure. Photo: Heiti Paves from  Tallinn University of Technology .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Anther_of_thale_cress_%28Arabidopsis_thalian_5fccc442.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_146", "caption": "Mathematically modeled Point Spread Function of a pulsed THz laser imaging system. [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/247px-THZPSF.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_147", "caption": "Example of super-resolution microscopy. Image of  Her3  and  Her2 , target of the  breast cancer  drug  Trastuzumab , within a cancer cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-3D_Dual_Color_Super_Resolution_Microscopy_Cr_de716800.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_148", "caption": "Human cells imaged by DHM phase shift (left) and  phase contrast microscopy  (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phase-Phase_Contrast.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_149", "caption": "Photoacoustic micrograph of human red blood cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HumanRBCsPAM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_150", "caption": "The schematic of a multifocal plane microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-Schematic_diagram_of_a_multifocal_plane_micr_658e9594.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_151", "caption": "A comparison of the depth discrimination of MUM with conventional single plane microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Depth_discrimination_of_MUM_vs_single_plane._38063d1a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_152", "caption": "Dual objective multifocal plane microscope (dMUM)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-Dual_objective_MUM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_153", "caption": "Diagram illustrating  near-field optics , with the diffraction of light coming from NSOM fiber probe, showing wavelength of light and the near-field. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nearfield_optics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_154", "caption": "Comparison of photoluminescence maps recorded from a  molybdenum disulfide  flake using NSOM with a  campanile probe  (top) and conventional  confocal microscopy  (bottom). Scale bars: 1 \u03bcm. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Campanile_probe_vs_confocal_PL_maps.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_155", "caption": "Sketch of a) typical metal-coated tip, and b) sharp uncoated tip. [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-NSOM-tips.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_156", "caption": "Apertured modes of operation: a) illumination, b) collection, c) illumination collection, d) reflection and e) reflection collection. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-NSOM-apertured.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_157", "caption": "Apertureless modes of operation: a) photon tunneling (PSTM) by a sharp transparent tip, b) PSTM by sharp opaque tip on smooth surface, and c) scanning interferometric apertureless microscopy with double modulation. [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-NSOM-apertureless.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_158", "caption": "Block diagram of an apertureless reflection-back-to-the-fiber NSOM setup with shear-force distance control and cross-polarization; 1:  beam splitter  and crossed polarizers; 2: shear-force arrangement; 3: sample mount on a piezo stage. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-NSOM-setup.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_159", "caption": "Typical atomic force microscopy set-up", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/75px-AFMsetup.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_160", "caption": "The same cells imaged with traditional bright-field microscopy (left), and with phase-contrast microscopy (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Brightfield_phase_contrast_cell_image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_161", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Working_principle_of_phase_contrast_microsco_aea11d97.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_162", "caption": "S. cerevisiae  cells imaged by  DIC microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_163", "caption": "A  quantitative phase-contrast microscopy  image of cells in culture. The height and color of an image point correspond to the optical thickness, which only depends on the object's thickness and the relative  refractive index . The volume of an object can thus be determined when the difference in refractive index between the object and the surrounding media is known.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phase_shift_image_of_cells_in_3D.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_164", "caption": "Vectorial representation of waves and their superposition.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Phasors_vector_summation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_165", "caption": "Temporal phasor for decay curves with different lifetimes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Time_phasor.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_166", "caption": "The intensity,phasor and lifetime image of cells stained with Alexa 488 and Alexa 555.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Time_phasor_example.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_167", "caption": "Reference semicircle for different gate configurations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Time_gated_phasor.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_168", "caption": "Behavior of the phasor for different spectral widths.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-SPA-width.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_169", "caption": "Behavior of the phasor for different emission maximum.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-SPA-peak.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_170", "caption": "The linear property of phasor approach.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-SPA-linear.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_171", "caption": "To find the fractional intensities, or the contribution from pure spectra, we need to find out the area that is made by connecting the phasor of the total spectrum, (shown by yellow phasor), to the phasor of pure spectra which are shown by (A1, A2, A3).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-SPA_-triangle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_172", "caption": "The intensity image, Phasor image and the unmixed results for a cell transfected with DAPI,BODIPY and texas red shown by blue, green and red respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Spectral_Phasor_Example_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_173", "caption": "Multiple closely spaced emitters are indistinguishable. The position of a point source can be recovered only if the photons it emitted have been identified from those arising from the neighboring molecules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Concept_IdentificationAndLocalization_pointe_895b5faf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_174", "caption": "Photoactivation, localization and bleaching", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-300px-Schematics_ActivationLocalizatio_00f1adbe.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_175", "caption": "Single CCD frame displaying individual fluorescent proteins excited in Total Internal Reflection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/FrameWithSingleMolecules.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_176", "caption": "Sequence of frames containing single molecule images", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Framesovertime.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_177", "caption": "Self-organization of the  Escherichia coli  chemotaxis network imaged with super-resolution light microscopy. Scale bar in (A\u2013E) indicates 1 \u03bcm. Scale bar in (F\u2013H) indicates 50 nm. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Journal.pbio.1000137.g002.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_178", "caption": "Strategies for multicolor localization microscopy. Left: spectral separation. Center: multiple activators (STORM). Right: Ratiometric imaging", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-SuperResolutionMulticolorStrategies.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_179", "caption": "Pulse-chase analysis of  auxin  signal transduction in an  Arabidopsis thaliana  wildtype and an axr2-1 mutant. Wild-type and axr2-1 seedlings were labeled with 35S- methionine , and AXR2/axr2-1 protein was  immunoprecipitated  either immediately after the labeling period (t = 0) or following a 15-minute chase with unlabeled methionine (t = 15).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pulse-chase_analysis_of_auxin_signal_transdu_e2f56fae.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_180", "caption": "Figure 1 : In this phase shift image of cells in culture, the height and color of an image point correspond to the measured phase shift. The phase shift induced by an object in an image point depends only on the object thickness and the relative  refractive index  of the object in the image point. The volume of an object can therefore be determined from a phase shift image when the difference in refractive index between the object and the surrounding media is known. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phase_shift_image_of_cells_in_3D.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_181", "caption": "Confocal Raman imaging microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Confocal_Raman_imaging_microscope_Witec_alph_2130fc8d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_182", "caption": "Raman microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-InVia_Raman_microscope_-_March_2008.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_183", "caption": "Chemical image of a pharmaceutical emulsion acquired by confocal Raman microscopy (alpha300 microscope, WITec; blue: Active pharmaceutical ingredient, green: Oil, red: Silicon impurities).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Confocal_Raman_Image_of_a_pharmaceutical_emu_da4e7d69.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_184", "caption": "Correlative Raman-SEM imaging of a hematite (taken with RISE microscope, WITec). The Raman image is overlaid over the SEM image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Correlative_Raman_SEM_image_of_hematite_acqu_e82f49eb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_185", "caption": "Second-harmonic image of collagen (shown in white) in liver", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-SHG_collagen_in_liver.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_186", "caption": "Biological tissues imaged by second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. (a) Transverse cut of a human cornea. (b) Skeletal muscle from zebrafish (myosin). (c) Adult mice-tail tendon. (d) Surface cartilage from a knee of a mature horse.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cornea_muscle-ad_tendon_mice_cart-horse-surf_d19aaa6a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_187", "caption": "The SELEX method.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Selex1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_188", "caption": "Crystal structure of Spinach PDB: 4KZD  [1]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Spinach_%28RNA%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_189", "caption": "Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy provides significant resolution improvements over those possible with  Confocal microscopy .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-STED_Confocal_Comparison_50nm_HWFM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_190", "caption": "Ernst Abbe's formula for the diffraction limit, set in stone at a monument in  Jena .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ernst-Abbe-Denkmal_Jena_F%C3%BCrstengraben_-_1da94fd1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_191", "caption": "Jablonski diagram showing the redshift of the stimulated photon. This redshift allows the stimulated photon to be ignored.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-STED_Jablonski.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_192", "caption": "Diagram of the design of a STED device. The double laser design allows for excitation and stimulated emission to be used together for STED.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-STED_Insturmentation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_193", "caption": "Comparison of confocal microscopy and STED microscopy. This shows the improved resolution of STED microscopy over traditional techniques.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-2color-STED-example.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_194", "caption": "Excitation spot (2D, left), doughnut-shape de-excitation spot (center) and remaining area allowing fluorescence (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-STED_Mikroskop_PSFs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_195", "caption": "Comparison of the resolution obtained by  confocal laser scanning microscopy  (top) and 3D structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM-Microscopy, bottom). Shown are details of a  nuclear envelope . Nuclear pores (anti-NPC) red, nuclear envelope (anti- Lamin ) green,  chromatin  ( DAPI -staining) blue. Scale bar: 1\u00a0\u03bcm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_196", "caption": "SMI +  TIRF  of human eye tissue affected by  macular degeneration", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Opthalmology_AMD_Super_Resolution_Cremer.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_197", "caption": "Resolution improvement between traditional confocal microscopy and STED microscopy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-STED_Confocal_Comparison_50nm_HWFM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_198", "caption": "Single YFP molecule super resolution microscopy / SPDMphymod", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/110px-Single_YFP_molecule_superresolution_microsco_dbf70383.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_199", "caption": "Dual color localization microscopy SPDMphymod/super-resolution microscopy with GFP & RFP fusion proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-GFP_Superresolution_Christoph_Cremer.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_200", "caption": "Cryogenic Optical Localization in Three Dimensions (COLD) allows to determine the four biotin binding sites in the protein streptavidin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Biotin_binding_sites_in_streptavidin_determi_32a9600d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_201", "caption": "fBALM Super-resolution single molecule localisation microscopy using DNA structure fluctuation assisted binding activated localisation microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-FBALM_DNA_superresolution_HeLa_cell_nucleus._7a292f33.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_202", "caption": "Label-free Localisation Microscopy SPDM \u2013 Super Resolution Microscopy reveals prior undetectable intracellular structures", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Label-free_Localisation_Microscopy_SPDM_-_Su_509966c0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_203", "caption": "3D Dual Colour Super Resolution Microscopy with Her2 and Her3 in breast cells, standard dyes: Alexa 488, Alexa 568 LIMON", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-3D_Dual_Color_Super_Resolution_Microscopy_Cr_de716800.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_204", "caption": "One of the microcinematographs used at the Marey Institute during the late 19th century", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Marey%27s_micro-cinematograph.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_205", "caption": "(Trans-)total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) diagram  Objective Emission beam (signal) Immersion oil Cover slip Specimen Evanescent wave range Excitation beam Quartz prism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/244px-Total_Internal_Reflection_Fluorescence_Micro_458cfa82.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_206", "caption": "(Cis-) total internal reflection fluorescence microscope  (TIRFM) diagram  Specimen Evanescent wave range Cover slip Immersion oil Objective Emission beam (signal) Excitation beam", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/245px-Tirfm.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_207", "caption": "Two-photon excitation microscopy of mouse  intestine . Red:  actin . Green:  cell nuclei . Blue: mucus of  goblet cells . Obtained at 780 nm using a  Ti-sapphire laser .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1_e2c043e9.JPEG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_208", "caption": "Two-photon fluorescence image (green) of a cross section of  rhizome  colored with  lily of the valley . The excitement is at 840\u00a0nm, and the red and blue colors represent other channels of multiphoton techniques which have been superimposed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Convallaria_rhizom.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_209", "caption": "Schematic representation of the energy levels (Jab\u0142o\u0144ski diagrams) of the fluorescence process, example of a fluorescent dye that emits light at 460 nm. One (purple, 1PEF), two (light red, 2PEF) or three (dark red, 3PEF) photons are absorbed to emit a photon of fluorescence (turquoise).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig1-doi10.1186slash14_25c09838.JPEG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_210", "caption": "Optical response from a point source. From left to right: calculated intensity distributions xy (top) and rz (bottom), with logarithmic scale, for a point source imaged by means of a wide field (a), 2PEF (b) and confocal microscopy (c). The 2PEF and confocal forms have a better signal-to-noise ratio than the wide field. The 2PEF distribution is larger due to the fact that a wavelength twice as long as in the case of a wide or confocal field is responsible for the intensity distribution. These intensity distributions are also known as point spread functions. Optical conditions: the excitation wavelengths are 488 nm and 900 nm respectively for 1PEF and 2PEF; the emission wavelength is 520 nm; the  numerical aperture  is 1.3 with an  oil immersion objective .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig7-doi10.1186slash14_a61faaa2.JPEG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_211", "caption": "A diagram of a two-photon microscope.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Diagram_of_a_two-photon_excitation_microscop_99833416.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_212", "caption": "Diagram of in vivo brain function imaging. Shows the general schematic for imaging, along with neuronal and vascular images. Imaging was performed using various fluorescent dyes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/251px-Two-photon_microscopy_of_in_vivo_brain_funct_5676d552.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_213", "caption": "Heteronuclear NMR techniques in carbohydrate studies, and typical intra-residue (red) and inter-residue (blue) atoms that they link each to other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Heteronuclear_correlations_in_saccharides.jp_6e1f6365.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_214", "caption": "Homonuclear NMR techniques in carbohydrate studies, and typical intra-residue (red) and inter-residue (blue) atoms that they link each to other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Homonuclear_correlations_in_saccharides.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_215", "caption": "Approximate scheme of NMR (blue) and other (green) techniques applied to carbohydrate structure elucidation, and information obtained (in boxes)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Glycan_NMR_investigation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_216", "caption": "Comparative prediction of the 13C NMR spectrum of sucrose using various methods. Experimental spectrum is in the middle. Upper spectrum (black) was obtained by empirical routine. Lower spectra (red and green) were obtained by quantum-chemical calculations in PRIRODA and GAUSSIAN respectively. Included information: used theory level/basis set/solvent model, accuracy of prediction (linear correlation factor and root mean square deviation), calculation time on personal computer (blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GlycoNMR_simulation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_217", "caption": "Catabolism of  proteinogenic amino acids . Amino acids are classified according to the abilities of their products to enter gluconeogenesis: [ 7 ]   Glucogenic amino acids  have this ability Ketogenic amino acids  do not. These products may still be used for  ketogenesis  or  lipid synthesis . Some amino acids are catabolized into both glucogenic and ketogenic products.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Amino_acid_catabolism_revised.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_218", "caption": "Gluconeogenesis pathway with key molecules and enzymes. Many steps are the opposite of those found in the  glycolysis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Gluconeogenesis_pathway.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_219", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/1000px-Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides%2C_and_ffda980d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_220", "caption": "Spike (S) protein  responsible for the binding to ACE2 receptors in COVID-19. Glycans highlighted in blue. Structure taken from PDB entry 6VXX [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-SARS-CoV-2_Spike_Protein.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_221", "caption": "Figure 1.  The schematic representation of  \n \n \n \n C \n H \n \u2212 \n \u03c0 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle CH-\\pi } \n \n  interactions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CH-pi_interactions_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_222", "caption": "The definition of alpha and beta faces for glucose and galactose. The stereochemical difference for two hexoses is highlighted in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glucose_and_galactose_alpha_and_beta_faces.p_abaf1525.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_223", "caption": "Figure 2.  Electrostatic Surface Potentials (ESPs) of aromatic amino acids. Electron rich areas are depicted with red, while electron poor areas are depicted with blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Electrostatic_potential_maps_of_aromatic_ami_27ad1c2f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_224", "caption": "Crystal Structure of VLRB.aGPA.23 created from PDB Entry 4K79 [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Crystal_Structure_of_VLRB.aGPA.23.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_225", "caption": "Cartoon depiction of common oligomeric structures of lectins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Oligomerization_structures_of_lectins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_226", "caption": "Overview of several types of N-Glycans that can vary on different HIV strains.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/318px-Glycosylation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_227", "caption": "Mannose-6-Phosphate (left) and Sialic Acid (right) are common saccharides that are found on glycosylated residues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-201px-Different_Constituents_of_Protei_5383753e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_228", "caption": "2D chemical structure of Zanamivir.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-196px-Zanamivir_Structure.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_229", "caption": "The glycocalyx exists in bacteria as either a capsule or a slime layer. Item 6 points at the glycocalyx. The difference between a capsule and a slime layer is that in a capsule polysaccharides are firmly attached to the cell wall, while in a slime layer, the glycoproteins are loosely attached to the cell wall.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/201px-Glycocalyx_in_bacteria.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_230", "caption": "Schematic two-dimensional cross-sectional view of glycogen: A core protein of  glycogenin  is surrounded by branches of  glucose  units. The entire globular granule may contain around 30,000\u00a0glucose units. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Glycogen_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_231", "caption": "A view of the  atomic  structure of a single branched strand of  glucose  units in a glycogen  molecule .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glycogen_spacefilling_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_232", "caption": "Glycogen (black granules) in  spermatozoa  of a  flatworm ;  transmission electron microscopy , scale: 0.3\u00a0\u03bcm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite130059-fig7_Spermiogenes_13c8c8f7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_233", "caption": "\u03b1(1\u21924)-glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glycogen2.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_234", "caption": "\u03b1(1\u21924)-glycosidic and \u03b1(1\u21926)-glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glycogen.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_235", "caption": "Metabolism of common monosaccharides", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Metabolism_of_common_monosaccharides%2C_and__3be0332b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_236", "caption": "Action of glycogen phosphorylase on glycogen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Glycogen_phosphorylase_stereo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_237", "caption": "GYG-1 gene location in chromosome 3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/140px-GYG-1_gene_location.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_238", "caption": "A Pancreatic  alpha-Amylase  1HNY, a  glycoside hydrolase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Pancreatic_alpha-amylase_1HNY.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_239", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Glycoside_hydrolase_mech.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_240", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Glycoside_hydrolysis_inverting_mech.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_241", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/650px-Glycoside_hydrolysis_retaining_mech.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_242", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/650px-Glycoside_hydrolysis_assistance_mech.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_243", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/650px-Glycosidase_neighboring_epoxide_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_244", "caption": "Most glycosyltransferase enzymes form one of two folds: GT-A or GT-B", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glycosyltransferase_Folds.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_245", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glycosyltransferase_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_246", "caption": "Mutant endomannase with bound mannodiose, 1ODZ, [ 1 ]  a  glycosynthase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-1ODZ_activesite.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_247", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Glycosynthase_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_248", "caption": "National Center for Functional Glycomics (NCFG)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-National_Center_for_Functional_Glycomics_%28_8d917330.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_249", "caption": "Neuraminidase (GH34)  ribbon diagram . An analog of its neuraminic acid substrate, used as an inhibitor drug, is the small white and red molecule in the center.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/235px-Neuraminidase_Ribbon_Diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_250", "caption": "N-Acetylneuraminic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/235px-Neu5Ac.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_251", "caption": "Protein paucimannosylation. The common trimannosylchitobiose core derivatised with an \u03b11,6-linked core fucosylation (M3F) forming one of the largest structures of the paucimannosidic glycan series is represented as A) the standardised symbol nomenclature for glycans,. [ 1 ]  and B-C) sticks and space fill glycan, respectively, conjugated to an asparagine residue (Asn) on the surface of a protein carrier (turquoise). Monosaccharide color code: Red: fucose, Blue: N-acetylglucosamine, Green: mannose.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/531px-Pauci_Intro_crop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_252", "caption": "Peptidoglycan.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Peptidoglycan_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_253", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Protein_carbohydrate_binding.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_254", "caption": "Cell culture in a small  Petri dish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_Culture_in_a_tiny_Petri_dish.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_255", "caption": "Epithelial cells  in culture,  stained  for  keratin  (red) and  DNA  (green)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Epithelial-cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_256", "caption": "Cultured cells growing in  growth medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cho_cells_adherend2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_257", "caption": "A bottle of DMEM cell culture medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DMEM_cell_culture_medium.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_258", "caption": "Cultured  HeLa  cells have been stained with  Hoechst  turning their  nuclei  blue, and are one of the earliest human cell lines descended from  Henrietta Lacks , who died of cervical cancer from which these cells originated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_259", "caption": "Schematic representation of 2D culture, 3D culture, organ-on-a-chip and in vivo study", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/359px-Cell_culture-fig.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_260", "caption": "Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nanofibrillar_cellulose_hydrogel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_261", "caption": "SEM image of NFC network", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cellulose_nanofiber_network.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_262", "caption": "NFC hydrogel and cell culture medium in 384-well plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NFC_hydrogel_in_384_plate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_263", "caption": "Capsaspora owczarzaki adherent cells visualized using fluorescence microscopy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Adherent_cells_of_Capsaspora_owczarzaki_%28f_1ab501c3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_264", "caption": "Pseudostratified epithelium of the trachea ALI cell culture aims to recreate  in vitro", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-2304_Pseudostratified_Epithelium.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_265", "caption": "Nicotiana tabacum  parenchyma cells in culture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Callus1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_266", "caption": "Callus cells forming during a process called \"induction\" in  Pteris vittata", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Light_callus_PV_5-30_gameto_call_8ed246d0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_267", "caption": "Callus induced from  Pteris vittata  gametophytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pv_callus_dark_3_3-11-2008.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_268", "caption": "3D cell culture grown with MLM. Human  Glioblastoma  (HGBM) cells (indicated by the lower arrow) treated with magnetic nanoparticles were held at the air-medium interface by the magnetic field created by the magnet attached to the top of the first tissue culture plate. This image was taken after 48 hours of culturing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3D_Cell_Culturing_by_Magnetic_Levitation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_269", "caption": "Process demonstrating 3D cell culturing through magnetic levitation with a cell culturing system, split into five phases (A to E).(A) A magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle assembly, known as the \"nanoshuttle\", is added and dispersed over cells, and the mixture is incubated.   (B) After incubation with the nanoshuttle, the cells are detached and transferred to a petri dish.   (C) A magnetic drive is then placed on top of a petri dish.   (D) The magnetic field causes cells to rise to the air\u2013medium interface.   (E) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) levitated for 60 minutes (left two images in E) and 4 hours (right two images in E) (scale bar: 50 \u03bcm).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3D_Cell_Culturing_by_Magnetic_Levitation%2C__152d6280.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_270", "caption": "Distribution of N-cadherin (red) and  nuclei  (blue). [ 2 ]  Left: human brain cancer cells grown in a  mouse brain  (xenograft). Middle: brain cancer cells cultured by 3D magnetic levitation for 48 hours. Right: cells cultured on a 2D glass slide cover slip.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3D_Cell_Culturing_by_Magnetic_Levitation_Pro_b4aa780b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_271", "caption": "An invasion assay of magnetically levitated multicellular spheroids. [ 2 ]  Fluorescence images of human GBM cells (green;  GFP -expressing cells) and NHA (red;  MCherry -labelled), cultured separately then magnetically guided together.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3D_Cell_Culturing_by_Magnetic_Levitation_Inv_e773fae4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_272", "caption": "Organized bronchiole created with a 3D cell culturing system and cell manipulation tool. Scale bar: 100um.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Organized_bronchiole_created__9653bb5b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_273", "caption": "Adipocytes cultured by MLM acquire in-vivo morphology in adipospheres. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Adipocytes_cultured_by_MLM_ac_e04b429c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_274", "caption": "Hepatoma cultured by MLM for different cell numbers at 24 hours.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Hepatoma_cultured_by_MLM_for_dif_dc1b59ca.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_275", "caption": "Primary pulmonary fibroblasts cultured by MLM compared to in-vivo. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Primary_pulmonary_fibroblasts_1a8749e9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_276", "caption": "Primary small airway epithelial cells cultured by MLM compared to in-vivo. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Primary_small_airway_epitheli_93d3bdcb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_277", "caption": "Human alveolar adenocarcinoma cell line -  A549  cultured by MLM at different time points and cell numbers. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Human_alveolar_adenocarcinoma_ce_29e26e58.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_278", "caption": "Immunohistochemistry  (IHC) reveals epithelial markers on A549 after culturing in 3D with the MLM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-IHC_reveals_epithelial_markers_on_A549_after_c8b3f3f9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_279", "caption": "HTSMCs cultured by MLM with IHC staining. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-SMC_cultured_by_MLM_with_IHC__663c2d48.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_280", "caption": "HMSCs cultured by MLM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Human_mesenchymal_stem_cells_cul_7e823ab1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_281", "caption": "Dental pulp  cultured by MLM (3D vs. 2D) - 5 days.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Dental_Pulp_cultured_by_MLM_%_94ab26a7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_282", "caption": "HUVECs cultured by MLM in 24 Well format.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-HUVEC_cultured_by_MLM_in_24_Well_814874a1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_283", "caption": "Chondrocytes  cultured in 3D by MLM at different time points.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Chondrocytes_cultured_in_3D_by_M_b70f4164.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_284", "caption": "Primary WAT cells cultured by MLM assemble into vascularized adipospheres. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Primary_WAT_cells_cultured_by_862cfcac.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_285", "caption": "Levitating neural stem cells cultured by MLM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Levitating_Neural_Stem_cells_cultured_by_MLM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_286", "caption": "HEK 293  cultured by MLM and tested with  ibuprofen  using bioassay.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-HEK_293_cultured_by_MLM_and_t_afa97fef.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_287", "caption": "Astrocyte and glioblastoma invasion assay performed after 3D culturing by MLM. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Astrocyte_and_Glioblastoma_Invas_7fa33761.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_288", "caption": "Glioblastoma cultured with Bio-Assembler vs. Matrigel at 24 hours. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Glioblastoma_cultured_with_Bio-A_ef4b2827.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_289", "caption": "Bio-Assembler vs. Matrigel with human mammary epithelial cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Bio-Assembler_vs._Matrigel_with__5434994c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_290", "caption": "Microbial cultures on solid and liquid media", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Microbial_cultures_fridge.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_291", "caption": "A culture of  Bacillus anthracis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Anthrax_culture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_292", "caption": "Liquid cultures of the  cyanobacterium   Synechococcus  PCC 7002", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Synechococcus_cyanobacteria-cultures.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_293", "caption": "Example of a workup algorithm of possible bacterial infection in cases with no specifically requested targets (non-bacteria, mycobacteria etc.), with most common situations and agents seen in a New England setting. The grey box near top left shows a  Venn diagram  of what culture media are routinely used for various sources or purposes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Diagnostic_algorithm_of_possible_bacterial_i_c0e81736.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_294", "caption": "Motile and non-motile bacteria can be differentiated along the stab lines. Motile bacteria (left) will grow out from the stab line while non-motile bacteria (right) are present only along the stab line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stab_culture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_295", "caption": "Figure 1: Mounting of a Minusheet tissue carrier. (a) First an individual biomaterial measuring 13 mm in diameter is selected. (b) For mounting the biomaterial is placed in the base part of a tissue carrier. (c) After pressing down a tension ring the mounted tissue carrier can be used for cell seeding. For improved provision with medium a tissue carrier rests with protrusions at the bottom of a dish.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Minusheet_Figure_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_296", "caption": "Figure 2: Minusheet tissue carriers including different biomaterials within a 24 well culture plate. Cell seeding is performed in static environment of this dish.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Minusheet_Figure_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_297", "caption": "Figure 3: Variety of perfusion culture containers for insertion of Minusheet tissue carriers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Minusheet_Figure_3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_298", "caption": "Figure 4: Use of a Minusheet tissue carrier in perfusion culture containers. (a) A standard perfusion culture container holds six tissue carriers to provide them with always fresh medium. (b) In a gradient perfusion culture container an epithelium is exposed to different fluids at the luminal and basal side. (c) In a microscope container a transparent lid and base allow observation of developing tissue during perfusion culture.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Minusheet_Figure_4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_299", "caption": "Figure 5: Perfusion culture set-up is working on a laboratory table. A thermo plate maintains the desired temperature of 37\u00b0C. During culture a peristaltic pump transports the medium for example with 1.25 mL/h from a storage bottle (left side) to the waste bottle (right side).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Minusheet_Figure_5.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_300", "caption": "Figure 6: Gas exchange and gas expander module for perfusion culture. (a) A gas exchange module is used, when adaption of respiratory gas in perfusion culture has to be performed. By a gas inlet and outlet the desired gas composition is transported to a spiral of silicone tube containing the culture medium. Between the wall of the silicone tube gas is exchanged. (b) A gas expander module is used for the elimination of gas bubbles during transport of culture medium. Medium with gas bubbles is entering at the inlet and has to pass a barrier. Here the medium expands and bubbles are separated. Finally medium is leaving the container bubble-free but gas-saturated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Minusheet_Figure_6.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_301", "caption": "Figure 7: Perfusion culture set-up with an epithelium inside a gradient perfusion culture container. A thermo plate maintains the desired temperature of 37\u00b0C. To provide the luminal and basal side of the contained epithelium with nutrition and respiratory gas, two channels of a peristaltic pump transport a red and a clear medium at exactly the same rate of 1.25 mL/h from a storage bottle (left side) to the waste bottle (right side). For elimination of gas bubbles during transport of medium a gas expander module is placed before the gradient container.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Minusheet_Figure_7.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_302", "caption": "Figure 3: This diagram shows three techniques used in in-vitro culture of ovarian tissue; culture of ovarian fragments in a floating organ culture system, individual follicle culture of enzymatically digested/ minced ovarian follicles, and perfusion whole ovary in a flow-through system. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/261px-OvarianCulture2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_303", "caption": "The NASA bioreactor provides a low turbulence environment, promoting the formation of large, three-dimensional cell clusters. Credit: NASA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rotary_Cell_Culture_System.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_304", "caption": "Cell constructs grown in a rotating bioreactor on Earth (left) eventually become too large to stay suspended in the nutrient media. In the microgravity of orbit, the cells stay suspended. Credit: NASA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rotary_Cell_Culture_System_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_305", "caption": "Switchgrass  somatic embryos", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Conger_type_callus_3ms_White_Lig_6dd7ad37.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_306", "caption": "Roughly 100,000 cells from rhesus macaques, grouped by similarity. Each colour highlights cells from a different tissue, e.g. thymus and lymph nodes (shades of blue), bone marrow (red), blood (white), tonsil (yellow), gut (shades of brown), brain (grey), liver (green), spleen (purple) and lung (pink).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mapping_SHIV_infection_in_the_body%2C_2018_-_fabf8d48.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_307", "caption": "Flasks containing tissue culture  growth medium  which provides nourishment for the growing of cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tissue_culture_vials_nci-vol-2142-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_308", "caption": "Cultured cells growing in  growth medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cho_cells_adherend2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_309", "caption": "Kari K. Alitalo in 2014. (Jussi Puikkonen / KNAW)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Kari_K._Alitalo_%2814630859720%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_310", "caption": "Ryerson University Dean of Science, Professor Imogen Coe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ryerson_University_Dean_of_Science%2C_Profes_bb5660ce.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_311", "caption": "Imogen Coe at Soapbox Science Toronto May 2017", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Imogen_Coe_at_Soapbox_Science_Toronto_May_20_2306f213.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_312", "caption": "Laurent Degos", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Laurent_Degos.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_313", "caption": "Desh Verma in 2021.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Verma_Bio.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_314", "caption": "Steven Novella ,  Harriet Hall ,  David Gorski , and Rachael Dunlop (right) on a panel at  The Amaz!ng Meeting  2012", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-244-Day_3-Panel-Truth_About_Alt_Med-1_7-15-2_7d38e1c5.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_315", "caption": "Erdmann (left) in her Berlin laboratory, 1929", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rhoda_Erdmann_Wellcome_L0073542.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_316", "caption": "Rhoda Erdmann in the 1930s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rhoda-erdmann01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_317", "caption": "Clip from the front page of The Ogden Standard (newspaper), Ogden City, Utah on Wednesday May 15, 1918", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-thumbnail.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_318", "caption": "Dame Anne Glover", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-EU_2050_Europe%27s_Tech_Revolution_-_Anne_Gl_fc8ae425.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_319", "caption": "Chief Scientific Adviser to the  European Commission , Anne Glover, visits  ESO 's  Paranal Observatory . [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chief_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_European_Com_d9213f9e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_320", "caption": "Lydia and Anna Gurwitsch", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LandAGurwitsch.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_321", "caption": "Ulf Kahlert", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ulf_Kahlert.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_322", "caption": "La Cour in 1972", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Leonard_Francis_La_Cour_%281907-1984%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_323", "caption": "Grigory Levitsky", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Levytskiy_1910.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_324", "caption": "Drosophila melanogaster under microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Drosophila_melanogaster_under_microscope.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_325", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Tom_Misteli.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_326", "caption": "A simplified diagram of the initiation of the UPR by prolonged and overwhelming protein misfolding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-UPR_simplified_JPEG.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_327", "caption": "Pl\u00e1cido Navas Lloret in Bologna", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pl%C3%A1cido_Navas_Lloret.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_328", "caption": "Ohsumi addressed at  Gairdner Foundation International Award  Ceremony (at the  Royal Ontario Museum  in October 2015)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Yoshinori_Osumi_20151029.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_329", "caption": "with  John Dirks , Kenjir\u014d Monji and  D. Lorne Tyrrell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-John_Dirks_Yoshinori_Osumi_Kenjiro_Monji_and_db2c5771.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_330", "caption": "Ohsumi in his Tokyo Tech lab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Yoshinori_Osumi_20161003.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_331", "caption": "Palade on a 2016 Romanian stamp", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-RO033-16.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_332", "caption": "Illustration of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HIF_Nobel_Prize_Physiology_Medicine_2019_Heg_a6ba5b0a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_333", "caption": "Moss bioreactor  with  Physcomitrella patens", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/310px-Bioreaktor_quer2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_334", "caption": "Professor Sonia Rocha", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SoniaRochaWork.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_335", "caption": "Gesammelte Abhandlungen \u00fcber Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen , 1895", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Roux%2C_Wilhelm_%E2%80%93_Gesammelte_Abhandl_79d0dfe4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_336", "caption": "Sandra L. Schmid, Cell Biologist", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sandra_Schmid.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_337", "caption": "Fluorescence microscopy time series of a dividing cell, illustrating that the Sox2 transcription factor is retained on mitotic chromosomes. They also found that  SOX2  plays a key role in maintaining cell identity during the transition from mitosis to interphase. [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-208031_EPFL_David_Suter_Sox2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_338", "caption": "Dimitrie Voinov", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dimitrie_Voinov.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_339", "caption": "Theo Wallimann , a Swiss  biologist", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Theo_%26_Eiben.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_340", "caption": "Copy of Dedication page to Plant Cell Biology sent to Thomas Chargaff, son of Erwin Chargaff", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dedication_to_Plant_Cell_Biology_Second_Edit_460416d8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_341", "caption": "Shinya Yamanaka speaking at a lecture on 2010 January 14", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Shinya_Yamanaka_giving_a_lecture_at_NIH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_342", "caption": "Yamanaka and  Ry\u014dji Noyori  participating in the ceremony of the  50th All Japan Rugby Football Championship", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pre-Ceremony%2C_50th_All-Japan_Rugby_Footbal_ddf92c51.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_343", "caption": "Yanagida received the  Order of Culture . After that, they posed for the photo. (at the East Garden of the  Tokyo Imperial Palace  on November 3, 2011)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Mitsuhiro_Yanagida_Isamu_Akasaki_Saiichi_Nem_764b06de.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_344", "caption": "Principal interactions of structural proteins at cadherin-based adherens junction. Actin filaments are associated with adherens junctions in addition to several other actin-binding proteins such as  vinculin . The head domain of vinculin associates to E-cadherin via \u03b1-, \u03b2 - and \u03b3 -catenins. The tail domain of vinculin binds to membrane lipids and to actin filaments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Adherens_Junctions_structural_proteins.svg.p_ace126a2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_345", "caption": "Amyloplasts in a potato cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_346", "caption": "A diagram showing the different types of plastid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_347", "caption": "Diagram of a  voltage-gated ion channel , showing the three states: closed, open, and inactivated. Ball and chain inactivation can only happen if the channel is open.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Inactivation_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_348", "caption": "Diagram of a  voltage-gated sodium channel , showing the important residues for inactivation in red. The domain structure (I \u2013 IV) is further subdivided into segments (S1 \u2013 6). The S4 segment is the voltage sensor, which moves out during  depolarisation  of the  cell membrane . This frees up the  alanine  and  asparagine  residues with which the IFMT residues in the ball domain bind to. Adapted from Goldin, 2003. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/640px-Sodium_inactivation_mechanims.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_349", "caption": "Nuclei of mouse cells (blue) containing Cajal bodies (green) visualized by fusion of p80/Coilin protein to GFP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cajal_bodies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_350", "caption": "Electron micrographs showing alpha-carboxysomes from the chemoautotrophic bacterium  Halothiobacillus neapolitanus : (A) arranged within the cell, and (B) intact upon isolation. Scale bars indicate 100 nm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/460px-Carboxysomes_EM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_351", "caption": "Model for the structure of the carboxysome. RuBisCO and carbonic anhydrase are arranged in an enzymatic core (organized by various core proteins) and encapsulated by a protein shell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Carboxysome_structural_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_352", "caption": "Electron micrograph of (A) alpha-carboxysomes in  Halothiobacillus neapolitanus  and (B) beta-carboxysomes in  Synechococcus elongatus  PCC\u00a07942, indicated by arrows. Scale bars 200\u00a0nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Alpha_and_beta_carboxysomes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_353", "caption": "Structure of a typical  prokaryotic  cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_354", "caption": "Structure of a typical animal cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Animal_cell_structure_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_355", "caption": "Structure of a typical  plant cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Plant_cell_structure-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_356", "caption": "Detailed diagram of lipid bilayer of cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_357", "caption": "A fluorescent image of an endothelial cell. Nuclei are stained blue,  mitochondria  are stained red, and microfilaments are stained green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DAPIMitoTrackerRedAlexaFluor488BPAE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_358", "caption": "Deoxyribonucleic acid  (DNA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DNA_orbit_animated.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_359", "caption": "Human cancer cells, specifically  HeLa cells , with DNA stained blue. The central and rightmost cell are in  interphase , so their DNA is diffuse and the entire nuclei are labelled. The cell on the left is going through  mitosis  and its chromosomes have condensed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_360", "caption": "Diagram of the  endomembrane system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_361", "caption": "Prokaryotes  divide by  binary fission , while  eukaryotes  divide by  mitosis  or  meiosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Three_cell_growth_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_362", "caption": "Staining of a  Caenorhabditis elegans  highlights the nuclei of its cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-C_elegans_stained.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_363", "caption": "Stromatolites  are left behind by  cyanobacteria , also called blue-green algae. They are among the oldest fossils of life on Earth. This one-billion-year-old fossil is from  Glacier National Park  in the United States.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stromatolites.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_364", "caption": "In the theory of  symbiogenesis , a merger of an  archaean  and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic  mitochondria , some 2.2 billion years ago. A second merger, 1.6 billion years ago, added  chloroplasts , creating the green plants. [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_365", "caption": "Robert Hooke's drawing of cells in  cork , 1665", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_366", "caption": "Cartoon of the dividing epithelium cell surrounded by epithelium tissue. Spindle apparatus rotates inside the cell. The rotation is a result of astral microtubules pulling towards tri-cellular-junctions (TCJ), signaling centers localized at the regions where three cells meet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TCJ_orients_spindle_apparatus_during_cell_di_26495008.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_367", "caption": "Some examples of cell junctions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/686px-Cell_junction_simplified_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_368", "caption": "This image shows a desmosome junction between cells of the epidermal layer of the skin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Desmosome_Cell_Junction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_369", "caption": "The cartoon of epithelium cells connected by tricellular junctions at the regions where three cells meet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Epithelium_TCJ.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_370", "caption": "Illustration of a  eukaryotic  cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_371", "caption": "Comparison of a  eukaryotic  vs. a  prokaryotic  cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Celltypes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_372", "caption": "Examples of the major membrane phospholipids and glycolipids:  phosphatidylcholine  (PtdCho),  phosphatidylethanolamine  (PtdEtn),  phosphatidylinositol  (PtdIns),  phosphatidylserine  (PtdSer).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/310px-Membrane_Lipids.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_373", "caption": "A detailed diagram of the cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_374", "caption": "Illustration depicting cellular diffusion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blausen_0213_CellularDiffusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_375", "caption": "Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a  lipid bilayer . The yellow  polar  head groups separate the grey hydrophobic tails from the aqueous cytosolic and extracellular environments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Fluid_Mosaic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_376", "caption": "Alpha intercalated cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Alpha_Intercalated_Cell_Cartoon.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_377", "caption": "Diagram of the cell membrane's structures", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cell_membrane_drawing-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_378", "caption": "HeLa cells  stained for  nuclear DNA  with the blue  fluorescent   Hoechst dye . The central and rightmost cells are in  interphase , thus their entire nuclei are labeled. On the left, a cell is going through  mitosis  and its DNA has condensed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_379", "caption": "A mouse  fibroblast  nucleus in which  DNA  is stained blue. The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 (red) and chromosome 9 (green) are stained with  fluorescent in situ hybridization .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-MouseChromosomeTerritoriesBMC_Cell_Biol6-44F_13526014.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_380", "caption": "Diagram of the nucleus showing the  ribosome -studded  outer nuclear membrane ,  nuclear pores ,  DNA  (complexed as  chromatin ), and the  nucleolus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_381", "caption": "A cross section of a  nuclear pore  on the surface of the  nuclear envelope  (1). Other diagram labels show (2) the outer ring, (3) spokes, (4) basket, and (5) filaments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-NuclearPore_crop.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_382", "caption": "An  electron micrograph  of a cell nucleus, showing the darkly stained  nucleolus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Micrograph_of_a_cell_nucleus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_383", "caption": "Cajal body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cajal-Body-Overview.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_384", "caption": "A generic  transcription factory  during transcription, highlighting the possibility of transcribing more than one gene at a time. The diagram includes 8 RNA polymerases however the number can vary depending on cell type. The image also includes transcription factors and a porous, protein core.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Basic_diagram_of_a_transcription_factory_dur_d6a8b89b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_385", "caption": "Macromolecules , such as  RNA  and  proteins , are  actively transported  across the nuclear membrane in a process called the  Ran - GTP  nuclear transport cycle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/360px-RanGTPcycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_386", "caption": "An image of a  newt   lung  cell  stained  with  fluorescent   dyes  during  metaphase . The  mitotic spindle  can be seen, stained green, attached to the two sets of  chromosomes , stained light blue. All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-Mitosis-fluorescent.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_387", "caption": "Human red blood cells, like those of other mammals, lack nuclei. This occurs as a normal part of the cells' development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Redbloodcells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_388", "caption": "Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1719", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Leeuwenhoek1719RedBloodCells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_389", "caption": "Drawing of a  Chironomus   salivary gland  cell published by  Walther Flemming  in 1882. The nucleus contains  polytene chromosomes .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Flemming1882Tafel1Fig14.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_390", "caption": "Basic cellular compartments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell-organelles-labeled.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_391", "caption": "An illustration of  podocytes , which surround the  glomerular capillaries  with their cell bodies, primary processes and interdigitating  foot processes .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GFP_and_FP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_392", "caption": "Filopodia and lamellipodia in two fluorescently-labeled  growth cones .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-GrowthCones.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_393", "caption": "3D Structured illumination microscopy (SIM)  enables visualisation of the glomerular filtration barrier, using multiplex  immunofluorescence  staining for markers for podocytes ( synaptopodin ,  nephrin ),  endothelial cells  ( EHD3 ), and the  glomerular basement membrane  ( agrin ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/255px-Gdz-0003-0019-g03.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_394", "caption": "Confocal microscopy  can reveal changes in the processes of  M\u00fcller cells , in the  retina , shown here in the  rat . On the left,  GFAP  expression is predominant in the  inner retinal layers .        localized to the innermost  layers of the retina ; on the right GFAP-positive fibers show a thickening in M\u00fcller cell processes indicating  gliosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-GFAP_gliosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_395", "caption": "Vasoactive modulators, released from astrocytic endfeet, act on smooth muscle cells in arterioles, and pericytes in capillaries to regulate the  vascular tone .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-BBB796.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_396", "caption": "Glomerular podocytes possess a diverse array of  surface-expressed proteins  that contribute to the selective filtration of solutes across the glomerular barrier, thereby maintaining fluid homeostasis within the body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/255px-Podofun.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_397", "caption": "This  SEM  image illustrates the communication between osteocytes (Ocy) and transcortical vessels (TCV) via their endfeet (yellow arrows) to facilitate mitochondrial transfer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TCVs654.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_398", "caption": "Ramified microglia in a rat  cortex  before  traumatic brain injury .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mikroglej_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_399", "caption": "Amoeboid microglia after traumatic brain injury.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Makrofagi_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_400", "caption": "Effacement of foot processes (FP) of podocytes is evident in this  scanning electron microscopy  (SEM) image, enhanced with false coloring for improved visualization.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Fpe2038.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_401", "caption": "The 154 kb chloroplast DNA map of a model flowering plant ( Arabidopsis thaliana : Brassicaceae) showing genes and inverted repeats.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Plastomap_of_Arabidopsis_thaliana.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_402", "caption": "Chloroplast DNA replication via multiple D loop mechanisms. Adapted from Krishnan NM, Rao BJ's paper \"A comparative approach to elucidate chloroplast genome replication.\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-CpDNA_Replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_403", "caption": "Over time, base changes in the DNA sequence can arise from deamination mutations. When adenine is deaminated, it becomes hypoxanthine, which can pair with cytosine. During replication, the cytosine will pair with guanine, causing an A \u2192 G base change.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Adenine_Deaminates_to_Guanine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_404", "caption": "A circular chromosome, showing DNA replication proceeding bidirectionally, with two replication forks generated at the \"origin\". Each half of the chromosome replicated by one replication fork is called a \"replichore\". (Graphic computer art by Daniel Yuen)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Circular_DNA_Replication.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_405", "caption": "Bidirectional replication in a circular chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Circular_bacterial_chromosome_replication.gi_424a7ff1.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_406", "caption": "oriC  motifs in bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Origins_of_DNA_replication_Figure_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_407", "caption": "Most circular bacterial chromosomes are replicated bidirectionally, starting at one point of origin and replicating in two directions away from the origin. This results in semiconservative replication, in which each new identical DNA molecule contains one template strand from the original molecule, shown as the solid lines, and one new strand, shown as the dotted lines.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Circular_bacterial_chromosome_replication.gi_424a7ff1.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_408", "caption": "Forebrain  neuronal culture after 40 days of differentiation from  induced human pluripotent stem cells . iPSCs from a patient with  familial Alzheimer's disease , a mutation in the  PSEN1  gene. TUJ-1-positive cells express a marker (\u03b23-tubulin) of mature neurons (red).  GABA-positive cells  (green). Cell nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-330px-Differentiation_of_Human-Induced_6b96dcd1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_409", "caption": "Figure 1: Methods of dynamin-dependent and independent clathrin-independent endocytosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/373px-Cshperspect-END-016758_F1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_410", "caption": "Figure 2: Clathrin-independent endocytic processes uses (a) FEME, (b) CLIC/GEEC, and (c) CL-Lect hypothesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/241px-Clathrin-independent_endocytic_processes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_411", "caption": "Cystolith from leaf of  Ficus elastica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cystolith_in_the_leaf_of_Ficus_Elastica.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_412", "caption": "Drawing of a cystolith from leaf of  Ficus elastica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary__e3679af2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_413", "caption": "Proteins in different  cellular compartments  and structures  tagged  with  green fluorescent protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Localisations02eng.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_414", "caption": "The cytoskeleton consists of (a) microtubules, (b) microfilaments, and (c) intermediate filaments. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-0317_Cytoskeletal_Components.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_415", "caption": "Cross section diagram through the\u00a0cilium,\u00a0showing the \u201c9 + 2\u201d arrangement of microtubules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Bronchiolar_area_cilia_cross-sections_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_416", "caption": "The cytosol is a crowded solution of many different types of molecules that occupy up to 30% of the cytoplasmic volume. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Crowded_cytosol.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_417", "caption": "Intracellular fluid content in humans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cellular_Fluid_Content.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_418", "caption": "Carboxysomes  are protein-enclosed  bacterial microcompartments  within the cytosol. On the left is an  electron microscope  image of carboxysomes, and on the right a model of their structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Carboxysome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_419", "caption": "Illustration of the plasmodesmata structure spanning the cell wall (CW). The desmotubule (DM) is shown as a continuation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with various membrane proteins linking it to the plasma membrane (PM).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plasmodesmata_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_420", "caption": "Figure1. Illustrates the movement of a diplosome in the early stages of mitosis as described in  Diplosome in Mitosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-MovementOfDiplosome.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_421", "caption": "The different types of endocytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Endocytosis_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_422", "caption": "Schematic drawing illustrating clathrin-mediated (left) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (right) of  synaptic vesicle   membranes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-A-dynamin-1--dynamin-3--and-clathrin-indepen_4a23a8d9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_423", "caption": "From left to right: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/386px-A_depiction_of_various_types_of_Endocytosis._b0b9e761.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_424", "caption": "Detail of the endomembrane system and its components", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_425", "caption": "Diagram of the nucleus with the nuclear envelope shown as the orange portion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_426", "caption": "1 \u00a0 Nucleus \u00a0   2 \u00a0 Nuclear pore \u00a0   3 \u00a0Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) \u00a0   4 \u00a0Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) \u00a0   5 \u00a0 Ribosome  on the rough ER \u00a0   6 \u00a0 Proteins  that are transported \u00a0   7 \u00a0Transport  vesicle \u00a0   8 \u00a0 Golgi apparatus \u00a0   9 \u00a0Cis face of the Golgi apparatus \u00a0   10 \u00a0Trans face of the Golgi apparatus \u00a0   11 \u00a0Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_427", "caption": "By using  electron microscope , ribosomes (\"particles\") on the  rough endoplasmic reticulum  can be observed", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/243px-0313_Endoplasmic_Reticulum_b_en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_428", "caption": "Micrograph of Golgi apparatus, visible as a stack of semicircular black rings near the bottom. Numerous circular vesicles can be seen in proximity to the organelle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Human_leukocyte%2C_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_429", "caption": "Detailed illustration of the plasma membrane. Including the structure of a  phospholipid .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_430", "caption": "Shown is a micrograph of an amoeba; the darker pink nucleus is central to the eukaryotic cell, with the majority of the rest of the cell's body belonging to the endoplasm. Though not visible, the ectoplasm resides directly internal to the plasma membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Collection_Penard_MHNG_Specimen__ac25dcd4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_431", "caption": "This is a perikaryon of a nerve cell, displayed here because of the obvious cytoplasmic granules. The granules, which appear almost black due to their high electron density, take up a large portion of the endoplasm. They are suspended in cytosol - the fluid component of the cytoplasm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-The_Biological_bulletin_%2820190664019%29.jp_7c99bfdc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_432", "caption": "This image displays the 3 main processes of cell respiration - the pathway from which the cell obtains energy in the form of ATP. These processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CellRespiration.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_433", "caption": "Summary of ESCRT machinery and accessory proteins. [ 3 ] [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-ESCRT_Machinery-Corrected.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_434", "caption": "Trafficking of membrane bound proteins to the lysosome using ESCRT machinery.  Membrane bound proteins are taken into the cell via endocytosis. Ubiquitin tags on the protein are recognized by ESCRT machinery and recruited to the endosome. Multivesicular bodies are formed, which then fuse with the lysosome where these proteins are degraded. Adapted from. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-ESCRT_Recruitment_During_MVB_Biogenesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_435", "caption": "Recruitment of ESCRT Complexes to the Midbody.  Cep-55 binds MKLP1. Cep-55 recruits ESCRT-I and ALIX. ESCRT-I and ALIX recruit ESCRT-III. ESCRT-III forms spiral around membrane neck between daughter cells leading to constriction and cleavage. Adapted from. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/270px-ESCRT_Mediated_Membrane_Abscission.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_436", "caption": "Retroviral budding of HIV.  A) Accumulation of viral proteins under the cell membrane causes the virus to protrude outward. B) A constriction is formed by the ESCRT complexes at the base of membrane protrusion causing formation of a virus containing vesicle. C) The bud pinches off leaving a free extracellular virion.  (Photo provided by Dr. Matthew Gonda (Wikimedia Commons: Nov. 1998), National Cancer Institute Image ID: 2382)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Hiv-i.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_437", "caption": "Fluid mosaic model of a  cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/390px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_438", "caption": "The Frye-Edidin experiment showed that when two cells are fused the proteins of both diffuse around the membrane and mingle rather than being locked to their area of the membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Versuch_zum_Fluid-Mosaic-Modell.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_439", "caption": "S.cerevisiae  septins Septin ring-like structures (in green) can pinch cell membranes and split them into subdomains.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-S_cerevisiae_septins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_440", "caption": "Connexon pairing across membranes bridges the gap between two cells and between vesicles to membranes. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Camillo_Peracchia_fig4-6.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_441", "caption": "Light microscope images do not allow us to see connexons or innexons themselves but do let us see the fluorescing dye injected into one cell moving into neighboring cells when gap junctions are known to be present. [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Validation_of_the_dye_diffusion_assay_perfor_59bfb64d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_442", "caption": "Cell pannexin tree with white squares having communication proteins yet to be discovered", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_pannexin_tree.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_443", "caption": "Effects of perinexal width on ephaptic coupling, for G gap = 0 nS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Perinexial_ephaptic_coupling.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_444", "caption": "Eye lens showing arrangement of fiber cells with photos of gap junction plaques from different regions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lens3Dmap_with_txt.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_445", "caption": "The Golgin  GMAP210  has functional regions at both ends.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GMAP210c.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_446", "caption": "The ALPS of GMAP210 binds to curved, but not flat, lipid layers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GMAP210ALPSc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_447", "caption": "GRASP domain alignment of  GRASP55  and the GRASP homologue of  Cryptococcus neoformans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CnGRASP55domainsc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_448", "caption": "Microinjection of antibodies to GRASP65 prevents normal Golgi stack formation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GRASP65antic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_449", "caption": "Beta cell  with insulin granules, which are the dark black spots surrounded by a white area called a halo.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Beta_cell_processed.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_450", "caption": "Starch granules in potato cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_451", "caption": "Assembly and disassembly of stress granules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stress_granule_dynamics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_452", "caption": "Cartoon of the dividing epithelium cell surrounded by epithelium tissue. Spindle apparatus rotates inside the cell. The rotation is a result of astral microtubules pulling towards tri-cellular-junctions (TCJ), signaling centers localized at the regions where three cells meet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TCJ_orients_spindle_apparatus_during_cell_di_26495008.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_453", "caption": "In  histopathology , pathologic homogenization is seen as a loss of variations, such as of  collagen  in  lichen sclerosus  (pictured).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Micrograph_of_homogenization_of_collagen.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_454", "caption": "Nostoc  with hormogonia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nostoc_with_hormogonia_40x.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_455", "caption": "Micrographia cells [ 1 ]  in 1665.   But I couldn't find with my microscope, breath or any other way I have tried, a passage out of one cell into another, yet I cannot conclude, that there aren't any passages that exist that the plant juices must pass through .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Micrographia_Schem_11.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_456", "caption": "Cell signalling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_signalling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_457", "caption": "4 types of cell junction simplified", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_junction_simplified_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_458", "caption": "Epithelium TCJ", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Epithelium_TCJ.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_459", "caption": "Cell pannexin tree", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_pannexin_tree.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_460", "caption": "Fungal hypha", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fungal_hypha.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_461", "caption": "Plasmodesma allowing the symplast pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apoplast_and_symplast_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_462", "caption": "Tubular bridges for bronchial epithelial cell migration and communication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pone.0008930.g004.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_463", "caption": "Pone.0265619.g001", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pone.0265619.g001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_464", "caption": "Complete neuron cell diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_465", "caption": "Nervous systems of sponges (porifera) and placozoans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sponge_plazoan_nervous_system.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_466", "caption": "Ctenophore neural systems.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fcell-10-1071961-g001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_467", "caption": "Paristatoid wasp on caterpillar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cotesia_glomerata_%28NZAC06000976%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_468", "caption": "Simplified structure of a mitochondrion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/315px-Animal_mitochondrion_diagram_en_%28edit%29.s_50c364cb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_469", "caption": "Electron transport chain and intermembrane space of a mitochondrion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/226px-Electron_transport_chain.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_470", "caption": "Apoptotic components released from the intermembrane space of a mitochondrion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/205px-Reactions_of_peroxynitrite_leading_to_either_1355b660.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_471", "caption": "Simplified structure of a chloroplast", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/161px-Chloroplast-new.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_472", "caption": "Simplified structure of a eukaryotic cell nucleus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/142px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_473", "caption": "A microscope picture of a cell's invadopodium.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Invadopodium.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_474", "caption": "Red arrows indicate secreted lamellar bodies, and green arrows indicate lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm. Scale bar = 200 nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Journal.pone.0031641.g003.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_475", "caption": "Lysosomes digest material. Step one shows material entering a food vacuole through the plasma membrane, a process known as endocytosis. In step two a lysosome with an active hydrolytic enzyme comes into the pictures as the food vacuole moves away from the plasma membrane. Step three consists of the lysosome fusing with the food vacuole and hydrolytic enzymes entering the food vacuole. In the final step, step four, hydrolytic enzymes digest the food particles. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lysosomes_Digestion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_476", "caption": "TEM views of various vesicular compartments. Lysosomes are denoted by \"Ly\". They are dyed dark due to their acidity; in the center of the top image, a Golgi Apparatus can be seen, distal from the cell membrane relative to the lysosome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-The_Biological_bulletin_%2819756543133%29.jp_143ab239.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_477", "caption": "The lysosome is shown in purple, as an endpoint in endocytotic sorting. AP2 is necessary for vesicle formation, whereas the mannose-6-receptor is necessary for sorting hydrolase into the lysosome's lumen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Endocytic_pathway_of_animal_cells_showing_EG_ec68717f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_478", "caption": "A  High resolution 3D live-cell fluorescence image of a tunneling nanotube (TNT) (white arrow) connecting two primary mesothelial cells. Scale bar: 20 \u03bcm. B  Depiction of a TNT (black arrow) between two cells with scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar: 10 \u03bcm. C  Fluorescently labeled F-actin (white arrow) present in TNTs between individual HPMCs. Scale bar: 20 \u03bcm. D  Scanning electron microscope image of a potential TNT precursor (black arrowhead). Insert shows a fluorescence microscopic image of filopodia-like protrusions (white arrowhead) approaching a neighboring cell. Scale bar: 2 \u03bcm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Nanotubes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_479", "caption": "3D live-cell microscopy of immunofluorescent rat PC12 cells demonstrating tunneling nanotubes. From one of the first published papers to describe the phenomenon in 2004.  [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tunelling_nanotube.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_480", "caption": "Microtubule and tubulin metrics [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Tubulin_Infographic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_481", "caption": "Microtubules are one of the cytoskeletal filament systems in eukaryotic cells. The microtubule cytoskeleton is involved in the transport of material within cells, carried out by motor proteins that move on the surface of the microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Microtubules_in_the_leading_edge_4a1f9627.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_482", "caption": "Cartoon representation of the structure of \u03b1(yellow)/\u03b2(red)-tubulin heterodimer, GTP and GDP. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tubulin_dimer_1JFF.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_483", "caption": "Components of the  eukaryotic  cytoskeleton.  Actin filaments  are shown in red,  microtubules  are in green, and the  nuclei  are in blue. The cytoskeleton provides the cell with an inner framework and enables it to move and change shape.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FluorescentCells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_484", "caption": "Image of a fibroblast cell containing fluorescently labeled actin (red) and microtubules (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fluorescent_image_fibroblast.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_485", "caption": "A cytoplasmic dynein motor bound to a microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CytoplasmicDyneinOnMT_noLabels.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_486", "caption": "A kinesin molecule bound to a microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Kinesin_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_487", "caption": "A 3D diagram of a centriole. Each circle represents one microtubule. In total there are 27 microtubules organized into 9 bundles of 3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/298px-Centriole3D.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_488", "caption": "This diagram depicts the organization of a typical mitotic spindle found in animal cells.  Shown here are the three main types of microtubules during mitosis and how they are oriented in the cell and the mitotic spindle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Spindle_apparatus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_489", "caption": "Mitochondrial network (green) in two human cells ( HeLa cells )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-HeLa_mtGFP.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_490", "caption": "Mitochondrial network (green) in two human cells ( HeLa cells )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-HeLa_mtGFP.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_491", "caption": "Mitochondria, mammalian lung - TEM (2)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mitochondria%2C_mammalian_lung_-_TEM_%282%29_c6c613e3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_492", "caption": "ATP synthesis as seen from the perspective of the matrix. Conditions produced by the relationships between the catabolic pathways (citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) and structural makeup (lipid bilayer and electron transport chain) of matrix facilitate ATP synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mitochondrial_electron_transport_chain%E2%80_2a5d2bed.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_493", "caption": "Ciliates are unicellular eukaryotes that display nuclear dimorphism involving a macronucleus and a micronucleus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ciliate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_494", "caption": "Tetrahymena  provide an example of a cell that displays nuclear dimorphism. It includes a micronucleus and macronucleus, and it has been very helpful in various research.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tetrahymena_conjugation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_495", "caption": "The location of NORs and the nucleolar cycle in human cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/ExternalImageImagec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_496", "caption": "Silver-stained nucleolus organizer region (arrow) at the tip of a chromosome of the Gecko  Lepidodactylus lugubris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NORAgc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_497", "caption": "The DJ forms a perinucleolar anchor for rDNA repeats.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/ExternalImageImagec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_498", "caption": "The  protoplasmic  material of the nucleus including the  nucleolus  labelled as nucleoplasm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_499", "caption": "Polish - German   botanist  and namer of nucleoplasm,  Eduard Strasburger .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plate_03_Professor_E._Strassburger%2C_Photog_76c42a17.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_500", "caption": "An example of the  sodium-potassium pump , a  P-type ATPase , which controls the ionic gradient across the  cell membrane  and the  nuclear envelope  as well as the ionic makeup of the nucleoplasm through the selective pumping of  sodium  and  potassium   ions .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NaKpompe2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_501", "caption": "Histology of a null cell adenoma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histopathology_of_a_true_null_cell_adenoma.j_73b7ac5c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_502", "caption": "(A) Electron micrograph of  Halothiobacillus neapolitanus  cells, arrows highlight  carboxysomes . (B) Image of intact carboxysomes isolated from  H. neapolitanus . Scale bars are 100 nm. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Carboxysomes_EM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_503", "caption": "Structure of  Candidatus  Brocadia anammoxidans , showing an  anammoxosome  and intracytoplasmic membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Brocadia_anammoxidans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_504", "caption": "An overlay of a fluorescence micrograph (green) onto a DIC image of a HeLa cell expressing a Yellow fluorescent Protein fusion of Paraspeckle Protein 1 (PSP1): 1. cytoplasm; 2. nucleus; 3. nucleolus; 4. paraspeckles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/HeLa_pspecks2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_505", "caption": "West et al. (2016) [ 7 ]  suggest that the NEAT1  is folded and bound to  paraspeckle core proteins to first form units, which are bridged together by FUS proteins to form the ordered paraspeckle sphere. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-JCB_201609008_Fig1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_506", "caption": "Phragmosome formation in a highly vacuolated plant cell. From top to bottom: 1) Interphase cell with large central vacuole. 2) Cytoplasmic strands starting to penetrate vacuole. 3) Nucleus migration into center and formation of the phragmosome. 4) Phragmosome formation completed and formation of preprophase band marking future cell division plane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phragmosome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_507", "caption": "The structure of a primary plasmodesma. CW= cell wall , CA= callose , PM= plasma membrane , ER= endoplasmic reticulum , DM=desmotubule, Red circles= actin , Purple circles and spokes=other unidentified proteins [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Plasmodesmata_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_508", "caption": "Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein 30 localizes to plasmodesmata", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MP-30-GFP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_509", "caption": "Sketch of a longitudinal ultrathin section through a typical motile bacterium bearing a flagellum and surrounding polar organelle at one end of the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Polar_Membrane_cut.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_510", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Secretory_mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_511", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Porosome_for_wiki-2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_512", "caption": "Elements of the  Caulobacter crescentus  cytoskeleton. The prokaryotic cytoskeletal elements are matched with their eukaryotic homologue and hypothesized cellular function. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Prokaryotic_Cytoskeleton.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_513", "caption": "Jessica Polka 's electron micrograph of negatively stained purified type 51 R bodies in their extended (low pH) state", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Extended_R_bodies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_514", "caption": "Schematic illustration of the supramolecular architecture of the major classes of prokaryotic cell envelopes containing surface (S) layers. S-layers in archaea with glycoprotein lattices as exclusive wall component are composed either of mushroom-like subunits with pillar-like, hydrophobic trans-membrane domains (a), or lipid-modified glycoprotein subunits (b). Individual S-layers can be composed of glycoproteins possessing both types of membrane anchoring mechanisms. Few archaea possess a rigid wall layer (e.g. pseudomurein in methanogenic organisms) as intermediate layer between the plasma membrane and the S-layer (c). In Gram-positive bacteria (d) the S-layer (glyco)proteins are bound to the rigid peptidoglycan-containing layer via secondary cell wall polymers. In Gram-negative bacteria (e) the S-layer is closely associated with the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane. Figure and figure legend were copied from Sleytr  et al.  2014, [ 2 ]  which is available under a  Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0) licence   .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-CW-Architecture_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_515", "caption": "Plant cell overview, showing secondary cell wall.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plant_cell_showing_primary_and_secondary_wal_2d2c4640.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_516", "caption": "Sepate junction in developing trachea in  Drosophila", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Septatejunction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_517", "caption": "Micrograph  showing condensed  chromosomes  in  blue ,  kinetochores  in  pink , and  microtubules  in  green  during  metaphase  of  mitosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Kinetochore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_518", "caption": "This diagram depicts the organization of a typical mitotic spindle found in animal cells. Chromosomes are attached to  kinetochore   microtubules  via a multiprotein complex called the kinetochore. Polar microtubules interdigitate at the spindle midzone and push the spindle poles apart via  motor proteins .  Astral microtubules  anchor the spindle poles to the  cell membrane . Microtubule polymerization is nucleated at the  microtubule organizing center .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Spindle_apparatus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_519", "caption": "In the centrosome-mediated \"search and capture\" model (left), microtubules nucleated from centrosomes contact chromosomes by chance and become stabilized at kinetochores to form the spindle. In the chromatin-mediated \"self-organization\" model (right), microtubules are nucleated around the vicinity of mitotic chromatin and organized into a bipolar array by motor proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Spindle_assembly_models.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_520", "caption": "Cartoon of the dividing epithelium cell surrounded by epithelium tissue. Spindle apparatus rotates inside the cell. The rotation is a result of astral microtubules pulling towards tri-cellular-junctions (TCJ), signaling centers localized at the regions where three cells meet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TCJ_orients_spindle_apparatus_during_cell_di_26495008.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_521", "caption": "Depiction of the transmembrane proteins that make up tight junctions: occludin, claudins, and JAM proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tight_Junction_Transmembrane_Proteins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_522", "caption": "TEM  of rat kidney tissue shows a protein dense tight junction (three dark lines) at ~55,000x magnification.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tight_junction_blowup.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_523", "caption": "Occludin interacting with GEF-H1/Lfc, which then activates RHOA, a regulator of cell differentiation and motility.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/292px-Occludin_signaling.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_524", "caption": "The ultrastructure of a single  bacterial cell  ( Bacillus subtilis ). The scale bar is 200  nm .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Bacillus_subtilis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_525", "caption": "Plant cell structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_526", "caption": "Animal cell structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Biological_cell_vacuole.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_527", "caption": "The  anthocyanin -storing vacuoles of  Rhoeo spathacea , a  spiderwort , in cells that have plasmolyzed", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rhoeo_Discolor_-_Plasmolysis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_528", "caption": "An overview of the trafficking of some adaptor protein (AP) complexes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AdaptorsOverviewc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_529", "caption": "Adaptor Protein complexes and COPI-F subcomplex. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-5APsAndCOPIFc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_530", "caption": "Adaptor Protein, COPI and TSET complexes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-APsCOPITSETc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_531", "caption": "More trafficking pathways. Note, the colors are not the same as in the lead figure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-EndoERGICcompc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_532", "caption": "A rendering of a COPII tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-COPIItubec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_533", "caption": "The early evolution of adaptor protein complexes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TSETapsCOPIearlyEVOc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_534", "caption": "The evolution of TSET, COPI and APs from the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TSETapsCOPIevoc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_535", "caption": "Production of a clathrin coated vesicle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CCVprodTimec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_536", "caption": "Electron microscope image of a coated vesicle. EM series showing the budding of these kind of vesicles can be seen  [ 8 ]  and  [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CoatedVesiclec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_537", "caption": "A small portion of an accessory protein binds specifically to part of AP-2 complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-B2appendEps15c.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_538", "caption": "Protein phosphorylation allows specific interactions with a clathrin adaptor protein complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/PhosphoControlc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_539", "caption": "A pair of  micrographs  of a cytopathology specimen showing a 3-dimensional cluster of cancerous cells ( serous carcinoma )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Serous_carcinoma_2c_-_cytology.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_540", "caption": "An  adenocarcinoma  with typical features as can be seen on cytopathology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pap_stain_of_adenocarcinoma_in_peritoneal_fl_8d4f7d2b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_541", "caption": "Micrograph  of a pilocytic astrocytoma, showing characteristic bipolar cells with long pilocytic (hair-like) processes. Smear preparation.  H&E stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pilocytic_astrocytoma_-_smear_-_very_high_ma_62c921aa.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_542", "caption": "A  micrograph  of an exfoliative cytopathology specimen ( Pap test ,  Pap stain )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Low_grade_squamous_intraepithelial_lesion.jp_767b81a2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_543", "caption": "Brushes used to collect samples for cytology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Journal.pone.0026395.g001_cervical_cytology__79494111.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_544", "caption": "Example of a cytocentrifuge", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cytospin_cytocentrifuge.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_545", "caption": "Lymphoma  cells in  cerebrospinal fluid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/210px-CSF_Lymphoma_on_CSF_cytospin_cluster_of_blas_c073b0c9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_546", "caption": "Micrograph  showing the viral cytopathic effect of  herpes simplex virus  (multi-nucleation, ground glass chromatin).  Pap test .  Pap stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Herpes_simplex_virus_pap_test.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_547", "caption": "Bronchoalveolar lavage  specimen stained with Diff-Quik", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Macrophages_in_bronchial_wash_specimen_--_hi_ef9e416c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_548", "caption": "A physician's hands are seen performing a needle biopsy to determine the nature of a lump, either a fluid-filled cyst or solid tumor.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Needle_biopsy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_549", "caption": "FNA of pancreatic tissue. An adenocarcinoma is seen on the left, normal ductal epithelium on the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pancreas_FNA%3B_adenocarcinoma_vs._normal_du_6e191e07.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_550", "caption": "Histopathology of a gemistocytic  astrocytoma . Neoplastic gemistocytes are angular shaped with abundant, glassy, eosinophilic cytoplasm and eccentric nuclei with distinct nucleoli.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histopathology_of_gemistocytic_astrocytoma.j_351df50e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_551", "caption": "A  Pap test  showing a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL).  Pap stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Low_grade_squamous_intraepithelial_lesion.jp_767b81a2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_552", "caption": "Lipid-laden alveolar macrophages in a case of  vaping-associated pulmonary injury . Left:  Papanicolaou stain ; right:  Oil Red O  stain. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Microscopy_of_a_bronchoalveolar_lavage_sampl_e8f9ff8a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_553", "caption": "Brushes used to collect samples for cytology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Journal.pone.0026395.g001_cervical_cytology__79494111.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_554", "caption": "Microscopic photograph of small cell lung carcinoma under high power.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Small_cell_lung_carcinoma.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_555", "caption": "Retroperitoneal  lymphadenopathies of testicular  seminoma  embrace the  aorta .  Computed tomography  image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Retroperitoneal_lymphadenopathy_of_testicula_9e3a5806.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_556", "caption": "Medical ultrasonography  of a typical normal lymph node: smooth, gently lobulated oval with a hypoechoic cortex measuring less than 3 mm in thickness with a central echogenic hilum. [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ultrasonography_of_a_normal_lymph_node.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_557", "caption": "Ultrasonography of a suspected malignant lymph node: - Absence of the fatty hilum - Increased focal cortical thickness greater than 3 cm -  Doppler ultrasonography  that shows hyperaemic blood flow in the hilum and central cortex and/or abnormal (non-hilar cortical) blood flow. [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ultrasonography_of_a_suspected_malignant_lym_2aa4f5c5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_558", "caption": "Inflammatory localized lymphadenopathy at right mandibular angle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A_fb4ea8fb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_559", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/120px-Long_and_short_axis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_560", "caption": "Micrograph  of  dermatopathic lymphadenopathy , a type of lymphadenopathy.  H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dermatopathic_lymphadenopathy_-_low_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_561", "caption": "Micrograph showing navicular cell in extremely high magnification", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Navicular_cell_--_extremely_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_562", "caption": "Sample collection for thin-prep-cytology from the cervix uteri of a 39-years-old multiparous woman (4 pregnancies). The cervical brush is visible just before entering the cervix uteri.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Taking_pap-smear_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_563", "caption": "Transformation zone types, determining the Pap test location: [ 66 ] Type 1: Completely ectocervical. Type 2: Endocervical component but fully visible. Type 3: Endocervical component, not fully visible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Transformation_zone_types.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_564", "caption": "Cervix in relation to upper part of vagina and posterior portion of uterus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gray1167.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_565", "caption": "Squamous metaplasia of the cervix, with typical features. Pap stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cytology_of_cervical_squamous_metaplasia.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_566", "caption": "Papanicolaou stain showing a low-grade  squamous intraepithelial lesion  (LSIL) from a  Pap test .  Cell nuclei  stained blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Low_grade_squamous_intraepithelial_lesion.jp_455cf98d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_567", "caption": "Blood film  with  Giemsa stain .  Monocytes  surrounded by  erythrocytes .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Monocytes%2C_a_type_of_white_blood_cell_%28G_8c08fca6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_568", "caption": "Blood film  stained with  Giemsa  showing  Plasmodium  (center of image), the parasite that causes  malaria  infections.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Plasmodium_vivax_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_569", "caption": "Bronchoalveolar lavage  specimen stained with  Diff-Quik , a commercial Romanowsky stain variant widely used in cytopathology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Macrophages_in_bronchial_wash_specimen_--_hi_ef9e416c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_570", "caption": "Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky (1861-1921)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Dmitri_Leonidovich_Romanovsky_%281861-1921%2_e56b3e7a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_571", "caption": "Ernst Malachowsky", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Ernst_Malachowski.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_572", "caption": "Gustav Giemsa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Gustav_Giemsa._Photograph%2C_1931._Wellcome__89922353.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_573", "caption": "Frontal chest  X-ray  showing a probable S2\u2013S3 small cell carcinoma in the right side lung.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LK-small_cell3683.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_574", "caption": "Histopathology of small-cell carcinoma, with typical findings. [ 30 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Histopathology_of_small_cell_carcinoma%2C_an_7198890a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_575", "caption": "Histopathologic image of small-cell carcinoma of the lung. CT-guided core needle biopsy.  H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_ne_9f0bd7d3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_576", "caption": "Pie chart showing incidence of small-cell lung cancer (shown in red at right), as compared to other  lung cancer  types, with fractions of smokers versus non-smokers shown for each type. [ 80 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_577", "caption": "Cross-sectional view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids in an aqueous solution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.sv_7a27b220.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_578", "caption": "A fluid membrane model of the phospholipid bilayer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/438px-0303_Lipid_Bilayer_With_Various_Components.j_87e44887.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_579", "caption": "N -Acetylglucosamine molecule", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-N-Acetylglucosamine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_580", "caption": "As an action potential (nerve impulse) travels down an  axon  there is a change in electric polarity across the  membrane  of the axon. In response to a signal from another  neuron , sodium- (Na + ) and potassium- (K + )\u2013gated  ion channels  open and close as the membrane reaches its  threshold potential . Na +  channels open at the beginning of the action potential, and Na +  moves into the axon, causing  depolarization .  Repolarization  occurs when K +  channels open and K +  moves out of the axon, creating a change in electric polarity between the outside of the cell and the inside. The impulse travels down the axon in one direction only, to the  axon terminal  where it signals other neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Action_Potential.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_581", "caption": "Shape of a typical action potential. The membrane potential remains near a baseline level until at some point in time, it abruptly spikes upward and then rapidly falls.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Action_potential_basic_shape.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_582", "caption": "Approximate plot of a typical action potential shows its various phases as the action potential passes a point on a  cell membrane . The membrane potential starts out at approximately \u221270 mV at time zero. A stimulus is applied at time = 1 ms, which raises the membrane potential above \u221255 mV (the threshold potential). After the stimulus is applied, the membrane potential rapidly rises to a peak potential of +40 mV at time = 2 ms. Just as quickly, the potential then drops and overshoots to \u221290 mV at time = 3 ms, and finally the resting potential of \u221270 mV is reestablished at time = 5 ms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Action_potential.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_583", "caption": "Action potential propagation along an axon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Blausen_0011_ActionPotential_Nerve.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_584", "caption": "Ion movement during an action potential. Key:  a) Sodium (Na + ) ion. b) Potassium (K + ) ion. c) Sodium channel. d) Potassium channel. e) Sodium-potassium pump.  In the stages of an action potential, the permeability of the membrane of the neuron changes. At the  resting state  (1), sodium and potassium ions have limited ability to pass through the membrane, and the neuron has a net negative charge inside. Once the action potential is triggered, the  depolarization  (2) of the neuron activates sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to pass through the cell membrane into the cell, resulting in a net positive charge in the neuron relative to the extracellular fluid. After the action potential peak is reached, the neuron begins  repolarization  (3), where the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to cross the membrane into the extracellular fluid, returning the membrane potential to a negative value. Finally, there is a  refractory period  (4), during which the voltage-dependent ion channels are  inactivated  while the Na +  and K +  ions return to their resting state distributions across the membrane (1), and the neuron is ready to repeat the process for the next action potential.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/390px-Membrane_Permeability_of_a_Neuron_During_an__30a976e9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_585", "caption": "When an action potential arrives at the end of the pre-synaptic axon (top), it causes the release of  neurotransmitter  molecules that open ion channels in the post-synaptic neuron (bottom). The combined  excitatory  and  inhibitory postsynaptic potentials  of such inputs can begin a new action potential in the post-synaptic neuron.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-SynapseSchematic_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_586", "caption": "In  pacemaker potentials , the cell spontaneously depolarizes (straight line with upward slope) until it fires an action potential.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pacemaker_potential.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_587", "caption": "In  saltatory conduction , an action potential at one  node of Ranvier  causes inwards currents that depolarize the membrane at the next node, provoking a new action potential there; the action potential appears to \"hop\" from node to node.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neuron1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_588", "caption": "Comparison of the  conduction velocities  of myelinated and unmyelinated  axons  in the  cat . [ 55 ]  The conduction velocity  v  of myelinated neurons varies roughly linearly with axon diameter  d  (that is,  v  \u221d  d ), [ p ]  whereas the speed of unmyelinated neurons varies roughly as the square root ( v  \u221d \u221a d ). [ u ]  The red and blue curves are fits of experimental data, whereas the dotted lines are their theoretical extrapolations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Conduction_velocity_and_myelination.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_589", "caption": "Cable theory's simplified view of a neuronal fiber. The connected  RC circuits  correspond to adjacent segments of a passive  neurite . The extracellular resistances  r e  (the counterparts of the intracellular resistances  r i ) are not shown, since they are usually negligibly small; the extracellular medium may be assumed to have the same voltage everywhere.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cable_theory_Neuron_RC_circuit_v3.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_590", "caption": "Electrical synapses  between excitable cells allow ions to pass directly from one cell to another, and are much faster than  chemical synapses .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gap_cell_junction-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_591", "caption": "Phases of a cardiac action potential. The sharp rise in voltage (\"0\") corresponds to the influx of sodium ions, whereas the two decays (\"1\" and \"3\", respectively) correspond to the sodium-channel inactivation and the repolarizing eflux of potassium ions. The characteristic plateau (\"2\") results from the opening of voltage-sensitive  calcium  channels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ventricular_myocyte_action_potential.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_592", "caption": "Giant axons of the longfin inshore squid ( Doryteuthis pealeii ) were  crucial for scientists  to understand the action potential. [ 73 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Loligo_forbesii.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_593", "caption": "As revealed by a  patch clamp  electrode, an  ion channel  has two states: open (high conductance) and closed (low conductance).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Single_channel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_594", "caption": "Tetrodotoxin  is a lethal toxin found in  pufferfish  that inhibits the  voltage-sensitive sodium channel , halting action potentials.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Puffer_Fish_DSC01257.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_595", "caption": "Image of two  Purkinje cells  (labeled as  A ) drawn by  Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal  in 1899. Large trees of  dendrites  feed into the  soma , from which a single  axon  emerges and moves generally downwards with a few branch points. The smaller cells labeled  B  are  granule cells .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PurkinjeCell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_596", "caption": "Ribbon diagram  of the sodium\u2013potassium pump in its E2-Pi state. The estimated boundaries of the  lipid bilayer  are shown as blue (intracellular) and red (extracellular) planes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3b8e.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_597", "caption": "Equivalent electrical circuit for the Hodgkin\u2013Huxley model of the action potential.  I m  and  V m  represent the current through, and the voltage across, a small patch of membrane, respectively. The  C m  represents the capacitance of the membrane patch, whereas the four  g 's  represent the  conductances  of four types of ions. The two conductances on the left, for potassium (K) and sodium (Na), are shown with arrows to indicate that they can vary with the applied voltage, corresponding to the  voltage-sensitive ion channels . The two conductances on the right help determine the  resting membrane potential .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/336px-MembraneCircuit.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_598", "caption": "The action of the  sodium-potassium pump  is an example of primary active transport.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_599", "caption": "Function of  symporters  and  antiporters .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Porters.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_600", "caption": "Cellular mechanisms of early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mechanisms_of_arrhythmia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_601", "caption": "Schematic of an  electrophysiological  recording of an action potential, showing the various phases that occur as the voltage wave passes a point on a cell  membrane . The afterhyperpolarisation is one of the processes that contribute to the refractory period.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Action_potential.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_602", "caption": "Amphipathic Lipid Packing Sensor motifs of proteins associate with ( adsorb  to) curved lipid bilayers. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ALPSc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_603", "caption": "Structure of gram-negative cell envelope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Gram_negative_cell_wall.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_604", "caption": "An illustration depicting diversity in the architecture of protein secretion systems found in  diderm bacteria [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-All_secretion_systems.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_605", "caption": "T1SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-T1SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_606", "caption": "T2SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-T2SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_607", "caption": "T3SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-T3SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_608", "caption": "T4SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-T4SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_609", "caption": "T5SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-T5SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_610", "caption": "ESX-5: type VII secretion system, Mycobacterium xenopi", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/159px-7b9s.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_611", "caption": "Type IX secretion system schematic diagram [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-T9ss.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_612", "caption": "Staphylococcus aureus  biofilm on an indwelling  catheter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Staphylococcus_aureus_biofilm_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_613", "caption": "Probable  cyanobacteria  in the vertical section of a silicified biofilm from the Lower Cretaceous. Very shallow hypersaline environment of the  Urgonian   carbonate platform  of Provence, south eastern France.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Algae_in_silicified_sediment_with_evaporite__f8f3bab9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_614", "caption": "Biofilm of golden  hydrophobic   bacteria ; ceiling of Golden Dome Cave, a  lava tube  in  Lava Beds National Monument [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-A114%2C_Lava_Beds_National_Monument%2C_Calif_e9749fad.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_615", "caption": "Mature biofilm structure \u200a [ 25 ]  Biofilm is characterised by heterogenous environment and the presence of a variety of subpopulations. A biofilm structure is composed of metabolically active (both resistant and tolerant) and non-active cells (viable but not culturable cells and persisters) as well as polymer matrix consisting of polysaccharide, extracellular DNA and proteins. Biofilm growth is associated with an escalated level of mutations and  horizontal gene transfer  which is promoted in due to the packed and dense structure. Bacteria in biofilms communicate by  quorum sensing , which activates genes participating in virulence factors production. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Mature_biofilm_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_616", "caption": "Five stages of biofilm development \u200a [ 28 ]  (1) Initial attachment, (2) Irreversible attachment, (3) Maturation I, (4) Maturation II, and (5) Dispersion. Each stage of development in the diagram is paired with a  photomicrograph  of a developing  P. aeruginosa  biofilm. All photomicrographs are shown to the same scale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Biofilm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_617", "caption": "Biofilm dispersal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/550px-Honors_Option-MMG.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_618", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph of mixed-culture biofilm, demonstrating in detail a spatially heterogeneous arrangement of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mixed-culture_biofilm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_619", "caption": "Mats of bacterial biofilm color the hot springs in  Yellowstone National Park . The longest raised mat area is about half a meter long.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Bacteria_mats_near_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_in_2c3fe777.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_620", "caption": "Thermophilic bacteria in the outflow of  Mickey Hot Springs ,  Oregon , approximately 20\u00a0mm thick.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_621", "caption": "A biofilm from the  Dead Sea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Screen_Shot_2017-12-13_at_1.40.19_PM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_622", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph showing bacteria Escherichia coli that form extensive biofilms using a network of conjugative F-pili. Source: Jonasz Patkowski", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-383px-Escherichia_coli_forming_biofilm_c92f3dec.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_623", "caption": "Cardiolipin in animal tissues", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/360px-Cardiolipin_table.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_624", "caption": "Cardiolipin synthesis in eukaryotes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Eukaryotic_pathway.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_625", "caption": "Respiratory electron transfer of Complex IV", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Complex_IV.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_626", "caption": "The mechanism whereby CL triggers apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Apotosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_627", "caption": "CL serves as a proton trap in oxidative phosphorylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Proton_trap.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_628", "caption": "Leica  confocal microscope systems", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Confocal_Microscopes_Center_for_Biofilm_Rese_7839bb25.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_629", "caption": "Anaerobic experiment station", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Anerobic_Experiment_Station_Center_for_Biofi_ccc2b964.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_630", "caption": "CBE Industrial Associates as of Nov. 1, 2021.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-2021-Nov_4-IA_Logos.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_631", "caption": "Diagram of a crenated leaf", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Crenate_%28PSF%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_632", "caption": "In (d) the RBCs are rendered crenated from a  hypertonic  solution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Gray453.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_633", "caption": "A  mitochondrion , with labeled cristae.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blausen_0644_Mitochondria.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_634", "caption": "An example of the role of cyclic nucleotide\u2013gated ion channels in  sea urchin  sperm chemotaxis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/550px-Signal_transduction_in_sea-urchin_sperm_chem_6b63f3a6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_635", "caption": "Cyclic adenosine monophosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate-2D-skeletal.p_fc441f03.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_636", "caption": "Cyclic guanosine monophosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CGMP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_637", "caption": "Illustration of a cyclic nucleotide\u2013gated ion channel with a cAMP binding domain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1wgp_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_638", "caption": "Fundus of patient with retinitis pigmentosa, mid stage (Bone spicule-shaped pigment deposits are present in the mid periphery along with retinal atrophy, while the macula is preserved although with a peripheral ring of depigmentation. Retinal vessels are attenuated.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fundus_of_patient_with_retinitis_pigmentosa%_718a1658.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_639", "caption": "CryoEM Structure of a prokaryotic cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Structure_of_a_Prokaryotic_CNG_Channel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_640", "caption": "Blood cells in solutions with different osmotic pressure. Cytolysis would result in the image on the far right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg._37eb253d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_641", "caption": "Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseCont_25fc115d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_642", "caption": "Entry of material into the nucleus through endocytosis. Endocytosis: The membrane of the cell invaginates, creating a small circular pit that is taken into the cytosol of the cell. This circular membrane coated pit is a vesicle that is transported to the  lysosome  of the cell to be degraded by enzymes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cell_nucleus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_643", "caption": "Mechanism of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Clathrin-coated pits in endocytosis: The membrane of the cell invaginates using the protein clathrin. The clathrin uses actin to pull together the sides of the plasma membrane and form a vesicle inside the cellular cytosol.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Itrafig2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_644", "caption": "Exocytosis (L) and Endocytosis (R)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/231px-Cytosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_645", "caption": "Action potential  in a  neuron , showing depolarization, in which the cell's internal charge becomes less negative (more positive), and repolarization, where the internal charge returns to a more negative value.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1221_Action_Potential.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_646", "caption": "Voltage-gated sodium channel . Open channel  (top)  carries an influx of Na +  ions, giving rise to depolarization. As the channel becomes closed/inactivated  (bottom) , the depolarization ends.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Sodium_channel_open_closed.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_647", "caption": "Structure of a neuron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1206_The_Neuron.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_648", "caption": "Summation  of stimuli at an  axon hillock", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1224_Post_Synaptic_Potential_Summation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_649", "caption": "Electrocardiogram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-2022_Electrocardiogram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_650", "caption": "Figure 1. Drug flux diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Flux_diagramm.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_651", "caption": "Protein TolC, the outer membrane component of a tripartite efflux pump in  Escherichia coli .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1ek9.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_652", "caption": "AcrB, the other component of pump,  Escherichia coli .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1iwg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_653", "caption": "An example of a phosphatidylcholine, a type of phospholipid in egg lecithin. Red - choline and phosphate group; Black - glycerol; Green - unsaturated fatty acid; Blue - saturated fatty acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-1-Oleoyl-2-almitoyl-phosphatidylcholine_Stru_adb93d55.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_654", "caption": "Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Membrane_potential_ions_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_655", "caption": "Diagram of the Na + -K + -ATPase.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_656", "caption": "Diagram of the conformational shift in retinal that initiates proton pumping in bacteriorhodopsin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Bacteriorhodopsin_retinal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_657", "caption": "Simplified diagram of photophosphorylation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cyclic_Photophosphorylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_658", "caption": "Detailed diagram of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ETC_electron_transport_chain.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_659", "caption": "Examples of electrotonic potentials", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-1223_Graded_Potentials-02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_660", "caption": "Equivalent circuit  of a neuron constructed with the assumptions of simple cable theory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cable_theory_Neuron_RC_circuit_v3.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_661", "caption": "Poster on ethosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ethosomes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_662", "caption": "Exocytosis of neurotransmitters into a synapse from neuron A to neuron B.  Mitochondrion Synaptic vesicle  with  neurotransmitters Autoreceptor Synapse  with neurotransmitter released ( serotonin ) Postsynaptic receptors activated by neurotransmitter (induction of a postsynaptic potential) Calcium channel Exocytosis of a vesicle Recaptured neurotransmitter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Synapse_diag1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_663", "caption": "Molecular machinery driving exocytosis in neuromediator release. The core SNARE complex is formed by four \u03b1-helices contributed by synaptobrevin, syntaxin and SNAP-25, synaptotagmin serves as a calcium sensor and regulates intimately the SNARE zipping. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Exocytosis-machinery.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_664", "caption": "In the lipid-lined pore theory, both membranes curve toward each other to form the early fusion pore.  When the two membranes are brought to a \"critical\" distance, the lipid head-groups from one membrane insert into the other, creating the basis for the fusion pore.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Membrane_fusion_via_stalk_formation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_665", "caption": "Extracellular polymeric substance matrix formation in a  biofilm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Biofilm_Formation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_666", "caption": "Succinoglycan from  Sinorhizobium meliloti", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/550px-Sinorhizobium_meliloti_monosuccinylated_succ_caabd509.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_667", "caption": "Shadowed electron micrograph of unaligned phage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Filamentous_bacteriophage_fd.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_668", "caption": "Assembled major coat protein, exploded view", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Inovirus_%28filamentous_bacterio_eb7e51e7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_669", "caption": "Schematic views showing minor proteins at the two ends", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Inoviridae_virion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_670", "caption": "Diagram of the alkaline mucous layer in the stomach with mucosal defense mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Stomach_mucosal_layer_labeled.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_671", "caption": "The general structure of the intestinal wall", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Gut_wall.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_672", "caption": "Image of the mucosa of the  stomach , showing an epithelium (at top, and also facing the elongated cavities) made up of  column-shaped cells .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_673", "caption": "Muscular layers of the  stomach  wall.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/242px-3D_Medical_Animation_Muscular_Layers_of_stom_0f6963a8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_674", "caption": "Membrane structures.  Top ,\u00a0an archaeal phospholipid:  1 ,\u00a0isoprene chains;  2 ,\u00a0ether linkages;  3 ,\u00a0 L-glycerol   moiety ;  4 ,\u00a0phosphate group.  Middle ,\u00a0a bacterial or eukaryotic phospholipid:  5 ,\u00a0fatty acid chains;  6 ,\u00a0ester linkages;  7 ,\u00a0 D-glycerol  moiety;  8 ,\u00a0phosphate group.  Bottom :  9 ,\u00a0lipid bilayer of bacteria and eukaryotes;  10 ,\u00a0lipid monolayer of some archaea.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_675", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Hodgkin-Cycle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_676", "caption": "General pathways for GPCR homologous desensitization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Homologous_Desensitization_Pathways.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_677", "caption": "Some representative hopanoids: A. Diploptene, also called 22(29)-hopene  B. Diplopterol, also called hopan-22-ol, the hydrated cyclomer of diploptene  C. Bacteriohopanetetrol (BHT), a common extended hopanoid  D. Hopane, the diagenetic product of A and B that results from reducing conditions during deposition and persists in the rock record. The diagenetic product of C would be an extended C 35  hopane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/377px-Representative_hopanoids.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_678", "caption": "Active site of the squalene-hopene cyclase from  Methylococcus capsulatus  engaging the substrate, squalene, shown in gold. The cyclase is depicted as a monomer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/293px-Cyclase_activesite.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_679", "caption": "Alpha barrel structure of the squalene-hopene cyclase from  Methylococcus capsulatus . Alpha helices are shown in blue, loop regions in green, and beta sheets in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Mcapshc_bbarrel_colored_big.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_680", "caption": "Structure of a 2-\u03b1-methylhopane with the carbons of the base hopane structure numbered according to convention. The methyl group at the C 2  position is indicated in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-2-alpha-methylhopane_annotated_with_carbon_n_cdec9059.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_681", "caption": "Hydrophobic Mismatch.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Hydrophobic_Mismatch.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_682", "caption": "Mattress model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Mattress_model.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_683", "caption": "Diagram of membrane potential changes during an action potential", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Apshoot.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_684", "caption": "The  (a)  resting membrane potential is a result of different concentrations of Na +  and K +  ions inside and outside the cell. A nerve impulse causes Na +  to enter the cell, resulting in  (b)  depolarization. At the peak action potential, K +  channels open and the cell becomes  (c)  hyperpolarized.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ion_channel_activity_before_during_and_after_9d8b881b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_685", "caption": "This image shows a model of a patch clamp used in neuroscience. The pipette tip is placed at an ion channel opening and a current is applied and measured using a voltage clamp.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Patch_pipette_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_686", "caption": "An example of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), and their summation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-IPSPsummation.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_687", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/900px-Membrane_fusion_via_stalk_formation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_688", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Lipid_bilayer_fluid.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_689", "caption": "Biofilms in marine environments  Various biofilm components (including bacteria, algae, and fungi) are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Biofilm_components_in_streams.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_690", "caption": "Stages of biofilm development    1) Initial Attachment 2) Irreversible Attachment 3) Maturation I 4) Maturation II 5) Dispersion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Biofilm_id.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_691", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph of mixed-culture biofilm, showing the arrangement of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mixed-culture_biofilm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_692", "caption": "Various types of interactions within the biofilm (1) Communication through quorum sensing (2) Adaptations to varying conditions such as light", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mature_biofilm_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_693", "caption": "Nutrient cycling in the marine environment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nutrient-cycle_hg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_694", "caption": "Carrier and channel ionophores  (a) Carrier ionophores reversibly bind ions and carry them through cell membranes.  (b) Channel ionophores create channels within cell membranes to facilitate the transport of ions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/420px-Ionophores.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_695", "caption": "The structure of the complex of sodium (Na + ) and the antibiotic  monensin A", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Monensin2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_696", "caption": "Structure of a potassium complex of a  crown ether , a synthetic ionophore-ion complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-18-crown-6-potassium-3D-balls-A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_697", "caption": "The three main structures phospholipids form in solution; the  liposome  (a closed bilayer), the micelle and the bilayer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.sv_7a27b220.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_698", "caption": "Immunohistochemical analysis of L-type calcium channel  Cav1.3  (CACNA1D) in human  adrenal cortex . Marked immunoreactivity was detected in the  zona glomerulosa . In the figure: ZG = zona glomerulosa, ZF =  zona fasciculata , AC = adrenal capsule.  Immunohistochemistry  was performed according to published methods. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-L-type_D-subtype_CaV1.3_calcium_channel_CACN_9bd47059.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_699", "caption": "An L-type calcium channel with its subunits labeled along with some drugs known to inhibit the channel.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/308px-General_L-type_calcium_channel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_700", "caption": "Alpha subunit of a generic voltage-gated ion channel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Alphasubunit_sodium_channel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_701", "caption": "Figure 1 Multi-lamellar phase of aqueous lipid dispersions, each white lamella represents a  lipid bilayer  organization in  liposome  made by vortex-mixing of dried total lipid extract of spinach  thylakoid  membranes with distilled water. Phosphotungstic acid  negative stained  sample viewed with  transmission electron microscopy  technique.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Lamellar_phase_lipids_%28original_research_w_7828ddd4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_702", "caption": "A schematic of a lamellar structure for a  eutectic system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lamellar_eutectic_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_703", "caption": "Ion-channel-linked receptor Ions Ligand  (such as  acetylcholine )  When ligands bind to the receptor, the  ion channel  portion of the receptor opens, allowing ions to pass across the  cell membrane .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ion-Channel_Receptor.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_704", "caption": "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in closed state with predicted membrane boundaries shown, PDB 2BG9", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-2bg9_opm.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_705", "caption": "The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino terminal, ligand binding, and transmembrane domain, PDB 3KG2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-AMPA_receptor.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_706", "caption": "AMPA receptor trafficking", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RegulationOfAMPARTrafficking.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_707", "caption": "Stylized depiction of an activated NMDAR", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Activated_NMDAR.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_708", "caption": "Figure 1. Schematic representation showing the membrane topology of a typical P2X receptor subunit. First and second transmembrane domains are labeled TM1 and TM2.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/270px-SchematicP2XRSubunitV2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_709", "caption": "Lipid membrane with various proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/525px-0303_Lipid_Bilayer_With_Various_Components.j_19d2f88a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_710", "caption": "Isoprene unit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/143px-Isoprene.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_711", "caption": "Caax Box", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Caaxbox.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_712", "caption": "Prenylation chains (e.g.  geranyl pyrophosphate )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Synthesis_of_geranyl_pyrophosphate.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_713", "caption": "Myristoylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-219px-Myristoylation.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_714", "caption": "Palmitoylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/292px-Palmitoylation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_715", "caption": "Structure of the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor in the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-490px-Glycophosphatidylinositol_anc_fc50503d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_716", "caption": "This fluid  lipid  bilayer cross section is made up entirely of  phosphatidylcholine .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Lipid_bilayer_section.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_717", "caption": "The three main structures phospholipids form in solution; the  liposome  (a closed bilayer), the micelle and the bilayer. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.sv_a7bc00be.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_718", "caption": "Schematic cross sectional profile of a typical lipid bilayer. There are three distinct regions: the fully hydrated headgroups, the fully dehydrated alkane core and a short intermediate region with partial hydration. Although the head groups are neutral, they have significant dipole moments that influence the molecular arrangement. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/310px-Bilayer_hydration_profile.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_719", "caption": "TEM  image of a bacterium. The furry appearance on the outside is due to a coat of long-chain sugars attached to the cell membrane. This coating helps trap water to prevent the bacterium from becoming dehydrated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Bacillus_subtilis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_720", "caption": "Diagram showing the effect of unsaturated lipids on a bilayer. The lipids with an unsaturated tail (blue) disrupt the packing of those with only saturated tails (black). The resulting bilayer has more free space and is, as a consequence, more permeable to water and other small molecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Lipid_unsaturation_effect.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_721", "caption": "Illustration of a GPCR signaling protein. In response to a molecule such as a  hormone  binding to the exterior domain (blue) the GPCR changes shape and  catalyzes  a chemical reaction on the interior domain (red). The gray feature is the surrounding bilayer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-PDB_1hzx_7TM_Sketch_Membrane.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_722", "caption": "Transmission Electron Microscope  (TEM) image of a  lipid vesicle . The two dark bands around the edge are the two leaflets of the bilayer. Historically, similar images confirmed that the cell membrane is a bilayer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Annular_Gap_Junction_Vesicle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_723", "caption": "Human red blood cells viewed through a fluorescence microscope. The  cell membrane  has been stained with a fluorescent dye. Scale bar is 20\u03bcm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/210px-Sedimented_red_blood_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_724", "caption": "3d-Adapted  AFM  images showing formation of transmembrane pores (holes) in supported lipid bilayer [ 55 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Supported_Lipid_Bilayer_and_Nanoparticles_AF_bd692433.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_725", "caption": "Illustration of a typical  AFM  scan of a supported lipid bilayer. The pits are defects in the bilayer, exposing the smooth surface of the substrate underneath.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Bilayer_AFM_schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_726", "caption": "Structure of a potassium ion channel. The  alpha helices  penetrate the bilayer (between red and blue lines), opening a hole through which potassium ions can flow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1r3j.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_727", "caption": "Schematic illustration of pinocytosis, a type of endocytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/210px-Pinocytosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_728", "caption": "Exocytosis of outer membrane vesicles (MV) liberated from inflated periplasmic pockets (p) on surface of human  Salmonella  3,10:r:- pathogens docking on plasma membrane of macrophage cells (M) in chicken ileum, for host-pathogen signaling  in vivo .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/210px-OMV-macrophage99.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_729", "caption": "Schematic showing two possible conformations of the lipids at the edge of a pore. In the top image the lipids have not rearranged, so the pore wall is hydrophobic. In the bottom image some of the lipid heads have bent over, so the pore wall is hydrophilic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Pore_schematic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_730", "caption": "Illustration of lipid vesicles fusing showing two possible outcomes: hemifusion and full fusion. In hemifusion, only the outer bilayer leaflets mix. In full fusion both leaflets as well as the internal contents mix.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Lipid_bilayer_fusion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_731", "caption": "Schematic illustration of the process of fusion through stalk formation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/420px-Membrane_fusion_via_stalk_formation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_732", "caption": "Diagram of the action of SNARE proteins docking a vesicle for exocytosis. Complementary versions of the protein on the vesicle and the target membrane bind and wrap around each other, drawing the two bilayers close together in the process. [ 92 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Exocytosis-machinery.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_733", "caption": "Human red blood cells viewed through a microscope. The  cell membrane  has been stained with a fluorescent dye. Scale bar is 20\u00a0\u03bcm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Sedimented_red_blood_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_734", "caption": "Patch clamp  recordings of changes in conductivity associated with the opening and closing of an  ion channel .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-V-clamp-GlyR.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_735", "caption": "Illustration of a typical  AFM  scan of a supported lipid bilayer. The pits are defects in the bilayer, exposing the smooth surface of the substrate underneath.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Bilayer_AFM_schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_736", "caption": "Image from a Transmission Electron Microscope of a lipid vesicle. The two dark bands around the edge are the two leaflets of the bilayer. Similar electron micrographs confirmed the bilayer nature of the cell membrane in the 1950s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Annular_Gap_Junction_Vesicle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_737", "caption": "Illustration of lipid vesicles fusing showing two possible outcomes: hemifusion and full fusion. In hemifusion only the outer bilayer leaflets mix. In full fusion both leaflets as well as the internal contents mix.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Lipid_bilayer_fusion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_738", "caption": "Schematic illustration of the process of fusion through stalk formation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/340px-Membrane_fusion_via_stalk_formation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_739", "caption": "Diagram of the action of SNARE proteins docking a vesicle for exocytosis. Complementary versions of the protein on the vesicle and the target membrane bind and wrap around each other, drawing the two bilayers close together in the process. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/370px-Exocytosis-machinery.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_740", "caption": "(1.) Illustration of lipid mixing assay based on F\u00f6rster resonance energy transfer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Fret.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_741", "caption": "(3.) Illustration of lipid mixing assay based on Fluorescence self-quenching.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Self-quenching.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_742", "caption": "(1.) Illustration of content mixing assay based on fluorescence quencing pair ANTS/DPX.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Quenching.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_743", "caption": "(2.)Illustration of content mixing assay based on fluorescence enhancement pair Tb 3+ /DPA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Content_mixing_assay_based_on_fluorescence_e_f09b4029.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_744", "caption": "Cross section view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids in aqueous solutions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.sv_fa84e0b1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_745", "caption": "Schematic showing two possible conformations of the lipids at the edge of a pore. In the top image the lipids have not rearranged, so the pore wall is hydrophobic. In the bottom image some of the lipid heads have bent over, so the pore wall is hydrophilic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Pore_schematic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_746", "caption": "Diagram showing the effect of unsaturated lipids on a bilayer. The lipids with an unsaturated tail (blue) disrupt the packing of those with only saturated tails (black). The resulting bilayer has more free space and is consequently more permeable to water and other small molecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Lipid_unsaturation_effect.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_747", "caption": "The chemical structure of cholesterol, which differs greatly from a standard phospholipid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Cholesterol.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_748", "caption": "Example of lipid polymorphism as bilayer (le), reverse spherical micelles (M) and reverse hexagonal cylinders H-II phase (H) in negatively stained transmission electron micrograph of spinach thylakoid lipid-water dispersions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/HexLamMic_phases.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_749", "caption": "Lipid raft organization, region (1) is a standard lipid bilayer, while region (2) is a lipid raft.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/310px-Lipid_raft_organisation_scheme.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_750", "caption": "Space-filling models of sphingomyelin (a) and cholesterol (b)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Space-Filling_Model_Sphingomyelin_and_Choles_77da461f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_751", "caption": "Components for IgE signalling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Components_for_IgE_signalling.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_752", "caption": "IgE signalling process", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-IgE_signalling_process.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_753", "caption": "Components for T-cell antigen receptor signalling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Components_for_T-cell_antigen_receptor_signa_43c360c4.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_754", "caption": "T-cell antigen receptor signalling process", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-T-cell_antigen_receptor_signalling_process.j_678a614a.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_755", "caption": "The lipidome (in yellow) as a part of the  metabolome  and the total  interactome  of a cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Metabolomics_schema.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_757", "caption": "Scheme of a liposome formed by  phospholipids  in an  aqueous  solution.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Liposome_scheme-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_758", "caption": "Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules. Though liposomes can vary in size from low micrometer range to tens of micrometers, unilamellar liposomes, as pictured here, are typically in the lower size range with various targeting ligands attached to their surface allowing for their surface-attachment and accumulation in pathological areas for treatment of disease. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Liposome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_759", "caption": "Seven main categories for liposomes: multilamellar large (MLV), oligolamellar (OLV), small unilamellar (SUV), medium-sized unilamellar (MUV), large unilamellar (LUV), giant unilamellar (GUV) and multivesicular vesicles (MVV)) [ 7 ] .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1-s2.0-S0168365921005034-gr6_lrg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_760", "caption": "A micrograph of phosphatidylcholine liposomes, which were stained with  fluorochrome   acridine orange . Method of  fluorescence  microscopy (1250-fold magnification).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phosphatidylcholine_liposomes_stained_with_a_1990fee8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_761", "caption": "Various types of phosphatidylcholine liposomes in suspension. Method of  phase-contrast microscopy  (1000-fold magnification).   The following types of liposomes are visible: small monolamellar vesicles, large monolamellar vesicles, multilamellar vesicles, oligolamellar vesicles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phosphatidylcholine_liposomes_at_phase-contr_231c621c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_762", "caption": "Pictorial representation of targeted theranostics liposomal delivery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-A_traditional_nanotheranostic_agent.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_763", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_backgr_8d150fa8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_764", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_765", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_766", "caption": "Schematic of a monolamellar liposome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Liposome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_767", "caption": "The originally published TM topology of the CorA protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cora_mag.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_768", "caption": "The TM topology of the MgtB protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Mgta-b_mag.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_769", "caption": "The predicted TM topology of the MgtE protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/MGTE.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_770", "caption": "The TM topology of the MRS2 and LPE10 proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/MRS2_LPE10_topology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_771", "caption": "The TM topology of the XNTA protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/XNTA_topology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_772", "caption": "The predicted TM topology of MgtE from  H. sapiens", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/MGTE_Human.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_773", "caption": "The predicted TM topology of the TRPM6 and TRPM7 proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/TRPM6-7_topology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_774", "caption": "The predicted TM topology of the AtMHX protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/ATMHX_topology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_775", "caption": "Gating Mechanism of MS.Stretch activated model, tension in the lipid bilayer triggers conformational changes which open the channel. Figure adapted from Lumpkin et al. [ 67 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Stretch_model%2C.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_776", "caption": "Gating Mechanism of MSC:Spring-like tether model - The tethers are attached to the channel proteins and are connected to the cytoskeleton. The tethers act like spring mechanisms of a shutter. Figure adapted from Lumpkin et al. [ 67 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Spring-like_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_777", "caption": "The closed structure of MscS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-MscS_close_state.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_778", "caption": "The closed structure of MscL", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-2oar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_779", "caption": "Finite Element Model of MscL, a bacterial channel. This figure is similar to that in Tang et al. [ 94 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Finite_Element_Model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_780", "caption": "Curvature radii", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Curvature_radii.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_781", "caption": "Different changes to lipid structure, such as tail saturation, affect the overall shape of the lipid. A change in shape such as the one shown, when disproportionately in higher concentration on one side of the membrane, allows the membrane to curve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/342px-Lipid_unsaturation_effect.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_782", "caption": "Transmembrane proteins with inherent curvature inducing curvature in a membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Curved_Transmembrane_Proteins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_783", "caption": "Insertion of a piece of a protein into one leaflet of the membrane induces curvature.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_Insertion_Membrane_Curvature.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_784", "caption": "A BAR domain of a protein inducing and stabilizing the curvature of a membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-BAR_Domain_on_Membrane.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_785", "caption": "Cage-like structure of  clathrin . When this structure forms around a membrane, it pulls the membrane into a tight curvature until eventual vesicle budding.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/158px-Clathrin_cage_viewed_by_croelectron_microsco_a1cc1185.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_786", "caption": "Cytoskeletal structure inducing membrane curvature. The inherent shape of a cell - as controlled by its cytoskeleton - requires that the bilayer membrane curve around it.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/123px-Cytoskeleton_Membrane_Curvature.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_787", "caption": "This figure illustrates membrane bending caused by protein crowding. When a high local concentration of proteins (shown in green) are present on the membrane surface (shown in black), membrane curvature can be induced. This hypothesis reasoned that the high protein concentration increases the likelihood of repulsions between proteins, therefore generates steric pressure between proteins. To relieve such pressure, lipid membrane has to bend in order to decrease protein repulsions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/287px-Protein_crowding_membrane_bending.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_788", "caption": "The major membrane lipids PtdCho  -  Phosphatidylcholine ;  PtdEtn  -  Phosphatidylethanolamine ;  PtdIns  -  Phosphatidylinositol ;  PtdSer  -  Phosphatidylserine .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Membrane_Lipids.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_789", "caption": "Space-filling models of (a) sphingomyelin and (b) cholesterol.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/325px-Space-Filling_Model_Sphingomyelin_and_Choles_cf617730.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_790", "caption": "Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a  lipid bilayer . The yellow  polar  head groups separate the grey hydrophobic tails from the aqueous cytosolic and extracellular environments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Fluid_Mosaic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_791", "caption": "Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_792", "caption": "Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 ( TRPV1 ).  Ion channels  are integral membrane proteins of great importance for living organisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Trpv1_pip2_bilayer.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_793", "caption": "Key :  Blue  pentagons \u2013 sodium ions;  Purple  squares \u2013 potassium ions;  Yellow  circles \u2013 chloride ions;  Orange  rectangles \u2013 membrane-impermeable anions (these arise from a variety of sources including proteins).   The large  purple  structure with an arrow represents a transmembrane potassium channel and the direction of net potassium movement.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_794", "caption": "Electric field (arrows) and contours of constant voltage created by a pair of oppositely charged objects. The electric field is at right angles to the voltage contours, and the field is strongest where the spacing between contours is the smallest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Electric_dipole.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_795", "caption": "Ions (pink circles) will flow across a membrane from the higher concentration to the lower concentration (down a concentration gradient), causing a current. However, this creates a voltage across the membrane that opposes the ions' motion. When this voltage reaches the equilibrium value, the two balance and the flow of ions stops. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Diffusion.en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_796", "caption": "The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma, is a  semipermeable  lipid bilayer common to all living cells. It contains a variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and lipids, which are involved in a vast array of cellular processes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_797", "caption": "Facilitated diffusion in cell membranes, showing ion channels and  carrier proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Scheme_facilitated_diffusion_in_cell_membran_0c1a474e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_798", "caption": "The sodium-potassium pump uses energy derived from ATP to exchange sodium for potassium ions across the membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_799", "caption": "Despite the small differences in their radii, [ 17 ]  ions rarely go through the \"wrong\" channel. For example, sodium or calcium ions rarely pass through a potassium channel.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Action_potential_ion_sizes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_800", "caption": "Depiction of the open potassium channel, with the potassium ion shown in purple in the middle, and hydrogen atoms omitted. When the channel is closed, the passage is blocked.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Potassium_channel1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_801", "caption": "Ligand-gated calcium channel in closed and open states", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-LGIC.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_802", "caption": "Equivalent circuit for a patch of membrane, consisting of a fixed capacitance in parallel with four pathways each containing a battery in series with a variable conductance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Cell_membrane_equivalent_circuit.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_803", "caption": "Reduced circuit obtained by combining the ion-specific pathways using the  Goldman equation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_membrane_reduced_circuit.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_804", "caption": "Graph displaying an EPSP, an IPSP, and the summation of an EPSP and an IPSP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-IPSPsummation.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_805", "caption": "Group I and II transmembrane proteins have opposite final topologies.    Group I proteins have the N terminus on the far side and C terminus on the cytosolic side.    Group II proteins have the C terminus on the far side and N terminus in the cytosol. However final topology is not the only criterion for defining transmembrane protein groups, rather location of topogenic determinants and mechanism of assembly is considered in the classification [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Group_1_and_2_transmembrane_protein.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_806", "caption": "Diagram of a  cell membrane        1. phospholipid    2. cholesterol    3. glycolipid    4. sugar    5. polytopic protein (transmembrane protein)     6. monotopic protein (here, a glycoprotein)    7. monotopic protein anchored by a phospholipid    8. peripheral monotopic protein (here, a glycoprotein.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Cell_membrane_scheme.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_807", "caption": "Transport of substances across the plasma membrane can be via passive transport (simple and facilitated diffusion) or active transport.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Passive_vs_Active_Membrane_Transport.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_808", "caption": "[ 6 ]  A  semipermeable membrane  separates two compartments of different solute concentrations: over time, the solute will diffuse until equilibrium is reached.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Diffusion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_809", "caption": "Uniport, symport, and antiport of molecules through membranes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TransportProteine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_810", "caption": "Simplified diagram of a  sodium potassium pump  showing alpha and beta units.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sodium_Pump.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_811", "caption": "Here a vesicle forms as cargo, receptors and coat proteins gather. The vesicle then buds outwards and breaks free into the cytoplasm. The vesicle is moved towards its target location then docks and fuses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/508px-Vesicle_Budding%2C_Motility_and_Fusion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_812", "caption": "Fig. 2  Membrane vesicle trafficking  Mechanism (A\u2013E), proposed for release (stages A\u2013C) of outer membrane vesicles, OMVs from gram-negative bacteria in analogy of soap-bubble formation from a bubble-tube assembly (RC in stage C) of rivet complexes, RC, and their translocation (stage D) to animal host/target cell, TC. General secretory pathway (GSP) secretes proteins across bacterial cell membrane (CM) to bulge out lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-rich outer membrane (OM) above peptidoglycan (PDG) layer into pockets of inflated periplasm, called periplasmic organelles (PO) to pinch off OMVs containing outer membrane proteins (OMPs), secretory proteins (SP) and chaperons (CH). OMVs signal epithelial host cells (EHC) to ruffle (R) aiding macropinoctosis of gram negative (G\u2212) microbe (stage E).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Outer_membrane_vesicle_secretion_from_gram-n_302900c4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_813", "caption": "Fig. 3 Transmission electron micrograph of human  Salmonella  organism bearing periplasmic organelles, (p, line arrow) on its surface and releasing bacterial outer membrane vesicles (MV) being endocytosed (curved arrow) by macrophage cell (M) in chicken ileum  in vivo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-OMV-macrophage99.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_814", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-The_Meyer-Overton_Correlation_%28Final%29.pn_4189751b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_815", "caption": "Anesthetic (orange) is shown competing with the palmitates (blue) of a palmitoylated protein (green). The displacement of the protein from the ordered lipids in the membrane (grey) renders the protein anesthetic sensitivity. The palmitate site is selective and structured similar to a protein despite being composed of lipids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/390px-APsite.v02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_816", "caption": "Mesosomes form in bacterial cells prepared for  electron microscopy  by chemical fixation, but not by freeze-fracture fixation. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Mesosome_formation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_817", "caption": "Cross-section view of the structures that can be formed by phospholipids in aqueous solutions (unlike this illustration, micelles are usually formed by single-chain lipids, since it is difficult to fit two chains into this shape)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.sv_6897b493.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_818", "caption": "Scheme of a micelle formed by  phospholipids  in an  aqueous  solution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Micelle_scheme-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_819", "caption": "Electron micrograph of the windmill-like supermicelle, scale bar 500 nm [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/370px-Supramolecular_assembly_of_micelles6.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_820", "caption": "The great plate count anomaly. Counts of cells obtained via cultivation are orders of magnitude lower than those directly observed under the microscope. This is because microbiologists are able to cultivate only a minority of naturally occurring microbes using current laboratory techniques, depending on the environment. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Great-plate-count-anomaly.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_821", "caption": "Louis Pasteur", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Louis_Pasteur.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_822", "caption": "Juxtaposition between  endoplasmic reticulum  (ER) and  mitochondria  via MAM", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Juxtaposition.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_823", "caption": "Models of the role of  contacts  between mitochondria and ER in apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Apoptosis_in_MAM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_824", "caption": "Schematic of a painted bilayer experiment. A sheet of plastic with a small hole in the center separates the two sides of the chamber. The bilayer is formed across this hole, separating the two chambers. The electrical properties of the bilayer can be measured by putting an electrode into each side of the chamber.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Black_lipid_membrane.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_825", "caption": "Diagram of a supported bilayer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Supported_bilayer.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_826", "caption": "Fluorescence micrograph of a supported bilayer on a substrate that has been patterned with a corral. This substrate was then sequentially exposed to two different populations of lipids (dyed red and green). Although the populations were kept largely separated there was some intermixing at the interface as seen from the color gradient.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Mixed_lipid_corral.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_827", "caption": "Diagram showing formation of t-BLM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-T-BLM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_828", "caption": "Diagram of lipid vesicles showing a solution of molecules (green dots) trapped in the vesicle interior.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Lipid_vesicles.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_829", "caption": "Chemical structure of MLCL backbone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Monolysocardiolipin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_830", "caption": "Schematic illustration of a MSP nanodisc with a  7-transmembrane  protein embedded. Diameter is about 10 nm. Picture from Sligar Lab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NanodiscWith7TMMembraneProtein.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_831", "caption": "Neurophysin II protein domain unbound to vasopressin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1npo_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_832", "caption": "Neurophysin-Oxytocin complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Oxytocin-neurophysin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_833", "caption": "Schematic representation of a niosome prepared by sorbitan monostearate (Span-60) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Schematic_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_834", "caption": "Node of Ranvier in the  peripheral nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Neuron.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_835", "caption": "Nodes of Ranvier in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nodes_of_Ranvier.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_836", "caption": "Louis Antoine Ranvier (1835\u20131922)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Louis-Antoine_Ranvier.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_837", "caption": "A volumetric surface render (red) of the nuclear envelope of one  HeLa cell . The cell was observed in 300 slices of  electron microscopy , the nuclear envelope was automatically segmented and rendered. One vertical and one horizontal slice are added for reference.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nuclear_envelope_of_one_cancerous_HeLa_cell._07423317.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_838", "caption": "Nuclear pores crossing the nuclear envelope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_839", "caption": "Breakdown and reassembly in  mitosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Nuclear_envelope_breakdown_and_reassembly_in_0fdc4a27.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_840", "caption": "The Ran-GTP cycle, which drives the import and export of RNA and proteins through the nuclear protein complex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/342px-Rancycle_nuclearimport_nuclearexport.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_841", "caption": "Scanning and illumination microscopy of nuclear pores,  lamina , and  chromatin .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/346px-3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_842", "caption": "Cell nucleus containing nuclear pores.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blausen_0212_CellNucleus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_843", "caption": "Figure from original paper, showing line diagrams of phagosomes arising from omegasomes (part D).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/ExternalImageImagec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_844", "caption": "Illustration showing steps from omegasome to autolysosome. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/ExternalImageImagec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_845", "caption": "Movement of water and ions in freshwater fish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Bachforelle_osmoregulatoin_bw_en2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_846", "caption": "Movement of water and ions in saltwater fish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Osmoseragulation_Carangoides_bartholomaei_bw_b68879e8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_847", "caption": "Protist  Paramecium  aurelia  with contractile vacuoles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Paramecium_contractile_vacuoles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_848", "caption": "Osmosis in a U-shaped tube", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Osmosis_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_849", "caption": "A  Pfeffer cell  used for early measurements of osmotic pressure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Pfeffer_Osmotische_Untersuchungen-1-3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_850", "caption": "Osmotic pressure on red blood cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg._53823db1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_851", "caption": "This caption is not  succinct .  Please  improve this article  if you can.   ( July 2017 )  Transmission electron micrograph of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) (size 80\u201390 nm, dia) released by human pathogen  Salmonella  3,10:r:- in chicken ileum,  in vivo . OMVs were proposed to be 'blown off' from large bacterial periplasmic protrusions, called  periplasmic organelles  (PO) with the help of 'bubble tube'-like assembly of about four  type III secretion  injectisomal  rivet complexes  (riveting bacterial outer and cell membrane to allow pockets of periplasm to expand into POs). This allows  membrane vesicle trafficking  of OMVs from gram negative bacteria to dock on host epithelial cell membrane (microvilli), proposed to translocate signal molecules from pathogen to host cells at the  host\u2013pathogen interface .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Human_Salmonella_secreting_outer_membrane_ve_f3d0fb4f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_852", "caption": "Passive diffusion across a  cell membrane .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Blausen_0213_CellularDiffusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_853", "caption": "Passive diffusion on a cell membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Scheme_simple_diffusion_in_cell_membrane-en._4a6ee4fb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_854", "caption": "Depiction of facilitated diffusion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Blausen_0394_Facilitated_Diffusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_855", "caption": "Filtration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-Filtration_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_856", "caption": "Effect of osmosis on blood cells under different solutions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/249px-Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg._f942ff0e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_857", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/120px-Perylene.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_858", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Perylene-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_859", "caption": "Vat Red 29  typical example of a structure with a perylene core", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Vat_Red_29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_860", "caption": "Biosynthesis of various phospholipids (including phosphatidylethanolamine) in bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Biosynthesis_of_phosphatidylglycerol%2C_phos_819db968.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_861", "caption": "The major  membrane lipids :   phosphatidylcholine  (PtdCho);  phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn);   phosphatidylinositol  (PtdIns);   phosphatidylserine  (PtdSer).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Membrane_Lipids.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_862", "caption": "Ethanolamine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Ethanolamine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_863", "caption": "General chemical structure of a phosphatidyl glycerol where R 1  and R 2  are fatty acid side chains", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phosphatidylglycerol.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_864", "caption": "Biosynthesis of Phosphatidylglycerol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Biosynthesis_of_phosphatidylglycerol%2C_phos_53b96c8b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_865", "caption": "Depicting the process of hydrolysis and biosynthesis at the plasma membrane and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Describing the cycle of PI, with respective enzymatic processes and reactions.                                       Made by Mathias Sollie Sandsdalen in BioRender.com, modified from N.J. Blunsom and S. Cockcroft. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phosphatidylinositol_hydrolysis_and_synthesi_0a7e1ce6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_866", "caption": "Biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Biosynthesis_of_phosphatidylglycerol%2C_phos_53b96c8b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_867", "caption": "The names, Drosophila homologs, and domain architecture of the PITPNM family proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PITPNM-Structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_868", "caption": "Nir1 localizes to ER-PM MCS using its FFAT and LNS2 domains. It is thought to directly interact with Nir2 in order to recruit Nir2 to the ER-PM MCS, so that Nir2 can transfer lipids with its PITP domain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PITPNM3-Function.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_869", "caption": "Plant cell undergoing Plasmolysis in a Hypertonic solution (x400 magnification)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plasmolysed_Plant_Cell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_870", "caption": "Plant cell under different environments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg.p_4674bbb2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_871", "caption": "PNGase F cleavage sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PNGase_F_Specificity.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_872", "caption": "PNGase F cleaves glycan and deaminates asparagine to aspartic acid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PNGaseF_Mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_873", "caption": "Polarized membrane due to inward and outward movement of ions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Illustration_of_Polarized_Membrane.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_874", "caption": "Skeletal formula of the prenyl group.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Prenyl.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_875", "caption": "The three main structures phospholipids form in solution: the  liposome  (a closed bilayer), the micelle and the bilayer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.sv_cfb98d64.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_876", "caption": "Scheme of a  micelle  spontaneously formed by  phospholipids  in an  aqueous  solution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Micelle_scheme-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_877", "caption": "Schematic showing two possible conformations of the lipids at the edge of a pore. In the top image the lipids have not rearranged, so the pore wall is hydrophobic. In the bottom image some of the lipid heads have bent over, so the pore wall is hydrophilic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pore_schematic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_878", "caption": "This fluid  lipid  bilayer cross section is made up entirely of  phosphatidylcholine .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lipid_bilayer_section.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_879", "caption": "Surfactant molecules arranged on an air\u2013water interface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Surfactant.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_880", "caption": "Protoplasts of cells from a petunia's leaf", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protoplasts_Petunia_sp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_881", "caption": "Protoplasts of the moss  Physcomitrella patens", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Physcomitrella_protoplasts.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_882", "caption": "Fused protoplast (on left), containing both chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) as well as a  coloured vacuole (from a petal).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protoplast_fusion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_883", "caption": "Structure schematic, showing sugar units and UDP-L-Glu-\u03b3-L-Ala-\u03b5-L-Lys-L-Ala peptide stem. Additional glutamic acid residue attached to the L-Lys residue via a \u03b3 bond [ 1 ]  not shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pseudopeptidoglycan.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_884", "caption": "Pterygium of the eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pterygium_Slitlamp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_885", "caption": "An example of membrane  receptors .  Ligands, located outside the cell Ligands connect to specific receptor proteins based on the shape of the active site of the protein. The receptor releases a messenger once the ligand has connected to the receptor.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Receptor_%28Biochemistry%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_886", "caption": "Transmembrane receptor: E=extracellular space; I=intracellular space; P=plasma membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Transmembrane_receptor.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_887", "caption": "Efficacy spectrum of receptor ligands.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Efficacy_spectrum.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_888", "caption": "A labeled diagram of an  action potential . As seen above, repolarization takes place just after the peak of the action potential, when  K +  ions rush out of the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ActionPotential.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_889", "caption": "The  Na + /K + -ATPase , as well as effects of diffusion of the involved ions, are major mechanisms to maintain the resting potential across the membranes of animal cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Sodium-potassium_pump_and_diffusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_890", "caption": "A diagram showing the progression in the development of a membrane potential from a concentration gradient (for potassium).  Green  arrows indicate net movement of K +  down a concentration gradient.  Red  arrows indicate net movement of K +  due to the membrane potential. The diagram is misleading in that while the concentration of potassium ions outside of the cell increases, only a small amount of K +  needs to cross the membrane in order to produce a membrane potential with a magnitude large enough to counter the tendency of the potassium ions to move down the concentration gradient.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Membrane_potential_development.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_891", "caption": "Embedded cylindrical object of radius  \n \n \n \n a \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a} \n \n  in a membrane with viscosity  \n \n \n \n \n \u03b7 \n \n m \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta _{m}} \n \n , height  \n \n \n \n h \n \n \n {\\displaystyle h} \n \n , surrounded by bulk fluid with viscosity  \n \n \n \n \n \u03b7 \n \n f \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta _{f}}", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Sd-illus-wiki.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_892", "caption": "Schematic of semipermeable membrane during  hemodialysis , where blood is red, dialysing fluid is blue, and the membrane is yellow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Semipermeable_membrane_%28svg%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_893", "caption": "Salt outside of the cell creates osmotic pressure that pushes water through the phospholipid bilayer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Osmotic_Pressure_and_a_Semipermeable_Membran_38f4cc0b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_894", "caption": "Dialysis tubing allows waste molecules to be selectively removed from blood.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dialysis_new.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_895", "caption": "Serous membrane lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart\u2014much the same way that an underinflated balloon would form two layers surrounding a fist. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Serous_Membrane.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_896", "caption": "Schematic diagram of an organ invaginating into a serous cavity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Serous_organ_invagination.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_897", "caption": "Compounds of SkQ", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-SkQ_and_related_compounds.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_898", "caption": "Fig 1. The vesicle fusion complex. The vesicle approaches the membrane and proteins including SNAP, NSF, synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and synaptotagmin SNARE proteins form the 20S SNARE Complex required for fusion. The ATPase action of NSF drives disassembly post priming of the complex. Ca 2+  influx due to depolarization drives vesicle fusion to the membrane and release of neurotransmitters.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/274px-Ca2%2B_dependent_fusion_of_vesicles.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_899", "caption": "Action of botulinum toxin at the synaptic nerve terminals interferes with the assembly of the 20S SNARE complex and prevents the signaling.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Botulinum_Toxin_Mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_900", "caption": "General structures of  sphingolipids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/349px-Sphingolipids_general_structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_901", "caption": "Sphingomyelin Black:  Sphingosine Red:  Phosphocholine Blue:  Fatty acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Sphingomyelin_core_structure_colored.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_902", "caption": "Top-down view of sphingomyelin, demonstrating its nearly cylindrical shape", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Top-down_Sphingomyelin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_903", "caption": "Sphingomyelin de novo synthesis pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/364px-Sphingomyelin_Synthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_904", "caption": "Simplified cross-section of a mitochondrion and a submitochondrial particle, showing the particle's inverted membrane orientation. Whereas whole submitochondrial particles can perform oxidative phosphorylation yielding ATP, destabilized particles lacking F 1  particles consume oxygen and oxidize NADH without synthesizing ATP, and free F 1  particles catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Submitochondrial_particles.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_905", "caption": "Structures of general anaesthetics widely used in medicine. [ 1 ]  1 -  ethanol , 2 -  chloroform , 3 -  diethyl ether , 4 -  fluroxene , 5 -  halothane , 6 -  methoxyflurane , 7 -  enflurane , 8 -  isoflurane , 9 -  desflurane , 10 -  sevoflurane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-General_anesthetics_simplicity_and_variety_o_7fc6c53b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_906", "caption": "The Meyer-Overton correlation for anaesthetics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-The_Meyer-Overton_correlation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_907", "caption": "As bulky and hydrophobic anaesthetic molecules accumulate inside the neuronal cell membrane, this causes membrane distortion and expansion (thickening) due to volume displacement. Membrane thickening reversibly alters function of membrane ion channels thus providing anaesthetic effect. The actual chemical structure of the anaesthetic agent  per se  was not important, but its molecular volume plays the major role: the more space within membrane is occupied by anaesthetic, the greater is the anaesthetic effect.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Lipid_bilayer_expansion_hypothesis_of_anesth_6443439b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_908", "caption": "Anesthetic (orange) is shown competing with the palmitates (blue) of a palmitoylated protein (green). The displacement of the protein from the ordered lipids in the membrane (grey) renders the protein anesthetic sensitivity. The palmitate site is selective and structured similarly to a protein despite being composed of lipids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-APsite.v02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_909", "caption": "General anaesthetic changes membrane lateral pressure profile which determines conformation of membrane ion channel (green lock)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Modern_lipid_hypothesis_of_mechanism_of_gene_ad64f758.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_910", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Anesthetic_oleamide-induced_closure_of_gap_j_a5b3119e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_911", "caption": "Inhaled general anaesthetics frequently do not change structure of their target protein (of Cys-loop receptor here) but change its dynamics especially dynamics in the flexible loops that connect \u03b1-helices in a bundle thus disrupting modes of motion essential for the protein function.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Modern_protein_hypothesis_of_mechanism_of_ge_be46a853.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_912", "caption": "GABA A  receptor and where various ligands bind.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-GABAa_receptor.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_913", "caption": "The Meyer-Overton rule predicts the constant increase of anaesthetic potency of n-alkanols with increasing chain length. However, above certain length the potency vanishes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Interpretation_of_the_Cutoff_effect_in_the_f_fa42be3a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_914", "caption": "A)  Short hydrocarbon chains are relatively rigid in terms of conformational enthropy and are close to alkanol hydroxyl group (\"buoy\") tethered to the interface. This makes short chain alkanols efficient mediators that redistribute lateral stress from membrane interior to its interface.  B)  This ability decreases in the row of n-alkanols since longer chains are more flexible and are not so tightly tethered to the hydroxyl group.  C)  Polyhydroxyalkanes 1,6,11,16-hexadecanetetraol and 2,7,12,17-octadecanetetraol exhibit significant anaesthetic potency as was predicted by cutoff effect because the length of the hydrocarbon chain between hydroxyl groups is smaller than the cutoff.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Interpretation_of_the_cutoff_effect_in_the_f_6fc4a556.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_915", "caption": "Thylakoids (dark green) inside a chloroplast", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Thylakoid2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_916", "caption": "Thylakoid structures", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Granum.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_917", "caption": "Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) imaging of thylakoid membranes  10-nm-thick STEM tomographic slice from a lettuce chloroplast. Grana stacks are interconnected by unstacked stromal thylakoids, called  stroma lamellae . Scalebar = 200 nm. See. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Lettuce_Thylakoid.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_918", "caption": "Granum-stroma assembly structure  The prevailing model of the granum-stroma assembly is stacks of granal thylakoids wrapped by right-handed helical stromal thylakoids which are connected to large parallel sheets of stromal thylakoids and adjacent right-handed helices by left-handed helical structures. (Based on  [ 2 ] ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Thylakoid_Structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_919", "caption": "Thylakoid disc with embedded and associated proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Thylakoid_disc.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_920", "caption": "Schematic representation of thylakoid protein targeting pathways. [ 29 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Thylakoid_targeting.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_921", "caption": "Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Thylakoid_membrane_3.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_922", "caption": "Thylakoids (green) inside a cyanobacterium ( Synechocystis )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Synechocystis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_923", "caption": "TRP channel groups and families.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-TRP_Channel_Phylogeny.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_924", "caption": "Figure 1. Light-activated TRPL channels in  Periplaneta americana  photoreceptors. A, a typical current through TRPL channels was evoked by a 4-s pulse of bright light (horizontal bar). B, a photoreceptor membrane voltage response to the light-induced activation of TRPL channels, data from the same cell are shown", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-TRP_P.Americana_retina.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_925", "caption": "TRPC5-mediated chemoresistance:   TRPC5 overexpression activates the transcription factor NFATC3 Ca 2+  signaling pathway, leading to p-gp overexpression. Moreover, the overexpressed p-gp expels chemotherapeutic drugs such as  doxorubicin  triggering chemoresistance.   Chemoresistant breast cancer cells overexpressing TRPC5 transfer channel units to chemo sensitive recipient cells via  extracellular vesicles  (EV), leading to the development of TRPC5-mediated chemoresistance in these cells. [ 49 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-TRPC5_Chemo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_926", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/375px-Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg.p_c8821250.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_927", "caption": "A turgid and flaccid cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/137px-Turgid.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_928", "caption": "Mature squirting cucumber fruit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/135px-Mature_squirting_cucumber.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_929", "caption": "Tree roots penetrating rock", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/231px-Tree_growing_out_of_rock_in_Coire_Earb_-_geo_be02171d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_930", "caption": "Open stomata on the left and closed stomata on the right", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/135px-Stomata_opened_and_closed_unlabelled.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_931", "caption": "Mimosa pudica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sismonastia_de_la_Mimosa_pudica.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_932", "caption": "Shaggy ink caps  bursting through asphalt due to high turgor pressure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Shaggy_Ink_Caps_busting_through_asphalt.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_933", "caption": "Diagram of a pressure bomb", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pressurebomb.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_934", "caption": "Type IV Secretion system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/305px-T4SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_935", "caption": "Scheme of a liposome formed by  phospholipids  in an  aqueous  solution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Liposome_scheme-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_936", "caption": "Sarfus  image of lipid vesicles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_937", "caption": "Electron micrograph of a cell containing a food vacuole (fv) and transport vacuole (tv) in a  malaria parasite", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Hemozoin_in_food_vacuole.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_938", "caption": "WALP-19 protein peptide of the following sequence of 19 amino acids: GWWLALALALALALALWWA. Tryptophan residues are shown in green while leucines and alanines are displayed in red and blue, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-WALP-19.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_939", "caption": "SNARE complex zoomed in to the zero ionic layer level on Pymol simulator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/374px-3-8_3Q-1R_zero_ionic_layer_structure_on_Pymo_97461634.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_940", "caption": "Amacrine cells. (Susanne E Hausselt, Thomas Euler , Peter B Detwiler, Winfried Denk.  License link )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/390px-Amacrine_cells_%28all%2C_a17_%26_sac%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_941", "caption": "A diagram of the retina of the eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_942", "caption": "A photograph of the retina of the human eye. (\u062f.\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0631,   License link )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Retina1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_943", "caption": "A visual of the placement and use of the optic nerves. (OpenStax Textbook, Anatomy and Physiology,  License Link )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/258px-1204_Optic_Nerve_vs_Optic_Tract.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_944", "caption": "The conformation change of retinal, caused by light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/144px-11-cis-Retinal_Vitamin_A-Aldehyd.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_945", "caption": "The three-layered network that carries photoreceptor information to the optic nerve. Photoreceptors are shown at the top, and the optic nerve is shown at the bottom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/369px-Layers_of_nerve_cells_in_the_retina.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_946", "caption": "Cells engineered to fluoresce under UV light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PGlo-UltraViolet.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_947", "caption": "Schematic of typical  Gram-positive cell wall  showing arrangement of  N-Acetylglucosamine  and  N-Acetylmuramic acid ;  Teichoic acids  not shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gram-positive_cellwall-schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_948", "caption": "Schematic of typical  Gram-negative cell wall  showing arrangement of  N-Acetylglucosamine  and  N-Acetylmuramic acid  and the outer membrane containing  lipopolysaccharide .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Gram_negative_cell_wall.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_949", "caption": "Image of isolated adult  cardiac myocytes  taken using  confocal microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/272px-Adult_Cardiac_Myocyte.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_950", "caption": "Diagram A: Fluorescence-assisted cell sorting for negative selection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fluorescence_Assisted_Cell_Sorting_%28FACS%2_50d1e3ab.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_951", "caption": "Diagram B: Fluorescence-assisted cell sorting for positive selection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fluorescence_Assisted_Cell_Sorting_%28FACS%2_d38e000f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_952", "caption": "The Hayflick limit deliberates that the average cell will divide around 50 times before reaching a stage known as senescence. As the cell divides, the telomeres on the end of a linear chromosome get shorter. The telomeres will eventually no longer be present on the chromosome. This end stage is the concept that links the deterioration of telomeres to aging.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hayflick_Limit_%281%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_953", "caption": "Top : Primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) before senescence. Spindle-shaped. Bottom : MEFs became senescent after passages. Cells grow larger, flatten shape and expressed senescence-associated  \u03b2-galactosidase  (SABG, blue areas), a marker of cellular senescence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SABG_MEFs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_954", "caption": "Chromatophores in the skin of a  squid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/370px-Chromatophores.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_955", "caption": "A  veiled chameleon ,  Chamaeleo calyptratus . Structural green and blue colours are generated by overlaying chromatophore types to reflect filtered light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C_Calyptratus_female.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_956", "caption": "Leucophore layer composition", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Leucophore_layer_composition.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_957", "caption": "At the bottom a  mutant  zebrafish larva that fails to synthesise melanin in its melanophores, at the top a non-mutant, wildtype larva", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Zebrafish_embryos.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_958", "caption": "The purple-striped dottyback,  Pseudochromis diadema , generates its  violet  stripe with an unusual type of chromatophore.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pseudochromis_Diadema_Larry.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_959", "caption": "Fish and frog melanophores are cells that can change colour by dispersing or aggregating pigment-containing bodies.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Melanophores_with_dispersed_or_aggregated_me_8e6feb0d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_960", "caption": "A single  zebrafish  melanophore imaged by  time-lapse  photography during pigment aggregation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Melanophore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_961", "caption": "Zebrafish  chromatophores mediate  background adaptation  on exposure to dark (top) and light environments (bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Zfishchroma.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_962", "caption": "Cross-section  of a developing vertebrate  trunk  showing the dorsolateral (red) and ventromedial (blue) routes of chromatoblast migration", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Neural.crest.cells.migration.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_963", "caption": "An infant  cuttlefish , using background adaptation to mimic the local environment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Camouflage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_964", "caption": "Coenocyte of  Sphaeroforma arctica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Coenocyte_of_Sphaeroforma_arctica.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_965", "caption": "Botrydium , showing a coenocytic body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NSRW_Coenocyte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_966", "caption": "An eight-celled colony of  Pediastrum duplex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pediastrum_duplex_phv.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_967", "caption": "Models for studying collective cell migration \u200a [ 10 ] Red arrows show the direction of migration for each tissue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Models_for_studying_collective_cell_migratio_82d87e3f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_968", "caption": "Spectrum of collective cell migration \u200a [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Spectrum_of_collective_cell_migration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_969", "caption": "Alcohol dehydrogenase  immunoreactivity in a healthy cornea (top), in  Fuchs' dystrophy  and  keratoconic  cornea.  Diaminobenzidine  stains keratocytes in the cross-section of cornea. From  Mootha et al., 2009. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Keratoconus_keratocytes_alcohol_dehydrogenas_6e233e89.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_970", "caption": "1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea  27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_971", "caption": "Multiple exophers produced by a mechanosensory neuron in  C. elegans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PVM_Exopher_Labeled-1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_972", "caption": "1.The  insertion sequences  (yellow) on both the  F factor  plasmid and the chromosome have similar sequences, allowing the F factor to insert itself into the  genome  of the cell. This is called  homologous recombination  and creates an Hfr (high frequency of recombination) cell.   2.The Hfr cell forms sex pili a pilus and attaches to a recipient F- cell.   3.A nick in one strand of the Hfr cell\u2019s chromosome is created.   4.DNA begins to be transferred from the Hfr cell to the recipient cell while the second strand of its chromosome is being replicated.   5.The pilus detaches from the recipient cell and retracts. The Hfr cell ideally wants to transfer its entire genome to the recipient cell. However, due to its large size and inability to keep in contact with the recipient cell, it is not able to do so.   6.The F- cell remains F- because the entire F factor sequence was not received. Since no homologous recombination occurred, the DNA that was transferred is degraded by enzymes. In very rare cases, the F factor will be completely transferred and the F- cell will become an Hfr cell.  [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hfr_Recombination.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_973", "caption": "H\u00fclle cells from a single cleistothecium. Scale bar is 10 \u03bcm [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-H%C3%BClle_Cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_974", "caption": "Cytopathology suspicious for  H\u00fcrthle cell neoplasm  ( Bethesda category  IV, rather than H\u00fcrthle cell hyperplasia), Pap stain. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Cytopathology_suspicious_for_H%C3%BCrthle_ce_2f5956d2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_975", "caption": "Rickettsia rickettsii  (stained red) within tick haemolymph cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rickettsia_rickettsii.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_976", "caption": "Microscopic image of two ionocytes in a gill", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chloride_cell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_977", "caption": "Diagram of a lymph node.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_Lymph_node_5f0f7d00.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_978", "caption": "Histological section  of a normal lymph node", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Normal_Lymph_Node.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_979", "caption": "Lymphocyte surrounded by red blood cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Reactive_lymphocyte_closeup.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_980", "caption": "This is a 3D reconstruction of a neuropod cell utilizing a serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) data set in Imaris software. [ 1 ]  On the left side of the cell has microvilli extending into the gut lumen and the right side has a neuropod extending into the basal lamina propria. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Celula_L_Estructura.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_981", "caption": "Culture of rat brain cells stained with antibody to MAP2 (green), Neurofilament NF-H (red) and DNA (blue). MAP2 is found in neuronal dendrites, while the neurofilament is found predominantly in axons. Antibodies and image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Culture_of_rat_brain_cells_stained_with_anti_c45599fb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_982", "caption": "Primordial Germ Cell Migration", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GermCellMigration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_983", "caption": "Schematic model of somatic cell nuclear transfer. This technique has been used to create clones of an organism or in therapeutic medicine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cloning_diagram_english.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_984", "caption": "Schematic of CRISPR based gene editing technique", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DNA_Repair-colourfriendly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_985", "caption": "Rho Cascade - stress fiber formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rho_cascade.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_986", "caption": "Three types of stress fibers: ventral stress fibers, transverse arcs, and dorsal stress fibers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stress_Fibers_-_three_types.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_987", "caption": "Principle of transcriptional memory. A pulse of an inducer (priming) results in expression of target genes, which subsides upon withdrawal. During a window of no induction (window of memory), some genes maintain a poised but transcriptionally silent state that results in a stronger gene activation upon a second challenge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Transcriptional_memory.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_988", "caption": "Different types of extracellular signaling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Cell_signalling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_989", "caption": "Differences between autocrine and paracrine signaling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Autocrine_and_Paracrine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_990", "caption": "This image displays the different types of cell signaling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Forms_of_Cell_Signaling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_991", "caption": "Transmembrane receptor working principle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Ligand-receptor_interaction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_992", "caption": "The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino terminal, ligand binding, and transmembrane domain, PDB 3KG2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AMPA_receptor.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_993", "caption": "A G Protein-coupled receptor within the plasma membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1hzx_7TM_Sketch_Membrane.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_994", "caption": "VEGF receptors are a type of enzyme-coupled receptors, specifically tyrosine kinase receptors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-VEGF_receptors.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_995", "caption": "Key components of a signal transduction pathway ( MAPK/ERK pathway  shown)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MAPKpathway_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_996", "caption": "Signal transduction pathways that lead to a cellular response", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Signal_transduction_pathways.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_997", "caption": "Notch -mediated juxtacrine signal between adjacent cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Notchccr.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_998", "caption": "A diagram of the proteins found in the active zone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-AZ_detail.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_999", "caption": "The vesicle release machinery. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Exocytosis-machinery.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1000", "caption": "The presynaptic active zone and the synaptic vesicle cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Active_zone3.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1001", "caption": "A diagram showing the change in membrane capacitance before (top) and after (middle and bottom) vesicle fusion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Membrane_capacitance.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1002", "caption": "General chemical structure of an  N -acyl homoserine lactone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-N-Acyl_Homoserine_Lactone.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1003", "caption": "Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of  ATP  to  3',5'-cyclic AMP .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Adenylate_kinase.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1004", "caption": "Structure of adenylyl cyclase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Adenylyl_cyclase.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1005", "caption": "The human adhesion GPCR family .  Members are defined by their unusual hybrid structure in which a large extracellular region often containing known protein modules is coupled to a seven span transmembrane region via a GPCR-Autoproteolsis INducing  (GAIN)  domain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Adhesion3.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1006", "caption": "GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing  (GAIN)  domain , rat latrophilin  4DLQ \u200b mediates autocatalytic cleavage of adhesion GPCRs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-GAIN_domain_latrophilin2.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1007", "caption": "Activation of the PI3K-Akt Pathway by a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-P13K-Akt_Pathway_Activated_by_RTK.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1008", "caption": "Structure of Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Molecular_Structure_of_Phosphoinositol_3%2C4_181a7b31.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1009", "caption": "Examples of feedback control in the PI3K-Akt Pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Regulation_of_P13K-Akt_Pathway_in_Feedback_L_a749da68.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1010", "caption": "The substrates of Akt involved in promoting cell survival or blocking apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Akt_Phosphorylation_Substrates_Affecting_Apo_6bad817a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1011", "caption": "The effects of Akt activation on Cell Cycle progression", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Akt_Substrates_Involved_in_Cell_Cycle_Regula_8650a4da.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1012", "caption": "PI3K-Akt Pathway proteins involved in Cancer. Oncogenes (activation increases in cancer) are green and tumour suppressors (inactivated or lost in cancer) are red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-PI3K-Akt_Pathways_with_a_role_in_Cancer.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1013", "caption": "John Sulston  won the  Nobel Prize in Medicine  in 2002, for his pioneering research on apoptosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-John_Sulston.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1014", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Apoptosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1015", "caption": "Control of the apoptotic mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Control_Of_The_Apoptosis_Mecanisms.pdf_3ce1cee1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1016", "caption": "Overview of signal transduction pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Signal_transduction_pathways.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1017", "caption": "Different steps in apoptotic cell disassembly [ 61 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Apoptotic_cell_disassembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1018", "caption": "Long-term live cell imaging (12h) of multinucleated mouse pre-Adipocyte trying to undergo mitosis. Due to the excess of genetic material the cell fails to replicate and dies by apoptosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apoptosis_in_mouse_pre-adipocytes.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1019", "caption": "A section of mouse liver showing several apoptotic cells, indicated by arrows", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apoptosis_multi_mouseliver.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1020", "caption": "A section of mouse liver  stained  to show cells undergoing apoptosis (orange)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apoptosis_stained.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1021", "caption": "Neonatal cardiomyocytes ultrastructure after anoxia-reoxygenation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apoptosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1022", "caption": "Fig. 1: Activation of the  epidermal growth factor receptor  by autophosphorylation. Adapted from Pecorino (2008) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Activation_of_EGFR_by_autophosphorylation..p_c6ffe5a5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1023", "caption": "Fig. 2: Regulation of Src-kinase by autophosphorylation. Adapted from Frame (2002) [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Regulation_of_the_Src-kinase_by_autophosphor_1b8ce6ec.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1024", "caption": "Shows Ca 2+  release from the  endoplasmic reticulum  through  phospholipase C (PLC)  pathway.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/305px-Calcium_Signaling_Pathway.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1025", "caption": "Phospholipase C cleaving PIP2 into IP3 and DAG", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-287px-PLC_role_in_IP3-DAG_pathway.tif._e6e3d8e4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1026", "caption": "Comparison of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle contraction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/342px-Comparison_of_smooth_muscle_and_skeletal_mus_49ddfcec.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1027", "caption": "The helix\u2013loop\u2013helix structure of the calcium-binding  EF hand  motif", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-EFhandmotif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1028", "caption": "This images shows conformational changes in calmodulin. On the left is calmodulin without calcium and on the right is calmodulin with calcium. Sites that bind target proteins are indicated by red stars.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Calmodulin_Binding_sites.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1029", "caption": "Solution structure of Ca 2+ -calmodulin  C -terminal domain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Calmodulin_C-terminal.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1030", "caption": "Solution structure of Ca 2+ -calmodulin  N -terminal domain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Calmodulin_N-terminal.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1031", "caption": "Calmodulin bound to a peptide from MLC kinase ( PDB :  2LV6 \u200b)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Calmodulin_bound_to_MLC_Kinase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1032", "caption": "Sorghum  plant contains temperature-responsive genes. These  genes  help the plant  adapt  in extreme weather conditions such as hot and dry  environments .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sorghum_bicolor_%284171536532%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1033", "caption": "The seven-transmembrane \u03b1-helix structure of a G-protein-coupled receptor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-PDB_1hzx_7TM_Sketch_Membrane.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1034", "caption": "E  =  extracellular space P  =  plasma membrane I  =  intracellular space", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Transmembrane_receptor.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1035", "caption": "External reactions and internal reactions for signal transduction (click to enlarge)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-The_External_Reactions_and_the_Internal_Reac_0d76a29a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1036", "caption": "Three conformation states of acetylcholine receptor (click to enlarge)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Three_conformation_states_of_acetylcholine_r_0abdfda1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1037", "caption": "Sketch of an enzyme-linked receptor structure (structure of IGF-1R) (click to enlarge)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Structure_of_IGF-1R.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1038", "caption": "Flow charts of two strategies of structure-based drug design", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Flow_charts_of_two_strategies_of_structure_b_5ee555d0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1039", "caption": "Various types of cell junctions.  In this diagram, the interface between neighboring cells or the   basolateral membrane  is depicted as \"sheets\"; the space between these sheets being the extracellular environment and the location of adhesion protein interaction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Cell_junctions.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1040", "caption": "Immunofluorescence micrograph of three  cytotoxic T cells  (outer three) surrounding a cancer cell. Lytic granules (red) are secreted at the contact site, killing the target. Cytotoxic T cells are powerful agents of cellular immunity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Killer_T_cells_surround_a_cancer_cell.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1041", "caption": "Labelled diagram of a cell undergoing apoptosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apoptosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1042", "caption": "Alek Rapoport,  Anastasis I , 1996", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Alek_Rapoport_-_Anastasis-1_-_1996.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1043", "caption": "HeLa cervical cancer cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_antibody_to_actin_%2_1eabd7d4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1044", "caption": "Artistic interpretation of the major elements in chemical synaptic transmission. An electrochemical wave called an  action potential  travels along the  axon  of a  neuron . When the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it provokes the release of a synaptic vesicle, secreting its quanta of  neurotransmitter  molecules. The neurotransmitter binds to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of another neuron, the postsynaptic neuron, on the opposite side of the synaptic cleft.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1045", "caption": "Diagram of a chemical synaptic connection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Synapse_figure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1046", "caption": "Release of neurotransmitter occurs at the end of axonal branches.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neuro_Muscular_Junction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1047", "caption": "Shoot apical meristems of Crassula ovata (left). Fourteen days later, leaves have developed (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apical_Meristems_in_Crassula_ovata.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1048", "caption": "Tunica-Corpus model of the apical meristem (growing tip). The epidermal (L1) and subepidermal (L2) layers form the outer layers called the tunica. The inner L3 layer is called the corpus. Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-M%C3%A9rist%C3%A8me_couches.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1049", "caption": "The sigmoidal shape of hemoglobin's oxygen-dissociation curve results from cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hemoglobin_saturation_curve.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1050", "caption": "cAMP represented in three ways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CAMP.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1051", "caption": "Adenosine triphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ATP_structure_revised.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1052", "caption": "An antibody has  Fab  (fragment, antigen-binding) and Fc (fragment, crystallizable) regions. Fc receptors bind to the Fc region.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-2fab_fc.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1053", "caption": "Fc receptors recognize  microbes  that have been bound by  antibodies . The interaction between the bound antibodies and the cell surface Fc receptor activates the immune cell to kill the microbe. This example shows the  phagocytosis  of an  opsonized  microbe.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Fc_receptor_response.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1054", "caption": "Activation of mast cell degranulation by IgE interaction with Fc\u03b5RI. 1 = antigen; 2 = IgE; 3 = Fc\u03b5RI; 4 = preformed mediators (histamine, proteases, chemokines, heparin); 5 = granules; 6 \u2013 mast cell; 7 \u2013 newly formed mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, platelet-activating factor)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1055", "caption": "Crystal Structure of Fus3 MAP Kinase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Crystal_Structure_of_Fus3_MAP_Kinase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1056", "caption": "Phosducin - transducin  beta-gamma complex. Beta and gamma subunits of G-protein are shown by blue and red, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-1b9x_opm.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1057", "caption": "Guanosine diphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Guanosindiphosphat_protoniert.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1058", "caption": "Guanosine triphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Guanosintriphosphat_protoniert.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1059", "caption": "Sequence relationship among the 18 human G \u03b1  proteins. [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_Ga_protein_phylogeny.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1060", "caption": "Activation cycle of G-proteins (pink) by a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR, light blue) receiving a ligand (red). Ligand binding to GPCRs (2) induces a conformation change that facilitates the exchange of GDP for GTP on the \u03b1 subunit of the heterotrimeric complex (3\u20134). Both GTP-bound G\u03b1 in the active form and the released G\u03b2\u03b3 dimer can then go on to stimulate a number of downstream effectors (5). When the GTP on G\u03b1 is hydrolyzed to GDP (6) the original receptor is restored (1). [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-GPCR-Zyklus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1061", "caption": "GPCR-Autoproteolsis INducing  (GAIN)  domain , rat latrophilin  4DLQ \u200b mediates autocatalytic cleavage of adhesion GPCRs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-GAIN_domain_latrophilin2.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1062", "caption": "Connexin protein, modelled using pyMOL. pyMOL protein code taken from Protein Data Bank [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ConnexinPYMOL.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1063", "caption": "Calmodulin protein, modelled using pyMOL. pyMOL protein code taken from Protein Data Bank [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CalmodulinPYMOL.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1064", "caption": "Structural formula of Amiodarone.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Amiodarone_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1065", "caption": "Structural formula of Tonabersat.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tonabersat.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1066", "caption": "Glycine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glycine-2D-skeletal.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1067", "caption": "(a): shows three agonists and one antagonist of the glycine receptor. (b): the fetal form of the receptor is made up of five \u03b12 subunits, while the adult form is made up of both \u03b11 and \u03b2 subunits.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glycine_receptor_StructureAgonistsAntagonist_0dc713ea.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1068", "caption": "Figure 1.  Normal and Hedgehog mutant larvae.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Denticlebands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1069", "caption": "Figure 2 . Production of the CiR transcriptional repressor when Hh is not bound to  Patched . In the diagram, \"P\" represents  phosphate .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HedgehogCiR.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1070", "caption": "Figure 3 . When Hh is bound to Patched (PTCH), Ci protein is able to act as a transcription factor in the nucleus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HedgehogActive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1071", "caption": "Figure 4.  Interactions between  Wingless  and Hedgehog", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Wingless_and_Hedgehog_reciprocal_signaling_d_762c90c8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1072", "caption": "Figure 5.  Overview of  Sonic hedgehog  signaling.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Sonic_hedgehog_pathway.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1073", "caption": "Suggested regulation pathway for Smo via Hedgehog and Ptch1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Hedgehog_signalling_copy.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1074", "caption": "Figure 6.   Sonic hedgehog  specifies digit identity in mammalian development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Limb_bud.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1075", "caption": "Figure 7 .  Phylogenetic  relationship of hedgehog ligands (based on Ingham and McMahon, 2001).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Hedgehog_ligand_evolution.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1076", "caption": "A generalized neuron containing heteroreceptors showing the release of different neurotransmitters than the heteroreceptor ligand.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Heteroreceptor.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1077", "caption": "Left: A hormone feedback loop in a female adult. (1)  follicle-stimulating hormone , (2)  luteinizing hormone , (3)  progesterone , (4)  estradiol . Right:  auxin  transport from leaves to roots in  Arabidopsis thaliana", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/283px-Hormone_Transport.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1078", "caption": "Different types of hormones are secreted in the human body, with different biological roles and functions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1802_Examples_of_Amine_Peptide_Protein_and_S_3db31568.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1079", "caption": "The left diagram shows a steroid (lipid) hormone (1) entering a cell and (2) binding to a receptor protein in the nucleus, causing (3) mRNA synthesis which is the first step of protein synthesis. The right side shows protein hormones (1) binding with receptors which (2) begins a transduction pathway. The transduction pathway ends (3) with transcription factors being activated in the nucleus, and protein synthesis beginning. In both diagrams, a is the hormone, b is the cell membrane, c is the cytoplasm, and d is the nucleus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Steroid_and_Lipid_Hormones.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1080", "caption": "Blood glucose levels are maintained at a constant level in the body by a negative feedback mechanism. When the blood glucose level is too high, the pancreas secretes insulin and when the level is too low, the pancreas then secretes glucagon. The flat line shown represents the homeostatic set point. The sinusoidal line represents the blood glucose level.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Negative_Feedback_Gif.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1081", "caption": "This is a diagram that represents and describer what hormones are and their activity in the bloodstream. Hormones flow in and out of the bloodstream and are able to bind to Target cells to activate the role of the hormone. This is with the help of the bloodstream flow and the secreting cell. Hormones regulate: metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, reproduction, etc. This diagram also lists the important hormones in a human body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hormones.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1082", "caption": "The  T-cell receptor complex  with TCR-\u03b1 and TCR-\u03b2 chains,  CD3  and \u03b6-chain accessory molecules. ITAMs are represented in blue on the tails of the CD3 subunits.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TCRComplex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1083", "caption": "Notch -mediated juxtacrine signal between adjacent cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Notchccr.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1084", "caption": "Kainic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Kainic_acid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1085", "caption": "Glutamic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-L-Glutamins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Glutamic_acid.svg.p_152fbf5b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1086", "caption": "Known KAR Roles in Neurons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/269px-KAR_Roles_in_Neurons.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1087", "caption": "Human hypothalamus (shown in red)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Hypothalamus_small.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1088", "caption": "GNRH1 structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GNRH1_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1089", "caption": "Figure 28 03 01", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Figure_28_03_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1090", "caption": "Myoglobin  (blue) with its ligand  heme  (orange) bound. Based on  PDB :  1MBO \u200b", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Myoglobin_and_heme.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1091", "caption": "Two agonists with similar binding affinity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Agonist_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1092", "caption": "Two ligands with different receptor binding affinity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Agonists_v2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1093", "caption": "Function of TAM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tumour_Associated_Macrophage_%28TAM%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1094", "caption": "Key components of the MAPK/ERK pathway. \"P\" represents   phosphate , which communicates the signal. Top, epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR) in the cell membrane, starting the cascade of signals. Further downstream, phosphate signal activates MAPK (also known as ERK). Bottom, signal enters the cell nucleus and causes transcription of DNA, which is then expressed as protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MAPKpathway_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1095", "caption": "MAP Kinase Pathways.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-MAPKpathway.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1096", "caption": "Schematic of mitogen input integrated into the cell cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mitocellcycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1097", "caption": "EGF-Stimulated, Frequency-Modulated ERK Activity Pulses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-EGF-Stimulated%2C_Frequency-Modulated_ERK_Ac_db358156.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1098", "caption": "The figure shows the interaction and cooperation of MEK, DUSP5 and DUSP6/MKP-3 within the cytoplasmic region and the nucleus. RAF activates MEK. Activated MEK phoshorylates ERK which can now be transported across the cell membrane by a transporter. Dephosphorylated ERK cannot leave the nucleus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MKPs_role_in_ERK_regulation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1099", "caption": "When activated MAPK binds to MKB this causes a conformational change of the DUSP region which activates MKP and activated MKP dephosphorylates MAPK thereby inactivating it.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-The_inactivation_of_MAPKs_by_MKPs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1100", "caption": "Some  biological machines", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/210px-Molecular_Machines_of_Life.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1101", "caption": "Mechanically gated channel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mechanically_Gated_Channel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1102", "caption": "Cartilage experience tension, compression and shear forces in vivo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cartilage_forces.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1103", "caption": "Chondrocyte surface mechano-receptors include CD44, annexin V and integrins. Chondrocyte extracellular matrix components include collagens, proteoglycans (which consist of aggrecan and hyaluronan), fibronectin and COMP.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chondrocyte_receptors.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1104", "caption": "Release of cytochrome c through MAC [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-MacModel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1105", "caption": "An overview of tools discussed that are used for the rule-based specification and particle-based evaluation (spatial or non-spatial) of multi-state biomolecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tools_for_rule-based_and_particle-based_mode_8d9e48a1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1106", "caption": "Principles of particle-based modeling. In particle-based modeling, each particle is tracked individually through the simulation. At any point, a particle only \"sees\" the rules that apply to it. This figure follows two molecular particles (one of type A in red, one of type B in blue) through three steps in a hypothetical simulation following a simple set of rules (given on the right). At each step, the rules that potentially apply to the particle under consideration are highlighted in that particle's colour.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Principles_of_particle-based_multi-state_mod_5687bd82.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1107", "caption": "Screenshot from an MCell simulation of  calcium signaling  within the spine. Although other types of calcium-regulated molecules were included in the simulations, only CaMKII molecules are visualized. They are shown in red when bound to calmodulin and in black when unbound. The simulation compartment is a reconstruction of a  dendritic spine . [ 54 ]  The area of the  postsynaptic density  is shown in red, the spine head and neck in gray, and the parent dendrite in yellow. The figure was generated by visualizing the simulation results in  Blender .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CaMKII_spine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1108", "caption": "Alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine 3D structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-A5_nAChR_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1109", "caption": "Conditioned place preference experiment designed on Biorender.com", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/478px-Nicotiecpp2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1110", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1111", "caption": "Acetylcholine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Acetylcholine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1112", "caption": "Nicotine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nicotine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1113", "caption": "Nicotinic receptor structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NAChR.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1114", "caption": "Stylized depiction of an activated NMDAR. Glutamate is in the glutamate-binding site and glycine is in the glycine-binding site. The  allosteric site , which modulates receptor function when bound to a ligand, is not occupied. NMDARs require the binding of two molecules of  glutamate  or  aspartate  and two of  glycine [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Activated_NMDAR.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1115", "caption": "Cartoon representation of the human NMDA receptor. Each subunit is individually rainbow colored.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-7eu7_NMDA-Rezeptor_Regenbogen.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1116", "caption": "Figure 1:  NR1/NR2 NMDA receptor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-N1_N2_NMDA_receptor.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1117", "caption": "Figure 2:  Transmembrane region of NR1 (left) and NR2B (right) subunits of NMDA receptor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/270px-NR1-NR2B_subunit.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1118", "caption": "NR2 subunit in vertebrates (left) and invertebrates (right). Ryan et al., 2008", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Model_of_NR2_Subunit_of_NMDA_receptor_%28ver_d854e5a7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1119", "caption": "The timecourse of GluN2B-GluN2A switch in human cerebellum. Bar-Shira et al., 2015  [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NR2B-NR2A_switch_in_human_cerebellum%2C_micr_dbc42809.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1120", "caption": "L - Glutamic acid  (glutamate), the major endogenous agonist of the main site of the NMDAR", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-L-Glutamins%C3%A4ure_-_L-Glutamic_acid.svg.p_e3b1c8b8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1121", "caption": "Glycine , the major endogenous agonist of the glycine co-agonist site of the NMDAR", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Glycine-2D-skeletal.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1122", "caption": "Figure 6:  Chemical structure of neramexane, second generation memantine derivative", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neramexane.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1123", "caption": "N -Methyl- D -aspartic acid  (NMDA), a synthetic partial agonist of the main site of the NMDAR", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-NMDA.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1124", "caption": "Ketamine , a synthetic general anesthetic and one of the best-known NMDAR antagonists", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Ketamine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1125", "caption": "Figure 7:  Nitroglycerin donate ONO 2  group that leads to second generation memantine analog, nitromemantine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Nitromemantine.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1126", "caption": "Figure 4:  The chemical structures of MK-801, phencyclidine and ketamine, high affinity uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-NMDA_receptor_antagonist.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1127", "caption": "Figure 5:  Chemical structures of memantine (right) and amantadine (left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Memantine_and_amantadine.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1128", "caption": "Figure 8:  Structure activity relationship (SAR) of amantadine and related compounds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/SAR_of_amantadine_and_related_compunds.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1129", "caption": "O -GlcNAc is a post-translational modification found on serine and threonine residues defined by a \u03b2-glycosidic bond between the side-chain hydroxyl and  N -acetylglucosamine. GlcNAc moiety shown in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/219px-O-GlcNAc_clear_red.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1130", "caption": "Serine in a polypeptide with no modifications (top) and with an  O -GlcNAc modification (bottom). ( PDB : 4GYW)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/219px-Peptide_glycopeptide.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1131", "caption": "GalT radiolabeling of cellular proteins with UDP-[ 3 H]galactose followed by \u03b2-elimination yielded Gal\u03b21-4GlcNAcitol, suggesting that the substrate for GalT was  O -GlcNAc. Radiolabeled [ 3 H]galactose shown in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/587px-O-GlcNAc_discovery-2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1132", "caption": "O -GlcNAcylation of serine and threonine residues is dynamically controlled by OGT and OGA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/587px-O-GlcNAc_cycling-1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1133", "caption": "Left : Model of full-length ncOGT in complex with CKII peptide substrate and UDP. [ 16 ]  Colors indicate TPR domain (gray), N-terminal region of catalytic domain (light pink), intervening domain (light green), C-terminal region of catalytic domain (light blue), CKII peptide substrate (green), and UDP (cyan).  Right : Structure of human OGA D175N dimer in complex with  O -GlcNAcylated TAB1 peptide substrate. Monomers shown in blue-white/light yellow with respective peptide substrates in blue/yellow. (PDB: 5VVU)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/983px-OGT_and_OGA_bright.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1134", "caption": "Chemoenzymatic labeling for the detection of  O -GlcNAc. GalT Y289L transfers GalNAz to  O -GlcNAc, providing a handle for click chemistry. Various probes can be conjugated via azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Attachment of a PEG5K mass tag allows for visualization of  O -GlcNAc stoichiometry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/448px-Click-IT-1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1135", "caption": "FRET biosensor for  O -GlcNAc. Under high  O -GlcNAc conditions, GafD will bind the  O -GlcNAc group on the CKII peptide substrate, bringing CFP and YFP into proximity for FRET. Various localization sequences can be fused to localize the sensor to various cellular compartments, e.g., nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/284px-FRET_biosensor_O-GlcNAc_Myriad.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1136", "caption": "Structure of IsoTaG probe. Probe consists of a biotin affinity tag (red), a linker (black), an acid-cleavable silane (blue), an isotope recoding motif (green), and an alkyne (purple).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/352px-IsoTaG_probe.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1137", "caption": "Site-directed mutagenesis for manipulating  O -GlcNAc. S/T-to-A mutagenesis prevents  O -GlcNAc modification at that residue. S/T-to-C mutagenesis allows for generation of the  S -GlcNAc modification, a structural analogue of  O -GlcNAc that is not readily hydrolyzed by OGA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/458px-Mutagenesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1138", "caption": "MK-8719, an OGA inhibitor, suppresses tau aggregation by elevating  O -GlcNAc levels on tau. Post-translational modifications are indicated as G ( O -GlcNAc), P (phosphorylation), Ub (ubiquitination), Ac (acetylation), and N (nitration). Adapted from. [ 105 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/686px-Tau_MK-8719.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1139", "caption": "Figure 2. Crystal structure of the zebrafish P2X 4  receptor (deltaP2X4-B) channel as viewed from the side (left), extracellular (top right), and intracellular (bottom right) perspectives( PDB :  3I5D \u200b)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/270px-FullStructureV2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1140", "caption": "PIP2 cleavage to IP3 and DAG", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/235px-PIP2_cleavage_to_IP3_and_DAG.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1141", "caption": "Phospholipase C-delta isoform 1. Blue plane shows hydrocarbon boundary of the  lipid bilayer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-1djx_opm.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1142", "caption": "Phospholipase cleavage sites. An enzyme that displays both PLA 1  and PLA 2  activities is called a  phospholipase B .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phospholipases2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1143", "caption": "Serine  in an amino acid chain, before and after phosphorylation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phosporylation_of_a_serine_residue%2C_before_7e472b95.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1144", "caption": "General PI(4,5)P2 cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PIP2_Cycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1145", "caption": "PIAS and the  JAK-STAT pathway . Upon stimulation by  IL-6 ,  PIAS3  can inhibit  transcription activation  by activated  STAT3 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/587px-Jakstat_pathway_PIAS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1146", "caption": "PHD zinc finger domain  of SIZ1. SIZ1 is a PIAS protein homologue found in yeast.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1wew_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1147", "caption": "The domains (SAP, RLD, AD, S/T) and motifs (PINIT, SIM) found in most protein inhibitors of activated STAT (PIAS)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Protein_inhibitors_of_activated_STAT_%28PIAS_1ff08824.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1148", "caption": "p53 binding domain of PIAS-1.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1v66_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1149", "caption": "Model of a phosphorylated  serine  residue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phosphorylated_serine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1150", "caption": "Serine in an amino acid chain, before and after phosphorylation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phosporylation_of_a_serine_residue%2C_before_7e472b95.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1151", "caption": "The AXL receptor tyrosine kinase, showing the symmetry of the dimerized receptors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_AXL_PDB_2c5d.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1152", "caption": "Example of posttranslational modification detected on a 2D gel (spot boundaries delimited by analysis software, identification by mass spectrometry, P46462 is the protein ID in Expasy)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/PTM-phosphorylation-example-jepoirrier.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1153", "caption": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/209px-Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_SEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1154", "caption": "Exogenously applied ATP stimulates the closure of the  Venus flytrap [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Digested_fly.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1155", "caption": "Homology modeling  of the  P2RX2  receptor in the open channel state", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-P2X2R_receptor.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1156", "caption": "As part of the  inflammatory  response, ATP activates the  P2RX7  receptor, triggering a drop in intracellular  potassium  levels and the formation of  inflammasomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Role_of_the_P2X7_receptor_in_inflammation.pn_5fb3cd10.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1157", "caption": "Microglial  activation in the CNS via purinergic signalling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Purinergic_signalling_Microglia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1158", "caption": "Clopidogrel  (Plavix), an inhibitor of the  P2Y12  receptor, was formerly the second best-selling drug in the world [ 61 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plavix_2007-04-19.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1159", "caption": "Schematic representation of the Ran cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rancycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1160", "caption": "Ran cycle involvement in nucleocytoplasmic transport at the nuclear pore", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RanGTPcycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1161", "caption": "The postsynaptic  dendrite  (green) and presynaptic neuron (yellow) found in  retrograde neurotransmission.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Synapse_Illustration2_tweaked.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1162", "caption": "Feedback loop found in retrograde neurological signaling.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-General_Feedback_Loop.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1163", "caption": "Function of scaffold proteins [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Scaffold_Function.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1164", "caption": "Crystal structure of NpSRII-HtrII complex dimer. SRII is in blue. View is along the membrane, extracellular space is on the top. Only transmembrane helices of HtrII are resolved.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Sensory_rhodopsin_ii_side_view.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1165", "caption": "This is a figure shows several different brain imaging scans using [ 18 F]ISO-1 sigma-2 receptor ligands. The scans allow tracking of  tumor  growth and cancer progression over a 10-week period. The figure also includes  MRI  scans for comparison with PET scans.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PET_scans_of_brain_tumor_using_Sigma-2_Ligan_34beca26.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1166", "caption": "Src-associated adaptor protein Skap2 with 1u5e code", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1u5e_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1167", "caption": "Simplified representation of major signal transduction pathways in mammals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/481px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1168", "caption": "3D Medical animation still showing signal transduction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/276px-Signal_Transduction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1169", "caption": "An overview of integrin-mediated signal transduction, adapted from Hehlgens  et al.  (2007). [ 37 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Integrin_sig_trans_overview.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1170", "caption": "How to read signal transduction diagrams, what does normal arrow and flathead arrow means.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-How_to_read_signal_transduction_diagrams.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1171", "caption": "Elements of Signal transduction cascade networking", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Elements_of_Signal_transduction_cascade_netw_48540a41.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1172", "caption": "Occurrence of the term \"signal transduction\" in  MEDLINE -indexed papers since 1977", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Signal_transduction_publications_graph.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1173", "caption": "Gene Structure :  Chromosome: 1; NC_000001.10 (167778625..167883453, complement)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gene_ADCY10_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1174", "caption": "Crystal Structure of Ste5 Protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ste5_Protein_Structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1175", "caption": "Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Protein_SOCS2_PDB_2c9w.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1176", "caption": "Antigen presentation  stimulates T cells to become either  \"cytotoxic\" CD8+ cells  or  \"helper\" CD4+ cells .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Antigen_presentation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1177", "caption": "T-cell receptor complexed with  MHC I  and  MHC II", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-063-T-CellReceptor-MHC.tiff.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1178", "caption": "Activation of macrophage or B cell by T helper cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Activation_of_T_and_B_cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1179", "caption": "T-cell dependent B-cell activation, showing TH2-cell (left) B-cell (right) and several interaction molecules self-made according to Janeway et al,  Immunologie  (Berlin, 2002)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-T-dependent_B_cell_activation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1180", "caption": "Antigen presentation stimulates na\u00efve CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to become mature  \"cytotoxic\" CD8+ cells  and \"helper\" CD4+ cells respectively .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Antigen_presentation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1181", "caption": "T h 1/T h 2 Model for helper T cells. An antigen is ingested and processed by an  APC . It presents fragments from it to T cells. The upper, T h 0, is a T helper cell. The fragment is presented to it by  MHC2 . [ 24 ]  IFN-\u03b3,  interferon \u03b3 ; TGF-\u03b2,  transforming growth factor \u03b2 ; m\u00f8,  macrophage ; IL-2,  interleukin 2 ; IL-4,  interleukin 4", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/407px-Lymphocyte_activation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1182", "caption": "TGF Beta ligand binds to receptor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-TGFbeta_Pathway_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1183", "caption": "Type II receptor recruits type I receptor and phosphorylates", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-TGF_beta_pathway_2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1184", "caption": "Type I receptor phosphorylates R-SMAD", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-TGF_beta_pathway_step3.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1185", "caption": "R-SMAD binds coSMAD", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-TGF_beta_Pathway_step4.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1186", "caption": "R-SMAD-coSMAD complex enters nucleus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Pathwaystep5.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1187", "caption": "Histopathology of thyroid parenchyma with autolytic changes seen at  autopsy , with  thyroid follicular cells  sloughing off into the follicles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histopathology_of_thyroid_parenchyma_with_au_f330a314.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1188", "caption": "A  Diagram of the process of autophagy, which produces the structures  autophagosomes  (AP), and  autolysosomes  (AL);  B  Electron micrograph of autophagic structures AP and AL in the  fat body  of a  fruit fly  larva;  C  Fluorescently-labeled autophagosomes AP in liver cells of starved mice.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Autophagy_diagram_PLoS_Biology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1189", "caption": "Cartoon of cleavage furrow formation and resolution. (A) depicts a normal cleavage furrow resolution. (B) depicts a cleavage furrow regression leading to a binucleated cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cleavage_Furrow_Regression.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1190", "caption": "The binucleated cell above is an oral squamous cell carcinoma, cell line UPCI-SCC-103. A: The cancer cell treated with antibodies against tubulin. B: The same cancer cell stained with DAPI, highlighting the nuclei. C: Both photos superimposed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Binucleated_cell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1191", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Feedbackims.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1192", "caption": "Dosage-response curves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Wikiresponsecurves1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1193", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Skotheimsystem.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1194", "caption": "Dosage-response curves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Ferrell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1195", "caption": "Dosage-response curves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Morgansystem.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1196", "caption": "Fig. 1  Immunofluorescence patterns of cyclin B and phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase1 (Cdk1) in HeLa cells change as they go from G2 to anaphase.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Cdk1_and_Clb_level_changes_as_cell_cycle_pro_72b52090.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1197", "caption": "Fig. 2  Irreversible and bistable switch in mitotic exit with control parameter being Sic1 level and order parameter being cell cycle phases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Irreversible_and_Bistable_Switch_in_Mitotic__21c840f8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1198", "caption": "Fig. 3  Simplified network involving Cdk1-Clb2, APC-Cdh1, Sic1, and Cdc14. Double negative feedback loop, mediated by APC-Cdh1 and Sic1, is required to suppress Cdk1-Clb2 and trigger mitotic exit.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Simplified_network_controls_mitotic_exit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1199", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the movement of a branch point between two homologous pieces of DNA.  Migration travels to the left and stops when it reaches the end of the homologous region.  The second branch point on the right is free to move in either direction as well.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-261px-Branch_migration_1.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1200", "caption": "Open X structure of a Holliday junction.  RuvA binds to the DNA and fits in between the double strands on all four sides.  RuvA also has a domain that fits inside the centre of the junction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1201", "caption": "The Holliday junction converts between the open X structure (top) and the stacked X structure (bottom) depending on the Mg 2+  concentration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/212px-Holliday_junction_stacking_isomers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1202", "caption": "Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in  apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/310px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1203", "caption": "Morphological changes associated with apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apoptotic_cell_disassembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1204", "caption": "Example events in autophagy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Autophagy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1205", "caption": "Cell division in prokaryotes ( binary fission ) and eukaryotes ( mitosis  and  meiosis ). The thick lines are chromosomes, and the thin blue lines are fibers pulling on the chromosomes and pushing the ends of the cell apart.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Three_cell_growth_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1206", "caption": "The  cell cycle  in eukaryotes:  I = Interphase, M = Mitosis, G 0  = Gap 0, G 1  = Gap 1, G 2  = Gap 2, S = Synthesis, G 3  = Gap 3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_Cycle_2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1207", "caption": "Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Divisome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1208", "caption": "The phases (ordered counter-clockwise) of cell division ( mitosis ) and the  cell cycle  in animal cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Animal_cell_cycle-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1209", "caption": "Image of the  mitotic spindle  in a human cell showing  microtubules  in green, chromosomes (DNA) in blue, and kinetochores in red.  [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Kinetochore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1210", "caption": "Cell division over 42. The cells were directly imaged in the cell culture vessel, using non-invasive  quantitative phase contrast time-lapse microscopy . [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Time-lapse_video_of_dividing_cells.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1211", "caption": "Kurt Michel with his phase-contrast microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1212", "caption": "Cell division, growth & proliferation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_proliferation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1213", "caption": "Cell division without cell growth during embryonic cleavage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-The_Biological_bulletin_%2820189537288%29.jp_8aee8c75.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1214", "caption": "Figure 1:Cell cycle and growth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cellcycle_and_growth.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1215", "caption": "Cell growth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Three_cell_growth_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1216", "caption": "Chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Single_and_double_chromosomes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1217", "caption": "Cell division, growth, and proliferation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_proliferation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1218", "caption": "Stem cell  differentiation into various animal tissue types", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Final_stem_cell_differentiation_%281%29.svg._e09891f2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1219", "caption": "Cell-count distribution featuring cellular differentiation for three types of cells (progenitor  \n \n \n \n z \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z} \n \n , osteoblast  \n \n \n \n y \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y} \n \n , and chondrocyte  \n \n \n \n x \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x} \n \n ) exposed to pro-osteoblast stimulus. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Stimuli.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1220", "caption": "Micrograph  showing  some dedifferentiation , (at left edge of image). + A  differentiated  component, showing  lipoblasts  and increased  vascularity , (right edge of image). +  Fully differentiated   adipose tissue , showing a few blood vessels, (center of image). ( Micrograph  of  liposarcoma  prepared with  H&E stain ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dedifferentiated_liposarcoma_-_intermed_mag._87645798.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1221", "caption": "Diagram exposing several methods used to revert adult somatic cells to  totipotency  or  pluripotency .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-401px-Bischoff_SR_-_Nuclear_Reprogramming.pd_2f5f8ff3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1222", "caption": "Mechanisms of cellular differentiation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Cell_Differentiation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1223", "caption": "An overview of major signal transduction pathways.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1224", "caption": "Cells subjected to heat shock. Cells in slide 'e' exhibit dysmorphic nuclei as a result of this exposure to stress, however 24 hours later cells largely recovered, as shown in slide 'f'.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/370px-Confocal_analysis_of_dermal_fibroblasts_afte_3d071ac7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1225", "caption": "Francis Crick's 1958 figure showing various information transfers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/247px-Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1226", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/256px-Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_b7f914bd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1227", "caption": "Unusual flows of information highlighted in green", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/550px-Extended_Central_Dogma_with_Enzymes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1228", "caption": "In  August Weismann 's  germ plasm  theory, the hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the  gonads . Somatic cells (of the body)  develop afresh  in each generation from the germ plasm. Whatever may happen to those cells does not affect the next generation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1229", "caption": "Crossing over occurs between prophase I and metaphase I and is the process where two homologous non-sister chromatids pair up with each other and exchange different segments of genetic material to form two recombinant chromosome sister chromatids. It can also happen during mitotic division, [ 1 ]  which may result in loss of heterozygosity. Crossing over is important for the normal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. [ 2 ]  Crossing over also accounts for genetic variation, because due to the swapping of genetic material during crossing over, the  chromatids  held together by the  centromere  are no longer identical. So, when the chromosomes go on to meiosis II and separate, some of the daughter cells receive daughter chromosomes with recombined alleles. Due to this genetic recombination, the offspring have a different set of alleles and genes than their parents do. In the diagram, genes B and b are crossed over with each other, making the resulting recombinants after meiosis Ab, AB, ab, and aB.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Chromosomal_Crossover.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1230", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan's illustration of crossing over (1916)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Morgan_crossover_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1231", "caption": "A double crossing over", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Morgan_crossover_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1232", "caption": "A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with a homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Homologous_Recombination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1233", "caption": "The difference between  gene conversion  and  chromosomal crossover .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Conversion_and_crossover.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1234", "caption": "Histopathology of a  pheochromocytoma  with coagulative necrosis, displayed at gross pathology (upper left) and light microscopy at low (upper right), medium (lower left) and high magnification (lower right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/328px-Histopathology_of_a_pheochromocytoma_with_co_a1e0c0e4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1235", "caption": "A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Homologous_Recombination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1236", "caption": "Chloroplasts can be seen travelling around the central vacuole of a cell in  Rhizomnium punctatum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rhizomnium_punctatum_lamina.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1237", "caption": "Top: Idealized cytoplasmic flow in hyphae of  Neurospora crassa . Bottom: Actual cytoplasmic flow in hyphae of  Neurospora crassa . Microtubules (red) orient themselves perpendicular to flow as they exit the septal hole, deaccelerating the flow faster than the idealized case preventing the formation of eddies on the downstream side of the septum. Nuclei and other proteins aggregate on the upstream side which maintain the integrity of the septum.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Microtubules_Alters_Idealized_Pipeflow_Preve_2713cc6b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1238", "caption": "Density-dependent fecundity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Generalized_fecundity_graph.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1239", "caption": "Parasite-induced vector mortality", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Blackfly_life_expectancy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1240", "caption": "Density-dependence processes (red) in filariasis life cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Density-dependence_in_filariasis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1241", "caption": "DNA damage in non-replicating cells, if not repaired and accumulated can lead to aging. DNA damage in replicating cells, if not repaired can lead to either apoptosis or to cancer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-DNA_damage_leads_to_Aging%2C_Cancer_or_Apopt_f495431a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1242", "caption": "Initiation of  DNA demethylation  at a  CpG site . In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides ( CpG sites ), forming  5-methylcytosine -pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming  8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine  (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site.  The  base excision repair  enzyme  OGG1  targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits  TET1  and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG.  This initiates demethylation of 5mC. [ 83 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_da75c466.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1243", "caption": "DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Brokechromo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1244", "caption": "Structure of the base-excision repair enzyme  uracil-DNA glycosylase  excising a hydrolytically-produced uracil residue from DNA. The uracil residue is shown in yellow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Uracil_base_glycosidase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1245", "caption": "The main double-strand break repair pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-DsDNA_break_repair_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1246", "caption": "DNA ligase, shown above repairing chromosomal damage, is an enzyme that joins broken nucleotides together by catalyzing the formation of an internucleotide  ester  bond between the phosphate backbone and the deoxyribose nucleotides.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-DNA_Repair.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1247", "caption": "DNA repair rate is an important determinant of cell pathology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/360px-DNA-Repair_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1248", "caption": "Most life span influencing genes affect the rate of DNA damage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Dnadamage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1249", "caption": "A chart of common DNA damaging agents, examples of lesions they cause in DNA, and pathways used to repair these lesions. Also shown are many of the genes in these pathways, an indication of which genes are epigenetically regulated to have reduced (or increased) expression in various cancers. It also shows genes in the error-prone microhomology-mediated end joining pathway with increased expression in various cancers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-DNA_damage%2C_repair%2C_alteration_of_repair_5a325c76.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1250", "caption": "Initiation of  DNA demethylation  at a  CpG site . In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides ( CpG sites ), forming  5-methylcytosine -pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming  8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine  (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site. The  base excision repair  enzyme  OGG1  targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits  TET1  and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG. This initiates demethylation of 5mC. [ 132 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_e89d91ca.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1251", "caption": "DNA replication: The  double helix  is 'unzipped' and unwound, then each separated strand (turquoise) acts as a template for replicating a new partner strand (green).  Nucleotides  (bases) are matched to synthesize the new partner strands into two new double helices.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1252", "caption": "The structure of the DNA  double helix  (type  B-DNA ). The  atoms  in the structure are color-coded by  element  and the detailed structures of two  base pairs  are shown in the bottom right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/340px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1253", "caption": "DNA polymerases adds nucleotides to the 3\u2032 end of a strand of DNA. [ 21 ]  If a mismatch is accidentally incorporated, the polymerase is inhibited from further extension. Proofreading removes the mismatched nucleotide and extension continues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-DNA_polymerase.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1254", "caption": "Overview of the steps in DNA replication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Asymmetry_in_the_synthesis_of_leading_and_la_a562c536.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1255", "caption": "Steps in DNA synthesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Steps_in_DNA_synthesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1256", "caption": "Role of initiators for initiation of DNA replication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Figure_Role_of_initiators_for_initiation_of__16440929.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1257", "caption": "Formation of pre-replication complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-EukPreRC.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1258", "caption": "Scheme of the replication fork. a: template, b: leading strand, c: lagging strand, d: replication fork, e: primer, f:  Okazaki fragments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Replication_fork.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1259", "caption": "Many enzymes are involved in the DNA replication fork.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Eukaryotic_DNA_replication.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1260", "caption": "The assembled human DNA clamp, a  trimer  of the protein  PCNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-1axc_tricolor.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1261", "caption": "E. coli Replisome. Notably, the DNA on lagging strand forms a loop. The exact structure of replisome is not well understood.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-E._coli_replisome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1262", "caption": "The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Cell_Cycle_2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1263", "caption": "Dam methylates adenine of GATC sites after replication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Hemimethylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1264", "caption": "Replication fork restarts by homologous recombination following replication stress", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Replication_fork_restarts_by_homologous_reco_88416746.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1265", "caption": "Epigenetic consequences of nucleosome reassembly defects at stalled replication forks", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Epigenetic_consequences_of_nucleosome_reasse_d8ac01a3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1266", "caption": "Dynamin assembled into helical polymers as visualized by negative stain electron microscopy. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dynamin_assembles_into_spirals.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1267", "caption": "Micrograph  showing emperipolesis in a case of  Rosai-Dorfman disease .  H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Emperipolesis_-_very_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1268", "caption": "Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation is one of several protein degradation pathways in the ER", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-ProteinQS_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1269", "caption": "Human embryo\u2014length, 2 mm. Dorsal view, with the amnion laid open. X 30.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Gray17.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1270", "caption": "Key inducers of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition process.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Epithelial_to_Mesenchymal_Transition_Compari_cef93d09.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1271", "caption": "Epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition \u2013 loss of cell adhesion leads to constriction and extrusion of newly mesenchymal cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Epithelial%E2%80%93mesenchymal_transition_sc_96897c07.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1272", "caption": "Cancer cells enter the bloodstream after undergoing EMT induced by TGF-\u03b2 released from platelets. Once in the bloodstream, metastatic cancer cells recruit platelets for use as a physical barrier that helps protect these cells from elimination by immune cells. The metastatic cancer cell can use the attached platelets to adhere to P-selectin expressed by activated endothelial cells lining the blood vessel walls. Following adhesion to the endothelium, the metastatic cancer cell exits the bloodstream at the secondary site to begin formation of a new tumor.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/490px-Platelets_in_cancer_EMT.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1273", "caption": "Human prostate cancer cells undergoing ferroptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Ferroptosis_human_prostate_cancer_model.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1274", "caption": "Initiation of ferroptosis by inhibition of Xc- system of  GPX4  activity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Initiation_of_Ferroptosis_By_Inhibition_of_X_556aeab1.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1275", "caption": "Induction of neurodegeneration by Ferroptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Induction_of_Neurodegeneration_by_Ferroptosi_5a4bea89.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1276", "caption": "Structures of small molecule inducers of ferroptosis (erastin, IKE, RSL3, ML162)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Ferroptosis_inducer_structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1277", "caption": "Mechanism of ML210 prodrug activation (adapted from PMID 32231343) [ 103 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/611px-ML210_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1278", "caption": "Structures of GCL inhibitors (BSO, KOJ-1, KOJ-2)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/380px-GCL_inhibitors.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1279", "caption": "Structures of FSP1 inhibitors (iFSP1, viFSP1, FSEN1, icFSP1)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/522px-FSP1_inhibitor_structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1280", "caption": "A renal biopsy from a patient with  anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody  (ANCA)-associated  glomerulonephritis  reveals a lesion characterized by bright  eosinophilia  on  H&E staining  (yellow arrow, left) and intense red staining with  trichrome  (right), confirming the presence of fibrinoid necrosis. [ note 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fibrinoid_necrosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1281", "caption": "An H&E  micrograph  showing (intensely pink) fibrinoid necrosis (large blood vessel \u2013 right of image) in a case of  vasculitis  ( eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Churg-Strauss_syndrome_-_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1282", "caption": "An  H&E -stained  micrograph  of a rheumatoid nodule reveals its characteristic histological structure, featuring a central core composed of fibrinoid necrosis, and surrounding this core is a layer of  palisading   macrophages  and  epithelioid histiocytes .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histopathology_of_a_rheumatoid_nodule.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1283", "caption": "A  Bacillus cereus  cell that has undergone filamentation following antibacterial treatment (upper electron micrograph; top right) and regularly sized cells of untreated  B. cereus  (lower electron micrograph)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Filamentation_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1284", "caption": "Domain structure of formin proteins across phyla. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Formin_proteins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1285", "caption": "A model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Homologous_Recombination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1286", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan 's illustration of crossing over (1916)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Morgan_crossover_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1287", "caption": "Schematic representation of the s2m RNA secondary structure, with tertiary structural interactions indicated as long range contacts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-S2m_structure_of_SARS-CoV.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1288", "caption": "The diagram depicts actions taken when a stress is introduced to the cell. Stress will induce HSF-1 and cause proteins to misfold. Molecular chaperones will aid these proteins to fold correctly or if the degree of misfolding is too severe, the protein will be eliminated through the proteasome or autophagy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Heat_Shock_Response_Pathway.tif._a0f5a5f6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1289", "caption": "Front view of the human enzyme Histone Lysine N-Methyltransferase, H3 lysine-4 specific.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Histone_Methyltransferase%2C__ae01d23d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1290", "caption": "Epigenetic mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1291", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph  of a phagocyte (yellow, right) phagocytosing  anthrax bacilli  (orange, left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1292", "caption": "Haeckel's monograph in which the ability of blood cell to ingest particles is first reported", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Die_Radiolarien_%28Rhizopoda_radiaria%_72c8af09.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1293", "caption": "The conserved  secondary structure  of  sok   non-coding RNA  transcript which binds with  hok  mRNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Sok_RNA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1294", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/520px-Integrated_Stress_Response.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1295", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/201px-PERK_Integrated_stress_response.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1296", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/149px-HRI_Integrated_stress_response.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1297", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/198px-GCN2_Integrated_stress_response.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1298", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/141px-PKR_Integrated_stress_response.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1299", "caption": "Intracellular transport between the  Golgi apparatus  and the  endoplasmic reticulum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Intracellular_Signaling_Clip_Art.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1300", "caption": "How SNARE proteins play a role in intracellular transport", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SNAREs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1301", "caption": "A cytoplasmic dynein motor bound to a microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CytoplasmicDyneinOnMT_noLabels.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1302", "caption": "A kinesin molecule bound to a microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Kinesin_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1303", "caption": "How microtubules play a role in intracellular transport", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Microtubules_and_intracellular_transport.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1304", "caption": "Intraflagellar transport in the cilia of the nematode  C. elegans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-IFTcilia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1305", "caption": "A simplified model of intraflagellar transport.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-IFTsimplified.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1306", "caption": "A sheet of cells undergoing invagination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-358px-Tissue_invagination.tif.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1307", "caption": "Apical constriction leading to invagination of a monolayer of cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/459px-Invagination_by_apical_constriction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1308", "caption": "Formation of the ventral furrow in a  Drosophila  embryo. Cell nuclei (blue), membranes (green), and myosin (red) are stained.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/426px-Ventral_furrow_formation_in_drosophila_embry_a722fef3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1309", "caption": "Cartoon of neural tube formation in a mouse embryo, showing the median hinge point and points of tissue buckling along the sides", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/462px-Neural_tube_formation_in_mouse.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1310", "caption": "Invagination of the archenteron during sea urchin gastrulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/175px-Sea_urchin_gastrulation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1311", "caption": "Invagination process in an amphioxus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/337px-Invagination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1312", "caption": "Morphological characteristics of karyolysis and other forms of nuclear destruction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Nuclear_changes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1313", "caption": "Apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Apoptosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1314", "caption": "In meiosis, the  chromosomes  duplicate (during  interphase ) and  homologous chromosomes  exchange genetic information ( chromosomal crossover ) during the first division, called  meiosis I . The daughter cells divide again in  meiosis II , splitting up  sister chromatids  to form haploid  gametes . Two gametes fuse during  fertilization , forming a diploid cell ( zygote ) with a complete set of paired chromosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Meiosis_Overview_new.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1315", "caption": "Meiosis Prophase I in mice. In Leptotene (L), the axial elements (stained by SYCP3) begin to form. In Zygotene (Z), the transverse elements (SYCP1) and central elements of the synaptonemal complex are partially installed (appearing as yellow as they overlap with SYCP3). In Pachytene (P), it is fully installed except on the sex chromosomes. In Diplotene (D), it disassembles revealing chiasmata. CREST marks the centromeres.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Meiosis_Prophase_I.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1316", "caption": "Schematic of the synaptonemal complex at different stages of prophase I and the chromosomes arranged as a linear array of loops.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Synaptonemal_Complex.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1317", "caption": "Diplontic life cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Gametic_meiosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1318", "caption": "Haplontic life cycle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Zygotic_meiosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1319", "caption": "Overview of chromatides' and chromosomes' distribution within the mitotic and meiotic cycle of a male human cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-MitosisAndMeiosis_en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1320", "caption": "Mitotic recombination can result in homozygous expression in a heterozygous individual [ dead link \u200d ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mitotic_Recombination_Illustration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1321", "caption": "The Necroptosis Signaling Pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Necroptosis_Pathway_Diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1322", "caption": "Structural changes of cells undergoing necrosis and  apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Structural_changes_of_cells_undergoing_necro_d5ede2b3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1323", "caption": "Karyolysis  (and  contraction band necrosis ) in  myocardial infarction  (heart attack)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MI_with_contraction_bands_very_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1324", "caption": "Examples of different levels of nuclear architecture.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-450px-Nuclear_Architecture.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1325", "caption": "The hierarchical structure through which DNA is packaged into chromosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Chromatin_Structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1326", "caption": "A cartoon representing an enhancer interacting with genes through DNA looping.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Gene_enhancer.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1327", "caption": "The 23 human  chromosome territories  during  prometaphase  in  fibroblast  cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig1bNucleus46Chromosomes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1328", "caption": "Micrograph  of an  ameloblastoma  showing characteristic palisading.  H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ameloblastoma_-_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1329", "caption": "Structure of a rosette in pathology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Structure_of_a_rosette_in_pathology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1330", "caption": "Rosettes  are named after the  flower-like architectural ornament . [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Orna115-Rosetten.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1331", "caption": "Flexner\u2013Wintersteiner rosettes  in  Retinoblastoma .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Retinoblastoma_rosette.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1332", "caption": "Micrograph of Homer-Wright pseudorosettes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Micrograph_of_Homer_Wright_pseudorosettes.jp_acc92ac9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1333", "caption": "Palisading in nodular  basal-cell carcinoma .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Palisading_in_basal_cell_cancer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1334", "caption": "PARP-1 protein domain breakdown", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/430px-PARP1proteindomainbreakdown.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1335", "caption": "Overview of phagocytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-0309_Phagocytosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1336", "caption": "Phagocytosis versus exocytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Phagocytosis_and_Exocytosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1337", "caption": "The engulfing of a pathogen by a phagocyte", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Process_of_Phagocytosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1338", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph  of a phagocyte (yellow, right) phagocytosing  anthrax bacilli  (orange, left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1339", "caption": "Trophozoites of  Entamoeba histolytica  with ingested erythrocytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Trophozoites_of_Entamoeba_histolytica_with_i_e8f3bef4.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1340", "caption": "Phagoptosis occurs when signals on the surface of a (target) cell activate phagocytic receptors on a phagocyte, inducing uptake into a phagosome, where the cell is killed and digested.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phagoptosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1341", "caption": "Pinocytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Pinocytosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1342", "caption": "Certain transcripts contain poison exons that can be incorporated via alternative splicing. Skipping of the poison exon leads to a productive transcript that is translated to protein. Incorporation of the poison exon introduces a premature termination codon into the transcript that leads to degradation of the transcript via nonsense-mediated decay. (PDB: 2N3L)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/588px-Poison_exon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1343", "caption": "Prophase is the first step of cell division in mitosis. As it occurs after G2 of interphase, DNA has been already replicated when prophase begins. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Prophase_eukaryotic_mitosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1344", "caption": "Fluorescence microscope  image of two mouse cell nuclei in prophase (scale bar is 5\u00a0\u03bcm). [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1345", "caption": "Arabidopsis thaliana  cell in preprophase, prophase and prometaphase. Preprophase band is present along the cell wall from images 1\u20133, is fading in image 4, and disappears by image 5. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Preprophase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1346", "caption": "Apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Apoptosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1347", "caption": "Morphological characteristics of pyknosis and other forms of nuclear destruction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/275px-Nuclear_changes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1348", "caption": "Original caption: [ 7 ]  Histopathological findings of the resected left adrenal gland (September 2009). a Gross appearance of the cut surface of the left adrenal tumor 3 cm in size showed the inferior surface to be necrotic. b\u2212i Microscopic examination of the left adrenal tumor (b, d\u2212f; hematoxylin and eosin staining. c, g\u2212i; chromogranin A staining). Nontumoral adrenal gland in the right lower corner, and well-encapsulated tumor in the remainder of the photograph (b). The tumor had a large area of coagulative necrosis in the center. The necrotic material contained morphologically ghost cells (d, e) and was immunohistochemically markedly positive for chromogranin A (c, g, h). There were numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages and histiocytes accompanied by vascular proliferation in the region adjacent to the area of necrosis (e, h). The viable region along the periphery of the tumor contained numerous cells undergoing pyknosis (f), and the cytoplasm of the tumor cells was positive for chromogranin A staining (i) [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/314px-Histopathology_of_a_pheochromocytoma_with_co_716b81a3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1349", "caption": "Apoptotic DNA laddering visualized in  agarose gel . DNA from cells treated with an apoptotic inducing substance (left). A  1 kb   marker  (middle). Untreated cell DNA (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Apoptotic_DNA_Laddering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1350", "caption": "Mechanism of clathrin-dependent endocytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Itrafig2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1351", "caption": "Endocytosis is triggered when a specific receptor is activated in receptor-mediated endocytosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/292px-Receptor_Mediated_Endocytosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1352", "caption": "rRNA biogenesis and assembly in prokaryote and eukaryotes. Notably in Eukaryotes 5S rRNA is synthesised by  RNA polymerase III  whereas other eukaryote rRNA molecules are transcribed by  RNA polymerase I .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RRNA_genes_and_rRNA_biogenesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1353", "caption": "Elderly  Klamath  woman photographed by  Edward S. Curtis  in 1924", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Edward_S._Curtis_Collection_People_086.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1354", "caption": "Past and projected age of the human world population through time as of 2021 [ 75 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Global_aging_demographics.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1355", "caption": "Healthspan-lifespan gap (LHG) [ 75 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Healthspan-lifespan_gap.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1356", "caption": "Healthspan extension relies on the unison of social, clinical and scientific programs or domains of work. [ 75 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Healthspan_extending_toolkit.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1357", "caption": "schematic domain structure of septin polypeptide chain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SeptinSequenceStructure_v001.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1358", "caption": "a) schematic of septin molecule with GTP binding domain to one side and the N and C termini of the polypeptide chain to the other  b) schematic of septin heterohexameric complex (of human septins), where different septins bind to each other via their GTP binding domains or via the N and C termini. Note the symmetry of the complex   c) schematic how septin complexes could align to form septin filaments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Septin_assembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1359", "caption": "Septins in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae   (fluorescent micrograph)  \u2022 Green: septins ( AgSEP7- GFP )  \u2022 Red: cell outline ( phase contrast )  \u2022 Scale bar: 10 \u03bcm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-S_cerevisiae_septins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1360", "caption": "Septins in  Ashbya gossypii   (fluorescent micrograph) \u2022 Green: septins ( AgSEP7- GFP )  \u2022 Red: cell outline ( phase contrast )  \u2022 Inlay: 3D reconstruction of a discontinuous septin ring  \u2022 Scale bars: 10 \u03bcm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-A_gossypii_septins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1361", "caption": "Fig. 1. Tyr-Recombinases: Details of the crossover step. Top: Traditional view including strand-exchange followed by branch-migration (proofreading). The mechanism occurs in the framework of a synaptic complex (1) including both DNA sites in parallel orientation. While branch-migration explains the specific homology requirements and the reversibility of the process in a straightforward manner, it cannot be reconciled with the motions recombinase subunits have to undergo in three dimensions. Bottom: Current view. Two simultaneous strand-swaps, each depending on the complementarity of three successive bases at (or close to) the edges of the 8-bp spacer (dashed lines indicate base-pairing). Didactic complications arise from the fact that, in this model, the synaptic complex must accommodate both substrates in an anti-parallel orientation. This synaptic complex (1) arises from the association of two individual recombinase subunits (\"protomers\"; gray ovals) with the respective target site. Its formation depends on inter-protomer contacts and DNA bending, which in turn define the subunits (green) with an active role during the first crossover reaction. Both representations illustrate only one half of the respective pathway. These parts are separated by a Holliday junction/isomerization step before the product (3) can be released.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-STswap.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1362", "caption": "Fig. 2. Ser-Recombinases: The (essentially irreversible) subunit-rotation pathway. Contrary to Tyr-recombinases, the four participating DNA strands are cut in synchrony at points staggered by only 2 bp (leaving little room for proofreading). Subunit-rotation (180\u00b0) permits the exchange of strands while covalently linked to the protein partner. The intermediate exposure of double-strand breaks bears risks of triggering illegitimate recombination and thereby secondary reactions. Here, the synaptic complex arises from the association of pre-formed recombinase dimers with the respective target sites (CTD/NTD, C-/N-terminal domain). Like for Tyr-recombinases, each site contains two arms, each accommodating one protomer. As both arms are structured slightly differently, the subunits become conformationally tuned and thereby prepared for their respective role in the  recombination cycle. Contrary to members of the Tyr-class the recombination pathway converts two different substrate sites (attP and attB) to site-hybrids  (attL and attR) . This explains the irreversible nature of this particular recombination pathway, which can only be overcome by auxiliary \"recombination directionality factors\" (RDFs).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-SUrot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1363", "caption": "Fig. 3A. Reversible insertion and excision by the Cre-lox system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Cre-lox_insertion_excision.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1364", "caption": "Fig. 3B. Inversion by the Cre-lox system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Cre-lox_inversion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1365", "caption": "Cell growth, division & proliferation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_proliferation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1366", "caption": "Regulation of transcription in mammals . An active enhancer regulatory region of DNA is enabled to interact with the  promoter  DNA region of its target  gene  by the formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate  messenger RNA  (mRNA) synthesis by  RNA polymerase II  (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The loop is stabilized by one architectural protein anchored to the enhancer and one anchored to the promoter and these proteins are joined to form a dimer (red zigzags). Specific regulatory  transcription factors  bind to DNA sequence motifs on the enhancer. General transcription factors bind to the promoter. When a transcription factor is activated by a signal (here indicated as  phosphorylation  shown by a small red star on a transcription factor on the enhancer) the enhancer is activated and can now activate its target promoter. The active enhancer is transcribed on each strand of DNA in opposite directions by bound RNAP IIs. Mediator (a complex consisting of about 26 proteins in an interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from the enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors to the promoter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Regulation_of_transcription_in_mammals.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1367", "caption": "This shows where the methyl group is added when 5-methylcytosine is formed", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cytosine_and_5-methylcytosine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1368", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, showing an overview of the  human genome  on  G banding , wherein the lighter regions are generally more transcriptionally active, whereas darker regions are more inactive, including  non-coding DNA . Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1369", "caption": "Simple diagram of transcription elongation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Simple_transcription_elongation1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1370", "caption": "Image showing RNA polymerase interacting with different factors and DNA during transcription, especially CTD (C Terminal Domain)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RNA_role_in_the_transcription_and_interactio_338be802.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1371", "caption": "The Image shows how CTD is carrying protein for further changes in the RNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ctd_role_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1372", "caption": "Electron micrograph  of transcription of ribosomal RNA. The forming  ribosomal RNA  strands are visible as branches from the main DNA strand. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Transcription_label_en.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1373", "caption": "Scheme of  reverse transcription", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-RetroTranscription.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1374", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SNARE_protein-IT.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1375", "caption": "Overview of eukaryotic  messenger RNA  (mRNA) translation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/360px-Protein_synthesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1376", "caption": "Translation of mRNA and ribosomal  protein synthesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1377", "caption": "Initiation and elongation stages of translation involving RNA  nucleobases , the ribosome,  transfer RNA , and  amino acids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Translation_-_Initiation_%26_Elongation.svg._516c9465.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1378", "caption": "The three phases of translation: (1) in initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the RNA strand and the initiator tRNA\u2013amino acid complex binds to the start codon, culminating in attachment of the large subunit; (2) elongation occurs as a cycle, in which codons are sequentially recognized by charged tRNAs, followed by peptide bond formation with transfer of the polypeptide between tRNAs within the ribosome and finally translocation of the ribosome to the next codon; (3) termination, when a stop codon is reached, a release factor binds and the  polypeptide  is released (note that labels for translocation and peptide bond formation are reversed in this image)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Translation_drawing-_Carina_Huerta.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1379", "caption": "A ribosome translating a protein that is secreted into the  endoplasmic reticulum  (tRNAs colored dark blue)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Protein_translation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1380", "caption": "Tertiary structure of tRNA ( CCA tail  in yellow,  Acceptor stem  in purple,  Variable loop  in orange,  D\u00a0arm  in red,  Anticodon arm  in blue with  Anticodon  in black,  T\u00a0arm  in green)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_1ehz.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1381", "caption": "Figure M0. Basic and the simplest model  M0  of protein synthesis.  Here, * M \u2013 amount of mRNA with translation initiation site not occupied by assembling ribosome, * F \u2013 amount of mRNA with translation initiation site occupied by assembling ribosome, * R \u2013 amount of ribosomes sitting on mRNA synthesizing proteins, * P \u2013 amount of synthesized proteins. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Model_M0_of_protein_synthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1382", "caption": "Figure M1'. The extended model of protein synthesis  M1  with explicit presentation of 40S, 60S and initiation factors (IF) binding. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-ModelM1%27.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1383", "caption": "5' TL elements regulate translation initiation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Translation_regulation_by_5%E2%80%99_transcr_42b671d0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1384", "caption": "A simplified diagram of the processes involved in protein folding. The polypeptide is translated from its ribosome directly into the ER, where it is glycosylated and guided through modification steps to reach its desired conformation. It is then transported from the ER to the Golgi apparatus for final modifications. Where misfolding proteins continually breach quality control, chaperones including Grp78 facilitate its removal from the ER through retrotranslocation, where it is broken down by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as part of the ERAD system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/PROTEIN_FOLDING_SIMPLIFIED_JPEG_small.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1385", "caption": "A simplified diagram of the initiation of the UPR by prolonged and overwhelming protein misfolding. Grp78 recruitment to chaperone the misfolded proteins results in Grp78 dissociation from its conformational binding state of the transmembrane receptor proteins PERK, IRE1 and ATF6. Dissociation results in receptor homodimerisation and oligomerisation to an active state. The activated cytosolic domain of PERK phosphorylates the eIF2alpha, inhibiting translation and resulting in cell cycle arrest. The activated cytosolic domain of IRE1 cleaves the 26bp intron from its substrate  XBP1 , facilitating its translation to form the transcription factor  XBP1 . Activated ATF6 translocates to the Golgi, cleaved by proteases to form an active 50kDa fragment (ATF6 p50). ATF6 p50 and  XBP1  bind ERSE promoters in the nucleus to produce upregulation of the proteins involved in the unfolded protein response.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-UPR_simplified_JPEG.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1386", "caption": "Figure showing part of the female colony of  Halecium beanii , from an 1873 article by  George James Allman [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Allman_fig_%28QJMS_1873%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1387", "caption": "Q J Microsc Sci  cover with  Company of Biologists", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/QJMS_cover.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1388", "caption": "A Russian edition of the journal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/192px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D_7901a2ad.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1389", "caption": "Structured Digital Abstract logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SDA-logo-yellow-shadow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1390", "caption": "NIH-3T3 fibroblasts in  cell culture .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NIH_3T3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1391", "caption": "Differentiated adipocytes in a 3T3-L1 cell line stained with  Oil Red O", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Differentiated_3T3-L1_Cell_line_stained_with_0d109c08.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1392", "caption": "A549 cells under  DIC microscopy , from a 3-4 days old culture, showing an abundance of intercellular connections, including possible  cytonemes ,  filopodia  and other epithelial bridges. (These cells have endocytosed 25x73 nm  colloidal gold  nanorods.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Intercellular_connections_in_a549_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1393", "caption": "Intercalary located akinete of  Dolichospermum smithii", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dolichospermum_smithii_-_akinete.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1394", "caption": "Terminally located akinete of  Gloeotrichia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gloeotrichia_-_akineta.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1395", "caption": "Schematic representation of a  protein electrophoresis  gel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Electrophoresis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1396", "caption": "Labelled diagram of ciliate with highlighted cytoproct (anal pore)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-2024_CiliatewithCytoproct.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1397", "caption": "Anatomical diagram of a  cydippid comb jelly .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ctenophore_diagram_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1398", "caption": "Bathocyroe fosteri  with anal pore.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Bathocyroe_fosteri.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1399", "caption": "Actions of the major  digestive hormones  secreted by APUD cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Digestive_hormones.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1400", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-T.Cavalier-Smith_%282017%29_Rstb20150476f02__5faf778b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1401", "caption": "Reproduction of Radiococcus and Tetracoccus by forming 4 autospores within a single cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Radiococcus_and_Tetracoccus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1402", "caption": "Trypanochloris can form more than 128 autospores from a single cell. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Trypanochloris_clausiliae_fig.690.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1403", "caption": "Differential interference contrast microscopy  image of  Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata  cells dividing in two, four, and eight-autospore formation. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_reproductive_patterns_in_Pseudokirchner_07b132bc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1404", "caption": "Schematic representation of a  protein electrophoresis  gel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Electrophoresis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1405", "caption": "Birbeck granules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis_-_Birbeck_gran_71208e7f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1406", "caption": "The fluorescent staining of yeast with calcofluor-white. The cell walls fluoresce to a vivid blue color.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Yeast_CalcofluorWhite1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1407", "caption": "The cross section of an Eagle Fern shows the bright green and bright blue fluorescence seen with CFW.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pteridium_aquilinum_Dictyostele.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1408", "caption": "Catabolite Activator Protein (blue) bound to a piece of DNA (red).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-048-CataboliteActivatorProtein-1_131eeea7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1409", "caption": "A  ribosome  is a  biological machine  that utilizes  protein dynamics  on  nanoscales  to  translate  RNA into proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Protein_translation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1410", "caption": "This illustration shows where the cisternae can be found on the Golgi apparatus. As well as the location of the cis and trans Golgi network.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Golgi_apparatus_%28editors_version%29.svg.pn_fa830c42.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1411", "caption": "Cells without (left) and with (right) Detention Centers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Cells_detention_centers_3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1412", "caption": "Monod's original results on Diauxie. Time in hours is plotted on the horizontal axis. Optical density (equivalent to cell concentration) is plotted on the vertical axis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Monod%27s_Diauxic_growth.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1413", "caption": "Bottle of DMEM cell culture medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DMEM_cell_culture_medium.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1414", "caption": "Figure 1:  A) Architecture of the common C-terminal and N-terminal domains; B) The crystal structure of mouse EHD2 dimer. The top monomer is colored to match the domain architecture depicted in (A) [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Domain_architecture_and_structure_of_C-termi_de825911.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1415", "caption": "Figure 2:  Proposed model of EHD facilitated endocytosis [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/386px-EHD_proposed_mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1416", "caption": "Encapsulin-capsid components are shown in purple. Cargo proteins are shown in teal. Non-cargo accessory components are shown in grey. Dotted lines show optional operon components.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Encapsulin_Classification.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1417", "caption": "Different types of  plastid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1418", "caption": "Ex vivo  brainstem: (A)  coronal  view displaying the anterior portion of the tissue sample, (B)  sagittal  view displaying the left-hand side of the tissue sample [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Ex_vivo_Brainstem_sample.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1419", "caption": "Gonadotropic Cell with FSH Granule", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Celula_gonadotropa_FSH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1420", "caption": "Signaling Pathway in Gonadotropic Cell Initiated by GnRH Binding to GnRHR", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/315px-Activation_protein_kinase_C.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1421", "caption": "Endocrine System with FSH and LH Produced by Gonadotropic Cells in Anterior Pituitary", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/313px-Endocrine_central_nervous_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1422", "caption": "Figure 1. Diagram of Notch Signaling Pathway for Hairless Gene in Drosophila", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/262px-Diagram_of_Notch_Signaling_Pathway_for_Hairl_20812231.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1423", "caption": "Figure 2. Hand-drawn Image Showing the Differing Phenotypes Between the Wild Type (\"wt\") and Hairless (\"H\") Drosophila.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/262px-Drosophila_H_and_wt.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1424", "caption": "The p53 protein, shown interacting with a strand of  DNA , is overexpressed in HT-29 cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-P53.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1425", "caption": "Illustrations of intracrine, paracrine, autocrine and endocrine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Autocrine_and_Paracrine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1426", "caption": "Micrograph of hyaline cartilage containing isogenous groups.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/207px-Cartilage03.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1427", "caption": "Cartoon representation of hyaline cartilage with isogenous groups.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/318px-Cartoon_Hyaline_Cartilage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1428", "caption": "Schematic drawing of  Cafeteria roenbergensis  ( Heterokonta :  Bicosoecida ) with two unequal (heterokont) flagella: an anterior straminipilous (with tubular tripartite mastigonemes) and a posterior smooth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cafeteria_roenbergensis_FENCHEL_and_D_J_PATT_216c9fdc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1429", "caption": "A chrysomonad ( Heterokonta :  Chrysophyceae ) under  TEM , with a smooth flagellum (1) and a long flagellum covered with mastigonemes (3)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chrysophyte_algae.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1430", "caption": "Two cryptomonads ( Cryptophyceae ) under  SEM . Mastigonemes not visible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_6743_SEM_Cryptophyte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1431", "caption": "Hematopoiesis: MEP differentiates into megakaryocytes and erythrocytes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Drzewko_rozwojowe_kom%C3%B3rek_macierzystych_71846c55.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1432", "caption": "Megakaryopoiesis: Megakaryocyte actively forming platelets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Platelets_release_in_mature_megakaryocytes_._90708f1e.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1433", "caption": "Cell wall  and middle lamella (top)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1434", "caption": "Placement of middle lamella in plant-tissue  (highly diagrammatic)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plant_Cell_Wall.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1435", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph of a nanoknife. An individual carbon nanotube is being stretched between two tungsten needles. The triangular tip is an atomic force cantilever,  measuring the knife's breaking point.( NIST )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nanoknife.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1436", "caption": "Process by which NSP2 phosphorylation leads to the hyper-phosphorylation of NSP5. This eventually leads to the formation of viroplasms. This image was created using BioRender.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/481px-NSP2_%28rotavirus%29_Phosphorylation_and_LLP_460f3bdd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1437", "caption": "Properties of common prostate cancer cell lines", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Comparison_of_cancer_cell_lines.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1438", "caption": "Actin (Phalloidin) and Nuclei (DAPI) staining", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PC3_prostate_cancer_cells%2C_confocal_image%_a3ff0fb4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1439", "caption": "PC3 cell cultured in plastic plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PC3_cell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1440", "caption": "The purple mesh represents pericentriolar material (PCM)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pericentriolar_material.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1441", "caption": "Chemical structure of  sn -1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Phosphatidylinositol-3%2C4-bisphosphate.svg._526a0939.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1442", "caption": "Animation of plithotaxis in action", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plithotaxis_-_Cells_trekking_rugged_stress_l_ca0c6ca4.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1443", "caption": "Lactotropic Cells (in blue)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Celula_Lactotropa.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1444", "caption": "Promegakaryocyte", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Promegakaryocyte.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1445", "caption": "Comparison of monoblast, promonocyte and monocyte.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Monoblast%2C_promonocyte_and_monocyte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1446", "caption": "Different plastids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1447", "caption": "Figure 1.  Map of the R1 Plasmid isolated by Katherine E. L. Cox and Joel F. Schildbach.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Figure_1._Map_of_the_R1_Plasmid_isolated_by__5bbc3162.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1448", "caption": "RBL (Rat Basophilic Leukaemia) Cell Line", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RBL_%28Rat_Basophilic_Leukaemia%29_Cell_Line_97302662.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1449", "caption": "Tissue culture flasks", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Tissue_culture_vials_nci-vol-2142-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1450", "caption": "\"Gallus ex Persia\", illustration from the  Ornithologiae Tomus Alter  of  Ulisse Aldrovandi , 1600", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gallus_ex_Persia%2C_from_Ulisse_Aldrovandi%2_6b22061f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1451", "caption": "Illustration from the  Gefl\u00fcgel-Album  of  Jean Bungartz , 1885", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tab46_H%C3%BChner_%28Gefl%C3%BCgel-Album%2C__7d059af3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1452", "caption": "Septins in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae   (fluorescent micrograph)  \u2022 Green: septins ( AgSEP7- GFP )  \u2022 Red: cell outline ( phase contrast )  \u2022 Scale bar: 10 \u03bcm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-S_cerevisiae_septins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1453", "caption": "Cross section of the  epithelium  of a  seminiferous tubule  showing various stages of spermatocyte development", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Gray1150.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1454", "caption": "Scheme showing analogies in the process of maturation of the ovum and the development of the spermatids (young spermatozoa).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Gray%27s_7_%28ovum_maturation%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1455", "caption": "A spinner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Spinning_device.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1456", "caption": "Prickle Cells Drawing - Artist: Sandy G Phillips-Long", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Prickle_cell.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1457", "caption": "Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum spinosum labeled slightly below center.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Epidermal_layers.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1458", "caption": "An image of the spleen in the human body. Also shows the red and white pulp regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Illu_spleen.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1459", "caption": "Synapsis during Meiosis. The circled area is the part where synapsis occurs, where the two chromatids meet before crossing over", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Synapsis_during_Meiosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1460", "caption": "Skeletal muscle , with terminal cisterna labeled near bottom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Blausen_0801_SkeletalMuscle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1461", "caption": "Pictures G-N show the tip links connecting the stereocilia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-The_Tailchaser_mutation_does_not_affect_form_74fc840a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1462", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph  depicting tonofilaments, labeled tf, running longitudinally within the dorsal epidermal cells of the  girdle  of a  chiton", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chiton_epidermis_TEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1463", "caption": "Touton giant cells in a  juvenile xanthogranuloma .  H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Juvenile_xanthogranuloma_-_very_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1464", "caption": "Illustration of a transition: each of the 4 nucleotide changes between purines or between pyrimidines (in blue). The 8 other changes are  transversions  (in red).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-All_transitions_and_transversions.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1465", "caption": "Formation of Traube cells. Crystals of  potassium ferrocyanide  are put into a solution of  copper sulfate  (left). The interaction between them forms a film of  potassium ferrocyanide  at the vessel wall (right). The film is slowly filled with water inside it, like a membrane of a plant cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Traube_cell_formation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1466", "caption": "Blue coloured elastic fibers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Elastic_fibers_weigerts_elastic_stain_non-lactatin_00c99f71.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1467", "caption": "Schematic representation of structural classes of protein according to the  CATH  classification scheme. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-CATH_hierarchy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1468", "caption": "The human genome, categorized by function of each gene product, given both as number of genes and as percentage of all genes. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/475px-Human_genome_by_functions.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1469", "caption": "The human genome, categorized by the predicted  subcellular location  distribution of each gene product. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/475px-Human_proteome_subcellular_distribution.svg._646e4acc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1470", "caption": "A representation of the 3D structure of the protein  myoglobin  showing turquoise  \u03b1-helices . This protein was the first to have its structure solved by  X-ray crystallography . Toward the right-center among the coils, a  prosthetic group  called a  heme group  (shown in gray) with a bound oxygen molecule (red).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Myoglobin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1471", "caption": "polypeptide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Peptide_bond.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1472", "caption": "John Kendrew  with model of myoglobin in progress", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-KendrewMyoglobin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1473", "caption": "Chemical structure of the peptide bond (bottom) and the three-dimensional structure of a peptide bond between an  alanine  and an adjacent amino acid (top/inset). The bond itself is made of the  CHON  elements.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Peptide-Figure-Revised.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1474", "caption": "Resonance  structures of the  peptide bond  that links individual amino acids to form a protein  polymer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Peptide_group_resonance.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1475", "caption": "A ribosome produces a protein using mRNA as template", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1476", "caption": "The  DNA  sequence of a gene  encodes  the amino acid sequence of a protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Genetic_code.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1477", "caption": "Peptide Synthesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Peptide_Synthesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1478", "caption": "The crystal structure of the  chaperonin , a huge protein complex. A single protein subunit is highlighted. Chaperonins assist protein folding.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Chaperonin_1AON.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1479", "caption": "Three possible representations of the three-dimensional structure of the protein  triose phosphate isomerase .  Left : All-atom representation colored by atom type.  Middle:  Simplified representation illustrating the backbone conformation, colored by secondary structure.  Right : Solvent-accessible surface representation colored by residue type (acidic residues red, basic residues blue, polar residues green, nonpolar residues white).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Proteinviews-1tim.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1480", "caption": "Molecular surface of several proteins showing their comparative sizes. From left to right are:  immunoglobulin G  (IgG, an  antibody ),  hemoglobin ,  insulin  (a hormone),  adenylate kinase  (an enzyme), and  glutamine synthetase  (an enzyme).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Protein_composite.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1481", "caption": "Protein domains vs. motifs . Protein domains (such as the  EVH1 domain ) are functional units within proteins that fold into defined 3D structures. Motifs are usually short sequences with specific functions but without a stable 3D structure. Many motifs are binding sites for other proteins (such as the red and green bars shown here in the context of a  VASP  protein). [ 55 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Domain_organisation_of_EVH_proteins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1482", "caption": "The enzyme  hexokinase  is shown as a conventional ball-and-stick molecular model. To scale in the top right-hand corner are two of its substrates,  ATP  and  glucose .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_subs_aaafcc9c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1483", "caption": "Ribbon diagram  of a mouse antibody against  cholera  that binds a  carbohydrate  antigen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Mouse_cholera_antibody.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1484", "caption": "Protein Structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CHOP_protein_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1485", "caption": "Proteins in various  cellular compartments  and structures tagged with  green fluorescent protein  (here, white)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Localisations02eng.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1486", "caption": "Constituent amino-acids can be analyzed to predict secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure, in this case hemoglobin containing  heme  units", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-225_Peptide_Bond-01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1487", "caption": "Hydrolysis of protein.  X = HCl and heat for industrial proteolysis.  X = protease for biological proteolysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-Proteolysis_scheme.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1488", "caption": "Allosteric regulation of an enzyme", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Enzyme_Model.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1489", "caption": "A \u2013  Active site  B \u2013 Allosteric site  C \u2013  Substrate  D \u2013  Inhibitor  E \u2013  Enzyme This is a diagram of allosteric regulation of an enzyme.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Allosteric_Regulation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1490", "caption": "Amino  Acids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Molecular_structures_of_the_21_proteinogenic_5c1e0fe3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1491", "caption": "The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a large protein complex containing 11\u201313 subunits, including a RING subunit (Apc11) and a cullin (Apc2). APC activity requires association with activator subunits (Cdc20 or Cdh1) that contribute to substrate binding.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-The_anaphase-promoting_complex_%28APC%_b7e1f180.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1492", "caption": "M\u2013Cdk activity promotes the events of early mitosis, resulting in the metaphase alignment of sister chromatids on the spindle. M\u2013Cdk activity also promotes the activation of APCCdc20, which triggers anaphase and mitotic exit by stimulating the destruction of regulatory proteins, such as securin and cyclins, that govern these events. By promoting cyclin destruction and thus Cdk inactivation, APCCdc20 also triggers activation of APCCdh1, thereby ensuring continued APC activity in G 1 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Control_of_late_mitotic_events_by_the__5d9d41e2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1493", "caption": "A timeline of key ancient protein analysis since the 1950s.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-High_resolution_ancient_protein.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1494", "caption": "Structure of AcrIIA4 obtained with the UCSF Chimera software, [ 12 ]  where its PDB file was uploaded. [ 13 ]  Different colours were assigned to the four different secondary structures found in this protein: blue for \u03b2-strands, red for \u03b1-helices, orange for the 3 10  helix, and grey for loops. Originally, the PDB file contains the 20 lowest energy sequences (and thus, the most stable ones) superposed, one of which was randomly selected to create the figure. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AcrIIA4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1495", "caption": "Phage-phage cooperation:  First phage infections may be unable to hamper the CRISPR immunity, but phage-phage cooperations increasingly boost Acr production and host immunosuppression, which produces an increase on the vulnerability of the host cell to reinfection, and finally allows a successful infection and spreading of a second phage.   Based on a representation found in the 17th reference.   [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Phage_cooperation_against_CRISPR_immunity.pn_1bb346bd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1496", "caption": "Diagram showing type I-F CRISPR-Cas system, as well as inhibition mechanisms of three type I-F anti-CRISPRs. Type I-F CRISPR complex is made of 60 crRNA nucleotides and nine Cas proteins (the protein type is specified by the numbers 5,8,7,6). AcrF1 goes to Cas7f, preventing target DNA access to the crRNA guide. AcrF2 interacts both with Cas8f and Cas7f, difficulting target DNA access to the binding pocket. Finally, AcrF3 forms a  homodimer , interacting with Cas3 by preventing its contact with the Cascade complex.  Based on a representation from a review found in the references below.   [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/392px-Type_I-F_CRISPR-Cas_system_and_inhibition_me_c5c7bb1f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1497", "caption": "Phage therapy  could be used against antibiotic resistance, as bacteriophages can kill bacteria, and cure an infection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phage_therapy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1498", "caption": "Phage therapy is a good alternative to the use of antibiotics, but some bacteria have CRISPR-Cas systems. Nevertheless, if phages had Acr proteins, they would inhibit the CRISPR-Cas immune system and infect the cell. At the end of the phage reproduction cycle, which takes place inside bacteria, new phages would be released, provoking the cell lysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Anti-Crispr_Phage_Therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1499", "caption": "Fig. 1  There is no structure resolved for Cdh1 of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae . There is a model based on template pdb2ovq, which shows the  SCF(Fbw7)  ubiquitin ligase complex. Fbw7 is also a WD repeat protein like Cdh1. (The model for Cdh1 can be found on the webpage of  SWISS-MODEL Repository , [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  see the external link at the end of this page)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-SCF%28Fbw7%29.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1500", "caption": "This is a representation of a cartoon that showcases myoglobin and apomyoglobin. It also shows individual helices with A to H labeling. It is also showcasing the removal of a heme group from myoglobin to show apomyoglobin instead.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/389px-Myoglobin_to_Apomyoglobin.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1501", "caption": "This is a picture of an Apomyoglobin structure. It specifically shows cross-linking in glycated W7FW17F apomyoglobin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/243px-Structural_Representation_of_Apomyoglobin.jp_24425dd4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1502", "caption": "Overview of signal transduction pathways involved with  apoptosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1503", "caption": "Schematic illustration of the four known conserved domains in four members of the PIKKs family [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PIKKs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1504", "caption": "ATM-mediated two-step response to DNA double strand breaks. In the rapid response activated ATM phosphorylates effector kinase CHK2 which phosphorylates CDC25A, targeting it for ubiquitination and degradation. Therefore, phosphorylated CDK2-Cyclin accumulates and progression through the cell cycle is blocked. In the delayed response ATM phosphorylates the inhibitor of p53, MDM2, and p53, which is also phosphorylated by Chk2. The resulting activation and stabilization of p53 leads to an increased expression of Cdk inhibitor p21, which further helps to keep Cdk activity low and to maintain long-term cell cycle arrest. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ATM_target_proteins_%28new%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1505", "caption": "Caffeine  is an ATM inhibitor with low activity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Koffein_-_Caffeine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1506", "caption": "AZD0156  is a highly active ATM inhibitor from AstraZeneca", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AZD0156.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1507", "caption": "Schematic of copper homeostasis  cell biology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Copper_metabolism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1508", "caption": "ATOX1 copper coordination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-ATOX1_Cu_Coordination.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1509", "caption": "Model of ligand exchange copper transfer from Atx1 to Ccc2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/ATX1_CCC2.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1510", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1511", "caption": "Human Embryonic Stem Cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/120px-Human_embryonic_stem_cell_colony_phase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1512", "caption": "BLNK\u2019s function and interaction shown in a schematic of BCR signaling pathways. BCR antigen recognition activates  Src family kinases , including the  SYK  and  BTK   tyrosine kinases . Syk then phosphorylates BLNK, which can recruit downstream signaling molecules such as  Grb2 ,  PLCG2 ,  Vav  and  Nck .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-B_cell_signalling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1513", "caption": "Sequence of BZW2 is shown with positions of spacing information, charge clusters, and repeats.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/620px-BZW2_Sequence_Detailing_Spacing%2C_Charge_Cl_191c74a6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1514", "caption": "BZW2 structure from Phyre2 colored from N-terminus (red) to C-terminus (blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/188px-Predicted_Structure_of_BZW2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1515", "caption": "Schematic of the post-translational modification locations on the BZW2 protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/518px-BZW2_Post-Translational_Modification_Schemat_28b8c9cf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1516", "caption": "A phylogenetic tree illustrates the BZW2 sequence relationships between orthologs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/257px-Phylogenetic_Tree_of_BZW2_Orthologs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1517", "caption": "BZW2 corrected divergence over million years diverged from humans,", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/316px-BZW2_Divergence_Rate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1518", "caption": "Overview of signal transduction pathways involved with  apoptosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1519", "caption": "Schematic representation of MHC class I", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MHC_Class_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1520", "caption": "Caspase-8 (as surface) cleavage of Bid (as ribbon) (visualization by  Kosi Gramatikoff )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Casp8-BID.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1521", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Locus2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1522", "caption": "Crystal structure of B-phycoerythrin, a type of phycobiliprotein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-B-phycoerythrin_3V57.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1523", "caption": "Chemical structure of a phycocyanobilin molecule (characterised by tetrapyrrole rings); the bilin chromophore of the phycocyanin biliprotein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phycocyanobilin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1524", "caption": "A phycobilisome made up by stacks of phycobiliprotein subunits attached together.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phycobilisome_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1525", "caption": "The large white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ), from which the biliprotein known as 'bilin-binding protein' was extracted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/211px-Pieris_brassicae_-_lt.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1526", "caption": "Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-BCCP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1527", "caption": "anterior cervical discectomy and fusion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ACDF_surgery_english.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1528", "caption": "Sequence relationships among mammalian bone morphogenetic proteins (mouse/human). Modified after Ducy & Karsenty 2000 [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mammalian_bone_morphogenetic_proteins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1529", "caption": "BSM can be derived from any bovine source.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Vacas_en_Nicaragua.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1530", "caption": "The structure of mucin is shown and includes a core protein with O-linked glycans.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mucin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1531", "caption": "BSM adsorbs to surfaces with the chains extending outward from the adsorption site.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/BSM_Adhesion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1532", "caption": "Conceptual Translation of C1orf167 showcasing the conserved Domain of Unknown Function that begins at the break between exon 13 and exon 14.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Conceptual_translation_table_without_red_lin_f2dc6453.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1533", "caption": "Schematic Illustration of predicted post-translational modifications for C1orf167 made using the Dog 2.0  [ 19 ]  The DUF at locations 954-1418 is labeled", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Dog2.0editedx2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1534", "caption": "Multiple Sequence Alignment of Strict Orthologs for C1orf167. Beginning of the conserved DUF region at the break between exon 13 and 14 is shown. [ 33 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/900px-Correct_MSA_screenshot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1535", "caption": "Dot matrix analysis of uncharacterized protein C2orf16 isoform 2. The P-S-E-R-S-H-H-S repeat sequence is visualized via the darker area of the matrix from amino acid 1500\u20131984, and a half P-S-E-R-S-H-H-S repeat sequence is seen as a band near amino acid 1200.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dot_Matrix_analysis_of_C2orf16.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1536", "caption": "C2orf16 Isoform 2 predicted 3D structure showing the three major domains of the protein. Domain 3 contains the P-S-E-R-S-H-H-S repeat sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C2orf16_Isoform_2_Predicted_3D_Structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1537", "caption": "P-S-E-R-S-H-H-S Repeat Sequence Logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-P-S-E-R-S-H-H-S_Repeat_Sequence_Logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1538", "caption": "Chromosomal location of C2orf74. Image made using NCBI Genome Decorator Page [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/C2orf74_location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1539", "caption": "Antibody staining results from The Human Protein Atlas. [ 17 ]  Immunocytochemical antibody staining results are listed as showing localization to the centrosome (Green, frame A). Other examples of the same antibody staining as well as immunohistochemical results show strong presence of this gene in the cytoplasm. (Green, frame B. Dark brown, frame C).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/512px-Subcellular_localization_imaging_C2orf74.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1540", "caption": "Birds eye view of the coding region of the C2orf74 gene and the promoters in the region. Red boxes represent C2orf74 exons while blue arrows represent promoter regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/515px-C2orf74_Exon-promoter_map_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1541", "caption": "Predicted 3D structure of the human 3'UTR. Stem-loops have been colored red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple, and magenta. Potential mi-RNA binding sites are labelled in light pink, and polyadenylation sites are labelled in orange.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/521px-3%27UTR_structure-update.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1542", "caption": "Figure 4: Rate of evolution comparison between C2orf74, Cytochrome C, and Fibrinogen Alpha. C2orf74 appears to evolve even faster than Fibrinogen alpha, which serves as a standard for rapidly evolving genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/391px-Evolution_rate_comparison_of_C2orf74%2C_Cyto_bf8556aa.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1543", "caption": "Left: Microarray data from NCBI GEO showing decreased level of C2orf74 expression in  colorectal cancer  cells regardless of whether they were positive or negative for  CD133  (a proposed biomarker for cancer.), but not in other types of cancerous cells such as carcinoma associated fibroblasts. Right: Microarray data from NCBI GEO showing decreased level of C2orf74 expression in  colorectal adenomas , but not in normal  mucosa . Note that adenomas are benign tumors that arise from normal mucosa, making the difference in C2orf74 expression relevant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/1163px-C2orf74_microarrays.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1544", "caption": "Predicted tertiary structure of c7orf26 with leucine zipper elements highlighted in red, and dileucine components highlighted in green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C7orf26.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1545", "caption": "Location of c7orf26 on chromosome 7", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/C7orf26_locus.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1546", "caption": "Diagram depicting the expression of c7orf26 in tissues throughout the body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/550px-NCBI_GEO_Profile_%28c7orf26%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1547", "caption": "Phylogenetic Tree of nearest orthologs of c7orf26", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/580px-C7orf26_Unrooted_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1548", "caption": "Location of C9orf25 on the - strand of Chromosome 9", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C9orf25.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1549", "caption": "Speed of evolution of C9orf25 in some orthologs compared to evolution of  Cytochrome C  and  Fibrinogen [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C9orf25_evolution_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1550", "caption": "Secondary structure of the FAM219A gene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Secondary_Structure_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1551", "caption": "Expression and amount of C9orf25 present in prostate cells  [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C9orf25_in_Prostate_Cancer_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1552", "caption": "A graph depicting the rate of divergence for the human gene C9orf85 in comparison to Homo sapiens Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen Alpha Chain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C9orf85_Evolutionary_Divergence.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1553", "caption": "Multiple sequence alignment of C9orf85 showcasing the most significant & conserved cysteines.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cysteine_Conservation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1554", "caption": "Conceptual translation of human C11orf91 gene/protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/272px-Conceptual_Translation_of_Human_C11orf91.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1555", "caption": "Tertiary Structure of human C11orf91 protein. Created with AlphaFold Protein Structure Database. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Tertiary_Structure_of_C11orf91.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1556", "caption": "Corrected Sequence Divergence vs. Median Date of Divergence graph for human C11orf91,  Fibrinogen Alpha , and  Cytochrome C .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/251px-C11orf91_Cytochrome_C_Fibrinogen_Alpha_Graph_cc9d91c2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1557", "caption": "Cytogenetic band: 12q23.2 [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Genomic_View_for_C12orf42_Gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1558", "caption": "Tertiary structure  for C12orf42 protein. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C12orf42_Determined_Protein.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1559", "caption": "This protein cartoon illustrates the location of, the domain DUF4607 and two nuclear localization sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/C12orf42_protein_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1560", "caption": "Illustrates the translocation that occurred that led to a deletion in chromosome 12. Where chromosome 12q23 cross-fused with TRDREC and TRAJ61 segment. This interfered with C12orf42 gene. [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Chromosomal_Translocation_t%2812%3B14%29%28q23%3Bq_322b3ab4.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1561", "caption": "Diagram of C16orf78 protein with ubiquitination sites marked in red and phosphorylation sites marked in gray. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/C16orf78Diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1562", "caption": "Phyre2 generated model of C16orf78 rendered in  Chimera .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/548px-C16orf78Phyre2WikiShot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1563", "caption": "Expression of C16orf78 across multiple human tissues [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/553px-C16orf78_Tissue_Expression_Profile_Graph.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1564", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Updated_C17orf53_manual_entry_of_infobox_gen_bc3c5884.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1565", "caption": "In situ hybridization data of C17orf53 in the hypothalamus (top) and the mesencephalon (bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-In_situ_hybridization_of_C17orf53.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1566", "caption": "The table above denotes common orthologs of C17orf53", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/175px-Orthologs_of_C17orf53.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1567", "caption": "C17orf53 phylogenetic tree of its orthologs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/175px-C17orf53_Phylogenetic_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1568", "caption": "The secondary structure of c17orf53", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Secondary_structure_of_c17orf53.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1569", "caption": "The predicted tertiary structure of C17orf53", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-C17ord53_final_structure_%281%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1570", "caption": "Protein interactions of c17orf53", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_interactions_of_c17orf53.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1571", "caption": "NCBI GEO Expression Profile for C18orf63", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/293px-GEO_Expression_Profile_for_C18orf63.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1572", "caption": "Amino acid composition of the average protein (left) and Amino acid composition of C18orf63 (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/268px-Amino_acid_composition_normal_vs_c18orf63_.p_97966444.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1573", "caption": "Partial 3D structure for C18orf63", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/270px-Image_of_DUF_4708.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1574", "caption": "Motifs and Domains for C18orf63", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/272px-Motifs_and_domains_for_c18orf63.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1575", "caption": "Rate of evolution for C18orf63 when compared to betaglobin, fibrinogen alpha, and cytochrome c", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/237px-Rate_of_evolution_c18orf63.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1576", "caption": "C19orf38  location on chromosome 19, gene neighborhood, and gene overview.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/390px-C19orf38_gene_location-01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1577", "caption": "HIDE1 protein three-dimensional structure. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/182px-C19orf38_Hide1_Protein_Annotated_-02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1578", "caption": "Human Protein HIDE1 domain, motif, and post translational modification diagram.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/820px-C19orf38PTMs-01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1579", "caption": "Table of C19orf38 transcript orthologs and related properties.   Data is organized by median date of divergence (MYA), and then sequence identity to  Homo sapien  (Hsa) protein. [ 18 ] [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/362px-C19orf38_Ortholog_Table-01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1580", "caption": "human  C19orf38  unrooted evolutionary tree .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/418px-C19orf38-01_Phylogenetic_Tree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1581", "caption": "Gene Neighborhood of C19orf67", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/C19orf67_Neigh.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1582", "caption": "Splice Variants for C19orf67. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/1086px-Splice_Variants_C19orf67.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1583", "caption": "Predicted Post-Translational Modifications and Domains of UPF0575 C19orf67.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-559px-Post_mods.tif.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1584", "caption": "Abundance of C19orf67 found throughout the body in humans relative to abundances of other human proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/414px-C19orf67_Protein_Abdunance.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1585", "caption": "This conceptual translation of c22orf23 includes post-translational modifications indicated on the right, start codon in green, stop codon in red, exon-exon junctions in blue, polyadenylation tail in orange, and highly conserved amino acids in purple.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Conceptual_Translation_of_C22orf23.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1586", "caption": "Predicted secondary structure of C22orf23. 53% of the sequence is predicted as disordered and cannot be predicted with confidence. It has a coverage modeled of 28% with a 42.9% confidence. The image was created using Phyre2. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Final.casp.big.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1587", "caption": "[ 8 ]   Upon activation of Toll signaling by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria infection, Cactin in the cytosol binds to Cactus and mediates the release of Dif and Dorsal from Cactus, allowing their translocation into the nucleus and activation of AMP genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cactin_Process.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1588", "caption": "Figure 1 : Evolutionary lineage of vertebrate  CNN1 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-CNN1_wikipage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1589", "caption": "Figure 2. Structural and functional domains of calponin.  The linear structural map summarized primarily from studies of chicken calponin 1 illustrates the structural and functional domains of calponin. The CH domain, two actin-binding sites, three repeating sequence motifs, and the C-terminal variable region are outlined. The CH domain overlaps with the ERK signaling binding region. Amino acid sequences of the two actin-binding sites in the three isoforms and the three repeating motifs of calponin 1 are shown in the insets. The regulatory phosphorylation sites Ser 175  and Thr 184  are located in the second actin-binding site that overlaps with the first repeating motif. Potentially phosphorylatable serine residues corresponding to Ser 175  are conserved in repeats 2 and 3, while a Thr 184  equivalent is conserved in repeat 2. Different from calponin 1 and calponin 3, calponin 2 has a potentially phosphorylatable additional serine at position 177.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/534px-Calponin_structure_wikigene_final.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1590", "caption": "Figure 1:  Evolutionary lineage of vertebrate calponin 2 deduced from alignment of amino acid sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/369px-CNN2_wikipage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1591", "caption": "Figure 2. Proteins interacting with calponin.  Calponin binds actin filaments through two actin-binding sites (ABS1 and ABS2), tropomyosin via the N-terminal CH domain, and gelsolin via the region of actin-binding sites. Calponin interacts with microtubules through the region including the actin-binding sites and the repeating motifs and with desmin through the region from N-terminal domain to the end of actin-binding sites. The segment of amino acids 144-182 in calponin interacts with myosin.  In the presence of Ca 2+ ,  calmodulin  and  S100  bind calponin at the region of actin-binding sites and reverse calponin\u2019s inhibition of myosin MgATPase. An N-terminal 22-kDa fragment of calponin interacts with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol. *The interaction between calponin and  caldesmon  is controversial.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/559px-Calponin_interacted_proteins_wikigene_fianl._b5d7ae0a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1592", "caption": "Figure 1.  Evolutionary lineage of vertebrate calponin 3 isoforms deduced from alignment of amino acid sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/382px-CNN3_wikipage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1593", "caption": "Carboxypeptidase A , from bovine pancreas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Carboxypeptidase_A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1594", "caption": "Figure 1. CPA Active Site", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CPA_Active_Site.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1595", "caption": "Figure 2.  CPA-Catalyzed proteolysis promoted by coordinated water molecule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CPA-Catalyzed_Proteolysis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1596", "caption": "This is the predicted structure of CARD11 produced by AlphaFold. The different colored regions reflect the confidence that a particular residue is in that location, with dark blue being the most confident and orange indicating the least confidence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CARD11.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1597", "caption": "Figure 1. Interaction network and domain structure scheme of Cass4.  SH3 domain (SH3) preceded by a short region with no defined functional elements; SH2-binding site motifs, which when tyrosine-phosphorylated allow interaction with SH2-domain containing proteins; serine-rich region encompassing 4-helices and a second highly conserved four-helix bundle that has been recognized as functionally and structurally similar to a focal adhesion targeting [FAT] domain. .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Interaction_network_and_domain_structure_scheme_of_e79b3ae3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1598", "caption": "Predicted tertiary structure ( I-TASSER )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tertiary_Structure_of_CCDC92.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1599", "caption": "GEO Profile of CCDC92 expression in humans. The blue dots indicate the percentile at which the protein was expressed in that tissue compared with all other proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_GEO_Profile.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1600", "caption": "Adjusted amino acid changes per 100 (m) against millions of years since the species diverged from humans determines how quickly the protein changes. Fibrinogen and Cytochrome C are given as a reference.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Molecular_Clock_of_CCDC92.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1601", "caption": "GEO Profile of GDS4006. Observes the effect of a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a hypomethylating agent on CCDC92 levels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GEO_GDS4006_CCDC92.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1602", "caption": "GEO profile of CCDC92 for experiment GDS3049. Observes expression levels in the presence and absence of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Imantinib)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GEO_Profile_of_CCDC92_GDS3049.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1603", "caption": "CCDC113 expression in human tissues. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/PBB_GE_CCDC113_gnf1h00155_at_fs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1604", "caption": "The red line shows the CCDC138 locus on chromosome 2q12.3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Homo_sapiens_CCDC138_on_chromosome_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1605", "caption": "CCDC138 multiple sequence alignment showing conserved regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-CCDC138_multiple_sequence_alignment_BOXSHADE_d0f89a68.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1606", "caption": "CCDC138 multiple sequence alignment showing conserved regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-CCDC138_multiple_sequence_alignment_BOXSHADE_853c9ccb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1607", "caption": "CCDC138 multiple sequence alignment showing conserved regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-CCDC138_multiple_sequence_alignment_BOXSHADE_98c7cf56.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1608", "caption": "CCDC138 rooted phylogeny tree", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-CCDC138_rooted_phylogeny_tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1609", "caption": "Pairwise sequence alignment comparing isoforms 1 and 2 of the CCDC138 protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-CCDC138_isoforms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1610", "caption": "CCDC138 secondary structure as predicted by PELE", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/800px-CCDC138_secondary_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1611", "caption": "Chain A, crystal analysis structure of Clpb", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Chain_A_of_crystal_structure_analysis_of_Clpb.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1612", "caption": "Promoter region of CCDC138 with labeled transcription factor binding sites", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-CCDC138_promoter.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1613", "caption": "Microarray-assessed tissue expression patterns shown in GEO profile.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/1200px-CCDC138_microarray-assessed_tissue_expressi_d7758133.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1614", "caption": "Transcript variants of CCDC138", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-CCDC138_transcript_variants.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1615", "caption": "The location of  CCDC180  on human chromosome 9 within locus 9q22.33 is marked with a line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/647px-Gene_location_of_CCDC180.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1616", "caption": "Here are shown the major domains present within the protein CCDC180: Domains of Unknown Function 4455 and 4456, two coiled-coil domains, and a glutamic acid rich domain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/342px-Diagram_of_Domains_in_CCDC180.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1617", "caption": "A model of CCDC180 secondary and tertiary structure predicted by the University of Michigan I-TASSER server [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/195px-Predicted_Structure_of_CCDC180.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1618", "caption": "Translation of the mRNA and protein sequence for the human protein CCDC180, including domains, secondary structure, exon splice sites, and post-translation modification sites", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/597px-Conceptual_Translation_of_CCDC180.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1619", "caption": "GEO Profile for the expression of the human protein CCDC180 in normal tissues [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/453px-CCDC180_GEO_Profile.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1620", "caption": "The amino acid changes per 100 (m) in a selection of orthologs of CCDC180 versus time of divergence of the species from human in millions of years. This is compared to Cytochrom C and Fibrinogen to indicate the relatively high speed of evolution of the CCDC180 protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/430px-Speed_of_evolution_of_CCDC180.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1621", "caption": "Front (top) and side (bottom) views of the structure (PDB:  1rzr [ 1 ] ) of CcpA (green and red) in complex with co-regulator Hpr-Ser46-P (blue) and target (operator) DNA sequence (gold).  CcpA binds DNA as a homodimer (green and red monomer chains) in the N-terminal region of the protein.  Binding is modulated allosterically by binding of Hpr-Ser46-P (blue) and small molecule ligands (not shown).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Ccpa_in_complex_with_Hpr-Ser-46_and_operator_46d0739a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1622", "caption": "Chromosome location of CDV3 from  NCBI Gene . [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CDV3_Chromosome_Location.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1623", "caption": "Conceptual translation of the longest CDV3 isoform annotated with CDV3's predicted secondary structure and conserved amino acids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Predicted_secondary_structure_of_CDV3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1624", "caption": "Predicted CDV3 3D structure from I-TASSER.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Predicted_CDV3_3D_Structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1625", "caption": "HPA RNA-seq Normal Tissue Expression from NCBI Gene entry on CDV3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CDV3_Human_HPA_RNA-seq_Normal_Tissue_Express_282af32f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1626", "caption": "Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development from NCBI Gene entry on CDV3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tissue-specific_circular_RNA_induction_for_C_0ac053be.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1627", "caption": "RNA sequencing of total RNA from 20 human tissues from NCBI Gene entry on CDV3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CDV3_RNA_sequencing_of_total_RNA_from_20_hum_53aedc0d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1628", "caption": "Illumina bodyMap2 transcriptome from NCBI Gene entry on CDV3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CDV3_Illumina_bodyMap2_transcriptome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1629", "caption": "A conceptual translation showing predicted sites of CDV3 protein regulation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Predicted_Sites_of_CDV3_Protein_Regulation.p_f2172e98.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1630", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree of species with CDV3 orthologs using Phylogeny.fr", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Species_with_CDV3_Ortho_50fd18d9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1631", "caption": "Fig. 1  The figure shows a sketch of how the SCF complex functions, and what the role of Cdc4 is within this structure (-> adaptor function).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-SCF%28Cdc4%29_fig1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1632", "caption": "cIAP1 structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/308px-CIAP1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1633", "caption": "Micrograph  of a  paraganglioma  stained with chromogranin-A  immunostain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Paraganglioma_-_chromo_-_intermed_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1634", "caption": "Schematic representation of a circular permutation in two proteins. The first protein (outer circle) has the sequence a-b-c. After the permutation the second protein (inner circle) has the sequence c-a-b. The letters N and C indicate the location of the amino- and carboxy-termini of the protein sequences and how their positions change relative to each other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Circular_Permutation_In_Proteins.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1635", "caption": "Two proteins that are related by a circular permutation.  Concanavalin A  (left), from the Protein Data Bank ( PDB :  3cna \u200b), and peanut  lectin  (right), from  PDB :  2pel \u200b, which is homologous to favin. The termini of the proteins are highlighted by blue and green spheres, and the sequence of residues is indicated by the gradient from blue (N-terminus) to green (C-terminus). The 3D fold of the two proteins is highly similar; however, the N- and C- termini are located on different positions of the protein. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Concanavalin_A_vs_Lectin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1636", "caption": "The permutation by duplication mechanism for producing a circular permutation. First, a gene 1-2-3 is duplicated to form 1-2-3-1-2-3. Next, a start codon is introduced before the first domain 2 and a stop codon after the second domain 1, removing redundant sections and resulting in a circularly permuted gene 2-3-1.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Permutation_by_Duplication.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1637", "caption": "Suggested relationship between saposin and swaposin. They could have evolved from a similar gene. [ 7 ]  Both consist of four alpha helices with the order of helices being permuted relative to each other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Saposin_Swaposin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1638", "caption": "The fission and fusion mechanism of circular permutation. Two separate genes arise (potentially from the fission of a single gene). If the genes fuse together in different orders in two orthologues, a circular permutation occurs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fission-fusion_%28genetics%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1639", "caption": "Transhydrogenases in various organisms can be found in three different domain arrangements. In  cattle , the three domains are arranged sequentially. In the bacteria  E.\u00a0coli ,  Rb.\u00a0capsulatus , and  R.\u00a0rubrum , the transhydrogenase consists of two or three subunits. Finally, transhydrogenase from the protist  E.\u00a0tenella  consists of a single subunit that is circularly permuted relative to cattle transhydrogenase. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Transhydrogenase_Circular_Permutations.svg.p_399e75f5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1640", "caption": "Mechanism of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Itrafig2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1641", "caption": "The activator, thyroid hormone receptor (TR), is bound to a corepressor preventing transcription of the target gene. The binding of a ligand hormone causes the corepressor to dissociate and a coactivator is recruited. The activator bound coactivator recruits RNA polymerase and other transcription machinery that then begins transcribing the target gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/457px-Type_ii_nuclear_receptor_action.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1642", "caption": "Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) removes the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA and transfers it the N-terminal tail of chromatin histones. In the reverse reaction, histone deacetylase (HDAC) removes the acetyl group from the histone tails and binds it to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1643", "caption": "N-terminal acetyltransferase (NAT) transfers the acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) to the N-terminal amino group of a polypeptide.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Protein-acetylation-nterminal.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1644", "caption": "Diagram of cohesin showing its four constituent protein subunits", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cohesin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1645", "caption": "Models of SMC and cohesin structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Models_of_SMC_and_cohesin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1646", "caption": "Crystal structure of mouse coronin-1. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-PBB_Protein_CORO1A_image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1647", "caption": "SARS-CoV-2  main proteinase  dimer  with the  catalytic dyad  ( H41 ;  C145 ) in complex with protease inhibitor chemical 11a ( PDB :  6LZE \u200b)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-DOI.10.1126.science.abb4489.S2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1648", "caption": "The original crowdsourced design of the fragment merge (TRY-UNI-714a760b-6)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Figure_4_doi.org-10.1101-2020.10.29.339317.p_789dd717.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1649", "caption": "Some of the international participants in COVID Moonshot.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Figure_1_doi.org-10.1101-2020.10.29.339317.p_d4500e99.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1650", "caption": "The image shows the exact location of CXorf49 on the minus strand of the X chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/399px-CXorf49_location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1651", "caption": "Image of the protein with the domain of unknown function.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/472px-Protein_cxorf49.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1652", "caption": "This phylogenetic tree made with CRUSTALW on SDSC Biology Workbench [ 6 ]   shows how CXorf49 in Human (Hsa), Chimpanzee(Ptro), Malayan flying lemur(Gava), Sheep (Ovari), Pacific walrus(Ord), Aardvark(Oafaf), Chinese tree shrew (Tuchi) and House mouse(Mmus) has diverged over time.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phylogenetic_tree1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1653", "caption": "Tertiary structure of human cyclin A (lacking the amino-terminal 170 amino acids), showing the central core of two five-helix bundles, with additional helices at the amino terminus (black) and carboxyl terminus (grey). The yellow region in helix 1 is the MRAIL sequence or hydrophobic patch, which contributes to the recognition of some substrates. (PDB 1fin)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Cyclin_structure.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1654", "caption": "Expression of human cyclins through the  cell cycle .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Cyclin_Expression.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1655", "caption": "Expression of human cyclins through the  cell cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/422px-Cyclin_Expression.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1656", "caption": "Expression of cyclins through the  cell cycle .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/422px-Cyclin_Expression.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1657", "caption": "Role of CDK4, cyklin D, Rb and E2F in cell cycle regulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Role_of_CDK4%2C_cyklin_D%2C_Rb_and_E2F_in_ce_adc72105.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1658", "caption": "Expression of cyclins through the  cell cycle .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/422px-Cyclin_Expression.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1659", "caption": "Crystal Structure of the human Cdk1 homolog, Cdk2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PBB_Protein_CDK2_image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1660", "caption": "Fig. 1  The diagram shows the role of Cdk1 in progression through the  S. cerevisiae  cell cycle. Cln3-Cdk1 leads to Cln1,2-Cdk1 activity, eventually resulting in Clb5,6-Cdk1 activity and then Clb1-4-Cdk1 activity. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Cell-cycle_control_system%2C_Morgan_3-34.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1661", "caption": "Cdk2 (blue) and its binding partner, cyclin A (red). [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CDK2CyclinA_Cropped.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1662", "caption": "Cdk2 (blue) and its binding partner cyclin E (orange). [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CDK2CyclinE_Cropped.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1663", "caption": "Graphical abstract of CDK2  [ 29 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CDK2-Selective_inhibitor.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1664", "caption": "Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in  apoptosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1665", "caption": "Cdk5 functions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ESQUEMA_definitivo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1666", "caption": "Cdk5 is a transitional state to the overexposure to drugs as cocaine. It can be explained by the increased expression of Cdk5 in NA, PFC and VTA only when it comes to frequent cocaine doses significantly close in time", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/356px-Experiment_with_mices_allowing_to_analyze_th_c3f21038.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1667", "caption": "Cdk5 forms a complex with p25, which results in nerve cells apoptosis and neuroinflammation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/461px-Cdk5_ParkinsonDisease.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1668", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1669", "caption": "Quantum dynamics of a Davydov soliton with  \n \n \n \n \u03c7 \n = \n 35 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\chi =35} \n \n  pN generated by an initial Gaussian step distribution of amide I energy over 3 peptide groups at the N-end of a single \u03b1-helix spine composed of 40 peptide groups (extending along the  x -axis) during a period of 125 picoseconds. Quantum probabilities  \n \n \n \n \n | \n \n \n a \n \n n \n \n \n \n \n | \n \n \n 2 \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |a_{n}|^{2}} \n \n  of amide I excitation are plotted in blue along the  z -axis. Phonon lattice displacement differences  \n \n \n \n \n b \n \n n \n \n \n \u2212 \n \n b \n \n n \n \u2212 \n 1 \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b_{n}-b_{n-1}} \n \n  (measured in picometers) are plotted in red along the  y -axis. The soliton is formed by self-trapping of the amide I energy by the induced lattice distortion. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Davydov-soliton.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1670", "caption": "DSP is found in the teeth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1671", "caption": "Crystal structure of human Desmocollin-1 ectodomain, PDB 5IRY [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Crystal_structure_of_human_Desmocollin-1_ect_8286c3f5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1672", "caption": "Annotated features of TMEM261 protein including topology and important sites for phosphorylation and Myristoylation as well DUF4536 and transmembrane helical domains.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TMEM261_features.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1673", "caption": "Some proteins found to interact with TMEM261", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TMEM261interactions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1674", "caption": "Tissue expression of TMEM261 showing tissue enriched gene (TEG) expression  [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tissueexpression.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1675", "caption": "Doublecortin expression in the rat  dentate gyrus , 21st postnatal day. Oomen et al., 2009. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Doublecortin_expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1676", "caption": "Double layer hippocampus seen in Doublecortin knock out mice (right panels) compared to the normal hippocampus in wild type mice (left panels). Figure extracted from the work of the laboratory of  Fiona Francis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Morphological_Abnormalities_in_the_Dcx_KO_Hi_d4862612.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1677", "caption": "An animation of the structure of the dark state of dronpa protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Dronpa_structure_animation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1678", "caption": "On-cis (green) and Off-trans (yellow) states of the chromophore. Nearby residues that move are also shown. Clockwise from the top: Arg66, Val157, Ser142, Cys-Tyr-Gly chromophore.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dronpa_chromophore_states.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1679", "caption": "Figure 1.  Scheme, representing major proteins interacting with EFS through highly conserved motifs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/309px-EFS_domains_and_known_interacting_proteins.p_0cf4d680.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1680", "caption": "Left:  protoporphyrin IX . Right: modified form of heme cofactor released from peroxidase by protease digestion under nonreducing conditions. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Eosinophil_peroxidase_-_Demonstration_of_pro_4d24fff8.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1681", "caption": "Active site of eosinophil peroxidase in the resting (reduced) state. Pictured: Proximal histidine-asparagine interaction (bottom); distal histidine and bound water (top). In the oxidized form, the oxyferryl radical takes the place of the bound solvent molecule, and the halide substrate binds alongside that. Not pictured: other bound solvent water molecules. Refer to PDB crystal structures or  refs. [ 11 ]  and. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Active_site_of_eosinophil_peroxidase.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1682", "caption": "ERICH2 gene location as depicted by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/ERICH2_Location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1683", "caption": "Cartoon of the ERICH2 protein. The green box represents the PHA03247 domain, the orange box represents the amidation site, the blue box represents the cAMP- and cGMP- dependent protein kinase binding site. The gray box labels P represents an area rich in Proline, while the gray box label conserved is that in which is conserved throughout distant orthologs. the gray tags represent phosphorylation sites, and the red flags represents sites of glutamate amino acids. The green lines on the top of the cartoon represent the Pat4 nuclear localization signals while the gray brackets represent the Pat7 localization signals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/653px-Cartoon_3.0.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1684", "caption": "Conceptual Translation of ERICH2. Intron-exon boundaries are highlighted in yellow. The PHA03247 domain is highlight it light gray. The acetylation site is in orange font. The amidation site is in light blue font. The c-AMP and c-GMP dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site is highlighted teal. Phosphorylation sites are in pink text. The most conserved region in distant orthologs is highlighted green. The beta strand structure is represented by a black arrow. The alpha helix structure is represented by a purple arrow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Doc_3.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1685", "caption": "A  fluoroscopy  of human cells, from the CACO-2 cell line of  colorectal cancer , showing the presence of the ERICH2 antibody, as well as highlighted microtubules and DNA. The figure shows the location of the ERICH2 protein, mainly in the nucleoli fibrillar center and vesicles. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Expression_Fluoroscopy_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1686", "caption": "Heme in chlorocruorin, the source of its unique green color.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chlorocruorin_ligand.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1687", "caption": "The image displays the structure of eRF1 alone with key annotations of significant sites. [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/560px-Annotated_structure_of_eRF1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1688", "caption": "Hydrolysis of ester bond to release nascent protein [ 37 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/629px-41598_2018_20107_Fig3_HTML.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1689", "caption": "Mechanistic steps of Nonsense Mediated Decay pathway [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Mechanism_of_Nonsense_Mediated_Decay.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1690", "caption": "Extrinsic apoptosis pathway:  The Fas receptor (FasR) is stimulated by Fas ligand (FasL), recruiting FADD to the FasR via an interaction between the death domains (DD) of both molecules. Procaspase 8 is recruited to FADD and interacts via the death effector domains (DED) of both molecules. This results in the cleavage and activation of procaspase 8, forming caspase 8, which goes on to cleave and activate other caspases such as procaspase 3 to initiate the caspase cascade which leads to cell death.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Extrinsic_apoptosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1691", "caption": "Regulation of FADD by MKRN1:  MKRN1 ubiquitinylates FADD targeting it for degradation by the 26S proteosome. As it is degraded, FADD can no longer bind to the Fas receptor (Fas R) to induce apoptosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Regulation_of_FADD_by_MKRN1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1692", "caption": "Human Chromosome 5", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_5.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1693", "caption": "Tertiary Structure of the human FAM13B protein from AlphaFold", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/167px-Tertiary_Structure_FAM13B.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1694", "caption": "Annotated FAM13B protein, made from The CUCKOO Workgroup", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/297px-Nucleotide_fam13b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1695", "caption": "Annotated post-translational modification sites on human FAM13B protein, made from The CUCKOO Workgroup", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Post_mods_fam13b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1696", "caption": "Multiple sequence alignment of a conserved area of the FAM13B protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Fam13b_strict_orthologs_msa.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1697", "caption": "Structure of FAM63B protein showing the domain of unknown function, bipartite tryptophan binding motif, hydrophobic stretchm, and KDEL signal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FAM63B_protein_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1698", "caption": "Predicted protein structure of FAM63B as determined by iTASSER.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FAM63B_tertiary_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1699", "caption": "The phylogenetic tree from TimeTree shows a time calibration for the evolution of FAM63B among humans (Has), prairie voles (Moc), polar bears (Uma), Western clawed frogs (Xtr), and Western Indian Ocean coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae, Lch). The fish is the most diverged, followed by the amphibian, and the mammals, especially humans, are the least diverged. This is as expected in accordance with the evolutionary history of organisms on Earth, and FAM63B shows no great exception to the rule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FAM63B_phylogenic_tree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1700", "caption": "FAM71E2 gene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FAM71E2_gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1701", "caption": "5' UTR folding FAM71E2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/107px-5%27_UTR_folding_FAM71E2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1702", "caption": "3' UTR folding FAM71E2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/104px-3%27_UTR_folding_FAM71E2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1703", "caption": "Visualization of domains and motifs on the FAM71E2 gene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Domain_carton.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1704", "caption": "Secondary structure of FAM71E2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phyre_structure_of_gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1705", "caption": "Metaphase II stage oocytes matured in vivo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Expression_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1706", "caption": "Estrogen receptor alpha-silenced MCF7 breast cancer cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Expression_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1707", "caption": "Neural transcription factor SOX11 depletion effect on mantle cell lymphoma cell line", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Expression_3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1708", "caption": "Evolution chart FAM71E2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Evolution_chart_FAM71E2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1709", "caption": "FAM89A located downstream of the ARV1 gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/429px-FAM89A_Gene_Neighborhood..png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1710", "caption": "Immunofluorescent staining of RH-30 cell line reveals FAM89A localization to Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and nucleoplasm (shown in green). [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/239px-FAM89A_Expression_RH30_Cell_Line.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1711", "caption": "Schematic diagram of FAM89A 184 amino acid (aa) length protein with annotations of the leucine-rich adaptor protein (LURAP) domain and the post-translational modifications.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/431px-FAM89A_Post-translational_Modifications_Sche_f73cc3c7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1712", "caption": "Pairwise sequence alignment of FAM89A to its paralog, FAM89A, reveals an unidentified conserved region containing experimentally verified FAM89B phosphorylation site.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/346px-Alignment_of_FAM89A_with_paralog.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1713", "caption": "Relative divergence of FAM89A reveals FAM89A's rapid rate of mutation accumulation relative to fibrinogen, a gene that is evolving rapidly, and cytochrome c, a gene that is evolving slowly.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/293px-FAM89A_Molecular_Clock.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1714", "caption": "Genomic region of 3' UTR of gene FAM151A", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Genomic_region_of_3%27_end_of_gene_FAM_b332547e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1715", "caption": "FAM151A Expression in HPA RNA-seq normal tissues [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FAM151A_Expression_in_HPA_RNA-seq_normal_tis_28a363af.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1716", "caption": "Antibody staining of FAM151A in human kidney tissue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Antibody_staining_of_FAM151A_in_human_kidney_0538bc85.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1717", "caption": "FAM151A tertiary structure as predicted by AlphaFold2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FAM151A_predicted_tertiary_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1718", "caption": "Shannon information content  of amino acid residues for 20 aligned FAM151A sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Conservation_of_protein_FAM151A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1719", "caption": "The structure of the Fc\u03b5RI receptor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Fc%CE%B5RI_Receptor.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1720", "caption": "Summary of IgE/Fc\u03b5RI receptor mediated downward signal cascade", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-IgE_Fc%CE%B5RI_Receptor_Signal_Cascade.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1721", "caption": "Chromosome 4", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FDC-SP_image_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1722", "caption": "Schematic structures of dysferlin, myoferlin, and otoferlin; three ferlin proteins that are associated with human diseases. Lack of functional dysferlin can cause a group of muscular dystrophies knows as dysferlinopathies. Myoferlin is highly expressed in several types of cancer, and mutations in otoferlin can cause deafness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/492px-Schematic_of_dysferlin%2C_myoferlin%2C_and_o_ffa0a205.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1723", "caption": "Superposition of dysferlin FerA structural model obtained by Robetta and  ab initio  bead model obtained by experimental Small Angel X-Ray Scattering experiments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Dysferlin_FerA_structural_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1724", "caption": "Topologies of ferlin domains. Labels A-F indicate:  A: ferlin topology containing all seven C2 domains; B: (-)C2DE; C: (-)C2A; D: (-)C2A, (-)C2DE; E: (-)C2A, (-)C2DE, (-)FerB; F: (-)C2A, (-)C2 D, (-)C2E, (-)C2DE,(-)C2F. Different C2 domains are also labeled as C2A-C2F. In other studies, C2DE, C2E, and C2F are denoted as C2E, C2F, and C2G. In this figure, C2, DysF, and transmembrane are an amalgamation of SMART results, and FerA, FerB and FerI are an amalgamation of PFAM results.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Ferlins_Map_by_Cooper.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1725", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/346px-FHAD1_domains.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1726", "caption": "Structure of the forkhead-associated domain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FHA_domain.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1727", "caption": "Predicted structure of FHAD1 using RaptorX software", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/345px-Secondary_structure_of_FHAD1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1728", "caption": "Expression profile for FHAD1 from Human Protein Atlas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FHAD1_expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1729", "caption": "5' UTR stem loops", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/122px-5%27_UTR_stem_loop_structure_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1730", "caption": "3' UTR stem loops", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/121px-3%27_UTR_stem_loop_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1731", "caption": "Rate of evolution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/343px-Rate_of_evolution.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1732", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree for FHAD1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phylogenetic_tree_for_FHAD1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1733", "caption": "3-D structure of flavodoxin protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3chy_flavodoxin_fold.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1734", "caption": "(RCF-1) Trigonal form of recombinant oxidized long chain flavodoxin in Anabaena/Nostoc sp. The active site is characterized by a FMN (flavin mono-nucleotide) cofactor highlighted in magenta. SO4 residue highlighted in yellow. As with most flavodoxins, the residues near the binding site are large and hydrophobic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Flavodoxinstructure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1735", "caption": "Reversible binding between FAST and a fluorogene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FAST_fr.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1736", "caption": "splitFAST, a split fluorescent reporter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SplitFAST.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1737", "caption": "Formyl functional group is shown in blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-FunktionelleGruppen_Aldehyde.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1738", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/201px-Gattermann_Koch_Synthese_1_%C3%9Cberblick.sv_7a5f8514.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1739", "caption": "Cycle for  methanogenesis , showing initial formylation of methanofuran [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Methanogenesis_cycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1740", "caption": "Methionyl tRNAfMet transformylase complexed with initiator formylmethionyl tRNA fMet . Rendered from PDB 2FMT.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Methionyl_tRNAfMet_transformylase_complexed__d8d90151.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1741", "caption": "The chemical synthesis of  N -formylmethionine is catalyzed by the enzyme methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/675px-N-formylmethionine_synthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1742", "caption": "Active site of PurN GAR transformylased in a complex with the folate based inhibitor 5-deaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (5dTHF). The \u03b1-amino group of GAR (Pink) is located in a position which would attack a N10-formate group on the folate based inhibitor (yellow). Asn 106, His 108, and Asp 144 are colored green. Rendered from PDB 1CDE.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GAR_transformylase_active_site_with_folate_b_2a3710bf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1743", "caption": "Mechanism of PurN GAR transformylase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/675px-PurN_GAR_transformylase_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1744", "caption": "Reaction catalyzed by PurT GAR transformylase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/675px-PurT_GAR_Transformylase_Reaction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1745", "caption": "1M9N Active site of AICAR transformylase. Lys267 (cyan), His268 (purple), AICAR (green). Rendered from PDB 1M9N.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AICAR_transformylase_active_site.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1746", "caption": "Mechanism catalyzed by AICAR transformylase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/675px-AICAR_transformylase_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1747", "caption": "Formylation is a post-translational modification which occurs on lysine residues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lysine_and_n-formyl_lysine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1748", "caption": "Formylation of lysine can compete with acetylation as a post-translational modification.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Formation_n-formyl_lysine_and_acetyl-lysine._75a3e47a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1749", "caption": "Formyl phosphate is a proposed product of oxidative DNA damage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Formation_of_formyl_phosphate.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1750", "caption": "Chemical structure of lometrexol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lometrexol.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1751", "caption": "The universal structure of antibody includes the constant regions part of the fragment crystallizable(Fc) region of the antibody (shown in dark blue). It also includes the fragment antigen binding which is composed of one heavy and one light chain (shown as L for light and H for heavy). Each heavy and light chain is composed of one variable region and one constant region (shown as V or C). The variable regions are composed of 7 amino acid segments; three of which are hypervariable regions or CDR (yellow) and four of which are FR(shown in green for heavy chains and pink for light chains).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Antibody_Structure_and_Antigen_Binding_Regio_3ca04c6f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1752", "caption": "Figure 1:Overview over the functions of GCN2. (GCN1/GCN20=GCN1p/GCN20p binding site; PsiKD = unknown function; KD = Kinase Domain; HisRS = histidyl-tRNA synthetase) Adapted from [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gcn2_function.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1753", "caption": "GFAP  immunostaining  in a glial neoplasm ( anaplastic astrocytoma )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_gfap_-_very_high_ma_3205ba32.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1754", "caption": "GFAP  immunostaining  of an astrocyte in cell culture in red and counterstained for  vimentin  in green. GFAP and vimentin colocalize in cytoplasmic  intermediate filaments , so the astrocyte appears yellow. Nuclear DNA is stained blue with  DAPI . Antibodies, cell preparation and image generated by  EnCor Biotechnology Inc.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Astrocyte5.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1755", "caption": "The skeleton of a bamboo coral; the darker joints are gorgonin nodes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-2_isidella_skeleton_500.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1756", "caption": "Guanosine diphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GDP_chemical_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1757", "caption": "Guanosine triphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GTP_chemical_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1758", "caption": "G proteins have an inherent GTPase hydrolytic activity that is slow. However, in the presence of GAP, this hydrolytic activity is fast.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-G_proteins_and_GAP_hydrolytic_activity.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1759", "caption": "GAP works to open the G protein for nucleophilic attack by water and induce a GDP-like charge distribution.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GAP_mechanism_of_activity.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1760", "caption": "Normally, G proteins are regulated by GAP, which results in controlled cell division.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Normal_G_protein_activity.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1761", "caption": "Without GAP, G proteins are constitutively on because of their slow hydrolytic activity and GEFs constantly replacing GDP with GTP. This results in unregulated cell division and the formation of tumors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-G_proteins_without_GAP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1762", "caption": "G proteins without hydrolytic activity cannot hydrolyze bound GTP. GAPs cannot activate a nonfunctional enzyme, and the G protein is constitutively active, resulting in unregulated cell division and the formation of tumors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Non-hydrolytic_G_proteins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1763", "caption": "Dehulled hemp seeds (food) containing about 10g of hemp protein per 30g serving", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hemp_Seeds_protein1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1764", "caption": "A package of unflavored hemp protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/110px-Hemp_protein_unflavoured_package.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1765", "caption": "Hfq protein with a bound sRNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-LSm_1I5L_1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1766", "caption": "Structure of the ring-finger domain of ICP0", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-3D_protein_structure_of_the_ring_finger_doma_259403b4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1767", "caption": "Schematic representation of the assembly of the core histones into the nucleosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Nucleosome_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1768", "caption": "Histone heterooctamer (H3,H4,H2A,H2B) + DNA fragment, Frog", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/270px-1aoi.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1769", "caption": "Steps in nucleosome assembly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Steps_in_nucleosome_assembly.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1770", "caption": "Basic units of chromatin structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Basic_units_of_chromatin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1771", "caption": "Histone tails and their function in chromatin formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histone_tails_and_their_function_in_chromati_52fdb0b7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1772", "caption": "Schematic representation of histone modifications. Based on Rodriguez-Paredes and Esteller, Nature, 2011", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/640px-Histone_modifications.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1773", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Methyl_lysine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1774", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Methyl_arginine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1775", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-150px-Acetyl_lysine.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1776", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-400px-Amino_acid_phosphorylations.tif._629796e3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1777", "caption": "The crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle consisting of   H2A  ,   H2B  ,   H3   and   H4   core histones, and DNA. The view is from the top through the superhelical axis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/315px-Nucleosome_1KX5_colour_coded.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1778", "caption": "Histone tails and their function in chromatin formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histone_tails_and_their_function_in_chromati_52fdb0b7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1779", "caption": "Histone acetylation alters chromatin structure.  Shown in this illustration, the dynamic state of histone acetylation/deacetylation regulated by HAT and HDAC enzymes. Acetylation of histones alters accessibility of chromatin and allows DNA binding proteins to interact with exposed sites to activate gene transcription and downstream cellular functions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1780", "caption": "A diagram showing where H1 can be found in the nucleosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Nucleosome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1781", "caption": "The crystal structure of the  nucleosome  core particle consisting of  H2A ,   H2B ,  H3  and   H4   core histones, and DNA. The view is from the top through the superhelical axis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-Nucleosome_1KX5_colour_coded.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1782", "caption": "Structure of the H2AFJ protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Structure_of_the_H2AFJ_protein.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1783", "caption": "Histone tails and their function in chromatin formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histone_tails_and_their_function_in_chromati_52fdb0b7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1784", "caption": "Basic units of chromatin structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Basic_units_of_chromatin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1785", "caption": "Histone tails and their function in chromatin formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histone_tails_and_their_function_in_chromati_52fdb0b7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1786", "caption": "Basic units of chromatin structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Basic_units_of_chromatin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1787", "caption": "Basic units of  chromatin  structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Basic_units_of_chromatin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1788", "caption": "The nucleosome assembles when DNA wraps around the histone octamer, two H2A-H2B dimers bound to an H3-H4 tetramer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Nucleosome_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1789", "caption": "DNA  is wrapped around  histones  to form  nucleosomes . Nucleosomes are shown as \" beads on a string \" with the distinction between  euchromatin  and  heterochromatin .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-The_basic_unit_of_chromatin_organization_is__1f12cadf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1790", "caption": "The basic units of  chromatin  structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Basic_units_of_chromatin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1791", "caption": "The dynamic state of histone acetylation/deacetylation regulated by  HAT  and  HDAC  enzymes; acetylation of histones alters accessibility of chromatin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1792", "caption": "A  phosphoryl group  is shown in blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/140px-General_structural_formula_of_phosphoryl_gro_13d51fcf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1793", "caption": "An  O-GlcNAcylated   threonine  residue. The  GlcNAc  moiety is shown in red while the modified threonine is shown in black.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-O-GlcNAc_clear_red.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1794", "caption": "An  adenosine diphosphate ribose  group.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-ADP_ribose.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1795", "caption": "The amino acid  arginine  (left) is converted to  citrulline  (right) via the process of  citrullination .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Citrullination.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1796", "caption": "Proline  trans-cis isomerization  by a  PPIase  enzyme.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Proline-cis-trans-isomerisation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1797", "caption": "Predicted 3D structure of the HSH2D protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HSH2D_Structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1798", "caption": "Structure of hydramacin-1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Protein_structure_2K35.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1799", "caption": "A hydra (size: several millimetres)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Hydra001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1800", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3hr5_assembly-1.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1801", "caption": "IGHM dimer, Human", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/316px-2ql1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1802", "caption": "Inner nuclear membrane proteins structure. Amino-termini (N) and carboxy-termini (C) are indicated in red. Adapted from Holmer and Worman (2001) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Proteins_of_the_inner_nuclear_membrane.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1803", "caption": "A) Full length protein sequence of Arabidopsis. B) 3D structures of ILK repeats. C) N-terminal is blue C-terminal is red. Shows the succession of secondary elements. D) Amino acid sequence of ILK.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Plant_ILK_Structural_Features.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1804", "caption": "The invasin-mediated uptake into mammalian cells involves a clustering model. Multivalent invasin induces integrin clustering by simultaneously binding to multiple integrin heterodimers. This process, dependent on ligand binding and \u03b21-integrin multimerization, leads to the association of various cell signaling molecules, triggering the involvement of additional signaling and cytoskeletal proteins. [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Invasin_mechanism_of_action_in_bacterial_cel_b8fcbe8c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1805", "caption": "Immunoglobulin M (IgM)  pentameric  antibody molecule (consisting of five base units). 1:\u00a0Base\u00a0unit.  2:\u00a0 Heavy chains . 3:\u00a0 Light chains . 4:\u00a0 J chain . 5:\u00a0Intermolecular disulfide bonds.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-IgM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1806", "caption": "Schematic of immunoglobulin A  dimer  showing  H-chain  (blue),  L-chain  (red),  J-chain  (magenta)  and  secretory component  (yellow).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Dimeric_IgA_schematic_01.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1807", "caption": "Tight junctions are formed from action of different JAM proteins working in conjunction. Many of these JAM proteins will be localized in these junctions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cellular_tight_junction-it.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1808", "caption": "Molecular surface model of K-Casein [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-K-case%C3%ADna_comic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1809", "caption": "In red/blue Phe105-Met106 bond of \u03ba- casein [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Punto_de_corte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1810", "caption": "Fluorescein isothiocyanate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/120px-FITC-2D-skeletal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1811", "caption": "Syntenic  gene organization of  keratin  and keratin-associated proteins on  human chromosome 17  and mouse chromosome 11. Based on Wu & Irwin (2018). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-KRTAPs_genes_mouse_human.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1812", "caption": "Ki-67  immunostaining  of a  brain tumour  with a high proliferative rate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_ki67_-_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1813", "caption": "Chromosomal neighborhood of gene KIAA0232", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/KIAA0232_ideogram.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1814", "caption": "Graphic alignment of KIAA0232 and DUF4603 from NCBI BLAST", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-DUF4603.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1815", "caption": "This is a conceptual Translation of the gene KIAA0408.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Conceptual_Translation.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1816", "caption": "Ideogram of human chromosome 2 showing the location of KIAA2012  (Image generated using BioRender) .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/476px-Kiaa2012ideogram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1817", "caption": "Human KIAA2012 promoter sequence. In red are common SNPs, highlighted in yellow is the conserved RFX1-6 transcription factor binding site, and the bolded letters show the transcription start site.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/660px-Promoterkiaa2012.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1818", "caption": "Schematic of KIAA2012 with annotations showing the Glutamine (E) and Glutamic Acid (Q) rich regions, DUF 4670, and the mixed charge cluster (MCC).  (Made using IBS Online Drawing Tool) .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/526px-Wikiimage2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1819", "caption": "Predicted folding pattern and 3-D structure of KIAA2012.  (Image generated by I-Tasser Online Tool) .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/331px-Model1KIAA2012.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1820", "caption": "Predicted KIAA2012 secondary structure with a 91.2% confidence level.  (Image generated by Phyre 2.0)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/311px-Phyre2.oKIAA2012.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1821", "caption": "Unrooted phylogenetic tree of the KIAA2012 orthologs found in Table 1.\u00a0 Mammals (yellow), reptiles (red), amphibians (green), and fish (blue) are circled to differentiate between them, and images of each species are provided next to the three-letter code", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-696px-KIAA2012.Unrooted.Tree.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1822", "caption": "The bioluminescent fish  Parapriacanthus ransonneti , which obtains its luciferase protein from its diet, rather than encoding it within its own genome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Pigmy_sweeper_Parapriacanthus_ransonneti_%28_05b89b97.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1823", "caption": "The rotating view of a smoothed chain of a knotted protein (PDB ID: 1xd3)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Smoothed_knot.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1824", "caption": "Four knot types identified in proteins: the 3 1  knot (upper left), the 4 1  knot (upper right), the 5 2  knots (lower left) and the 6 1  knot (lower right). These images were produced by KnotPlot. [ 5 ]  Note that the 3 1  knot has in fact two distinct forms: left-handed and right-handed. What is shown here is a right-handed 3 1  knot.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pig2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1825", "caption": "(A) A protein is an open chain. (B) To create a closed loop, we pick a point at an infinite distance, and connect it to the N and C termini, thus the whole topological structure becomes a closed loop.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pig1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1826", "caption": "A possible slipknot in a protein. If the terminus is cut from the red line (1), a trefoil knot is created (2).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Slipknot_protein.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1827", "caption": "ICA-069673", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-ICA-069673.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1828", "caption": "Compound #40 (Amato 2011)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Amato%27s_potassium-channel_opener_number_40_22830e49.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1829", "caption": "The tricopper site found in many laccases; note that each  copper  center is bound to the  imidazole  sidechains of  histidines  (color code: copper is brown,  nitrogen  is blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cu3Im8laccase.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1830", "caption": "Leaf protein concentrate (Leafu) made from  stinging nettles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Leafu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1831", "caption": "Lateral hemagglutinine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hemagglutinin_lateral.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1832", "caption": "An  oligosaccharide  (shown in grey) bound in the binding site of a plant lectin ( Griffonia simplicifolia  isolectin IV in complex with the Lewis b  blood group  determinant); only a part of the oligosaccharide (central, in grey) is shown for clarity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gs4_sugar_all.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1833", "caption": "Lectin  histochemistry  of fish muscles infected by a  myxozoan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Parasite160010-fig2_-_Lectins_in_Paralichthy_39c7c403.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1834", "caption": "Leucoagglutinin is a toxic  phytohemagglutinin  found in raw  Vicia faba  (fava bean).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phytohemagglutinin_L.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1835", "caption": "LRRIQ1 chromosome location", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LRRIQ1_Chromosomal_location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1836", "caption": "Using the leucine-rich repeat Query sequence of the LRRIQ1 protein, the Phyre2 program was utilized to make a figure outlining the predicted secondary structure based on its similarity to template leucine rich motifs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Phyre2_prediction_of_Secondary_Structu_2851a9cd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1837", "caption": "Schematic illustration made using DOG software showing the domain of unknown function (DUF4641) as well as the location of secondary structures such as alpha helices, and post-translation modifications such as SUMO sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/638px-LOC101059915_Diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1838", "caption": "Displays the modeled secondary structures of LOC101059915 with the red indicating alpha helices, and the yellow indicating possible beta sheets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101059915_Secondary_Structure_Model.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1839", "caption": "Shows the unrooted branching of select orthologs for LOC10105519.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/253px-LOC101055915_Unrooted_Phylogenetic_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1840", "caption": "Cytogenic location of LOC101928193 at 9q34.2. [ 3 ]  The gene is on the positive strand and is located from base pairs 133,189,767 to 133,192,979.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Cytogenic_location_of_LOC101928193_at_9q34.2_b8ff72aa.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1841", "caption": "LOC101928193 amino acid composition. [ 12 ]  This is a glycine, valine, and serine rich protein. It is also methionine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and lysine poor.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101929193_amino_acid_composition.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1842", "caption": "LOC101928193 predicted secondary structure. [ 13 ]  The orange c's indicate predicted coils and the red e's indicate predicted beta sheets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101928193_Secondary_Structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1843", "caption": "LOC101928193 predicted tertiary structure.  Image coloured by rainbow N \u2192 C terminus. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101928193_tertiary_phyre2_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1844", "caption": "LOC101928193 conceptual translation with post-translational modifications and motifs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101928193_Conceptual_Translation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1845", "caption": "The Mean RPKM Values of 27 Different Human Tissues From RNA-Sequencing of LOC101928193. [ 4 ]  The protein is most highly expressed in the thyroid, ovaries, skin, and testes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-LOC101928193_Gene_Expression_NCBI_Data.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1846", "caption": "LOC101928193 promoter and isoforms. [ 4 ] [ 21 ]  There is one promoter and three isoforms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101928193_Promoter_and_Isoforms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1847", "caption": "LOC101928193 5' UTR stem loops near AUG. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/LOC101928193_stem_loops.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1848", "caption": "LOC101928193 Unrooted Phylogenetic Tree.  Color coded by taxonomic group: Mammals (orange), amphibians (green), fish (blue), mollusks (yellow), cnidarians (teal), fungi (lime green), and bacteria (purple). [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101928193_Unrooted_Phylogenetic_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1849", "caption": "LOC101929193 rate of evolution in comparison to cytochrome c and fibrinogen. [ 3 ] [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101929193_rate_of_evolution_in_comparison_1b64dac6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1850", "caption": "LOC101928193 conserved coding domain found from a multiple sequence alignment of orthologs. [ 27 ]  A  sequence logo  provides a richer and more precise description of, for example, a  binding site , than would a  consensus sequence .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LOC101928193_Conserved_Coding_Domain.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1851", "caption": "The best model generated by  I-TASSER [ 21 ]  for LRRIQ3. The 3 leucine-rich repeats are shown in red, salmon, and magenta respectively. The IQ calmodulin-binding domain is shown in green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/292px-LRRIQ3_I-TASSER_Model.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1852", "caption": "A representation of the domains, motif, and post-translational modification sites of LRRIQ3, generated using DOG 2.0. [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/563px-LRRIQ3_Domains_and_Motifs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1853", "caption": "Diagram of  LUZP2  modification sites. The green bar is the area of the leucine zipper region.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LUZP2_Modification_Sites.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1854", "caption": "Predicted structure of LUZP2 using I-TASSER [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LUZP2_ITASSER_Rainbow.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1855", "caption": "Protein abundance values of  LUZP2  in various tissues in H. sapiens according to PaxDb. Abundance in parts per million. Relative protein abundance histogram from PaxDb.  LUZP2  is shown the red bin. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LUZP2_abundance.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1856", "caption": "Evolutionary rate of  LUZP2  compared to  Fibrinogen alpha  and  Cytochrome c .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-LUZP2_Plot_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1857", "caption": "Mad1 function in SAC. Mad1 homodimer in unattached kinetochores is bound to two c-Mad2 and forms a catalytic receptor for cytozolic o-Mad2. Complex Mad1-cMadD2-oMad2 catalyzes conformational change of inactive oMad2 to the active c-Mad2 form. C-Mad2 then binds to Cdc20 and mediates APC/C inhibition and mitotic arrest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-MAD1_function_in_SAC.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1858", "caption": "Crystal structure, dimer of Mad1-Mad2 complex, yellow and red=Mad1 monomers, palegreen= Mad2 monomers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Dimer_Mad1_Mad2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1859", "caption": "The Maturation of mRNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/383px-MRNA_Maturation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1860", "caption": "Figure 1: The Inhibitor Cystine Knot motif is shown. A compact disulfide-bond core with the following three pairs: Cys3-Cys17, Cys10-Cys21, and Cys16-Cys32.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CysKnotMotif.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1861", "caption": "Figure 2: MCa has a dipole moment with a basic-rich surface including the residues Lys19, Lys20, Lys22, Arg23, Arg24, and Arg3 without any acidic residue. The opposite surface contains four acidic residues Asp2, Glu12, Asp15, and Glu29.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MCa_Anisotropy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1862", "caption": "Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in  apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1863", "caption": "A protein structure model of human mesothelin and the binding sites of MUC16 (CA125) and antibodies [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Mesothelin.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1864", "caption": "The structure of the C-terminal DUF1608 domain of the Methanosarcinales S-layer Tile Protein MA0829. A, the C-terminal DUF1608 domain of MA0829 with domain I colored red, domain II in blue, and the connector subdomain in yellow. B, the crystallographic dimer of the MA0829 CTR. C, a trimer of crystallographic CTR homodimers. Ammonium citrate ligands from the crystallization solution bound at intermolecular interfaces are shown in space filling representation. D, the hexagonal tiles formed from trimeric CTR homodimer assemblies. The primary, asymmetric, and trimer pores are indicated. E, a cutaway side view of the model of the MSTP S-layer (the representation in D is rotated 90\u00b0 from the viewer). The position of the primary pore is indicated by arrowheads. Adapted from  [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Methanosarcinales_S-layer_Tile_Protein_Figur_77fad5ee.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1865", "caption": "PDB 2z0d EBI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_2z0d_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1866", "caption": "MIF4GD is located on human chromosome 17q25.1 (second white band from bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/85px-Human_chromosome_17.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1867", "caption": "Schematic drawing of MIF4GD protein. MIF4G domain and predicted low complexity domains are shown, as well as predicted phosphorylation sites (red), and other post-translational modification sites, including acetylation and OGlcNAc sites (gray).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/MIF4GD_Protein_Schematic_Drawing_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1868", "caption": "The predicted tertiary structure of MIF4GD by I-TASSER program. [ 14 ]  The MIF4G domain is colored gray, the N-terminus is located on the left in purple, and the C-terminus is on the right colored in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-MIF4GD_Predicted_Tertiary_Structure_with_MIF_3203e07e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1869", "caption": "Conceptual Translation of MIF4GD mRNA and resulting protein. The MIF4G domain is highlighted in yellow, and a low complexity domain is highlighted in light purple. Predicted RNA-binding protein binding sites are highlighted in green, predicted miRNA binding sites are highlighted in pink, and predicted stem-loops are highlighted in blue. Conserved amino acids are bolded and/or underlined.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/301px-MIF4GD_Conceptual_Translation_for_Wiki_Artic_a161cbd3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1870", "caption": "An unrooted phylogenetic tree of 19 MIF4GD orthologs, showing the divergence from the human MIF4GD protein (annotated with black arrow). Mammals are annotated with orange box, chordates by a red circle, and arthropods are within green oval. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-258px-MIF4GD_Orthologs_Unrooted_Phylogenetic_2bb20fdf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1871", "caption": "Chromosome 14 diagram with MIPOL1 gene locus marked in red [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Chromosome_14_diagram_with_MIPOL1_locus_mark_c7c217b1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1872", "caption": "Gene neighborhood of MIPOL1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Gene_neighborhood_of_MIPOL1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1873", "caption": "Fig.1. MIPOL1 domain diagram generated using Prosite MyDomains. [ 14 ]  The two coiled-coil domains are highlighted in blue. The green line indicates the Nuclear localization signal. Some important phosphorylation sites have been highlighted in red. Studies have shown that phosphorylation is an important modification for controlling nucleus-cytoplasm shuttling, and may therefore play an important role in sub-cellular localization of this protein (by modifying the  NLS  or  NES ) [ 15 ]  O-GlcNACylation site has been highlighted in grey.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Prosite_MyDomains.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1874", "caption": "Fig.2.Multiple Sequence Alignment of MIPOL1 Orthologs showing conservation of Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal in Mammalian orthologs (Hsa is human, Lve is Lipotes vexillifer (dolphin), and Mja is Manis javanica (Pangolin)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Multiple_Sequence_Alignment_of_MIPOL1_Orthol_476a8dca.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1875", "caption": "Fig.3. Annotated conceptual translation of MIPOL1 isoform 1 showing the most important features. The underlined parts represent the coiled-coil domains. Bolded amino acids are highly conserved even in orthologs as distant as Cnidarians. Other bracketed regions show conserved protein family regions identified such as COG1196 and COG 4372. Exon boundaries are highlighted in blue. Bipartite nuclear localization signal is highlighted in blue. Parts of the protein absent in other isoforms have been highlighted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-600px-Conceptual_translation_with_the_most_i_96f99a7c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1876", "caption": "Fig.4.Tertiary structure of MIPOL1 generated using I-TASSER: [ 25 ]  Blue represents the N-terminus, Red represents the C-terminus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-I-TASSER_Model_v3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1877", "caption": "Fig.5. Plot of number of amino acid changes per 100 amino acids as a function of date of divergence for MIPOL1, cytochrome c and Fibrinogen alpha", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-MIPOL1_Rate_of_Evolution_graph.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1878", "caption": "Schematic demonstrating  mitochondrial   fatty acid   beta-oxidation  and effects of  long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, LCHAD deficiency", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-LCHAD_deficiency.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1879", "caption": "Proteins that function as morpheeins are illustrated using a dice analogy where one dice can morph into two different shapes, cubic and tetrahedral. The illustrated assemblies apply a rule that the dice face with one spot must contact the dice face with four spots. To satisfy the rule for each dice in an assembly, the cubic dice can only form a tetramer and the tetrahedral dice can only assemble to a pentamer. This is analogous to two different conformations (morpheein forms) of a protein subunit each dictating assembly to a different oligomer. All dice in one assembly must be of the same shape before assembly. Thus, for example, the tetramer must come apart, and its component dice must change shape to a pyramid before they can participate in assembly into a pentamer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Morpheein_dice.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1880", "caption": "A protein with 3 functional domains", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/308px-Protein_with_domains.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1881", "caption": "Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 , one of the nine homologues of mothers against decapentaplegic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_SMAD2_PDB_1dev.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1882", "caption": "APC/C structure indicating where the linear motifs from substrates bind.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-APC-C_substrates.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1883", "caption": "Location of the  MT-ATP8  gene in the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-ATP8  is one of the two ATP synthase mitochondrial genes (red boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_5cddd29c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1884", "caption": "The 46-nucleotide overlap in the reading frames of the human mitochondrial genes  MT-ATP8  and  MT-ATP6 . For each nucleotide triplet (square brackets), the corresponding amino acid is given (one-letter code), either in the +1 frame for  MT-ATP8  (in red) or in the +3 frame for  MT-ATP6  (in blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Homo_sapiens-mtDNA~NC_012920-ATP8%2BATP6_Ove_4c17e378.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1885", "caption": "Location of the  MT-ND1  gene in the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-ND1  is one of the seven NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial genes (yellow boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_99788929.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1886", "caption": "Location of the  MT-ND2  gene in the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-ND2  is one of the seven NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial genes (yellow boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_5cddd29c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1887", "caption": "Location of the  MT-ND3  gene in the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-ND3  is one of the seven NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial genes (yellow boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_5cddd29c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1888", "caption": "Location of the  MT-ND4  gene in the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-ND4  is one of the seven NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial genes (yellow boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_99788929.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1889", "caption": "Location of the  MT-ND4L  gene in the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-ND4L  is one of the seven NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial genes (yellow boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_99788929.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1890", "caption": "Location of the  MT-ND5  gene in the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-ND5  is one of the seven NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial genes (yellow boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_5cddd29c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1891", "caption": "Location of the  MT-ND6  gene on the L strand of the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-ND6  is one of the seven NADH dehydrogenase mitochondrial genes (yellow boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_99788929.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1892", "caption": "Tumor metastasis initiated by interactions between MUC16 and  mesothelin .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Peritoneal_metastasis_of_Ovar_a1b1b142.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1893", "caption": "Interaction of MUC16 (CA125) and mesothelin [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Interaction_of_MUC16-CA125_and_m_9c6efa43.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1894", "caption": "Serum  protein electrophoresis  showing a paraprotein (spike/peak in the gamma zone) in a patient with  multiple myeloma .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Monoclonal_gammopathy_Multiple_Myeloma.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1895", "caption": "Detailed representation of the M-band region of the sarcomere. [ 1 ]  Myomesin is bound to myosin at its N-terminal. Obscurin connects the myomesin dimers and binds to the C-terminal of titin. It is thought that the myomesin-titin interaction is vital for the execution of the mechanical functions of the  Ser/Thr kinase  domain of titin. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/263px-Schematic-representation-of-the-M-band-cytos_35746be4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1896", "caption": "Sarcomere and M-band structure. [ 3 ]  (a) electron micrograph of mouse heart muscle sarcomere. (b) diagram of sarcomere layout from (a). Myosin thick filaments are blue, thin actin filaments are orange, Z-discs are black, and the M-band is grey/white. (c) schematic of M-band composition of M-lines. (d) M-band hexagonal lattice based on electron microscopy sections. Blue circles represent myosin, pink circles represent linking filaments, and black lines are the positions of the linking material.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/315px-Myomesin_in_sarcomere_and_M-line.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1897", "caption": "Domains of myomesin family. [ 3 ]  Binding partners are shown in purple. (a) myomesin 1: EH-sequence, S and H splicing variant are shown in green. (b) myomesin 2: has a noticeably smaller N-terminal than myomesin 1. (c) myomesin 3: shorter than myomesin 2.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/277px-Myomesin_types.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1898", "caption": "A  tetrapeptide  (example:  Val - Gly - Ser - Ala ) with  green  highlighted N-terminal \u03b1-amino acid (example: L- valine ) and  blue  marked C-terminal \u03b1-amino acid (example: L- alanine ). This tetrapeptide could be encoded by the mRNA sequence 5'- GUU   GGU   AGU   GCU -3'.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Tetrapeptide_structural_formulae_v.1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1899", "caption": "Main symptoms of neurofibromatosis type I [ 28 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Symptoms_of_neurofibromatosis_type_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1900", "caption": "Nexin can be located on this cross-section of an axoneme", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Eukaryotic_flagellum.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1901", "caption": "TTF-1 needs to have nuclear staining on immunohistochemistry to count as positive. Cytoplasmic staining is disregarded for diagnostic purposes. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Immunohistochemistry_of_adenocarcinoma_with__bd45c053.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1902", "caption": "Micrograph  of a metastatic lung adenocarcinoma (found in the brain) that exhibits nuclear staining (brown) for  TTF-1 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lung_adenocarcinoma_-_TTF-1_-_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1903", "caption": "Dimer of the Influenzavirus A non-structural protein 1 from A/Vietnam/1203/2004(H5N1)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/124px-NS1_Dimer_InfluenzaH5N1_3f5t_bio_r_500.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1904", "caption": "A  nucleosome  is a combination of  DNA  +  histone proteins .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Nucleosome_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1905", "caption": "Cross-sectional drawing of the  Ebola virus  particle, with structures of the major proteins shown and labelled on the right", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/207px-178-EbolaVirusProteins_EbolaProteins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1906", "caption": "OCC-1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-OCC-1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1907", "caption": "OCC-1 Phylogenetic Tree", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-OCC-1_Phylogenetic_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1908", "caption": "MSA for the Occludin/ELL Domain in OCEL1 and its five human paralogs. The beginnings and ends of each paralog were trimmed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-MSA_for_the_Occludin_ELL_Domain_in_OCEL1_and_4e9c00e6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1909", "caption": "Tertiary structure of the human OCEL1 protein as predicted by iTASSER. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Human_OCEL1_protein_predicted_3-dimensional__5f1f9622.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1910", "caption": "RNA folding of the 3\u2019 UTR in OCEL1 generated with RNAfold Web Server. [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Predicted_structure_of_human_OCEL1_protein_3_1bc04d1c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1911", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Myowndiagram2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1912", "caption": "In human, the OCA2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of  chromosome 15  between positions 12 and 13.1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-OCA2_gene_location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1913", "caption": "Figure 1. RNA polymerase II elongation control.  Pol II comes under the control of negative elongation factors (DSIF and NELF) shortly after initiation. P-TEFb mediates a transition into productive elongation by phosphorylating the two negative factors and the polymerase and is regulated by association with the 7SK snRNP.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-RNA_polymerase_II_elongation_control.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1914", "caption": "Figure 2. Structure of P-TEFb bound by HIV Tat.  PDB ID: 3MIA Cdk9 (blue), cyclin T1 (cyan), Tat (orange), ATP (magenta), magnesium (purple), zinc atoms (yellow).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-HIV_Tat_P-TEFb_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1915", "caption": "Figure 3. Reversible association of P-TEFb with the 7SK snRNP.  P-TEFb is released from the 7SK snRNP by Brd4 or HIV Tat. HEXIM is ejected and the two proteins are replaced by hrRNPs. The reverse of this process requires other unknown factors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Regulation_of_P-TEFb_by_the_7SK_snRNP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1916", "caption": "p53 pathway : In a normal cell, p53 is inactivated by its negative regulator, mdm2. Upon DNA damage or other stresses, various pathways will lead to the dissociation of the p53 and mdm2 complex. Once activated, p53 will induce a cell cycle arrest to allow either repair and survival of the cell or apoptosis to discard the damaged cell. How p53 makes this choice is currently unknown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-P53_pathways.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1917", "caption": "Activation of p53 in response to stress signals initiates its transcriptional activity, leading to the activation of cellular protective pathways [ 25 ]   p53 binds to the DNA in a tetrameric configuration and promotes the transcription of a wide array of genes. Pictured are key p53 pathways and transcriptional targets regulated by p53 with a specific emphasis on p53-dependent DNA repair genes. BER (base excision repair), NER (nucleotide excision repair), MMR (mismatch repair), HR (homologous recombination), NHEJ (non-homologous end-joining), DDR (DNA damage repair)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Activation_of_p53_in_response_to_stress_sign_8b036035.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1918", "caption": "An overview of the molecular mechanism of action of p53 on the angiogenesis [ 39 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/490px-P53_and_angiogenesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1919", "caption": "Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in  apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Signal_transduction_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1920", "caption": "A  micrograph  showing cells with abnormal p53 expression (brown) in a brain tumor.  p53 immunostain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_p53_-_very_high_mag_7b6bd11c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1921", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/340px-Patterns_of_p53_expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1922", "caption": "Immunohistochemistry  for p53 can help distinguish a  papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential  (PUNLMP) from a low grade  urothelial carcinoma . Overexpression is seen in 75% of low-grade urothelial carcinomas and only 10% of PUNLMP. [ 63 ] [ 64 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Expression_of_p53_in_urothelial_neoplasms.pn_067488ce.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1923", "caption": "Pathogenic mechanisms associated with p53 mutations [ 68 ]  (A) The wild-type response of p53 involves the formation of homotetramers, which regulate gene expression at p53 responsive elements. (B) In contrast, the dominant-negative effect of p53 mutants occurs through the formation of heterotetramers. These heterotetramers, composed of both p53 wild-type and p53 mutant monomers, lack transcriptional ability. This dominant- negative mechanism can manifest in conditions of heterozygosity, where a p53 wild-type allele coexists with a p53 mutant allele (p53mut/+). (C) Loss- of-function is characterized by the absence of p53 wild-type expression and the lack of any form of activity by the p53 mutant protein. This typically occurs when all p53 alleles are inactivated. (D) Gain-of-function involves the acquisition of neomorphic activities by p53 mutant proteins. These neomorphic activities are often described as the hijacking of additional transcriptional factors, indirectly influencing gene regulation and resulting in pro-tumorigenic phenotypes. Abbreviation: WT, wild type. [ 68 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-P53_mutant.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1924", "caption": "A schematic of the known protein domains in p53 (NLS = Nuclear Localization Signal)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-360px-P53_Schematic.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1925", "caption": "Crystal structure of four p53 DNA binding domains (as found in the bioactive homo-tetramer)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3KMD_p53_DNABindingDomian.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1926", "caption": "Ripple chocolate pea milk", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ripple_chocolate_pea_milk.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1927", "caption": "Oubli ( Pentadiplandra   brazzeana)  Found in Tropical West Africa [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/207px-Pentadiplandra_brazzeana.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1928", "caption": "Illustration of sweet-tasting proteins, regardless of their extraction origin, source, and types. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Illustration-of-sweet-tasting-proteins-regar_f445cc47.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1929", "caption": "Illustration showing the binding of a peptide hormone to the cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1804_Binding_of_Water-Soluble_Hormones.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1930", "caption": "Location of human  PGLYRP3  gene on chromosome 1 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Human_PGLYRP3_gene_and_protein.t_a9f4afa6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1931", "caption": "Location of human  PGLYRP4  gene on chromosome 1 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Human_PGLYRP4_gene%2C_cDNA%2C_an_aabb0805.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1932", "caption": "Schematic illustration of the evolution of the MACPF\u2013tachylectin complex in ampullariids. Based on the genomic arrangements of the MACPF and tachylectin genes, the model proposes that a single copy of MACPF\u2013tachylectin complex was present in the common ancestor of ampullariids. Only in the two species of Pomacea has it become highly diversified, with both MACPF-tachylectin genes that are conserved across Ampullariidae, and multiple  Pomacea  specific MACPF-tachylectin genes that were generated by tandem duplication. The final 1-MACPF and 2-tachylectin configuration is exclusively expressed in the albumen gland of  Pomacea  and the proteins detected in their eggs. Numbers below and inside gene diagram boxes are scaffold numbers and gene numbers in the scaffold, respectively. For instance,  Lanistes nyassanus  contains a MACPF gene (Lny_22924_0.25) and a tachylectin gene (Lny_22924_0.27) in scaffold Lny_22924. For  Pomacea canaliculata , the chromosome numbers are shown above the gene diagram boxes. More details can be found in Sun et al., 2019. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/512px-Evolution_of_Perivitellin-2_PV2_pore-forming_370d8955.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1933", "caption": "This image depicts the various types of mushrooms within the  Amanita  genus. Phallolysin is most commonly found in the  Amanita phalloides  species.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Amanita_phalloides_group.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1934", "caption": "Image depicting the basis of cytolysis, in which an external factor causes an influx of water causing the volume of the cell to exceed the allowed capacity, further causing it to rupture, or lyse, and expel the internal cellular components.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cit%C3%B2lisi.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1935", "caption": "APS and Ru(Bpy) 3  reaction to produce excited Ru(Bpy) 3", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-RuBpy_and_APS_Reaction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1936", "caption": "Formation of covalent bond between amino acid side chains (Tyrosine)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Forming_dimers.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1937", "caption": "Camera apparatus used to irradiate the protein mixture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PICUP_Apparatus_.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1938", "caption": "The marine worm  Chaetopterus  was the source of the first photoprotein to be discovered.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Chaetopterus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1939", "caption": "Phycobiliproteins  (like phycoerythrin) usually form rods of stacked disks in  phycobilisomes . [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Phycobilisome_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1940", "caption": "The crystal structure of B-phycoerythrin from  red algae   Porphyridium cruentum  ( PDB  ID: 3V57  [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] ). The asymmetric unit ( \u03b1 \u03b2 ) 2  on the left and assumed biological molecule ( \u03b1 \u03b2 ) 3 . It contains  phycoerythrobilin ,  N -methyl asparagine  and  SO 2\u2212 4 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/B-phycoerythrin_3V57.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1941", "caption": "Phycoerythrobilin is the typical chromophore in phycoerythrin. It is similar to  porphyrin  of  chlorophyll  for example, but  tetrapyrrole  is linear, not closed into ring with metal ion in the middle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Phycoerythrobilin2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1942", "caption": "The  red algae   Gracilaria  contains R-phycoerythrin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Gracilaria2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1943", "caption": "The crystal structure of phycoerythrin 545 (PE545) from a  unicellular   cryptophyte   Rhodomonas  CS24 ( PDB  ID: 1XG0  [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 11 ] ). Colors: chains \u2013  alpha-2 ,  alpha-3 ,  beta ,  beta  ( helixes ,  sheets  are yellow),  phycoerythrobilin ,  15,16-dihydrobiliverdin  (15,16-DHBV),  5-hydroxylysine ,  N -methyl asparagine ,  Mg 2+ ,  Cl \u2212 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Phycoerythrin_545_1XG0.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1944", "caption": "The crystal structure of R-phycoerythrin from  red algae   Gracilaria chilensis  ( PDB  ID: 1EYX  [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 11 ] ) - basic  oligomer  ( \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b3 ) 2  (so called asymmetric unit). It contains  phycocyanobilin ,  biliverdine IX alpha ,  phycourobilin ,  N -methyl asparagine ,  SO 4 2\u2212 . One fragment of \u03b3 chain is red, second one white because it is not considered as  alpha helix  despite identical aminoacid sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/R-phycoerythrin_1EYX_1_of_2.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1945", "caption": "The entire  oligomer  of R-phycoerythrin from  Gracilaria chilensis  ( \u03b1 \u03b2 \u03b3 ) 6   ( PDB  ID: 1EYX  [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 11 ] )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/R-phycoerythrin_1EYX_2_of_2.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1946", "caption": "Absorption (or extinction) and fluorescent (or emission) spectra of phycoerythrin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Pycoerythrin_spectra.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1947", "caption": "Excitation and emission profiles for R-Phycoerythrin from two different algae. Common laser excitation wavelengths are also noted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RPEexemComparison.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1948", "caption": "The piwi domain of an  argonaute  protein with bound  siRNA , components of the  RNA-induced silencing complex  that mediates  gene silencing  by  RNA interference .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1ytu_argonaute_dsrna.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1949", "caption": "All human Piwi proteins and  argonaute  proteins have the same RNA binding domains, PAZ and Piwi. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Piwi.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1950", "caption": "Piwi-piRNA interactions: Within the nucleus, this pathway is involved in  DNA methylation  (A), histone methylation of H3K9 through interactions with  heterochromatin protein 1  (HP1) and H3K9  histone methyltransferase  (B). The Piwi-piRNA pathway also interacts with the elF translational initiator (C). [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Piwi-piRNA_pathway1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1951", "caption": "A solution phase representation of pGSN in the presence of Ca 2+  adapted from  3FFN \u200b and low-resolution  SAXS  information. [ 12 ]  The 24 AA N-terminal extension unique to the plasma isoform was manually added (left, light blue); no structural information for it is known nor represented. Colors represent the six domains of Gelsolin. [ 13 ] [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-3FFN_solution_structure_no_binding.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1952", "caption": "The outer layer of  trophoblast  cells invade the  endometrium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Diagram_of_Blastocyst_stage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1953", "caption": "Preimplantation factor deactivates p53, preventing apoptosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/225px-P53_pathways.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1954", "caption": "PrP Sc  (stained in red) revealed in a photomicrograph of scrapie-infected mouse neuronal cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Scrapie_prions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1955", "caption": "Models of normal (PrP C ) and infectious (PrP Sc ) forms of prion protein on a membrane: polypeptide (turquoise); glycans (red); glycolipid anchors (blue). The core structures are based on NMR spectroscopy (PrP C ) and cryo-electron microscopy (PrP Sc ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Prion_structure_membrane_bound_fibril.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1956", "caption": "Heterodimer model of prion propagation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Prion_propagation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1957", "caption": "Fibril model of prion propagation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Prion_Replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1958", "caption": "Predicted tertiary structure of PROB1 generated by I-Tasser [ 11 ]  and rendered in PyMOL. [ 12 ]  The dark blue indicates prolines and yellow marks the DUF. The alpha helices are colored green, beta sheets are colored light blue, and random coils are colored pink.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Predicted_tertiary_structure_of_PROB1_part_2_8badabc8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1959", "caption": "A subset of the mammalian orthologs of PROB1 predicted by BLAST.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ortholog_Table_of_Prob1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1960", "caption": "Cryo-EM structure of the DNA-bound PolD\u2013PCNA processive complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Cryo-EM_structure_of_the_DNA-bound_Pol_ef8d4b12.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1961", "caption": "The evolutionary history of  PROSER2  versus Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen alpha subunit. Each data point on the graph represents a homolog of the human gene found in a different species that was found using a BLAST search. This search resulted in percent identities which are graphed against the estimated time of divergence from humans which was found using TimeTree.This graph demonstrates that  PROSER2  is a fast-evolving gene, similar to the Fibrinogen alpha subunit. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/581px-PROSER2_evol2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1962", "caption": "Human PROSER2 protein internal structure and features. [ 6 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/PROSER2_protein_internal_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1963", "caption": "Cartoon representation of a proteasome. Its active sites are sheltered inside the tube (blue). The caps (red; in this case, 11S regulatory particles) on the ends regulate entry into the destruction chamber, where the protein is degraded.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Proteaosome_1fnt_side.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1964", "caption": "Top view of the proteasome above.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Proteaosome_1fnt_top.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1965", "caption": "Schematic diagram of the proteasome 20S core particle viewed from one side. The \u03b1 subunits that make up the outer two rings are shown in green, and the \u03b2 subunits that make up the inner two rings are shown in blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1G0U_subunits_sideview.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1966", "caption": "Cartoon representation of the 26S proteasome. [ 30 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-26S_proteasome_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1967", "caption": "Three distinct conformational states of the 26S proteasome. [ 37 ]  The conformations are hypothesized to be responsible for recruitment of the substrate, its irreversible commitment, and finally processing and translocation into the core particle, where degradation occurs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-3_conformational_states_of_26S_proteasome.jp_ac00e852.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1968", "caption": "Ribbon diagram  of  ubiquitin , the highly conserved  protein  that serves as a molecular tag targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Ubiquitin_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1969", "caption": "The  ubiquitination  pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Ubiquitylation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1970", "caption": "A cutaway view of the proteasome 20S core particle illustrating the locations of the  active sites . The \u03b1 subunits are represented as green spheres and the \u03b2 subunits as protein backbones colored by individual  polypeptide chain . The small pink spheres represent the location of the active-site  threonine  residue in each subunit. Light blue chemical structures are the inhibitor  bortezomib  bound to the active sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Proteasome_cutaway_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1971", "caption": "The assembled complex of  hslV  (blue) and  hslU  (red) from  E. coli . This complex of  heat shock proteins  is thought to resemble the ancestor of the modern proteasome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Hslvu_ecoli.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1972", "caption": "Chemical structure of  bortezomib  (Boronated form of MG132), a proteasome inhibitor used in  chemotherapy  that is particularly effective against  multiple myeloma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Bortezomib.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1973", "caption": "Bortezomib  bound to the core particle in a  yeast  proteasome. The bortezomib molecule is in the center colored by atom type ( carbon  = pink,  nitrogen  = blue,  oxygen  = red,  boron  = yellow), surrounded by the local protein surface. The blue patch is the catalytic  threonine  residue whose activity is blocked by the presence of bortezomib.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-2f16_bortezomib_pink.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1974", "caption": "This process flow diagram shows how monoclonal antibodies are typically purified at industrial scale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Platform_Purification_of_Antibodies_using_Pr_f6aebfea.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1975", "caption": "Pasteurized milk being held in bulk heating tank for cheese making.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pasteurized_milk.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1976", "caption": "Composition of solids (non-water elements) in milk", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Composition_of_Milk_Pie_Chart.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1977", "caption": "Mechanism of denaturing protein adsorption", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Denatrued_Adsorption.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1978", "caption": "Basic mechanism of enzyme action", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Enzyme_mechanism_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1979", "caption": "Protein biosynthesis starting with transcription and post-transcriptional modifications in the nucleus. Then the mature mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where it is translated. The polypeptide chain then folds and is post-translationally modified.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Summary_of_the_protein_biosynthesis_process._7795b7d6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1980", "caption": "Illustrates the conversion of the template strand of DNA to the pre-mRNA molecule by RNA polymerase.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Process_of_DNA_transcription.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1981", "caption": "Outlines the process of post-transcriptionally modifying pre-mRNA through capping, polyadenylation and splicing to produce a mature mRNA molecule ready for export from the nucleus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Post-transcriptional_modification_of_pre-mRN_47adcb0e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1982", "caption": "Illustrates the translation process showing the cycle of tRNA codon-anti-codon pairing and amino acid incorporation into the growing polypeptide chain by the ribosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/310px-Translation_-_cycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1983", "caption": "A ribosome on a strand of mRNA with tRNA's arriving, performing codon-anti-codon base pairing, delivering their amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain and leaving. Demonstrates the action of the ribosome as a  biological machine  which functions on a  nanoscale  to perform translation. The ribosome moves along the mature mRNA molecule incorporating tRNA and producing a polypeptide chain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Protein_translation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1984", "caption": "Shows the process of a polypeptide chain folding from its initial primary structure through to the quaternary structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Protein_folding_figure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1985", "caption": "Shows a post-translational modification of the protein by protease cleavage, illustrating that pre-existing bonds are retained even if when the polypeptide chain is cleaved.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Post-translational_modification_by_cleavage._81c2d85c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1986", "caption": "Shows the post-translational modification of protein by methylation, acetylation and phosphorylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Post-translational_modification_through_the__fab80369.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1987", "caption": "Illustrates the difference in structure between N-linked and O-linked glycosylation on a polypeptide chain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Glycosylation_of_a_polypeptide.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1988", "caption": "Shows the formation of disulphide covalent bonds as a post-translational modification. Disulphide bonds can either form within a single polypeptide chain (left) or between polypeptide chains in a multi-subunit protein complex (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Formation_of_disulphide_covalent_bonds.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1989", "caption": "A comparison between an unaffected individual and an individual with sickle cell anaemia illustrating the different red blood cell shapes and differing blood flow within blood vessels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Sickle_Cell_Anaemia_red_blood_cells_in_blood_b066286e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1990", "caption": "Formation of cancerous genes due to malfunction of suppressor genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/102px-Cancer_requires_multiple_mutations_from_NIHe_a83ad75b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1991", "caption": "Arginine methylation by type I and II PRMTs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Arginine_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1992", "caption": "Lysine methylation by PKMTs and demethylation by PKDMs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Lysine_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1993", "caption": "Crystallographic structure  of  cytochrome P450  from the bacteria  S. coelicolor  (rainbow colored cartoon,  N-terminus  = blue,  C-terminus  = red) complexed with  heme  cofactor (magenta  spheres ) and two molecules of its endogenous substrate epi-isozizaene as orange and cyan spheres respectively.  The orange-colored substrate resides in the  monooxygenase  site while the cyan-colored substrate occupies the substrate entrance site. An unoccupied moonlighting  terpene   synthase  site is designated by the orange arrow. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-3EL3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1994", "caption": "Crystallographic structure of aconitase [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1aco_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1995", "caption": "A  crystallin  from ducks that exhibits  argininosuccinate lyase  activity and is a key structural component in eye lenses, an example of gene sharing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Duck_Delta_1_Crystallin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1996", "caption": "The mechanism of protein splicing involving inteins. In this scheme, the N-extein is shown in red, the intein in black, and the C-extein in blue. X represents either an oxygen or sulfur atom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Intein_mech.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1997", "caption": "Intein splicing occurs post-translationally in a self-catalytic process. Here, the extein is shown in red and the intein in blue. Image created with Biorender.com.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/248px-Intein_splicing_dogma.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1998", "caption": "Crystal structure  of W741L  mutant   androgen receptor   ligand-binding domain  and  ( R )-bicalutamide  complex. [ 1 ]  An example of a protein\u2013ligand complex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-W741L_AR_LBD-R-bicalutamide_complex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_1999", "caption": "These are examples of  membrane receptors . Typically, they are proteins that are embedded in the membrane. Although there are many different ligands located outside of the cell, membrane proteins are specific, and only certain ligands will bind to each one. That is why each protein has a different ligand, and also induces a different cellular response. The response may be  transcription  of a gene, cell growth, or many other cellular actions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Membrane_Receptors.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2000", "caption": "Amino acids are the building blocks of protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AminoAcidball.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2001", "caption": "Amino acids are necessary nutrients. Present in every cell, they are also precursors to nucleic acids, co-enzymes, hormones, immune response, repair and other molecules essential for life.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Amino_acids.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2002", "caption": "Protein milkshakes, made from protein powder (center) and milk (left), are a common  bodybuilding supplement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_shake.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2003", "caption": "An education campaign launched by the  United States Department of Agriculture  about 100 years ago, on  cottage cheese  as a lower-cost protein substitute for meat.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-%22Eat_More_Cottage_Cheese...You%27ll_Need_L_23a4f6bf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2004", "caption": "Average protein supply by region and origin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Average_Protein_Supply_By_Region_And_Origin._4985c07e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2005", "caption": "A child in Nigeria during the  Biafra War  with  kwashiorkor  \u2013 one of the  three protein energy malnutrition ailments  affecting over 10 million children in developing countries. [ 58 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/139px-Starved_girl.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2006", "caption": "Location of PRR29 gene relative to its neighbors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PRR29_Location.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2007", "caption": "Locus of PRR29 [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PRR29_Locus_on_Chromosome_17.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2008", "caption": "Genomic view of PRR29", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Genomic_view_of_PRR29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2009", "caption": "3D structure of PRR29 protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PRR29_Structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2010", "caption": "3D structure prediction from I-TASSER  [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ITasser_PRR29_Structure_Prediction.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2011", "caption": "Expression data for PRR29 based on RNA sequencing of human tissue samples", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PRR29_Expression_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2012", "caption": "Expression data for PRR29 from Illumina bodyMap 2 transcriptome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PRR29_Expression_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2013", "caption": "A table comparing the divergence of PRR29 in different species relative to the human gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PRR29_Orthology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2014", "caption": "PRR29 Expression [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Expression_profile_of_PRR29_in_mice.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2015", "caption": "PRR29 Unrooted Phylogenetic Tree [ 39 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Alignment_PRR29.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2016", "caption": "PRR29's rate of mutation compared to that of cytochrome c and fibrinogen alpha", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PRR29_Evolution.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2017", "caption": "Retinol-binding protein (plasma), Human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-1brp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2018", "caption": "Figure 1:  A sequence logo constructed from the 13-nucleotide repeat regions found by EBI-RADAR, showing a clear TxTxTxT binding motif embedded within these regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RiAFP_Internal_Repeat_Sequence_Logo.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2019", "caption": "Some of the signalling events involving rsk.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-P90Rsk.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2020", "caption": "Domain structure of rsk. Numbers refer to amino acid residues of p90 rsk-1 from rat. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Rsk_domains.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2021", "caption": "A comparison of the similar structures of abrin-a (red) and ricin (blue)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2022", "caption": "Castor beans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Castor_beans1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2023", "caption": "Castor oil seeds in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Economic Botany Collection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Castor_oil_seeds_in_the_Royal_Botanic_Garden_6898f930.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2024", "caption": "A metal vial containing ricin from the  2003 ricin letters", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-October_2003_ricin_letter_metal_vial.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2025", "caption": "Ricin toxin, RiVax, RTA1-33/44-198, and a single domain antibody-antigen complex with the RTA1-33/44-198 immunogen. Original figure can be found in Legler, et al.  [ 57 ] [ 58 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-RTAvaccines.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2026", "caption": "Function of RNA polymerase II (transcription). Green: newly synthesized RNA strand by enzyme", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Label_RNA_pol_II.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2027", "caption": "RNA polymerase II of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  consisting of all 12 subunits. [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/RNA_polymerase_II.fcgi.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2028", "caption": "Eukaryotic RNA-polymerase II from  Saccharomyces cerevisiae , PDB ID. [ 9 ]  Subunits colored:   RPB3 \u2013 orange  ,   RPB11 \u2013 yellow  ,   RPB2 \u2013 wheat ,   RPB1 \u2013 red ,   RPB6 \u2013 pink , the rest 7 subunits are colored gray.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Eukaryotic_RNA-polymerase_II_structure_1WCM._ed937e06.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2029", "caption": "RNA Polymerase II gray. Alpha-amanitin interaction (red).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/188px-Alpha-Amanitin%E2%80%93RNA_polymerase_II_com_ad327c10.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2030", "caption": "The hypothesized transition from RNA to proteins to DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RNPWorld.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2031", "caption": "ColE1 replication control", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-ColE1_replication_control.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2032", "caption": "RuvA-RuvB complex heteromer, Thermus thermophilus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-1ixr.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2033", "caption": "SAAL1 gene neighborhood at loci 11p15.1 [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/883px-SAAL1_Gene_Neighborhood_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2034", "caption": "SAAL1 mRNA sequence and translated amino acid sequence. Exon boundaries, start and stop codons, motifs, and post-translational modifications are annotated. Well conserved base pairs and amino acids are bolded", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-193px-SAAL1_Conceptual_Translation_2.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2035", "caption": "I-TASSER generated model of SAAL1 tertiary structure. The N-terminus is blue and C-terminus is red. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SAAL1_Strcuture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2036", "caption": "Three page PDF of multiple sequence alignment of vertebrate SAAL1 orthologs referenced in the orthologs table. [ 22 ] [ 48 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-SAAL1_Strict_MSA.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2037", "caption": "Two page PDF of multiple sequence alignment of invertebrate and non-metazoan SAAL1 orthologs in the table, excluding the fungi orthologs. Poorly aligned regions are not shown. [ 22 ] [ 48 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-SAAL1_Distant_MSA.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2038", "caption": "SAAL1 evolutionary rate vs fibrinogen alpha and cytochrome c.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/460px-SAAL1_Evolution_Corrected.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2039", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/SCIMP_protein.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2040", "caption": "Biological assembly of SHOC2 protein as shown by crystal structure to a resolution of 2.4 Angstrom. Sulfate molecules are labeled purple. Structure from 10.2210/pdb7TVG/pdb.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SHOC2_protein_crystal_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2041", "caption": "SHOC2 protein leucine rich domain. Leucine amino acids shown as bright orange sticks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SHOC2_Protein_Leucine_Rich_Domain.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2042", "caption": "An image of the secondary structure of an H/ACA box  snoRNA  transcript.  This  RNA  transcript forms a class of protein-RNA complexes called H/ACA box  snoRNPs .  Shq1p is believed to interact with these  snoRNP  complexes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-RF00265.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2043", "caption": "Fig. 1  The diagram shows the role of Sic1 in Clb5,6-Cdk1 inhibition and its phosphorylation-mediated polyubiquitination and destruction. Destruction allows for Clb5,6-Cdk1 activity and S-phase entry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Sic1_David_Morgan10-5.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2044", "caption": "Fig. 2  The first step of the degradation of Sic1 is its phosphorylation by Cdc28-Cln followed by the degradation through SCF.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Sic1_fig2_eng.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2045", "caption": "Fig. 3  Sic1 protein distinguished by different protein chains. The protein has disordered regions, allowing it to be a useful tool in studying and manipulating phosphorylation sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sic1_Protein.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2046", "caption": "Fig. 4  Sic1 Phosphorylation Mechanism 1.  In mechanism 1, Koivomagi proposes that the phosphorylated primary site immediately shifts over to another location so that another CDK site can be phosphorylated during the same binding event.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-299px-Sic1_Phosphorylation_Mechanism_1_Clear_5a28879f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2047", "caption": "Fig. 5  Sic1 Phosphorylation Mechanism 2. Koivomagi proposes that phosphorylated primary site does not dissociate from the complex so that the intermediate CDK sites are sequentially phosphorylated in a single binding event.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-300px-Sic1_Phosphorylation_Mechanism_2.pdf.j_0082d260.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2048", "caption": "Catecholate -iron binding.  A typical complex would exhibit three such interactions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Catecholate-Iron-Complex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2049", "caption": "Enterobactin , a catecholate siderophore", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Enterobactin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2050", "caption": "Diagram of the SKIDA1 protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/313px-Skida1_gene_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2051", "caption": "A predicted 3D structure of SKIDA1. The Ski/Sno/Dac domain, DUF4584, and C-Terminal region (amino acids 844-908) are annotated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/309px-Skida1_3D_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2052", "caption": "SKIDA1 is highly expressed in  Purkinje cells  in the cerebellum.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SKIDA1_Purkinje.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2053", "caption": "Expression of SKIDA1 in the house mouse fetal heart increases, then decreases with age.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Skida1_heart_expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2054", "caption": "Fig.1. Structures of the Maf family proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/355px-W-F1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2055", "caption": "Fig. 2. Amino acid sequence alignments of human sMafs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/525px-W-F2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2056", "caption": "Fig.3 Binding motifs recognized by CNC/Bach and sMafs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-W-F3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2057", "caption": "Location of SMCO3 on Chromosome 12.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-GeneNeightborhood.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2058", "caption": "Predicted stem-loop structure of the 5' UTR of SMCO3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-3%27_UTR_of_SMCO3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2059", "caption": "Predicted structure of SMCO3 created using iTasser and PYMOL.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SMCO3_tertiary2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2060", "caption": "Comparison of protein amino acid sequence divergence and time of divergence as measured by million years to most recent common ancestor (MRCA). Corrected\u00a0% sequence divergence (m) is measured with respect to the human sequence. CYCS [cytochome C], FGA [fibrinogen alpha chain], SMCO3 [single-pass membrane and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 3].", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SMCO3_Divergence.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2061", "caption": "A table with accession number,  chromosome  location, strand location, size, and known aliases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/387px-Summary_Information_of_the_SMIM23_Gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2062", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Human_chromosome_5.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2063", "caption": "Conceptual Translation of SMIM23. Labeled are the start and stop codon, exon splice sites,  polyadenylation signal  as well as singly conserved based highlighted in yellow, alpha helices with arrows, transmembrane domain in purple, domains of unknown function in blue, and a repeat domain is underlined.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/279px-Conceptual_Translation_of_SMIM23.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2064", "caption": "Schematic of protein. Marking locations of notable features that were confirmed with some level of confidence. Here red stands for phosphorylation site and grey stands for C-terminal GPI-modification site. The transmembrane domain in relation to the rest of the protein is shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Protein_Schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2065", "caption": "Predicted structure of SMIM23 by I-Tasser program.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-I-Tasser_3D_Prediction_of_SMIM23.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2066", "caption": "A phylogenetic tree of the SMIM23 gene in various animals as seen in the table included. Abbreviations refer to the different common names i.e. Hu SMIM23 refers to the human gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Phylogenetic_Tree_of_SMIM23_Orthologs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2067", "caption": "Fluorescent proteins visualize the cell cycle progression.  IFP2.0-hGem(1/110) fluorescence is shown in green and highlights the S/G 2 /M phases. smURFP-hCdtI(30/120) fluorescence is shown in red and highlights the G 0 /G 1  phases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Far-Red_%26_Near-infrared_Fluorescent_Ubiquitinati_a9129a03.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2068", "caption": "Image shows  E. coli  expressing smURFP, pelleting of  E. coli , removal of media,  E. coli  lysis, smURFP binding to NiNTA, smURFP elution, and buffer exchange.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-321px-Purification_of_smURFP.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2069", "caption": "The small Ultra-Red Fluorescent Protein (smURFP) is a self-labeling protein. The substrate is fluorogenic, fluoresces when attached, and quenches fluorescent cargo. The smURFP-tag [ 20 ]  has novel properties for tool development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-326px-SmURFP-tag_Summary_%26_Fluore_82b8d33a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2070", "caption": "smURFP was genetically fused to human, lamin B1 to show the nuclear envelope with fluorescence.  Localization of the Lamin B1 protein changes during different phases of the cell cycle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/321px-SmURFP_Fused_to_Lamin_B1.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2071", "caption": "smURFP expressed in neuronal culture does not show aggregation in lysosomes, which was seen with the fluorescent protein,  mCherry .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-316px-SmURFP_Expressed_in_Neuronal_Cul_c4105edc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2072", "caption": "Far Red & Near Infrared FUCCI visualizes the birth of a multinucleated cell, which is common in many cancer cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/318px-Birth_of_a_Multi-nucleated_Cell.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2073", "caption": "smURFP (light-blue) expressed in  E. coli .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-600px-E._coli_expressing_smURFP%2C_a_f_ec2d936e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2074", "caption": "C1orf142 model as proposed by I-Tasser. Image colored in rainbow from N to C terminus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/248px-Model_on_I-TASSER.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2075", "caption": "Example of SNAP25 SNARE acrivity resulting in neurotransmitter release of Ca 2+ .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-407px-Hypothetic_models_of_VAMP2_conformatio_0e80eed0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2076", "caption": "Diagram of yeast signaling pathways in response to glucose. Solid arrows represent transformations and/or translocations and dotted lines represent regulatory or catalytic influences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Snf3_img2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2077", "caption": "Snf3/Rgt2-singalling pathway. In absence of glucose repressing complex composed of Rgt1, Mth1/Std1, Cyc8 and Tup1 blocks transcription of HXT genes. When glucose (Glu) is present casein kinase is activated and phosphorylates Mth1/Std1 which is subsequently ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome allowing transcription to proceed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/750px-Snf3_img1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2078", "caption": "The putative topology of yeast Snf3. The C-terminal extension is not shown in its complete size. In reality it comprises 303 of the 845 residues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Topology.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2079", "caption": "Tertiary structure of the SNX9 which gives an idea of the tertiary structure of the SNX8, since primary structure shares 20% sequence identity and 0.3 sequence similarity with SNX8 primary structure. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/312px-SNX8_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2080", "caption": "SNX8 primary structure highlighting relevant domains and amino acids. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/367px-SNX8_primary_structure_with_highlighted_rele_7d113190.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2081", "caption": "Simplified scheme of DNA-triggered SNX8-mediated association of MITA and VPS34, and its intracellular transport pathway from RE to perinuclear microsomes via Golgi apparatus. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/285px-thumbnail.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2082", "caption": "Simplified scheme of SNX8 participation in the IFN\u03b3-triggered IKK\u03b2-mediated noncanonical signaling pathway (autophosphorylation not shown). [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/305px-Simplified_scheme_of_Snx8_participation_in_I_041ed449.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2083", "caption": "Simplified scheme of APP traffic and its amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteolytic degradative pathways [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Simplified_scheme_of_APP_traffic_and_its_amy_cc2dc088.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2084", "caption": "This bar plot shows the proportion of tumor samples from 15 cancer types that have any kind of altering mutation(s) in the given protein. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/376px-Tumor_samples_that_have_mutation%28s%29_in_S_5d7d77a4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2085", "caption": "A diagram of the structure of spidroin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Spidroin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2086", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Large-scale_production_and_fiber_extrusion_o_63780531.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2087", "caption": "Ideogram of the SPMIP10 Gene Location on Chromosome 5. The gene location is indicated by the red line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ideogram_of_SPMIP10s_location_on_chromosome__2ddd91d1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2088", "caption": "SPMIP10 predicted tertiary structure. Generated using AlphaFold.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SPMIP10_predicted_tertiary_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2089", "caption": "SPMIP10 predicted tertiary structure. Generated using iTasser.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-SPMIP10_predicted_tertiary_structure_-_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2090", "caption": "SPMIP10 Microarray Expression Schematic in the Human Brain. Yellow boxes indicate areas of dense expression in the posterior lobe. Data obtained from the Allen Brain Atlas website.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SPMIP10_microarray_expression_data_in_the_hu_a0f17a04.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2091", "caption": "SPMIP10 Transcription Regulation Diagram. Two predicated enhancers (E2405703 and E2405704) and an initiation region (Tex43_1) are labeled.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SPMIP10_predicted.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2092", "caption": "Annotated Conserved Post-translational Modifications for SPMIP10 Diagram. Longer ticks indicate higher confidence scores.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Annotated_SPMIP10_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2093", "caption": "Graph 1: Corrected sequence divergence vs estimated date of divergence for SPMIP10, Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen Alpha.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Corrected_sequence_divergence.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2094", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-386px-SpyTagSpyCatcher_engineering.tif_54933a57.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2095", "caption": "Solution structure  of the  RRM  domain of the mouse SR protein  Sfrs9  based on  1wg4 \u200b.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_SFRS9_PDB_1wg4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2096", "caption": "SR proteins translocating out of the nucleus with TAP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SR_proteins_translocation_into_and_out_of_th_11707e87.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2097", "caption": "STAT5 activation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Jakstat_pathway.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2098", "caption": "Domains of STAT proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stat_domain_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2099", "caption": "Localization of Staufen (Stau:GFP) in Drosophila stage 9 oocytes (white arrow).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stauffen_Yu_etal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2100", "caption": "Cartoon representation of the molecular structure of SpeA1.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-PDB_1fnv_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2101", "caption": "Structure of SpeB.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1pvj_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2102", "caption": "Structure of SpeA1.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_1b1z_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2103", "caption": "T-cell dependent b-cell activation, showing TH2-cell (left) B-cell (right) and several interaction molecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-T-cell_dependent_b-cell_act.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2104", "caption": "T-cell receptor .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-2215_Alpha-Beta_T_Cell_Receptor.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2105", "caption": "SUMO  enzymatic  cascade", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-SUMOpathway2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2106", "caption": "Structure schematic of human SUMO1 protein made with  iMol  and based on PDB file 1A5R, an NMR structure; the backbone of the protein is represented as a ribbon, highlighting secondary structure; N-terminus in blue, C-terminus in red", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-HSUMO1_1A5R_nmr_ribbons.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2107", "caption": "The same structure, representing atoms as spheres, shows the shape of the protein; human SUMO1, PDB file 1A5R", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-HSUMO1_1A5R_nmr_spheres.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2108", "caption": "This representation of SUMOylation regulation as described in the 2024 publication by Gutierrez-Morton et al. illustrates how some of the multiple inhibitory mechanisms interact to regulate foundational aspects of cell biology. Produced with Biorender.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/963px-SUMOylation_and_Ubiquitination_Biorender.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2109", "caption": "SELDI Mechanism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Surface_enhanced_laser_desorption_ionization_f874937d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2110", "caption": "Genesis 2000 robot preparing Ciphergen SELDI-TOF protein chips for proteomic pattern analysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_pattern_analyzer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2111", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SBO_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2112", "caption": "Neurons were grown in tissue culture and stained with antibody to  MAP2  protein in green and MAP tau in red using the  immunofluorescence  technique. MAP2 is found only in dendrites and perikarya, while tau is found not only in the dendrites and perikarya but also in axons. As a result, axons appear red while the dendrites and perikarya appear yellow, due to superimposition of the red and green signals. DNA is shown in blue using the  DAPI  stain which highlights the nuclei. Image courtesy  EnCor Biotechnology Inc .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/333px-MAP2-tau_in_neurons.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2113", "caption": "Corticogenesis in wild-type mice. Similar neuronal migration occurs in humans in the development of the six-layered cerebral cortex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Corticogenesis_in_a_wild-type_mouse_with_cap_eed2d553.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2114", "caption": "Corticogenesis in reeler mutant mice. Tbr-1 mutation results in similar abnormalities in cortical migration through reduction of Reelin expression.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Corticogenesis_in_reeler_mutant_mouse_with_c_657c8d6b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2115", "caption": "A diagram from NCBI showing TEDC2 and its gene neighborhood on chromosome 16.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/368px-NCBI_gene_neighborhood_TEDC2.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2116", "caption": "A table showing which exons are found in the 6 TEDC2 isoforms. Green = contains a start codon. Red = contains a stop codon. Check = Exon included in the final mRNA transcript. -- = exon is excluded from the final mRNA transcript. U = exon is present but is untranslated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/346px-Isoformtabletedc2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2117", "caption": "The predicted TEDC2 tertiary structure model of highest probability, generated by I-TASSER. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/227px-TEDC2_I-TASSER_PredictedStructure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2118", "caption": "Graphical representation of TEDC2 showing domains and modification sites, created with DOG. [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/362px-TEDC2_domains_DOG.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2119", "caption": "Structure of tetanospasmin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/340px-Diagram_of_structure_of_tetanospasmin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2120", "caption": "Mechanism of action of tetanospasmin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/340px-Mechanism_of_action_of_tetanospasmin.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2121", "caption": "The formation of the  sorbitol dehydrogenase  tetramer from its monomers via dimers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Monomer_Dimer_Tetramer_SDH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2122", "caption": "A homotetrameric complex,  beta-glucuronidase  (a  glycosidase ). Each subunit has the same  amino acid  sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Beta-Glucuronidase_Homotetramer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2123", "caption": "The heterotetrameric molecule  haemoglobin , made up of four subunits of two different types (coloured  red  and  blue .)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2124", "caption": "Expression of TEX9 in human tissue samples", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Expression_for_TEX9_in_humans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2125", "caption": "TEX9 isoform 1 with phosphorylation (orange) and ubiquitylation (blue) sites. The structure has 99% confidence and 98% coverage. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/291px-TEX9_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2126", "caption": "TEX9's mutation rate compared to fibrinogen, beta-globin, and cytochrome c.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/363px-Relative_mutation_rate_of_TEX9.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2127", "caption": "Unrooted phylogenetic tree of TEX9 orthologs. Branch length represents relative evolutionary distance between organisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Unrooted_phylogenetic_tree_TEX9.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2128", "caption": "Gene neighborhood of TEX36 from  NCBI , gene database. Genes ALDOAP2, or  aldolace, fructose-biphosphate A2 , and other uncharacterized loci LOC105378547 and LOC107984277 are in the environment of TEX36, located on chromosome 10,  open reading frame  22. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/454px-Genomic_context_of_TEX36.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2129", "caption": "Schematic of identified domains and motifs along with post-translational modifications of TEX36.  These include  amidation  sites where there are brackets, the  MAPK  interacting motif, and HDNR motif.  Red flags represent  casein kinase  phosphorylation sites, pat4 nuclearlization signals with grey flags, and  protein kinase c  phosphorylation sites with green lines. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/317px-TEX36_Domains.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2130", "caption": "Predicted secondary structure of TEX36 including several alpha helices and beta strands, created with i-Tasser. [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/177px-Secondary_structure_of_TEX36.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2131", "caption": "Unrooted phylogenetic tree based on alignment data of TEX36 protein, including 10 orthologs of the protein. [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/190px-Unrooted_Tree_based_on_global_sequence_align_93ec2ab4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2132", "caption": "Structure of  alpha-bungarotoxin  (blue) in complex with the alpha-9 nAChR subunit (orange), showing interactions with loops I and II [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Alphabungarotoxin_nachr_4uy2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2133", "caption": "View of human  TMED5  gene isoform 1 and 2 with promoter and exon locations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TMED5_promoter_location_schematic_new.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2134", "caption": "Conceptual translation of TMED5. Labeled are the start and stop  codon , exon splice sites, domains and motifs,  polyadenylation  signals, predicted RNA and miRNA binding proteins, and predicted  post-translational modifications . Bolded amino acids and nucleotides represent highly conserved amongst distant orthologs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-TMED5_conceptual_translation.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2135", "caption": "TMED5 protein isoform 1 visual made via Protter. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TMED5_protein_visual_made_via_Protter.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2136", "caption": "TMED5 protein isoform 2 visual made via Protter. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protter_TMED5_isoform_2_visual.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2137", "caption": "Predicted tertiary structure of TMED5 generated by Phyre2. [ 20 ]  Signal peptide is highlighted in yellow. GOLD domain in the lumen is shown to be made up of beta sheets. Transmembrane domain is grayed out followed by the short cytosolic sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Predicted_tertiary_structure_of_TMED5_genera_43d88d0c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2138", "caption": "TMED5 evolutionary graph shows evolutionary rate.  Cytochrome C  is shown to represent a slow-evolutionary rate and  Fibrinogen alpha  represents a fast-evolutionary rate. TMED5 is shown to have a fast-evolutionary rate similar to Fibrinogen alpha. Estimated date of divergence for paralogs were plotted: TMED1 diverged ~64 million years ago (MYA), TMED3 diverged ~118 MYA, and TMED7 diverged ~122 MYA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TMED5_Evolutionary_graph.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2139", "caption": "Human chromosome 1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2140", "caption": "TMEM125 predicted topology, generated by Phyre2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TMEM125Topology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2141", "caption": "TMEM125 domains and predicted sites of post-translational modifications (PTMs)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TMEM125DomainsandPTMs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2142", "caption": "List of TMEM125 orthologs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TMEM125orthologs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2143", "caption": "Conceptual translation of Transmembrane Protein 144 mRNA transcript sequence with peptide sequence. DNA annotations mark an upstream in-frame stop codon, start codon, exon borders, stop codon, polyadenylation signals, and polyadenylation sites. Protein annotations mark the ten transmembrane domain regions, internal repeats, and the region of the protein excluded from the second isoform. Amino acids conserved in distant orthologs are bolded.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-276px-Conceptual_Translation_of_Transmembran_414f9343.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2144", "caption": "Predicted tertiary structure of human transmembrane protein 144. Regions of dark blue are very high confidence, light blue regions are confident, yellow regions are low confidence, and orange regions are very low confidence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/279px-Human_Transmembrane_144_Protein_Tertiary_Str_149c4b02.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2145", "caption": "Transmembrane Protein 144 schematic with transmembrane domains and predicted post translational modifications. P indicates predicted sites of phosphorylation. SUMO indicates a predicted sumoylation site.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Transmembrane_Protein_144_schematic_diagram._87057c5f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2146", "caption": "Multiple sequence alignment of human Transmembrane Protein 144 with vertebrate orthologs. Some amino acids in the ortholog sequences were cut out at the N-terminus. Amino acids are highlighted by shared properties and structure. Consensus sequences denote highly conserved amino acids with a capital letter, moderately conserved amino acids with a lowercase letter, and low conservation with a dot. A plus or minus symbol in the consensus sequence indicates conserved basic (+) or acidic (-) properties. Transmembrane regions are boxed in orange and exon boundaries are marked in pink.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-276px-Vertabrate_Ortholog_Alignment_for_Tran_76530373.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2147", "caption": "Multiple sequence alignment of human Transmembrane Protein 144 to invertebrate orthologs. Consensus sequences denote highly conserved amino acids with a capital letter, moderately conserved amino acids with a lowercase letter, and low conservation with a dot. A plus or minus symbol in the consensus sequence indicates conserved basic (+) or acidic (-) properties. Transmembrane regions are boxed in orange and exon boundaries are marked in pink.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-276px-Invertebrate_Ortholog_Alignment_with_h_835d731b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2148", "caption": "Location of TVP23A on Chromosome 16 (red line)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/TVP23A_Location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2149", "caption": "Protein structure of TVP23A as predicted by iTASSER", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TVP23Astructure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2150", "caption": "A generic transcription factory during transcription, highlighting the possibility of transcribing more than one gene at a time. The diagram includes 8 RNA polymerases however the number can vary depending on cell type. The image also includes transcription factors and a porous, protein core.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/290px-Basic_diagram_of_a_transcription_factory_dur_d6a8b89b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2151", "caption": "The hypothesis that it is the transcription factory that remains immobilised during transcription as opposed to the DNA template. It shows how a section of the gene being transcribed (brown) gets pulled and shuttled through the  RNA polymerase  during the process.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Immobilised_transcription_factory_during_tra_b62f9142.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2152", "caption": "The attraction of related genes to RNAP and the required transcription factors causes the formation of a chromatin loop, thereby affecting the genome structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-A_transcription_factory_causing_the_formatio_140d97bf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2153", "caption": "Surface representation of ubiquitin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ubiquitin_1UBQ_surface.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2154", "caption": "The ubiquitylation system (showing a RING E3 ligase)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Ubiquitylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2155", "caption": "Glycine and lysine linked by an isopeptide bond. The isopeptide bond is highlighted yellow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Glycine_lysine_isopeptide_v2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2156", "caption": "Diagram of lysine 48-linked diubiquitin . The linkage between the two ubiquitin chains is shown in orange.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Diubiquitin-lysine-48.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2157", "caption": "Diagram of lysine 63-linked diubiquitin . The linkage between the two ubiquitin chains is shown in orange.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Diubiquitin-lysine-63.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2158", "caption": "Ligands for different VEGF receptors. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-VEGF_receptors.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2159", "caption": "The  helix bundle  in the headpiece domain of  chicken  villin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Villin-1qqv.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2160", "caption": "Surface model of the WAVE regulatory holocomplex displaying all five of its components in heteropentameric form.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-WAVERegulatoryComplex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2161", "caption": "Figure 1. Bird's Eye View of the ZNF226 Transcript and Promoters", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/382px-ZNF226_Gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2162", "caption": "Figure 2. Human ZNF226 5\u2019 UTR Secondary Structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/238px-5%27_UTR_ZNF226.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2163", "caption": "Figure 3. Human ZNF226 3' UTR Secondary Structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/238px-3%27_UTR_ZNF226.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2164", "caption": "Figure 4. A multiple sequence alignment of human ZNF226 and ortholog species with selected regions highlighted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/338px-ZNF226_Ortholog_Multiple_Sequence_Alignment__79489a80.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2165", "caption": "Figure 5. A multiple sequence alignment of human ZNF226 and ortholog species with selected regions highlighted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-ZNF226_Ortholog_Multiple_Sequence_Alignment__5ab87050.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2166", "caption": "Figure 6. The ZNF226 evolutionary rate in comparison to the cytochrome c and fibrinogen alpha chain proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/318px-ZNF226_Evolutionary_Graph.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2167", "caption": "Figure 7. ZNF226 zf-C2H2 structural domains highlighted on the conceptual translation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/251px-ZNF226_Conceptual_Translation_1.1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2168", "caption": "Figure 8. ZNF226 zf-C2H2 structural domains highlighted on the conceptual translation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/253px-ZNF226_Conceptual_1.2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2169", "caption": "Figure 9. Sequence logo of ZNF226 zf-C2H2 structural domain DNA binding sites", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/253px-ZNF226_zf-C2H2_Domains_Binding_Sites.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2170", "caption": "AlphaFold prediction of ZNF821 Protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AlphaFold_Prediction_of_ZNF821_Protein.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2171", "caption": "Divergence Rate of ZNF821 compared to Cytochrome c and Fibrinogen alpha.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Divergence_Rate_of_ZNF821.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2172", "caption": "A drawing of a prokaryotic cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2173", "caption": "A diagram of an animal cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Animal_cell_NIH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2174", "caption": "The process of  cell division  in the animal  cell cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/386px-Animal_cell_cycle-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2175", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/370px-Fas-signalling.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2176", "caption": "Active site, hydrophobic tunnel and lid-loop of acyl-protein thioesterases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/176px-APT_tunnel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2177", "caption": "Mechanism of how acyl-protein thioesterases release their product by using a flexible lid-loop covering the substrate binding tunnel.   Nature Communications   8 (1):2201, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,  https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/342px-APT_mechanism_and_product_release.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2178", "caption": "Histology  features of a  lipoblast , also known as an adipocyte precursor cell or preadipocyte.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lipoblast_features%2C_annotated.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2179", "caption": "Differentiated Adipocyte stained with  Oil Red O", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Differentiated_3T3-L1_Cell_line_stained_with_42e30670.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2180", "caption": "ADP-ribose", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-ADP_ribose.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2181", "caption": "Mechanism for ADP-ribosylation, with residues of the catalyzing enzyme shown in blue. [ disputed  \u2013  discuss ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ADP-Ribosylation-Mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2182", "caption": "Crystal structure of PARP1 zinc finger domain bound to DNA (purple). PDB: 4AV1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PARP1_with_DNA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2183", "caption": "DNA repair facilitated by PARP1 recruitment of repair enzymes. Repair of a single strand break in DNA is initiated by the binding of PARP1. PARP1 binds single-strand breaks and pulls base excision repair intermediates close, leading to the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose). XRCC1 is the X-ray repair cross complementing protein 1. XRCC1 complexes with polynucleotide kinase (PNK) which processes DNA termini. PCNA is the proliferating cell nuclear antigen that serves as a DNA clamp that aids in the DNA polymerase activity (DNA pol) FEN1 (Flap endonuclease 1) is then recruited to remove the overhanging 5' flap. The last step of DNA repair involves DNA ligase which brings the final DNA strands together in a phosphodiester bond.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-WikiDiagram1.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2184", "caption": "Crystal structure of the diphtheria toxin. PDB: 1MDT", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Diphtheria_tox.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2185", "caption": "He Jiankui", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-He_Jiankui_%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2186", "caption": "Steps of Alkaline lysis. Created in  https://BioRender.com", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/410px-Methodology_of_Alkaline_Lysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2187", "caption": "Enzymatic steps of alpha oxidation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Alpha_oxidation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2188", "caption": "Clockwise from top right:  Amoeba proteus ,  Actinophrys sol ,  Acanthamoeba  sp.,  Nuclearia thermophila .,  Euglypha acanthophora ,  neutrophil  ingesting bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Amoeba_collage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2189", "caption": "The forms of  pseudopodia , from left: polypodial and lobose; monopodial and lobose; filose; conical; reticulose; tapering actinopods; non-tapering actinopods", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/380px-PseudopodiaFormsDavidPatterson.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2190", "caption": "Amoeba  phagocytosis  of a  bacterium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Phagocytosis_--_amoeba.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2191", "caption": "Foraminifera  have reticulose (net-like) pseudopods, and many species are visible with the naked eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ammonia_tepida.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2192", "caption": "Trophozoites  of the pathogenic  Entamoeba histolytica  with ingested  red blood cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Trophozoites_of_Entamoeba_histolytica_with_i_e8f3bef4.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2193", "caption": "The first illustration of an amoeboid, from R\u00f6sel von Rosenhof's  Insecten-Belustigung  (1755)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Der_Kleine_Proteus_from_Roesel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2194", "caption": "Neutrophil  (white blood cell) engulfing anthrax bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2195", "caption": "The  heterolobosean  pathogen  Naegleria fowleri  can behave as an amoeba (center) or as a flagellate (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2196", "caption": "The  choanoflagellate   Salpingoeca rosetta  can switch between a swimming ( flagellate ) stage and a crawling ( amoeboid ) stage when subjected to a confined space. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Salpingoeca_rosetta_elife-61037-fig1-E-P.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2197", "caption": "Antimicrobial resistance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Antimicrobial_resistance.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2198", "caption": "Two stages in the constriction of apical surfaces (blue) of a pair of cells in  C. elegans .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apical_Constriction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2199", "caption": "Constriction of the apical side of cells in an epithelial layer generates enough force initiate invagination. In gastrulation, the apically constricting cells are known as bottle cells. The bottle shape results when constriction of the apical side of the cell squeezes the cytoplasm, thus expanding the basal side.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apicalconstriction_fig1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2200", "caption": "Apical constriction mechanisms (red: filamentous actin. orange: myosin.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apical_constriction_mechanisms._Filamentous__8f91dac9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2201", "caption": "Apical constriction of cells at the hingepoints of  neural folds  generates forces that participate in  neural tube  closure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Apicalconstriction_fig2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2202", "caption": "Apoptotic DNA fragmentation, visualised by the  DNA laddering  assay (left). A  1 kb   marker  (middle) and  control  DNA (right) are included for comparison.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Apoptotic_DNA_Laddering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2203", "caption": "A  nucleosome , consisting of DNA (grey) wrapped around a  histone   tetramer  (coloured). In apoptotic DNA fragmentation, the DNA is cleaved in the  internucleosomal linker  region, which is the part of the DNA  not  wrapped around the histones.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Complete_Histone_with_DNA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2204", "caption": "Diagram of lipid vesicles showing a solution of biomolecules (green dots) trapped in the vesicle interior.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Lipid_vesicles.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2205", "caption": "Standard artificial cell (top) and drug delivery artificial cell (bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Standard_and_drug_delivery_artificial_cells__f0a0723c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2206", "caption": "Representative types of artificial cell membranes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Artificial_cell_membranes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2207", "caption": "Schematic representation of encapsulated cells within artificial membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Cell_capsule_schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2208", "caption": "This diagram depicts the organization of a typical  mitotic spindle  found in  animal  cells.  Chromosomes are attached to kinetochore microtubules via a multiprotein complex called the  kinetochore .  Polar microtubules interdigitate at the spindle midzone and push the spindle poles apart via motor proteins.  Astral microtubules anchor the spindle poles to the cell membrane.  Microtubule polymerization is nucleated at the  microtubule organizing center .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Spindle_apparatus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2209", "caption": "The autophagic process is divided into five distinct stages: Initiation, phagophore nucleation, autophagosomal formation (elongation), autophagosome-lysosome fusion (autophagolysosome) and cargo degradation. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-The_general_autophagy_process_%28five_phase%_99f9bb24.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2210", "caption": "A microscopic image of a prostate gland featuring an example of basal cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Prostate_gland_microanatomy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2211", "caption": "A microscopic image of the human trachea, showcasing the typical location of basal cells (B) between the basement membrane (BM) and the remaining epithelium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/248px-Masson%27s_trichrome_staining_of_the_Human_t_8dca1704.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2212", "caption": "TEM  image of the tracheal basal lamina in mice. The darkened areas with the arrows pointing to them display the location of hemidesmosomes connecting the layer of basal cells to the basal lamina.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/206px-Ultrastructure_of_tracheal_hemidesmosomes_in_cb227c82.JPEG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2213", "caption": "A diagram displaying the layers of the epidermis, with basal cells comprising the stratum basale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Skinlayers.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2214", "caption": "A diagram of cells in the respiratory epithelium. Basal cells are shown in purple, ciliated cells shown in brown, goblet cells are shown in green, and submucosal (below the epithelium) glands are shown in blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/210px-Respiratory_Tract_Cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2215", "caption": "Diagram and histological examples showing the structure of gastric glands in different areas of the stomach. Note how the progenitor cells (which in this case is a term synonymous with basal cells) are located in the isthmus region of the pit in both examples, and how there is a single layer of cells that comprises the epithelium.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/361px-Glandulas_gastricas_estruct.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2216", "caption": "Diagram showing the location of intestinal crypts and the gradual migration of differentiating cells out of the crypt.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Epithelial_cell_migration.tif_f4296a4c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2217", "caption": "Reference ranges for blood tests  of white blood cells, comparing basophil amount (shown in violet) with other cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_white_blo_7b3e52eb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2218", "caption": "basophil activation and labeling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Degranulationright.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2219", "caption": "A diagrammatic illustration of the process of lipolysis (in a fat cell) induced by high  epinephrine  and low  insulin  levels in the blood. Epinephrine binds to a  beta-adrenergic  receptor in the cell wall of the adipocyte, which causes  cAMP  to be generated inside the cell. The cAMP activates a  protein kinase , which phosphorylates and activates a  hormone-sensitive lipase  in the fat cell. This lipase cleaves free fatty acids from their attachment to glycerol in the adipocyte. The free fatty acids and glycerol are then released into the blood.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/201px-Metabolism1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2220", "caption": "A diagrammatic illustration of the transport of  free fatty acids  in the blood attached to  plasma albumin , its diffusion across the cell membrane using a protein transporter, and its activation, using  ATP , to form  acyl-CoA  in the  cytosol . The illustration is of a 12 carbon fatty acid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Metabolism2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2221", "caption": "A diagrammatic illustration of the transfer of an acyl-CoA molecule across the inner membrane of the  mitochondrion  by  carnitine-acyl-CoA transferase  (CAT). The illustrated acyl chain is 12 carbon atoms long. CAT is inhibited by high concentrations of  malonyl-CoA  (the first committed step in  fatty acid synthesis ) in the cytoplasm. This means that fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid catabolism cannot occur simultaneously in any given cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Metabolism3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2222", "caption": "A diagrammatic illustration of the process of the  beta-oxidation  of an acyl-CoA molecule in the mitochondrial matrix. During this process an acyl-CoA molecule which is 2 carbons shorter than it was at the beginning of the process is formed. Acetyl-CoA, water and 5  ATP  molecules are the other products of each beta-oxidative event, until the entire acyl-CoA molecule has been reduced to a set of  acetyl-CoA  molecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Metabolism4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2223", "caption": "General Mechanism of Beta Oxidation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/228px-Beta_oxidation_Anindita.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2224", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Beta-Oxidation1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2225", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Beta-Oxidation2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2226", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Beta-Oxidation3.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2227", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Beta-Oxidation4.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2228", "caption": "Propionyl-CoA modification after beta oxidation of odd-chain fatty acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/194px-Odd-chain_FA_oxydation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2229", "caption": "Complete beta oxidation of  linoleic acid  (an unsaturated fatty acid).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Linoleic_acid_beta_oxidation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2230", "caption": "Steps in beta-oxidation of odd-numbered saturated fatty acids [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/309px-Steps-in-b-oxidation-of-odd-numbered-saturat_37d97881.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2231", "caption": "Schematic demonstrating  mitochondrial   fatty acid   beta-oxidation  and effects of  long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, LCHAD deficiency", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-LCHAD_deficiency.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2232", "caption": "A biconcave disc", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Biconcave_disc.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2233", "caption": "The biocrystallization inhibitor  chloroquine  was developed in Germany in the 1930s. For 20 years Chloroquine was a \"magic bullet\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Chloroquine_3D.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2234", "caption": "Multiplex analysis of circulating tumor cells using QuantiGene ViewRNA CTC Platform", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/CTC_-_in_situ_RNA_hybridization.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2235", "caption": "The grey represents the concentration of a molecule", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Cell_polarity.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2236", "caption": "Depicts migration of cells in response to types of molecules in the gradient.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chtx-AttrRep-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2237", "caption": "Walter Sutton  (left) and  Theodor Boveri  (right) independently developed different parts of the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Theodor_boveri_walter_sutton.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2238", "caption": "Diagram of the protein NJMU-R1's  secondary structure  and  post-translational modifications . [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/130px-C17orf75_protein_schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2239", "caption": "Immunohistochemistry  staining of the mouse  cerebellum  for the protein NJMU-R1 in green. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/97px-Purkinje_C17orf75.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2240", "caption": "Human C17orf75 orthologs in select species obtained from a  BLASTP  search using the human protein with accession number:  NP_071739.2 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/257px-C17orf75_Ortholog_table.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2241", "caption": "Figure 1: An evoked calcium spark, in a cardiac muscle cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Ca2%2B_sparks.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2242", "caption": "The  Lewis structure  of a  carbon  atom, showing its four  valence electrons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/100px-Carbone_lewis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2243", "caption": "Schematic of  photosynthesis  in plants. The  carbohydrates  produced are stored in or used by the plant. Photosynthesis is  foundation  of  food  on Earth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Photosynthesis_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2244", "caption": "F-actin  distribution in the cell cortex as shown by  rhodamine   phalloidin  staining of  HeLa  cells that constitutively express  Histone H2B - GFP  to mark  chromosomes .  F-actin  is thus red, while  Histone H2B  is displayed in green. The left-hand cell is in  mitosis , as demonstrated by  chromosome  condensation, while the right-hand cell is in  interphase  (as determined by intact  cell nucleus ) in a suspended state. In both cases,  F-actin  is enriched around the cell periphery. Scale bar: 10 micrometers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Actin-cortex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2245", "caption": "A counting chamber", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Hemocytometer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2246", "caption": "A picture of  Staphylococcus aureus  colonies growing on an  agar plate  (photographed in  transmitted light ). Such homogeneously spread colonies are suitable for CFU enumeration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-S.aureusAgar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2247", "caption": "The electrode of a Coulter counter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/70px-Coultercounter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2248", "caption": "A spectrophotometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Spektrofotometri.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2249", "caption": "DAPI (magenta) bound to the minor groove of DNA (green and blue). From  PDB :  1D30 \u200b.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-1D30_DNA_DAPI.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2250", "caption": "Laboratory cell disruptor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_disruptor-Genie.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2251", "caption": "a    Cells of the same lineage fuse to form a cell with multiple nuclei, known as a syncytium. The fused cell can have an altered phenotype and new functions such as barrier formation.    b   Cells of different lineage fuse to form a cell with multiple nuclei, known as a heterokaryon. The fused cells might have undergone a reversion of phenotype or show transdifferentiation.    c   Cells of different lineage or the same lineage fuse to form a cell with a single nucleus, known as a synkaryon. New functions of the fused cell can include a reversion of phenotype, transdifferentiation and proliferation. If nuclear fusion occurs, the fused nucleus initially contains the complete chromosomal content of both fusion partners (4N), but ultimately chromosomes are lost and/or re-sorted (see arrows). If nuclear fusion does not occur, a heterokaryon (or syncytium) can become a synkaryon by shedding an entire nucleus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-CellFusionTypes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2252", "caption": "BTX ECM 2001 Electrofusion generator cell fusion applications manufactured by BTX Harvard Apparatus, Holliston MA USA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ECM_2001_Hybridoma_System.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2253", "caption": "General stages of cell lineage (cell lineage of liver development in red)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Liver_cell_lineage..jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2254", "caption": "Typical prokaryotic cell structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/122px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2255", "caption": "Typical eukaryotic animal cell structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Animal_cell_structure_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2256", "caption": "Ion Transport: Direction of Na/K flow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Scheme_sodium-potassium_pump-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2257", "caption": "Endocytosis in Animal Cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Endocytosis_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2258", "caption": "Polarized localization of  Staufen protein  (white arrow) in  Drosophila  stage 9 oocyte (Stau:GFP, DAPI).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stauffen_Yu_etal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2259", "caption": "Pluripotent , embryonic  stem cells  originate as inner mass cells within a  blastocyst . These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a  placenta . Only the  morula 's cells are  totipotent , able to become all tissues and a placenta.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Stem_cells_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2260", "caption": "A: Human  embryonic  stem cells (cell colonies that are not yet differentiated). B:  Nerve  cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Human_embryonic_stem_cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2261", "caption": "Naive human pluripotent stem cell colony here seen growing on feeder cells (mouse).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Naive-hPSC.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2262", "caption": "Ranunculus asiaticus  example of totipotency of two individuals  MHNT", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-%28MHNT%29_Ranunculus_asiaticus_-_example_of_341c8162.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2263", "caption": "Hematopoietic stem cells are an example of multipotency. When they differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells, they lose potency and become oligopotent cells with the ability to give rise to all cells of its lineage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hematopoiesis_%28human%29_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2264", "caption": "Human  cancer cells  with nuclei (specifically the DNA) stained blue. The central and rightmost cell are in  interphase , so the entire nuclei are labeled. The cell on the left is going through  mitosis  and its DNA has condensed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2265", "caption": "Drawing of the structure of  cork  by  Robert Hooke  that appeared in  Micrographia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2266", "caption": "Matthias Jakob Schleiden  (1804\u20131881)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PSM_V22_D156_Matthias_Jacob_Schleiden.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2267", "caption": "Theodor Schwann  (1810\u20131882)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Schwann_Theodore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2268", "caption": "Adoptive T-cell therapy. Cancer specific T-cells can be obtained by fragmentation and isolation of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, or by genetically engineering cells from peripheral blood. The cells are activated and grown prior to transfusion into the recipient (tumour bearer).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Adoptive_T-cell_therapy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2269", "caption": "Charles-\u00c9douard Brown-S\u00e9quard \u00a0\u2013 tried to stop aging by injecting animal testicle extract.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Charles-%C3%89douard_Brown-S%C3%A9quard.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2270", "caption": "The most common processes of cell unroofing. (left) Sandwich of two cells between two coverslips. (right) Lateral flux of medium allows to break the cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Sketch_cell_unroofing.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2271", "caption": "Example of translocation of cargo through direct penetration", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Direct_penetrating_example.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2272", "caption": "Types Endocytosis Mediated by Cell-Penetrating Peptides", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Endocytosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2273", "caption": "Translocation Mediated by the Formation of Inverted Micelles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Inverted_micelle1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2274", "caption": "Translocation Mediated by a Transitory Structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Barrel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2275", "caption": "Covalent linkage between CPP and nucleic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Conjugation_of_CPPs_and_cargoes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2276", "caption": "Covalent linkage between CPP and nucleic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Covalent_linkage_between_CPP_and_nucleic_aic_0084b44d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2277", "caption": "An improved substrate for CPP that minimize the proteolysis effects", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Mechanism_cell_uptake_for_CPP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2278", "caption": "Folding control of CPP using unnatural \u03b2, \u03b4 cyclic amino acids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Opening_angle_cpp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2279", "caption": "Quantum dots applications as cell labeling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Quantum_dots_CPP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2280", "caption": "Examples of metal chelates successfully delivered into cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-MRI-CPP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2281", "caption": "Illustration of adipocytes of different sizes. In response to dietary excess energy intake, adipocytes adapt by increased storage of lipids, resulting in cellular hypertrophy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Adipocyte.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2282", "caption": "Figure 1.  Snapshot images taken from a video showing the nucleation and growth of a TEM in an endothelial cell intoxicated with C3 exoenzyme from  Clostridium botulinum  for 24 hours, Bar = 10 \u03bcm. For the dynamics see  Video .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Cellular_Dewetting.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2283", "caption": "Figure 2.  Analogy between  liquid dewetting  and cellular dewetting.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/529px-Liquid_and_cellular_dewetting.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2284", "caption": "PcG proteins repress transcription in salivary glands. A shows an active transcription. B shows transcription after addition of a promoter. C shows transcription of a mutant protein. D shows transcription become depressed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_memory_modules.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2285", "caption": "Salmonella  bacteria (red) invade cultured human cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-SalmonellaNIAID.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2286", "caption": "A schematic illustration of a dual reporter study. Each data point corresponds to a measurement of the expression level of two identically regulated genes in a single cell: the scatter reflects measurements of a population of cells. Extrinsic noise is characterised by expression levels of both genes covarying between cells, intrinsic by internal differences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Extrinsic_and_intrinsic_noise_in_cellular_bi_49e9bafe.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2287", "caption": "A canonical model for stochastic gene expression, known as the two-state or telegraph  [ 30 ]  model. DNA flips between \"inactive\" and \"active\" states (involving, for example,  chromatin remodelling  and  transcription factor  binding). Active DNA is transcribed to produce mRNA which is translated to produce protein, both of which are degraded. All processes are  Poissonian  with given rates.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Modelling_stochastic_gene_expression.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2288", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-480px-Chaperone-mediated_autophagy__e472c292.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2289", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-480px-Molecular_components_of_chape_7a5b8c00.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2290", "caption": "Schematic of chemically induced dimerization.  Two proteins that do not normally interact (top) bind in the presence of a dimerizing agent (bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chemically_induced_dimerization.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2291", "caption": "An ion gradient has  potential energy  and can be used to power  chemical reactions  when the ions pass through a  channel  (red).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Chemiosmosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2292", "caption": "Oxidative phosphorylation  involves two processes \u2014 the  electron transport chain  and chemiosmosis \u2014 and occurs in  mitochondria .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Mitochondrial_electron_transport_chain%E2%80_f390a0c2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2293", "caption": "Energy conversion by the inner mitochondrial membrane and chemiosmotic coupling between the  chemical energy  of redox reactions in the  respiratory chain  and the  oxidative phosphorylation   catalysed  by the  ATP synthase . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Chemiosmotic_coupling_mitochondrion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2294", "caption": "A diagram of chemiosmotic phosphorylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Electrontrans.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2295", "caption": "Directions of chemiosmotic proton transfer in the  mitochondrion ,  chloroplast  and in  gram-negative bacterial  cells ( cellular respiration  and  photosynthesis ). The bacterial  cell wall  is omitted,  gram-positive bacterial  cells do not have outer membrane. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Chemiosmotic_proton_transfer.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2296", "caption": "Chemiosmotic coupling between the energy of sunlight,  bacteriorhodopsin  and phosphorylation ( chemical energy ) during  photosynthesis  in the  halophilic  archaeal organism  Halobacterium salinarum  (syn.  H. halobium ). The archaeal  cell wall  is omitted.  [ 6 ] [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/390px-Bacteriorhodopsin_chemiosmosis_%28horizontal_c360b684.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2297", "caption": "Early cell powered by external proton gradient near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. As long as the membrane (or passive ion channels within it) is permeable to protons, the mechanism can function without ion pumps. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Leaky_membrane_cell_powered_by_external_prot_e8a8fc74.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2298", "caption": "Typical structure of a  chemokine receptor , with seven transmembrane helices and a characteristic \"DRY\" motif in the second intracellular loop.  Chemokine receptors are usually linked to a  G-protein  through which they signal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Chemrec_white.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2299", "caption": "Chemokinesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Chemokinesis-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2300", "caption": "Chemotactic drug-targeting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Chemotactic_drug-targeting.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2301", "caption": "Chemotactic selection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Chtxsel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2302", "caption": "Chief cells are part of  fundic gland polyps  (here shown in high magnification). [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histopathology_of_fundic_gland_polyp%2C_high_67f9a4b4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2303", "caption": "In the diagram, (1) refers to a chromatid: 1-half of two identical threadlike strands of a replicated  chromosome . During cell division, the identical copies (called a \" sister chromatid pair \") are joined at the region called the  centromere  (2). Once the paired sister chromatids have separated from one another (in the  anaphase  of   mitosis ) each is known as a daughter chromosome. The short arm of the right chromatid (3), and the long arm of the right chromatid (4), are also marked.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chromosome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2304", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of the human chromosomes, showing their usual state in the G 0  and G 1  phase of the cell cycle. At top center it also shows the chromosome 3 pair in  metaphase  (annotated as \"Meta.\"), which takes place after having undergone  DNA synthesis  which occurs in the  S phase  (annotated as S) of the cell cycle. During metaphase, each chromosome is duplicated into  sister chromatids . Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2305", "caption": "Condensation and resolution of human sister chromatids in early mitosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Condensation_and_resolution_of_human_sister__d20d7a48.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2306", "caption": "A . \"Budding\"  nucleus  with nucleoplasmic bridge (arrow), a chromatin bridge after mitosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/299px-Micronuclei_and_nuclear_abnormalities_in_per_14591914.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2307", "caption": "A.   Microtubules  localized at a chromatin bridge. These polymers are stained with anti-tubulin antibody and viewed using  fluorescence microscopy .  B.  Merged images of two daughter cells connected by a chromatin bridge. The fluorescence techniques of  indirect immunofluorescence  and DAPI staining were utilized.  C.  The same cells visualized using DAPI staining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DAPI_and_tubulin_staining.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2308", "caption": "A  chromatin  bridge, visualized using DAPI staining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Chromatin_bridge_stained_using_D_47f34859.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2309", "caption": "Immunodetection of a  chromosome  showing  DNA  (blue) and two scaffold proteins:  SMC2  (red) and  topoisomerase II\u03b1  (green) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Chromosome_scaffold_summary.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2310", "caption": "EVOS Imaging depicting a single celled organism with distinctive cilia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Paramecia.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2311", "caption": "Cilia Structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cilia_Estructura.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2312", "caption": "Mechanism for Citrate Synthase (including residues involved)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/800px-Citrate_Synthase_Mechanism_Drew_Beck_revised_d33877ef.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2313", "caption": "In this  electron micrograph  of a cell, the cleavage furrow has nearly completely divided the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cleavage-furrow.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2314", "caption": "Cilliate undergoing the last processes of binary fission, with the cleavage furrow being clearly visible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Unk.cilliate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2315", "caption": "Clonal expansion  and monoclonal versus polyclonal proliferation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Clonal_expansion_and_monoclonal_versus_polyc_3bbefc31.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2316", "caption": "Electron micrograph of in vitro\u2013formed COPI-coated vesicles. Average vesicle diameter at the membrane level is 60 nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/263px-COPI_coated_vesicles.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2317", "caption": "The COPI triad. Color scheme: membrane - gray; Arf1 - pink; gamma-COP - light green; beta-COP, dark green; zeta-COP - yellow; delta-COP - orange; betaprime-COP - light blue; alpha-COP - dark blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/396px-The_structure_of_the_COPI_triad.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2318", "caption": "Human Sar1A bound to GDP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PDB_2gao_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2319", "caption": "Titan Krios at the  University of Leeds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Titan_Krios_University_of_Leeds.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2320", "caption": "Single particle analysis  workflow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cryogenic_electron_microscopy_workflow.svg.p_a889c188.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2321", "caption": "This schematic shows the concept of electron tomography. A sample is imaged in a TEM as it is tilted to different angles, resulting in a \"tilt-series\" of 2D images (top). This tilt-series is then computationally reconstructed into a 3D \"tomogram\" (bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-170px-Electron_Tomography.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2322", "caption": "Central slice through a tomogram of an intact  Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus  cell. Scale bar 200 nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Slice_from_electron_cryotomogram_of_Bdellovi_c9854f30.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2323", "caption": "(a)  Tomographic slice of a cardiac sarcomere. Scale bar, 50 nm.  (b)  Reconstructed filaments mapped into a tomogram. Scale bar, 50 nm  (c)  Structure of the thick filament from the M-band to the C-zone. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cardiac_sarcomere_tomogram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2324", "caption": "Schematic showing information transfer for various tilt schemes. Tilts are shown from \u221260\u00b0 to +60\u00b0 in 3\u00b0 increments for 41 total tilts. Grey values correspond to the information transfer at each tilt according to the color map shown on the left. Reduction in information transfer is attributed to higher tilts having increased apparent thickness of the sample and accumulated radiation damage throughout the collection scheme. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/582px-CryoET_dose_symmetric_collection_scheme.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2325", "caption": "The human cerebral cortex divided into  Brodmann areas  on the basis of cytoarchitecture.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page145-220px-Vergleichende_Lokalisationslehre_der_4bb633b4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2326", "caption": "Transmission   electron micrograph  of a  chondrocyte , stained for calcium, showing its nucleus (N) and mitochondria (M).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Chondrocyte-_calcium_stain.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2327", "caption": "Cytometers  are the instruments which count the blood cells in the common blood test.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blooddraw.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2328", "caption": "A  hemocytometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hemocytometer_with_gloved_hand.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2329", "caption": "Model A  Coulter Counter  \u2014 The first commercial flow cytometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Model_A_COULTER_COUNTER_from_Advertisement.j_f228067d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2330", "caption": "Cells shown with  immunostaining  observed with a  confocal microscope .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-022S.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2331", "caption": "Cytonemes take up and transport morphogens. This micrograph shows tissues from a  Drosophila  larva whose tracheal cells are marked with membrane-tethered mCherry fluorescent protein. Some of the cytonemes that extend from the tracheal branch contact the underlying wing imaginal disc and transport the Dpp morphogen protein (marked with green fluorescent protein) to the tracheal cells. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tracheal_cytonemes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2332", "caption": "Structure of a death domain protein.  1ngr", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-PDB_1ngr_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2333", "caption": "A  decellularized aortic homograft", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Decellularized_aortic_homograft.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2334", "caption": "Principle of  tissue engineering", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Tissue_engineering_english.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2335", "caption": "The degranulation process in a Mast cell. 1 =  antigen ; 2 =  IgE ; 3 =  Fc\u03b5R1 ; 4 = preformed mediators ( histamine ,  proteases ,  chemokines ,  heparin ); 5 = granules; 6 - Mast cell; 7 - newly formed mediators ( prostaglandins ,  leukotrienes ,  thromboxanes ,  platelet-activating factor )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2336", "caption": "Crystallographic structure of  human phosphatase and tensin homolog  (PTEN). The  active site  of the blue  N-terminal  phosphatase domain is shown in yellow. The  C-terminal  C2 domain is shown in red. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pten.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2337", "caption": "The ancestral state reconstruction and cross-species orthologous alignment. a Ancestral state reconstruction for human Val129 (red arrow) based on the Maximum Parsimony (MP) method in MEGA11. b Regional alignment comprising the human Val129 site (black arrow above the alignment).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Anestral_state.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2338", "caption": "Differential centrifugation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Differentielle_zentrifugation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2339", "caption": "DNA laddering (left) visualised in an  agarose gel  by  ethidium bromide  staining. A  1 kb   marker  (middle) and  control  DNA (right) are included.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Apoptotic_DNA_Laddering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2340", "caption": "Overview of normal chromosome duplication in the cell cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Overview_of_chromosome_duplication_in_the_ce_da16679e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2341", "caption": "S. cerevisiae  origin in the prereplicative state. Assembly of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) readies the origin for firing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/360px-Origin_Licensing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2342", "caption": "S. cerevisiae  origin in the postreplicative state. CDK-mediated phosphorylation of the pre-RC components prevents origins from re-licensing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/360px-Inhibition_of_pre-RC_assembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2343", "caption": "This is a graph showing the effect of fractionation on the ability of  gamma rays  to cause cell death. The blue line is for cells which were not given a chance to recover; the red line is for cells which were allowed to stand for a time and recover.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Effectofselfrepair.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2344", "caption": "The Dounce homogenizers, devices used for mechanical lysis of tissue or cells, were invented by and named after Alexander Dounce.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tissue_glass_Dounce_homogenizer-03.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2345", "caption": "Homogenized mouse hippocampus at the bottom of a Dounce homogenizer tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Homogenized_mouse_hippocampus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2346", "caption": "Cells release eat-signals onto their surface to induce phagocytes to eat them", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Eat-me_signal.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2347", "caption": "Crystal structure of  Thermotoga maritima   encapsulin . PDB entry  3dkt", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Thermotoga_maritima_encapsulin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2348", "caption": "Endocycling vs. endomitosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/550px-Endocycling_vs._endomitosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2349", "caption": "Notch regulation of endocycling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Notch_regulation_of_endocycling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2350", "caption": "Phospholipids, cholesterol (orange spheres) and two apolipoprotein A-1 chains (pink ribbon) interaction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/229px-ApoA1%2Blipids_3K2S.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2351", "caption": "Triglyceride Structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/373px-Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2352", "caption": "Lipid Metabolism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/281px-Hepatic_lipase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2353", "caption": "The triggers and consequences of entosis in cancer [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/390px-Entosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2354", "caption": "Blood cell lineage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hematopoiesis_simple.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2355", "caption": "Histology of an eosinophil within  epithelium , characterized by its bilobed nucleus despite scant visible eosinophilic cytoplasm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Histology_of_an_eosinophil_in_esophageal_epi_727a7d90.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2356", "caption": "Reference ranges for blood tests  of white blood cells, comparing eosinophil granulocyte amount (shown in light red) with other cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_white_blo_7b3e52eb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2357", "caption": "Apocrine  cells, showing  apical snouts  towards the lumen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Histology_of_apocrine_cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2358", "caption": "Structure of 19,20-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid, an example of an epoxydocosapentaenoic acid. Both the 19( R ),20( S )- and 19( S ),20( R )-EDP are produced by epoxygenases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-19%2C20-EDP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2359", "caption": "Chemical structure of 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2360", "caption": "A mature  gastrotrich , with visible cells on the surface. Further growth will now occur solely by cell enlargement.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/216px-Gastrotrich.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2361", "caption": "The distribution of the  total body water  in  mammals  between the  intracellular compartment  and the extracellular compartment, which is, in turn, subdivided into  interstitial  fluid and smaller components, such as the  blood plasma , the  cerebrospinal fluid  and  lymph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Cellular_Fluid_Content.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2362", "caption": "Cell membrane details between extracellular and intracellular fluid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/340px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2363", "caption": "Sodium\u2013potassium pump and the diffusion between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/340px-Sodium-potassium_pump_and_diffusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2364", "caption": "Differences in the concentrations of ions giving the membrane potential", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Basis_of_Membrane_Potential2-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2365", "caption": "Formation of interstitial fluid from blood", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Capillary_microcirculation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2366", "caption": "Diagram showing the formation of lymph from interstitial fluid (labeled here as \"tissue fluid\"). The tissue fluid is entering the blind ends of  lymph capillaries  (shown as deep green arrows).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Illu_lymph_capillary.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2367", "caption": "\"Flagellata\" from  Ernst Haeckel 's  Artforms of Nature , 1904", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Haeckel_Flagellata.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2368", "caption": "Parasitic  Excavata  ( Giardia lamblia )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Giardia_lamblia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2369", "caption": "Green algae  ( Chlamydomonas )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chlamydomonas_%2810000x%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2370", "caption": "\"Flagellata\" from  Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Flagellata_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2371", "caption": "Schematic diagram of a flow cytometer, from sheath focusing to data acquisition.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Cytometer.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2372", "caption": "Analysis of a marine sample of  photosynthetic   picoplankton  by flow cytometry showing three different populations ( Prochlorococcus ,  Synechococcus , and  picoeukaryotes )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Picoplancton_cytometrie.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2373", "caption": "Flow cytometry gating into main categories of  blood cells  by  side scatter  and  CD45 , in a case with normal distributions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Flow_cytometric_gating_by_side_scatter_and_C_1a391fe8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2374", "caption": "Cell Sorting Using Flow Cytometry and Droplet Technology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Fluorescence_Assisted_Cell_Sorting_%28FACS%2_a0842510.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2375", "caption": "Use of flow cytometry to measure copy number variation of a specific DNA sequence ( Flow-FISH )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Flow-FISH_1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2376", "caption": "Flow cytometry using  7-Aminoactinomycin D  (7-AAD), wherein a lower signal indicates viable cells. Therefore, this case shows good viability.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Flow_cytometric_viability_by_7-AAD.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2377", "caption": "Claude Bernard, French physician who introduced the concept of homeostasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Claude_Bernard_3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2378", "caption": "Schematic diagram of fluorochromasia molecular mechanism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Schematic_diagram_of_fluorochromasia_m_83d0c74d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2379", "caption": "Histopathologic image of  aspiration pneumonia  in an elderly patient with debilitating neurologic illness. Note foreign-body giant cell reaction. Autopsy case. H & E stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Aspiration_pneumonia_%282%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2380", "caption": "Cut that creates a sticky end", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/100px-EcoRI_restriction_enzyme_recognition_site.sv_b0856ed5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2381", "caption": "Cut that creates a blunt end", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/95px-SmaI_restriction_enzyme_recognition_site.svg._4bb1d4b6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2382", "caption": "Fragmentation is the third and final step of cell disassembly during apoptosis (right side of scheme). [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Apoptotic_cell_disassembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2383", "caption": "A blood smear from a patient with hemolytic anemia, showing schistocytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Schizocyte_smear_2009-12-22.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2384", "caption": "Natural freeze-fracture. An iceberg fractured off a glacier. Erosion reveals the layering hidden within the original glacier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Iceberg_en_Lago_Argentino.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2385", "caption": "Snowflake macro photography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Snowflake_macro_photography_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2386", "caption": "Two forms of amorphous ice. High density (HDA) top and low density amorphous (LDA) ice bottom", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BD%D1%96_%_b79e9dba.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2387", "caption": "Iceplanet", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Iceplanet.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2388", "caption": "Freeze-fracture and replicated yeast cell at -50\u00b0C with two prominent circular bud scars. The ice surrounding the cell melted due to the heat of the fracture, flowed a few microns, and quickly refroze again.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Yeast_frozen_flow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2389", "caption": "Ice blocks are cut and loaded onto a horse drawn sled circa 1935", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Ice_blocks_are_cut_and_loaded_on_e6da4bb5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2390", "caption": "Ais kacang", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Ais_kacang.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2391", "caption": "Fracture failure of a steel pipe due to cold temperatures", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hoop_stress_fracture_failure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2392", "caption": "Concrete fracture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Concrete_fracture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2393", "caption": "Platinum coated surface of fracture face of glass reinforced plastic SEM Stereo 500x", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Glass_reinforced_plastic_SEM_Stereo_500x.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2394", "caption": "Freeze-fracture Replication shielding block built in 1984 after Bullivant and Ames 1966", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Freeze-fracture_block_interior_and_lid_remov_d81e2986.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2395", "caption": "Commercial Freeze Etching Replication device circa 2000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-BAF_060_Freeze_Fracture_Device_%288513545772_7b8bafe9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2396", "caption": "The interior of a sheep lens cell plasma membrane. The smooth areas mainly at the top of the picture are mainly lipid membrane. The rough areas correlate to areas of protein in the membrane. When viewed closely the Freeze-fracture replica immunolabling (FRIL) reveals the gold beads averaging 5nm in size coated in anti-Cxn46 antibodies. They pepper the visible portion of the gap junction containing the protein [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fril_mp46.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2397", "caption": "Drosophila   ovariole : spectrosomes are the red round structures in germline stem cells. The red branched structures in 2-cell and 8-cell cysts are the fusomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Ovariole_niche.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2398", "caption": "A wild type  D. melanogaster  testis showing the fusome (spectrin, green), DNA (DAPI, blue), and germ cells (vasa, red). The fusome connects cells in a cyst and becomes branched as the cyst grows with cell divisions. Image by S. Brantley, used with permission by the author.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-D_melanogaster_testis_fusome._1aea9476.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2399", "caption": "GemIdent logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-GemIdent_logo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2400", "caption": "GemIdent identifying oranges in an orange grove", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/750px-OrangeExample.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2401", "caption": "GemIdent identifying cancer cells in a microscopic image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/750px-CancerExample.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2402", "caption": "GemIdent identifying cancer cells, T-cells, and background nuclei in a microscopic image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/GemIdentComposite.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2403", "caption": "GemIdent analyzing results using data analysis and visualization tools", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/540px-Analysisdata.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2404", "caption": "Old World  distribution of hemoglobin-inherited disorders", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Red_Blood_Cell_abnormalities.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2405", "caption": "This vein (4) shows the interaction between the malaria sporozoites (6) with sickle cells (3) and regular cells (1). While malaria is still affecting the regular cells (2), the ratio of sickle to regular cells is 50/50 due to sickle cell anemia being a heterozygous trait, so the malaria cannot affect enough cells with schizonts (5) to harm the body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SICKLEMARLIA.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2406", "caption": "Hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency following Fava beans consumption", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Jaundice.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2407", "caption": "stained red blood cell membrane proteins on electrophoresis gel strip [ 46 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RBC_Membrane_Proteins_SDS-PAGE_gel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2408", "caption": "Red Blood Cell membrane major proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RBC_membrane_major_proteins.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2409", "caption": "Old World distribution of enzymopathies and immunogenetic variants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Red_Blood_Cell_abnormalities_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2410", "caption": "Survival curves of  Luo  children in an area of Kenya where malaria transmission is intense. HbAS: Heterozygous sickle-cell hemoglobin; HbAA: normal hemoglobin; HbSS: homozygous sickle-cell hemoglobin.  [ 67 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Survival_Curves_for_Hemoglobin_Genotypes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2411", "caption": "Flowchart for GESTALT workflow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/626px-GESTALT_workflow.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2412", "caption": "Diagram describing the transgenic zebrafish engineered for scGESTALT.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-ScGESTALT_construct.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2413", "caption": "Multinucleated giant cells due to an infection.  H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Giant_cells1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2414", "caption": "CD68   immunostaining  demonstrating giant cells and macrophages", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Xanthogranulomatous_pyelonephritis_cd68.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2415", "caption": "Foreign-body giant cells in the lung. H&E stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Aspiration_pneumonia_%282%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2416", "caption": "Foreign-body giant cell reaction to a suture. H&E stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Suture_micrograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2417", "caption": "Glycosomes in the trypanosomatid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Trypanosomeglycosomes.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2418", "caption": "By taking advantage of the pores in the membrane of the glycosome, a drug can enter the organelle and be used to kill the trypanosoma brucei", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Channel-Forming-Activities-in-the-Glycosomal_52970c92.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2419", "caption": "Crystallographic structure  of the human  \u03ba-opioid receptor  homo  dimer  ( 4djh ) imbedded in a cartoon representation of a  lipid bilayer .  Each protomer is individually rainbow colored ( N-terminus  = blue,  C-terminus  = red).  The receptor is complexed with the  ligand   JDTic  that is depicted as a  space-filling model  (carbon = white, oxygen = red, nitrogen = blue). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/385px-4DJH_bilayer.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2420", "caption": "Most common molecular motif of hemicellulose", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hemicellulose.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2421", "caption": "Section of a cell wall; hemicellulose in green", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/195px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2422", "caption": "Xylan in hardwood [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/279px-Xylan_hardwood.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2423", "caption": "Beta-D-glucopyranose with carbon positions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/171px-Beta-D-glucopyranose-2D-skeletal.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2424", "caption": "A Petri dish with  bacterial  colonies on an  agar -based  growth medium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Agar_plate_with_colonies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2425", "caption": "Hemicellulose contribution to structural support within plant cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hemicellulose_acting_in_the_plant_cell_wall._65fdd922.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2426", "caption": "Heterokaryon in fungal mitosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fungus_cell_cycle-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2427", "caption": "Sketch of cork through a microscope. Cork was one of the first substances examined by  Robert Hooke  through his microscope and he found that it was composed of thousands of minute pockets he named \"cells\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Cork_Micrographia_Hooke.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2428", "caption": "A micrograph from a Transmission Electron Micrograph showing a lipid vesicle. The two dark bands are the two leaflets comprising the bilayer. Similar images taken in the 1950s and 1960s confirmed the bilayer nature of the cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Annular_Gap_Junction_Vesicle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2429", "caption": "Diagram of a cell membrane showing integral and peripheral membrane proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/390px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2430", "caption": "Fruit body of a slime mold, possibly  Tubifera ferruginosa . The clearly visible white material is the hypothallus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tubifera_ferruginosa_II_258341770.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2431", "caption": "Histological slide of the human herpes virus-6 showing infected cells, with inclusion bodies in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Inclusion_bodies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2432", "caption": "CT scan in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, showing splenomegaly. Yellow arrows point at the spleen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Splenomegalie_bei_CLL_%28labeled%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2433", "caption": "A bag with bone marrow stem cells ready to be used for transplant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-KM_Transplantat.JPEG.JPEG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2434", "caption": "necrosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Structural_changes_of_cells_undergoing_necro_b8d88f04.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2435", "caption": "Interior of a  CO 2  incubator used in  cell culture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/238px-Binder_CB_210_incubator_interior.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2436", "caption": "A Bacteriological incubator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/185px-Bacteriological_incubator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2437", "caption": "Reaumur thermometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/100px-Old_R%C3%A9aumur_scale_thermometer_-_IMG_098_0f2f99cf.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2438", "caption": "Incubator invented by Hess", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Incubatrice_di_Hess.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2439", "caption": "Shaking incubator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/180px-Shaking_incubator_for_culture_tubes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2440", "caption": "Some induced cell cycle arrests are done in Xenopus (frog) oocytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Xenopusoocyte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2441", "caption": "Phases of the cell cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cell_Cycle_3-3.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2442", "caption": "Mitosis is the non-interphase part of the  cell cycle  and generates two daughter cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mitosis_Stages.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2443", "caption": "Bcl-2 Crystal Structure with visible domains", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/227px-BCL2_Crystal_Structure.rsh.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2444", "caption": "Poliovirus  genome, including an IRES.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Poliovirus_genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2445", "caption": "An illustration of interphase. The  chromatin  has not yet condensed, and the cell is undergoing its normal functions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Interphase.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2446", "caption": "An image of the nucleus of a cell ( HT1080 ) currently in interphase (likely G1).  Note:   Cytoplasm  of this cell or the neighboring cell is not visible (top-left), which is currently in the  telophase  of  mitosis . Image taken using an optical microscope and  DAPI  staining of DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/159px-Interphase_and_part_of_Telophase_of_HT1080.P_d75de7a4.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2447", "caption": "Process of how macroautophagy works", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Macroautophagy.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2448", "caption": "Functions of autophagy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Autophagy%27s_function.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2449", "caption": "pH gradient across a membrane, with protons traveling through a transporter embedded in the membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Membrane_pH_gradient.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2450", "caption": "Approximate pHs of various organelles within a cell. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-PH_of_organelles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2451", "caption": "Protons being pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space as the electron transport chain runs, lowering the pH of the intermembrane space.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mitochondria_Intermembrane_pH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2452", "caption": "Karyogamy in the context of cell fusion. 1-haploid cells, 2-cell fusion, 3-single cell with two pronuclei, 4-fusing pronuclei (karyogamy), 5-diploid cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Karyogamy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2453", "caption": "Step labeled number 4 indicates karyogamy's place in the context of the life cycle of the fungus  Taphrina .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Taphrina_life_cycle.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2454", "caption": "(a) In fission yeast, the mating process is triggered by nitrogen starvation when compatible partners are present. (b) Budding yeast cells of opposite mating type can instead mate spontaneously on rich medium to form stable diploids that undergo sporulation upon starvation. In both organisms after pheromone exchange, cells grow in a polarized manner in the direction of their partner and undergo fusion, karyogamy and sporulation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sequential_steps_during_mating_in_Schizosacc_5177c80d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2455", "caption": "Nucleus is gray; Spindle pole body (SPB) is black circle; Microtubules (MTs) are black bars; actin filaments are gray cables; actin patches are small gray circles. (A) Nuclear orientation to the shmoo tip. (B) MT attachment to the shmoo tip. (C) Before cell\u2013cell fusion, MTs are maintained at the shmoo tip. (D) Sliding cross-bridge model for nuclear congression. Oppositely oriented MTs overlap and are cross-linked along their lengths, whereas depolymerization is induced at the spindle poles. (E) Plus end model for nuclear congression. MT plus ends cross-link and induce depolymerization to draw opposing nuclei together.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Schematic_of_nuclear_orientation%2C_cytoplas_185e0568.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2456", "caption": "(Left Side) A karyosome with a capsule. (Right Side) A karyosome without a capsule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Karyosome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2457", "caption": "Micrographic  karyogram of human male using  Giemsa  staining", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2458", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram demonstrating the basic knowledge needed to read a karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-How_to_read_a_Karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2459", "caption": "Chromosomes at various stages of  mitosis . Karyograms are generally made by chromosomes in prometaphase or metaphase. During these phases, the two copies of each chromosome (connected at the  centromere ) will look as one unless the image resolution is high enough to distinguish the two.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Condensation_and_resolution_of_human_sister__d20d7a48.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2460", "caption": "Micrograph of human chromosomes before further processing. Staining with Giemsa confers a purple color to chromosomes, but micrographs are often converted to  grayscale  to facilitate data presentation and make comparisons of results from different laboratories. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_Chromosomes_%28crop%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2461", "caption": "Micrographic karyogram of a human male. See section text for details.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DNA_human_male_chromosomes.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2462", "caption": "Schematic karyogram of a human. Even at low magnification, it gives an overview of the  human genome , with numbered chromosome pairs, its main changes during the  cell cycle  (top center), and the  mitochondrial genome  to scale (at bottom left). See section text for more details.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/370px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2463", "caption": "The  cell cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Animal_cell_cycle-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2464", "caption": "Karyogram from a human female  lymphocyte  probed for the  Alu sequence  using  FISH", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2465", "caption": "Spectral karyogram of a human female", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sky_spectral_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2466", "caption": "Spectral human karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Spectralkaryotype98-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2467", "caption": "Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres, and a vestigial centromere", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Chromosome2_merge.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2468", "caption": "Image of kinetochores in pink", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Kinetochore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2469", "caption": "Kinetochore structure and components in vertebrate cells. Based on Maiato  et al.  (2004). [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/580px-Kinetochore_vertebrates-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2470", "caption": "Fluorescence microscopy micrographs, showing the endogenous human protein  Mad1  (one of the spindle checkpoint components) in green, along the different phases in mitosis;  CENP-B , in red, is a centromeric marker, and  DAPI  (in blue) stains DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Endogenous_hMad1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2471", "caption": "Chromosomes attach to the  mitotic spindle  through sister kinetochores, in a bipolar orientation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Metaphase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2472", "caption": "Scheme showing cell cycle progression between prometaphase and anaphase. (Chromosomes are in blue and kinetochores in light yellow).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Spindle_chromosomes-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2473", "caption": "Metaphase cells with low CENP-E levels by  RNAi , showing  chromosomes unaligned at the metaphase plate (arrows). These chromosomes are labeled with  antibodies  against the mitotic checkpoint proteins Mad1/Mad2. Hec1 and CENP-B label the centromeric region (the kinetochore), and DAPI is a specific stain for DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-SiCENP-E_metaphase.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2474", "caption": "Scheme showing different anchoring configurations between chromosomes and the mitotic spindle. [ 55 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/550px-MT_attachment_configuration-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2475", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph  of L-form  Bacillus subtilis . The cells lack the electron-dense  cell wall  of normal  bacteria . Scale bar is 500  nanometers .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-TEM_of_L-form_bacteria-Mark_Leaver_Newcastle_2a6d2d02.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2476", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of a population of L-form  Bacillus subtilis , showing a range of sizes. Scale bar is 10  micrometers .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Wide_field_EM_of_L-form_bacteria-Mark_Leaver_4d91b4ec.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2477", "caption": "Phase contrast image of L-form cells from  Bacillus subtilis  showing a range of sizes. Scale bar is 5 micrometers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Phase_contrast_image_of_L-form_bacteria-Mark_722c585f.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2478", "caption": "Granulation tissue with a poorly formed granuloma to the left of centre. Within this area there is a multinucleate giant cell of the Langhans type. The patient had a healing mycobacterial infection of the skin ( Mycobacterium ulcerans  infection).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Granulation_tissue_containg_a_poorly_formed__8a6e865e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2479", "caption": "Lipoblast features.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lipoblast_features%2C_annotated.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2480", "caption": "Structure of the lipoteichoic acid polymer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/480px-Lipoteichoic_acid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2481", "caption": "Gram-positive and -negative cell walls", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Gram_pos_neg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2482", "caption": "Plasmolysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rhoeo_Discolor_-_Plasmolysis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2483", "caption": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SDS_with_structure_description.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2484", "caption": "Triton X-100 structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Triton_X-100_groups.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2485", "caption": "Drawing of a macrophage when fixed and stained by  giemsa dye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Giemsa_Stain_Macrophage_Illustration.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2486", "caption": "Steps of a macrophage ingesting a pathogen:   a.  Ingestion through phagocytosis, a phagosome is formed b.  The fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome creates a  phagolysosome ; the pathogen is broken down by enzymes  c.  Waste material is expelled or  assimilated  (the latter not pictured)  Parts: 1.   Pathogens 2.   Phagosome 3.   Lysosomes 4.  Waste material 5.   Cytoplasm 6.   Cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Phagocytosis_ZP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2487", "caption": "Gram stain  of a macrophage with ingested  S. epidermidis  bacteria, seen as purple granules within its  cytoplasm .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gram_stain_of_a_macrophage_with_ingested_S_e_63731a3f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2488", "caption": "A macrophage stretching its \"arms\" ( filopodia ) [ 39 ]  to engulf two particles, possibly pathogens, in a mouse ( trypan blue exclusion  staining).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Macrophage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2489", "caption": "Melanophage. H&E stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-Micrograph_of_a_melanophage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2490", "caption": "CyTOF mass cytometer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mass_cytometer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2491", "caption": "Illustration depicting mast cell activation and anaphylaxis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blausen_0018_Anaphylaxis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2492", "caption": "Mast cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Mast_cell.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2493", "caption": "The role of mast cells in the development of allergy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mast_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2494", "caption": "Structure of histamine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Histamine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2495", "caption": "Structure of Fc\u03b5R1 on mast cell. Fc\u03b5R1 is a tetramer made of one alpha (\u03b1) chain, one beta (\u03b2) chain, and two gamma (\u03b3) chains. IgE is binding to \u03b1 chain, signal is transduced by ITAM motifs on \u03b2 and \u03b3 chains.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fc%CE%B5R1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2496", "caption": "The image shows a membrane-bound ribosome synthesizing a protein into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Image by wiki user Christinelmiller.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/354px-Rough_ER_Close_up.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2497", "caption": "The image shows the translocation of a ribosome and the role of the SRP. Image by wiki user Czwieb.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/353px-SRPFunction2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2498", "caption": "Mesangial cells (colored in purple) as seen within intraglomerular and extraglomerular mesangium.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/468px-Renal_corpuscle-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2499", "caption": "Methanobactin OB3b. PDB  2xji [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Methanobactin0b3b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2500", "caption": "Microbody structure - a peroxisome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Peroxisome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2501", "caption": "Microdialysis probes manufactured by CMA Microdialysis AB, Kista, Sweden", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-CMA_Microdialysis_probes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2502", "caption": "Schematic illustration of a  microdialysis probe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Schematic_illustration_of_a_microdialysis_pr_ac3838ec.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2503", "caption": "Actin cytoskeleton of  mouse   embryo   fibroblasts , stained with  Fluorescein isothiocyanate - phalloidin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-MEF_microfilaments.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2504", "caption": "Plate 4, Figure 9 from the book, showing drawings of what are now  called  Schwann cells  in the  vagus nerve  of a  calf .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neurology%2C_19th_century%3B_cell_of_Schwann_19a2a29f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2505", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of lead citrate stained microvesicles. Black bar is 100 nanometers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Electron_micrograph_of_microv_35b1a6e0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2506", "caption": "The process of the formation of exosomes. 1. Cell undergoes endocytosis forming endocytic vesicles. 2. Endocytic vesicles fuse together forming an early endosome. 3. Endocytic cisterna matures into exocytic multivesicular body, during which membrane invaginations form exosomes. 4.Multivesicular body fuses with the plasma membrane, releasing exosomes into the extracellular space.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-300px-Exosome_formation..tiff.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2507", "caption": "A middle stage midbody stained with tubulin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Midbody.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2508", "caption": "Structure of Milk fat globule membrane in the mammary alveolus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/287px-MFGM_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2509", "caption": "Mitochondrial proteins encoded from the nuclear genome need to be targeted and transported appropriately into the mitochondria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/310px-Mitochondrial_protein_import.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2510", "caption": "The processes of fusion and fission allow for mitochondrial reorganization.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/321px-Mitochondrial_Fission_and_Fusion_.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2511", "caption": "Cell shape changes as a function of  mitotic phase . Shown is an example of a  HeLa cell  cultured on a glass surface. For visualization of  DNA  and  mitotic phase  assignment, the cell expresses  Histone H2B - GFP  to provide  fluorescent  labeling of  chromosomes . Transmitted light ( DIC ),  fluorescence  ( GFP ), and merged images are shown every 4 minutes as the cell transitions from  G2 phase  through  mitosis  to  telophase / G1 phase .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-CellShape_vs_M-phase.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2512", "caption": "Angle description in DNA structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hendiduras_mayor_menor-eo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2513", "caption": "Diagrammatic representation of Watson and Crick's DNA structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2514", "caption": "Griffith's experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-01_dna.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2515", "caption": "Hershey\u2013Chase experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hershey_Chase_experiment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2516", "caption": "Meselson-Stahl experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Meselson-stahl_experiment_diagram_en_chiral._8c58c2ac.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2517", "caption": "Schematic relationship between  biochemistry ,  genetics  and molecular biology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry%_602a0739.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2518", "caption": "DNA animation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/DNA_animation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2519", "caption": "Transduction image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/page1-220px-Transduction_image.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2520", "caption": "Two percent  agarose gel  in  borate buffer cast  in a gel tray", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Two_percent_Agarose_Gel_in_Borate_Buffer_cas_99fbcfe1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2521", "caption": "SDS-PAGE", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SDS-PAGE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2522", "caption": "Proteins stained on a PAGE gel using Coomassie blue dye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Coomassie_blue_stained_gel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2523", "caption": "Northern blot diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Northern_blot_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2524", "caption": "Hybridization of target to probe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NA_hybrid.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2525", "caption": "Fig.1 Schematic figure of Maxwell's demon thought experiment. The demon distinguishes fast-moving molecules from slow-moving ones and opens the small hatch selectively to let the fast-moving molecules pass from a A to B and the slow-moving molecules from B to A. Compartment B heats up whereas A cools down with respect to the average temperature although no work is done. It seems there is a contradiction with the second law of thermodynamics. But the ability to distinguish requires the gain of information, which is a form of energy; therefore. the system obeys the second law of thermodynamics inasmuch as information is first gained but then erased.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/340px-Maxwell%27s_demon.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2526", "caption": "Fig.2 The protein demon (blue) and the substrate or ligand (orange) go through a cycle in which the electromagnetic interaction (1' --> 2) between the two, following the induced fit, causes a conformational change upon which the substrate is released (2'). Hydrolysis of ATP brings the protein back to its original state", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Cycle_molecular_demon.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2527", "caption": "Comparison of monoblast, promonocyte and monocyte.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Monoblast%2C_promonocyte_and_monocyte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2528", "caption": "Artist's impression of monocyte", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Monocyte.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2529", "caption": "A  scanning electron microscope  (SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/230px-SEM_blood_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2530", "caption": "Reference ranges for blood tests  of white blood cells, comparing monocyte amount (shown in green) with other cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_white_blo_7b3e52eb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2531", "caption": "Tulip flower showing mosaicism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tulip_with_mosaicism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2532", "caption": "Myoepithelioma , here with  plasma cell -like myoepithelial cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Myoepithelioma_-_very_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2533", "caption": "Haptotaxis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/450px-Necrotaxis-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2534", "caption": "Figure 2. Mechanisms of neural development dependent of neuronal self-recognition. Self-avoidance ensures that there is no overlap of isoneural branches and is at the basis of neuronal circuit assembly.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phenomena_selfrecogn.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2535", "caption": "Figure 3. Nervous system of the medicinal leech ( H. medicilanis )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/90px-PSM_V09_D734_Nervous_system_of_the_medicinal__e36ec27f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2536", "caption": "Figure 4. Subfields of leech mechanosensory axons compete for territory. Wild type leech mechanosensory neuron with three separate subfields innervating adjacent regions of the epidermis (A). If the growth cone of one branch is crushed (B) or delayed (C), the sibling subfields grow occupying the free territory. Simplified diagrams, based on results in Kramer & Stent, 1985)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Kramer_and_stent.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2537", "caption": "Figure 6. Timeline regarding important discoveries about neuronal self-avoidance. Authors and organisms utilized in the studies are presented.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Timeline_history_%282%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2538", "caption": "A scanning electron microscope image of NETs engulfing fungal cells ( Candida albicans ) in an infected mouse lung. (Click on image for more details.) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Neutrophil_Extracellular_Traps.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2539", "caption": "Fluorescent image of cultivated neutrophils isolated from venous blood of human with Alzheimer Disease. Sample was treated with Hoechst 33342 dye that is used to stain DNA. The picture shows the release of DNA by a neutrophil as foggy area in the center of the view field indicating the spontaneous activation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in AD patients that is not usually observed in healthy mates. Magnification x40.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Agregation_of_neutrophils_around_spontaneous_07b5b0c7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2540", "caption": "Neutrophil granulocyte migrates from the blood vessel to the matrix, secreting proteolytic enzymes to dissolve intercellular connections (to the improvement of its mobility) and envelop bacteria through phagocytosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-NeutrophilerAktion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2541", "caption": "Hypersegmented neutrophil", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hypersegmented_neutrophil_-_by_Gabriel_Capon_3dc1c63b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2542", "caption": "Reference ranges for blood tests  of white blood cells, comparing neutrophil amount (shown in pink) with that of other cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_white_blo_373bb13d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2543", "caption": "HSC= hematopoietic stem cell , Progenitor= progenitor cell , L-blast= lymphoblast ,  lymphocyte , Mo-blast= monoblast ,  monocyte ,  myeloblast , Pro-M= promyelocyte ,  myelocyte , Meta-M= metamyelocyte , neutrophil,  eosinophil , basophil, Pro-E=proerythroblast, Baso-E=basophilic erythroblast, poly-e= polychromatic  erythroblast, ortho-E=orthochromatic erythroblast,  erythrocyte ,  promegakaryocyte ,  megakaryocyte ,  platelet", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Hematopoiesis_simple.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2544", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph  of a neutrophil (yellow) phagocytosing  anthrax bacilli  (orange). Scale bar is 5 \u03bcm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neutrophil_with_anthrax_copy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2545", "caption": "Micrograph showing several neutrophils during an acute inflammation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neutrophils_-1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2546", "caption": "Activity of neutrophil-killer and neutrophil-cager in NBT test [ 71 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Neutrophil_subpopulation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2547", "caption": "Figure 1: This figure shows neutrophil swarming starts and stops. [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/597px-Swarming_signals_photo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2548", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/591px-Basics_of_neutrophils_image_cont.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2549", "caption": "Non-mevalonate pathway reactions in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids.  Redrawn verbatim from the scheme of Qidwai and coworkers [Fig. 2.]. [ 9 ]  Note, the enzyme abbreviations in this figure are non-standard (cf. Eisenreich et al. [ 10 ] ), but are presented here and reproduced in the table to allow the two sets of data to be used together.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Non-mevalonate_pathway.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2550", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-DOXP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2551", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-MEP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2552", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2553", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol_2_49f17edc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2554", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol-2%2C4-cyclopyrophosp_53e789bc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2555", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-HMB-PP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2556", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Isopentenylpyrophosphate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2557", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Dimethylallylpyrophosphate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2558", "caption": "Confocal microscopic  analysis of  dermal fibroblasts  in primary culture from a control (a and b) and the subject with  progeria  (c and d). Labelling was performed with anti- lamin  A/C antibodies. Irregularly shaped  nuclear envelopes  are seen in many of the progeria  fibroblasts .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Laminopathic_nuclei.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2559", "caption": "Structure and function of the nuclear lamina. The nuclear lamina lies on the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane (INM), where it serves to maintain nuclear stability, organize chromatin and bind nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and a steadily growing list of nuclear envelope proteins (purple) and transcription factors (pink). Nuclear envelope proteins that are bound to the lamina include nesprin, emerin, lamina-associated proteins 1 and 2 (LAP1 and LAP2), the lamin B receptor (LBR) and MAN1. Transcription factors that bind to the lamina include the retinoblastoma transcriptional regulator (RB), germ cell-less (GCL), sterol response element binding protein (SREBP1), FOS and MOK2. Barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) is a chromatin-associated protein that also binds to the nuclear lamina and several of the aforementioned nuclear envelope proteins. Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) binds both chromatin and the LBR. ONM, outer nuclear membrane. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/600px-Structure_and_function_of_the_nuclear_lamina_c0974205.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2560", "caption": "BTX ECM 2001 Electrofusion generator used for nuclear transfer applications", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ECM_2001_Hybridoma_System.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2561", "caption": "Macromolecules , such as  RNA  and  proteins , are  actively transported  across the nuclear membrane in a process called the  Ran - GTP  nuclear transport cycle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Rancycle_nuclearimport_nuclearexport.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2562", "caption": "Figure 1: Schematic illustration of a linear OFM probe. Exchange of compounds between the open exchange area of the OFM probe and the surrounding interstitial fluid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-217_HTH_OFM_graphic_v5w.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2563", "caption": "Figure 2: Schematic illustration of a concentric OFM probe.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Concentric_OFM_probe.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2564", "caption": "Figure 3: OFM system for clinical use, up to 48 hours, consisting of catheter, tubing, perfusate bag, pump and sample collection, All products are CE-certified.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-OFM_System_for_clinical_use.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2565", "caption": "Figure 4: Linear aOFM/dOFM probe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Linear_aOFM_dOFM_probe.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2566", "caption": "Figure 5: Concentric cOFM probe consisting of sampling insert, guide, healing dummy, and lock (from left to right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Concentric_cOFM_probe.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2567", "caption": "Overview of the main parts of an optical typical stretcher setup", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-OpticalStretcher-SetupSketch.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2568", "caption": "Refraction of rays at the particle surface. For a particle centered on the beam axis, momentum transfer is in the direction of propagation (scattering force, up). A particle off the axis is pulled into the beam (gradient force, down).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-OpticalStretcher-TrapForces.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2569", "caption": "The surface forces pull on the object mainly along the direction of propagation, leading to a deformation for sufficiently soft objects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-OpticalStretcher-StretchForces.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2570", "caption": "A photograph of a nanoparticle (diameter 103 nm) trapped by an optical tweezer. The nanoparticle can be seen as the tiny bright spot in the middle. For additional control two copper electrodes are placed above and below the particle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/216px-Silica_Nanosphere_in_Optical_Tweezer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2571", "caption": "Dielectric objects are attracted to the center of the beam, slightly above the beam waist, as described in the text. The force applied on the object depends linearly on its displacement from the trap center just as with a simple spring system. It is a restoring force and thus equal to  \n \n \n \n \u2212 \n \n k \n \n \n t \n r \n a \n p \n \n \n \n x \n \n \n {\\displaystyle -k_{\\mathrm {trap} }x} \n \n .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Optical_trap_principle_formula_edit.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2572", "caption": "Ray optics explanation (unfocused laser).  When the bead is displaced from the beam center (right image), the larger momentum change of the more intense rays cause a net force to be applied back toward the center of the laser. When the bead is laterally centered on the beam (left image), the resulting lateral force is zero. But an unfocused laser still causes a force pointing away from the laser.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Optical_trap_unfocused.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2573", "caption": "Ray optics explanation (focused laser).  In addition to keeping the bead in the center of the laser, a focused laser also keeps the bead in a fixed axial position: The momentum change of the focused rays causes a force towards the laser focus, both when the bead is in front (left image) or behind (right image) the laser focus. So, the bead will stay slightly behind the focus, where this force compensates the scattering force.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Optical_trap_focused.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2574", "caption": "A generic optical tweezer diagram with only the most basic components.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Generic_Optical_Tweezer_Diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2575", "caption": "The Optical Cell Rotator is a fiber based laser trap that can hold and precisely orient living cells for tomographic microscopy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Optical_cell_rotator.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2576", "caption": "Tonicity concept related to the transport of water towards the more concentrated  aqueous solution  ( osmotic transport ): In  isotonic  solutions, water flows equally into and out of the cell ( equilibrium ). In hypertonic solutions water flows out of the cell and the cell shrinks ( plasmolysis ). In hypotonic solutions, water flows into the cell and the cell swells ( turgescence ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/443px-Tonicitiy_Graphic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2577", "caption": "Light  micrograph  of a moss's leaf cells at 400X  magnification", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Rhizomnium_punctatum_lamina.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2578", "caption": "An illustration of the stages of  mitosis  in a human cell from  Gray's Anatomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Gray2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2579", "caption": "Regulation of oxidation response in bacteria involving OxyR and SoxRS regulons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Oxidation_response1.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2580", "caption": "Mechanism of prevention of oxidative damage by enzymatic antioxidants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Prevention_of_Oxidative_damage.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2581", "caption": "Oxidative stress mechanisms in tissue injury. Free radical toxicity induced by  xenobiotics  and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes (termination).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Free_Radical_Toxicity.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2582", "caption": "Schematic of actin comet tail formation by  Listeria  using  ActA . The nucleation complex  Arp2/3  is recruited to ActA, a WASP mimic. Actin filament polymerization then takes place at the posterior end of the bacterium, propelling it through the host cell cytoplasm in the anterior direction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-400px-Listeria_ActA_protein.tiff.pn_65be9226.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2583", "caption": "Stages in the intracellular life-cycle of  Listeria monocytogenes . (Center) Cartoon depicting entry, escape from a vacuole, actin nucleation, actin-based motility, and cell-to-cell spread. (Outside) Representative electron micrographs from which the cartoon was derived.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-J_Cell_Biol_2002_Aug_158%283%29_409-14%2C_Fi_a6bf1abb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2584", "caption": "Cartoon of paracytophagy during  Listeria  infection, progressing to secondary vacuole formation and escape.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Marquis_et_al_1997_fig_10.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2585", "caption": "Phagocytosis of a bacterium, showing the formation of phagosome and phagolysosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Phagocytosis2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2586", "caption": "Phagocytosis -- amoeba", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phagocytosis_--_amoeba.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2587", "caption": "Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation summary", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Phosphorylation_cascade.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2588", "caption": "Structure of the photoactivated adenylyl cyclase OaPAC forming a homodimer. FMN: flavin mononucleotide, the light-absorbing pigment.  [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/OaPAC.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2589", "caption": "Bordered pits in the wood of  Picea abies . The top section is a cross-sectional view with bordered pits shown between adjacent cells, and the bottom section is a radial view with numerous bordered pits shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tracheiden_Picea_abies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2590", "caption": "A simplified diagram of a simple pit pair", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Simple_Pit_Pair.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2591", "caption": "A simplified diagram of a bordered pit-pair with a torus and margo. The top shows an unobstructed pit and the bottom shows an aspirated pit, with the margo flexing under stress.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Torus_and_Margo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2592", "caption": "Cartoon representation of Planar Cell Polarity in fly wing hair cells and mouse paw hair cells Figure 1. (A and B)  Drosophila  cuticular wing hair cells of the adult wing. Wing hairs point distally (to the right) in wild-type (WT) animals (A) but lose orientation in PCP mutants ( fz ) (B). (C and D) Hairs on the mouse paw point away from the body (pointing up) in WT (C) but grow in a swirling pattern in PCP mutants ( fz6 ) (D). Inspired by the work of Paul Adler (A and B) and Guo et al. (2004) (C and D).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cartoon_representation_of_Planar_polarity_in_1b36bf16.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2593", "caption": "Figure 2: Cartoon representation of Cuticular wing hair defect in Frizzled mutant flies.(A) The structure of  Drosophila  fly wing with and arrow showing the proximal and distal tips, (B) WT cuticular hairs in normal orientation towards the distal tip of the wing, (C) the disoriented cuticular hairs of the Frizzled( fz)  mutant. The structures of the hairs are the same, only the orientation is different. Inspired by the work of David I. Strutt (2001)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cuticular_wing_hair_defect_in_Frizzled_mutan_e45791aa.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2594", "caption": "An example plasmid with two areas of  antibiotic resistance  coding  DNA  (1,2) and an  origin of replication  (3).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Example_plasmid.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2595", "caption": "Escherichia coli  bacteria on the right are sensitive to two beta-lactam antibiotics, and do not grow in the semi-circular regions surrounding the antibiotics.  E. coli  bacteria on the left are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, and grow next to one antibiotic ( bottom ) and are less inhibited by another antibiotic ( top ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ESBL_Stokes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2596", "caption": "The  ligands , denoted by letter L, signal for platelets (P) to migrate towards the wound (Site A). As more platelets gather around the opening, they produce more ligands to amplify the response. The platelets congregate around the wound in order to create a cap to stop blood flow out of the tissue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Platelet_Response_Animation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2597", "caption": "Platelets derive from multipotent marrow stem cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blood_cells_differentiation_chart.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2598", "caption": "Platelets extruded from megakaryocytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-1908_Platelet_Development.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2599", "caption": "3D rendering of four inactivated and three activated platelets", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Blausen_0740_Platelets.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2600", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. From left to right: human  erythrocyte , activated platelet,  leukocyte .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Red_White_Blood_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2601", "caption": "Diagram of the structure of a platelet showing the granules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Platelet_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2602", "caption": "Platelet clumps in a blood smear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Platelets.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2603", "caption": "On for example optical densitometry, a first and second wave of platelet aggregation is seen, in this case for an  ADP -initiated aggregation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-First_and_second_wave_of_platelet_aggregatio_a428cd5c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2604", "caption": "Platelet concentrate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Platelet_blood_bag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2605", "caption": "Platelets collected by using  apheresis  at an  American Red Cross  donation center", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Platelets_collected_by_using_apheresis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2606", "caption": "A  micrograph  showing cells with marked nuclear shape and size variation, a component of nuclear  pleomorphism .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Serous_carcinoma_2a_-_cytology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2607", "caption": "Polyclonal response by B cells against linear epitopes [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Schematic_diagram_showing_Polyclonal_Respons_5d481664.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2608", "caption": "Examples of substances recognized as foreign (non-self)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Markers_of_non-self.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2609", "caption": "Schematic diagram to explain mechanisms of  clonal selection of B cell [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Stimulation_of_specific_clone_of_B_cells_and_fc0038bb.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2610", "caption": "Steps in production of antibodies by B cells:   1.  Antigen is recognized and engulfed by B cell  2.  Antigen is processed  3.  Processed antigen is presented on B cell surface  4.  B cell and T cell mutually activate each other  5.  B cells differentiate into plasma cells to produce soluble antibodies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Activation_of_B_cells_to_make_antibody.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2611", "caption": "Recognition of conformational epitopes by B cells. Segments widely separated in the primary structure have come in contact in the three-dimensional tertiary structure forming part of the same epitope [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Recognition_of_conformational_epitopes_by_B__89c3401f.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2612", "caption": "Steps of a macrophage ingesting a pathogen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Phagocytosis_ZP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2613", "caption": "Blind Monks Examining an Elephant : An  allegory  for the polyclonal response:  Each clone or antibody recognizes different parts of a single, larger antigen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Blind_monks_examining_an_elephant.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2614", "caption": "The clone 1 that got stimulated by first antigen gets stimulated by second antigen, too, which best binds with naive cell of clone 2. However, antibodies produced by plasma cells of clone 1 inhibit the proliferation of clone 2. [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Original_antigenic_sin.illustrated.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2615", "caption": "Frank Macfarlane Burnet  (1899-1985).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Close_up_of_Burnet_in_1945.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2616", "caption": "One super resolution study showed that Xist and PRC2 do not directly interact (above), while a second study showed that they are tightly and statistically significantly linked.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Xist-Suz12_unpublished.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2617", "caption": "Post-translational modification of  insulin . At the top, the ribosome translates a mRNA sequence into a protein, insulin, and passes the protein through the  endoplasmic reticulum , where it is cut, folded, and held in shape by disulfide (-S-S-) bonds. Then the protein passes through the  golgi apparatus , where it is packaged into a vesicle. In the vesicle, more parts are cut off, and it turns into mature insulin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Insulin_path.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2618", "caption": "Flowchart of the process and the data sources to predict PTMs. [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Image_for_Wiki_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2619", "caption": "Effect of PTMs on protein function and physiological processes. [ 32 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Image_for_Wiki_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2620", "caption": "Two  myeloblasts  with  Auer rods", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Two_myeloblasts_with_Auer_rods.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2621", "caption": "Neural progenitors (green) in  olfactory bulb  with astrocytes (blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Neural_progenitors_in_olfactory__c8410f67.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2622", "caption": "Example of the pattern of division of a progenitor cell (PC) which results in the production of an intermediate progenitor cell (IPC). Both cells later produce one or two neural cells (N).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Intermediate_Progenitor_Cell_Lineage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2623", "caption": "Using a Beckman-Spinco Protein-Peptide Sequencer, 1970", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Man_using_a_Beckman-Spinco_Prote_dde384d4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2624", "caption": "Protein sequence interpretation: a scheme new protein to be engineered in a yeast", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Schermata_2022-06-24_alle_23.06.28.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2625", "caption": "Sanger's method of peptide end-group analysis:  A  derivatization of  N -terminal end with  Sanger's reagent  (DNFB),  B  total acid hydrolysis of the dinitrophenyl peptide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/360px-Sanger_peptide_end-group_analysis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2626", "caption": "A Beckman-Coulter Porton LF3000G protein sequencing machine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_sequencer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2627", "caption": "Circadian and ultradian rhythms of thyrotropin (TSH) concentration. Simulated time series created with  SimThyr .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/241px-TSH_rhythms.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2628", "caption": "Insulin release from the islet of Langerhans is pulsatile with a period of 3\u20136 minutes. [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/241px-Pancreas_insulin_oscillations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2629", "caption": "Ragulator-Rag Complex, inactive.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Rag-Ragulator_Complex%2C_Amino_Acids_Absent._55dd7a49.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2630", "caption": "Ragulator-Rag Complex, active", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Rag-Ragulator_Complex%2C_Amino_Acids_Present_db8c6edb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2631", "caption": "Ragulator complex with Lamtor 1 in green, Lamtor 2 in blue, Lamtor 3 in red, Lamtor 4 in yellow, Lamtor 5 in purple. ( PDB :  5Y39 \u200b)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Rotating_ragulator_complex.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2632", "caption": "Resin canals seen as white dots in pine tree viewed under a microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Resin_Canals.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2633", "caption": "Axial resin canal ( Picea abies )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Axialer_Harzkanal_Picea_abies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2634", "caption": "Pinus; leaf (3 needle type) Resin Canal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pinus%3B_leaf_%283_needle_type%29_Resin_Cana_e9793731.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2635", "caption": "Model of the retromer heteropentameric complex ( VPS26  in green;  VPS35  in orange, and  VPS29  in red). The retromer forms a polymeric network arc on the outside (cytoplasmic side) of the endosome tubule. Inside the tubule, the cargo receptor  SORL1 , forms its own network and binds protein cargo for trafficking. SORL1 connects to retromer on the outside via a transmembrane helix and a short C-terminal tail that binds VPS26. Model built based on structural data by Brett Collins and Yu Kitago.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Retromer_and_SORL1_on_tubular_endosome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2636", "caption": "Ribbon diagram of the retromer heterotrimeric complex comprising the proteins VPS26 (green), VPS35 (orange) and VPS29 (red). On the endosomal membrane, this heterotrimer forms an arch-shaped dimer via interaction of two VPS35 molecules (see next image). [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Retromer_heterotrimer_ribbon_rendering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2637", "caption": "CryoET structure of retromer heterotrimer dimer on the tubular endosome membrane in surface rendering. VPS26 is in green, VPS35 in orange, and VPS29 in red. The heterotrimer forms a characteristic dimeric arch. The grey SNX protein aids in tubulation and retromer membrane binding. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Retromer_6H7W.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2638", "caption": "Mechanisms of PMN rM", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fimmu-12-656039-g001.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2639", "caption": "Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in Sepsis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-JCMM-21-1687-g003.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2640", "caption": "Chemokines and chemokine receptors in the neutrophil life cycle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Fimmu-11-01259-g001.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2641", "caption": "Model of a  woolly mammoth  at the  Royal BC Museum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Woolly_mammoth_model_Royal_BC_Museum_in_Vict_0f8a1cd0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2642", "caption": "Model depicting the calf \"Dima\", Stuttgart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Dima_baby_mammoth_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2643", "caption": "Modern elephants are highly  gregarious , as shown by these  Sri Lankan elephants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Elephants_by_the_water_%287568684536%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2644", "caption": "An example of a ribonucleoprotein-motif protein. From  PDB  entry 1IBM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Ribonucleoprotein_motif.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2645", "caption": "ADAR \u00a0: an RNA binding protein involved in RNA editing events.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_ADAR_PDB_1qbj.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2646", "caption": "Diverse RNA contacts of RNA-binding proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-RNA_binding_proteins_RNA_binding_sites.svg.p_af4f26bf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2647", "caption": "\" Zinc finger \"\u00a0: Cartoon representation of the zinc-finger motif of proteins. The zinc ion (green) is coordinated by two histidine and two cysteine amino acid residues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Zinc_finger_rendered.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2648", "caption": "Crawling  C. elegans  hermaphrodite worm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/CrawlingCelegans.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2649", "caption": "\" CIRBP \"\u00a0: Structure of the CIRBP protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_CIRBP_PDB_1x5s.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2650", "caption": "\" Beta-actin \"\u00a0: Structure of the ACTB protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Protein_ACTB_PDB_1atn.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2651", "caption": "Branaplam Proposed Mechanism of Action.  Branaplam acts to promote exon 7 inclusion in SMA patients by enhancing splicing at the exon 7-exon 8 junction. The small molecule (NVS-SM2) enhances recognition of SMN2 transcripts by U1-U2 specifically by enhancing the affinity of U1 to the 5'-splice site of SMN exon 7. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Branaplam_Proposed_Mechanism_of_Action.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2652", "caption": "Small Molecule Drugs for the Treatment of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1).  Lead compounds for the treatment of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1) that recognize r(CUG)exp repeats in animal models and effect phenotypic outcomes consistent with the disease. PDB: 3GM7", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Small_Molecule_Drugs_for_the_Treatment_of_My_469bf8be.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2653", "caption": "NMR Structure of HIV-1 RNA frameshift site stem-loop bound to DB213, an inhibitor of viral replication. PDB: 2L94.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-HIV-1_RNA_frameshift_site_stem-loop_and_DB21_0118ef7e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2654", "caption": "A cartoon section of  skeletal muscle , showing  T-tubules  running deep into the centre of the cell between two terminal cisternae/junctional SR. The thinner projections, running horizontally between two terminal cisternae are the longitudinal sections of the SR.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-1023_T-tubule.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2655", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Secretory_mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2656", "caption": "Porosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/240px-Porosome_for_wiki-2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2657", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-T1SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2658", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-T2SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2659", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-T3SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2660", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-T5SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2661", "caption": "Figure 1: Securin and separase are widely conserved", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Securin-separase_conserved.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2662", "caption": "Figure 2: Five identified phosphorylation sites on securin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Securin_phosphorylation_sites2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2663", "caption": "Figure 3: Network diagram with feedback loops to generate switch-like activation of anaphase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Network_picture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2664", "caption": "Figure 4: Potential network diagram involving securin to generate switch-like activation of anaphase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Complete_network.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2665", "caption": "Self-assembly of  lipids  (a),  proteins  (b), and (c)  SDS - cyclodextrin  complexes. SDS is a  surfactant  with a hydrocarbon tail (yellow) and a SO 4  head (blue and red), while cyclodextrin is a  saccharide  ring (green C and red O atoms).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Lipid-like_and_protein-like_self-assembly.jp_51a7f7c4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2666", "caption": "Transmission electron microscopy  image of an iron oxide  nanoparticle . Regularly arranged dots within the dashed border are columns of Fe atoms. Left inset is the corresponding  electron diffraction  pattern. Scale bar: 10 nm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Iron_oxide_nanocube.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2667", "caption": "Iron oxide nanoparticles can be dispersed in an organic solvent ( toluene ). Upon its evaporation, they may self-assemble (left and right panels) into micron-sized  mesocrystals  (center) or multilayers (right). Each dot in the left image is a traditional \"atomic\" crystal shown in the image above. Scale bars: 100 nm (left), 25 \u03bcm (center), 50 nm (right). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Self-assembly_of_iron_oxide_nanocrystals2.jp_b3b7ee3b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2668", "caption": "AFM  imaging of self-assembly of 2-aminoterephthalic acid molecules on (104)-oriented  calcite . [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/255px-Molecular_self-assembly.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2669", "caption": "The  DNA  structure at left ( schematic  shown) will self-assemble into the structure visualized by  atomic force microscopy  at right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-DNA_nanostructures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2670", "caption": "The yeast cohesin complex consists of specialized proteins, including Scc1. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cohesin_picture2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2671", "caption": "Network diagram with feedback loops to generate switch-like activation of anaphase. [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Network_picture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2672", "caption": "Figure 4: Potential network diagram involving securin and separase to generate switch-like activation of anaphase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-Complete_network.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2673", "caption": "An overview of methods for single-cell epigenomic sequencing. Each method is labelled on the bottom row. Arrows are coloured by method, showing the flow from starting material to sequence data. Adapted from  [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sc_omics_summary.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2674", "caption": "One method for single cell DNA methylation sequencing [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Farlik_abstract.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2675", "caption": "Comparison of single cell DNA methylation sequencing methods in terms of coverage as at 2015 on  Mus musculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Comparison_of_single_cell_methylation_sequen_d67a86ce.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2676", "caption": "Two methods for single-cell ATAC-seq [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-13059_2015_737_Fig1_HTML.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2677", "caption": "This single cell shows the process of the  central dogma of molecular biology , which are all steps researchers are interested to quantify (DNA, RNA, and Protein).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Proteinsynthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2678", "caption": "An example of single cell analysis. Here, imaging software is used track individual cells as they migrate over time. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-308px-ExampleOfSingleCellImaging-6A_2ac83b0a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2679", "caption": "Models of SMC and cohesin structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Models_of_SMC_and_cohesin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2680", "caption": "Structure of SMC dimer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-SMCfolding%28en%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2681", "caption": "Figure 1 . This image illustrates the basic cellular structure of a solenocyte cluster extending off of a side branch of protonephridium (A and B). The solenocyte cell body is circular in nature and resides at the top of each tubule, while the flagella pass through the length of the intracellular tubule lumen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/277px-Cluster_of_Solenocytes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2682", "caption": "Figure 2.  The transmission electron micrograph (TEM) depicts the 9+2 array of microtubules of two eukaryotic flagella in cross-sections (upper panel).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/198px-Eukaryotic_Flagellum_TEM_and_Diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2683", "caption": "Figure 3.  This diagram outlines the fundamental anatomy of the lancelet, also called amphioxus ( Branchiostoma ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/435px-Lancelet_Anatomy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2684", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Signal_transduction_in_sea-urchin_sperm_chem_f625e0ef.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2685", "caption": "A simplified scheme describing the suggested sequence of sperm guidance events in mammals (Michael Eisenbach, Weizmann Institute of Science, 2009)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Model_of_sperm_guidance_in_mammals.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2686", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Signal_transduction_in_sea-urchin_sperm_chem_f625e0ef.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2687", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Model_of_sperm_guidance_in_mammals.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2688", "caption": "Formation of a temperature gradient in the rabbit's oviduct at ovulation by a temperature drop at the sperm storage site. The scheme is not drawn to scale, and objects are magnified disproportionally for demonstration purposes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Figure_1._Formation_of_a_temperature_gradien_02156060.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2689", "caption": "General structures of sphingolipids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/500px-Sphingolipids_general_structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2690", "caption": "Metabolic pathways of various forms of sphingolipids.  Sphingolipidoses  are labeled at corresponding stages that are deficient.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Sphingolipidoses.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2691", "caption": "Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass (ICM) cells within a blastocyst. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo, known as the  morula , are totipotent, able to become all tissues in the body and the extraembryonic placenta.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Stem_cells_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2692", "caption": "Human  embryonic  stem cells   A: Stem cell colonies that are not yet differentiated.   B:  Nerve  cells, an example of a  cell type  after differentiation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_embryonic_stem_cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2693", "caption": "Human mesenchymal stem cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_mesenchymal_stem_cells.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2694", "caption": "Stem cell division and differentiation A:\u00a0stem cell; B:\u00a0progenitor cell; C:\u00a0differentiated cell; 1:\u00a0symmetric stem cell division; 2:\u00a0asymmetric stem cell division; 3:\u00a0progenitor division; 4:\u00a0terminal differentiation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stem_cell_division_and_differentiation.svg.p_73bce6a9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2695", "caption": "Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/330px-Stem_cell_treatments.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2696", "caption": "Stress granule dynamics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Stress_granule_dynamics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2697", "caption": "Graphs of surface area,  A  against volume,  V  of the Platonic solids and a sphere, showing that the surface area decreases for rounder shapes, and the surface-area-to-volume ratio decreases with increasing volume. Their intercepts with the dashed lines show that when the volume increases 8 (2\u00b3) times, the surface area increases 4 (2\u00b2) times.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Comparison_of_surface_area_vs_volume_of_shap_4cd61d14.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2698", "caption": "Plot of the surface-area:volume ratio (SA:V) for a 3-dimensional ball, showing the ratio decline inversely as the radius of the ball increases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SAV_n3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2699", "caption": "Cells  lining the  small intestine  increase the surface area over which they can absorb nutrients with a carpet of tuftlike  microvilli .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_jejunum_microvilli_2_-_TEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2700", "caption": "CHO cells in suspension", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2701", "caption": "SH-SY5Y cells adhered to a surface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-SH-SY5Y_cells%2C_transmitted_light_phase_gra_936a6f6a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2702", "caption": "Orbital laboratory shaker.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-201107_shaker.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2703", "caption": "Syncytium caused by  HSV-1  infection in  Vero cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/150px-CPE_syncytium.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2704", "caption": "Structure of a teichoic acid repeat unit from  Micrococcaceae", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Teichoic_acid.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2705", "caption": "Structure of the lipoteichoic acid polymer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/280px-Lipoteichoic_acid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2706", "caption": "DNA microarray  used to analyze the expression of human (left) and mouse genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Affymetrix-microarray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2707", "caption": "TNP BINDING", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-TNP_BINDING.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2708", "caption": "Effect of different solutions on  red blood cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg._a55f1afe.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2709", "caption": "Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseCont_6d3dc014.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2710", "caption": "A red blood cell in a hypertonic solution, causing water to move out of the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Blausen_0683_OsmoticFlow_Hypertonic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2711", "caption": "A red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, causing water to move into the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Blausen_0684_OsmoticFlow_Hypotonic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2712", "caption": "Depiction of a red blood cell in an isotonic solution.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Blausen_0685_OsmoticFlow_Isotonic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2713", "caption": "Figure shows the  Drosophila melanogaster  TTFL and their general interactions between the main players. In this case we can see how CLK and CYC are the positive regulators (yellow and green) and PER and TIM are the negative (red and blue) regulators that each play a role in the circadian clock.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Circadian_clock_of_drosophila.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2714", "caption": "Figure shows the mammalian TTFL and the general interactions between the main players. This shows how PER and CRY both are negative regulators (red arrows) for BMAL1 and CLOCK, since they cause inhibition of BMAL1 and CLOCK by preventing transcription. BMAL1 and CLOCK (green arrows) are positive regulators since they encourage the transcription, and later the translation of PER and CRY.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Circadian_clock_of_mammals.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2715", "caption": "Overview of the  Neurospora  TTFL and the general interactions between the regulators. In this case WC-1 and WC-2 (red) are seen as the positive elements where they come together to encourage transcription of FRQ. FRQ (green) is the negative regulator which after translation, comes back as negative feedback.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Neurospora2.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2716", "caption": "Figure shows the TTFL of plants ( Arabidopsis ). This shows how the different regulators function and how this still qualifies to be a TTFL because of the feedback loops that occur.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/260px-Arabidopsis_thaliana_circadian.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2717", "caption": "CryoTEM image of  GroEL  suspended in  amorphous ice  at  50 000 \u00d7 magnification", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cryoem_groel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2718", "caption": "Overview of two-hybrid assay, checking for interactions between two proteins, called here  Bait  and  Prey .   A . The  Gal4  transcription factor gene produces a two-domain protein ( BD  and  AD ) essential for transcription of the reporter gene ( LacZ ).   B , C . Two fusion proteins are prepared:  Gal4BD+Bait  and  Gal4AD+Prey . Neither of them are usually sufficient to initiate transcription (of the reporter gene) alone.   D . When both fusion proteins are produced  and  the Bait part of the first fusion protein interacts with the Prey part of the second, transcription of the reporter gene occurs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Two_hybrid_assay.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2719", "caption": "Overview of three-hybrid assay.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Three-hybrid-system.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2720", "caption": "Currently identified secretion systems", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-All_secretion_systems.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2721", "caption": "This plated viability assay measures various yeast viability though a method called \"frogging\". The research is completed through drop-inoculation techniques. Research has since been conducted on \"tadpoling\", which is a variation of \"frogging\" that is completed by keeping the test cells diluted in liquid throughout their examination. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Laboratoorne_pagarip%C3%A4rm_%28Saccharomyce_b8d93fdc.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2722", "caption": "Flow cytometry  using  7-Aminoactinomycin D  (7-AAD), wherein a lower signal indicates viable cells. Therefore, this case shows good viability (viability of the cells in flow cytometry should be around 95% but not less than 90%. [ 8 ] ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Flow_cytometric_viability_by_7-AAD.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2723", "caption": "Victimless leather, photo from TC&A webpage  [1]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Victimless_leather.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2724", "caption": "Immunofluorescence staining pattern of vimentin antibodies. Produced by incubating vimentin primary antibodies and FITC labelled secondary antibodies with HEp-20-10 cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/328px-VIMENTIN.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2725", "caption": "Immunofluorescence staining of   HeLa Cells  with antibody to reveal vimentin containing intermediate filaments in green and antibody to  LAMP1  to reveal lysosomes in red. Nuclear DNA is seen in blue. Antibodies and image courtesy   EnCor Biotechnology Inc .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/328px-HeLa_cells_showin_Lamp1_in_red%2C_vimentin_i_8445eb4c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2726", "caption": "Pioneers of voltage-sensitive dyes: A. Grinvald, L.B. Cohen, K. Kamino, B.M. Salzberg, W.N. Ross; Tokyo, 2000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Pioneers_of_optical_recording_2000.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2727", "caption": "Structure of xylan in hardwood. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/481px-Xylan_hardwood.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2728", "caption": "Plant cell wall is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and glycoproteins. [ 2 ]  Hemicelluloses (a heterogeneous group of polysaccharides) cross-link glycans interlocking the cellulose fibers and form a mesh like structure to deposit other polysaccharides.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/481px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2729", "caption": "Optical microscope image of barley straw xylan single crystals mounted in Nephrax (reproduced from Yundt 1949).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Yundt_1949.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2730", "caption": "Throughout the past decade in the field of tissue engineering, novel cell sources, engineering materials, and tissue architecture techniques have provided engineering tissues that better restore, maintain, improve, or replace biological tissues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Tissue_Engineering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2731", "caption": "Micro-mass cultures of C3H-10T1/2 cells at varied oxygen tensions stained with  Alcian blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Alcian_stain_micromass.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2732", "caption": "Regenerating a human ear using a scaffold", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Earproject_-_2x3_%286127848729%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2733", "caption": "Stained cells in culture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/Epithelial-cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2734", "caption": "Mouse   embryonic  stem cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Mouse_embryonic_stem_cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2735", "caption": "This animation of a rotating  carbon nanotube  shows its 3D structure. Carbon nanotubes are among the numerous candidates for tissue engineering scaffolds since they are  biocompatible , resistant to  biodegradation  and can be functionalized with  biomolecules . However, the possibility of toxicity with non-biodegradable nano-materials is not fully understood. [ 36 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Kohlenstoffnanoroehre_Animation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2736", "caption": "Tissue engineered vascular graft", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Gef%C3%A4%C3%9Fprothese.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2737", "caption": "Tissue engineered heart valve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Herzklappe.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2738", "caption": "Bioreactor for cultivation of vascular grafts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/170px-Bioreaktor.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2739", "caption": "Different models of 3D printing tissue and organs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Advs2797-fig-0001-m.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2740", "caption": "A 3D bioprinter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Printer_3D_Bioprinting_Solutions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2741", "caption": "Such steak-like meat could mitigate issues of  environmental impact of meat production  and  animal welfare .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Assembly_of_fibrous_muscle%2C_fat%2C_and_vas_e97cc833.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2742", "caption": "Schematic illustrating cell microencapsulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/400px-Cell_capsule_schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2743", "caption": "Microphotographs of the  alginate - chitosan  (AC) microcapsules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AC_microcapsule_microphotographs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2744", "caption": "Illustration of the APA microcapsule integrity and morphological changes during simulated GI transit. (a) Pre-stomach transit. (b) Post-stomach transit (60 minutes). (c) Post-stomach (60 minutes) and intestinal (10-hour) transit. Microcapsule size: (a) 608 \u00b1 36 \u03bcm (b) 544 \u00b1 40 \u03bcm (c) 725 \u00b1 55 \u03bcm. From Martoni et al. (2007).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/440px-AP_microcapsule_integrity%2C_GI_simulated_tr_41da6243.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2745", "caption": "Classic DPN mechanism: Molecular ink diffusing from a nanoscale tip to a surface through a water meniscus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-ClassicDPN_mech.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2746", "caption": "Liquid ink deposition mechanism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-DPN_liquid_deposition.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2747", "caption": "Cantilever biosensor functionalized with 4 different proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Cantilever_biosensor.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2748", "caption": "SEM image of DPN fabricated gold metastructure arrays.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Large_meta_SEM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2749", "caption": "Gold on silicon metastructure fabricated with top-down DPN methods", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Square_circ_metastruc.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2750", "caption": "Streptavidin  (4 nm thickness) deposited using microcontact printing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Sarfus.SoftLitho.Streptavidin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2751", "caption": "An example of a Gastruloid formed from Brachyury::GFP mouse ESCs, treated with a pulse of the Wnt/\u03b2-Catenin agonist CHIR99021 between 48 and 72h and imaged by wide-field fluorescence microscopy at 120h. Notice the polarised expression of Brachyury::GFP (Bra) at the elongating tip of the Gastruloid. Image from van den Brink  et al.  (2014), used with CC-BY licence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Example_of_a_Gastruloid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2752", "caption": "A captive  axolotl  ( Ambystoma mexicanum )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-AxolotlBE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2753", "caption": "The  eastern newt  ( Notophthalmus viridescens )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Notophthalmus_viridescensPCCA20040816-3983A._684a6422.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2754", "caption": "Orthopedic implants to repair fractures to the radius and ulna. Note the visible break in the ulna. (right forearm)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-X-ray3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2755", "caption": "A  coronary stent  \u2014 in this case a  drug-eluting stent  \u2014 is another common item implanted in humans.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/350px-Taxus_stent_FDA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2756", "caption": "AMS 800 and ZSI 375 artificial urinary sphincters", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/250px-Artificial_urinary_sphincters.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2757", "caption": "Complications can arise from implant failure. Internal rupturing of a breast implant can lead to bacterial infection, for example.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Ruptured_implant.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2758", "caption": "Macromolecular crowding in the  cytosol  of cells alters the properties of  macromolecules  such as  proteins  and  nucleic acids . [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Crowded_cytosol.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2759", "caption": "The volume of accessible solvent (red) for two molecules of widely different sizes (black circles) at high concentrations of  macromolecules  (grey circles). Reducing the available volume increases the  effective concentration  of macromolecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/320px-Macromolecular_crowding.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2760", "caption": "Optical image of an array (left) and SEM image of the tip (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Nanofountain_probe-SEM_and_Oprti_8bac3fa4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2761", "caption": "Microfabrication sequence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Microfabrication_of_Nanofountain_probe.svg.p_f4cfe0a8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2762", "caption": "In vitro single cell injection using NFP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossy-page1-220px-NFP-Cell_Injection.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2763", "caption": "Donated organ prepared for kidney transplant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Kidney_for_transplant_from_live_donor.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2764", "caption": "An example of a 3D Bioprinter that can be used for organ printing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/171px-Printer_3D_Bioprinting_Solutions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2765", "caption": "Schematic illustration of the layers in normal oral mucosa. 1:  Stratum basale 2:  Stratum spinosum 3:  Stratum granulosum 4:  Stratum corneum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Oral_mucosa.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2766", "caption": "Total  artificial heart  developed at  ETH Zurich", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Soft_Total_Artificial_Heart.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2767", "caption": "A CELLINK 3D Bioprinter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Observing_bioprinting.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2768", "caption": "Schematic drawing of a lung-on-a-chip. The membrane in the middle can be stretched by vacuum in the two side chambers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Lung_on_the_chip.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2769", "caption": "Schematic of a liver-chip [ 65 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Schematic_of_the_Emulate_Liver-Chip.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2770", "caption": "Proposed positioning of the Liver-Chip within a typical pharma  preclinical workflow [ 65 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Proposed_positioning_of_the_Liver-Chip_withi_b514086a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2771", "caption": "Potential financial impact of improved preclinical testing with liver-chips according to one study [ 65 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Economic_value_model_for_assessing_the_finan_666295cc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2772", "caption": "Intestinal organoid grown from Lgr5+ stem cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Intestinal_organoid.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2773", "caption": "An intestinal organoid (Minigut) grows up in 7 days. The scale bars are 200 \u03bcm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Intestinal_Organoid.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2774", "caption": "A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image highlighting the complex collagenous microarchitecture underlying the luminal surface of OFM.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/lossless-page1-220px-EDT_3000x_%285%29_cropped.tif_e479dbfd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2775", "caption": "Risk assessment procedure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Risk_assessment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2776", "caption": "Quality considerations for medicinal products and examples for possible characteristics that need to be documented and characterized.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/300px-Quality_considerations.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2777", "caption": "A colony of human embryonic stem cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Humanstemcell.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2778", "caption": "A diagram of a human tooth. Stem cells are located in the pulp in the center. [ 41 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Human_tooth_diagram-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2779", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/200px-Polyacetylene-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2780", "caption": "A typical free-radical polymerization showing the formation of a poly( N -isopropyl acrylamide) hydrogel.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Free-Radical_Polymerization_of_poly%28N-isop_392079ac.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2781", "caption": "Polymer chains may be crosslinked in the presence of water to form a hydrogel. Water occupies voids in the network, giving the hydrogel its characteristic surface properties", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Hydrogel_network.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2782", "caption": "An example of a dangling chain self healing hydrogel network. The carboxylic acid tail groups react with one another to crosslink the backbone carbon chain of the self healing hydrogel. In addition, the hydrophilic functional groups ensure the network readily absorbs water.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Crosslinked_Self-healing_Hydrogel_network.PN_65bba098.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2783", "caption": "Seeding cells into scaffold ready for tissue engineering use and implantation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Tissue_engineering_english.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2784", "caption": "Decellularized tricuspid biological heart valve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-BiologicalValves.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2785", "caption": "Multi-nucleated  Foreign body giant cell  (FBGC) from the fusion of macrophages", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Suture_micrograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2786", "caption": "Diagram of the opened heart viewed from the front, displaying the complex anatomical geometry of valves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg_2ad79198.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2787", "caption": "1: Microfilaments 2: Phospholipid Bilayer 3: Integrin 4: Proteoglycan 5: Fibronectin 6: Collagen 7: Elastin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Extracellular_Matrix.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2788", "caption": "A diagram of the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque. Note the blue vascular smooth muscle cells, which migrate from the tunica media into the tunica intima, where the stiff plaque is forming.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Aterorojenez-hucresel-tr.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2789", "caption": "Three-dimensional schematic of the interstitium, a fluid-filled space supported by a network of collagen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Intersticio_%28%C3%B3rgano%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology$$$query_2790", "caption": "Scheme to show the possible self-assembled structures of typical peptide amphiphiles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_biology/images/220px-Peptide_amphiphiles_possible_structures_simp_fd46c3a2.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 19.1", "caption": "Figure 19.1: Overview of the extracellular matrix.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/19.1-e1635972748210.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 19.2", "caption": "Figure 19.2: Schematic of integrin structure. The protein spans the plasma membrane and is an extracellular domain that can bind other matrix proteins.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/19.2-e1635972764472.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 19.3", "caption": "Figure 19.3: Summary of cell adhesion mechanisms.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/19.3.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 18.2", "caption": "Figure 18.2: Spatial organization of the three types of fibers. Microfilaments thicken the cortex around the cell\u2019s inner edge. Intermediate filaments have no role in cell movement. Their function is purely structural. They help the cell resist compression, provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell, and pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/18.2-e1635972595863.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 18.3", "caption": "Figure 18.3: Microfilaments are comprised of two globular protein intertwined strands, which we call actin. For this reason, we also call microfilaments actin filaments.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/18.3-e1635972610753.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 18.4", "caption": "Figure 18.4: Several strands of fibrous proteins that are wound together comprise intermediate filaments.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/18.4-e1635972627658.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 18.1", "caption": "Figure 18.1: Summary of the three major types of structural filaments.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/18.1-1.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 18.5", "caption": "Figure 18.5: Microtubules are hollow. Their walls consist of thirteen polymerized dimers of \u03b1-tubulin and \u03b2-tubulin. The left image shows the tube\u2019s molecular structure.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/18.5-e1635972644512.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 18.6", "caption": "Figure 18.6: This transmission electron micrograph of two flagella shows the microtubules\u2019 9 + 2 array: nine microtubule doublets surround a single microtubule doublet.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/18.6.jpeg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 18.7", "caption": "Figure 18.7: Comparison of the three different motor proteins.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/18.7-e1635972668710.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 18.8", "caption": "Figure 18.8: Summary of the roles and movement of the motor proteins along various cytoskeletal elements.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/18.8-e1635972686879.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 17.1", "caption": "Figure 17.1: EM of the nucleus and nucleolus.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/17.1.jpeg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 17.2", "caption": "Figure 17.2: Interaction of the endomembrane systems.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/17.2-e1635972577198.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 17.3", "caption": "Figure 17.3: Unfolded protein response in the RER.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/17.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 17.4", "caption": "Figure 17.4: General process of phagocytosis. In phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and engulfs it.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/17.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 17.5", "caption": "Figure 17.5: Receptor-mediated endocytosis; LDL receptor is a classic example of this process.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/17.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 17.6", "caption": "Figure 17.6: Exocytosis: vesicles containing substances fuse with the plasma membrane. The contents then release to the cell\u2019s exterior.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/17.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.1", "caption": "Figure 16.1: Schematic of the cell membrane. Plasma membranes range from 5 to 10 nm in thickness.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.2", "caption": "Figure 16.2: Structure of a phospholipid.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.3", "caption": "Figure 16.3: Important membrane lipids.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.3-1024x472.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.4", "caption": "Figure 16.4: Diffusion across the plasma membrane.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.5", "caption": "Figure 16.5: Illustration of osmosis. In the diagram, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane, but the water can.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.5-e1635971760807.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.6", "caption": "Figure 16.6: Comparison of red blood cell morphology in isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.6-e1635971779949.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.7", "caption": "Figure 16.7: Protein channel.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.8", "caption": "Figure 16.8: Carrier proteins. This aptly named protein binds a substance and thus triggers a change of its own shape, moving the bound molecule from the cell\u2019s outside to its interior.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.8-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.9", "caption": "Figure 16.9: Electrochemical gradients.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.9-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.10", "caption": "Figure 16.10: Different types of carrier proteins for active transport.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.10-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 16.11", "caption": "Figure 16.11: Primary active transport.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/16.11-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.1", "caption": "Figure 15.1: Summary of types of cell signaling.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.3", "caption": "Figure 15.3: Common G-protein-coupled receptor signaling cascade.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.4", "caption": "Figure 15.4: Signaling cascade initiated by DAG and IP3.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.2", "caption": "Figure 15.2: Examples of steroid hormones.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.5", "caption": "Figure 15.5: Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.6", "caption": "Figure 15.6: Comparison of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.7", "caption": "Figure 15.7: Neurotransmission by acetylcholine.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.9", "caption": "Figure 15.9: Summary of the action potential as it relates to change in ion concentration across the membrane.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.9-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 15.8", "caption": "Figure 15.8: Summary of the action potential to membrane potential.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/15.8-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 14.1", "caption": "Figure 14.1: Punnett square illustrating allelic distribution of recessive traits.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/14.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 14.2", "caption": "Figure 14.2: Allelic distributions in dominant traits.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/14.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 14.3", "caption": "Figure 14.3: Graphic representation of penetrance and expressivity.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/14.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 14.4", "caption": "Figure 14.4: Mitochondrial inheritance pattern.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/14.4.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 14.5", "caption": "Figure 14.5: Trinucleotide repeat expansion characteristic of Huntington\u2019s disease.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/14.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 14.6", "caption": "Figure 14.6: Relationship between centimorgans and recombination frequency.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/14.6-scaled-e1636024890871.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 14.7", "caption": "Figure 14.7: Schematic of GWAS.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/14.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.1", "caption": "Figure 13.1: Representative karyotype illustrating twenty-two pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.1.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.2", "caption": "Figure 13.2: Basics of chromosome structure.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.3", "caption": "Figure 13.3: Summary of meiotic and mitotic cell divisions.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.3-e1635968565417.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.4", "caption": "Figure 13.4: Comparison of nondisjunction in meiosis I versus meiosis II.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.5", "caption": "Figure 13.5: Mosaicism resulting in cells with differing genetics across the body.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.5-scaled-e1635968989259.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.6", "caption": "Figure 13.6: Genetic basis of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS). UPD: Uniparental disomy; Square: imprinting on the maternal allele.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.7", "caption": "Figure 13.7: Example of a chromosome inversion and translocation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.8", "caption": "Figure 13.8: Basic process for DNA extraction.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.8-e1635968879155.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.9", "caption": "Figure 13.9: Male karyotype with G-banding patterns.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.9-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.10", "caption": "Figure 13.10: Schematic of Sanger sequencing technique.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.10-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.11", "caption": "Figure 13.11: Overview of polymerase chain reaction.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.11-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 13.12", "caption": "Figure 13.12: Schematic of southern blotting technique.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/13.12-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.1", "caption": "Figure 12.1: Example of transcriptional complex involving two separate genes.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.2", "caption": "Figure 12.2: Modification of DNA and histones can alter DNA accessibility and therefore transcription.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.3", "caption": "Figure 12.3: Five common modes of alternative splicing.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.4", "caption": "Figure 12.4: Regulation of translational initiation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.5", "caption": "Figure 12.5: RNA-Binding proteins can increase stability of the transcript.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.6", "caption": "Figure 12.6: Proteasome-mediated degradation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.7", "caption": "Figure 12.7: Overview of the cell cycle.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.8", "caption": "Figure 12.8: Summary of the mitotic phase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.8-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.9", "caption": "Figure 12.9: Summary of cell cycle checkpoints and the role of CDK inhibitors in halting cell cycle progress.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.9-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 12.10", "caption": "Figure 12.10: Overview of meiosis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/12.10-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 11.2", "caption": "Figure 11.2: Schematic view of a eukaryotic gene structure.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/11.2-1.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 11.3", "caption": "Figure 11.3: Transcription initiation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/11.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 11.4", "caption": "Figure 11.4: Overview of mRNA processing involving the removal of introns (splicing)\u00a0and the\u00a0addition of a 5\u2019 cap and 3\u2019 tail.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/11.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 11.5", "caption": "Figure 11.5: Summary of mRNA splicing.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/11.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 11.1", "caption": "Figure 11.1: Colinearity of DNA and RNA.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/11.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 11.8", "caption": "Figure 11.8: Summary of translational elongation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/11.8-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 11.6", "caption": "Figure 11.6: Genetic code; each codons is three\u00a0nucleotides corresponding to a specific amino acid. The code is degenerate, meaning several codes are present for the same amino acid and the codes for similar amino acids are clustered.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/11.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 11.7", "caption": "Figure 11.7: Summary of translational initiation. eIF4 recruits the small ribosomal subunit and other initiation factors to the mRNA. The charge Met-tRNA also binds the complex, and the large ribosomal subunit is recruited to the initiation complex. Once the large ribosomal subunit binds, the initiation factors can be released, and translation can proceed to elongation of the polypeptide chain.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/11.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 10.3", "caption": "Figure 10.3: General structure and hydrogen bonding pattern of DNA.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/10.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 10.4", "caption": "Figure 10.4: Organizational structure of DNA illustrating condensation and supercoiling into chromosomes.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/10.4.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 10.1", "caption": "Figure 10.1: Basic structure of nucleotides including the sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), base (pyrimidine or purine), and phosphate groups.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/10.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 10.2", "caption": "Figure 10.2: Structure of pyrimidine and purine bases.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/10.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 10.5", "caption": "Figure 10.5: Comparison on three types of repair: (A) proofreading, (B) mismatch, and (C) nucleotide excision repair.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/10.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 10.6", "caption": "Figure 10.6: Summary of base excision repair. This is a similar process to NER but requires a glycosylase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/10.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 10.8", "caption": "Figure 10.8: Summary of telomerase activity to fill the overhang on the lagging strand.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/10.8-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 10.7", "caption": "Figure 10.7: Summary of DNA replication.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/10.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 9.2", "caption": "Figure 9.2: Fructose metabolism and reaction by aldolase B. Deficiencies in aldolase B can result in hereditary fructose intolerance, while deficiencies in frutokinase can result in essential fructosuria.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/9.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 9.1", "caption": "Figure 9.1: Convergence of fructose and glucose metabolism.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/9.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 9.3", "caption": "Figure 9.3: Galactose metabolism; glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose 1-phosphate, which enters the pathway.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/9.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 9.4", "caption": "Figure 9.4: Comparison of classical and nonclassical galatosemia.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/9.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 9.5", "caption": "Figure 9.5: Overview of ethanol metabolism. The pathway spans the cytosol and the mitochondria, and NADH is produced in both steps of the pathway.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/9.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 9.7", "caption": "Figure 9.7: Clinical consequences of alcoholism.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/9.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 9.6", "caption": "Figure 9.6: Overview of alcohol metabolism.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/9.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 9.8", "caption": "Figure 9.8: Ethanol detoxification by MEOS.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/9.8-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 8.1", "caption": "Figure 8.1: Metabolism of phenylalanine requires BH4 and also produces tyrosine. Deficiencies in cofactor or phenylalanine hydroxylase can result in phenylketonuria.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/8.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 8.2", "caption": "Figure 8.2: Tyrosine can be produced from phenylalanine metabolism and is required for the production of melanin and the catecholamines. Deficiencies can occur at several different locations in the pathway and result in albinism, alkaptonuria, or tyrosinemia.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/8.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 8.3", "caption": "Figure 8.3: Metabolism of tryptophan to melatonin.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/8.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 8.4", "caption": "Figure 8.4: Glutamate metabolism as it interfaces with nitrogen transport and synthesis of GABA.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/8.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 8.6", "caption": "Figure 8.6: Metabolism of methionine. Remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine are illustrated. Cofactor or enzymatic deficiencies can result in an elevation of homocysteine.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/8.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 8.5", "caption": "Figure 8.5: Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Deficiencies in branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) can result in the presentation of maple syrup urine disease.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/8.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.1", "caption": "Figure 7.1: Overview of the pentose phosphate pathway and its interface with glycolysis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.2", "caption": "Figure 7.2: Pentose phosphate pathway and its connection to glycolysis and glutathione synthesis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.3", "caption": "Figure 7.3: NADPH in the red blood cell as a means of reducing glutathione.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.4", "caption": "Figure 7.4: Basic structure of nucleotides.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.5", "caption": "Figure 7.5: Overview of purine and pyrimidine bases.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.6", "caption": "Figure 7.6: Synthesis of PRPP and regulation of PRPP synthetase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.7", "caption": "Figure 7.7: Overview of purine synthesis. The reaction catalyzed by GPAT is the regulatory enzyme of the pathway.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.7-1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.9", "caption": "Figure 7.9: Breakdown of nucleotides.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.9-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.10", "caption": "Figure 7.10: Nucleotide base salvage. Reaction catalyzed by HGPRT is clinically relevant as deficiencies can cause accumulation of uric acid.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.10-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.12", "caption": "Figure 7.12: Overview of pyrimidine synthesis. The reaction catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is the regulatory enzyme of the pathway.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.12-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.13", "caption": "Figure 7.13: Interaction of thymidylate synthesis with the folate cycle. SHMT: serine hydroxymethyltransferase; DHFR: dihydrofolate reductase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.13-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.8", "caption": "Figure 7.8: Purine synthesis and regulation of glutamine: phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.8-662x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 7.11", "caption": "Figure 7.11: Nucleotide specific pathways for base salvage.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/7.11-1024x799.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.2", "caption": "Figure 6.2: Cholesterol synthetic pathway.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.3", "caption": "Figure 6.3: Regulatory step catalyzed by HMG-CoA reductase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.3-1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.4", "caption": "Figure 6.4: Regulation of cholesterol synthesis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.5", "caption": "Figure 6.5: Esterification of cholesterol by LCAT.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.5-1.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.1", "caption": "Figure 6.1: Structure of cholesterol.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.6", "caption": "Figure 6.6: Overview of lipoprotein size and structure.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.6-e1635884201180.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.7", "caption": "Figure 6.7: Transport of dietary lipids via chylomicrons.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.8", "caption": "Figure 6.8: Transport of TAGs from de novo synthesis using VLDL.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.8-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.9", "caption": "Figure 6.9: Comparison of the role of chylomicrons and VLDLs in lipid transport.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.9-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.11", "caption": "Figure 6.11: Uptake of LDL and regulation of cholesterol synthesis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.11-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 6.10", "caption": "Figure 6.10: Interaction of chylomicrons and VLDL with HDL in circulation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/6.10-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.1", "caption": "Figure 5.1: Glucose production by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.2", "caption": "Figure 5.2: Comparison of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.11", "caption": "Figure 5.11: Overview of ketone body formation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.11-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.3", "caption": "Figure 5.3: Locations of amino acid and lactate entering gluconeogenesis as substrates for the pathway.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.3-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.4", "caption": "Figure 5.4: Glycerol as a substrate for gluconeogenesis; after phosphorylation to glycerol 3-phosphate it can be converted to DHAP, which can enter directly into glycolysis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.1", "caption": "Figure 4.1: Summary of glycolysis. The three regulated steps of the process will be the focus, and those are catalyzed by the enzymes glucokinase/hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and pyruvate kinase. All other steps in glycolysis are reversible (as indicated by the arrows) and are also used in gluconeogenesis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.1-1-598x1024.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.6", "caption": "Figure 5.6: Hepatic glycogenolysis by epinephrine.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.7", "caption": "Figure 5.7: Skeletal muscle glycogenolysis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.5", "caption": "Figure 5.5: Reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase; this allows the bypass of the irreversible step catalyzed by pyruvate kinase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.9", "caption": "Figure 5.9: Overview of LCFA transport into the mitochondria and \u03b2-oxidation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.9-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.10", "caption": "Figure 5.10: Regulation of \u03b2-oxidation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.10-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.8", "caption": "Figure 5.8: Process of lipolysis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.8-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.14", "caption": "Figure 5.14: Movement of ammonia from peripheral tissues to the liver.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.14-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.16", "caption": "Figure 5.16: Key regulatory step in the urea cycle. CPS1 is activated by N-acetylglutamate.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.16-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.12", "caption": "Figure 5.12: Transamination reaction.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.12-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.13", "caption": "Figure 5.13: Reactions catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase, glutaminase, and glutamine synthetase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.13-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.15", "caption": "Figure 5.15: Overview of the urea cycle; the pathway spans both the mitochondria and cytosol.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.15-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 5.17", "caption": "Figure 5.17: Entry of the second nitrogen into the urea cycle; aspartate donates the second nitrogen for the synthesis of urea.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/5.17-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.2", "caption": "Figure 4.2: Regulatory step committed by hexo or glucokinase. The first regulatory step in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose by hexo or glucokinase. The reverse reaction, which is part of gluconeogensis, is catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.3", "caption": "Figure 4.3: Comparison of glucokinase and hexokinase kinetics.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.3.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.4", "caption": "Figure 4.4: Regulation of glucokinase by glucokinase regulatory protein.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.4-e1635872274208.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.5", "caption": "Figure 4.5: Regulation of PFK1 by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate generated by PFK2.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.5-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.6", "caption": "Figure 4.6: Regulation of pyruvate kinase phosphorylation and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.6-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.7", "caption": "Figure 4.7: Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.7-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.8", "caption": "Figure 4.8: Malate-aspartate shuttle.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.8.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.9", "caption": "Figure 4.9: Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.9-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.10", "caption": "Figure 4.10: Overview of the TCA cycle.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.10-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.11", "caption": "Figure 4.11: Substrates produced by the TCA cycle.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.11-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.12", "caption": "Figure 4.12: Anaplerotic reactions of the TCA cycle.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.12-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.13", "caption": "Figure 4.13: Regulation of the TCA cycle.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.13-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.14", "caption": "Figure 4.14: Overview of the electron transport chain (ETC).", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.14.png"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.15", "caption": "Figure 4.15: Citrate shuttle reaction moves citrate from the mitochondria to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.15-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.16", "caption": "Figure 4.16: Fatty acid synthesis is an iterative process that begins with the transfer of an acetyl moiety from acetyl-CoA to fatty acid synthase; following this activation, carbons are added to the growing chain in the form of malonyl-CoA.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.16-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.17", "caption": "Figure 4.17: Regulatory reaction of fatty acid synthesis. The synthesis of malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase is highly regulated within the cytosol.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.17-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 4.18", "caption": "Figure 4.18: Glycogen synthesis.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/4.18-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 3.1", "caption": "Figure 3.1: Overview of the fed state.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/3.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 3.2", "caption": "Figure 3.2: Overview of fasted state metabolism.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/3.2-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 2.1", "caption": "Figure 2.1: Heme degradation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/2.1--1024x145.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 2.2", "caption": "Figure 2.2: Reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/2.2-1024x294.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 2.3", "caption": "Figure 2.3: Mechanism of action of vitamin A.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/2.3-869x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 2.4", "caption": "Figure 2.4: Vitamin K stimulates the maturation of clotting factors.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/2.4-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 1.2", "caption": "Figure 1.2: Chart of amino acids.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/1.2-744x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 1.1", "caption": "Figure 1.1: Basic structure of amino acids and ionization.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/1.1-scaled.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 1.3", "caption": "Figure 1.3: Basics of enzyme kinetics.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/1.3-1024x178.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 1.4", "caption": "Figure 1.4: Graphical representation of the Michaelis\u2013Menten equation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/1.4-928x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 1.6", "caption": "Figure 1.6: Competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibition.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/1.6-1024x829.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 1.7", "caption": "Figure 1.7(a): Allosteric enzyme regulation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/1.7a-1024x454.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 1.7", "caption": "Figure 1.7(b): Allosteric enzyme regulation.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/1.7b-1024x617.jpg"}
{"_id": "cell_bio$$$Figure 1.5", "caption": "Figure 1.5: Lineweaver\u2013Burk plot to illustrate Km and Vmax.", "image_path": "cell_bio/images/1.5-1024x918.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_1", "caption": "1: Microfilaments 2: Phospholipid Bilayer 3: Integrin 4: Proteoglycan 5: Fibronectin 6: Collagen 7: Elastin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Extracellular_Matrix.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_2", "caption": "The Golgin  GMAP210  has functional regions at both ends.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-GMAP210c.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_3", "caption": "The ALPS of GMAP210 binds to curved, but not flat, lipid layers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-GMAP210ALPSc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_4", "caption": "GRASP domain alignment of  GRASP55  and the GRASP homologue of  Cryptococcus neoformans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-CnGRASP55domainsc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_5", "caption": "Microinjection of antibodies to GRASP65 prevents normal Golgi stack formation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-GRASP65antic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_6", "caption": "Three-dimensional schematic of the interstitium, a fluid-filled space supported by a network of collagen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Intersticio_%28%C3%B3rgano%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_7", "caption": "ATP synthesis as seen from the perspective of the matrix. Conditions produced by the relationships between the catabolic pathways (citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation) and structural makeup (lipid bilayer and electron transport chain) of matrix facilitate ATP synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Mitochondrial_electron_transport_chain%E2%80_2a5d2bed.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_8", "caption": "Micrograph of thin cross-section of  Chlamydomonas  axoneme", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_17.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_9", "caption": "A simplified model of intraflagellar transport.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-IFTsimplified.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_10", "caption": "Basic cellular compartments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cell-organelles-labeled.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_11", "caption": "Eukaryotic motile cilium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Eukaryotic_cilium_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_12", "caption": "Illustration depicting motile cilia on  respiratory epithelium .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Blausen_0766_RespiratoryEpithelium.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_13", "caption": "Tracheal  respiratory epithelium showing cilia and much smaller  microvilli  on non-ciliated cells in  scanning electron micrograph .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Bronchiolar_epithelium_4_-_SEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_14", "caption": "Scanning electron micrograph  of nodal cilia on a  mouse  embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Nodal_cilia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_15", "caption": "Multiple exophers produced by a mechanosensory neuron in  C. elegans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-PVM_Exopher_Labeled-1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_16", "caption": "Lysosomes digest material. Step one shows material entering a food vacuole through the plasma membrane, a process known as endocytosis. In step two a lysosome with an active hydrolytic enzyme comes into the pictures as the food vacuole moves away from the plasma membrane. Step three consists of the lysosome fusing with the food vacuole and hydrolytic enzymes entering the food vacuole. In the final step, step four, hydrolytic enzymes digest the food particles. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Lysosomes_Digestion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_17", "caption": "TEM views of various vesicular compartments. Lysosomes are denoted by \"Ly\". They are dyed dark due to their acidity; in the center of the top image, a Golgi Apparatus can be seen, distal from the cell membrane relative to the lysosome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-The_Biological_bulletin_%2819756543133%29.jp_143ab239.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_18", "caption": "The lysosome is shown in purple, as an endpoint in endocytotic sorting. AP2 is necessary for vesicle formation, whereas the mannose-6-receptor is necessary for sorting hydrolase into the lysosome's lumen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Endocytic_pathway_of_animal_cells_showing_EG_ec68717f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_19", "caption": "Schematic drawing of  Cafeteria roenbergensis  ( Heterokonta :  Bicosoecida ) with two unequal (heterokont) flagella: an anterior straminipilous (with tubular tripartite mastigonemes) and a posterior smooth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cafeteria_roenbergensis_FENCHEL_and_D_J_PATT_216c9fdc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_20", "caption": "A chrysomonad ( Heterokonta :  Chrysophyceae ) under  TEM , with a smooth flagellum (1) and a long flagellum covered with mastigonemes (3)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Chrysophyte_algae.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_21", "caption": "Two cryptomonads ( Cryptophyceae ) under  SEM . Mastigonemes not visible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_6743_SEM_Cryptophyte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_22", "caption": "Muscle fibre organisation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-1002_Organization_of_Muscle_Fiber.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_23", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Sarcomere.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_24", "caption": "A diagram of the structure of a myofibril (consisting of many  myofilaments  in parallel, and  sarcomeres  in series)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Myofibril.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_25", "caption": "Sliding filament model  of  muscle contraction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Sarcomere.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_26", "caption": "Model of the retromer heteropentameric complex ( VPS26  in green;  VPS35  in orange, and  VPS29  in red). The retromer forms a polymeric network arc on the outside (cytoplasmic side) of the endosome tubule. Inside the tubule, the cargo receptor  SORL1 , forms its own network and binds protein cargo for trafficking. SORL1 connects to retromer on the outside via a transmembrane helix and a short C-terminal tail that binds VPS26. Model built based on structural data by Brett Collins and Yu Kitago.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Retromer_and_SORL1_on_tubular_endosome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_27", "caption": "Ribbon diagram of the retromer heterotrimeric complex comprising the proteins VPS26 (green), VPS35 (orange) and VPS29 (red). On the endosomal membrane, this heterotrimer forms an arch-shaped dimer via interaction of two VPS35 molecules (see next image). [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Retromer_heterotrimer_ribbon_rendering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_28", "caption": "CryoET structure of retromer heterotrimer dimer on the tubular endosome membrane in surface rendering. VPS26 is in green, VPS35 in orange, and VPS29 in red. The heterotrimer forms a characteristic dimeric arch. The grey SNX protein aids in tubulation and retromer membrane binding. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Retromer_6H7W.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_29", "caption": "Longitudinal section of the  pelagophyte   Plocamiomonas psychrophila  under  transmission electron microscopy  showing system II fibre or rhizoplast (r) positioned at the base of the  basal bodies  and continuing parallel to the  nucleus  (N). The mature (mf) and immature (if)  flagella  are also visible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plocamiomonas_psychrophila_Eur-J-Phycol_fig3_ee6cc779.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_30", "caption": "The cytosol is a crowded solution of many different types of molecules that occupy up to 30% of the cytoplasmic volume. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Crowded_cytosol.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_31", "caption": "Intracellular fluid content in humans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cellular_Fluid_Content.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_32", "caption": "Carboxysomes  are protein-enclosed  bacterial microcompartments  within the cytosol. On the left is an  electron microscope  image of carboxysomes, and on the right a model of their structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Carboxysome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_33", "caption": "Shown is a micrograph of an amoeba; the darker pink nucleus is central to the eukaryotic cell, with the majority of the rest of the cell's body belonging to the endoplasm. Though not visible, the ectoplasm resides directly internal to the plasma membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-220px-Collection_Penard_MHNG_Specimen__ac25dcd4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_34", "caption": "This is a perikaryon of a nerve cell, displayed here because of the obvious cytoplasmic granules. The granules, which appear almost black due to their high electron density, take up a large portion of the endoplasm. They are suspended in cytosol - the fluid component of the cytoplasm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-The_Biological_bulletin_%2820190664019%29.jp_7c99bfdc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_35", "caption": "This image displays the 3 main processes of cell respiration - the pathway from which the cell obtains energy in the form of ATP. These processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-CellRespiration.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_36", "caption": "Glowing dinoflagellate bloom", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Lingulodinium_polyedrum_bioluminescing_in_su_16b1e8c5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_37", "caption": "The cytoskeleton consists of (a) microtubules, (b) microfilaments, and (c) intermediate filaments. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-0317_Cytoskeletal_Components.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_38", "caption": "Cross section diagram through the\u00a0cilium,\u00a0showing the \u201c9 + 2\u201d arrangement of microtubules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Bronchiolar_area_cilia_cross-sections_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_39", "caption": "F-actin  distribution in the cell cortex as shown by  rhodamine   phalloidin  staining of  HeLa  cells that constitutively express  Histone H2B - GFP  to mark  chromosomes .  F-actin  is thus red, while  Histone H2B  is displayed in green. The left-hand cell is in  mitosis , as demonstrated by  chromosome  condensation, while the right-hand cell is in  interphase  (as determined by intact  cell nucleus ) in a suspended state. In both cases,  F-actin  is enriched around the cell periphery. Scale bar: 10 micrometers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Actin-cortex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_40", "caption": "Forebrain  neuronal culture after 40 days of differentiation from  induced human pluripotent stem cells . iPSCs from a patient with  familial Alzheimer's disease , a mutation in the  PSEN1  gene. TUJ-1-positive cells express a marker (\u03b23-tubulin) of mature neurons (red).  GABA-positive cells  (green). Cell nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-330px-Differentiation_of_Human-Induced_6b96dcd1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_41", "caption": "Motifs and domains in Cordon-bleu protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Structure_cobl.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_42", "caption": "Working model of Cobl-induced actin nucleation. [ 5 ] [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Working_model_of_Cobl-induced_actin_nucleation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_43", "caption": "In humans, the DMD gene is located on the short (p) arm of the  X chromosome  between positions 21.2 and 21.1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-DMD_gene_location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_44", "caption": "This electron micrograph shows exaggerated filopodia with club-like shape induced by formin mDia2 in cultured cells. These filopodia are filled with bundled  actin filaments  which were born in and converged from the  lamellipodial network .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/180px-Filopodia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_45", "caption": "Structure of intermediate filament", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Intermediate_filament.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_46", "caption": "Keratin  intermediate filaments (stained red) around  epithelial cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Epithelial-cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_47", "caption": "Vimentin  fibers in  fibroblasts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Vimentin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_48", "caption": "Intracellular transport between the  Golgi apparatus  and the  endoplasmic reticulum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Intracellular_Signaling_Clip_Art.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_49", "caption": "How SNARE proteins play a role in intracellular transport", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-SNAREs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_50", "caption": "A cytoplasmic dynein motor bound to a microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-CytoplasmicDyneinOnMT_noLabels.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_51", "caption": "A kinesin molecule bound to a microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Kinesin_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_52", "caption": "How microtubules play a role in intracellular transport", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Microtubules_and_intracellular_transport.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_53", "caption": "Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-KeratinF9.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_54", "caption": "The  horns  of the  impala  are made of keratin covering a core of  bone .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Male_impala_profile.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_55", "caption": "The neutral\u2013basic keratins are encoded on chromosome 12 (12q13.13).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/88px-Chromosome_12.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_56", "caption": "The acidic keratins are encoded on chromosome 17 (17q21.2).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/131px-Chromosome_17.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_57", "caption": "Protein sequence alignment of human keratin 1, 2A, 3,4, 5, 6A, 7, and 8 (KRT1 \u2013 KRT8). Only the first rod domain is shown above. Alignment was created using  Clustal Omega .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-659px-Human_Keratins_1-8_Protein_Align_7bf192db.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_58", "caption": "Keratin (high molecular weight) in  bile duct  cell and oval cells of  horse   liver .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Keratin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_59", "caption": "A human toe nail that fell off after a small trauma. Three small punctures were made on it, while it was still attached.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Toe_nail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_60", "caption": "Figure 1. Lamellipodia are thin-like projections on the leading edge of a cell (Image A). It is a feature of motile cells such as endothelial cells, neurons, and immune cells. The lamellipodia on the leading edge of the cell (green arrows) contain ATP- bound actin and the lamella on the \"spike\" end of the cell contain ADP-bound actin (red arrow). This allows for a \"treadmilling\" action to occur when the cell is signaled to move (Image B).  [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Wiki_Commons.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_61", "caption": "Microtubule and tubulin metrics [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/440px-Tubulin_Infographic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_62", "caption": "Microtubules are one of the cytoskeletal filament systems in eukaryotic cells. The microtubule cytoskeleton is involved in the transport of material within cells, carried out by motor proteins that move on the surface of the microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-220px-Microtubules_in_the_leading_edge_4a1f9627.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_63", "caption": "Cartoon representation of the structure of \u03b1(yellow)/\u03b2(red)-tubulin heterodimer, GTP and GDP. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Tubulin_dimer_1JFF.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_64", "caption": "Components of the  eukaryotic  cytoskeleton.  Actin filaments  are shown in red,  microtubules  are in green, and the  nuclei  are in blue. The cytoskeleton provides the cell with an inner framework and enables it to move and change shape.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-FluorescentCells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_65", "caption": "Image of a fibroblast cell containing fluorescently labeled actin (red) and microtubules (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Fluorescent_image_fibroblast.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_66", "caption": "A cytoplasmic dynein motor bound to a microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-CytoplasmicDyneinOnMT_noLabels.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_67", "caption": "A kinesin molecule bound to a microtubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Kinesin_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_68", "caption": "A 3D diagram of a centriole. Each circle represents one microtubule. In total there are 27 microtubules organized into 9 bundles of 3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/298px-Centriole3D.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_69", "caption": "This diagram depicts the organization of a typical mitotic spindle found in animal cells.  Shown here are the three main types of microtubules during mitosis and how they are oriented in the cell and the mitotic spindle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Spindle_apparatus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_70", "caption": "Microtubule arrangement in a  9+2 axoneme  of  bronchiolar  cilia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Bronchiolar_area_cilia_cross-sections_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_71", "caption": "Rat brain cells grown in  tissue culture  and stained, in green, with an antibody to neurofilament subunit NF-L, which reveals a large neuron. The culture was stained in red for \u03b1-internexin, which in this culture is found in neuronal stem cells surrounding the large neuron.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Neuron_in_tissue_culture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_72", "caption": "A formalin fixed and paraffin embedded section of human  cerebellum  stained with an antibody to neurofilament light, NF-L revealed with a brown dye, cell nuclei are revealed with a blue dye. Nuclear rich region at left is granular layer, region at right is molecular layer. The antibody binds processes of basket cells, parallel fiber axons, the perikarya of  Purkinje  cells and various other axons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-MCA-6H112_NFL_4K_citra_HuCbl_20X_02-wiki.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_73", "caption": "Antibody   stain  against neurofilament (green) and  Ki 67  (red) in a mouse  embryo  12.5 days after  fertilization . The cells expressing neurofilaments are in the  dorsal root ganglia  shown in green while  proliferating cells  are in the  ventricular zone  in the  neural tube  and colored red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Mouse_NT_antibody_NF_Ki67.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_74", "caption": "Micrograph  of  white matter  (bottom of image) and the  anterior horn of the spinal cord  showing  motor neurons  with  central chromatolysis . Neurofilament  immunostain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Central_chromatolysis_-_nf_-_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_75", "caption": "Elements of the  Caulobacter crescentus  cytoskeleton. The prokaryotic cytoskeletal elements are matched with their eukaryotic homologue and hypothesized cellular function. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Prokaryotic_Cytoskeleton.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_76", "caption": "schematic domain structure of septin polypeptide chain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-SeptinSequenceStructure_v001.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_77", "caption": "a) schematic of septin molecule with GTP binding domain to one side and the N and C termini of the polypeptide chain to the other  b) schematic of septin heterohexameric complex (of human septins), where different septins bind to each other via their GTP binding domains or via the N and C termini. Note the symmetry of the complex   c) schematic how septin complexes could align to form septin filaments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Septin_assembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_78", "caption": "Septins in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae   (fluorescent micrograph)  \u2022 Green: septins ( AgSEP7- GFP )  \u2022 Red: cell outline ( phase contrast )  \u2022 Scale bar: 10 \u03bcm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-S_cerevisiae_septins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_79", "caption": "Septins in  Ashbya gossypii   (fluorescent micrograph) \u2022 Green: septins ( AgSEP7- GFP )  \u2022 Red: cell outline ( phase contrast )  \u2022 Inlay: 3D reconstruction of a discontinuous septin ring  \u2022 Scale bars: 10 \u03bcm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-A_gossypii_septins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_80", "caption": "A schematic diagram of spectrin and other cytoskeletal molecules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Cytoskeleton_%28Elliptocytosis%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_81", "caption": "Localization of alpha-II spectrin in green under the plasma membrane of rat neurons in tissue culture as shown with  confocal microscopy  and  immunofluorescence . The nuclei of the cells is revealed in blue by the DNA dye  DAPI .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Spectrin_localization_under_the_neuronal_pla_6678b15f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_82", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph  depicting tonofilaments, labeled tf, running longitudinally within the dorsal epidermal cells of the  girdle  of a  chiton", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Chiton_epidermis_TEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_83", "caption": "Immunofluorescence staining pattern of vimentin antibodies. Produced by incubating vimentin primary antibodies and FITC labelled secondary antibodies with HEp-20-10 cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/328px-VIMENTIN.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_84", "caption": "Immunofluorescence staining of   HeLa Cells  with antibody to reveal vimentin containing intermediate filaments in green and antibody to  LAMP1  to reveal lysosomes in red. Nuclear DNA is seen in blue. Antibodies and image courtesy   EnCor Biotechnology Inc .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/328px-HeLa_cells_showin_Lamp1_in_red%2C_vimentin_i_8445eb4c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_85", "caption": "Principal interactions of structural proteins at cadherin-based adherens junction. Actin filaments are associated with adherens junctions in addition to several other actin-binding proteins such as  vinculin . The head domain of vinculin associates to E-cadherin via \u03b1-, \u03b2 - and \u03b3 -catenins. The tail domain of vinculin binds to membrane lipids and to actin filaments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Adherens_Junctions_structural_proteins.svg.p_ace126a2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_86", "caption": "Amyloplasts in a potato cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_87", "caption": "A diagram showing the different types of plastid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_88", "caption": "Diagram of a  voltage-gated ion channel , showing the three states: closed, open, and inactivated. Ball and chain inactivation can only happen if the channel is open.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Inactivation_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_89", "caption": "Diagram of a  voltage-gated sodium channel , showing the important residues for inactivation in red. The domain structure (I \u2013 IV) is further subdivided into segments (S1 \u2013 6). The S4 segment is the voltage sensor, which moves out during  depolarisation  of the  cell membrane . This frees up the  alanine  and  asparagine  residues with which the IFMT residues in the ball domain bind to. Adapted from Goldin, 2003. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/640px-Sodium_inactivation_mechanims.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_90", "caption": "During  apoptosis , blebbing is the first phase (left) of cell disassembly. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/500px-Apoptotic_cell_disassembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_91", "caption": "Chemical structure of blebbistatin [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Blebbistatin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_92", "caption": "Nuclei of mouse cells (blue) containing Cajal bodies (green) visualized by fusion of p80/Coilin protein to GFP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cajal_bodies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_93", "caption": "Electron micrographs showing alpha-carboxysomes from the chemoautotrophic bacterium  Halothiobacillus neapolitanus : (A) arranged within the cell, and (B) intact upon isolation. Scale bars indicate 100 nm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/460px-Carboxysomes_EM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_94", "caption": "Model for the structure of the carboxysome. RuBisCO and carbonic anhydrase are arranged in an enzymatic core (organized by various core proteins) and encapsulated by a protein shell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Carboxysome_structural_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_95", "caption": "Electron micrograph of (A) alpha-carboxysomes in  Halothiobacillus neapolitanus  and (B) beta-carboxysomes in  Synechococcus elongatus  PCC\u00a07942, indicated by arrows. Scale bars 200\u00a0nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Alpha_and_beta_carboxysomes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_96", "caption": "Structure of a typical  prokaryotic  cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_97", "caption": "Structure of a typical animal cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Animal_cell_structure_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_98", "caption": "Structure of a typical  plant cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Plant_cell_structure-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_99", "caption": "Detailed diagram of lipid bilayer of cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_100", "caption": "A fluorescent image of an endothelial cell. Nuclei are stained blue,  mitochondria  are stained red, and microfilaments are stained green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-DAPIMitoTrackerRedAlexaFluor488BPAE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_101", "caption": "Deoxyribonucleic acid  (DNA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-DNA_orbit_animated.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_102", "caption": "Human cancer cells, specifically  HeLa cells , with DNA stained blue. The central and rightmost cell are in  interphase , so their DNA is diffuse and the entire nuclei are labelled. The cell on the left is going through  mitosis  and its chromosomes have condensed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_103", "caption": "Diagram of the  endomembrane system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_104", "caption": "Prokaryotes  divide by  binary fission , while  eukaryotes  divide by  mitosis  or  meiosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Three_cell_growth_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_105", "caption": "Staining of a  Caenorhabditis elegans  highlights the nuclei of its cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/170px-C_elegans_stained.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_106", "caption": "Stromatolites  are left behind by  cyanobacteria , also called blue-green algae. They are among the oldest fossils of life on Earth. This one-billion-year-old fossil is from  Glacier National Park  in the United States.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Stromatolites.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_107", "caption": "In the theory of  symbiogenesis , a merger of an  archaean  and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic  mitochondria , some 2.2 billion years ago. A second merger, 1.6 billion years ago, added  chloroplasts , creating the green plants. [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Symbiogenesis_2_mergers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_108", "caption": "Robert Hooke's drawing of cells in  cork , 1665", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/170px-RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_109", "caption": "Cartoon of the dividing epithelium cell surrounded by epithelium tissue. Spindle apparatus rotates inside the cell. The rotation is a result of astral microtubules pulling towards tri-cellular-junctions (TCJ), signaling centers localized at the regions where three cells meet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-TCJ_orients_spindle_apparatus_during_cell_di_26495008.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_110", "caption": "Some examples of cell junctions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/686px-Cell_junction_simplified_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_111", "caption": "This image shows a desmosome junction between cells of the epidermal layer of the skin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Desmosome_Cell_Junction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_112", "caption": "The cartoon of epithelium cells connected by tricellular junctions at the regions where three cells meet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Epithelium_TCJ.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_113", "caption": "Illustration of a  eukaryotic  cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_114", "caption": "Comparison of a  eukaryotic  vs. a  prokaryotic  cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Celltypes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_115", "caption": "Examples of the major membrane phospholipids and glycolipids:  phosphatidylcholine  (PtdCho),  phosphatidylethanolamine  (PtdEtn),  phosphatidylinositol  (PtdIns),  phosphatidylserine  (PtdSer).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/310px-Membrane_Lipids.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_116", "caption": "A detailed diagram of the cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_117", "caption": "Illustration depicting cellular diffusion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Blausen_0213_CellularDiffusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_118", "caption": "Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a  lipid bilayer . The yellow  polar  head groups separate the grey hydrophobic tails from the aqueous cytosolic and extracellular environments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-Fluid_Mosaic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_119", "caption": "Alpha intercalated cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Alpha_Intercalated_Cell_Cartoon.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_120", "caption": "Diagram of the cell membrane's structures", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Cell_membrane_drawing-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_121", "caption": "HeLa cells  stained for  nuclear DNA  with the blue  fluorescent   Hoechst dye . The central and rightmost cells are in  interphase , thus their entire nuclei are labeled. On the left, a cell is going through  mitosis  and its DNA has condensed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_122", "caption": "A mouse  fibroblast  nucleus in which  DNA  is stained blue. The distinct chromosome territories of chromosome 2 (red) and chromosome 9 (green) are stained with  fluorescent in situ hybridization .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-MouseChromosomeTerritoriesBMC_Cell_Biol6-44F_13526014.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_123", "caption": "Diagram of the nucleus showing the  ribosome -studded  outer nuclear membrane ,  nuclear pores ,  DNA  (complexed as  chromatin ), and the  nucleolus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_124", "caption": "A cross section of a  nuclear pore  on the surface of the  nuclear envelope  (1). Other diagram labels show (2) the outer ring, (3) spokes, (4) basket, and (5) filaments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-NuclearPore_crop.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_125", "caption": "An  electron micrograph  of a cell nucleus, showing the darkly stained  nucleolus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Micrograph_of_a_cell_nucleus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_126", "caption": "Cajal body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cajal-Body-Overview.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_127", "caption": "A generic  transcription factory  during transcription, highlighting the possibility of transcribing more than one gene at a time. The diagram includes 8 RNA polymerases however the number can vary depending on cell type. The image also includes transcription factors and a porous, protein core.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/290px-Basic_diagram_of_a_transcription_factory_dur_d6a8b89b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_128", "caption": "Macromolecules , such as  RNA  and  proteins , are  actively transported  across the nuclear membrane in a process called the  Ran - GTP  nuclear transport cycle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/360px-RanGTPcycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_129", "caption": "An image of a  newt   lung  cell  stained  with  fluorescent   dyes  during  metaphase . The  mitotic spindle  can be seen, stained green, attached to the two sets of  chromosomes , stained light blue. All chromosomes but one are already at the metaphase plate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/230px-Mitosis-fluorescent.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_130", "caption": "Human red blood cells, like those of other mammals, lack nuclei. This occurs as a normal part of the cells' development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Redbloodcells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_131", "caption": "Oldest known depiction of cells and their nuclei by  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek , 1719", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/330px-Leeuwenhoek1719RedBloodCells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_132", "caption": "Drawing of a  Chironomus   salivary gland  cell published by  Walther Flemming  in 1882. The nucleus contains  polytene chromosomes .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Flemming1882Tafel1Fig14.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_133", "caption": "An illustration of  podocytes , which surround the  glomerular capillaries  with their cell bodies, primary processes and interdigitating  foot processes .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-GFP_and_FP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_134", "caption": "Filopodia and lamellipodia in two fluorescently-labeled  growth cones .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-GrowthCones.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_135", "caption": "3D Structured illumination microscopy (SIM)  enables visualisation of the glomerular filtration barrier, using multiplex  immunofluorescence  staining for markers for podocytes ( synaptopodin ,  nephrin ),  endothelial cells  ( EHD3 ), and the  glomerular basement membrane  ( agrin ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/255px-Gdz-0003-0019-g03.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_136", "caption": "Confocal microscopy  can reveal changes in the processes of  M\u00fcller cells , in the  retina , shown here in the  rat . On the left,  GFAP  expression is predominant in the  inner retinal layers .        localized to the innermost  layers of the retina ; on the right GFAP-positive fibers show a thickening in M\u00fcller cell processes indicating  gliosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-GFAP_gliosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_137", "caption": "Vasoactive modulators, released from astrocytic endfeet, act on smooth muscle cells in arterioles, and pericytes in capillaries to regulate the  vascular tone .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-BBB796.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_138", "caption": "Glomerular podocytes possess a diverse array of  surface-expressed proteins  that contribute to the selective filtration of solutes across the glomerular barrier, thereby maintaining fluid homeostasis within the body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/255px-Podofun.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_139", "caption": "This  SEM  image illustrates the communication between osteocytes (Ocy) and transcortical vessels (TCV) via their endfeet (yellow arrows) to facilitate mitochondrial transfer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-TCVs654.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_140", "caption": "Ramified microglia in a rat  cortex  before  traumatic brain injury .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Mikroglej_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_141", "caption": "Amoeboid microglia after traumatic brain injury.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/170px-Makrofagi_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_142", "caption": "Effacement of foot processes (FP) of podocytes is evident in this  scanning electron microscopy  (SEM) image, enhanced with false coloring for improved visualization.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Fpe2038.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_143", "caption": "The 154 kb chloroplast DNA map of a model flowering plant ( Arabidopsis thaliana : Brassicaceae) showing genes and inverted repeats.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Plastomap_of_Arabidopsis_thaliana.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_144", "caption": "Chloroplast DNA replication via multiple D loop mechanisms. Adapted from Krishnan NM, Rao BJ's paper \"A comparative approach to elucidate chloroplast genome replication.\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/440px-CpDNA_Replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_145", "caption": "Over time, base changes in the DNA sequence can arise from deamination mutations. When adenine is deaminated, it becomes hypoxanthine, which can pair with cytosine. During replication, the cytosine will pair with guanine, causing an A \u2192 G base change.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Adenine_Deaminates_to_Guanine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_146", "caption": "A circular chromosome, showing DNA replication proceeding bidirectionally, with two replication forks generated at the \"origin\". Each half of the chromosome replicated by one replication fork is called a \"replichore\". (Graphic computer art by Daniel Yuen)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Circular_DNA_Replication.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_147", "caption": "Bidirectional replication in a circular chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Circular_bacterial_chromosome_replication.gi_424a7ff1.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_148", "caption": "oriC  motifs in bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Origins_of_DNA_replication_Figure_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_149", "caption": "Most circular bacterial chromosomes are replicated bidirectionally, starting at one point of origin and replicating in two directions away from the origin. This results in semiconservative replication, in which each new identical DNA molecule contains one template strand from the original molecule, shown as the solid lines, and one new strand, shown as the dotted lines.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Circular_bacterial_chromosome_replication.gi_424a7ff1.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_150", "caption": "Figure 1: Methods of dynamin-dependent and independent clathrin-independent endocytosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/373px-Cshperspect-END-016758_F1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_151", "caption": "Figure 2: Clathrin-independent endocytic processes uses (a) FEME, (b) CLIC/GEEC, and (c) CL-Lect hypothesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/241px-Clathrin-independent_endocytic_processes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_152", "caption": "Cystolith from leaf of  Ficus elastica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cystolith_in_the_leaf_of_Ficus_Elastica.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_153", "caption": "Drawing of a cystolith from leaf of  Ficus elastica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary__e3679af2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_154", "caption": "Proteins in different  cellular compartments  and structures  tagged  with  green fluorescent protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Localisations02eng.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_155", "caption": "Illustration of the plasmodesmata structure spanning the cell wall (CW). The desmotubule (DM) is shown as a continuation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with various membrane proteins linking it to the plasma membrane (PM).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plasmodesmata_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_156", "caption": "Figure1. Illustrates the movement of a diplosome in the early stages of mitosis as described in  Diplosome in Mitosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/page1-220px-MovementOfDiplosome.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_157", "caption": "The different types of endocytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Endocytosis_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_158", "caption": "Schematic drawing illustrating clathrin-mediated (left) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (right) of  synaptic vesicle   membranes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-A-dynamin-1--dynamin-3--and-clathrin-indepen_4a23a8d9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_159", "caption": "From left to right: Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/386px-A_depiction_of_various_types_of_Endocytosis._b0b9e761.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_160", "caption": "Detail of the endomembrane system and its components", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Endomembrane_system_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_161", "caption": "Diagram of the nucleus with the nuclear envelope shown as the orange portion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_162", "caption": "1 \u00a0 Nucleus \u00a0   2 \u00a0 Nuclear pore \u00a0   3 \u00a0Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) \u00a0   4 \u00a0Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) \u00a0   5 \u00a0 Ribosome  on the rough ER \u00a0   6 \u00a0 Proteins  that are transported \u00a0   7 \u00a0Transport  vesicle \u00a0   8 \u00a0 Golgi apparatus \u00a0   9 \u00a0Cis face of the Golgi apparatus \u00a0   10 \u00a0Trans face of the Golgi apparatus \u00a0   11 \u00a0Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_163", "caption": "By using  electron microscope , ribosomes (\"particles\") on the  rough endoplasmic reticulum  can be observed", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/243px-0313_Endoplasmic_Reticulum_b_en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_164", "caption": "Micrograph of Golgi apparatus, visible as a stack of semicircular black rings near the bottom. Numerous circular vesicles can be seen in proximity to the organelle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Human_leukocyte%2C_showing_golgi_-_TEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_165", "caption": "Detailed illustration of the plasma membrane. Including the structure of a  phospholipid .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_166", "caption": "Summary of ESCRT machinery and accessory proteins. [ 3 ] [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/500px-ESCRT_Machinery-Corrected.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_167", "caption": "Trafficking of membrane bound proteins to the lysosome using ESCRT machinery.  Membrane bound proteins are taken into the cell via endocytosis. Ubiquitin tags on the protein are recognized by ESCRT machinery and recruited to the endosome. Multivesicular bodies are formed, which then fuse with the lysosome where these proteins are degraded. Adapted from. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-ESCRT_Recruitment_During_MVB_Biogenesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_168", "caption": "Recruitment of ESCRT Complexes to the Midbody.  Cep-55 binds MKLP1. Cep-55 recruits ESCRT-I and ALIX. ESCRT-I and ALIX recruit ESCRT-III. ESCRT-III forms spiral around membrane neck between daughter cells leading to constriction and cleavage. Adapted from. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/270px-ESCRT_Mediated_Membrane_Abscission.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_169", "caption": "Retroviral budding of HIV.  A) Accumulation of viral proteins under the cell membrane causes the virus to protrude outward. B) A constriction is formed by the ESCRT complexes at the base of membrane protrusion causing formation of a virus containing vesicle. C) The bud pinches off leaving a free extracellular virion.  (Photo provided by Dr. Matthew Gonda (Wikimedia Commons: Nov. 1998), National Cancer Institute Image ID: 2382)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Hiv-i.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_170", "caption": "Fluid mosaic model of a  cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/390px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_171", "caption": "The Frye-Edidin experiment showed that when two cells are fused the proteins of both diffuse around the membrane and mingle rather than being locked to their area of the membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Versuch_zum_Fluid-Mosaic-Modell.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_172", "caption": "S.cerevisiae  septins Septin ring-like structures (in green) can pinch cell membranes and split them into subdomains.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-S_cerevisiae_septins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_173", "caption": "Connexon pairing across membranes bridges the gap between two cells and between vesicles to membranes. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Camillo_Peracchia_fig4-6.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_174", "caption": "Light microscope images do not allow us to see connexons or innexons themselves but do let us see the fluorescing dye injected into one cell moving into neighboring cells when gap junctions are known to be present. [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Validation_of_the_dye_diffusion_assay_perfor_59bfb64d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_175", "caption": "Cell pannexin tree with white squares having communication proteins yet to be discovered", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cell_pannexin_tree.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_176", "caption": "Effects of perinexal width on ephaptic coupling, for G gap = 0 nS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Perinexial_ephaptic_coupling.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_177", "caption": "Eye lens showing arrangement of fiber cells with photos of gap junction plaques from different regions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Lens3Dmap_with_txt.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_178", "caption": "Beta cell  with insulin granules, which are the dark black spots surrounded by a white area called a halo.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Beta_cell_processed.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_179", "caption": "Starch granules in potato cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Starch_granules_of_potato02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_180", "caption": "Assembly and disassembly of stress granules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Stress_granule_dynamics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_181", "caption": "Cartoon of the dividing epithelium cell surrounded by epithelium tissue. Spindle apparatus rotates inside the cell. The rotation is a result of astral microtubules pulling towards tri-cellular-junctions (TCJ), signaling centers localized at the regions where three cells meet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-TCJ_orients_spindle_apparatus_during_cell_di_26495008.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_182", "caption": "In  histopathology , pathologic homogenization is seen as a loss of variations, such as of  collagen  in  lichen sclerosus  (pictured).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Micrograph_of_homogenization_of_collagen.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_183", "caption": "Nostoc  with hormogonia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Nostoc_with_hormogonia_40x.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_184", "caption": "Micrographia cells [ 1 ]  in 1665.   But I couldn't find with my microscope, breath or any other way I have tried, a passage out of one cell into another, yet I cannot conclude, that there aren't any passages that exist that the plant juices must pass through .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Micrographia_Schem_11.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_185", "caption": "Cell signalling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cell_signalling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_186", "caption": "4 types of cell junction simplified", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cell_junction_simplified_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_187", "caption": "Epithelium TCJ", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Epithelium_TCJ.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_188", "caption": "Cell pannexin tree", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cell_pannexin_tree.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_189", "caption": "Fungal hypha", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Fungal_hypha.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_190", "caption": "Plasmodesma allowing the symplast pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Apoplast_and_symplast_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_191", "caption": "Tubular bridges for bronchial epithelial cell migration and communication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Pone.0008930.g004.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_192", "caption": "Pone.0265619.g001", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Pone.0265619.g001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_193", "caption": "Complete neuron cell diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_194", "caption": "Nervous systems of sponges (porifera) and placozoans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Sponge_plazoan_nervous_system.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_195", "caption": "Ctenophore neural systems.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Fcell-10-1071961-g001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_196", "caption": "Paristatoid wasp on caterpillar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cotesia_glomerata_%28NZAC06000976%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_197", "caption": "Simplified structure of a mitochondrion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/315px-Animal_mitochondrion_diagram_en_%28edit%29.s_50c364cb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_198", "caption": "Electron transport chain and intermembrane space of a mitochondrion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/226px-Electron_transport_chain.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_199", "caption": "Apoptotic components released from the intermembrane space of a mitochondrion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/205px-Reactions_of_peroxynitrite_leading_to_either_1355b660.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_200", "caption": "Simplified structure of a chloroplast", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/161px-Chloroplast-new.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_201", "caption": "Simplified structure of a eukaryotic cell nucleus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/142px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_202", "caption": "A microscope picture of a cell's invadopodium.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Invadopodium.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_203", "caption": "Red arrows indicate secreted lamellar bodies, and green arrows indicate lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm. Scale bar = 200 nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Journal.pone.0031641.g003.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_204", "caption": "A  High resolution 3D live-cell fluorescence image of a tunneling nanotube (TNT) (white arrow) connecting two primary mesothelial cells. Scale bar: 20 \u03bcm. B  Depiction of a TNT (black arrow) between two cells with scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar: 10 \u03bcm. C  Fluorescently labeled F-actin (white arrow) present in TNTs between individual HPMCs. Scale bar: 20 \u03bcm. D  Scanning electron microscope image of a potential TNT precursor (black arrowhead). Insert shows a fluorescence microscopic image of filopodia-like protrusions (white arrowhead) approaching a neighboring cell. Scale bar: 2 \u03bcm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Nanotubes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_205", "caption": "3D live-cell microscopy of immunofluorescent rat PC12 cells demonstrating tunneling nanotubes. From one of the first published papers to describe the phenomenon in 2004.  [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Tunelling_nanotube.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_206", "caption": "Mitochondrial network (green) in two human cells ( HeLa cells )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-220px-HeLa_mtGFP.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_207", "caption": "Mitochondrial network (green) in two human cells ( HeLa cells )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-220px-HeLa_mtGFP.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_208", "caption": "Mitochondria, mammalian lung - TEM (2)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Mitochondria%2C_mammalian_lung_-_TEM_%282%29_c6c613e3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_209", "caption": "Ciliates are unicellular eukaryotes that display nuclear dimorphism involving a macronucleus and a micronucleus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Ciliate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_210", "caption": "Tetrahymena  provide an example of a cell that displays nuclear dimorphism. It includes a micronucleus and macronucleus, and it has been very helpful in various research.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Tetrahymena_conjugation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_211", "caption": "The location of NORs and the nucleolar cycle in human cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/ExternalImageImagec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_212", "caption": "Silver-stained nucleolus organizer region (arrow) at the tip of a chromosome of the Gecko  Lepidodactylus lugubris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-NORAgc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_213", "caption": "The DJ forms a perinucleolar anchor for rDNA repeats.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/ExternalImageImagec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_214", "caption": "The  protoplasmic  material of the nucleus including the  nucleolus  labelled as nucleoplasm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_215", "caption": "Polish - German   botanist  and namer of nucleoplasm,  Eduard Strasburger .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plate_03_Professor_E._Strassburger%2C_Photog_76c42a17.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_216", "caption": "An example of the  sodium-potassium pump , a  P-type ATPase , which controls the ionic gradient across the  cell membrane  and the  nuclear envelope  as well as the ionic makeup of the nucleoplasm through the selective pumping of  sodium  and  potassium   ions .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-NaKpompe2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_217", "caption": "Histology of a null cell adenoma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Histopathology_of_a_true_null_cell_adenoma.j_73b7ac5c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_218", "caption": "(A) Electron micrograph of  Halothiobacillus neapolitanus  cells, arrows highlight  carboxysomes . (B) Image of intact carboxysomes isolated from  H. neapolitanus . Scale bars are 100 nm. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Carboxysomes_EM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_219", "caption": "Structure of  Candidatus  Brocadia anammoxidans , showing an  anammoxosome  and intracytoplasmic membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Brocadia_anammoxidans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_220", "caption": "An overlay of a fluorescence micrograph (green) onto a DIC image of a HeLa cell expressing a Yellow fluorescent Protein fusion of Paraspeckle Protein 1 (PSP1): 1. cytoplasm; 2. nucleus; 3. nucleolus; 4. paraspeckles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/HeLa_pspecks2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_221", "caption": "West et al. (2016) [ 7 ]  suggest that the NEAT1  is folded and bound to  paraspeckle core proteins to first form units, which are bridged together by FUS proteins to form the ordered paraspeckle sphere. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-JCB_201609008_Fig1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_222", "caption": "Phragmosome formation in a highly vacuolated plant cell. From top to bottom: 1) Interphase cell with large central vacuole. 2) Cytoplasmic strands starting to penetrate vacuole. 3) Nucleus migration into center and formation of the phragmosome. 4) Phragmosome formation completed and formation of preprophase band marking future cell division plane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Phragmosome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_223", "caption": "The structure of a primary plasmodesma. CW= cell wall , CA= callose , PM= plasma membrane , ER= endoplasmic reticulum , DM=desmotubule, Red circles= actin , Purple circles and spokes=other unidentified proteins [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/260px-Plasmodesmata_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_224", "caption": "Tobacco mosaic virus movement protein 30 localizes to plasmodesmata", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-MP-30-GFP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_225", "caption": "Sketch of a longitudinal ultrathin section through a typical motile bacterium bearing a flagellum and surrounding polar organelle at one end of the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Polar_Membrane_cut.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_226", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/440px-Secretory_mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_227", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Porosome_for_wiki-2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_228", "caption": "Amoeba proteus  extending lobose pseudopodia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Amoeba_proteus_with_many_pseudopodia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_229", "caption": "The forms of pseudopodia, from left: polypodial and lobose; monopodial and lobose; filose; conical; reticulose; tapering actinopods; non-tapering actinopods", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/290px-PseudopodiaFormsDavidPatterson.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_230", "caption": "Jessica Polka 's electron micrograph of negatively stained purified type 51 R bodies in their extended (low pH) state", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Extended_R_bodies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_231", "caption": "Schematic illustration of the supramolecular architecture of the major classes of prokaryotic cell envelopes containing surface (S) layers. S-layers in archaea with glycoprotein lattices as exclusive wall component are composed either of mushroom-like subunits with pillar-like, hydrophobic trans-membrane domains (a), or lipid-modified glycoprotein subunits (b). Individual S-layers can be composed of glycoproteins possessing both types of membrane anchoring mechanisms. Few archaea possess a rigid wall layer (e.g. pseudomurein in methanogenic organisms) as intermediate layer between the plasma membrane and the S-layer (c). In Gram-positive bacteria (d) the S-layer (glyco)proteins are bound to the rigid peptidoglycan-containing layer via secondary cell wall polymers. In Gram-negative bacteria (e) the S-layer is closely associated with the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane. Figure and figure legend were copied from Sleytr  et al.  2014, [ 2 ]  which is available under a  Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0) licence   .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-CW-Architecture_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_232", "caption": "Muscle contraction based on  sliding filament theory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/301px-Sarcomere.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_233", "caption": "Molecular model of the Sarcomere in the A-band. Organization of the central region of the A-band (C-zone). The thin filaments (actin in green, tropomyosin in pink) and the thick filaments (myosins in the OFF state are depicted in shades of blue, titin in red) are densely packed within the sarcomere. The myosin-binding protein C (yellow) connects thick and thin filaments. Artistic representation based on publicly available models  [ 4 ] .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/320px-Molecular_model_of_the_Sarcomere_in_the_A-ba_1104d613.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_234", "caption": "Cardiac sarcomere structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/301px-Cardiac_sarcomere_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_235", "caption": "Plant cell overview, showing secondary cell wall.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plant_cell_showing_primary_and_secondary_wal_2d2c4640.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_236", "caption": "Sepate junction in developing trachea in  Drosophila", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Septatejunction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_237", "caption": "Micrograph  showing condensed  chromosomes  in  blue ,  kinetochores  in  pink , and  microtubules  in  green  during  metaphase  of  mitosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Kinetochore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_238", "caption": "This diagram depicts the organization of a typical mitotic spindle found in animal cells. Chromosomes are attached to  kinetochore   microtubules  via a multiprotein complex called the kinetochore. Polar microtubules interdigitate at the spindle midzone and push the spindle poles apart via  motor proteins .  Astral microtubules  anchor the spindle poles to the  cell membrane . Microtubule polymerization is nucleated at the  microtubule organizing center .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Spindle_apparatus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_239", "caption": "In the centrosome-mediated \"search and capture\" model (left), microtubules nucleated from centrosomes contact chromosomes by chance and become stabilized at kinetochores to form the spindle. In the chromatin-mediated \"self-organization\" model (right), microtubules are nucleated around the vicinity of mitotic chromatin and organized into a bipolar array by motor proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Spindle_assembly_models.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_240", "caption": "Cartoon of the dividing epithelium cell surrounded by epithelium tissue. Spindle apparatus rotates inside the cell. The rotation is a result of astral microtubules pulling towards tri-cellular-junctions (TCJ), signaling centers localized at the regions where three cells meet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-TCJ_orients_spindle_apparatus_during_cell_di_26495008.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_241", "caption": "Depiction of the transmembrane proteins that make up tight junctions: occludin, claudins, and JAM proteins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Tight_Junction_Transmembrane_Proteins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_242", "caption": "TEM  of rat kidney tissue shows a protein dense tight junction (three dark lines) at ~55,000x magnification.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Tight_junction_blowup.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_243", "caption": "Occludin interacting with GEF-H1/Lfc, which then activates RHOA, a regulator of cell differentiation and motility.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/292px-Occludin_signaling.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_244", "caption": "The ultrastructure of a single  bacterial cell  ( Bacillus subtilis ). The scale bar is 200  nm .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Bacillus_subtilis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_245", "caption": "Plant cell structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_246", "caption": "Animal cell structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Biological_cell_vacuole.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_247", "caption": "The  anthocyanin -storing vacuoles of  Rhoeo spathacea , a  spiderwort , in cells that have plasmolyzed", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Rhoeo_Discolor_-_Plasmolysis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_248", "caption": "An overview of the trafficking of some adaptor protein (AP) complexes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-AdaptorsOverviewc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_249", "caption": "Adaptor Protein complexes and COPI-F subcomplex. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-5APsAndCOPIFc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_250", "caption": "Adaptor Protein, COPI and TSET complexes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-APsCOPITSETc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_251", "caption": "More trafficking pathways. Note, the colors are not the same as in the lead figure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-EndoERGICcompc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_252", "caption": "A rendering of a COPII tube.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-COPIItubec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_253", "caption": "The early evolution of adaptor protein complexes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-TSETapsCOPIearlyEVOc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_254", "caption": "The evolution of TSET, COPI and APs from the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-TSETapsCOPIevoc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_255", "caption": "Production of a clathrin coated vesicle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-CCVprodTimec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_256", "caption": "Electron microscope image of a coated vesicle. EM series showing the budding of these kind of vesicles can be seen  [ 8 ]  and  [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-CoatedVesiclec.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_257", "caption": "A small portion of an accessory protein binds specifically to part of AP-2 complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-B2appendEps15c.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_258", "caption": "Protein phosphorylation allows specific interactions with a clathrin adaptor protein complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/PhosphoControlc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_259", "caption": "Immunofluorescence coloration of actin (green) and the focal adhesion protein vinculin (red) in a fibroblast. Focal adhesions are visible as red dots at the end of the green bundles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Focaladhesiondetail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_260", "caption": "Image of a fluorescently-labeled growth cone extending from an axon  F-actin  (red)  microtubules  (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/150px-Growthcone.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_261", "caption": "Two fluorescently-labeled growth cones. The growth cone (green) on the left is an example of a \u201cfilopodial\u201d growth cone, while the one on the right is a \u201clamellipodial\u201d growth cone.  Typically, growth cones have both structures, but with varying sizes and numbers of each.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/500px-GrowthCones.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_262", "caption": "Model of growth cone-mediated axon guidance. From left to right, this model describes how the cytoskeleton responds and reorganizes to grow towards a positive stimulus (+) detected by receptors in the growth cone or away from a negative stimulus (-).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-AxonTurning.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_263", "caption": "Actin cytoskeleton of  mouse   embryo   fibroblasts , stained with  Fluorescein isothiocyanate - phalloidin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-MEF_microfilaments.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_264", "caption": "The outer red layer in this diagram is the capsule, which is distinct from the cell envelope. This bacterium is  gram-positive , as its cell envelope comprises a single  cell membrane  (orange) and a thick  peptidoglycan -containing cell wall (purple).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_265", "caption": "A bacterial capsule has a semi-rigid border that follows the contour of the cell. The capsule excludes India Ink when dyed. A slime layer is a non-rigid matrix that is easily deformed and is not able to exclude India Ink. Biofilms are composed of many cells and their outer barriers. The primary functions of both capsules and slime layers are for protection and adhesion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Bacteria_Capsules_and_Slime_Layers.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_266", "caption": "Structure of gram-negative cell envelope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Gram_negative_cell_wall.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_267", "caption": "An illustration depicting diversity in the architecture of protein secretion systems found in  diderm bacteria [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-All_secretion_systems.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_268", "caption": "T1SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-T1SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_269", "caption": "T2SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-T2SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_270", "caption": "T3SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-T3SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_271", "caption": "T4SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-T4SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_272", "caption": "T5SS schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-T5SS.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_273", "caption": "ESX-5: type VII secretion system, Mycobacterium xenopi", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/159px-7b9s.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_274", "caption": "Type IX secretion system schematic diagram [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-T9ss.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_275", "caption": "Schematic of the chlorosome (rod hypothesis) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Chlorosome_by_Hartmann.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_276", "caption": "Halobacterial Gas Vesicles. (A)  Halobacterium salinarum  colonies on a solid medium. Pink, opaque colonies from gas vesicle-containing cells; a red, transparent colony from gas vesicle-deficient cells. (B) Cryo-transmission electron micrograph of cells in 3 M NaCl plus 81 mM MgSO 4 . The image has the low signal-to-noise ratio due to the high concentration of NaCl. (C) Cryo-transmission electron micrograph of a focused ion beam-thinned cell in 3 M NaCl plus 81 mM MgSO 4 . The periodicity of the gas vesicle is clearly discerned. (A) Adapted from Pfeifer (2015), (B, C) from Bollschweiler et al. (2017), with permission from the publisher.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/page1-220px-Halobacterial_Gas_Vesicles.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_277", "caption": "Gas vesicles imaged with transmission electron microscopy. (A) Wild-type cells. (B) Pressurized wild-type cells. (C) Mutant cells deleted for the gas vesicle gene clusters. (D) Gas vesicles with different widths. (A~D) Adapted from Ramsay et al. (2011), with permission from the publisher.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/page1-220px-Gas_vesicle_TEM.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_278", "caption": "Gas vesicle formation and morphology. (A) and (B) Transmission electron micrographs of gas vesicles in Halobacterium salinarum. Spindle-shaped gas vesicles in (A). Isolated cylinder-shaped gas vesicles in (B). (C) Morphogenesis of gas vesicles from a bicone to a spindle- or cylinder-shaped gas vesicle. (D) Groups of gas vesicles. They form clusters during the early stage of gas vesicle formation, and fill the cells later. (E) Detailed diagram of a gas vesicle. A gas nanocompartment enclosed with a gas-permeable shell. (A~D) Adapted from Pfeifer (2012) and (E) from Shapiro et al. (2014), with permission from the publisher.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/page1-220px-Gas_vesicles.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_279", "caption": "The Hammer Experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-The_Hammer_Experiment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_280", "caption": "Mesosomes form in bacterial cells prepared for  electron microscopy  by chemical fixation, but not by freeze-fracture fixation. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Mesosome_formation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_281", "caption": "Formation of the  Escherichia coli  nucleoid   A.  An illustration of an open conformation of the circular genome of  Escherichia coli . Arrows represent bi-directional DNA replication. The genetic position of the origin of bi-directional DNA replication ( oriC ) and the site of chromosome decatenation ( dif ) in the replication termination region ( ter ) are marked. Colors represent specific segments of DNA as discussed in C.  B.  An illustration of a random coil form adopted by the pure circular DNA of  Escherichia coli  at thermal equilibrium without supercoils and additional stabilizing factors. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]   C.  A cartoon of the chromosome of a newly born  Escherichia coli  cell. The genomic DNA is not only condensed by 1000-fold compared to its pure random coil form but is also spatially organized.  oriC  and  dif  are localized in the mid-cell, and specific regions of the DNA indicated by colors in A organize into spatially distinct domains.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/500px-Subhash_nucleoid_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_282", "caption": "Nucleoid at \u22651 kb scale. DNA organization by nucleoid-associated proteins.   DNA is depicted as a grey straight or curved line and the nucleoid-associated proteins are depicted as blue spheres.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Subhash_nucleoid_02.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_283", "caption": "Genome-wide occupancy of nucleoid-associated proteins of  E. coli .   A circular layout of the  E. coli  genome depicting genome-wide occupancy of NAPs Fis, H-NS, HU, and IHF in growth and stationary phases in  E. coli . Histogram plots of the genome occupancy of NAPs as determined by chromatin-immunoprecipitation coupled with DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) are shown outside the circular genome. The bin size of the histograms is 300 bp. Figure prepared in circos/0.69-6 using the ChIP-Seq data from. [ 46 ] [ 50 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/440px-Subhash_nucleoid_03.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_284", "caption": "DNA supercoiling   A.  A linear double-stranded DNA becomes a topologically constrained molecule if the two ends are covalently joined, forming a circle. Rules of DNA topology are explained using such a molecule (ccc-DNA) in which a numerical parameter called the linking number (Lk) defines the topology. Lk is a mathematical sum of two geometric parameters, twist (Tw) and writhe (Wr). A twist is the crossing of two strands, and writhe is coiling of the DNA double helix on its axis that requires bending. Lk is always an integer and remains invariant no matter how much the two strands are deformed. It can only be changed by introducing a break in one or both DNA strands by DNA metabolic enzymes called topoisomerases.  B.  A torsional strain created by a change in Lk of a relaxed, topologically constrained DNA manifests in the form of DNA supercoiling. A decrease in Lk (Lk<Lk 0 ) induces negative supercoiling whereas an increase in Lk (Lk>Lk 0 ) induces positive supercoiling. Only negative supercoiling is depicted here. For example, if a cut is introduced into a ccc-DNA and four turns are removed before rejoining the two strands, the DNA becomes negatively supercoiled with a decrease in the number of twists or writhe or both. Writhe can adopt two types of geometric structures called plectoneme and toroid. Plectonemes are characterized by the interwinding of the DNA double helix and an apical loop, whereas spiraling of DNA double helix around an axis forms toroids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/440px-Subhash_nucleoid_04.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_285", "caption": "Basic units of genomic organization in bacteria and eukaryotes   Genomic DNA, depicted as a grey line, is negatively supercoiled in both bacteria and eukaryotes. However, the negatively supercoiled DNA is organized in the plectonemic form in bacteria, whereas it is organized in the toroidal form in eukaryotes. Nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs), shown as colored spheres, restrain half of the plectonemic supercoils, whereas almost all of the toroidal supercoils are induced as well as restrained by nucleosomes (colored orange), formed by wrapping of DNA around histones.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Subhash_nucleoid_05.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_286", "caption": "Twin supercoiling domain model for transcription-induced supercoiling   A.  An example of topologically constrained DNA. A grey bar represents a topological constraint, e.g. a protein or a membrane anchor.  B.  Accommodation of RNA polymerase for transcription initiation results in the opening of the DNA double helix.  C.  An elongating RNA polymerase complex cannot rotate around the helical axis of DNA. Therefore, removal of helical turns by RNA polymerase causes overwinding of the topologically constrained DNA ahead and underwinding of the DNA behind, generating positively and negatively supercoiled DNA, respectively. Supercoiling can manifest as either change in the numbers of twists as shown in C or plectonemic writhe as shown in D.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Subhash_nucleoid_06.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_287", "caption": "The chromosomal DNA within the nucleoid is segregated into independent supercoiled topological domains   A.  An illustration of a single topological domain of a supercoiled DNA. A single double-stranded cut anywhere would be sufficient to relax the supercoiling tension of the entire domain.  B.  An illustration of multiple topological domains in a supercoiled DNA molecule. A presence of supercoiling-diffusion barriers segregates a supercoiled DNA molecule into multiple topological domains. Hypothetical supercoiling diffusion barriers are represented as green spheres. As a result, a single double-stranded cut will only relax one topological domain and not the others. Plectonemic supercoils of DNA within the  E. coli  nucleoid are organized into several topological domains, but only four domains with a different number of supercoils are shown for simplicity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Subhash_nucleoid_07.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_288", "caption": "Nucleoid is spatially organized into chromosomal interactions domains (CIDs) and macrodomains   A.  Chromosome conformation capture (3C) methods probe 3D genome organization by quantifying physical interactions between genomic loci that are nearby in 3D-space but may be far away in the linear genome. A genome is cross-linked with formaldehyde to preserve physical contacts between genomic loci. Subsequently, the genome is digested with a restriction enzyme. In the next step, a DNA ligation is carried out under diluted DNA concentrations to favor intra-molecular ligation (between cross-linked fragments that are brought into physical proximity by 3D genome organization). A frequency of ligation events between distant DNA sites reflects a physical interaction. In the 3C method, ligation junctions are detected by the semi-quantitative PCR amplification in which amplification efficiency is a rough estimate of pairwise physical contact between genomic regions of interests and its frequency. The 3C method probes a physical interaction between two specific regions identified a priori, whereas its Hi-C version detects physical interactions between all possible pairs of genomic regions simultaneously. In the Hi-C method, digested ends are filled in with a biotinylated adaptor before ligation. Ligated fragments are sheared and then enriched by a biotin-pull down. Ligation junctions are then detected and quantified by the paired-end next-generation sequencing methods.  B.  Hi-C data are typically represented in the form of a two-dimensional matrix in which the x-axis and y-axis represent the genomic coordinates. The genome is usually divided into bins of a fixed size, e.g., 5-kb. The size of bins essentially defines the contact resolution. Each entry in the matrix, m ij , represents the number of chimeric sequencing reads mapped to genomic loci in bins i and j. A quantification of the reads (represented as a heatmap) denotes the relative frequency of contacts between genomic loci of bins i and j. A prominent feature of the heatmap is a diagonal line that appears due to more frequent physical interaction between loci that are very close to each other in the linear genome. The intensity further from the diagonal line represents the relative frequency of physical interaction between loci that are far away from each other in the linear genome. Triangles of high-intensity along the diagonal line represent highly self-interacting chromosomal interaction domains (CIDs) that are separated by a boundary region that consists of a smaller number of interactions.  C.  In many bacterial species including  E. coli , it appears that supercoiled topological domains organize as CIDs. Plectonemic supercoiling promotes a high level of interaction among genomic loci within a CID, and a plectoneme-free region (PFR), created due to high transcription activity, acts as a CID boundary. Nucleoid-associated proteins, depicted as closed circles, stabilize the supercoiling-mediated interactions. The actively transcribing RNA polymerase (depicted as a green sphere) in the PFR blocks dissipation of supercoiling between the two domains thus acts as a supercoiling diffusion barrier. The size of the CIDs ranges between 30 and 400 kb. Several triangles (CIDs) merge to form a bigger triangle that represents a macrodomain. In other words, CIDs of a macrodomain physically interact with each other more frequently than with CIDs of a neighboring macrodomain or with genomic loci outside of that macrodomain. A macrodomain may comprise several CIDs. For simplicity, a macrodomain comprising only two CIDs is shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/600px-Subhash_nucleoid_08.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_289", "caption": "Genome-wide occupancy of MatP and MukB of  E. coli   A circular layout of the  E. coli  genome depicting genome-wide occupancy of MatP and MukB in  E. coli . The innermost circle depicts the  E. coli  genome. The regions of the genome which organize as spatial domains(macrodomains) in the nucleoid are indicated as colored bands. Histogram plots of genome occupancy for MatP and MukB as determined by chromatin-immunoprecipitation coupled with DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) are shown in outside circles. The bin size of the histograms is 300 bp. The figure was prepared in circos/0.69-6 using the processed ChIP-Seq data from. [ 155 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Subhash_nucleoid_09.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_290", "caption": "Models for DNA organization by MatP and MukBEF   A.  A  matS -bridging model for DNA organization in the Ter macrodomain by MatP. MatP recognizes a 13-bp signature DNA sequence called  matS  that is present exclusively in the Ter macrodomain. There are 23  matS  sites separated by one another by an average of 35-kb. MatP binds to a  matS  site as a dimer, and the tetramerization of the DNA-bound dimers bridges  matS  sites forming large DNA loops.  B.  The architecture of the  E. coli  MukBEF complex. The complex is formed by protein-protein interactions between MukB (blue), MukF (dark orange) and MukE (light orange). MukB, which belongs to the family of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMCs) proteins, forms a dimer (monomers are shown by dark and light blue colors) consisting of an ATPase head domain and a 100\u00a0nm long intramolecular coiled-coil with a hinge region in the middle. Because of the flexibility of the hinge region, MukB adopts a characteristic V-shape of the SMC family. MukF also tends to exist as a dimer because of the strong dimerization affinity between monomers. [ 157 ] [ 158 ]  The C-terminal domain of MukF can interact with the head domain of MukB while its central domain can interact with MukE. Two molecules of MukE and one molecule of MukF associate with each other independent of MukB to form a trimeric complex (MukE 2 F). Since MukF tends to exist in a dimeric form, the dimerization of MukF results in an elongated hexameric complex (MukE 2 F) 2 . [ 159 ]  In the absence of ATP, the (MukE 2 F) 2  complex binds to the MukB head domains through the C-terminal domain of MukF to form a symmetric MukBEF complex (shown on the left). The stoichiometry of the symmetric complex is B 2 (E 2 F) 2 . The ATP binding between the MukB head domains forces the detachment of one MukF molecule and two MukE molecules. [ 132 ] [ 159 ]  As a result, an asymmetric MukBEF complex of the stoichiometry B 2 (E 2 F) 1  is formed. Since MukF readily dimerizes, the MukF dimerization can potentially join two ATP-bound asymmetric molecules resulting in the formation of a dimer of dimers with the stoichiometry of B 4 (E 2 F) 2  (shown on the right). The stoichiometry of the MukBEF complex  in vivo  is estimated to be B 4 (E 2 F) 2  suggesting that a dimer of dimers is the functional unit  in vivo . [ 160 ]   C.  A model for loop extrusion by a MukBEF dimer of dimers. A dimer of dimer loads onto DNA (depicted as a grey line) through DNA binding domains of MukB. MukB has been shown to bind DNA via its hinge region and the top region of its head domain. [ 48 ] [ 161 ]  The translocation of the complex away from its loading site then extrudes DNA loops. The loops are extruded in a rock-climbing manner by the coordinated opening and closing of the MukBEF ring through the MukB head disengagement that occurs due to coordinated ATP hydrolysis in the two dimers. [ 160 ]  Dark and light blue circles represent ATP binding and hydrolysis events respectively. MukE is not shown in the complex for simplicity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Subhash_nucleoid_10.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_291", "caption": "Nucleoid as a helical ellipsoid with longitudinal high-density DNA regions   A.  A cartoon of  E. coli  cell with a curved nucleoid (dark grey). A curved centroids path, denoted by red and green dots, emphasizes the curved shape of the nucleoid [ 13 ]   B.  Cross-sectioning of the  E. coli  nucleoid visualized by HU-mCherry. Fluorescence intensity is taken as a proxy for DNA density and is represented by blue to red in increasing order. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Subhash_nucleoid_11.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_292", "caption": "This caption is not  succinct .  Please  improve this article  if you can.   ( July 2017 )  Transmission electron micrograph of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) (size 80\u201390 nm, dia) released by human pathogen  Salmonella  3,10:r:- in chicken ileum,  in vivo . OMVs were proposed to be 'blown off' from large bacterial periplasmic protrusions, called  periplasmic organelles  (PO) with the help of 'bubble tube'-like assembly of about four  type III secretion  injectisomal  rivet complexes  (riveting bacterial outer and cell membrane to allow pockets of periplasm to expand into POs). This allows  membrane vesicle trafficking  of OMVs from gram negative bacteria to dock on host epithelial cell membrane (microvilli), proposed to translocate signal molecules from pathogen to host cells at the  host\u2013pathogen interface .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Human_Salmonella_secreting_outer_membrane_ve_f3d0fb4f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_293", "caption": "Monoderm bacteria have a thin periplasm between the cell wall and the plasma membrane [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Gram-Cell-wall.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_294", "caption": "Gram-negative  (diderm)  cell wall", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Gram_negative_cell_wall.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_295", "caption": "Figure demonstrating modulation of RcsF signaling by changes in the periplasmic intermembrane distance [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Rcsfsignalingmechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_296", "caption": "Schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation.  1-  Donor cell produces pilus.  2-  Pilus attaches to recipient cell, brings the two cells together.  3-  The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell.  4-  Both cells recircularize their plasmids, synthesize second strands, and reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Conjugation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_297", "caption": "Escherichia coli  undergoing  conjugation . Bacteria produce long extracellular appendages called sex pili, which connect two neighbouring cells and serve as a physical conduit for transfer of DNA. Adapted from  [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Bacterial_conjugation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_298", "caption": "Proposed conjugation mechanisms between donor and recipient cells in archaea (left) and bacteria (right). The schematic shows how ssDNA substrates are generated by the HerA-NurA machinery in the donor archaeal cells and by the plasmid-encoded relaxosome in bacteria. The figure is reproduced from  [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Beltran_et_al_Fig5.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_299", "caption": "Escherichia coli .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-E._coli_fimbriae.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_300", "caption": "Type IV Pilus Twitching Motility   1.  Pre-PilA is made in the cytoplasm and moves into the inner membrane.  2.  Pre-PilA is inserted into the inner membrane.   3.  PilD, a  peptidase , removes a leader sequence, thus making the Pre-PilA shorter and into PilA, the main building-block protein of Pili.   4.  PilF, a  NTP -Binding protein that provides energy for Type IV Pili Assembly.   5.  The secretin protein, PilQ, found on the outer membrane of the cell is necessary for the development/extension of the pilus. PilC is the first proteins to form the pilus and are responsible for overall attachment of the pilus.   6.  Once the Type IV Pilus attaches or interacts with what it needs to, it begins to retract. This occurs with the PilT beginning to degrade the last parts of the PilA in the pilus. The mechanism of PilT is very similar to PilF.   7.  Degradation of the pilus into the components to be utilized and synthesized into PilA again. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/353px-Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg.p_f4f21bd0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_301", "caption": "Type IVa pilus machine architectural model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/page1-220px-Type_IVa_pilus_machine_architectural_m_284dc978.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_302", "caption": "This figure depicts fimbriae adhesion. In this process the fimbriae of a bacterial cell (right) adhere to specific proteins, called receptors, found on the outer membrane of a host cell (left). They do this by a specific interaction between the receptors of the host cell and the perfectly matched adhesions found on the bacteria's fimbriae. This process of bacteria adhering to a host cell can result in the colonization of that host cell as more and more bacteria collect around it, and is integral to the continued survival of the bacteria, enabling them to infect tissues and entire organs.  [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Fimbriae_Adhesion_to_a_Host_Cell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_303", "caption": "Diagram of a bacterium showing chromosomal DNA and plasmids (Not to scale)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Plasmid_%28english%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_304", "caption": "There are two types of plasmid integration into a host bacteria: Non-integrating plasmids replicate as with the top instance, whereas  episomes , the lower example, can integrate into the host  chromosome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-Plasmid_replication_%28english%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_305", "caption": "Overview of bacterial conjugation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Conjugation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_306", "caption": "Electron micrograph  of a DNA fiber bundle, presumably of a single bacterial chromosome loop", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-DNA_Under_electron_microscope_Image_3576B-PH_9b296d41.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_307", "caption": "Electron micrograph of a bacterial DNA plasmid (chromosome fragment)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plasmid_em-en.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_308", "caption": "A schematic representation of the  pBR322  plasmid, one of the first plasmids to be used widely as a  cloning vector .  Shown on the plasmid diagram are the genes encoded ( amp  and  tet  for  ampicillin  and  tetracycline  resistance respectively), its origin of replication ( ori ), and various  restriction sites  (indicated in blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-PBR322.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_309", "caption": "Insulin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Human_insulin_100IU-ml_vial_white_background_b263214e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_310", "caption": "The structure of the Ti plasmid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Ti_plasmid.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_311", "caption": "The  repABC gene  cassette of Ti plasmids in Agrobacteria, with a schematic of their gene product and activities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/330px-RepABC_gene_cassette_of_Ti_plasmids.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_312", "caption": "The composition of the  vir  region of octopine-type Ti plasmids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/440px-Vir_region_of_Ti_plasmids.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_313", "caption": "3D structure of the human apoptosome-CARD complex. blue: apoptosome platform; magenta: CARD disk [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Human_apoptosome-CARD_complex.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_314", "caption": "Pseudo atomic structure of the human apoptosome  (Yuan et al. 2010, Structure of an apoptosome-procaspase-9 CARD complex [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Apop_atomic_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_315", "caption": "Rendering of apoptosome showing clear central-hub", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Apoptosome_surface_rendering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_316", "caption": "Human, fruit fly, & nematode apoptosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-177-Apoptosomes_apoptosomes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_317", "caption": "Electron micrographs of  Sulfolobus acidocaldarius  MW001 during normal growth.  Indication of archaella (black arrows) and pili (white arrows). Negative staining with uranyl acetate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-MW001-good_022-new.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_318", "caption": "2015 model of the crenarchaeal archaellum. [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Crenarchaeal_archaellum_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_319", "caption": "The structure of the Bacterial Microcompartment shell.\u00a0 The first structure of a BMC shell, determined by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, [ 1 ]  contains representatives of each of the shell protein types:\u00a0 BMC-P, BMC-H and BMC-T, in both its trimer\u00a0 (upper right) and dimer of trimer (lower right), forms.\u00a0[Image: Todd Yeates]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-Carboxysome_and_bacterial_microcompartments._5875e9de.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_320", "caption": "Generalized function schematic for experimentally characterized BMCs. (A) Carboxysome. (B) Metabolosome. Reactions in gray are peripheral reactions to the core BMC chemistry. BMC shell protein oligomers are depicted on the left: blue, BMC-H; cyan, BMC-T; yellow, BMC-P. 3-PGA, 3-phosphoglycerate, and RuBP, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/760px-Generalized_function_schematic_for_experimen_e05c46aa.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_321", "caption": "Electron micrographs showing alpha-carboxysomes from the chemoautotrophic bacterium  Halothiobacillus neapolitanus : (A) arranged within the cell, and (B) intact upon isolation. Scale bars indicate 100 nm. [ 54 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/460px-Carboxysomes_EM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_322", "caption": "Electron micrograph of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 cell showing the carboxysomes as polyhedral dark structures. Scale bar indicates 500\u00a0nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/460px-Synechococcus_elongatus_PCC_7942_electron_mi_fb4418c2.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_323", "caption": "Electron micrograph of Escherichia coli cell expressing the PDU BMC genes (left), and purified PDU BMCs from the same strain (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/460px-PDU_BMC_genes_expressed_in_Escherichia_coli._b3eb8604.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_324", "caption": "Schematic of the eukaryotic flagellum. 1-axoneme, 2-cell membrane, 3-IFT ( Intraflagellar transport ), 4-Basal body, 5-Cross section of flagellum, 6-Triplets of microtubules of basal body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Eukarya_Flagella.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_325", "caption": "Longitudinal section through the flagella area in  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagellum. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets (see structure at bottom center of image).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_09.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_326", "caption": "Formation and examples of membraneless organelles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Formation_and_examples_of_membraneless_organ_1981d75e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_327", "caption": "Starch granules of corn", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-PSM_V56_D0733_Starch_granules_of_corn.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_328", "caption": "Glycogen granules in Spermiogenesis in Pleurogenidae (Digenea)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite130059-fig7_Spermiogenes_13c8c8f7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_329", "caption": "Micelle caseine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Micelle_caseine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_330", "caption": "Lens epithelium containing crystallin. Hand-book of physiology (1892)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Hand-book_of_physiology_%281892%29_%28147630_f1b85a33.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_331", "caption": "Stress granule  dynamics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Stress_granule_dynamics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_332", "caption": "Formation and examples of  nuclear bodies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Formation_and_examples_of_nuclear_membranele_f29076a2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_333", "caption": "Biomolecular partitioning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Biomolecular_partitioning.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_334", "caption": "Diagram of the plant cell, with the cell wall in green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_335", "caption": "Cell wall in multicellular plants \u2013 its different layers and their placement with respect to protoplasm (highly diagrammatic)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plant_Cell_Wall.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_336", "caption": "Molecular structure of the primary cell wall in plants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plant_cell_wall_diagram-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_337", "caption": "Photomicrograph of onion root cells, showing the centrifugal development of new cell walls (phragmoplast)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Allium-Mitose10-DM100x_BL28.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_338", "caption": "Chemical structure of a unit from a  chitin  polymer chain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Chitin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_339", "caption": "Scanning electron   micrographs  of  diatoms  showing the external appearance of the cell wall", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Diatoms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_340", "caption": "Illustration of a typical  gram-positive bacterium . The cell envelope comprises a  plasma membrane , seen here in light brown, and a thick  peptidoglycan -containing cell wall (the purple layer). No  outer lipid membrane  is present, as would be the case in  gram-negative bacteria . The red layer, known as the  capsule , is distinct from the cell envelope.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_341", "caption": "A schematic overview of the pap chaperone-usher system showing all subunits and their organisation. PapD is the chaperone; PapC is the usher; PapA and the remaining subunits form the fimbria itself", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Overview_of_Pap_system_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_342", "caption": "PAP pilin major protein, PapA homo13mer, top view, E.Coli.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-5flu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_343", "caption": "EVOS Imaging depicting a single celled organism with distinctive cilia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Paramecia.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_344", "caption": "Cilia Structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Cilia_Estructura.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_345", "caption": "This illustration shows where the cisternae can be found on the Golgi apparatus. As well as the location of the cis and trans Golgi network.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Golgi_apparatus_%28editors_version%29.svg.pn_fa830c42.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_346", "caption": "Complex oil bodies of  Plagiochila asplenioides", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plagiochila_asplenioides_oil_bodies.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_347", "caption": "Distinct blue complex oil bodies of  Calypogeia azurea.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Calypogeia_azurea.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_348", "caption": "Radula complanata  laminal cells, bearing 1-2 large tinted oil-bodies.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Radula_complanata.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_349", "caption": "Marchantia polymorpha  antheridiophore with dark ocelli.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Marchantia_polymorpha_antheridiophore_long-s_3ed12d1a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_350", "caption": "Protist  Paramecium aurelia  with contractile vacuoles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Paramecium_contractile_vacuoles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_351", "caption": "A  Dictyostelium discoideum  (slime mold) cell exhibiting a prominent contractile vacuole on its left side", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Contractile_vacuole_in_Dictyostelium.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_352", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of a thin section of the surface of the ciliate  Paramecium  putrinum , showing the alveoli (red arrows) under the cell surface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-EM_alveoli_ciliate_paramecium_putrinum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_353", "caption": "Diagram of a  ciliate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Paramecium_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_354", "caption": "Diagram of  T.\u00a0gondii  structure with dense granules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Toxplasma.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_355", "caption": "Electron micrograph of endosomes in human  HeLa cells . Early endosomes (E - labeled for EGFR, 5 minutes after internalisation, and transferrin), late endosomes/MVBs (M) and lysosomes (L) are visible. Bar, 500 nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/315px-HeLa_cell_endocytic_pathway_labeled_for_EGFR_2d42e892.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_356", "caption": "Diagram of the pathways that intersect endosomes in the endocytic pathway of animal cells. Examples of molecules that follow some of the pathways are shown, including receptors for EGF, transferrin, and lysosomal hydrolases. Recycling endosomes, and compartments and pathways found in more specialized cells, are not shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/315px-Endocytic_pathway_of_animal_cells_showing_EG_9fce8db2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_357", "caption": "The ERGIC lies between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi on the secretory pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-EndoERGICNIHlc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_358", "caption": "Different types of  plastid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_359", "caption": "Schematic representation of a  Euglena  cell with red eyespot (9)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Euglena_-_schema.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_360", "caption": "Schematic representation of a  Chlamydomonas  cell with chloroplast eyespot (4)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Chlamydomonas.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_361", "caption": "Prokaryotic  (bacterial and archaeal) flagella run in a rotary movement, while eukaryotic flagella run in a bending movement. The prokaryotic flagellum uses a  rotary motor , and the eukaryotic flagellum uses a complex sliding filament system. Eukaryotic flagella are ATP-driven, while prokaryotic flagella can be ATP-driven (Archaea) or proton-driven (Bacteria). [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/260px-Difference_Between_Prokaryote_and_Eukaryote__3cf29c5b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_362", "caption": "Bacterial flagellar motor assembly: Shown here is the C-ring at the base with FliG in red, FliM in yellow, and FliN in shades of purple; the MS-ring in blue; the MotAB in brown; the LP-ring in pink; and the rod in gray. [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/440px-Flagellar_Motor_Assembly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_363", "caption": "Eukaryotic flagella. 1\u2013axoneme, 2\u2013cell membrane, 3\u2013IFT (IntraFlagellar Transport), 4\u2013Basal body, 5\u2013Cross section of flagella, 6\u2013Triplets of microtubules of basal body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Eukarya_Flagella.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_364", "caption": "Cross section of an  axoneme", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-Eukaryotic_flagellum.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_365", "caption": "Longitudinal section through the flagella area in  Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagellum. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets (see structure at bottom center of image).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_09.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_366", "caption": "The \"9+2\" structure is visible in this cross-section micrograph of an axoneme.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-Chlamydomonas_TEM_17.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_367", "caption": "Beating pattern of eukaryotic \"flagellum\" and \"cillum\", a traditional distinction before the structures of the two are known.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Flagellum-beating.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_368", "caption": "Glycosomes in the trypanosomatid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Trypanosomeglycosomes.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_369", "caption": "By taking advantage of the pores in the membrane of the glycosome, a drug can enter the organelle and be used to kill the trypanosoma brucei", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Channel-Forming-Activities-in-the-Glycosomal_52970c92.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_370", "caption": "Diagram of a single \"stack\" of Golgi", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Golgi_apparatus_%28borderless_version%29-en._585d18b5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_371", "caption": "3D rendering of Golgi apparatus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_372", "caption": "The Golgi apparatus (salmon pink) in context of the secretory pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-0314_Golgi_Apparatus_a_en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_373", "caption": "Diagram of secretory process from endoplasmic reticulum (orange) to Golgi apparatus (magenta). 1.  Nuclear membrane ; 2.  Nuclear pore ; 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER); 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER); 5.  Ribosome  attached to RER; 6.  Macromolecules ; 7. Transport vesicles; 8. Golgi apparatus; 9.  Cis  face of Golgi apparatus; 10.  Trans  face of Golgi apparatus; 11. Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/315px-Nucleus_ER_golgi.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_374", "caption": "Activity in a  Spironucleus\u00a0salmonicida  hydrogenosome:  pyruvate  (PYR) is turned into  carbon dioxide  (CO 2 ) and  acetate  while producing  molecular hydrogen  (H 2 ) and converting  ADP  into  ATP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/594px-Hydrogenosomal_activity.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_375", "caption": "Abb.1: Model of ATP-synthesis in hydrogenosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/344px-Hydrogenosom.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_376", "caption": "Eukaryote cells sort misfolded proteins into two quality control compartments: JUNQ and IPOD, based on their ubiquitination state.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-A_scheme_of_a_yeast_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and__d0115052.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_377", "caption": "Eukaryote cells sort misfolded proteins, based on their ubiquitination state, into two quality control compartments:  1. JUNQ (green), which is tethered to the  nucleus  (orange) 2. IPOD(green), which is tethered to the  vacuole  (black shadow)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/290px-A_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and_IPOD_inclusions.pn_abf2032a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_378", "caption": "A JUNQ inclusion viewed by a ubiquitinated VHL protein(green), is tethered to the  nucleus  (orange).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-290px-JUNQ_%28green%29_tethered_to_the_36372de8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_379", "caption": "An IPOD inclusion viewed by a non-ubiquitinated VHL protein(red), tethered to the  vacuole  (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-269px-IPOD_%28red%29_tethered_to_the_v_dfbb920d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_380", "caption": "Image of kinetochores in pink", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Kinetochore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_381", "caption": "Kinetochore structure and components in vertebrate cells. Based on Maiato  et al.  (2004). [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/580px-Kinetochore_vertebrates-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_382", "caption": "Fluorescence microscopy micrographs, showing the endogenous human protein  Mad1  (one of the spindle checkpoint components) in green, along the different phases in mitosis;  CENP-B , in red, is a centromeric marker, and  DAPI  (in blue) stains DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Endogenous_hMad1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_383", "caption": "Chromosomes attach to the  mitotic spindle  through sister kinetochores, in a bipolar orientation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Metaphase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_384", "caption": "Scheme showing cell cycle progression between prometaphase and anaphase. (Chromosomes are in blue and kinetochores in light yellow).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Spindle_chromosomes-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_385", "caption": "Metaphase cells with low CENP-E levels by  RNAi , showing  chromosomes unaligned at the metaphase plate (arrows). These chromosomes are labeled with  antibodies  against the mitotic checkpoint proteins Mad1/Mad2. Hec1 and CENP-B label the centromeric region (the kinetochore), and DAPI is a specific stain for DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/500px-SiCENP-E_metaphase.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_386", "caption": "Scheme showing different anchoring configurations between chromosomes and the mitotic spindle. [ 55 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/550px-MT_attachment_configuration-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_387", "caption": "Electron micrograph of normal kinetoplast (K) of  Trypanosoma brucei", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-220px-Kinetoplast_of_Trypanosoma_bruce_5a299aa6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_388", "caption": "Figure 8. Illustration of the location of the antipodal protein complex relative to kinetoplast disk (above) and the migration of minicircle to these complexes for replication (below).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Kinetoplast_Replication.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_389", "caption": "Figure 9. Illustration of kinetoplast rotation during minicircle replication.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Kinetoplast_Rotation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_390", "caption": "Kinetoplast (K) divides first and then the nucleus (N) in dividing  T. brucei", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-220px-Kinetoplast_dividing.TIF.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_391", "caption": "Leucoplasts, specifically,  amyloplasts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_392", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_393", "caption": "Magnetite magnetosomes in Gammaproteobacteria strain SS-5. (A) Chain of highly elongated magnetosomes. (B) Part of a magnetosome chain. (C) The magnetosome in the lower right in (B), viewed along the  \n \n \n \n \n [ \n 1 \n \n \n 1 \n \u00af \n \n \n 0 \n ] \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle [1{\\overline {1}}0]} \n \n  direction, with its Fourier transform in the lower right. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Magnetite_magnetosomes_in_Gammaproteobacteri_10947169.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_394", "caption": "Formation of Magnetosome chain. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Magnetosome_Chain_Formation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_395", "caption": "Lab Growth of magnetite crystals under controlled conditions to simulate growth within the magnetosome. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Magnetite_Growth.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_396", "caption": "TEM Images of the progressive collapse of the magnetosome chain structures in cells. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Magnetosome_collapse.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_397", "caption": "Bacterial Conjugation. Note that the sex  pilus  is a structure on the F +  cell whereas the mating bridge (not labeled) is the connection between the two bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Bacterial_Conjugation_en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_398", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of red blood cell infected with  P. falciparum . Maurer's clefts are marked with arrows. Scale bar is 500\u00a0nm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-RBC_with_P_falciparum_Maurers_clefts_highlig_06d10c74.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_399", "caption": "Images from original description of Maurer's clefts in 1902. Images show red blood cells infected with  Plasmodium falciparum  stained with alkaline methylene blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Maurer%27s_Clefts_G_Maurer_1902.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_400", "caption": "Fish and frog melanophores are cells that can change colour by dispersing or aggregating pigment-containing melanosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Melanophores_with_dispersed_or_aggregated_me_8e6feb0d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_401", "caption": "Microbody structure - a peroxisome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Peroxisome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_402", "caption": "Micronuclei visible in boxes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Micro_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_403", "caption": "B, C . Micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes of penguins  Pygoscelis papua.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/330px-Micronuclei_and_nuclear_abnormalities_in_per_b2d742ae.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_404", "caption": "A middle stage midbody stained with tubulin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Midbody.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_405", "caption": "Illustration of exons and introns in pre-mRNA. The mature mRNA is formed by splicing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Pre-mRNA.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_406", "caption": "A comparison between major and minor splicing mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/280px-Minor_spliceosome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_407", "caption": "U1 and U11 can be folded similarly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-U1-U11-2ndStructureCompared.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_408", "caption": "Black arrow: the nitroplast inside  B. bigelowii  (motile phase)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/330px-Braarudosphaera_Bigelowii_Nitroplast.webp.pn_c0254123.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_409", "caption": "Nucleolus contained within the  cell nucleus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/292px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_410", "caption": "Electron micrograph of part of a  HeLa  cell. The image is a screen capture from  this movie , which shows a Z-stack of the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-NucleolusNCc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_411", "caption": "A  light micrograph  of an ocelloid-containing dinoflagellate. The  nucleus  is marked  n , the ocelloid is indicated with a double arrowhead, and a posterior cell extension is indicated with an arrow; scale bar = 10 \u03bcm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Bmc_evol_bio_hoppenrath_proterythropsis_ocel_a7b9dcf1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_412", "caption": "A micrograph of a single ocelloid; scale bar = 5 \u03bcm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Bmc_evol_bio_hoppenrath_proterythropsis_ocelloid_f_4a178be8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_413", "caption": "A  negative staining   transmission electron micrograph  of an ocelloid (white box), indicating the hyalosome (H) and retinal body (R), as well as a portion of the piston (Ps). Scale bar = 10 \u03bcm. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plos_one_hayakawa_erythropsidinium_ocelloid__974ce60b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_414", "caption": "Comparison between the structures of the ocelloid (1) and the  vertebrate  eye (2). Components are indicated as the hyalosome (H), retinal body/retina (R), and  crystallin  lens (C). [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Plos_one_hayakawa_erythropsidinium_ocelloid__b2847811.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_415", "caption": "diagram of situation of the fungal organelle parenthesome in the cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Parenthesome_miguelferig.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_416", "caption": "Basic structure of a peroxisome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Peroxisome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_417", "caption": "Peroxisome in rat neonatal cardiomyocyte", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Peroxisome_in_rat_neonatal_cardiomyocyte.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_418", "caption": "The process of phagocytosis showing phagolysosome formation. Lysosome(shown in green) fuses with phagosome to form a phagolysosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/500px-Phagocytosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_419", "caption": "Amino acid transport and phagolysosome resolution in three stages: (A) Inside the phagolysosome, hydrolases break down proteins into amino acids, represented by pink and blue dots. Amino acid transporters, such as LAAT-1 (shown in pink) and SLC-36.1 (shown in blue), export these different amino acids from the phagolysosome lumen into the cytosol.  (B) The exported amino acids activate mTOR (depicted in green). This activation leads to ARL-8-mediated tubulation. ARL-8 (shown in red) likely interacts with motor proteins and microtubules (represented in orange) to facilitate this process.(C) The tubulation process results in the formation of phagolysosomal vesicles. This cycle repeats until the phagolysosome is fully resolved.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/202px-Amino_Acid_Transport_%26_Phagolysosome_Resol_54fc3b1d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_420", "caption": "An isolate of  Erythropsidinium . The arrow indicates the piston; the double arrowhead indicates the  ocelloid . Scale bar 20 \u03bcm. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Bmc_evol_bio_hoppenrath_Erythropsidinium_ocelloid__44eefd26.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_421", "caption": "Plastid types", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_422", "caption": "Leucoplasts  in plant cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-010-Sol-tub-40xHF-Gewebe.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_423", "caption": "An illustration of the stages of inter-conversion in plastids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/169px-Plastid_development_cycle_.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_424", "caption": "Cartoon representation of a proteasome. Its active sites are sheltered inside the tube (blue). The caps (red; in this case, 11S regulatory particles) on the ends regulate entry into the destruction chamber, where the protein is degraded.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Proteaosome_1fnt_side.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_425", "caption": "Top view of the proteasome above.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Proteaosome_1fnt_top.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_426", "caption": "Schematic diagram of the proteasome 20S core particle viewed from one side. The \u03b1 subunits that make up the outer two rings are shown in green, and the \u03b2 subunits that make up the inner two rings are shown in blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-1G0U_subunits_sideview.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_427", "caption": "Cartoon representation of the 26S proteasome. [ 30 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-26S_proteasome_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_428", "caption": "Three distinct conformational states of the 26S proteasome. [ 37 ]  The conformations are hypothesized to be responsible for recruitment of the substrate, its irreversible commitment, and finally processing and translocation into the core particle, where degradation occurs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/300px-3_conformational_states_of_26S_proteasome.jp_ac00e852.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_429", "caption": "Ribbon diagram  of  ubiquitin , the highly conserved  protein  that serves as a molecular tag targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Ubiquitin_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_430", "caption": "The  ubiquitination  pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Ubiquitylation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_431", "caption": "A cutaway view of the proteasome 20S core particle illustrating the locations of the  active sites . The \u03b1 subunits are represented as green spheres and the \u03b2 subunits as protein backbones colored by individual  polypeptide chain . The small pink spheres represent the location of the active-site  threonine  residue in each subunit. Light blue chemical structures are the inhibitor  bortezomib  bound to the active sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-Proteasome_cutaway_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_432", "caption": "The assembled complex of  hslV  (blue) and  hslU  (red) from  E. coli . This complex of  heat shock proteins  is thought to resemble the ancestor of the modern proteasome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-Hslvu_ecoli.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_433", "caption": "Chemical structure of  bortezomib  (Boronated form of MG132), a proteasome inhibitor used in  chemotherapy  that is particularly effective against  multiple myeloma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-Bortezomib.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_434", "caption": "Bortezomib  bound to the core particle in a  yeast  proteasome. The bortezomib molecule is in the center colored by atom type ( carbon  = pink,  nitrogen  = blue,  oxygen  = red,  boron  = yellow), surrounded by the local protein surface. The blue patch is the catalytic  threonine  residue whose activity is blocked by the presence of bortezomib.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-2f16_bortezomib_pink.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_435", "caption": "Tachyzoites  of  Toxoplasma gondii , transmission electron microscopy. [ 1 ]   Rhoptries: ro  (click to enlarge)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/lossy-page1-220px-Parasite140105-fig3_Toxoplasmosi_a8f9b129.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_436", "caption": "A cartoon section of  skeletal muscle , showing  T-tubules  running deep into the centre of the cell between two terminal cisternae/junctional SR. The thinner projections, running horizontally between two terminal cisternae are the longitudinal sections of the SR.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/320px-1023_T-tubule.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_437", "caption": "Septins in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae   (fluorescent micrograph)  \u2022 Green: septins ( AgSEP7- GFP )  \u2022 Red: cell outline ( phase contrast )  \u2022 Scale bar: 10 \u03bcm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-S_cerevisiae_septins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_438", "caption": "Figure 2 . Calcium uptake and calcium release by the spine apparatus [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Calcium_uptake_and_release_by_the_spine_appa_682082df.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_439", "caption": "Spliceosomal splicing cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Spliceosome_ball_cycle_new2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_440", "caption": "Figure 1. Above are  electron microscopy [ 8 ]  fields of negatively stained yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) tri-snRNPs. Below left is a schematic illustration of the interaction of tri-snRNP proteins with the U4/U6 snRNA duplex. Below right is a cartoon model of the yeast tri-snRNP with shaded areas corresponding to U5 (gray), U4/U6 (orange) and the linker region (yellow).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/600px-Yeast_tri-snRNP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_441", "caption": "A section of a root nodule cell showing symbiosomes enclosing bacteroids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Root-nodule01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_442", "caption": "Paramecium tetraurelia,  a ciliate, with discharged trichocysts (artificially colored in blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Trichosyst.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_443", "caption": "A  transmission electron microscope  image of isolated T3SS needle complexes from  Salmonella  Typhimurium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-TEM_of_isolated_T3SS_needle_complexes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_444", "caption": "Diagram of individual substructures of the needle complex from  Salmonella typhimurium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Basal_body_of_T3SS_needle_complex.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_445", "caption": "The topology and organization of the  Salmonella  needle complex. [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Topology_of_T3SS_needle_complex.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_446", "caption": "Flagellum of Gram-negative bacteria. The rings of the base are very similar to needle-complex rings, although the existence of a C-ring in the needle complex has not been proven. The flagellar hook is homologous to the T3SS needle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Flagellum_base_diagram-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_447", "caption": "Scheme of a liposome formed by  phospholipids  in an  aqueous  solution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Liposome_scheme-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_448", "caption": "Sarfus  image of lipid vesicles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Sarfus.LipidVesicles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_449", "caption": "Electron micrograph of a cell containing a food vacuole (fv) and transport vacuole (tv) in a  malaria parasite", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Hemozoin_in_food_vacuole.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_450", "caption": "Large (red) and small (blue) subunits of a ribosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Ribosome_shape.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_451", "caption": "Ribosomes assemble  polymeric  protein molecules, the order of which is controlled by the  messenger RNA 's molecule sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/290px-Peptide_syn.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_452", "caption": "Ribosomal RNA  composition for  prokaryotes  and  eukaryotes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Ribosome_Structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_453", "caption": "Molecular structure of the 30S subunit from  Thermus thermophilus . [ 16 ]  Proteins are shown in blue and the single RNA chain in brown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_454", "caption": "Figure 4:  Atomic structure of the 50S subunit from  Haloarcula marismortui . Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA chains in brown and yellow. [ 39 ]  The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-010_large_subunit-1FFK.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_455", "caption": "Figure 5:  Translation of mRNA (1) by a ribosome (2)(shown as  small  and  large  subunits) into a  polypeptide chain  (3). The ribosome begins at the start codon of RNA ( AUG ) and ends at the stop codon ( UAG ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/Ribosomer_i_arbete.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_456", "caption": "Figure 6:  A ribosome translating a protein that is secreted into the  endoplasmic reticulum .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-Protein_translation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_457", "caption": "Ribophorin is a subunit of oligosaccharide transferase in the RER", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Ribophorin_is_a_subunit_of_oligosaccharide_t_ac0ec9dc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_458", "caption": "rRNA biogenesis and assembly in prokaryote and eukaryotes. Notably in Eukaryotes 5S rRNA is synthesised by  RNA polymerase III  whereas other eukaryote rRNA molecules are transcribed by  RNA polymerase I .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-RRNA_genes_and_rRNA_biogenesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_459", "caption": "Nucleus with a dark nucleolus. The cell usually measures between 20 and 30 micrometers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/350px-Oxyrrhis_marina.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_460", "caption": "Nuclear bodies in human embryonic lung cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/400px-HEL_cells_%2B_PML3_eCFP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_461", "caption": "Diagram of the formation of nuclear bodies.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Formation_and_examples_of_nuclear_membranele_f29076a2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_462", "caption": "Immunofluorescence staining pattern of sp100 antibodies. Nuclear dots can be seen in the nucleus of the cells. Produced using serum from a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis on HEp-20-10 cells with a FITC conjugate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-ANA_NUCLEAR_DOT_AND_AMA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_463", "caption": "Examples of different levels of nuclear architecture.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/page1-450px-Nuclear_Architecture.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_464", "caption": "The hierarchical structure through which DNA is packaged into chromosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/600px-Chromatin_Structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_465", "caption": "A cartoon representing an enhancer interacting with genes through DNA looping.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/250px-Gene_enhancer.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_466", "caption": "The 23 human  chromosome territories  during  prometaphase  in  fibroblast  cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/200px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig1bNucleus46Chromosomes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_467", "caption": "The Ran-GTP cycle, which drives the import and export of RNA and proteins through the nuclear protein complex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/342px-Rancycle_nuclearimport_nuclearexport.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_468", "caption": "Scanning and illumination microscopy of nuclear pores,  lamina , and  chromatin .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/346px-3D-SIM-1_NPC_Confocal_vs_3D-SIM_detail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_469", "caption": "Cell nucleus containing nuclear pores.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Blausen_0212_CellNucleus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy$$$query_470", "caption": "Diagram of nuclear uptake of proteins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Cell_anatomy/images/220px-Diagram_of_nuclear_uptake_of_protein.jpg.jpg"}