{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 18.1", "caption": "Figure 18.1 Stages of Childbirth. The stages of childbirth include Stage 1, early cervical dilation; Stage 2, full dilation and expulsion of the newborn; and Stage 3, delivery of the placenta and associated fetal membranes. (The position of the newborn\u2019s shoulder is described relative to the mother). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2920_Stages_of_Childbirth-02.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 16.2", "caption": "Figure 16.2. Structure of Sperm. Sperm cells are divided into a head, containing DNA; a mid-piece, containing mitochondria; and a tail, providing motility. The acrosome is oval and somewhat flattened. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/Figure_28_01_05.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.1", "caption": "Figure 15.1 Kidneys. The kidneys are slightly protected by the ribs and are surrounded by fat for protection (not shown). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2608_Kidney_Position_in_Abdomen.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.2", "caption": "Figure 15.2 Left Kidney. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2610_The_Kidney.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.3", "caption": "Figure 15.3 Blood Flow in the Kidney. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2612_Blood_Flow_in_the_Kidneys.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.4", "caption": "Figure 15.4. Blood Flow in the Nephron. The two capillary beds are clearly shown in this figure. The efferent arteriole is the connecting vessel between the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2611_Blood_Flow_in_the_Nephron.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.5", "caption": "Figure 15.5 Bladder. (a) Anterior cross section of the bladder. (b) The detrusor muscle of the bladder (source: monkey tissue) LM \u00d7 448. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2605_The_Bladder.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.6", "caption": "Figure 15.6. Female and Male Urethras. The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. This image shows (a) a female urethra and (b) a male urethra. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/Female_and_Male_Urethra.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.7", "caption": "Figure 15.7 Net Filtration Pressure. The NFP is the sum of osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2617_Net_Filtration_PressureN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.8", "caption": "Figure 15.8 Urine Color. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2601_Urine_Color_Chart.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 15.9", "caption": "Figure 15.9 Nitrogen Wastes. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2627_Nitrogen_Wastes.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 14.2", "caption": "Figure 14.2 Endocrine System. Endocrine glands and cells are located throughout the body and play an important role in maintaining equilibrium (homeostasis). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1801_The_Endocrine_System.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 14.3", "caption": "Figure 14.3 Negative Feedback Loop. The release of adrenal glucocorticoids is stimulated by the release of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This signaling is inhibited when glucocorticoid levels become elevated by causing negative signals to the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1805_Negative_Feedback_Loop.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 14.4", "caption": "Figure 14.4 Anterior Pituitary. The anterior pituitary manufactures seven hormones. The hypothalamus produces separate hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production in the anterior pituitary. Hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1808_The_Anterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 14.5", "caption": "Figure 14.5 Hormonal Regulation of Growth. Growth hormone (GH) directly accelerates the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and bones. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is activated by growth hormone and indirectly supports the formation of new proteins in muscle cells and bone. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1809_Hormonal_Regulation_of_Growth.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 14.6", "caption": "Figure 14.6 Posterior Pituitary. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release oxytocin (OT) or ADH into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These hormones are stored or released into the blood via the capillary plexus. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1807_The_Posterior_Pituitary_Complex.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 14.8", "caption": "Figure 14.8 Adrenal Glands. Both adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and are composed of an outer cortex and an inner medulla, all surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. The cortex can be subdivided into additional zones, all of which produce different types of hormones. LM \u00d7 204. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1818_The_Adrenal_Glands.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 14.9", "caption": "Figure 14.9 Pancreas. The pancreatic exocrine function involves the acinar cells secreting digestive enzymes that are transported into the small intestine by the pancreatic duct. Its endocrine function involves the secretion of insulin (produced by beta cells) and glucagon (produced by alpha cells) within the pancreatic islets. These two hormones regulate the rate of glucose metabolism in the body. The micrograph reveals pancreatic islets. LM \u00d7 760. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1820_The_Pancreas.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.1", "caption": "Figure 13.1 Components of the Digestive System. All digestive organs play integral roles in the life-sustaining process of digestion. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2401_Components_of_the_Digestive_System.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.2", "caption": "Figure 13.2 Mouth. The mouth includes the lips, tongue, palate, gums, and teeth. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2406_Structures_of_the_Mouth.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.3", "caption": "Figure 13.3 Tongue. This superior view of the tongue shows the locations and types of lingual papillae. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2407_Tongue.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.4", "caption": "Figure 13.4 Esophagus. The upper esophageal sphincter controls the movement of food from the pharynx to the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter controls the movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2412_The_Esophagus.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.5", "caption": "Figure 13.5 Stomach. The stomach has four major regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. The addition of an inner oblique smooth muscle layer gives the muscularis the ability to vigorously churn and mix food. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2414_Stomach.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.6", "caption": "Figure 13.6 Small Intestine. The three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2417_Small_IntestineN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.7", "caption": "Figure 13.7 Large Intestine. The large intestine includes the cecum, colon, and rectum. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2420_Large_Intestine.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.8", "caption": "Figure 13.8 Accessory Organs. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are considered accessory digestive organs, but their roles in the digestive system are vital. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2422_Accessory_Organs.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.9", "caption": "Figure 13.9 Exocrine and Endocrine Pancreas. The pancreas has a head, a body, and a tail. It delivers pancreatic juice to the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2424_Exocrine_and_Endocrine_Pancreas.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.10", "caption": "Figure 13.10 Gallbladder. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and releases it into the two-way cystic duct when it is needed by the small intestine. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2425_Gallbladder.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.11", "caption": "Figure 13.11. Peristalsis. Peristalsis moves food through the digestive tract with alternating waves of muscle contraction and relaxation. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2404_PeristalsisN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 13.12", "caption": "Figure 13.12. Digestive Processes. The digestive processes are ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2405_Digestive_Process.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 12.2", "caption": "Figure 12.2 Upper Airway. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2303_Anatomy_of_Nose-Pharynx-Mouth-Larynx.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 12.3", "caption": "Figure 12.3 Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium. Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Seromucous glands provide lubricating mucus. LM \u00d7 680. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2304_Pseudostratified_Epithelium.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 12.4", "caption": "Figure 12.4 Divisions of the Pharynx. The pharynx is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2305_Divisions_of_the_Pharynx.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 12.7", "caption": "Figure 12.7 Trachea. (a) The tracheal tube is formed by stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage. (b) The layer visible in this cross-section of tracheal wall tissue between the hyaline cartilage and the lumen of the trachea is the mucosa, which is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells. LM \u00d7 1220. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2308_The_Trachea.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 12.8", "caption": "Figure 12.8 Respiratory Zone. Bronchioles lead to alveolar sacs in the respiratory zone, where gas exchange occurs. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2309_The_Respiratory_Zone.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 12.9", "caption": "Figure 12.9 Structures of the Respiratory Zone. (a) The alveolus is responsible for gas exchange. (b) A micrograph shows the alveolar structures within lung tissue. LM \u00d7 178. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2310_Structures_of_the_Respiratory_Zone.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 12.10", "caption": "Figure 12.10 Gross Anatomy of the Lungs. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2312_Gross_Anatomy_of_the_Lungs.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 12.12", "caption": "Figure 12.12 Inspiration and Expiration. Inspiration and expiration occur due to the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity, respectively. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2316_Inspiration_and_Expiration.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.1", "caption": "Figure 11.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System. Lymphatic vessels in the arms and legs convey lymph to the larger lymphatic vessels in the torso. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2201_Anatomy_of_the_Lymphatic_System.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.2", "caption": "Figure 11.2 Lymphatic Capillaries. Lymphatic capillaries are interlaced with the arterioles and venules of the cardiovascular system. Collagen fibers anchor a lymphatic capillary in the tissue (inset). Interstitial fluid slips through spaces between the overlapping endothelial cells that compose the lymphatic capillary.From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2202_Lymphatic_Capillaries.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.3", "caption": "Figure 11.3 Major Trunks and Ducts of the Lymphatic System. The thoracic duct drains a much larger portion of the body than does the right lymphatic duct. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2203_Lymphatic_Trunks_and_Ducts_System.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.5", "caption": "Figure 11.5 Clonal Selection and Expansion of T Lymphocytes. Stem cells differentiate into T cells with specific receptors, called clones. The clones with receptors specific for antigens on the pathogen are selected for and expanded. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2218_Clonal_Selection_and_Expansion_of_T_Lymphocytes.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.6", "caption": "Figure 11.6 Structure and Histology of a Lymph Node. Lymph nodes are masses of lymphatic tissue located along the larger lymph vessels. The micrograph of the lymph nodes shows a germinal center, which consists of rapidly dividing B cells surrounded by a layer of T cells and other accessory cells. LM \u00d7 128. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2207_Structure_and_Histology_of_a_Lymph_Node.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.8", "caption": "Figure 11.8. Locations and Histology of the Tonsils. (a) The pharyngeal tonsil is located on the roof of the posterior superior wall of the nasopharynx. The palatine tonsils lay on each side of the pharynx. (b) A micrograph shows the palatine tonsil tissue. LM \u00d7 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2209_Location_and_History_of_Tonsils.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.9", "caption": "Figure 11.9 Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Nodule. LM \u00d7 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of the University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2210_Mucosa_Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue_MALT_Nodule.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.10", "caption": "Figure 11.10 Cooperation between Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. The innate immune system enhances adaptive immune responses so they can be more effective. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2211_Cooperation_Between_Innate_and_Immune_Responses-300x264.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.14", "caption": "Figure 11.14 Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma Lesions. (credit: National Cancer Institute). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2231_Kaposis_Sacroma_Lesions.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 11.15", "caption": "Figure 11.15 Autoimmune Disorders: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Lupus. (a) Extensive damage to the right hand of a rheumatoid arthritis sufferer is shown in the x-ray. (b) The diagram shows a variety of possible symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2229_Autoimmune_Disorders_Rheumatoid_Arthritis_and_Lupus.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 10.3", "caption": "Figure 10.3 Systemic Arteries. The major systemic arteries shown here deliver oxygenated blood throughout the body. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2120_Major_Systemic_Artery-632x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 10.11", "caption": "Figure 10.11 Emigration. Leukocytes exit the blood vessel and then move through the connective tissue of the dermis toward the site of a wound. Some leukocytes, such as the eosinophil and neutrophil, are characterized as granular leukocytes. They release chemicals from their granules that destroy pathogens; they are also capable of phagocytosis. The monocyte differentiates into a [pb_glossary id=\"411\"]macrophage[/pb_glossary] that then [pb_glossary id=\"413\"]phagocytizes[/pb_glossary] the pathogens. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1906_Emigration.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 10.16", "caption": "Figure 10.16 Atherosclerosis. (a) Atherosclerosis can result from plaques formed by the buildup of fatty, calcified deposits in an artery. (b) Plaques can also take other forms, as shown in this micrograph of a coronary artery that has a buildup of connective tissue within the artery wall. LM \u00d7 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2113ab_Atherosclerosis.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 10.17", "caption": "Figure 10.17 Varicose Veins. Varicose veins are commonly found in the lower limbs. (credit: Thomas Kriese). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2107_Varicose_Vein.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 9.1", "caption": "Figure 9.1. Position of the Heart in the Thorax. The heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the mediastinum. It is about the size of a fist, is broad at the top, and tapers toward the base. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2001_Heart_Position_in_ThoraxN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 9.7", "caption": "Figure 9.7. ECG Tracing Correlated to the Cardiac Cycle. This diagram correlates an ECG tracing with the electrical and mechanical events of a heart contraction. Each segment of an ECG tracing corresponds to one event in the cardiac cycle. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2023_ECG_Tracing_with_Heart_ContractionN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 9.8", "caption": "Figure 9.8. Arteries of the Thoracic and Abdominal Regions The thoracic aorta gives rise to the arteries of the visceral and parietal branches. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/2124_Thoracic_Abdominal_Arteries.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.2", "caption": "Figure 8.2 Gray Matter and White Matter. A brain removed during an autopsy, with a partial section removed, shows white matter surrounded by gray matter. Gray matter makes up the outer cortex of the brain. (credit: modification of work by \u201cSuseno\u201d/Wikimedia Commons). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1202_White_and_Gray_Matter.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.3", "caption": "Figure 8.3 The Cerebrum. The cerebrum is a large component of the CNS in humans, and the most obvious aspect of it is the folded surface called the cerebral cortex. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1305_CerebrumN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.4", "caption": "Figure 8.4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes. Extensive folding increases the surface area available for cerebral functions. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1306_Lobes_of_Cerebral_CortexN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.6", "caption": "Figure 8.6 The Brain Stem. The brain stem comprises three regions: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.7", "caption": "Figure 8.7 The Cerebellum. The cerebellum is situated on the posterior surface of the brain stem. Descending input from the cerebellum enters through the large white matter structure of the pons. Ascending input from the periphery and spinal cord enters through the fibers of the inferior olive. Output goes to the midbrain, which sends a descending signal to the spinal cord. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1312_CerebellumN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.8", "caption": "Figure 8.8 Parts of a Neuron. The major parts of the neuron are labeled on a multipolar neuron from the CNS. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1206_The_Neuron-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.9", "caption": "Figure 8.9 Neuron Classification by Shape. Unipolar cells have one process that includes both the axon and dendrite. Bipolar cells have two processes, the axon, and a dendrite. Multipolar cells have more than two processes, the axon, and two or more dendrites. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1207_Neuron_Shape_Classification-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.10", "caption": "Figure 8.10 Other Neuron Classifications. Three examples of neurons that are classified on the basis of other criteria. (a) The pyramidal cell is a multipolar cell with a cell body that is shaped something like a pyramid. (b) The Purkinje cell in the cerebellum was named after the scientist who originally described it. (c) Olfactory neurons are named for the functional group to which they belong. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1208_Other_Types_of_Neurons-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.11", "caption": "Figure 8.11 Glial Cells of the CNS. The CNS has astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells that support the neurons of the CNS in several ways. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1209_Glial_Cells_of_the_CNS-02-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.12", "caption": "Figure 8.12 Glial Cells of the PNS. The PNS has satellite cells and Schwann cells. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1210_Glial_Cells_of_the_PNS-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.13", "caption": "Figure 8.13 Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric Structures of the Nervous System. Somatic structures include the spinal nerves, both motor and sensory fibers, as well as the sensory ganglia (posterior root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia). Autonomic structures are found in the nerves also but include the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. The enteric nervous system includes the nervous tissue within the organs of the digestive tract. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1205_Somatic_Autonomic_Enteric_StructuresN.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.14", "caption": "Figure 8.14 Broca\u2019s and Wernicke\u2019s Areas. Two important integration areas of the cerebral cortex associated with language function are Broca\u2019s and Wernicke\u2019s areas. The two areas are connected through the deep white matter running from the posterior temporal lobe to the frontal lobe. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1605_Brocas_and_Wernickes_Areas-02.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 8.15", "caption": "Figure 8.15 Hemorrhagic Stroke. (a) A hemorrhage into the tissue of the cerebrum results in a large accumulation of blood with additional edema in the adjacent tissue. The hemorrhagic area causes the entire brain to be disfigured as suggested here by the lateral ventricles being squeezed into the opposite hemisphere. (b) A CT scan shows an intraparenchymal hemorrhage within the parietal lobe. (credit b: James Heilman). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1602_The_Hemorrhagic_Stroke-02.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 7.1", "caption": "Figure 7.1 The Three Types of Muscle Tissue. The body contains three types of muscle tissue: (a) skeletal muscle, (b) smooth muscle, and (c) cardiac muscle. (Micrographs provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.1", "caption": "Figure 6.1 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton. The axial skeleton supports the head, neck, back, and chest and thus forms the vertical axis of the body. It consists of the skull, vertebral column (including the sacrum and coccyx), and the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton is made up of all bones of the upper and lower limbs. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/701_Axial_Skeleton-01.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.2", "caption": "Figure 6.2 Vertebral Column. The adult vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx. The vertebrae are divided into three regions: cervical C1\u2013C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1\u2013T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1\u2013L5 vertebrae. The vertebral column is curved, with two primary curvatures (thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves) and two secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar curves). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/715_Vertebral_Column.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.3", "caption": "Figure 6.3 Thoracic Cage. The thoracic cage is formed by the (a) sternum and (b) 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae. The sternum consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The ribs are classified as true ribs (1\u20137) and false ribs (8\u201312). The last two pairs of false ribs are also known as floating ribs (11\u201312). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/721_Rib_Cage.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.5", "caption": "Figure 6.5 Bones of the Hands. The eight carpal bones form the base of the hand. These are arranged into proximal and distal rows of four bones each. The metacarpal bones form the palm. The thumb and fingers consist of the phalanx bones. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/bones-of-hand-300x205.png"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.8", "caption": "Figure 6.8 Movements of the Body, Part 1. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a) and (b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior and posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (c) and (d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going movement is extension. (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial and lateral) plane of movement. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/911_Body_MovementsPage-1-865x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.8", "caption": "Figure 6.8 Movements of the Body, Part 1. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a) and (b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior and posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (c) and (d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going movement is extension. (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial and lateral) plane of movement. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/911_Body_MovementsPage-1-865x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.8", "caption": "Figure 6.8 Movements of the Body, Part 1. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. (a) and (b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior and posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (c) and (d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going movement is extension. (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial and lateral) plane of movement. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together. Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. (f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/911_Body_MovementsPage-1-865x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.9", "caption": "Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an \u201cX.\u201d (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.9", "caption": "Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an \u201cX.\u201d (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.9", "caption": "Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an \u201cX.\u201d (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.9", "caption": "Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an \u201cX.\u201d (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.9", "caption": "Figure 6.9 Movements of the Body, Part 2. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an \u201cX.\u201d (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (l) Opposition of the thumb brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of the fingers of the same hand and reposition brings the thumb back next to the index finger. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/911_Body_MovementsPage-2-948x1024.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.10", "caption": "Figure 6.10 Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column. (a) Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral bending of the vertebral column. (b) An excessive curvature of the upper thoracic vertebral column is called kyphosis. (c) Lordosis is an excessive curvature in the lumbar region of the vertebral column. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/717_Abnormal_Curves_of_Vertebral_Column.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 6.12", "caption": "Figure 6.12. Types of Fractures. Compare healthy bone with different types of fractures: (a) closed fracture, (b) open fracture, (c) transverse fracture, (d) spiral fracture, (e) comminuted fracture, (f) impacted fracture, (g) greenstick fracture, and (h) oblique fracture. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.3", "caption": "Figure 5.3 Epidermis. The epidermis is epithelium composed of multiple layers of cells. The basal layer consists of cuboidal cells, whereas the outer layers are squamous, keratinized cells, so the whole epithelium is often described as being keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. LM \u00d7 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School \u00a9 2012). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/503_Epidermis.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.4", "caption": "Figure 5.4 Layers of the Dermis. This stained slide shows the two components of the dermis\u2014the papillary layer and the reticular layer. Both are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer. LM \u00d7 10. (credit: modification of work by \u201ckilbad\u201d/Wikimedia Commons). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/506_Layers_of_the_Dermis.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.6", "caption": "Figure 5.6 Hair. Hair follicles originate in the epidermis and have many different parts. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/506_Hair.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.7", "caption": "Figure 5.7 Nails. The nail is an accessory structure of the integumentary system. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/507_Nails.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.8", "caption": "Figure 5.8 Eccrine Gland. Eccrine glands are coiled glands in the dermis that release sweat that is mostly water. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/508_Eccrine_gland.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.9", "caption": "Figure 5.9 Aging. Generally, skin, especially on the face and hands, starts to display the first noticeable signs of aging, as it loses its elasticity over time. (credit: Janet Ramsden). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/516_Aging.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.10", "caption": "Figure 5.10 Moles. Moles range from benign accumulations of melanocytes to melanomas. These structures populate the landscape of our skin. (credit: the National Cancer Institute). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/508_Moles.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.11", "caption": "Figure 5.11 Basal Cell Carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma can take several different forms. Similar to other forms of skin cancer, it is readily cured if caught early and treated. (credit: John Hendrix, MD). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/Basal-Cell-Carcinoma-300x200.png"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.12", "caption": "Figure 5.12 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma presents here as a lesion on a nose. (credit: the National Cancer Institute). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/Squamous-Cell-Carcinoma-300x207.png"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.13", "caption": "Figure 5.13 Melanoma. Melanomas typically present as large brown or black patches with uneven borders and a raised surface. (credit: the National Cancer Institute). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/Melanoma-300x287.png"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.14", "caption": "Figure 5.14 Vitiligo. Individuals with vitiligo experience depigmentation that results in lighter colored patches of skin. The condition is especially noticeable on darker skin. (credit: Klaus D. Peter). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/509_Vitiligo.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.15", "caption": "Figure 5.15 Eczema. Eczema is a common skin disorder that presents as a red, flaky rash. (credit: \u201cJambula\u201d/Wikimedia Commons). From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/eczema-300x217.png"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.16", "caption": "Figure 5.16. Acne. Acne is a result of over-productive sebaceous glands, which leads to the formation of blackheads and inflammation of the skin. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/Acne-300x154.png"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 5.17", "caption": "Figure 5.17 Calculating the Size of a Burn. The size of a burn will guide decisions made about the need for specialized treatment. Specific parts of the body are associated with a percentage of body area. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/513_Degree_of_burns.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 4.1", "caption": "Figure 4.1 Structures of the Ear. The external ear contains the auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains the ossicles and is connected to the pharynx by the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the cochlea and vestibule, which are responsible for audition and equilibrium, respectively. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1404_The_Structures_of_the_Ear.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 4.2", "caption": "Figure 4.2 Cross Section of the Cochlea. The three major spaces within the cochlea are highlighted. The scala tympani and scala vestibuli lie on either side of the cochlear duct. The organ of Corti, containing the mechanoreceptor hair cells, is adjacent to the scala tympani, where it sits atop the basilar membrane. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1406_Cochlea.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 4.4", "caption": "Figure 4.4 The Eye in the Orbit. The eye is located within the orbit and surrounded by soft tissues that protect and support its function. The orbit is surrounded by cranial bones of the skull. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1411_Eye_in_The_Orbit.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 4.5", "caption": "Figure 4.5. Structure of the Eye. The sphere of the eye can be divided into anterior and posterior chambers. The wall of the eye is composed of three layers: the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and neural tunic. Within the neural tunic is the retina, with three layers of cells and two synaptic layers in between. The center of the retina has a small indentation known as the fovea. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1413_Structure_of_the_Eye.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 4.6", "caption": "Figure 4.6 Comparison of Color Sensitivity of Photopigments. Comparing the peak sensitivity and absorbance spectra of the four photopigments suggests that they are most sensitive to particular wavelengths. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/1416_Color_Sensitivity.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 3.1", "caption": "Figure 3.1 Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body. The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of six distinct levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/101_Levels_of_Org_in_Body.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 3.2", "caption": "Figure 3.2. Organ Systems of the Human Body. Organs that work together are grouped into organ systems. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/102_Organ_Systems_of_BodyPage1.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 3.4", "caption": "Figure 3.4. Regions of the Human Body. The human body is shown in anatomical position in an (a) anterior view and a (b) posterior view. The regions of the body are labeled in boldface. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/107_Regions_of_Human_Body_new.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 3.5", "caption": "Figure 3.5. Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body. Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/108_Directional_Terms.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 3.6", "caption": "Figure 3.6. Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities. The ventral cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/110_Dorsal_Ventral_Body_Cavities.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 3.7", "caption": "Figure 3.7. Tissue Membranes. The two broad categories of tissue membranes in the body are (1) connective tissue membranes, which include synovial membranes, and (2) epithelial membranes, which include mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane, in other words, the skin. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/413_Types_of_Membranes.jpg"}
{"_id": "terms$$$Figure 3.8", "caption": "Figure 3.8. Serous Membrane. Serous membrane lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart\u2014much the same way that an underinflated balloon would form two layers surrounding a fist. From Betts et al., 2013. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. [Image description.]", "image_path": "terms/images/112_Serous_Membrane_new.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_1", "caption": "Exit gunshot wound, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR022.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_2", "caption": "Entrance-exit wound, close proximity from low angle of bullet entrance, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR039.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_3", "caption": "Intermediate range gunshot wound, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR038.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_4", "caption": "Intermediate range gunshot wound, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR041.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_5", "caption": "Gunshot entrance wound with GSR,\nmicrosopic", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR021.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_6", "caption": "Blood spatter on hand, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR130.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_7", "caption": "Contact range gunshot wound, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR037.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_8", "caption": "Contact range gunshot wound, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR020.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_9", "caption": "Contact range gunshot wound, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR113.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_10", "caption": "Contact range gunshot wound, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR018.jpg"}
{"_id": "gunshot_clean$$$query_11", "caption": "Sooting of hand, gross", "image_path": "gunshot_clean/images/FOR050.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_1", "caption": "Hip prosthesis, radiograph.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE212.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_2", "caption": "Femoral neck fracture, radiographs.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE167.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_3", "caption": "Femur with osteoporosis, radiograph.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE182.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_4", "caption": "Vertebral bone with osteoporosis, low power microscopic.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE096.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_5", "caption": "Vertebral bone with osteoporosis and compressed fracture, gross.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE038.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_6", "caption": "Vertebral bone with osteoporosis, gross.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE066.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_7", "caption": "Normal vertebral bone, polarized, medium power microscopic.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE039.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_8", "caption": "Normal vertebral bone and marrow, low power microscopic.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/HEME089.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_9", "caption": "Normal vertebral bone, gross.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE109.jpg"}
{"_id": "orthology_clean$$$query_10", "caption": "Normal vertebral bone, gross.", "image_path": "orthology_clean/images/BONE108.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1", "caption": "A QTL for  osteoporosis  on the human chromosome 20", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Example_of_QTL-Scan_on_a_single_Chromosom_fr_78d11eec.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2", "caption": "Example of a genome-wide scan for QTL of  osteoporosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Example_of_a_Genome-wide_QTL-Scan_from_PLoS__2ea8ccd3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_3", "caption": "Bacteria are classified by their shape.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_4", "caption": "Taq polymerase which is used in Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Taq.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_5", "caption": "BMC, Part of Springer Nature", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/BMC_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_6", "caption": "The homepage of the journal website", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Homepage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_7", "caption": "Example cover page of the journal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/77px-Verhandlungen_des_naturforschenden_Vereines_i_a8cf40ed.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_8", "caption": "Two-colored rose chimera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-TwoColoredRoseChimera.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_9", "caption": "Chimeric trait distribution by generation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Backcrossing_mice_from_chimera_edit.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_10", "caption": "African violets exhibiting chimerism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-African_violet_chimeras.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_11", "caption": "The green cells in the centres of the leaves of this  Pelargonium  plant have formed from the epithelium cell layer, which has normal chlorophyll. That cell layer does not extend all the way to the edges of the leaves, which therefore show the chlorophyll-deficient cells of other developmental layers. This is a periclinal chimera.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Starr-080117-1519-Pelargonium_x_hortorum-var_978e4c52.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_12", "caption": "Taxus  mosaic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Taxus-mosaic1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_13", "caption": "Boiling Springs Lake, California, is where the first natural chimeric virus was found in 2012. [ 47 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Boiling_Springs_Lake_%288553656936%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_14", "caption": "A chimeric mouse with her  offspring , which carry the  agouti coat color gene ; note her pink eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-ChimericMouseWithPups.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_15", "caption": "Cherry tree, consolidated \"V\" graft", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Zweij%C3%A4hrige-Gei%C3%9Ffu%C3%9Fveredelu.j_5614c7d4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_16", "caption": "Tape has been used to bind the rootstock and scion at the graft, and tar to protect the scion from desiccation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Newly_Grafted_Cherry_Tree.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_17", "caption": "A grafted tree showing two differently coloured blossoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Grafted_blossoming_tree_unidentified_white_p_cdbe8426.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_18", "caption": "Graft particular to plum cherry. The scion is the largest in the plant, due to the imperfect union of the two. It can be seen on the enlarged trunk: this accumulation of starch is an indication of imperfection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Grafting_of_Plum_%28cultivar_Regina_Claudia__7ddc752f.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_19", "caption": "An example of approach grafting by  Axel Erlandson .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Neadle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_20", "caption": "Depiction of general-purpose grafting knives", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/80px-Catalogue_and_price_list_season_1908-1909_-_f_3b2739ef.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_21", "caption": "Grafting process (Uzbekistan)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Grafting_process_%28Uzbekistan%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_22", "caption": "T budding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/90px-Okulera.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_23", "caption": "Successful cleft graft after 2 years' growth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-CleftGraft2ndYr_%28cropped%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_24", "caption": "Same graft after 4 years' growth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-CleftGraft4thYr_%28cropped%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_25", "caption": "Graft needing attention the following season", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Whip_graft_%28ugly%29_%28cropped%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_26", "caption": "Successful whip graft", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Whip_graft_%28good%29_%28cropped%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_27", "caption": "Successful stub graft, healed", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-StubGraft_%28cropped%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_28", "caption": "A \" husband and wife tree \"  blackthorn , ( Prunus spinosa ), the result of natural grafting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Husband_and_Wife_Trees_-_Linncraigs%2C_Dalry_0089ff0a.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_29", "caption": "Possible deliberate grafts on a  sessile oak  in  Ayrshire , Scotland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Eglinton_fish_pond_island_inosculated_Q._pet_27385b22.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_30", "caption": "A domestic half-sider budgerigar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Multicolor_budgie.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_31", "caption": "During pregnancy, a two-way traffic of immune cells may occur through the  placenta . Exchanged cells can multiply and establish long-lasting cell lines that are immunologically active even decades after giving birth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Materno-fetal_microchimerism.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_32", "caption": "Grafted tomato plants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mature-in-tray.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_33", "caption": "Cryptocarya williwilliana  showing leaf venation and variegated leaves.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cryptocarya_williwilliana_-_juvenile_variega_5ab7ff7b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_34", "caption": "Variegation of fruits and wood in  Ficus carica  'Panasc\u00e8', a bicolor (yellow-green) common fig cultivar. This Italian cultivar is a  chimera .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Ficus_carica_Panasc%C3%A8.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_35", "caption": "Leaves of  red clover  ( Trifolium pratense ) have a typical v-shaped variegation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TrifoliumPratense2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_36", "caption": "Variegated foliage used in an English garden. Plants shown include  Aralia elata  'Aureovariegata' and  Carex ornithopoda  'Variegata'", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Variegated_foliage.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_37", "caption": "Gregor Mendel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Gregor_Mendel_-_American_Breeders_Magazine%2_02210b91.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_38", "caption": "The chemical structure of a four base pair fragment of a  DNA   double helix . The  sugar - phosphate  backbone chains run in opposite directions with the  bases  pointing inward,  base-pairing   A  to  T  and  C  to  G  with  hydrogen bonds .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-DNA_chemical_structure_2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_39", "caption": "Micrographic   karyogram  of human male, showing 23 pairs of chromosomes. The largest  chromosomes  are around 10 times the size of the smallest. [ 53 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_40", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, with annotated  bands and sub-bands . It shows dark and white regions on  G banding . It shows 22  homologous chromosomes , both the male (XY) and female (XX) versions of the  sex chromosome  (bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_41", "caption": "Schematic of a single-stranded RNA molecule illustrating a series of three-base  codons . Each three- nucleotide  codon corresponds to an  amino acid  when translated to protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-RNA-codons-aminoacids.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_42", "caption": "Protein coding genes are transcribed to an  mRNA  intermediate, then translated to a functional  protein . RNA-coding genes are transcribed to a functional  non-coding RNA  ( PDB :  3BSE ,  1OBB ,  3TRA \u200b).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-DNA_to_protein_or_ncRNA.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_43", "caption": "Inheritance of a gene that has two different  alleles  (blue and white). The gene is located on an  autosomal chromosome . The white allele is  recessive  to the blue allele. The probability of each outcome in the children's generation is one quarter, or 25 percent.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_-_mini.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_44", "caption": "Depiction of numbers of genes for representative  plants  (green),  vertebrates  (blue),  invertebrates  (orange),  fungi  (yellow),  bacteria  (purple), and  viruses  (grey). An inset on the right shows the smaller genomes expanded 100-fold area-wise. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/560px-Gene_numbers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_45", "caption": "Gene functions in the minimal  genome  of the  synthetic organism ,  Syn 3 [ 105 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Syn3_genome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_46", "caption": "Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modification", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_47", "caption": "This stylistic diagram shows a gene in relation to the  double helix  structure of  DNA  and to a  chromosome  (right). The chromosome is X-shaped because it is dividing.  Introns  are regions often found in  eukaryote  genes that are removed in the  splicing  process (after the DNA is transcribed into RNA): Only the  exons  encode the  protein . The diagram labels a region of only 55 or so bases as a gene. In reality, most genes are hundreds of times larger.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_48", "caption": "pre-mRNA splice patterns showing constitutive exons and introns and the inserted fragment. Orange lines show alternative splicing outcomes as dictated by the exonic sequences and intronic sequences (yellow and green bands) that influence splicing. These sequences may be splicing enhancers or silencers, polypyrimidine tract binding protein sites or other elements.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Splice2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_49", "caption": "A typical cycle for constructing a minigene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-Minigen_cycle1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_50", "caption": "The domains found in anillin across species", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Anillin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_51", "caption": "Figure 1: Splice variants of  Bok  mRNA and the resulting proteins .  Bok  mRNA comprises five exons and two alternative start codons for translation (AUG). Exons are visualized as arrows and boxes in different colors; ovals indicate sequences that code for Bcl-2 homology domains (BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4) or the transmembrane domain (TM). In the Bok-S variant, the BH3 domain is truncated and fused to the shortened BH1 domain. Another known variant, Bok-P, lacks the BH4 domain and contains a truncated BH3 domain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Splice_variants_of_Bok.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_52", "caption": "BPIFA1 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIF-A1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_53", "caption": "BPIFA2 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIF-A2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_54", "caption": "BPIFA3 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIF-A3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_55", "caption": "BPIFB1 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIFB1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_56", "caption": "BPIFB2 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIFB2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_57", "caption": "BPIFB3 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUN protein superfamily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIFB3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_58", "caption": "BPIFB4 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIFB4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_59", "caption": "BPIFB6 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIFB6.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_60", "caption": "The general location where the gene C2orf27A is on chromosome 2. Reference:  http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=2   Archived  2016-03-09 at the  Wayback Machine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosome_2_-_C2orf27A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_61", "caption": "Given that NBEA is present in mainly mammals, gene duplication is believed to originate from chromosome 13 to chromosome 2. The duplication event involves the exons 2, 9, and 10 of chromosome 13 onto chromosome 2, becoming exons 1, 2, and 3 of C2orf27A.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_Duplication_Event.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_62", "caption": "Chromosome 2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/462px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_63", "caption": "See the red band: 2q37.1.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/80px-C2orf72_locus%2C_2q37.1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_64", "caption": "Top Ten Predicted Biological Processes (GO) as of July 16, 2022, via Archs4. https://maayanlab.cloud/archs4/gene/C2ORF72", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/430px-Archs4_C2Orf72_Lipid_July_16_2022.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_65", "caption": "In this figure, in this case, I listed three possible phosphorylation sites: Serine-294, Threonine-286, and Serine-277.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/793px-C2Orf72_Schematic_July_16_2022.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_66", "caption": "AlphaFold C2Orf72 protein structure prediction, as of July 16, 2022. https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/A6NCS6", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/539px-C2Orf72_AlphaFold_July_16_2022_AF-A6NCS6-F1._36270e0e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_67", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/763px-Page_1_Conceptual_Translation_C2Orf72_July_1_f1b94e08.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_68", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/746px-Page_2_Conceptual_Translation_C2Orf72_July_1_a3ff58e4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_69", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/751px-Page_3_conceptual_translation_C2Orf72_polyA__bd4e079f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_70", "caption": "I-TASSER for Protein Structure Prediction (Performed Calculation Approximately in July 2021 for C2Orf72's Predicted Amino Acid Sequence, Raw Form). [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/I-TASSER_C2Orf72_Summer_2021_structure_prediction._40079f3e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_71", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/953px-Updated_Ortholog_Table.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_72", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/PS2_Phylogenetic_Tree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_73", "caption": "c9orf135 location on chromosome 9 and the neighboring genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-C9orf135_Gene_Location.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_74", "caption": "Splice Variants of c9orf135 based on NCBI AceView", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Slice_variants.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_75", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-C9orf135_Divergence.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_76", "caption": "Cytogenetic band: 12q23.2 [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Genomic_View_for_C12orf42_Gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_77", "caption": "Tertiary structure  for C12orf42 protein. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-C12orf42_Determined_Protein.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_78", "caption": "This protein cartoon illustrates the location of, the domain DUF4607 and two nuclear localization sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/C12orf42_protein_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_79", "caption": "Illustrates the translocation that occurred that led to a deletion in chromosome 12. Where chromosome 12q23 cross-fused with TRDREC and TRAJ61 segment. This interfered with C12orf42 gene. [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Chromosomal_Translocation_t%2812%3B14%29%28q23%3Bq_322b3ab4.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_80", "caption": "Location of C15orf39 on chromosome 15. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-C15orf39_Location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_81", "caption": "Expression of C15orf39 in human tissues. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GDS596_Tissues.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_82", "caption": "In-situ hybridization of C15orf39 in fetal and adult reticulocytes. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GEO_c15orf39.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_83", "caption": "Domains of C15orf39. P = Phosphorylation, A = Acetylation, SUMO = Sumoylation, O = O-glycosylation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Domains_of_C15orf39_gene..png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_84", "caption": "Conceptual translation of C15orf39 C-terminal showing predicted PTM and secondary structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Conceptual_translation_c15orf39.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_85", "caption": "Predicted tertiary structure for C-terminal end of C15orf39. [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-3D_Structure_C15orf39.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_86", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree for select C15orf39 orthologs. [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phylogenetic_tree100.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_87", "caption": "Rate of sequence divergence for C15orf39, Fibrinogen, and Cytochrome C in orthologs. [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Evolutionary_rate_for_c15orf39.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_88", "caption": "Location of C20orf96 as well as neighboring genes, as given by NCBI Gene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Location_c20orf96.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_89", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Phosphorylation_Potential_for_C20orf96.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_90", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Gene_neighborhood_of_CCDC11.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_91", "caption": "The location of  CCDC180  on human chromosome 9 within locus 9q22.33 is marked with a line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/647px-Gene_location_of_CCDC180.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_92", "caption": "Here are shown the major domains present within the protein CCDC180: Domains of Unknown Function 4455 and 4456, two coiled-coil domains, and a glutamic acid rich domain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/342px-Diagram_of_Domains_in_CCDC180.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_93", "caption": "A model of CCDC180 secondary and tertiary structure predicted by the University of Michigan I-TASSER server [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/195px-Predicted_Structure_of_CCDC180.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_94", "caption": "Translation of the mRNA and protein sequence for the human protein CCDC180, including domains, secondary structure, exon splice sites, and post-translation modification sites", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/597px-Conceptual_Translation_of_CCDC180.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_95", "caption": "GEO Profile for the expression of the human protein CCDC180 in normal tissues [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/453px-CCDC180_GEO_Profile.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_96", "caption": "The amino acid changes per 100 (m) in a selection of orthologs of CCDC180 versus time of divergence of the species from human in millions of years. This is compared to Cytochrom C and Fibrinogen to indicate the relatively high speed of evolution of the CCDC180 protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/430px-Speed_of_evolution_of_CCDC180.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_97", "caption": "The image shows the exact location of CXorf49 on the minus strand of the X chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/399px-CXorf49_location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_98", "caption": "Image of the protein with the domain of unknown function.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/472px-Protein_cxorf49.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_99", "caption": "This phylogenetic tree made with CRUSTALW on SDSC Biology Workbench [ 6 ]   shows how CXorf49 in Human (Hsa), Chimpanzee(Ptro), Malayan flying lemur(Gava), Sheep (Ovari), Pacific walrus(Ord), Aardvark(Oafaf), Chinese tree shrew (Tuchi) and House mouse(Mmus) has diverged over time.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phylogenetic_tree1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_100", "caption": "Novel genes can emerge from ancestrally non-genic regions through poorly understood mechanisms.  (A)  A non-genic region first gains transcription and an  open reading frame  (ORF), in either order, facilitating the birth of a  de novo  gene. The ORF is for illustrative purposes only, as de novo genes may also , or lack an ORF, as with  RNA genes .  (B)  Overprinting. A novel ORF is created that overlaps with an existing ORF, but in a different frame.  (C)  Exonization. A formerly  intronic  region becomes alternatively spliced as an exon, such as when repetitive sequences are acquired through  retroposition  and new splice sites are created through  mutational  processes. Overprinting and exonization may be considered as special cases of de novo gene birth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-400px-De_novo_gene_birth_mechanisms_5a8f1421.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_101", "caption": "Novel genes can be formed from ancestral genes through a variety of mechanisms. [ 1 ]   (A)  Duplication and divergence. Following duplication, one copy experiences relaxed selection and gradually acquires novel function(s).  (B)  Gene fusion. A hybrid gene formed from some or all of two previously separate genes. Gene fusions can occur by different mechanisms; shown here is an interstitial deletion.  (C)  Gene fission. A single gene separates to form two distinct genes, such as by duplication and differential degeneration of the two copies. [ 2 ]   (D)   Horizontal gene transfer . Genes acquired from other species by horizontal transfer undergo divergence and neofunctionalization.  (E)  Retroposition. Transcripts may be reverse transcribed and integrated as an intronless gene elsewhere in the genome. This new gene may then undergo divergence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-De_Novo_Gene_Birth_Figure_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_102", "caption": "Annotated features of TMEM261 protein including topology and important sites for phosphorylation and Myristoylation as well DUF4536 and transmembrane helical domains.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TMEM261_features.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_103", "caption": "Some proteins found to interact with TMEM261", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TMEM261interactions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_104", "caption": "Tissue expression of TMEM261 showing tissue enriched gene (TEG) expression  [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tissueexpression.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_105", "caption": "D4Z4 array with three D4Z4 repeats and the 4qA allele      CEN   centromeric  end   TEL   telomeric  end      NDE box   non-deleted element   PAS   polyadenylation  site      triangle   D4Z4 repeat   trapezoid   partial D4Z4 repeat      white box   pLAM   gray boxes   DUX4 exons 1, 2, 3      arrows       corner   promoters   straight   RNA transcripts       black   sense   red   antisense       blue   DBE-T   dashes   dicing sites", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-A_schematic_of_D4Z4_locus_on_chromosome_4.jp_e81c3ff1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_106", "caption": "Structure of FAM63B protein showing the domain of unknown function, bipartite tryptophan binding motif, hydrophobic stretchm, and KDEL signal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FAM63B_protein_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_107", "caption": "Predicted protein structure of FAM63B as determined by iTASSER.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FAM63B_tertiary_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_108", "caption": "The phylogenetic tree from TimeTree shows a time calibration for the evolution of FAM63B among humans (Has), prairie voles (Moc), polar bears (Uma), Western clawed frogs (Xtr), and Western Indian Ocean coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae, Lch). The fish is the most diverged, followed by the amphibian, and the mammals, especially humans, are the least diverged. This is as expected in accordance with the evolutionary history of organisms on Earth, and FAM63B shows no great exception to the rule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FAM63B_phylogenic_tree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_109", "caption": "Genomic region of 3' UTR of gene FAM151A", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Genomic_region_of_3%27_end_of_gene_FAM_b332547e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_110", "caption": "FAM151A Expression in HPA RNA-seq normal tissues [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FAM151A_Expression_in_HPA_RNA-seq_normal_tis_28a363af.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_111", "caption": "Antibody staining of FAM151A in human kidney tissue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Antibody_staining_of_FAM151A_in_human_kidney_0538bc85.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_112", "caption": "FAM151A tertiary structure as predicted by AlphaFold2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FAM151A_predicted_tertiary_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_113", "caption": "Shannon information content  of amino acid residues for 20 aligned FAM151A sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Conservation_of_protein_FAM151A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_114", "caption": "Figure 1.  FAM180b is located on Chromosome 11p11.2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosome_location_of_FAM180b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_115", "caption": "Figure 2.  Secondary Structure of FAM180b", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Figure_._Secondary_Structure_of_FAM180b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_116", "caption": "Figure 3.  Tertiary Structure of FAM180b", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tertiary_Structure_of_FAM180b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_117", "caption": "Figure 4.  RPKM tissue expression", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-RPKM_Tissue_Expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_118", "caption": "Figure 5.  Gene expression in fetal human tissues", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fetal_Tissue_Expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_119", "caption": "A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with a homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Homologous_Recombination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_120", "caption": "Types of Gene Conversion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Gene_Conversion_Types_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_121", "caption": "Micrographic  karyogram  of a human male. Shows 2 sets of the 22 autosomal chromosomes and the 23rd chromosome set with one X and one Y.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_122", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, showing an overview of the  human genome , with 22  homologous chromosomes , both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the  sex chromosome  (bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (to scale at bottom left). Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_123", "caption": "Genes which control hair colour are polymorphic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/PCWmice1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_124", "caption": "Figure 1. Common mechanisms of gene duplication.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/368px-Gene_Duplication.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_125", "caption": "A diagram showing the three possible isoforms for the c1orf173 protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-IsoformErich.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_126", "caption": "A diagram showing the two DUF domains and phosphorylation sites (in red) on the domains. Phosphorylated O-Glcnac sites also appear in grey.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-C1orf173_domains.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_127", "caption": "Drosophila  with the  antennapedia  mutant phenotype exhibit homeotic transformation of the antennae into leg-like structures on the head.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mutation_Antennapedia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_128", "caption": "The vnd/NK-2 homeodomain-DNA complex. Helix 3 of the homeodomain binds in the major groove of the DNA and the N-terminal arm binds in the minor groove, in analogy with other homeodomain-DNA complexes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-1NK2-NK2_homeodomain_DNA_complex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_129", "caption": "Hox gene expression in  Drosophila melanogaster .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_130", "caption": "Homeotic selector gene complexes in the fruit fly  Drosophila melanogaster", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-Homeotic_selector_gene_complexes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_131", "caption": "Drosophila melanogaster", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_132", "caption": "Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Protein_SREBF1_PDB_1am9.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_133", "caption": "Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated proteins B and B'", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Protein_SNRPB_PDB_1d3b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_134", "caption": "Human chromosome 14 - 550 bphs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_chromosome_14_-_550_bphs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_135", "caption": "Simplified diagram of Imd signalling as found in the  fruit fly .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/ImdPathway_Sept2019.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_136", "caption": "Fruit flies  infected by GFP-producing bacteria. Red-eyed flies lacking antimicrobial peptide genes are susceptible to infection, while white-eyed flies have a wild-type immune response.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-AMP_Ecc15-19-02-2019.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_137", "caption": "Pea aphids have lost Imd signalling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Acyrthosiphon_pisum_%28pea_aphid%29-PLoS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_138", "caption": "Expression of IEG  c-Fos  in neurons responding to stimulation with potassium treatment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/389px-CFos-expression-in-stimulated-neurons.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_139", "caption": "Diagram of human chromosome 17 with KIAA0753 location indicated", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-KIAA0753_Chromosome_17.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_140", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree displaying the relationship between KIAA0753 in humans and its orthologs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Phylogenetic_Tree.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_141", "caption": "Shows the four variants of human KIAA0753 and their exon locations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Gene_variants_and_exon_locations.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_142", "caption": "Microarray profile showing ubiquitous expression of KIAA0753 in humans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-KIAA0753_Microarray.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_143", "caption": "KNOP1 expression in Human tissues [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-KNOP1_Expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_144", "caption": "Domains of KNOP1:The green box is domain DUF5595:The blue box is domain SMAP:The green line is region of interaction for ZNF106 [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-KNOP1_Protein_domains.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_145", "caption": "KNOP1 Conceptual Translation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-KNOP1_Conceptual_Translation.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_146", "caption": "Schematic illustration made using DOG software showing the domain of unknown function (DUF4641) as well as the location of secondary structures such as alpha helices, and post-translation modifications such as SUMO sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/638px-LOC101059915_Diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_147", "caption": "Displays the modeled secondary structures of LOC101059915 with the red indicating alpha helices, and the yellow indicating possible beta sheets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LOC101059915_Secondary_Structure_Model.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_148", "caption": "Shows the unrooted branching of select orthologs for LOC10105519.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/253px-LOC101055915_Unrooted_Phylogenetic_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_149", "caption": "Conceptual translation of LSMEM1 for humans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_LSMEM1_Conceptual_Translation.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_150", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree for select orthologs of LSMEM1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phylogenetic_Tree_for_LSMEM1.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_151", "caption": "Human LSMEM1 evolutionary rate in comparison to a fast-evolving and a slow-evolving protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Non-identity_comparison_graph.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_152", "caption": "E. coli , the bacterium in which MCR-1 was first identified.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_153", "caption": "Simplified diagram of cytoplasmic protein degradation by the proteasome, transport into endoplasmic reticulum by TAP complex, loading on MHC class I, and transport to the surface for presentation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-MHC_Class_I_processing.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_154", "caption": "Pathway showing how MHC-II distribution is controlled within Immature Dendritic Cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PSD4.ARL14.MYO1E_PATHWAY.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_155", "caption": "This ideogram, using a red oval, depicts the location of NBEAL1 on human chromosome 2.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LocationofNBEAL1gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_156", "caption": "I-TASSER predicted this 3D structure for amino acids 1-1500 of NBEAL1.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NBEAL1_Structure.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_157", "caption": "Predicted structure via I-TASSER of NBEAL1, amino acids 1501-2694.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NBEAL1_3D.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_158", "caption": "The different post-translational modifications are illustrated in this conceptually annotated transcript.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Wiki_conceptually_aligned_transcript.p_c8a3afbb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_159", "caption": "This unrooted phylogenetic tree, produced by Biology Workbench, [ 18 ]  illustrates the evolution of NBEAL1.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-12633.CLUSTALWPROF.dt.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_160", "caption": "Using Biology Workbench, a Multiple Sequence Alignment was done to illustrate the highly conserved aspects of NBEAL1 in close orthologs to the  homo sapiens  gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-374.TEXSHADE.op.ps.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_161", "caption": "Location of NBPF1 in relation to other genes on chromosome 1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_Neighborhood_of_NBPF1.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_162", "caption": "Amino acid sequence of NBPF1 that shows the locations DUF1220 domains(blue) and coiled coil domains(yellow).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Domain_Locations_in_NBPF1.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_163", "caption": "This is the predicted nuclear localization signal of NBPF1 using the program PSORT II.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nuclear_Localization_Signal_for_NBPF1.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_164", "caption": "Predicted Structure of Stat-1 and Stat3b-like DNA binding domains in NBPF1 using Phyre2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Predicted_DNA_binding_structure_of_NBPF1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_165", "caption": "Expression for NBPF1 based on NCBI GEO Profiles, whole tissue expression profile", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GEO_Profile_for_NBPF1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_166", "caption": "This shows the predicted relationship between NBPF1 similarity based on a multiple sequence alignment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rooted_Phylogenic_Tree_of_NBPF1_Orthologs.gi_990be514.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_167", "caption": "Rooted phylogenetic tree of NBPF1 paralogs based on multiple sequence alignment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NBPF1_Paralogs_Rooted_Tree.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_168", "caption": "NEDD9 structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Figure_1_NEDD9_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_169", "caption": "NEDD9 mediated signaling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Figure_2_NEDD9_mediated_signaling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_170", "caption": "Structure of NR4A1 protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PBB_Protein_NR4A1_image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_171", "caption": "Nuclear gene location", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosomes%2C_DNA_and_genes_with_mitochondr_0c9970c8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_172", "caption": "OCC-1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-OCC-1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_173", "caption": "OCC-1 Phylogenetic Tree", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-OCC-1_Phylogenetic_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_174", "caption": "MSA for the Occludin/ELL Domain in OCEL1 and its five human paralogs. The beginnings and ends of each paralog were trimmed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-MSA_for_the_Occludin_ELL_Domain_in_OCEL1_and_4e9c00e6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_175", "caption": "Tertiary structure of the human OCEL1 protein as predicted by iTASSER. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Human_OCEL1_protein_predicted_3-dimensional__5f1f9622.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_176", "caption": "RNA folding of the 3\u2019 UTR in OCEL1 generated with RNAfold Web Server. [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Predicted_structure_of_human_OCEL1_protein_3_1bc04d1c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_177", "caption": "Tandem out-of-phase overlap of the human mitochondrial genes ATP8 (+1 frame, in red) and ATP6 (+3 frame, in blue) [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Homo_sapiens-mtDNA~NC_012920-ATP8%2BATP6_Ove_f6e1e1e5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_178", "caption": "A  cladogram  indicating the likely evolutionary trajectory of the gene-dense pX region in  human T-lymphotropic virus 1  (HTLV1), a  deltaretrovirus  associated with blood cancers. This region contains numerous overlapping genes, several of which likely originated  de novo  through overprinting. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pavesi_ploscompbio_2013_fig4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_179", "caption": "Overlapping genes in the bacteriophage \u03a6X174 genome. There are 11 genes in this genome (A, A*, B-H, J, K). Genes B, K, E overlap with genes A, C, D. [ 29 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genome_map_of_the_bacteriophage_%CE%A6X174_s_f88bbfdd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_180", "caption": "The  RNA silencing suppressor p19  from  tomato bushy stunt virus , a protein encoded by an overprinted gene. The protein specifically binds  siRNAs  produced as part of the plant's  RNA silencing  defense against viruses. [ 30 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-1R9F_tombusvirus_p19.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_181", "caption": "The image shows a polycystic kidney disease, caused by mutation in the  GANAB  gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Polycystic_kidneys%2C_gross_pathology_CDC_PH_f6c2d9eb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_182", "caption": "Predicted 3D structure of RESF1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-SwissModel_Structure_KIAA1551.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_183", "caption": "This  phylogenetic tree  shows inferred evolutionary relationships of the human RESF1 gene and 20 of its  orthologs .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-KIAA1551Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_184", "caption": "This graph shows the molecular evolution of the RESF1 gene in comparison to the evolution of cytochrome C and fibrinogen alpha.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-DivergenceKIAA1551.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_185", "caption": "Diagram of the SKIDA1 protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/313px-Skida1_gene_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_186", "caption": "A predicted 3D structure of SKIDA1. The Ski/Sno/Dac domain, DUF4584, and C-Terminal region (amino acids 844-908) are annotated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/309px-Skida1_3D_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_187", "caption": "SKIDA1 is highly expressed in  Purkinje cells  in the cerebellum.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SKIDA1_Purkinje.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_188", "caption": "Expression of SKIDA1 in the house mouse fetal heart increases, then decreases with age.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Skida1_heart_expression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_189", "caption": "Schematic of Human SMIM15 Domains", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/421px-Human_SMIM15_Domain_Schematic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_190", "caption": "Figure 1. Conceptual Translation for the Human SMIM15", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/428px-Conceptual_Translation_of_Human_SMIM15.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_191", "caption": "A table with accession number,  chromosome  location, strand location, size, and known aliases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/387px-Summary_Information_of_the_SMIM23_Gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_192", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Human_chromosome_5.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_193", "caption": "Conceptual Translation of SMIM23. Labeled are the start and stop codon, exon splice sites,  polyadenylation signal  as well as singly conserved based highlighted in yellow, alpha helices with arrows, transmembrane domain in purple, domains of unknown function in blue, and a repeat domain is underlined.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/279px-Conceptual_Translation_of_SMIM23.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_194", "caption": "Schematic of protein. Marking locations of notable features that were confirmed with some level of confidence. Here red stands for phosphorylation site and grey stands for C-terminal GPI-modification site. The transmembrane domain in relation to the rest of the protein is shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Protein_Schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_195", "caption": "Predicted structure of SMIM23 by I-Tasser program.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-I-Tasser_3D_Prediction_of_SMIM23.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_196", "caption": "A phylogenetic tree of the SMIM23 gene in various animals as seen in the table included. Abbreviations refer to the different common names i.e. Hu SMIM23 refers to the human gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Phylogenetic_Tree_of_SMIM23_Orthologs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_197", "caption": "Ideogram of the SPMIP10 Gene Location on Chromosome 5. The gene location is indicated by the red line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ideogram_of_SPMIP10s_location_on_chromosome__2ddd91d1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_198", "caption": "SPMIP10 predicted tertiary structure. Generated using AlphaFold.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SPMIP10_predicted_tertiary_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_199", "caption": "SPMIP10 predicted tertiary structure. Generated using iTasser.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/230px-SPMIP10_predicted_tertiary_structure_-_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_200", "caption": "SPMIP10 Microarray Expression Schematic in the Human Brain. Yellow boxes indicate areas of dense expression in the posterior lobe. Data obtained from the Allen Brain Atlas website.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SPMIP10_microarray_expression_data_in_the_hu_a0f17a04.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_201", "caption": "SPMIP10 Transcription Regulation Diagram. Two predicated enhancers (E2405703 and E2405704) and an initiation region (Tex43_1) are labeled.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SPMIP10_predicted.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_202", "caption": "Annotated Conserved Post-translational Modifications for SPMIP10 Diagram. Longer ticks indicate higher confidence scores.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Annotated_SPMIP10_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_203", "caption": "Graph 1: Corrected sequence divergence vs estimated date of divergence for SPMIP10, Cytochrome C and Fibrinogen Alpha.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Corrected_sequence_divergence.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_204", "caption": "Products that contain retinoic acid should be avoided during pregnancy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/163px-64a01mdpqdyb1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_205", "caption": "Indirect gene therapy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Indirect_gene_therapy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_206", "caption": "Direct gene therapy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Direct_gene_therapy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_207", "caption": "Bystander effect", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bystander_effect.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_208", "caption": "Pin  (A) and  thrum  (B) flowers of  Primula vulgaris  are controlled by a supergene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Distyly_primula.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_209", "caption": "Location of TMEM33 on human chromosome 4 [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/TMEM33_location_on_Human_Chromosome_4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_210", "caption": "Transcription factors with the highest matrix binding affinity to GXP_4428588 [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GXP_4428588_Transcription_Factors.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_211", "caption": "All eleven human transcripts of TMEM33 aligned. The transcripts a, b, c, d, and e encode viable TMEM33 isoforms and the other six do not. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TMEM33_mRNA_Transcript_Variants.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_212", "caption": "SUSIO prediction of TMEM33 amino acid arrangement in human cellular membrane [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TMEM33_transmembrane_domains.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_213", "caption": "Orthologs of TMEM33 and their divergence from human TMEM33 as obtained from NCBI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TMEM33_Ortholog_Space.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_214", "caption": "Conceptual Translation of TMEM61", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Conceptual_Translation_of_TMEM61.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_215", "caption": "MyHits Motif Scan with evalues", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Domains_of_TMEM61.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_216", "caption": "Ali2D configured Helix Beta distribution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ali2D_configured_Helix_Beta.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_217", "caption": "IBS configuration of TMEM61 with post-translation modification", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-IBS_configuration_of_TMEM61_with_post-transl_e5e6b9c2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_218", "caption": "Glycosylation of TMEM61", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Glycosylation_of_TMEM61.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_219", "caption": "I-TASSER Predicted 3D model of TMEM61", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-I-TASSER_Predicted_3D_model_of_TMEM61.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_220", "caption": "TMEM61 transcription factors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Transcription_Factors_of_TMEM61.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_221", "caption": "Immunochemistry of TMEM61 and expression in the Human body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Immunochemistry_of_TMEM61.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_222", "caption": "Protein evolution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/153px-Gene_evolution.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_223", "caption": "Orthologs of TMEM61", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Orthologs_of_TMEM61_Protein.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_224", "caption": "This image depicts the various transcript variants of TMEM156. It can be observed here that there are two variants that have protein coding function and two that are just processed transcripts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Transcript_variants.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_225", "caption": "This image depicts the interaction of the protein with the membrane of the  endoplasmic reticulum . It can be seen here that the protein crosses the membrane three times. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/587px-Transmembrane_156.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_226", "caption": "Phyre software was used to create a predicted 3-D structure of TMEM156. It can be seen that this protein is composed vastly of alpha helices. The N terminus is on the top of the image and the C terminus is located on the bottom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Phyre.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_227", "caption": "I-TASSER software was used to predict the tertiary structure of TMEM156. It is evident that the protein is composed primarily of alpha helices as seen by the magenta coils.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/219px-ITasser.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_228", "caption": "Location of TVP23A on Chromosome 16 (red line)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/TVP23A_Location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_229", "caption": "Protein structure of TVP23A as predicted by iTASSER", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TVP23Astructure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_230", "caption": "A VUS is a common result in genetic testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-VUS_report.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_231", "caption": "Since the  Human Genome Project  first sequenced the  human genome  in 2001 at a cost of US$100 million, costs have fallen precipitously, outpacing even  Moore's law , and were \u2248US$1,000 in 2015. More widely available genome sequencing has led to more available data on variants of uncertain significance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cost_per_Genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_232", "caption": "A patient displaying dystopia canthorum as well as the hypoplastic blue irises, which are both physical features associated with type 1 Waardenburg syndrome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/333px-Waardenburg_syndrome_type_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_233", "caption": "Crystal structure of Wnt8 (rainbow coloring) bound to the cysteine rich domain of Frizzled8 (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Wnt_Fzd_4F0A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_234", "caption": "Figure 2. Wnt binds to (activates) the receptor. Axin is removed from the \"destruction complex.\" \u03b2-Cat moves into the nucleus, binds to a transcription factor on DNA, and activates transcription of a protein. \"P\" represents  phosphate .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-WNTPathway.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_235", "caption": "Figure 1. Wnt does not bind to the receptor. Axin, GSK and APC form a \"destruction complex,\" and \u03b2-Cat is destroyed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Axindestructioncomplex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_236", "caption": "Canonical Wnt pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Canonical_Wnt_pathway.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_237", "caption": "Noncanonical PCP pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Non_pcp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_238", "caption": "Noncanonical Wnt/calcium pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Noncanonical_Wnt_calcium_pathway.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_239", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the interaction between the Wnt and insulin signaling pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Wnt_Affects_Insulin_Sensitivity.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_240", "caption": "The schematic diagram of ZFNs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_schematic_diagram_of_ZFNs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_241", "caption": "A pair of ZFNs, each with three zinc fingers binding to target DNA, are shown introducing a double-strand break, at the FokI domain, depicted in yellow. Subsequently, the double strand break is shown as being repaired through either  homology-directed repair  or  non-homologous end joining . [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Repair_outcomes_of_a_genomic_double-strand_b_30cc0ce3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_242", "caption": "A 23andMe 2021 genome testing kit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-23andMe_DNA_test_-_31_January_2021_-_complet_f26316e0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_243", "caption": "A 23andMe 2013 genome testing kit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-23andme-testkit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_244", "caption": "BioModels Database Pipeline", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Biomodelspipelines.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_245", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Logo_of_BioSamples.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_246", "caption": "Figure 1. The CCDS data set screenshot showing the report for Itm2a protein (CCDS 30349).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Itm2a_report.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_247", "caption": "a) Various sources submit data, and each variation is assigned a unique submitted SNP number ID (ss#). b) dbSNP compiles identical ss# records into one reference SNP cluster (rs#) containing data from each ss#. c) Users can retrieve data for specific rs# records and analyze these variations. d) Data from dbSNP aids clinical and applied research. The ss# and rs# IDs in this figure are examples only. NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information; OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man; GWAS, genome wide association study.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-DbSNP_diagram_no_caption.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_248", "caption": "A segment of the human reference genome, viewed using  Ensembl  with the DECIPHER track enabled. Red bars represent individual mutations for anonymous patients with deletions across this region, while green bars represent patients with duplications across this region. The region shown encompasses the segment of chromosome missing in patients with  17q21.3 recurrent microdeletion syndrome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-DECIPHER_example.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_249", "caption": "A schematic representation of a chromosome deletion. DECIPHER maps small deletions detected in patients to the reference genome produced by the  Human Genome Project .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Deletion_of_chromosome_section.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_250", "caption": "Karyotype visualisation in Ensembl Genomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ensembl_genomes_visualisation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_251", "caption": "Visualisation of a custom track labelled \"Reads\" in Ensembl Genomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/510px-Data_upload_to_ensembl_genomes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_252", "caption": "BioMart view in Ensembl Plants.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-BioMart_view_EG.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_253", "caption": "Variant Effect Predictor Output file", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/660px-VEP_output.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_254", "caption": "Nucleotide sequence data in book form.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NucleotideSequences_86_87.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_255", "caption": "The EBI at the  Wellcome Trust Genome Campus  in  Hinxton ,  UK  which hosts the European Nucleotide Archive.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-European_Bioinformatics_Institute%2C_Hinxton_c288581b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_256", "caption": "The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database (EMBL-Bank) has increased in size from around 600 entries in 1982 to over 2.5\u00d710 8  by December 2012. [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-EMBL-Bank_growth.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_257", "caption": "The SRA has grown rapidly since 2008. [ 21 ]  As of 2011, most SRA sequence data was produced by  Illumina 's Genome Analyzer. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-History_%28and_predicted_future%29_size_of_t_9bb70e2b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_258", "caption": "Screenshot of the ENA browser  web interface , showing an HTML record.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-ENA_browser_screenshot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_259", "caption": "Genbank and EMBL: NucleotideSequences 1986/1987 Volumes I to VII.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-NucleotideSequences_86_87.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_260", "caption": "CD-ROM of Genbank v100", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Genbank100CD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_261", "caption": "Growth in GenBank base pairs, 1982 to 2018, on a  semi-log scale", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Growth_of_Genbank.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_262", "caption": "Timeline of the GENCODE project", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GENCODE_timeline.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_263", "caption": "GENCODE pipeline diagram. The schema shows the flow of data between manual annotation and automated annotation through specialized prediction pipelines to provide hints to first-pass annotation and quality control (QC). Annotated gene models are subject to experimental validation, and the AnnoTrack tracking system contains data from all these sources and is used to highlight differences, coordinate QC, and track outcomes. Manual and automated annotation processes produce the GENCODE data set and also used to QC the completed annotation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-Gencode_pipeline_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_264", "caption": "GTF file example where it is shown TAB-separated standard GTF columns (1-9)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-GTF_file_example.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_265", "caption": "Gene prioritization workflow of human diseases : Typical lists come from linkage regions, chromosomal aberrations, association study loci, deferentially expressed gene lists or genes identified by sequencing variants. Alternatively, the complete genome can be prioritized, but substantially more false positives would then be expected.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Geneprioritizationworkflow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_266", "caption": "The process of database compilation and curation  The curated data may comprise a process from practical experience and literature review to web publication of the database [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Databasecompilation1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_267", "caption": "Pathway Hogeneity vs Associated Genes  Showing the concept that diseases have large association with a variety of genes, a mean pathway homogeneity values of single diseases and random controls are plotted for four networks binned by the number of associated gene products per disease.  This graph shows how difficult is to correlate a bigger number of diseases vs concordance in 4 different databases, hence Gene Disease Databases test these relationships", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pathwayhomogeneity1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_268", "caption": "DisGeNET gene-disease association ontology   The description of each association type in this ontology is: #Therapeutic Association: The gene/protein has a therapeutic role in the amelioration of the disease. #Biomarker Association: The gene/protein either plays a role in the etiology of the disease (e.g. participates in the molecular mechanism that leads to disease) or is a biomarker for a disease. #Genetic Variation Association: Used when a sequence variation (a mutation, a SNP) is associated to the disease phenotype, but there is still no evidence to say that the variation causes the disease. In some cases the presence of the variants increase the susceptibility to the disease. In general, the NCBI SNP identifiers are provided. #Altered Expression Association: Alterations in the function of the protein by means of altered expression of the gene are associated with the disease phenotype. #Post-translational Modification Association: Alterations in the function of the protein by means of post-translational modifications (methylation or phosphorylation of the protein) are associated with the disease phenotype.  [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Disgenet.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_269", "caption": "Relationships in Gene Diseases", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Relationships_in_Gene_Diseases.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_270", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_271", "caption": "The logo of IMGT", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/LogoIMGT.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_272", "caption": "OneZoom", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-OneZoom_Hominidae.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_273", "caption": "Fig. 1. Dynamic Tumor Frequency Grid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-TumorGridWiki.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_274", "caption": "Fig. 2. Advanced Search example.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Wikipedia_MMHCdb_Fig2_2022.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_275", "caption": "Fig. 3. PDX Like Me search example.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-PDX_Like_Me.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_276", "caption": "An overview of data provided by PomBase and ways to access it.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PomBase_infographic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_277", "caption": "A theoretical ncRNA alignment from 6 species. Secondary structure base pairs are coloured in blocks and identified in the secondary structure consensus sequence (bottom line) by the < and > symbols.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rfam_alignment2.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_278", "caption": "The SRA has grown rapidly since 2008. [ 4 ]  As of 2011, most SRA sequence data was produced by  Illumina 's Genome Analyzer. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-History_%28and_predicted_future%29_size_of_t_9bb70e2b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_279", "caption": "Logo of the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD) version 4.0", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-YHRD_4.0.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_280", "caption": "Many organisms, including  aspen trees , reproduce by cloning, often creating large groups of organisms with the same  DNA . One example depicted here is  quaking aspen .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Quakingfallcolors.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_281", "caption": "Cloning cell-line colonies using cloning rings", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_cell-line_colony_being_cloned_in_vitro_3349d763.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_282", "caption": "Propagating plants from  cuttings , such as grape vines, is an ancient form of cloning.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Vine_shoots.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_283", "caption": "The  taxidermied  body of Dolly the sheep", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Edinburgh_July_2014_IMG_4384_%2814507598508%_a387634f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_284", "caption": "Dolly clone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dolly_clone.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_285", "caption": "Sontarans  in  Doctor Who  are a cloned warrior race.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Doctor_Who_Experience_London_Olympia_%285502_8881084d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_286", "caption": "Diagram of the ways to reprogram cells along with the development of humans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/410px-The_development_and_the_ways_to_rejuvenate_c_f78670a6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_287", "caption": "Diagram of SCNT process", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Cloning_diagram_english.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_288", "caption": "Overview of iPS cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Overview_of_iPS_cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_289", "caption": "Stem cell treatments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Stem_cell_treatments.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_290", "caption": "Human therapeutic cloning laws by country  \u00a0 \u00a0Legal   \u00a0 \u00a0Legal within the limits of  Islam   \u00a0 \u00a0Illegal   \u00a0 \u00a0No data, not specified or depends on  state  legislation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/936px-Human_therapeutic_cloning.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_291", "caption": "Human therapeutic cloning laws by  U.S. state   \u00a0 \u00a0Legal   \u00a0 \u00a0Illegal   \u00a0 \u00a0No data, not specified or unclear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/936px-US_therapeutic_cloning.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_292", "caption": "Relationship between fully differentiated \"old\" cells, pluripotent stem cells produced through classical cloning, and \"young\" cells produced by partial cloning.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Partial_cloning.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_293", "caption": "A.  Morula  and B. cross section of a blastula displaying the  blastocoel  and  blastoderm  of early animal  embryonic development", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blastula_%28PSF%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_294", "caption": "Clonal expansion  and monoclonal versus polyclonal proliferation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Clonal_expansion_and_monoclonal_versus_polyc_3bbefc31.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_295", "caption": "Schematic representation of the  pBR322  plasmid, one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PBR322_color.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_296", "caption": "The pUC plasmid has a high copy number, contains a multiple cloning site (polylinker), a gene for ampicillin antibiotic selection, and can be used for blue-white screen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PUC19.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_297", "caption": "An LB agar plate showing the result of a blue white screen.   White colonies may contain an insert in the plasmid it carries, while the blue ones are unsuccessful clones.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blue-white_test.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_298", "caption": "A  magnolia  stem cutting has been coaxed to form new roots, and is now a complete plant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Adventitious_roots_of_Magnolia_cutting.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_299", "caption": "Cutting from  Coleus scutellarioides  \u2013 after 14 days the roots are 6 cm long.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Stickling_-_%28Plectranthus_scutellarioides%_1f7bfec1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_300", "caption": "Softwood cuttings of elm ( Ulmus ) are kept under a water mist to prevent them from drying out while they form roots.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rooting_of_softwood_cuttings_of_elm_under_th_c0a81fe6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_301", "caption": "Cuttings from a variety of plants.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-EB1911_-_Horticulture_-_Fig._22.%E2%80%94Pro_63b3e516.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_302", "caption": "Ficus cuttings rooting in water", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Ficus_cuttings_with_roots_in_a_bottle%2C_Whi_8a040ef4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_303", "caption": "Scheme of appropriate type of stem cuttings according to season. [ 26 ]  Key: eq.: equinox , sol.:  solstice , HW: hardwood, SR: semi-ripe, SW: softwood.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Cutting_Periods.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_304", "caption": "A plastic cold frame with semi-white plastic, used to keep the cuttings humid and semi-shaded", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cuttingsgreenhouse2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_305", "caption": "Propagated by cuttings,  Inch Plants  can be moved easily as its  stolons  cling lightly to the ground.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Flinker_Heinrich.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_306", "caption": "Pelargonium x hortorum  ( garden geraniums ) are propagated by seeds and cuttings.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Pelargonium%2C_Madeira_-_Dec_2012.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_307", "caption": "Nerium  can readily root after being placed in water or in compost.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Nerium_oleander.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_308", "caption": "Snake plants  are propagated by leaf cuttings or by dividing the  rhizome  (variegated plants will keep their yellow edges only by division).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Sansevieria_trifasciata_21zz.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_309", "caption": "The  common grapevine  is propagated from a  shoot  taken from a mother vine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Edle_Weinrebe%2C_%27Vitis_vinifera%27_subsp._0dde6904.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_310", "caption": "The  Pyrenean ibex , also known as the bouquetin (French) and bucardo (Spanish), is the only animal to have survived de-extinction past birth through cloning.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pyrenean_Ibex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_311", "caption": "Pictured above is the process used to clone the  Pyrenean ibex . The tissue culture was taken from the last living, female Pyrenean ibex named Celia. The egg was taken from a  goat  ( Capra hircus ) and the nucleus removed to ensure the offspring was purely Pyrenean ibex. The egg was implanted into a surrogate goat mother for development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pyrenean_ibex_Cloning.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_312", "caption": "The woolly mammoth is a current prime candidate for de-extinction through cloning or genome editing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Woolly_mammoth_model_Royal_BC_Museum_in_Vict_0f8a1cd0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_313", "caption": "Taxidermised specimen of Celia, the  endling  of her subspecies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Celia_la_%C3%BAltima_bucardo.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_314", "caption": "A bull from the Taurus Project, a project aiming to de-extinct the aurochs through back breeding modern domesticated cattle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Taurus_bull_MBD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_315", "caption": "Living quagga, 1870", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Quagga_HIFI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_316", "caption": "The last known thylacine, allegedly named \"Benjamin\", died from neglect in the Hobart Zoo in 1936.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%22Benjamin%22.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_317", "caption": "Martha , the last known passenger pigeon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Martha_last_passenger_pigeon_1912.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_318", "caption": "Skeleton of the bush moa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Skeleton_of_little_bush_moa%2C_Otago_Museum%_290b32b5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_319", "caption": "Maclear's rat, naturalist's painting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MusMacleariSmit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_320", "caption": "Model based on modern research at  Oxford University Museum of Natural History", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dodo_1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_321", "caption": "Model of Steller's sea cow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_Model_of_Steller%27s_sea_cow_%28Hydrodam_b7db2d5b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_322", "caption": "Sudan , the final male northern white rhinoceros was euthanised due to age-related illnesses on the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in 2018", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sudan%2C_Northern_White_Rhino.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_323", "caption": "Stuffed male (bottom right) and female (upper left) specimens at the  Natural History Musuem, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ivory-billedWoodpeckerNHMLondon.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_324", "caption": "Ornithologist, professor  Alfred Otto Gross  holding Booming Ben, the last known heath hen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AlfredOttoGross1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_325", "caption": "One of the final two remaining wild turtles at Dong Mo Lake in  Son Tay , Vietnam", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-R%C3%B9a_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_M%C3%B4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_326", "caption": "The Carolina parakeet is a prime candidate for de-extinction due to the genome already being sequenced", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Conuropsis_carolinensis_%28Carolina_parakeet_180760ed.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_327", "caption": "The Heck horse was the result of the first attempts at back breeding domesticated horses to recreate the Tarpan, an extinct subspecies of wild horses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heck_horse_munich.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_328", "caption": "The woolly rhinoceros is a prime, but polemic candidate for de-extinction due to the critically endangered status of its closest living relative", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Woolly_rhinoceros.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_329", "caption": "Museum specimens of the  Xerces blue , an extinct butterfly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Glaucopsyche_xerces.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_330", "caption": "Glyphs  of  Paschalococos , an extinct genus of palm trees native to Easter Island", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Barthel_067_Glyph.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_331", "caption": "Methuselah, the first resurrected Judean date palm through germination of 2000 year old seeds found in the  Masada  excavations in the 1960s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Methuselah-Ketura-2018-10.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_332", "caption": "Gaya, a female member of the rastreador Brasileiro breed that was revived through  preservation breeding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rastreadora_Brasileira_Gaya.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_333", "caption": "The balm of Gilead, a historical herbal perfume that the recently discovered/de-extinct Commiphora is believed to be an ingredient of in  The Old City of Jerusalem , Israel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Balm_of_Gilead_IMG_97811.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_334", "caption": "Drawing of the Montreal melon, a de-extinct cultiver of melon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Muskmelon%2C_the_largest_in_cultivation_%28e_844572d6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_335", "caption": "The  cloning  process that produced Dolly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Dolly_clone.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_336", "caption": "Human egg cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/372px-Ovum_Diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_337", "caption": "Diagram of a human egg cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_egg_cell.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_338", "caption": "Ovum and sperm fusing together", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sperm-egg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_339", "caption": "The process of fertilizing an ovum (top to bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Acrosome_reaction_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_340", "caption": "Gene expression pattern determined by histochemical GUS assays in  Physcomitrella patens . The Polycomb gene FIE is expressed (blue) in unfertilized egg cells of the moss  Physcomitrella patens  (right) and expression ceases after fertilization in the developing diploid sporophyte (left). In situ GUS staining of two female sex organs ( archegonia ) of a transgenic plant expressing a translational fusion of FIE-uidA under control of the native FIE promoter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DEV035048A.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_341", "caption": "The San Diego Zoo established the first \"frozen zoo\" program in 1972.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-San_Diego_Zoo_Street_Sign.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_342", "caption": "A  Przewalski's horse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Wintercoat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_343", "caption": "Diagram of trans-species cloning of the Pyrenean ibex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pyrenean_ibex_Cloning.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_344", "caption": "Electric Green GloFish Tetra", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GloFish_tetra.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_345", "caption": "An ordinary Zebra Danio", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Zebrafisch.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_346", "caption": "A \"Galactic Purple\" GloFish shark", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Glofish_shark_purple.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_347", "caption": "The  Zangersheide  stud farm (shown here with their  branding ) has been a driving force behind the development of horse cloning.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Zangersheide_brand.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_348", "caption": "Genopole  d'\u00c9vry supported the creation of Cryozootech, France's first commercial horse cloning company.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Centre_National_de_Genotypage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_349", "caption": "Allegory of the triumph of  capitalism  over communism at  Texas A&M University , the first research institution on the American continent to successfully clone a horse.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Ser_a6bed73a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_350", "caption": "One of the fears introduced by cloning is that it will jeopardize traditional horse breeding and reproduction techniques.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Astutus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_351", "caption": "Dolly (taxidermy)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Dolly_face_closeup.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_352", "caption": "A  sticky end  ligation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Ligation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_353", "caption": "Mycocepurus smithii  plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mycocepurus_smithii_plate.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_354", "caption": "Close up of a head of a  Mycocepurus smithii", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mycocepurus_smithii_CASENT0173989_0.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_355", "caption": "BTX ECM 2001 Electrofusion generator used for nuclear transfer applications", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ECM_2001_Hybridoma_System.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_356", "caption": "Neural progenitors (green) in  olfactory bulb  with astrocytes (blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-Neural_progenitors_in_olfactory__c8410f67.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_357", "caption": "Example of the pattern of division of a progenitor cell (PC) which results in the production of an intermediate progenitor cell (IPC). Both cells later produce one or two neural cells (N).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Intermediate_Progenitor_Cell_Lineage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_358", "caption": "Model of a  woolly mammoth  at the  Royal BC Museum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Woolly_mammoth_model_Royal_BC_Museum_in_Vict_0f8a1cd0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_359", "caption": "Model depicting the calf \"Dima\", Stuttgart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dima_baby_mammoth_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_360", "caption": "Modern elephants are highly  gregarious , as shown by these  Sri Lankan elephants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Elephants_by_the_water_%287568684536%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_361", "caption": "Dolly the sheep  on display at the  National Museum of Scotland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-World-famous_sheep_%2828147270737%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_362", "caption": "Schematic model of somatic cell nuclear transfer. This technique has been used to create clones of an organism or in therapeutic medicine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cloning_diagram_english.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_363", "caption": "Schematic of CRISPR based gene editing technique", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_Repair-colourfriendly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_364", "caption": "Somatic cell nuclear transfer can create clones for both reproductive and therapeutic purposes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Cloning_diagram_english.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_365", "caption": "BTX ECM 2001 electrofusion generator used for SCNT and Cloning applications", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ECM_2001_Hybridoma_System.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_366", "caption": "Human  blastocyst , showing the  inner cell mass  (top, right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Human_blastocyst.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_367", "caption": "Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass (ICM) cells within a blastocyst. These stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a placenta. Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo, known as the  morula , are totipotent, able to become all tissues in the body and the extraembryonic placenta.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Stem_cells_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_368", "caption": "Human  embryonic  stem cells   A: Stem cell colonies that are not yet differentiated.   B:  Nerve  cells, an example of a  cell type  after differentiation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_embryonic_stem_cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_369", "caption": "Human mesenchymal stem cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_mesenchymal_stem_cells.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_370", "caption": "Stem cell division and differentiation A:\u00a0stem cell; B:\u00a0progenitor cell; C:\u00a0differentiated cell; 1:\u00a0symmetric stem cell division; 2:\u00a0asymmetric stem cell division; 3:\u00a0progenitor division; 4:\u00a0terminal differentiation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Stem_cell_division_and_differentiation.svg.p_73bce6a9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_371", "caption": "Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Stem_cell_treatments.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_372", "caption": "This image diagrams the procedure of subcloning as outlined to the left.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Subcloning.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_373", "caption": "Diagram of TA Cloning.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Tacloning.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_374", "caption": "Tong Dizhou (1955)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Tong_di_zhou_1955.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_375", "caption": "Cross-sectional  micrograph  of the human umbilical cord.  H&E stain . Labelled   allantoic duct  is also known as the  urachus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Cross_section_of_the_umbilical_cord.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_376", "caption": "Vaginal ultrasonography  of an embryo of a  gestational age  of eight weeks and three days. The embryo is surrounded by the thin membranes of the  amniotic sac , the umbilical cord is seen in the center, attaching the embryo to the  placenta .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-8w3d_with_umbilical_cord.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_377", "caption": "A  knotted cord  on a newborn baby", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Knotted_cord.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_378", "caption": "The umbilical cord is about to be cut with scissors via caesarean section", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Caesarean_section_operation_-cutting_the_umb_495a4a08.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_379", "caption": "Umbilical cord clamp", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Umbical_cord_clamp_2005.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_380", "caption": "A day-old baby with the cord stump still attached.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human-Male-Newborn-Infant-Baby.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_381", "caption": "A 7 cm (2.75 in) long detached umbilical cord.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Detached_Umbilical_Cord.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_382", "caption": "Production of new individuals along a leaf margin of the air plant,  Kalanchoe pinnata . The small plant in front is about 1 cm tall. The concept of \"individual\" is stretched by this process.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Kalanchoe_veg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_383", "caption": "Kalanchoe daigremontiana  produces plantlets along the margins of its leaves. When they are mature enough, they drop off and root in any suitable soil beneath.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bryophyllum_daigremontianum_nahaufnahme1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_384", "caption": "Vegetative reproduction from a stem cutting less than a week old. Some species are more conducive to this means of propagation than others.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Stem_Cutting.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_385", "caption": "A bulb of  Muscari  has reproduced vegetatively underground to make two bulbs, each of which produces a flower stem.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Muscari_displaying_vegetative_reproduction.J_09e9c76c.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_386", "caption": "'Lipstick' hybrid strawberry  ( Comarum palustre  \u00d7  Fragaria \u00d7 ananassa ) using  stolons  to grow new plants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Fragaria_hybrid_Lipstick.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_387", "caption": "Watsonia meriana , near the end of flowering, has  cormlets  that eventually drop and root.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Watsonia_meriana_near_end_of_flowering_showi_aa2d69b1.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_388", "caption": "Red  mangrove  seeds germinate while still on the parent tree.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jp_0109bd70.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_389", "caption": "A graphical representation of the typical human  karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Human_karyotype.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_390", "caption": "The human mitochondrial DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_99788929.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_391", "caption": "DNA molecule 1 differs from DNA molecule 2 at a single base-pair location (a C/T polymorphism).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dna-SNP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_392", "caption": "Map of the migration of modern humans out of Africa, based on  mitochondrial DNA . Colored rings indicate thousand years before present.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jp_613f201f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_393", "caption": "Genetic distance map by Magalh\u00e3es et al. (2012)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_similarities_between_51_worldwide_hu_24dc402c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_394", "caption": "Genetic variation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_Variation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_395", "caption": "Genetic variation of Eurasian populations showing different frequency of West- and East-Eurasian components. [ 56 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_distances_Eurasian_West_Asian_East_A_e1bf1b28.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_396", "caption": "Human genetic variation calculated from genetic data representing 346  microsatellite  loci taken from 1484 individuals in 78 human populations. The upper graph illustrates that as populations are further from East Africa, they have declining genetic diversity as measured in average number of microsatellite repeats at each of the loci. The bottom chart illustrates  isolation by distance . Populations with a greater distance between them are more dissimilar (as measured by the Fst statistic) than those which are geographically close to one another. The horizontal axis of both charts is geographic distance as measured along likely routes of human migration. (Chart from Kanitz et al. 2018)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/275px-Human_genetic_isolation_by_distance_in_Kanit_ec679833.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_397", "caption": "Chart showing human genetic clustering [ 83 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Rosenberg2007.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_398", "caption": "Individuals mostly have genetic variants which are found in multiple regions of the world. Based on data from \"A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes\". [ 84 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_genetic_variant_counts_by_region.svg.p_2a52d1f8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_399", "caption": "Ternary plot  showing average admixture of five North American ethnic groups. Individuals that self-identify with each group can be found at many locations on the map, but on average groups tend to cluster differently.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Admixture_triangle_plot.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_400", "caption": "HIV attachment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HIV_attachment.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_401", "caption": "The upper DNA molecule differs from the lower DNA molecule at a single base-pair location (a G/A polymorphism)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/306px-Dna-SNP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_402", "caption": "Types of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Types_of_SNP_new1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_403", "caption": "Associations between SNPs, methylation patterns and gene expression of biological traits", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Associations_between_SNPs%2C_methylation_pat_8d7ac7d9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_404", "caption": "Changes in the number and order of genes (A-D) create genetic diversity within and between populations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Genetic_Variation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_405", "caption": "Locations of population samples of 1000 Genomes Project. [ 18 ]  Each circle represents the number of sequences in the final release.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-1000_Genomes_Project.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_406", "caption": "An illustration of a Manhattan plot depicting several strongly associated risk loci", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Manhattan_Plot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_407", "caption": "A horse showing the characteristic tiger eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Cute-pasofino-mare-with-gold-eyes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_408", "caption": "This  palomino  is homozygous for Tiger-eye 2, and has blue eyes. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Paso-Fino-Equitation-Manati2009_865-_Platane_fbed5d17.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_409", "caption": "Three major single-chromosome mutations:  deletion  (1),  duplication  (2) and  inversion  (3).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Single_Chromosome_Mutations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_410", "caption": "A red  tulip  exhibiting a partially yellow petal due to a  somatic mutation  in a cell that formed that petal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Darwin_Hybrid_Tulip_Mutation_2014-05-01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_411", "caption": "Prodryas persephone , a Late  Eocene  butterfly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/199px-Prodryas.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_412", "caption": "A  covalent   adduct  between the  metabolite  of  benzo[ a ]pyrene , the major  mutagen  in  tobacco smoke , and DNA [ 41 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_413", "caption": "Five types of chromosomal mutations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/301px-Chromosomes_mutations-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_414", "caption": "Types of small-scale mutations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/301px-Deletion_Insertion_Substitution-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_415", "caption": "The structure of a  eukaryotic  protein-coding gene. A mutation in the  protein coding region  (red) can result in a change in the amino acid sequence. Mutations in other areas of the gene can have diverse effects. Changes within  regulatory sequences  (yellow and blue) can effect  transcriptional  and  translational  regulation of  gene expression .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/460px-Gene_structure_eukaryote_2_annotated.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_416", "caption": "Point mutations classified by impact on protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/301px-Point_mutations-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_417", "caption": "Selection of disease-causing mutations, in a standard table of the  genetic code  of  amino acids [ 50 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/301px-Notable_mutations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_418", "caption": "The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of mutations in  vesicular stomatitis virus . In this experiment, random mutations were introduced into the virus by site-directed mutagenesis, and the  fitness  of each mutant was compared with the ancestral type. A fitness of zero, less than one, one, more than one, respectively, indicates that mutations are lethal, deleterious, neutral, and advantageous. [ 69 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-DFE_in_VSV.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_419", "caption": "This figure shows a simplified version of loss-of-function, switch-of-function, gain-of-function, and conservation-of-function mutations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GOF_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_420", "caption": "A mutation has caused this  moss rose  plant to produce flowers of different colours. This is a  somatic  mutation that may also be passed on in the  germline .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Portulaca_grandiflora_mutant1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_421", "caption": "Tevenphage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tevenphage.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_422", "caption": "BRCA  mutations are inherited in a  genetically dominant  fashion, from either parent.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autodominant_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_423", "caption": "The BRCA genes are tumour suppressor genes pictured here on their respective chromosomes. BRCA 1 has the cytogenetic location 17q21 or the q arm of Chromosome 17 at position 21. BRCA 2 has the cytogenetic location 13q12.3 or the q arm of Chromosome 13 at position 12.3. Both genes produce proteins that help repair damaged DNA, keeping the genetic material of the cell stable. A damaged BRCA gene in either location can lead to increased risk of cancer, particularly breast or ovarian in women.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-BRCA_Genes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_424", "caption": "Calico Sheep", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Geschecktes_milchschaf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_425", "caption": "A tabby mother and her kittens, showing different colorations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Charline_the_cat_and_her_kittens.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_426", "caption": "Two amber tabby  Norwegian Forest cats , showing the colour difference with age. On the left a female kitten, on the right a male adult.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ginny_en_Apollo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_427", "caption": "A mackerel tabby with the classic \"M\" on forehead", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CAT2007_05_16.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_428", "caption": "Agouti hair showing alternating bands along the shaft", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Poil_agouti.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_429", "caption": "Rosette  pattern in a  Bengal .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Paintedcats_Red_Star_standing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_430", "caption": "Female black tortoiseshell and white cat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Curlycat02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_431", "caption": "Blue tortoiseshell and white (diluted calico)  British Shorthair", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-British_Shorthair_tricolore.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_432", "caption": "Agouti hair of a brown tabby with phaeomelanin (red pigment) and eumelanin (black or brown pigment).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Poil_agouti.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_433", "caption": "Black and white bicolor kitten with fever coat expression over the black fur", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-My_adorable_little_cat_%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_434", "caption": "Down, awn and guard hairs of a domestic tabby cat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Down_Awn_and_guard_hairs_of_cat_2012_11_13_9_f6f4478e.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_435", "caption": "Wavy fur of a Devon Rex cat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Wavy_fur_of_a_Devon_Rex_cat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_436", "caption": "Hairless cats are often born even without  whiskers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chat_Sphynx.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_437", "caption": "Figure comparing the effects of exposure to genotoxic agents (aneugens and clastogens) on DNA. Aneugens induce mis-segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells while clastogens break the DNA and chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Clastogen_vs_aneugen_better_quality.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_438", "caption": "Summary of theories of the mechanisms of chromosomal aberrations: A, \u2018classic\u2019 breaks theory; B, \u2018mis-repair of breaks\u2019 theory; C, \u2018repair-created breaks\u2019 theory. Adapted from Bignold. [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Theories_for_clastogen_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_439", "caption": "Deletion on a chromosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Deletion_of_chromosome_section.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_440", "caption": "Three chromosomal abnormalities with ISCN nomenclature, with increasing complexity:  (A)  A tumour karyotype in a male with loss of the Y chromosome,  (B)  Prader\u2013Willi Syndrome i.e. deletion in the 15q11-q12 region and  (C)  an arbitrary karyotype that involves a variety of autosomal and allosomal abnormalities. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Three_chromosomal_abnormalities_with_ISCN_no_73483999.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_441", "caption": "Human  karyotype  with annotated bands and sub-bands as used for the nomenclature of chromosome abnormalities. It shows dark and white regions as seen on  G banding . Each row is vertically aligned at  centromere  level. It shows 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes , as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_442", "caption": "Figure. 1. Chemical structure of apurinic site present in a fragment of single-stranded DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Apurinic_Site.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_443", "caption": "Chromosomes on the left show possible disease gene locations (as identified by any of the below methods) for affected individuals. Red area in the 'composite chromosome' on the right signifies the overlap of these regions, and thus the most probable location of the disease gene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Disease_Gene_Mapping_with_Multiple_Chromosom_6303839d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_444", "caption": "DNA damage in non-replicating cells, if not repaired and accumulated can lead to aging. DNA damage in replicating cells, if not repaired can lead to either apoptosis or to cancer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-DNA_damage_leads_to_Aging%2C_Cancer_or_Apopt_f495431a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_445", "caption": "Initiation of  DNA demethylation  at a  CpG site . In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides ( CpG sites ), forming  5-methylcytosine -pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming  8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine  (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site.  The  base excision repair  enzyme  OGG1  targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits  TET1  and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG.  This initiates demethylation of 5mC. [ 83 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_da75c466.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_446", "caption": "Diagram of DNA mismatch repair pathways. The first column depicts mismatch repair in eukaryotes, while the second depicts repair in most bacteria. The third column shows mismatch repair, to be specific in  E. coli .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DNA_mismatch_repair.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_447", "caption": "Micrograph  showing loss of staining for  MLH1  in  colorectal adenocarcinoma  in keeping with DNA mismatch repair (left of image) and benign colorectal mucosa (right of image).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Colorectal_adenocarcinoma_with_MMR_-_MLH1_--_32d67c7a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_448", "caption": "DNA damage resulting in multiple broken chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Brokechromo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_449", "caption": "Structure of the base-excision repair enzyme  uracil-DNA glycosylase  excising a hydrolytically-produced uracil residue from DNA. The uracil residue is shown in yellow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Uracil_base_glycosidase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_450", "caption": "The main double-strand break repair pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/230px-DsDNA_break_repair_pathways.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_451", "caption": "DNA ligase, shown above repairing chromosomal damage, is an enzyme that joins broken nucleotides together by catalyzing the formation of an internucleotide  ester  bond between the phosphate backbone and the deoxyribose nucleotides.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/230px-DNA_Repair.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_452", "caption": "DNA repair rate is an important determinant of cell pathology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-DNA-Repair_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_453", "caption": "Most life span influencing genes affect the rate of DNA damage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Dnadamage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_454", "caption": "A chart of common DNA damaging agents, examples of lesions they cause in DNA, and pathways used to repair these lesions. Also shown are many of the genes in these pathways, an indication of which genes are epigenetically regulated to have reduced (or increased) expression in various cancers. It also shows genes in the error-prone microhomology-mediated end joining pathway with increased expression in various cancers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-DNA_damage%2C_repair%2C_alteration_of_repair_5a325c76.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_455", "caption": "Initiation of  DNA demethylation  at a  CpG site . In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides ( CpG sites ), forming  5-methylcytosine -pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming  8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine  (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site. The  base excision repair  enzyme  OGG1  targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits  TET1  and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG. This initiates demethylation of 5mC. [ 132 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_e89d91ca.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_456", "caption": "Founder effect: The original population (left) could give rise to different founder populations (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Founder_effect.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_457", "caption": "The small founding population experiences a loss of heterozygosity after multiple generations. (\"Genetic Drift\" by Boundless, 2015. [ 15 ] )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Founder_effect_Illustration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_458", "caption": "Different types of indel mutation. Panel C is simply a deletion and not a frameshift mutation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Frameshift_mutation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_459", "caption": "The  central dogma  model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Cdmb.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_460", "caption": "The  translation  process", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Translation-genetics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_461", "caption": "The three letter code, the  codon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-RNA-codons-aminoacids.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_462", "caption": "Example of different types of point mutations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Point_Mutation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_463", "caption": "A deletion mutation alters every codon following it, and can make protein synthesis stop prematurely by forming a  stop codon .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Frameshift_deletion_%2813062713935%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_464", "caption": "Frequency of mutations on BRCA1 gene on chromosome 17", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Mutations_on_BRCA1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_465", "caption": "Frequency of mutations on BRCA2 gene on chromosome 13", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Mutations_on_BRCA2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_466", "caption": "A schematic showing the ways a fusion gene can occur at a chromosomal level", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_Fusion_Types.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_467", "caption": "Schematic of a region of a chromosome before and after a duplication event", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Gene-duplication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_468", "caption": "Evolutionary fate of duplicate genes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Evolution_fate_duplicate_genes_-_vector.svg._0bb17ebb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_469", "caption": "Human  karyotype  with annotated bands and sub-bands as used for the nomenclature of chromosome abnormalities. It shows dark and white regions as seen on  G banding . Each row is vertically aligned at  centromere  level. It shows 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes , as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_470", "caption": "Definition of  transitions  and  transversions . They are a common mutation caused by genotoxic compounds.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Transitions_and_transversions.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_471", "caption": "Ames test procedure to test for gene mutations present in the various bacterial strains", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Ames_test.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_472", "caption": "Overview of the use of the SOS response for genotoxicity testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Genotoxic_Damage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_473", "caption": "Transmittance of a  de novo  mutation in germ cells to offspring.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/292px-De_novo_mutations.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_474", "caption": "The CRISPR editing system is able to target specific DNA sequences and, using a donor DNA template, can repair mutations within this gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/228px-DNA_Repair_after_CRISPR-Cas9_cut.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_475", "caption": "Location of the Glycerol Kinase gene on the X chromosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GK_Gene.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_476", "caption": "The  metabolic pathway  of  glycolysis  releases energy by converting  glucose  to  pyruvate  by via a series of intermediate metabolites. Each chemical modification (red box) is performed by a different enzyme.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/380px-Glycolysis_metabolic_pathway_3_annotated.svg_0be9af91.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_477", "caption": "Diagram of an example of a hemoglobin mutation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Point-Mutation-Sickle-Cell-Normal_and_Mutate_97b2e2d4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_478", "caption": "A mutated hemoglobin protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/041-Hemoglobin-2hbs-fiber_Turkish.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_479", "caption": "Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Johns_Hopkins_Hospital.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_480", "caption": "There is a wide variety of mitochondrial DNA genotypes in the maternal pool, which is represented by the bottle. The two genotypes in this maternal pool are represented by blue and yellow. When generated, each oocyte receives a small subsampling of mitochondrial DNA molecules in differing proportions. This is represented by the conveyor belt with oocytes, each one unique, as they are produced. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mitochondrial_Bottleneck.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_481", "caption": "Sequence illustrating heteroplasmy genotype of 16169 C/T in  Nicholas II of Russia . [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heteroplasmy_present_in_Tsar_Nicholas_II.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_482", "caption": "Antennapedia mutation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Antennapedia2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_483", "caption": "An illustration of an insertion at chromosome level", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Insertion-genetics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_484", "caption": "Orpington  hen exhibiting typical self-blue  plumage  due to lavender ( lav ) gene on black background.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lavender_orpington_lilac.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_485", "caption": "Pekin Bantam  hen exhibiting the effect of lavender on a red  plumage  background", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pekin_bantam_female.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_486", "caption": "Figure 1. Incomplete lineage sorting. The gene G has two versions (alleles), G0 and G1. The ancestor of A, B and C originally had only one version of gene G, G0. At some point, a mutation occurred and the ancestral population became polymorphic, with some individuals having G0 and others G1. When species A split off, it retained only G1, while the ancestor of B and C remained polymorphic. When B and C diverged, B retained only G1 and C only G0; neither were now polymorphic in G. The tree for gene G shows A and B as sisters, whereas the species tree shows B and C as sisters.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Hemiplasy_example.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_487", "caption": "A cat with the  Japanese Bobtail  mutation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Japanese_Bobtail_walking.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_488", "caption": "A  Manx cat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Manx_cat_by_Karen_Weaver.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_489", "caption": "Munchkin cat  with thick, short legs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Munchkin_cat_2_%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_490", "caption": "A female polydactl cat with opposable thumbs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Polydactyl_cats_paw.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_491", "caption": "American curl  cat with curled ears.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-EC_Recknagel_Annakurnikoova_ACS_gs_24.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_492", "caption": "Scottish Fold  cat with folded ears.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Scottish_Fold_-_CFF_cat_show_Heinola_2008-05_a60031a3.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_493", "caption": "Hairless  Sphynx cat .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cat_Sphynx._img_040.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_494", "caption": "An example of loss of heterozygosity over time, in  bottlenecking population . Different  alleles  painted in different colors. A  diploid  population of 10 individuals, that bottlenecked down to three individuals repeatedly, resulted in all individuals homozygous.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Loss_of_heterozygosity_over_time_in_a_bottle_df0240cc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_495", "caption": "Copy-neutral LOH/uniparental disomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Copy_neutral_LOH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_496", "caption": "SNP array Virtual karyotype of a colorectal carcinoma (whole genome view) demonstrating deletions, gains, amplifications, and acquired UPD (copy-neutral LOH).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CRCforwiki.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_497", "caption": "Micronuclei ( B, C ) and nuclear abnormalities ( A, D ) in peripheral blood erythrocytes of penguins  Pygoscelis papua.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Micronuclei_and_nuclear_abnormalities_in_per_b2d742ae.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_498", "caption": "Micrograph  showing  tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes  in a case of  colorectal cancer  with evidence of MSI-H on  immunostaining .  H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tumour-infiltrating_lymphocytes_-_2_--_extre_daf2aba2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_499", "caption": "Example of Microsatellite Instability in a DNA Electropherogram Trace", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Microsatellite_Instability_in_GeneMarker.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_500", "caption": "Detection of microsatellite instability by real-time PCR", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MSI_detection_by_real_time_PCR.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_501", "caption": "This image shows an example of missense mutation. One of the nucleotides (adenine) is replaced by another nucleotide (cytosine) in the DNA sequence. This results in an incorrect amino acid (proline) being incorporated into the protein sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Missense_Mutation_Example.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_502", "caption": "Wild type (left) and mutated (right) form of lamin A (pdb id: 1IFR). Normally, Arginine 527 (blue) forms  salt bridge  with glutamate 537 (magenta), but R527L substitution results in breaking this interaction (leucine has a nonpolar tail and therefore cannot form a static salt bridge).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/375px-LMNA_protein_%281IFR%29_mutation_R527L_PMID__25622db3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_503", "caption": "Micrograph  showing loss of staining for  MLH1  in  colorectal adenocarcinoma  in keeping with DNA mismatch repair (left of image) and benign colorectal mucosa (right of image).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Colorectal_adenocarcinoma_with_MMR_-_MLH1_--_32d67c7a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_504", "caption": "A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Homologous_Recombination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_505", "caption": "The  international   pictogram  for chemicals that are sensitising, mutagenic,  carcinogenic  or  toxic to reproduction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_506", "caption": "A  DNA adduct  (at center) of the mutagenic  metabolite  of  benzo[ a ]pyrene  from  tobacco smoke", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_507", "caption": "Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fruits_veggies.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_508", "caption": "The  blue lobster , an example of a mutant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blue-lobster.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_509", "caption": "Wild-type  Physcomitrella  and  knockout mosses : Deviating phenotypes induced in gene-disruption library transformants.  Physcomitrella  wild-type and transformed plants were grown on minimal Knop medium to induce differentiation and development of  gametophores . For each  plant , an overview (upper row, scale bar corresponds to 1 mm) and a close-up (bottom row, scale bar equals 0.5 mm) is shown. A,  Haploid  wild-type moss plant completely covered with leafy gametophores and close-up of wild-type leaf. B\u2013E, Different mutants. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Physcomitrella_knockout_mutants.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_510", "caption": "The accumulation of replication-driven mutations with sex and age", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_accumulation_of_replication-driven_mutat_cc5a60d0.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_511", "caption": "Recently reported estimates of the human genome-wide mutation rate. The human  germline  mutation rate is approximately 0.5\u00d710 \u22129  per  basepair  per year. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Recent_estimates_of_the_human_genome-wide_mu_f6e976fc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_512", "caption": "Generation time  affects mutation rates: The long-lived woody bamboos (tribes  Arundinarieae  and  Bambuseae ) have lower mutation rates (short branches in the  phylogenetic tree ) than the fast-evolving herbaceous bamboos ( Olyreae ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Molecular_evolution_bamboos.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_513", "caption": "Transitions  (Alpha) and  transversions  (Beta).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TsTvMutation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_514", "caption": "Painting of  Hugo de Vries , making a painting of an  evening primrose , the plant which had apparently produced new forms by large mutations in his experiments, by  Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Schwartze , 1918", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Hugo_de_Vries_%281848-1935%29%2C_by_Th%C3%A9_0ee7bf9e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_515", "caption": "\u00c9tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire  believed that \"monstrosities\" could immediately found new species in a single large jump or  saltation .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Geoffroy72.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_516", "caption": "Rudolph Albert von K\u00f6lliker revived Geoffroy's saltationist ideas, calling his theory  heterogenesis . It depended on a nonmaterial directive force ( orthogenesis ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-K%C3%B6lliker_Rudolph_Albert_von_1818-1902.j_82d64f27.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_517", "caption": "Drawing of  William Bateson , 1909, by the biologist  Dennis G. Lillie", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Bateson%4072_%28detail%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_518", "caption": "Wilhelm Johannsen 's \"pure line\" experiments seemed to show that evolution could not work on continuous variation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Wilhelm_Johannsen_1857-1927.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_519", "caption": "Papilio polytes  has 3 forms with differing wing patterns, here the \"Romulus\" morph.  Reginald Punnett  argued that this  polymorphism  demonstrated discontinuous evolution. However,  Ronald Fisher  showed that this could have arisen by small changes in additional modifier genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Common_Mormon_Papilio_polytes_Female_Form_Ro_9ce77535.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_520", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan 's work on  Drosophila melanogaster  found many small Mendelian factors for natural selection to work on.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_521", "caption": "John Christopher Willis 's  The Course of Evolution by Differentiation Or Divergent Mutation Rather Than by Selection , 1940", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-The_course_of_evolution_by_differentiation_o_25b799ec.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_522", "caption": "Masatoshi Nei  argues that evolution is often mutation-limited. [ 52 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Masatoshi_Nei_-_2013.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_523", "caption": "Charles Darwin in 1868", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C__a07102e9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_524", "caption": "Pictured on the left is a diagram of normal translation occurring without mutation. Blue circles are the peptides already translated while the grey circles are peptides going to be translated next. In the center is a diagram a nonsense mutation where the UUG codon is translated to the stop codon UAG. The stop codon recruits a release factor, terminating translation. On the right is a diagram of the tRNA suppression mechanism where the codon and the tRNA are both mutated, resulting in tRNA suppression. The mutated Tyr tRNA has the anticodon AUC which recognizes the UAG stop codon, continuing protein translation. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/286px-Translation_with_and_without_nonsense_mutati_41b3d14f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_525", "caption": "Selection of notable mutations, ordered in a standard table of the  genetic code  of  amino acids . [ 11 ]  nonsense mutations are marked by red arrows.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Notable_mutations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_526", "caption": "An example of point mutations at an amino acid site coding for  lysine . The  missense mutations  may be classed as point accepted mutations if the mutated protein is not rejected by natural selection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Point_mutations-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_527", "caption": "PAM250 matrix with both halves filled in.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PAM250.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_528", "caption": "Point mutations of a codon, classified by their impact on protein sequence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Point_mutations-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_529", "caption": "Schematic of a single-stranded RNA molecule illustrating a series of three-base  codons . Each three- nucleotide  codon corresponds to an  amino acid  when translated to protein. When one of these codons is changed by a point mutation, the corresponding amino acid of the protein is changed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-RNA-codons-aminoacids.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_530", "caption": "A to G point mutation detected with Sanger sequencing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Sanger_Sequencing_heterozygous_point_mutation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_531", "caption": "Transitions  (Alpha) and transversions (Beta).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-TsTvMutation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_532", "caption": "Depurination mutation results in one normal strand and one shortened strand after replication.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Depurination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_533", "caption": "Mosaicism arises after the zygote has formed and a mutation occurs during development. The mutated cell line can be passed down to offspring if the germ cells are affected.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Parental_Mosaicism.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_534", "caption": "Formation of thymine dimer lesion in DNA. The  photon  causes two consecutive bases on one strand to bind together, destroying the normal base-pairing double-strand structure in that area.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DNA_UV_mutation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_535", "caption": "Cyclobutane dimer (CPD) (left), 6,4-dimer (6-4PP) (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CPD_%26_6-4PP_thymidine_photodimer.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_536", "caption": "Melanoma , a type of skin cancer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Melanoma.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_537", "caption": "Resistance to a drug", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Resistance-graphics.1b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_538", "caption": "\"Gallus ex Persia\", illustration from the  Ornithologiae Tomus Alter  of  Ulisse Aldrovandi , 1600", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gallus_ex_Persia%2C_from_Ulisse_Aldrovandi%2_6b22061f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_539", "caption": "Illustration from the  Gefl\u00fcgel-Album  of  Jean Bungartz , 1885", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tab46_H%C3%BChner_%28Gefl%C3%BCgel-Album%2C__7d059af3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_540", "caption": "This is a diagram of a hard selective sweep. It shows the different steps (a beneficial mutation occurs, increases in frequency and fixes in a population) and the effect on nearby genetic variation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HardSelectiveSweep.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_541", "caption": "This is a diagram of a soft selective sweep from standing genetic variation. It shows the different steps (a neutral mutation becomes beneficial, increases in frequency and fixes in a population) and the effect on nearby genetic variation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SoftSGVSelectiveSweep.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_542", "caption": "This is a diagram of a multiple origin  soft selective sweep  from recurrent mutation. It shows the different steps (a beneficial mutation occurs and increases in frequency, but before it fixes the same mutation occur again on a second genomic background, together, the mutations fix in the population) and the effect on nearby genetic variation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MultOriginSoftSelectiveSweep.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_543", "caption": "Seneca white deer inside the depot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Seneca_White_Deer_On_Army_Depot_Grounds_1.JP_fed60364.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_544", "caption": "Spikelets of  Einkorn wheat ,  Triticum monococcum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Usdaeinkorn1_Triticum_monococcum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_545", "caption": "Shattering in many crops involves  dehiscence  of the mature fruit, for example, in  Brassica napus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Raps2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_546", "caption": "Point substitution mutations of a codon, classified by their impact on protein sequence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Point_mutations-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_547", "caption": "Hydra oligactis  with two buds. Reproduction by  budding  is an exception to the rule that somatic mutations can not be inherited.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hydra_oligactis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_548", "caption": "UV light  can damage DNA by causing  pyrimidine dimers . Adjacent bases bond with each other, instead of across the \u201cladder\u201d. The distorted DNA molecule does not function properly. Mutation can result if mistakes occur in  DNA repair  or replication.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/296px-DNA_UV_mutation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_549", "caption": "A visual representation of a splice site mutation instance [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Splice_site_mutation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_550", "caption": "Foliage of a dwarf Alberta spruce ( Picea glauca  var.  albertiana  'Conica'), with a branch showing reversion [ 1 ]  to the normal Alberta white spruce growth habit of larger leaves and longer internodes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dwarf_Albert_Spruce_foliage_with_reversion.j_8546c2ef.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_551", "caption": "Diagram of the surveyor nuclease assay workflow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Figure_final_3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_552", "caption": "Point substitution mutations of a codon, classified by their impact on protein sequence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Point_mutations-en.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_553", "caption": "Illustration of a transition: each of the 4 nucleotide changes between purines or between pyrimidines (in blue). The 8 other changes are  transversions  (in red).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-All_transitions_and_transversions.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_554", "caption": "Illustration of a transversion: each of the 8 nucleotide changes between a purine and a pyrimidine (in red). The 4 other changes are  transitions  (in blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-All_transitions_and_transversions.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_555", "caption": "Mutations (red marks) in segments of the genome are reflected in proteins produced from them through transcription and translation. Some proteins are fragmented into peptides that can then be presented as antigens on the surface of cell membranes by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). If presented antigens accumulate enough mutations, they can bind and activate T-cells which can then initiate immune mediated cell death.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-TMB-Antigen_Association.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_556", "caption": "TMB Variation within and between Different Cancer Types found in TCGA (a colorblind palette was used to make this figure and the TCGA mutation file, mc3.v0.2.8.PUBLIC.maf.gz, was obtained in July 2020 from:  https://gdc.cancer.gov/about-data/publications/mc3-2017 )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Tmb_all_samples.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_557", "caption": "Factors such as tumor cell content, tissue preprocessing, choice of sequencing technology, downstream bioinformatic pipelines, and TMB cutoffs can influence TMB calculations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Factors_influencing_TMB_Calculation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_558", "caption": "Gerty Cori  and  Carl Cori  jointly won the  Nobel Prize  in 1947 for their discovery of the  Cori cycle  at RPMI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Gerty_Theresa_Radnitz_Cori_%281896-1957%29_a_0ca788f1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_559", "caption": "DNA structure ( 1D65 \u200b) [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-DNA_orbit_animated.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_560", "caption": "The main elements that compose the human body shown from most abundant (by mass) to least abundant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-201_Elements_of_the_Human_Body.02.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_561", "caption": "Structures of some common lipids. At the top are  cholesterol  and  oleic acid . [ 40 ]  The middle structure is a  triglyceride  composed of  oleoyl ,  stearoyl , and  palmitoyl  chains attached to a  glycerol  backbone. At the bottom is the common  phospholipid ,  phosphatidylcholine . [ 41 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Common_lipid_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_562", "caption": "The general structure of an \u03b1-amino acid, with the  amino  group on the left and the  carboxyl  group on the right", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AminoAcidball.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_563", "caption": "Generic amino acids (1) in neutral form, (2) as they exist physiologically, and (3) joined as a dipeptide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Amino_acids_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_564", "caption": "A schematic of  hemoglobin . The red and blue ribbons represent the protein  globin ; the green structures are the  heme  groups.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_565", "caption": "Examples of protein structures from the  Protein Data Bank", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Protein_structure_examples.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_566", "caption": "Members of a protein family, as represented by the structures of the  isomerase   domains", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Structural_coverage_of_the_human_cyclophilin_2544cd12.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_567", "caption": "The structure of  deoxyribonucleic acid  (DNA); the picture shows the monomers being put together.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_568", "caption": "Structural elements of common nucleic acid constituents. Because they contain at least one phosphate group, the compounds marked  nucleoside monophosphate ,  nucleoside diphosphate  and  nucleoside triphosphate  are all nucleotides (not phosphate-lacking  nucleosides ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nucleotides_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_569", "caption": "Schematic relationship between biochemistry,  genetics , and  molecular biology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Schematic_relationship_between_biochemistry%_602a0739.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_570", "caption": "The number of genome projects has increased as technological improvements continue to lower the cost of sequencing.  (A)  Exponential growth of genome sequence databases since 1995.  (B)  The cost in US Dollars (USD) to sequence one million bases.  (C)  The cost in USD to sequence a 3,000 Mb (human-sized) genome on a log-transformed scale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Number_of_prokaryotic_genomes_and_sequencing_58a661b6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_571", "caption": "General schema showing the relationships of the  genome ,  transcriptome ,  proteome , and  metabolome  ( lipidome )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Metabolomics_schema.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_572", "caption": "Overview of a genome project. First, the genome must be selected, which involves several factors including cost and relevance. Second, the sequence is generated and assembled at a given sequencing center (such as  BGI  or  DOE JGI ). Third, the genome sequence is annotated at several levels: DNA, protein, gene pathways, or comparatively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Genome_sequencing_project_flowchart.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_573", "caption": "An ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer. Such capillary sequencers automated early large-scale genome sequencing efforts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ABI_PRISM_3100_Genetic_Analyzer_3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_574", "caption": "Illumina Genome Analyzer II System. Illumina technologies have set the standard for high-throughput massively parallel sequencing. [ 50 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Illumina_Genome_Analyzer_II_System.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_575", "caption": "An example of a protein structure determined by the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Argonne%27s_Midwest_Center_for_Structural_Ge_ffc8b9bd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_576", "caption": "Environmental Shotgun Sequencing (ESS) is a key technique in metagenomics. (A) Sampling from habitat; (B) filtering particles, typically by size; (C) Lysis and DNA extraction; (D) cloning and library construction; (E) sequencing the clones; (F) sequence assembly into contigs and scaffolds.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Environmental_shotgun_sequencing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_577", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, providing a simplified overview of the human genome. It is a graphical representation of the idealized human  diploid  karyotype, with annotated  bands and sub-bands . It shows dark and white regions on  G banding . Each row is vertically aligned at  centromere  level. It shows 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes , as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_578", "caption": "The  DFT -method for identifying protein-coding segments of DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Wikipedia_figure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_579", "caption": "Evolution of the cost of sequencing a human genome from 2001 to 2021", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Cost_per_Genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_580", "caption": "Fluorophosphonate - rhodamine  (FP-Rhodamine) activity-based probe for profiling of the  serine hydrolase  superfamily.  In this probe the fluorophosphonate is the reactive group (RG) as it binds irreversibly to the active-site  serine   nucleophile  of  serine hydrolases  and the tag is  rhodamine , a fluorophore for in- gel  visualization.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Fp_rhodamine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_581", "caption": "In- gel  ABPP using probes with different fluorophores in the same lane to simultaneously profile differences in enzyme activities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Gel-abpp_eg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_582", "caption": "Transcription units (in green) and genes (protein-coding genes in red, other genes in blue) of human adenovirus E genome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Human_adenovirus_E_genes_NCBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_583", "caption": "Allen Institute for Brain Science", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Allen_Institute_Logo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_584", "caption": "Log-log plot  of the total number of annotated proteins in genomes submitted to  GenBank   as a function of genome size. Based on data from  NCBI  genome reports.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Genome_size_vs_protein_count.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_585", "caption": "The BAM format; image from:  https://samtools.github.io/hts-specs/SAMv1.pdf", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/591px-BAMFormat.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_586", "caption": "Hundreds of gel drops are visible on the biochip.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Biochip.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_587", "caption": "Figure 1. Biochips are a platform that require, in addition to microarray technology, transduction and signal processing technologies to output the results of sensing experiments.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Biochip_platform.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_588", "caption": "3D  Sarfus  image of a DNA biochip", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Sarfus.DNABiochip.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_589", "caption": "Chemogenomics  Staubli  robot retrieves assay plates from incubators", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Chemical_Genomics_Robot.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_590", "caption": "ChIP-exo workflow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-350px-ChIP-exo_process_diagram.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_591", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cofactor_Genomics_Lobby.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_592", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cofactor_Genomics_Dry_Lab.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_593", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cofactor_Genomics_Founders.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_594", "caption": "Whole genome  alignment  is a typical method in comparative genomics. This alignment of eight  Yersinia  bacteria genomes reveals 78 locally collinear blocks  conserved  among all eight  taxa . Each chromosome has been laid out horizontally and  homologous  blocks in each genome are shown as identically colored regions linked across genomes. Regions that are  inverted  relative to  Y. pestis  KIM are shifted below a genome's center axis. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-A_genome_alignment_of_eight_Yersinia_isolate_07929540.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_595", "caption": "Human  FOXP2  gene and evolutionary conservation is shown in and multiple alignment (at bottom of figure) in this image from the  UCSC Genome Browser . Note that conservation tends to cluster around coding regions (exons).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BrowserFoxp2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_596", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree of descendant species and reconstructed ancestors. The branch color represents breakpoint rates in RACFs (breakpoints per million years). Black branches represent nondetermined breakpoint rates. Tip colors depict assembly contiguity: black, scaffold-level genome assembly; green, chromosome-level genome assembly; yellow, chromosome-scale scaffold-level genome assembly. Numbers next to species names indicate diploid chromosome number (if known). [ 46 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_descendant_species_and__130bbe65.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_597", "caption": "Chromosome by chromosome variation of indicine and taurine cattle. The genomic structural differences on chromosome X between indicine ( Bos indicus  \u2013   Nelore cattle ) and taurine cattle ( Bos taurus  \u2013  Hereford cattle ) were identified using the SyRI tool.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Genomic_structural_variation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_598", "caption": "Example of a phylogenetic tree created from an alignment of 250 unique spike protein sequences from the Betacoronavirus family.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Betacoronavirus_Phylogenetic_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_599", "caption": "Example of synteny block and break. Genes located on chromosomes of two species are denoted in letters. Each gene is associated with a number representing the species they belong to (species 1 or 2). Orthologous genes are connected by dashed lines and genes without an orthologous relationship are treated as gaps in synteny programs. [ 57 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Synteny.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_600", "caption": "Image from the study Evolution of the ancestral mammalian karyotype and syntenic regions. It is a Visualization of the evolutionary history of reconstructed mammalian chromosomes based on the human lineage. [ 46 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Reconstruction_of_mammillian_chromosomes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_601", "caption": "TCR  loci from humans (H, top) and mice (M, bottom) are compared, with TCR elements in red, non-TCR genes in purple, and V segments in orange, other TCR elements in red. M6A, a putative  methyltransferase ; ZNF, a  zinc-finger protein ; OR,  olfactory receptor  genes; DAD1, defender against  cell death ; The sites of species-specific, processed pseudogenes are shown by gray triangles. See also  GenBank  accession numbers AE000658-62. Modified after Glusman et al. 2001. [ 81 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-New_Mouse_and_Human_Comparison_%282%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_602", "caption": "[Figure 2] Gene structure of the human (top) and mouse (bottom) V, D, J, and C gene segments. The arrows represent the transcriptional direction of each TCR gene. The squares and circles represent going in a direct and reverse direction. Modified after Glusman et al. 2001. [ 81 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Mouse_and_Human_Comparison_%282%29_%282%29.p_4062fedb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_603", "caption": "Overlapping reads from paired-end sequencing form contigs; contigs and gaps of known length form scaffolds.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PET_contig_scaffold.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_604", "caption": "This  gene duplication  has created a copy number variation. The chromosome now has two copies of this section of DNA, rather than one.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Gene-duplication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_605", "caption": "Diagrammatic representation of non-allelic homologous recombination. Here, Gene X represents the gene of interest and the black line represents the chromosome. When the two homologous chromosomes are misaligned and recombination occurs, it may result in a duplication of the gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Non-allelic_Homologous_Recombination.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_606", "caption": "Timeline of the change in hominin diet throughout late Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. As seen, root vegetables rich in starch were consumed around 20,000 years ago when the  AMY1  diploid gene number is estimated to have increased.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Hominin_Diet_Timeline.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_607", "caption": "Simplified phylogenetic tree of the great ape lineage and the number of diploid  AMY1  genes that each species has.  AMY1  gene number shown to increase after split with the chimpanzee lineage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Amy1_gene_in_apes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_608", "caption": "Possible mechanism of how multiple copies of a gene can lead to a protein family over years with natural selection. Here, Gene X is the gene of interest that is duplicated and Gene X1 and Gene X2 are genes that acquired mutations and became functionally different to Gene X.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_families.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_609", "caption": "Metabolic reconstruction of a member of the Delphibacteria phylum. [ 1 ]  Key predicted metabolic and functional features are depicted. Genes of interest are denoted by abbreviations in the colored shapes. Filled shapes represent genes predicted to be present or likely to be present, whereas unfilled shapes represent genes that were not identified.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/414px-Metabolic_reconstruction_of_a_member_of_the__979f4c38.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_610", "caption": "A, B: Two genomes with four synteny blocks. C: The adjacency graph of the genomes pictured in A and B.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-DCJ_Example_Genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_611", "caption": "Duplex sequencing overview:  Duplex tagged libraries containing sequencing adapters are amplified and result in two types of products each originates from a single strand of DNA. After sequencing the PCR products, the generated reads divide into tag families based on the genomic position, duplex tags, and the neighboring sequencing adapter. Sequence tag \u03b1 is the reverse complement of sequence tag \u03b2 and vice versa.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Duplex_sequencing_overview_alphabeta_fix.svg_d43b3d24.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_612", "caption": "Duplex sequencing library preparation workflow:  Two adapter oligos go through several steps (Annealing, Synthesis, dT-tailing) to generate double-stranded unique tags with 3'-dT-overhangs. Then the duplex tag adapters ligate to the double-stranded DNA templates. Finally, Illumina sequencing adapters are inserted into the tagged-DNA fragments and form the final libraries containing DS adapters, Illumina sequencing adapters, and template DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Duplex_sequencing_library_preparation_proced_6201950d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_613", "caption": "Essential genes in  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  H37Rv as found by using  transposons  which insert in random positions in the genome. If no transposons are found in a gene, the gene is most likely essential as it cannot tolerate any insertion. In this example, essential  heme biosynthetic genes   hemA, hemB, hemC, hemD  are devoid of insertions. The number of sequence reads (\u2018\u2018reads/TA\u2019\u2019) is shown for the indicated region of the H37Rv chromosome. Potential TA dinucleotide insertions sites are indicated. Image from Griffin et al. 2011. [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/800px-Transposon_insertions_and_next_generation_se_55163a47.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_614", "caption": "A schematic view of essential genes (or proteins) in  lysine biosynthesis  of different  bacteria . The same protein may be essential in one species but not another.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Essential_metabolic_genes_in_bacteria.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_615", "caption": "Conservation of essential genes in  bacteria , adapted from  [ 72 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Conservation_of_essential_genes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_616", "caption": "Deep mutational scan of the RNA recognition motif (RRM2) of a yeast PolyA binding protein (Pab1)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Deep_Mutational_Scan.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_617", "caption": "A  DNA microarray", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_microarray.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_618", "caption": "Overview of Perturb-seq workflow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/517px-Overview_of_Perturb-seq_workflow.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_619", "caption": "An example of a CRISPR loss-of-function screen [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Journal.pbio.2006951.g001-B.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_620", "caption": "An overview of a phydms workflow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phydms.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_621", "caption": "Samples used and eQTLs discovered in GTEx v6", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nature24277-f1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_622", "caption": "This workflow figures describes the sequential steps for performing G&T-seq: Cell sorting and lysis, separation of mRNA and gDNA, genome and transcriptom amplification, and sequencing and analysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-MEDG505_wiki_workflow_finished.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_623", "caption": "The process of mRNA isolation and amplification of cDNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Strand-seq_MY.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_624", "caption": "Schematic overview of the modular structure underlying procedures for gene set enrichment analysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Gsea_meta.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_625", "caption": "An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male (the mitochondrial chromosomes are not shown).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-UCSC_human_chromosome_colours.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_626", "caption": "Part of DNA sequence \u2013 prototypification of complete genome of virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Part_of_DNA_sequence_prototypification_of_co_497907b8.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_627", "caption": "In a typical human cell, the genome is contained in 22 pairs of  autosomes , two  sex chromosomes  (the female and male variants shown at bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (shown to scale as \"MT\" at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_628", "caption": "Log\u2013log plot  of the total number of annotated proteins in genomes submitted to  GenBank  as a function of genome size", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genome_size_vs_protein_count.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_629", "caption": "Comparison among genome sizes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genome_sizes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_630", "caption": "This heatmap displays the similarity between nuclear profiles using cells that take on values from 0 - 1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heatmap_of_Mouse_Genome_Nuclear_Profiles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_631", "caption": "This bar graph shows how the radial positions of nuclear profiles are distributed across a cluster", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bar_Graph_of_Radial_Positions.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_632", "caption": "This is a radar chart that represents 3 cluster's presence in different features of the mouse genome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Radar_Chart_of_Mouse_Genome_Features.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_633", "caption": "Flowchart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/800px-GAMtools_Flowchart.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_634", "caption": "An example of a proximity matrix produced with GAMtools.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Proximity_Matrix.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_635", "caption": "How genomic compaction and radial position affect detection frequency", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GAM_Detection_Frequency.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_636", "caption": "flowchart showing a general process of GAM data analysis.  Circles represent a process and squares represent data.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/1176px-GAM_flowchart%281%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_637", "caption": "Flow chart of SLICE", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/800px-Flowchart_of_SLICE.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_638", "caption": "Heatmap for 81 window by 81 window matrix", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Normalized_Linkage_Matrix.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_639", "caption": "An example of conversion between cosegregation and linkage matrices. Note the red highlighted cells, illustrating edges that may be missed if the mean cosegregation is not normalized.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cosegregation_to_adjacency_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_640", "caption": "An example of calculating degree centrality from a simple graph and adjacency matrix.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Degree_Centrality_Simple_Diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_641", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-GDV-table-view-2022.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_642", "caption": "An evolutionary tree of mammals. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-An_evolutionary_tree_of_mammals.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_643", "caption": "Examples of mammalian chromosomes. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Examples_of_mammalian_chromosomes.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_644", "caption": "Examples of the distribution of C-heterochromatin in mammalian chromosomes. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Examples_of_distribution_of_C-heterochromati_1f6faa70.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_645", "caption": "A comparative chromosome map of birds' and mammals' inferred human homologies (right numbers) on chromosome  idiograms [ 29 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Comparative_chromosome_map_of_birds_and_mamm_f2ef34b1.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_646", "caption": "Circular representation of the  Mycobacterium leprae  genome created using JCVI online genome tools.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Mycobacterium_leprae_circular_genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_647", "caption": "The principal forces of evolution in prokaryotes and their effects on  archaeal  and  bacterial  genomes. The horizontal line shows archaeal and bacterial genome size on a  logarithmic scale  (in mega base pairs ) and the approximate corresponding number of genes (in parentheses).The effects of the main forces of prokaryotic genome evolution are denoted by triangles that are positioned, roughly, over the ranges of genome size for which the corresponding effects are thought to be most pronounced.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/367px-Forces_of_Prokaryote_evolution.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_648", "caption": "Chromosome fusion, leading to a reduced number of chromosomes (here a fused  human chromosome 2 , with 2 separate chromosomes still present in  chimpanzees  and other  apes ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosome_2_merge_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_649", "caption": "The proS loci in  Mycobacterium leprae  and  M. tuberculosis , showing 3 pseudogenes (indicated by crosses) in  M. leprae  that still represent functional genes in  M. tuberculosis . Homologous genes are indicated by identical colors and vertical, hatched bars. Modified after Cole et al. 2001. [ 28 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Pseudogenes_Mycobacteria.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_650", "caption": "Cichlids such as  Tropheops tropheops  from  Lake Malawi  provide models for genome evolution.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Melanochromis_auratus_femelle_dominante.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_651", "caption": "Genome size ranges (in base pairs) of various life forms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genome_Sizes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_652", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human. It shows 22  homologous chromosomes , both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the  sex chromosome  (bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (to scale at bottom left). The blue scale to the left of each chromosome pair (and the mitochondrial genome) shows its length in terms of millions of DNA  base pairs . Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_653", "caption": "Genome skimming allows for assembly of high-copy fractions of the genome into contiguous, complete genomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Genome_Skimming.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_654", "caption": "The black-chinned hummingbird ( Archilochus alexandri ) is the bird species known to have the smallest genome among birds, which is only 0.91 Gb long.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Archilochus-alexandri-003.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_655", "caption": "Introns are DNA sequences that occur in eukaryotic genes. They are transcribed to mRNA, but they are edited out before the mRNA is translated by ribosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Exon-intron_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_656", "caption": "The genus name of the sparrows,  Passer , gives its name to the order of  Passeriformes . Birds classified in this order have the highest rate of point mutations among birds, though birds generally have lower rates than mammals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Gorri%C3%B3n_1_%288203064583%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_657", "caption": "Genome sizes and corresponding composition of six major model organisms as pie charts. The increase in  genome  size correlates with the vast expansion of noncoding (i.e., intronic, intergenic, and interspersed repeat sequences) and repeat  DNA  (e.g., satellite, LINEs,  short interspersed nuclear element  (SINEs), DNA ( Alu sequence ), in red) sequences in more complex multicellular organisms. This expansion is accompanied by an increase in the number of  epigenetic  mechanisms (particularly repressive) that regulate the genome. Expansion of the genome also correlates with an increase in size and complexity of transcription units, except for plants. P =  Promoter  DNA element.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-GenomicOrganization_140_percent.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_658", "caption": "An example of a  phylogenetic tree  with its different phylostrata. Considering the large grey bars as the phylogeny of the taxa and the thin coloured lines as the various gene lineages within them, we can deduce the presence of two founder genes 1 and 2 present in their respective phylostrata 1 and 2. The phylostrata will then be usually given the name of the smallest determinable clade including all taxa present. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/420px-Example_of_a_Phylogenetic_Tree_with_Phylostr_e003053b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_659", "caption": "Distinct microbial communities in sponges converge to have common functionality despite retaining phylogenetic differences. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/305px-The_sponge_hologenome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_660", "caption": "TSC SNP distribution along the long arm of chromosome 22 (from  https://web.archive.org/web/20130903043223/http://snp.cshl.org/  ). Each column represents a 1 Mb interval; the approximate cytogenetic position is given on the x-axis. Clear peaks and troughs of SNP density can be seen, possibly reflecting different rates of mutation, recombination and selection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TSC_SNP_Distribution.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_661", "caption": "Populations with a high level of parental-relatedness result in a larger number of homozygous gene knockouts as compared to outbred populations. [ 98 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_Knockouts_in_Outbred_vs._Parentally-rel_4b31eab7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_662", "caption": "A pedigree displaying a first-cousin mating (carriers both carrying heterozygous knockouts mating as marked by double line) leading to offspring possessing a homozygous gene knockout", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Consanguineous_Mating_resulting_in_Knockout._6e6b66cb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_663", "caption": "Shared sequences and structural variants between genomes in  Human Pangenome Reference", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Pangenome-graph_%281%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_664", "caption": "A brief overview of different steps in genome de novo assembly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-De_novo_assembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_665", "caption": "Currently available application and tools for Human Pangenome Reference [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Fgene-13-1042550-g003.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_666", "caption": "CSIR-IGIB South Campus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CSIR-IGIB%2C_South_Campus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_667", "caption": "Workflow overview of a MALBAC experiment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Multiple_Annealing_Looped_Base_Amplification_e3ee7d2d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_668", "caption": "Detection of drug resistance genes using MALBAC", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Detection_of_drug_resistance_genes_using_MAL_23182b1e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_669", "caption": "Metabolic network  showing interactions between enzymes and metabolites in the  Arabidopsis thaliana  citric acid cycle. Enzymes and metabolites are the red dots and interactions between them are the lines.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-A_thaliana_metabolic_network.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_670", "caption": "Metabolic network model for  Escherichia coli", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Metabolic_Network_Model_for_Escherichia_coli_a76ce270.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_671", "caption": "This is a visual representation of the metabolic network reconstruction process.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Metabolic_Network_Reconstruction_Proce_7ccbd512.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_672", "caption": "In metagenomics, the genetic materials ( DNA ,  C ) are  extracted  directly from samples taken from the environment (e.g. soil, sea water, human gut,  A ) after filtering ( B ), and are  sequenced  ( E ) after multiplication by  cloning  ( D ) in an approach called  shotgun sequencing . These short sequences can then be put together again using  assembly methods  ( F ) to deduce the individual genomes or parts of genomes that constitute the original environmental sample. This information can then be used to study the  species diversity  and functional potential of the microbial community of the environment. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Environmental_shotgun_sequencing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_673", "caption": "Flow diagram of a typical metagenome project [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-200px-Flow_diagram_of_a_typical_metage_8fd495b6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_674", "caption": "Schematic representation of the main steps necessary for the analysis of whole metagenome shotgun sequencing-derived data. [ 27 ]  The software related to each step is shown in italics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-WGS_metagenomics_analysis_steps.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_675", "caption": "Metagenomics allows the study of microbial communities like those present in this stream receiving acid drainage from surface coal mining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_676", "caption": "Workflow overview of the MeDIP procedure. MeDIP procedure is followed by array-hybridization (A) or high-throughput/next generation sequencing (B)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-MeDIP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_677", "caption": "Simple workflow demonstrating a typical experiment using MeDIP-seq.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/275px-Study-flow.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_678", "caption": "The MinCDE system. MinD-ATP binds to a cell pole, also binds MinC, which prevents the formation of FtsZ polymers. The MinE ring causes hydrolysis of MinD's bound ATP, turning it into ADP and releasing the complex from the membrane. The system oscillates as each pole builds up a concentration of inhibitor that is periodically dismantled.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-MinCDE_System2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_679", "caption": "MinD (cyan) chased by MinE (magenta) to form spiraling waves on an artificial membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Min_Spirals.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_680", "caption": "Gene functions in  Syn 3.0 , a minimal-genome variant of  Mycoplasma genitalium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Syn3_genome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_681", "caption": "Pelagibacter ubique , the ubiquitous free-living ocean bacterium with the smallest (~1100) number of genes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pelagibacter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_682", "caption": "Mammalian mitochondria under an electron microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mitochondria%2C_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_683", "caption": "Two  Nanoarchaeum equitans  cells (and its larger host  Ignicoccus )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Urzwerg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_684", "caption": "Capsid of the Bacteriophage MS2 capsid (capsule), entirely composed of one protein. Colored by quasi-equivalent conformational variant (a,b,c).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ms2capsid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_685", "caption": "Comprehenseive whole-cell model of Mycoplasma genitalium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-3D_Whole_Cell_%283D-WC%29_model_of_a_Mycopla_328bcd2b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_686", "caption": "Genome mining is associated with bioinformatics investigations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bioinformatics.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_687", "caption": "The A-DNA double helix molecular model of Crick and Watson (consistent with X-ray data) for which they, with M.H.F. Wilkins, received a Nobel Prize.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-DNA_Model_Crick-Watson.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_688", "caption": "Silica  glass is another example of a material which is organized into a paracrystalline lattice.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Silica.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_689", "caption": "Molecular models are useful in the  design  of structures for  DNA nanotechnology . Here, individual DNA tiles (model at left) self-assemble into a highly ordered DNA 2D-nanogrid ( AFM  image at right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-DNA_nanostructures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_690", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-National_Institute_of_Genetics.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_691", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-NITRC_R.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_692", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-NITRC_IR.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_693", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-NITRC_CE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_694", "caption": "Diagram illustrating genomics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Genome-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_695", "caption": "\"Omicum\": Building of the  Estonian Biocentre  which houses the  Estonian Genome Centre  and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology at the  University of Tartu  in Tartu,  Estonia .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Omicum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_696", "caption": "A  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  scientist using microbiomics to study marine ecosystems", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Scientist_at_AOML_processes_samples_in_the_l_e1fdb8f2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_697", "caption": "Pangenome analysis of  Streptococcus agalactiae  genomes made with Anvi'o  [ 1 ]  software whose development is led by  A. Murat Eren . Genomes obtained from Tettelin et al. (2005). [ 2 ]  Each circle corresponds to one genome and each radius represent a gene family. At the bottom and at right are localized the core genome families. Some families in the core may have more than one homologous gene per genome. In the middle, at the left of the figure the shell genome is observed. At the top left are shown families from the dispensable genome and singletons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Example_of_Anvi%E2%80%99o_software_output.pn_0232435d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_698", "caption": "In the pangenome, we can identify three sets of genes: Core, Shell, and Cloud genome. The Core genome comprises the genes that are present in all genomes analyzed. To avoid dismissing families due to sequencing artifacts some authors consider the softcore (>95% occurrence). The Shell genome consists of the genes shared by the majority of genomes (10-95% occurrence). The gene families present in only one genome or <10% occurrence are described as Dispensable or Cloud genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/430px-Parts_of_the_pangenome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_699", "caption": "a) Closed pangenomes are characterized by large core genomes and small accessory genomes. b) Open pangenomes tend to have small core genomes and large accessory genomes. c) The size of open pangenomes tends to increase with every added genome, meanwhile closed pangenome's size tends to be asymptotic despite adding more genomes. Due to this characteristic, complete pangenome size for closed pangenomes can be predicted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/307px-Characteristics_of_open_and_closed_pangenome_08b983ba.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_700", "caption": "The supergenome is defined as all genes accessible for a certain species, the pangenome if sequencing of all genomes of one species was available. Metapangenome is the pangenome analysis applied to metagenomic samples, where the union of genes of several species is evaluated for a given habitat.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/296px-Supergenome_and_metapangenome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_701", "caption": "The  S.\u00a0pneumoniae  pan-genome. (a) Number of new genes as a function of the number of sequenced genomes. The predicted number of new  genes  drops sharply to zero when the number of genomes exceeds 50. (b) Number of core genes as a function of the number of sequenced genomes. The number of core genes converges to 1,647 for number of genomes n\u2192\u221e. From Donati et al. [ 36 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/233px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae_pan-genome_Donati_2_873da718.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_702", "caption": "Pangenome analysis of genomes of  Streptococcus agalactiae . [ 2 ]  Example of phylogenies made with BPGA software. This software allows us to generate phylogenies based on the clustering of the core genome or pangenome. Core and pan phylogenetic reconstructions are not necessarily matching.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/307px-BPGA_analysis_of_Streptococcus_agalactiae.pn_62b6621f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_703", "caption": "Pangenome graph of 3 117  Acinetobacter baumannii  genomes generated with PPanGGOLiN software. Edges correspond to genomic colocalization and nodes correspond to genes. The thickness of the edges is proportional to the number of genomes sharing that link. The edges between persistent (similar to core genes), shell and cloud nodes are colored in orange, green and blue, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/302px-Pcbi.1007732.g002.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_704", "caption": "Example of possible outputs of BPGA software. Pangenome analysis of genomes of  Streptococcus agalactiae . At the left, the distribution of Go terms by core/dispensable/unique genome is shown. In this example, the category replication, recombination, and repair are enriched on unique gene families. On the right, a typical pan/core plot is shown, when more genomes have added the size of the core is decreasing, and on the contrary the size of the pangenome increases. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/611px-Pangenome_analysis_with_BPGA_software.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_705", "caption": "pgEd Logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-PgEdSymboldoc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_706", "caption": "Typical cost of sequencing a human-sized genome, on a logarithmic scale. Note the drastic trend faster than  Moore's law  beginning in January 2008 as  post-Sanger sequencing  came online at sequencing centers. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/380px-Cost_per_Genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_707", "caption": "Overview of Perturb-seq workflow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/517px-Overview_of_Perturb-seq_workflow.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_708", "caption": "Final consensus terms for allele functional status and phenotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/512px-CPIC_Term_Consensus_Table.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_709", "caption": "Consecutive phases and associated challenges in Pharmacogenomics. [ 48 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Pharmacogenomics_challenges_from_research_to_baebbb51.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_710", "caption": "Objectives as a hierarchy for predictive genomics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Predictive_Genomics_Objectives.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_711", "caption": "Proteogenomics uses an integrated approach by combining  genomics ,  proteomics , and  transcriptomics .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Proteogenomics_Image_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_712", "caption": "Image of a eukaryote cell illustrating how proteins are made: DNA in the nucleus is read by RNA polymerase, then ribosomes in the cytoplasm produce an amino acid strand that folds into a functional protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-How_proteins_are_made_NSF.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_713", "caption": "Robotic preparation of  MALDI   mass spectrometry  samples on a sample carrier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Protein_pattern_analyzer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_714", "caption": "LCQ Mass Spectrometer used in mass spectrometry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Thermo_-_Finnigan_LCQ_Mass_Spectrometer_%281_e2719d95.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_715", "caption": "Mechanisms showing how AHA labels onto proteins and where biotin-FLAG-alkyne tags mark the amino acid. Hand Drawn via Sigma Aldrich", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/312px-Mechanism-of-AHA-bonding-to-Amino-Acids.svg._59e78bfb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_716", "caption": "Ketone and aldehyde mechanism with cell surface labeling. Staudinger ligations and their interaction with azide groups for labeling are shown in the second figure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/298px-Ketone-Aldehyde_Condensation_and_Staudinger__705617eb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_717", "caption": "An outline of the protocol for reduced representation bisulfite sequencing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Brief_overview_of_RRBS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_718", "caption": "Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing Protocol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/800px-Reduced_Representation_Bisulfite_Sequencing__4fab58ce.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_719", "caption": "The first printout of the human reference genome presented as a series of books, displayed at the  Wellcome Collection , London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Wellcome_genome_bookcase.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_720", "caption": "Diagram of reads arrangement, forming  contigs  and these can be assembled into  scaffolds  in the complete process of sequencing and assembly of a reference genome. The gap between contig 1 and 2 is indicated as sequenced, forming a scaffold, while the other gap is not sequenced and separates scaffold 1 and 2.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Contigs_and_Scaffolds.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_721", "caption": "Evolution of the cost of sequencing a human genome from 2001 to 2021", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/444px-Cost_per_Genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_722", "caption": "Chromosomes ideogram of the human reference genome assembly GRCh38/hg38. Characteristic bands patterns are displayed in black, grey and white, while the gaps and partially assembled regions are displayed in blue and rose, respectively. Reference: Genome Data Viewer of the NCBI. [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/496px-Human_genome_assembly_GRCh38_chromosomes_ide_c10dab2c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_723", "caption": "An overview of methods for single-cell epigenomic sequencing. Each method is labelled on the bottom row. Arrows are coloured by method, showing the flow from starting material to sequence data. Adapted from  [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sc_omics_summary.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_724", "caption": "One method for single cell DNA methylation sequencing [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Farlik_abstract.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_725", "caption": "Comparison of single cell DNA methylation sequencing methods in terms of coverage as at 2015 on  Mus musculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Comparison_of_single_cell_methylation_sequen_d67a86ce.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_726", "caption": "Two methods for single-cell ATAC-seq [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-13059_2015_737_Fig1_HTML.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_727", "caption": "SMRT Cell for a RS or RS II Sequencer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-RSSmrtCell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_728", "caption": "SMRT Cell for a Sequel Sequencer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SequelSmrtCell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_729", "caption": "Pipette tip in an 8M SMRT Cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TipIn8MCell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_730", "caption": "Genomic regions of the identified  S. meliloti  sRNA genes. The schematics (drawn to scale) summarize the bioinformatic predictions and the results of the experimental mapping. The smr genes are represented by red arrows and the flanking ORFs by blue arrows. Numbers indicate co-ordinates in the  S. meliloti  1021 genome database. Experimentally determined 5'- and 3'-ends of the Smr transcripts are indicated with numbers. 3'-ends of the differentially expressed sRNAs were assigned to the last U in the consecutive stretch after extended stem-loops of Rho-independent terminators, which are denoted by green dots above the horizontal lines. The grey arrowhead indicates the processing site for Smr7C.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Genomic_region.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_731", "caption": "Directed graph of relationships among SNP prediction webservers and their bioinformatics sources. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Relationships_Among_SNP_Predictions.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_732", "caption": "Different type of annotations in genomics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SNPannotation1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_733", "caption": "An animated example to show the utility of a spaced seed. First, an attempt to identify a local candidate match without a space seed is made (unsuccessfully), before attempting the same task with a simple spaced seed, where a hit is found successfully. Green indicates a matching base position. See  here  for more details.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Sequence_Alignment_Example.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_734", "caption": "Transcription, splicing and translation of a eukaryotic gene.  A eukaryotic gene consists of a promoter, exons, introns and a poly-A addition site. It is transcribed into a primary RNA transcript (or pre-mRNA) by the RNA polymerase enzyme. This RNA undergoes the process of editing by the spliceosome for the precise removal of the introns and joining of the exons, which produces the mRNA molecule. This mRNA contains the complete coding sequence without any interrupting stop codons that is translated by the ribosome into the protein encoded by the gene. In the figure, the lengths of introns are short, but in reality, they are extremely long, on average 20 times longer than the exons, and often even much longer up to around 500,000 bases. The exons are usually short with an average of ~120 bases, and with an upper maximum of ~600 bases. [ 1 ]  Also shown is an example protein structure ( PDB ID: 2VUX ) for the Human ribonucleotide reductase, subunit M2 B.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/579px-Introductory_figure_for_transcript_and_splic_5207e18f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_735", "caption": "The clustering of stop codons in a random DNA sequence lead to rare ORFs that are long.  The negative exponential frequency distribution of the ORF lengths in a random sequence indicates that, in a linear sequence, the shorter the ORFs they are more frequent, and the longer the ORFs they are less and less frequent. Thus, there is a tendency for stop codons to be clustered in most places in a sequence, and, therefore, the longer ORFs are rarer, even within the upper maximum length of ~600 bases. Senapathy reasoned that, coding sequence segments from the available long ORFs could be chosen as exons, whereas the intervening sequences with clusters of stop codons could be earmarked as introns to be deleted from the primary RNA transcript, which would lead to a split gene structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Split_Gene_Theory_figure_3_V3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_736", "caption": "The negative exponential distribution of ORF lengths in a random DNA sequence and in eukaryotic DNA sequences.  Senapathy found that stop codons occur at a high frequency in a random DNA sequence, as 3 stop codons exist out of 64 codons, which leads to short open reading frames (ORFs) with average length of ~60 bases. He also found that the lengths of the ORFs are distributed in a negative exponential manner. This plot indicates that the frequency of the zero ORF length (consecutive stop-codons occurring tandemly) is the most frequent of all ORF lengths, the frequency of ORF length of one codon (3 bases) is the next most frequent, and so on. The frequency of longer ORFs reduces exponentially, and reaches a zero frequency around an ORF length of ~600 bases, which means that ORFs longer than 600 bases do not occur. [ 1 ]  Surprisingly, the plot from the eukaryotic DNA sequences was almost exactly the same as that from the random DNA sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Fig2V5.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_737", "caption": "Corroboration of the Split Gene Theory by actual DNA sequences of human genes.  The Split Gene Theory predicts that all three stop codons should be present at a high frequency in each of the three reading frames (RFs), which would lead to short Open Reading Frames (ORFs). It also predicts that: a) exons would occur within these short ORFs in all three RFs; b) introns would be long, and that c) exon lengths would be confined to ORF lengths. These predictions are precisely true in the DNA sequences of most eukaryotic genes. Two example genes ( FLJ35894  and  ADCY1 ) from the human genome are shown. All of the exons in each gene are short, and most of the introns are long. In each gene, the exons (short yellow boxes) are confined to short ORFs that occurred in the DNA sequence. In addition, stop codons occur at the ends of the exons, which are actually part of the splice junction sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/681px-Genes_FLJ_and_ADCY_ExORF.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_738", "caption": "Origin of splice junction sequences from the stop codons. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  (A) The molecular machinery that chose the exons of a split gene from a random primordial DNA sequence should be capable of searching for stop codons (tick marks) to identify regions without stop codons (in the primary RNA copy, not shown), which are the ORFs. In doing so, the first encountered stop codon will be marked as the start of the intron. This process will lead to the presence of a stop codon at the beginning of the introns. Sometimes, all of an Open Reading Frame is chosen to be an exon, because of which the end of the previous intron will have a stop codon. (B) The start and the end of the intron are parts of the \"splice junction sequences,\" that signal the exact point of splicing to the spliceosome machinery. The stop codons are shown with a red background.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Split_Gene_Theory_figureV2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_739", "caption": "Stop codons occur as key parts of all important genetic elements in eukaryotic genes.  The key genetic elements of eukaryotic genes are the promoters, donor and acceptor splice junction signals, lariat (branch point) signals, and poly-A addition sites. The core component of each of these genetic elements is a stop codon.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/665px-Stopcodons_in_genetics_elementsV5.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_740", "caption": "Origin of bacterial genes from split genes.  The split genes of modern eukaryotes with short exons (average length of 120 bases, and maximum of ~600 bases) interrupted by long introns are extremely probable in random DNA sequences due to the reasons described in the section  Origin of introns and the split gene structure , above. In contrast, the long contiguously coding bacterial genes (that can be as long and 10,000 bases, and longer up to 90,000 bases) without introns are practically impossible to occur in random sequences. Thus, the only way that bacterial genes could originate was to delete the introns from the split genes that occurred in random DNA sequences and produce contiguously coding genes. The example protein shown with its 3D structure is from PDB database ( ID:1UNF ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-New_Fig_022019V3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_741", "caption": "Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis on a simplified model using  polymerase chain reaction  (PCR): First, a DNA sample undergoes PCR with  primers  targeting certain STRs (which vary in lengths between individuals and their  alleles ). The resultant fragments are separated by size (such as  electrophoresis ). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Short_Tandem_Repeat_%28STR%29_analysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_742", "caption": "A partial human STR profile obtained using the  Applied Biosystems  Identifiler kit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Str_profile.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_743", "caption": "An example of a protein structure from  Protein Data Bank .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Argonne%27s_Midwest_Center_for_Structural_Ge_ba77da3e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_744", "caption": "Subfunctionalization is a neutral mutation process in which each paralog retains a subset of its original ancestral function. The figure illustrates that the ancestral gene (orange & blue) is capable of both functions before gene duplication. After gene duplication the functional capabilities are divided amongst the gene copies. After this divergence each paralog is capable of independently performing a distinct ancestral function.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Illustration_of_subfunctionalization.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_745", "caption": "Within a family, linkage occurs when two genetic markers (points on a chromosome) remain linked on a chromosome rather than being broken apart by recombination events during meiosis, shown as red lines. In a population, contiguous stretches of founder chromosomes from the initial generation are sequentially reduced in size by recombination events. Over time, a pair of markers or points on a chromosome in the population move from linkage disequilibrium to linkage equilibrium, as recombination events eventually occur between every possible point on the chromosome. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Linkage_and_Linkage_Disequilibrium.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_746", "caption": "LD plot of SNPs with top-ranked bayes factors in CHB of 1000 Genome Phase I. The colors indicate the strength of pairwise LD according to r2 metrics. The SNPs marked with asterisks represent independent strong associations. Tag SNPs are shadowed in pink. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-LD_plot_of_SNPs_with_top-ranked_BFs_in_CHB_o_2cdea75e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_747", "caption": "Two Affymetrix chips", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Affymetrix-microarray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_748", "caption": "Global aquaculture production of  Takifugu rubripes  in thousand tonnes from 1980 to 2022, as reported by the  FAO [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tiger_pufferfish_total_production_thousand_t_f62a9baf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_749", "caption": "DNA microarray  used to analyze the expression of human (left) and mouse genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Affymetrix-microarray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_750", "caption": "Proposed clinical trial paradigm for discovery of toxgnostics markers through GWAS.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Toxgnostic_GWAS_discovery_pathway.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_751", "caption": "The translatome is characterized using polysome profiling, ribosome footprinting, TRAP-seq, RNC-seq, and other translatomics techniques. Created in BioRender.com.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Important_translatomics_techniques.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_752", "caption": "The image depicts a conceptual diagram of transmembrane protein 217. The protein is given from N-terminus to C-terminus with predicted cellular, transmembrane and extracellular domains present (colored blue, grey, and orange respectively). The most highly conserved predicted post-translational modifications are provided as well. The following predicted post-translational modifications are provided: phosphorylation sites, disulfide bond, and a C-linked mannosylation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Transmembrane_217_Conceptual_Protein.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_753", "caption": "Three examples of the triangle inequality for triangles with sides of lengths  x ,  y ,  z . The top example shows a case where  z  is much less than the sum  x  +  y  of the other two sides,  and the bottom example shows a case where the side  z  is only slightly less than  x  +  y .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TriangleInequality.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_754", "caption": "General Timeline of Human Genome Project", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/417px-Human_genome_project_timeline.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_755", "caption": "Brief work flow of whole exome sequencing; DNA double strands are first digested in to single strands. Coding area (exon) and non-coding area (intron) are differentiated, and linear DNA are fragmented into the genomic DNA. Hybridization on capture array for target (coding area) enrichment. Finally, assayed by DNA sequencing program.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/331px-Exome_Sequencing_Workflow_1a.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_756", "caption": "Patients with cancer such as breast cancer, lung cancer or prostate cancer recruited to be analyzed by genomic sequencing. They will be separated into different groups depending on their genetic information, and different types of medications will be distributed to the subgroups.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/421px-Personalized_Cancer_Therapy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_757", "caption": "Decreasing trend in cost of genome sequencing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/393px-Cost_per_Genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_758", "caption": "Electropherograms  are commonly used to sequence portions of genomes. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Chromatogram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_759", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, showing an overview of the  human genome , with 22  homologous chromosomes , both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the  sex chromosome  (bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (to scale at bottom left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_760", "caption": "The first bacterial whole genome to be sequenced was of the bacterium  Haemophilus influenzae .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Haemophilus_influenzae_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_761", "caption": "The worm  Caenorhabditis elegans  was the first animal to have its whole genome sequenced.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-C._elegans.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_762", "caption": "Drosophila melanogaster 's  whole genome was sequenced in 2000.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_front_%28aka%29.jp_c4a3396f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_763", "caption": "Arabidopsis thaliana  was the first plant genome sequenced.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Arabidopsis_thaliana_inflorescencias.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_764", "caption": "The genome of the lab mouse  Mus musculus  was published in 2002.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-54986main_mouse_med.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_765", "caption": "It took 10 years and 50 scientists spanning the globe to sequence the genome of  Elaeis guineensis  ( oil palm ). This genome was particularly difficult to sequence because it had many  repeated sequences  which are difficult to organise. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Elaeis_guineensis_MS_3467.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_766", "caption": "An ABI PRISM 3100 genetic analyzer. Such capillary sequencers automated the early efforts of sequencing genomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ABI_PRISM_3100_Genetic_Analyzer_3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_767", "caption": "Total cost of sequencing a whole human genome as calculated by the  NHGRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Historic_cost_of_sequencing_a_human_genome.s_c280cb41.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_768", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_769", "caption": "An amplicon sequence template that has been prepared for amplification. The target sequence to be amplified is colored green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Amplicon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_770", "caption": "Cross-linked DNA extracted from the 4,000-year-old liver of the ancient Egyptian priest Nekht-Ankh", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ancient_DNA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_771", "caption": "Quagga (Equus quagga quagga), an extinct sub-species of zebra.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_772", "caption": "A diptera (Mycetophilidae) from the Eocene (40-50 million years ago) in a piece of transparent Baltic amber along with other smaller inclusions. Shown under daylight (big photograph) and under UV light (small photograph).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Baltic_Amber.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_773", "caption": "Svante P\u00e4\u00e4bo (left) with his medal for the Nobel Prize on Physiology or Medicine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Svante_Paabo_and_Fumio_Kishida_20230201_1.jp_8c673151.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_774", "caption": "Map of human fossils with an age of at least ~40,000 years that yielded genome-wide data [ 77 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Map_of_human_fossils_with_an_age_of_at_least_a81606e2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_775", "caption": "Left: Unbound aptamer. Right: the aptamer bound to its target protein. The protein is in yellow. Parts of the aptamer that change shape when it binds its target are in blue, while the unchanging parts are in orange. The parts of the aptamer that contact the protein are highlighted in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/425px-Pegaptanib_induced_fit_binding.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_776", "caption": "Breast cancer  cells incubated with aptamers that bind selectively to  biomarkers  on the cancer cells, but not to healthy cells. Aptamers are linked to  Alexa Fluor 594 , a molecule that glows red under  UV  light. This type of test allows a doctor or researcher to identify cancer cells in a  tissue sample from a patient .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/331px-Breast_cancer_spheroids_with_aptamers.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_777", "caption": "Jack Szostak, Nobel laureate and one of the inventors of SELEX and aptamers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Jack_wiki_photo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_778", "caption": "The complex and diverse secondary and tertiary structure of aptamers, as shown in this schematic of an aptamer's secondary structure, is what lets them bind their target strongly and specifically.  Complementary base pairing  is visible in the black lines connecting some G-C and A-T bases. This is a feature of nucleic acids that does not exist in the amino acids of antibodies. It helps aptamers form these unique structures. Hairpin regions (red), which rely on this base pairing, enhance the aptamer's stability at different temperatures. This image also shows examples of chemical modifications to the base aptamer. Two unnatural bases, which enhance durability, are in yellow. The  biotin  molecule binds with extreme strength to  streptavidin , allowing the aptamer to be anchored to other molecules or to a surface in sensors and assays.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Anti-VEGF_165_and_anti-IFNy_aptamer_secondar_eeb60aa5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_779", "caption": "This assay tests the ability of two different types of aptamers (V and I) to detect their respective protein targets (VEGF and IFN-y). The labels Apt1, Apt2, Apt3, and Apt4 are in decreasing order of binding strength (i.e. Apt1 is the strongest aptamer). The DD, AD, DA, and AA letters mean that they have different combinations of unnatural base pairs. This causes their difference in binding strengths. The \"-\" columns have no protein, and the \"+\" columns do have protein. Aptamer with protein (+) and without protein (-) is loaded into wells in a gel and moves down the column lanes. If target is present, they bind and travel more slowly, due to the  charge  on the aptamer and the mass of the protein. Otherwise, the unbound aptamer moves quickly to the end of the lane. The difference in position between the \"+\" and \"-\" bands is the \"mobility shift.\" This allows the researcher to detect the presence or absence of the protein. The darker band in the leftmost V and I lanes show that stronger aptamer-target binding makes it easier to detect the target at a given amount of target protein in the sample. The bottom image includes  denaturing   urea  in the gel that disrupts aptamer-target binding in the weaker I aptamers, showing that the aptamer-protein binding is indeed what caused the mobility shift.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Aptamer_gel_mobility_shift_assay.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_780", "caption": "BBF RFC 10 assembly of two BioBricks compatible part. Treating the upstream fragment with EcoRI and SpeI, and the downstream fragment with EcoRI and XbaI allows for the assembly in the desired sequence. Because SpeI and XbaI produce complementary overhangs, they help link the two DNA fragments together, producing a scar sequence. All the original restriction sites are maintained in the final construct, which can then be used for further BioBricks reactions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-BioBricks_assembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_781", "caption": "The sequence of DNA parts for the Golden Gate assembly can be directed by defining unique complementary overhangs for each part. Thus, to assemble gene 1 in order of fragment A, B and C, the 3' overhang for fragment A is complementary to the 5' overhang for fragment B, and similarly for fragment B and fragment C. For the destination plasmid, the selectable marker is flanked by outward-cutting BsaI restriction sites. This excises the selectable marker, allowing the insertion of the final construct. T4 ligase is used to ligate the fragments together and to the destination plasmid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Golden_Gate_Assembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_782", "caption": "Long-overlap-based assembly methods require the presence of long overlap regions on the DNA parts that are to be assembled. This enables the construction of complementary overhangs that can anneal via complementary base pairing. There exist a variety of methods, e.g. Gibson assembly, CPEC, MODAL that make use of this concept to assemble DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Long_Overlap_Assembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_783", "caption": "The MODAL standard provides a common format to allow any DNA part to be made compatible with Gibson assembly or other overlap assembly methods. The DNA fragment of interest undergoes two rounds of PCR, first to attach the adaptor prefix and suffixes, and next to attach the predefined linker sequences. Once the parts are in the required format, assembly methods like Gibson assembly can carried out. The order of the parts is directed by the linkers, i.e. the same linker sequence is attached to the 3' end of the upstream part and the 5' end of the downstream part.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Overlap_assembly_using_the_MODAL_format.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_784", "caption": "The second AT-hook of  HMGA1  (black ribbon) bound to the minor-groove of AT-rich DNA. The amino-acid side chains and nucleotides have been hidden.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AT-hook.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_785", "caption": "The phosphate backbone of the DNA shown in orange is faded to focus on the central region of the AT-hook. Shown in magenta are the side chains Pro35, Arg36, Gly37, Arg38, and Pro39. Made with PyMol. PDB code: 3UXW.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AT-Hook_PyMol_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_786", "caption": "There are multiple hydrogen bonds shown in yellow. The interactions occur between Arg38 and Pro39 (3.8 \u00c5), Pro35 and Arg36 (2.5 \u00c5), and Gly37 and Arg38 (2.4 \u00c5). The red sphere represents a water that forms a hydrogen bond 2.7 \u00c5 from Arg38 with the bond shown in yellow. Made with PyMol. PDB code: 3UXW.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AT-Hook_PyMol_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_787", "caption": "Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL) standard visual symbols for use with BioBricks Standard", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/307px-Synthetic_Biology_Open_Language_%28SBOL%29_s_52e77aff.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_788", "caption": "Abstraction hierarchy allows the breakdown of complexity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Abstraction_hierarchy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_789", "caption": "Standard assembly of two BioBrick parts (promoter and coding sequence) by digestion and ligation  which forms a \"scar\" site(M).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Standard_assembly_10.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_790", "caption": "Biofusion assembly of two BioBrick parts.The schematic diagram shows the 6 base pair scar site made due to the deletion and insertion of nucleotide in the  XbaI  and  SpeI  sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Biofusion_standard.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_791", "caption": "An LB agar plate showing the result of a blue\u2013white screen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Blue-white_test.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_792", "caption": "A schematic representation of the blue\u2013white assay, used to screen for recombinant vectors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Blue_white_assay_Ecoli.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_793", "caption": "Cassette mutagenesis via  Golden Gate Assembly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cassette_mutagenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_794", "caption": "A diagram of DNA base pairing, demonstrating the basis for Chargaff's rules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/DNA_Diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_795", "caption": "Histogram showing how 20309 chromosomes adhere to Chargaff's second parity rule", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chargaff-2nd-histogram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_796", "caption": "Chargaff's 2nd parity rule for prokaryotic 6-mers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chargraff-2nd-6-mers.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_797", "caption": "Basic Principle of CLIP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Basic_Principle_of_CLIP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_798", "caption": "HITS-CLIP [ 26 ] [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HITS-CLIP.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_799", "caption": "PAR-CLIP [ 26 ] [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PAR-CLIP.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_800", "caption": "iCLIP [ 26 ] [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ICLIP.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_801", "caption": "CLIP Summary [ 26 ] [ 28 ] [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Presentation1ta.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_802", "caption": "Figure 1. Steps of Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis for a single microbial community with 3 phylotypes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Step-by-step_procedure_of_using_T-RFLP_d98b4d7e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_803", "caption": "Figure 2. The microbial fingerprinting technique called Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. The diagram demonstrates how samples from different microbial communities can be compared.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Step-by-step_procedure_of_using_DGGE_a_b2dbeece.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_804", "caption": "Figure 3. The microbial fingerprinting technique called (Automated) Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis. The diagram shows the output of both Automated RISA (Pathway 1) or RISA (Pathway 2).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Step-by-step_procedure_of_using_ARISA__1ac16ab1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_805", "caption": "Cartoon model of Cre recombinase bound to its substrate (DNA). The amino terminal domain is shown in blue whilst the carboxyl domain is green. (A side view)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-CreRecom%2BDNA%28sideview%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_806", "caption": "Cartoon model of Cre recombinase bound to its substrate (DNA). The amino terminal domain is shown in blue whilst the carboxyl domain is green. (A head on view)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-CreRecom%2BDNA%28head_on%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_807", "caption": "This cartoon model of Cre recombinase bound to its substrate (DNA) shows the amino acids involved in the active site in red and labelled. This image is generated following cleavage of the DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-CreRecombActiveSite.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_808", "caption": "A diagram describing how Lox71 and Lox66 sites can be used to combine two plasmids into one contiguous plasmid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/800px-Cre_Lox71-66_Recombination_Method.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_809", "caption": "A model experiment in genetics using the Cre-lox system: the premature stop sequence present in floxed mice is removed only from cells that express Cre recombinase when the mice are bred together", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-CreLoxP_experiment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_810", "caption": "Intrastrand and interstrand crosslinking of DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Crosslinking.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_811", "caption": "Chemical structure of a Nitrogen Mustard", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-193px-Nitrogen_Mustard.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_812", "caption": "Structure of DNA crosslink induced by Nitrogen Mustard.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-288px-Nitrogen_Mustard_Crosslink.tif.j_1b6553ec.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_813", "caption": "Chemical structure of Cisplatin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-127px-Cisplatin.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_814", "caption": "Chemical structure of DNA crosslink induced by Cisplatin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-Cisplatin_Corsslink.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_815", "caption": "Chemical structure of BNCU, a carmustine derivative.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-Carmustine_%28BNCU%29.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_816", "caption": "Chemical structure of DNA crosslink induced by a Carmustine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-Carmustine_Crosslink.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_817", "caption": "Chemical structure of Mitomycin C.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/154px-Mitomycin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_818", "caption": "Chemical structure of a DNA crosslink induced by Mitomycin C.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-267px-Mitomycin_Crosslink.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_819", "caption": "Chemical structure of Psoralen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-167px-Psoralen_Structure.tiff.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_820", "caption": "Chemical structure of DNA crosslink induced by Psoralen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-263px-Psoralen_Crosslink.tiff.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_821", "caption": "Chemical structure of malondialdehyde and derivatives.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-125px-Malondialdehyde_structure.tif.jp_27118a87.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_822", "caption": "Structure describing a DNA crosslink by a malondialdehyde.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-288px-Malondialdehyde_crosslink.tif.jp_b62d86d5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_823", "caption": "Structure of two variants of DNA crosslinking induced by Oxidative Stress and/or UV radiation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-320px-Oxidative_Stress_Crosslink.tif.j_0201c250.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_824", "caption": "Chemical structure of Nitrous acid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/122px-Nitrous_acid.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_825", "caption": "Chemical structure of DNA crosslink indiuced by Nitrous acid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-282px-Nitrous_Acid_Crosslink.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_826", "caption": "A  metabolite  of  benzo[ a ]pyrene  forms an  intercalated   DNA adduct , at center", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_827", "caption": "Figure 2: Reactive Sites of Interest for Nucleic Acids in DNA Adduct Formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nucleic_Acids_in_DNA_Adduct_Formation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_828", "caption": "Figure 3: DNA damaged by carcinogenic 2-aminofluorene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_damaged_by_carcinogenic_2-aminofluorene__69a7a323.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_829", "caption": "Figure 4: Effects of Tobacco on Healthy Human DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Effects_of_Carcinogen_Exposure_on_Healthy_DN_a2f79478.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_830", "caption": "Principle of DamID. This sketch shows an idealized view of the DNA molecule wrapped around  histones  within the nucleus of a cell. The enzyme Dam (green) is fused to the protein of interest (orange) by expression of a chimeric DNA sequence. The protein of interest drags Dam onto its cognate targets. The tethering leads to methylation of GATCs in the neighborhood of the binding site (red) but not at a distance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/455px-DamID_concept.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_831", "caption": "The image demonstrates how ligase (yellow oval) catalyzes two DNA fragment strands. The ligase joins the two fragments of DNA to form a longer strand of DNA by \"pasting\" them together.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ligase.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_832", "caption": "A pictorial example of how a ligase works (with  sticky ends )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Ligation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_833", "caption": "Hybridization of the target to the probe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NA_hybrid.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_834", "caption": "The steps required in a microarray experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Microarray_exp_horizontal.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_835", "caption": "Two Affymetrix chips. A  match  is shown at bottom left for size comparison.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Affymetrix-microarray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_836", "caption": "Diagram of typical dual-colour  microarray experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Microarray-schema.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_837", "caption": "Examples of levels of application of microarrays.  Within the organisms, genes are transcribed and spliced to produce mature mRNA transcripts (red). The mRNA is extracted from the organism and reverse transcriptase is used to copy the mRNA into stable ds-cDNA (blue). In microarrays, the ds-cDNA is fragmented and fluorescently labelled (orange). The labelled fragments bind to an ordered array of complementary oligonucleotides, and  measurement of fluorescent intensity  across the array indicates the abundance of a predetermined set of sequences. These sequences are typically specifically chosen to report on genes of interest within the organism's genome. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Summary_of_RNA_Microarray.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_838", "caption": "Gene expression values from microarray experiments can be represented as  heat maps  to visualize the result of data analysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heatmap.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_839", "caption": "National Center for Toxicological Research  scientist reviews microarray data.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Toxicology_Research_at_FDA_%28NCTR_1470%29_%_078124d6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_840", "caption": "DNA origami object from viral DNA visualized by  electron tomography . [ 1 ]  The map is at the top and atomic model of the DNA colored below. (Deposited in  EMDB   EMD-2210 )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_Origami.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_841", "caption": "The process of fabricating DNA Origami", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fabrication_of_DNA_origami_nanostructures.sv_bc508391.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_842", "caption": "A DNA Origami Dynamic Machine using a directional component and brownian motion to generate rotation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_Origami_Motor.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_843", "caption": "A diagram of DNA origami being attached to antigens to generate Programmable T-cell Engagers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PTE_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_844", "caption": "A diagram of molecular self-assembly of DNA origami structures for nanotechnological applications.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nanotech.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_845", "caption": "Illumina Genome Analyzer II sequencing machine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GA2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_846", "caption": "Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencer (lower right) was used in the first-ever DNA sequencing in space in August 2016 by astronaut  Kathleen Rubins . [ 36 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-First-ever_sequencing_of_DNA_in_space%2C_per_345404ce.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_847", "caption": "Typical dot blot membrane. Darker dots indicate more protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dot_blot_de_ADN.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_848", "caption": "Screenshot of a chromatogram inside the program \" Sequencher \"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Chromatogram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_849", "caption": "Capillary Electrophoresis to Electropherogram process (Courtesy of www.biointeractive.org)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/CE_to_EPG.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_850", "caption": "Generation of results", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-CE_Basic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_851", "caption": "Close-up of DNA ladders on an agarose gel. GelRed stain was used.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Close-up_of_DNA_ladders_on_an_agarose_gel._G_3740a1f5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_852", "caption": "Loading of a sample into a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis well.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Load_a_sample_into_a_polyacrylamide_gel_elec_1f619367.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_853", "caption": "Chemical structure of Ethidium Bromide.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ethidium_bromide.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_854", "caption": "Chemical structure of SYBR Green I.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SYBR_Green_I.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_855", "caption": "Chemical structure of Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Coomassie_Brilliant_Blue_R-250.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_856", "caption": "Lane 1 is a negative control, and contains only genetic material. Lane 2 contains protein as well as a DNA fragment that, based on its sequence, does not interact.  Lane 3 contains protein and a DNA fragment that does react; the resulting complex is larger, heavier, and slower-moving. The pattern shown in lane 3 is the one that would result if all the DNA were bound and no dissociation of complex occurred during electrophoresis.  When these conditions are not met  a second band might be seen in lane 3 reflecting the presence of free DNA or the  dissociation of the DNA-protein complex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gel_shift_assay.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_857", "caption": "Schematic of an EMSA showing the labeled DNA (dark band) move up the gel as more protein is added, as indicted by the triangle below", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Schematic_EMSA.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_858", "caption": "3\u2032 to 5\u2032 Exonuclease associated with Pol I", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Poly_I_structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_859", "caption": "WRN Exonuclease with active sites in yellow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Exo_nu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_860", "caption": "A bacterial expression vector for expressing  green fluorescent protein  from the  T7 promoter .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PET28a-T7-lacO-GFP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_861", "caption": "An example of a bacterial expression vector is the pGEX-3x plasmid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PGEX-3X_cloning_vector.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_862", "caption": "This figure depicts how Floxing is used in scientific research for spatial and temporal control of gene expression.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Floxing_Flow_Chart.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_863", "caption": "A model experiment in genetics using the Cre-lox system: the premature stop sequence present in floxed mice is removed only from cells that express Cre recombinase when the mice are bred together.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/297px-CreLoxP_experiment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_864", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Simplified_Flp-FRT_Recombinase_Mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_865", "caption": "Workflow for utilizing selection in a functional cloning experiment. Here only genes providing  ampicillin  resistance are selected.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/438px-Amp_replica_plate.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_866", "caption": "Genomic library in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  host.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genomic_Library_in_S._cerevisiae.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_867", "caption": "Flow chart to decide on the optimum cloning strategy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/336px-Choosing_a_cloning_method.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_868", "caption": "Artificial gene drive using a  CRISPR-Cas9  system: gRNA instructs Cas9 to cut at the rival allele, causing the repair mechanism to replace the damage with the Cas9-containing allele", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/485px-Gene_Drive.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_869", "caption": "Molecular mechanism of a gene drive based on Cas9 and guide RNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/540px-Molecular_mechanism_of_gene_drive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_870", "caption": "Heat maps  of gene expression values show how experimental conditions influenced production (expression) of mRNA for a set of genes. Green indicates reduced expression.  Cluster analysis  has placed a group of down regulated genes in the upper left corner.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Heatmap.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_871", "caption": "Ingenuity Gene Network Diagram [ 22 ]  which dynamically assembles genes with known relationships. Green indicates reduced expression, red indicates increased expression. The algorithm has included unregulated genes, white, to improve connectivity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-ExampleNet.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_872", "caption": "A  chimeric  mouse gene targeted for the  agouti coat color gene , with its offspring", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ChimericMouseWithPups.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_873", "caption": "Wild-type  Physcomitrella  and  knockout mosses : Deviating phenotypes induced in gene-disruption library transformants.  Physcomitrella  wild-type and transformed plants were grown on minimal Knop medium to induce differentiation and development of  gametophores . For each plant, an overview (upper row, scale bar corresponds to 1 mm) and a close-up (bottom row, scale bar equals 0.5 mm) is shown. A, Haploid wild-type moss plant completely covered with leafy gametophores and close-up of wild-type leaf. B\u2013E, Different mutants. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Physcomitrella_knockout_mutants.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_874", "caption": "A Venn Diagram to show the relationship between three types of 'Genetic engineering'; Genetic Modification, Gene Targeting and Genome Editing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/382px-Genetic_engineering_subtypes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_875", "caption": "Possible DNA repair outcomes after cutting by  CRISPR , leading to gene editing. Both strands of DNA are cut by CRISPR-Cas (or other site-specific nuclease) to create a double-strand-break (DSB). The DSB is then repaired through two alternative DNA repair pathways ( NHEJ  or  HR ) to lead to random mutations at the cut site (\"targeted mutagenesis\") or specific mutations if a repair template is supplied that contains those specific edits (\"gene targeting\").", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/534px-Gene_targeting_mechanism_vs_non_homologous_e_bf6198d4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_876", "caption": "Shared DNA for different relatives", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Shared-cM-Relationship-Tree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_877", "caption": "Map of human migration  out of Africa , according to Mitochondrial DNA. The numbers represent thousands of years before present time. The blue line represents the area covered in ice or tundra during the last great ice age. The North Pole is at the center. Africa, the center of the start of the migration, is at the top left and South America is at the far right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/268px-World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jp_77ade239.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_878", "caption": "Strand 1 differs from strand 2 at a single base pair location (a C \u2192 T polymorphism).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Dna-SNP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_879", "caption": "European genetic structure (based on Autosomal SNPs) by  PCA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-European_genetic_structure_%28based_on_SNPs%_b175721f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_880", "caption": "SFP discovery principle for gene probing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SFP_discovery_principle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_881", "caption": "Newborn heel-prick blood sample collection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phenylketonuria_testing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_882", "caption": "Small amounts of the chorionic villi are sampled during CVS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ChorionicVillus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_883", "caption": "Plants such as an infertile cotton strain have been made in laboratories using GURT. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cotton_boll_nearly_ready_for_harvest.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_884", "caption": "A GURT process that uses biological signals to make enzymes that cut out the blocker sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-GURT_process_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_885", "caption": "A human neocortical  pyramidal neuron  stained via Golgi technique. Notice the apical dendrite extending vertically above the soma and the numerous basal dendrites radiating laterally from the base of the cell body. Photo by Bob Jacobs, Colorado College.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_886", "caption": "Drawing by Camillo Golgi of a  hippocampus  stained with the silver nitrate method", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_887", "caption": "Drawing of a  Purkinje cell  in the  cerebellum   cortex  done by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, clearly demonstrating the power of Golgi's staining method to reveal fine detail", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_888", "caption": "RNA  in situ  hybridization -  KRT5  and housekeeping gene in human  melanoma   FFPE  tissue section - visualized under brightfield and fluorescence microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-RNA_in_situ_hybridization_in_FFPE_samples.jp_04414212.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_889", "caption": "Multiplex RNA visualization in cells using ViewRNA FISH Assays", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Multiplex_ViewRNA_FISH_Assay_in_Jurkat_and_H_72d42a93.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_890", "caption": "In situ  hybridization of wild type  Drosophila  embryos at different developmental stages for the RNA from a gene called  hunchback .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hunchback_in_situ.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_891", "caption": "Analysis of collagen expression in young Salamanders ( P. waltl ) via Hybridization Chain Reaction RNA Fluorescence  In Situ  Hybridization (HCR RNA-FISH) technology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HCR-FISH_visualization_of_collagen_expressio_47a5aa8c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_892", "caption": "Four main limiting factors leading to no initiation of replication in iterons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Screen_Shot_2015-12-02_at_6.30.31_PM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_893", "caption": "Representation of the molecular structure of protein RepA, a known rep protein used in iterons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PDB_1hkq_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_894", "caption": "Micrographic  karyogram of human male using  Giemsa  staining", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_895", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram demonstrating the basic knowledge needed to read a karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-How_to_read_a_Karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_896", "caption": "Chromosomes at various stages of  mitosis . Karyograms are generally made by chromosomes in prometaphase or metaphase. During these phases, the two copies of each chromosome (connected at the  centromere ) will look as one unless the image resolution is high enough to distinguish the two.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Condensation_and_resolution_of_human_sister__d20d7a48.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_897", "caption": "Micrograph of human chromosomes before further processing. Staining with Giemsa confers a purple color to chromosomes, but micrographs are often converted to  grayscale  to facilitate data presentation and make comparisons of results from different laboratories. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_Chromosomes_%28crop%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_898", "caption": "Micrographic karyogram of a human male. See section text for details.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_human_male_chromosomes.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_899", "caption": "Schematic karyogram of a human. Even at low magnification, it gives an overview of the  human genome , with numbered chromosome pairs, its main changes during the  cell cycle  (top center), and the  mitochondrial genome  to scale (at bottom left). See section text for more details.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_900", "caption": "The  cell cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Animal_cell_cycle-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_901", "caption": "Karyogram from a human female  lymphocyte  probed for the  Alu sequence  using  FISH", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_902", "caption": "Spectral karyogram of a human female", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sky_spectral_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_903", "caption": "Spectral human karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Spectralkaryotype98-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_904", "caption": "Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres, and a vestigial centromere", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosome2_merge.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_905", "caption": "Bacteriophage Lambda Structure at Atomic Resolution [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bacteriophage_Lambda_Structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_906", "caption": "Bacteriophage lambda virion (schematic). Protein names and their copy numbers in the virion particle are shown. The presence of the L and M proteins in the virion is still unclear. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Phage_lambda_virion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_907", "caption": "Linear layout of lambda phage genome with major operons, promoter regions and capsid coding genes. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/498px-LambdaPhage_Genome_Linear.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_908", "caption": "Lambda phage J protein interaction with the LamB porin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-MANXYZ_permease_Step_4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_909", "caption": "Lambda phage DNA injection into the cell membrane using Mannose PTS permease (a sugar transporting system) as a mechanism of entry into the cytoplasm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-MANXYZ_permease_Step_10.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_910", "caption": "Early activation events involving N protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-N_protien.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_911", "caption": "Lysis plaques of lambda phage on  E. coli  bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LambdaPlaques.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_912", "caption": "Diagram showing the retro-regulation process that yields a higher concentration of xis compared to int. The mRNA transcript is digested by bacterial RNase starting from the cleaved hairpin loop at sib.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Phage_Lambda_int_xis_Retroregulation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_913", "caption": "A simplified representation of the integration/excision paradigm and the major genes involved.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/390px-Phage_Lambda_Integration_Excision.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_914", "caption": "Lysogen repressors and polymerase bound to OR1 and recruits OR2, which will activate PRM and shutdown PR.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Polymerase_cl_protien.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_915", "caption": "Transcriptional state of the P RM  and P R  promoter regions during a lysogenic state vs induced, early lytic state.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Phage_Lambda_SwitchStates.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_916", "caption": "The function of LexA in the SOS response.  LexA expression leads to inhibition of various genes including LexA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Lambda_phage_LexA_inihibition.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_917", "caption": "Protein interactions that lead to either Lytic or Lysogenic cycles for Lambda phage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lambda_phage_temperate_controls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_918", "caption": "Visual representation of repressor tetramer/octamer binding to phage lambda L and R operator sites (stable lysogenic state)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/390px-LambdaPhage_Repressor_Cooperativity.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_919", "caption": "Diagram of temperate phage life cycle, showing both lytic and lysogenic cycles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lambda_temperate_life_cycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_920", "caption": "Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) process [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Loop-mediated_isothermal_amplification_proce_6790afdf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_921", "caption": "Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Loop-mediated_isothermal_amplification_prime_5c00431e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_922", "caption": "Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) product [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Loop-mediated_isothermal_amplification_produ_98858daa.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_923", "caption": "Schema of a LAMP of nucleic acid biomarkers from raw untreated wastewater samples, to rapidly quantify human-specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-LAMP_analysis_of_wastewater_%28Anal._Chem._2_e85590ac.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_924", "caption": "Colorimetric  detections [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rtlamp_color.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_925", "caption": "Human cheek cells stained with methylene blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Human_Cheek_Cells.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_926", "caption": "Methylene blue crystals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Methylene_blue_Crystals.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_927", "caption": "Gross pathology of a normal brain and a brain of a patient treated with methylene blue before death.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gross_pathology_of_normal_brain_and_brain_of_9082a7c4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_928", "caption": "Absorption spectrum of methylene blue, in terms of the  molar extinction coefficient  (base 10 logarithm). In this dataset a peak  absorbance  of 1.7 (i.e. 98% of transmitted light absorbed) was observed with 665 nm light passing through 1 cm of 10 micromolar methylene blue solution.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Methylene_blue_absorption_spectrum.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_929", "caption": "Structure of molecular beacons in their native conformations (top) or hybridized with a DNA strand (bottom)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Molecular_Beacons.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_930", "caption": "The structure of a typical molecular beacon probe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Molecular_beacon_binding.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_931", "caption": "Diagram of molecular cloning using bacteria and plasmids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/380px-Gene_cloning.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_932", "caption": "The overall goal of molecular cloning is to take a gene of interest from one plasmid and insert it into another plasmid. [ 9 ]  This is done by performing PCR, digestive reaction, ligation reaction, and transformation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Steps_of_Molecular_Cloning.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_933", "caption": "Diagram of a commonly used cloning plasmid;  pBR322 . It's a circular piece of DNA 4361 bases long. Two  antibiotic resistance   genes  are present, conferring resistance to  ampicillin  and  tetracycline , and an  origin of replication  that the host uses to  replicate  the DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-PBR322.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_934", "caption": "Cleavage of a DNA sequence containing the  BamHI   restriction site . The DNA is cleaved at the palindromic sequence to produce 'sticky ends'.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-BamHI2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_935", "caption": "DNA for cloning is most commonly produced using  PCR . Template DNA is mixed with  bases  (the building blocks of DNA), primers (short pieces of complementary single stranded DNA) and a  DNA polymerase  enzyme that builds the DNA chain. The mix goes through cycles of heating and cooling to produce large quantities of copied DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PCR_simple.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_936", "caption": "A molecular-weight size marker in the form of a 1 kb  DNA ladder in the rightmost lane, used in gel electrophoresis. Gel conditions are 1% agarose, 3  volt /cm, and  ethidium bromide  stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNAgel4wiki.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_937", "caption": "Electrophoresed gel with DNA ladders of varying lengths in left lane and middle lane. Fragments sizes are marked on the right, in  base pairs .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Apoptotic_DNA_Laddering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_938", "caption": "1.2% agarose gel showing two different DNA ladders dyed with  GelRed  stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Agarose_gel_with_DNA_ladders.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_939", "caption": "Immunoblot with protein ladder in leftmost lane. Fragment sizes are measured in kDa ( kilodaltons ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Anti-lipoic_acid_immunoblot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_940", "caption": "Lane of electrophoresed agarose gel showing an RNA ladder with bands at a range of 281-6583 base pairs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/RNA_ladder.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_941", "caption": "SDS-PAGE gel using a molecular-weight size standard in the left outer lane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SDS-PAGE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_942", "caption": "An electrophoresed gel showing PCR products. The leftmost lane represents a DNA ladder with fragments at 100bp intervals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-AgaroseGelDNA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_943", "caption": "Segment of a Morpholino-RNA heteroduplex, 8-mer shown", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-MorpholinoHeteroduplex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_944", "caption": "Eukaryotic gene expression without intervention by a Morpholino", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Gene_Expression.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_945", "caption": "Translation blocked by a Morpholino oligo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Blocking_Translation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_946", "caption": "Splicing blocked by a Morpholino oligo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Blocking_Splicing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_947", "caption": "A pUC19 cloning vector showing the multiple cloning site sequence with restriction enzyme sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/428px-PUC19_MCS.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_948", "caption": "A diagram showing the process of inserting a multiple cloning site into a plasmid vector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/582px-MCS_creation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_949", "caption": "Tandem (top) versus interspersed (bottom) repeated nucleic acid sequence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Tandem_and_interspersed_repeat_schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_950", "caption": "Labeling of cytidine.  Left: unlabeled cytidine, right: ribose-labeled cytidine (red dots =  13 C).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/292px-Labeling_of_cells.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_951", "caption": "General workflow of NAIL-MS assays.  Cells are cultivated in the appropriately labeled medium before harvesting and RNA isolation. Further RNA purification is followed by digestion to nucleosides and subsequent triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/616px-General_workflow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_952", "caption": "Overview of the Global run on sequencing assay for delineating genes, genome-wide, that are engaged in transcription.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GRO-Seq.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_953", "caption": "Rotavirus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/140px-Rotavirus_Reconstruction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_954", "caption": "Scheme. 1.  i :  N -Chlorosuccinimide; Bn = -CH 2 Ph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/465px-Todd_synthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_955", "caption": "Scheme 2. Synthesis of oligonucleotides by the H-Phosphonate Method", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-465px-H-Phosphonate_Cycle.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_956", "caption": "Scheme. 3 Oligonucleotide coupling by phosphodiester method; Tr = -CPh 3", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Phosphodiester_method.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_957", "caption": "Scheme 4. Oligonucleotide coupling by phosphotriester method; MMT = -CPh 2 (4-MeOC 6 H 4 ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Phosphotriester_method.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_958", "caption": "Protected 2'-deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Phosphoramidite1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_959", "caption": "2'- O -protected ribonucleoside phosphoramidites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Rnaamidite.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_960", "caption": "Non-nucleoside phosphoramidites for 5'-modification of synthetic oligonucleotides. MMT =  mono-methoxytrityl,(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Nonnucleoside_Amidites.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_961", "caption": "Scheme 5. Synthesis cycle for preparation of oligonucleotides by phosphoramidite method.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Oligocycle1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_962", "caption": "Commercial solid supports for oligonucleotide synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Supports.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_963", "caption": "Scheme 6. Mechanism of 3'-dephosphorylation of oligonucleotides assembled on universal solid supports.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Univ_hydrolysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_964", "caption": "S p  and R p -diastereomeric internucleosidic phosphorothioate linkages.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-RS_Phosphorothioates.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_965", "caption": "Commercial sulfur transfer agents for oligonucleotide synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sulfurization_agents.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_966", "caption": "5'- O -MeNPOC-protected nucleoside phosphoramidite.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Photolabile_amd.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_967", "caption": "Deconvoluted ES MS of crude oligonucleotide 5'-DMT-T 20  (calculated mass 6324.26 Da).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/480px-Deconvoluted_ESMS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_968", "caption": "Example of DNA profiling in order to determine the father of a child (Ch). Child's DNA sample should contain a mixture of different size DNA bands of both parents. In this case, person #1 is likely the father.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_paternity_testing_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_969", "caption": "Plasmid miniprep. 0.8%  agarose gel   ethidium bromide -stained.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Plasmid_miniprep.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_970", "caption": "An illustrated procedure for Polony sequencing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Illustrated_procedure_for_Polony_Sequencing._d3d3adce.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_971", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-PCA_polymerase_cycling_assembly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_972", "caption": "A microbiologist runs a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis test used in bacterial typing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Microbiologist_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_973", "caption": "Cluster analysis in  BioNumerics  of the enteroaggregative  Escherichia coli  strains from the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis fingerprinting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-E._coli_cluster_analysis-pulsed-field_gel_el_d3fa1ec8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_974", "caption": "A Punnett square showing a typical  test cross . (green pod color is dominant over yellow for pea pods [ 1 ]  in contrast to pea seeds, where yellow  cotyledon  color is dominant over green [ 2 ] ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Punnett_Square_%28Green_Dominant%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_975", "caption": "Punnett squares for each combination of parents' colour vision status giving probabilities of their offsprings' status, each cell having 25% probability in theory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Punnett_square_colour_blindness.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_976", "caption": "There are also Punnett squares for  epistasis . In these cases the genotype epistatic over the other genes hinders their expression in the phenotype.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epistasis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_977", "caption": "Construction of recombinant DNA, in which a foreign DNA fragment is inserted into a plasmid vector. In this example, the gene indicated by the white color is inactivated upon insertion of the foreign DNA fragment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Recombinant_formation_of_plasmids.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_978", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Gene_cloning.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_979", "caption": "Figure 1: Principle of RMCE:  exchange of genetic cassettes (\u00b4flip\u00b4 step) is enabled by a  recombinase  (\u00b4Flp\u00b4) from yeast. Part B shows mutants (Fn) of the naturally occurring 48 bp  FRT -site (F). If a gene cassette is flanked by a set of these sites (F and Fn, for example) it can change places, by double-reciprocal recombination,  with a second cassette that is part of an exchange plasmid (Figure 1, part A). A model experiment is shown in part C, in which an \u00b4empty\u00b4 cell is modified  by either a standard  transfection  approach or by RMCE. Please note that in the first case multiple genomic sites are hit, each giving raise to a different expression level (cf. the broad distribution of green dots). If a pre-defined genomic address is used to introduce the same gene reporter, each  clone  derived from such an event shows comparable expression characteristics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/520px-Principles_of_recombinase-mediated_cassette__1dcbaea7.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_980", "caption": "Figure 2: Multiplexing RMCE . In the given example a reporter gene cassette (gfp/tk/neo), flanked by four heterospecific  FRT- sites (F5/F3-F/Fn) is introduced into the genome. The unique F5/F3 address can then be used to introduce an upstream-regulatory element and the F/Fn address to apply a similar modification at the downstream end. after the expression of the gfp-reporter has been optimized by systematic changes of this type, the central reporter cassette can be exchanged for any \u00b4gene-of-interest\u00b4(GOI): the GOI will be flanked by the F3 and F-sites, respectively and introduced accordingly while the flanking elements will remain in place", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Multiplexing_recombinase-mediated_cassette_e_3edd6ca2.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_981", "caption": "A diagram of a how a reporter gene is used to study a regulatory sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/295px-Reporter_gene.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_982", "caption": "RNP-MaP workflow overview", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/RNP-MaP_workflow.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_983", "caption": "An overview of the major stages in the RNA Immunoprecipitation chip procedure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-RIP-chip_Overview.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_984", "caption": "Saturation mutagenesis of a single position in a theoretical 10-residue protein. The wild type version of the protein is shown at the top, with M representing the first amino acid methionine, and * representing the termination of translation. All 19 mutants at position 5 are shown below.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Site_saturation_mutagenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_985", "caption": "Depiction of one common way to clone a site-directed mutagenesis library (i.e., using degenerate oligos). The gene of interest is PCRed with oligos that contain a region that is perfectly complementary to the template (blue), and one that differs from the template by one or more nucleotides (red). Many such primers containing degeneracy in the non-complementary region are pooled into the same PCR, resulting in many different PCR products with different mutations in that region (individual mutants shown with different colors below).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Site-directed_mutagenesis_library_clon_f470f1ed.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_986", "caption": "Depiction of one common way to clone a site-directed mutagenesis library (i.e., using degenerate oligos). The gene of interest is PCRed with oligos that contain a region that is perfectly complementary to the template (blue), and one that differs from the template by one or more nucleotides (red). Many such primers containing degeneracy in the non-complementary region are pooled into the same PCR, resulting in many different PCR products with different mutations in that region (individual mutants shown with different colors below).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Site-directed_mutagenesis_library_cloning_st_265a7a6e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_987", "caption": "Site saturation mutagenesis is a type of site-directed mutagenesis. This image shows the saturation mutagenesis of a single position in a theoretical 10-residue protein. The wild type version of the protein is shown at the top, with M representing the first amino acid methionine, and * representing the termination of translation. All 19 mutants of the isoleucine at position 5 are shown below.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Site_saturation_mutagenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_988", "caption": "Fig. 1. Tyr-Recombinases: Details of the crossover step. Top: Traditional view including strand-exchange followed by branch-migration (proofreading). The mechanism occurs in the framework of a synaptic complex (1) including both DNA sites in parallel orientation. While branch-migration explains the specific homology requirements and the reversibility of the process in a straightforward manner, it cannot be reconciled with the motions recombinase subunits have to undergo in three dimensions. Bottom: Current view. Two simultaneous strand-swaps, each depending on the complementarity of three successive bases at (or close to) the edges of the 8-bp spacer (dashed lines indicate base-pairing). Didactic complications arise from the fact that, in this model, the synaptic complex must accommodate both substrates in an anti-parallel orientation. This synaptic complex (1) arises from the association of two individual recombinase subunits (\"protomers\"; gray ovals) with the respective target site. Its formation depends on inter-protomer contacts and DNA bending, which in turn define the subunits (green) with an active role during the first crossover reaction. Both representations illustrate only one half of the respective pathway. These parts are separated by a Holliday junction/isomerization step before the product (3) can be released.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-STswap.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_989", "caption": "Fig. 2. Ser-Recombinases: The (essentially irreversible) subunit-rotation pathway. Contrary to Tyr-recombinases, the four participating DNA strands are cut in synchrony at points staggered by only 2 bp (leaving little room for proofreading). Subunit-rotation (180\u00b0) permits the exchange of strands while covalently linked to the protein partner. The intermediate exposure of double-strand breaks bears risks of triggering illegitimate recombination and thereby secondary reactions. Here, the synaptic complex arises from the association of pre-formed recombinase dimers with the respective target sites (CTD/NTD, C-/N-terminal domain). Like for Tyr-recombinases, each site contains two arms, each accommodating one protomer. As both arms are structured slightly differently, the subunits become conformationally tuned and thereby prepared for their respective role in the  recombination cycle. Contrary to members of the Tyr-class the recombination pathway converts two different substrate sites (attP and attB) to site-hybrids  (attL and attR) . This explains the irreversible nature of this particular recombination pathway, which can only be overcome by auxiliary \"recombination directionality factors\" (RDFs).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-SUrot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_990", "caption": "Fig. 3A. Reversible insertion and excision by the Cre-lox system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Cre-lox_insertion_excision.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_991", "caption": "Fig. 3B. Inversion by the Cre-lox system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Cre-lox_inversion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_992", "caption": "A set of hypothetical NGS reads are shown, aligned against a reference sequence. At the annotated locus, the reads contain a mixture of A/G nucleotides, against the A reference allele. Depending on the prior genotype probabilities, and the chosen error model, this may be called as a heterozygous SNV (genotype AG predicted), the G nucleotides may be classified as errors and no variant called (genotype AA predicted), or alternatively the A nucleotides may be classified as errors and a homozygous SNV called (genotype GG predicted).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heterozygous_SNV_call%2C_from_aligned_NGS_re_32c88a0d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_993", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Frayed-dna.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_994", "caption": "A schematic of the major phases in a SELEX experiment. This cycle, may be repeated up to 20 times over a period lasting weeks, though some methods require far fewer cycles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-SELEX_schematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_995", "caption": "Structure of an RNA aptamer specific for  biotin . The aptamer surface and backbone are shown in yellow. Biotin (spheres) fits snugly into a cavity of the RNA surface.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/375px-Aptamer_biotin.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_996", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Expanded_adenine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_997", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Expanded_thymine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_998", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Expanded_cytosine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_999", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Expanded_guanine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1000", "caption": "Adenine (left) bonded to x-thymine (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/296px-A_bonded_to_xT.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1001", "caption": "Adenine (left) bonded to y-thymine (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/296px-A_and_yT.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1002", "caption": "Naphtho-homologated Adenine (xxA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/207px-XxA_ball_and_stick.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1003", "caption": "Congenital anomalies deaths per million persons in 2012:  \u00a0 \u00a00\u201326 \u00a0 \u00a027\u201334 \u00a0 \u00a035\u201346 \u00a0 \u00a047\u201372 \u00a0 \u00a073\u201391 \u00a0 \u00a092\u2013111 \u00a0 \u00a0112\u2013134 \u00a0 \u00a0135\u2013155 \u00a0 \u00a0156\u2013176 \u00a0 \u00a0177\u2013396", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Congenital_anomalies_world_map-Deaths_per_mi_1e0f6b6b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1004", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year  for congenital anomalies per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004: [ 103 ]   \u00a0 \u00a0no data   \u00a0 \u00a0less than 160   \u00a0 \u00a0160\u2013240   \u00a0 \u00a0240\u2013320   \u00a0 \u00a0320\u2013400   \u00a0 \u00a0400\u2013480   \u00a0 \u00a0480\u2013560   \u00a0 \u00a0560\u2013640   \u00a0 \u00a0640\u2013720   \u00a0 \u00a0720\u2013800   \u00a0 \u00a0800\u2013900   \u00a0 \u00a0900\u2013950   \u00a0 \u00a0more than 950", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Congenital_anomalies_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2_97a9a8bc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1005", "caption": "The structure of 1q21.1; similar regions in the same color", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Chromosome_1_to_1q21.1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1006", "caption": "Observed relation within 1q21.1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Relation_1q21_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1007", "caption": "X-linked recessive inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-X-linked_recessive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1008", "caption": "Autosomal dominant inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1009", "caption": "Mother and child with achondroplasia with unaffected father, showing inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gould_Pyle_161.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1010", "caption": "Detail of  Las Meninas  by  Diego Vel\u00e1zquez  (1656), showing Maribarbola and Nicolasito Pertusato (right), achondroplastic dwarfs in the entourage of  Infanta Margarita", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Las_Meninas_detail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1011", "caption": "Munchkin dwarf cat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Munchkin_cat_grooming.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1012", "caption": "Arachnoid cyst as seen on a CT image of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Arachnoid_cyst.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1013", "caption": "Axial CT showing a typical arachnoid cyst left temporal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Temporale_Arachnoidalzyste_links_CT_axial.jp_d3aa7959.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1014", "caption": "Protein TF (from TF gene)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/70px-Protein_TF_PDB_1a8e.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1015", "caption": "Anemia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Iron_deficiency_anemia_blood_film.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1016", "caption": "RBC", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/50px-Erythrozytenkonzentrat_neu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1017", "caption": "Figure 1. Pattern of cerebrospinal fluid markers in autosomal dominant GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency compared with other forms of  tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency , from a consensus guideline by Thomas Opladen et al., 2020. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/700px-Pattern_of_cerebrospinal_fluid_metabolites_f_ab93c077.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1018", "caption": "Adjacent regions of cardiac tissue with differing refractory periods can lead to a normally smooth wavefront of depolarisation undergoing wavebreak leading to re-entrant arrhythmias", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Wavebreak_and_re-entry_as_a_mechanism_of_arr_2024e6fc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1019", "caption": "ECG pattern in Brugada syndrome. According to consensus guidelines, Type 1 ST segment elevation, either spontaneously present or induced with the sodium channel-blocker challenge test, is considered diagnostic. Type 2 and 3 may lead to suspicion, but provocation testing is required for diagnosis. The ECGs in the right and left panels are from the same patient before (right panel, type 3) and after (left panel, type 1) administration of Ajmaline.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Brugada.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1020", "caption": "Illustration of an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-AICD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1021", "caption": "Example of a pedigree of Camptodactyly inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Expressivity_pedigree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1022", "caption": "Splint for the left little (pinky) finger of a 7-year-old child.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Splint_used_to_treat_camptodactyly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1023", "caption": "X-ray image of anal atresia in human infant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Atresia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1024", "caption": "Antero-posterior radiographic view, showing missing ribs, absent lumbosacral vertebrae, hypoplastic pelvis and \"frog-like\" position of the lower extremities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Caudal_regression_syndrome_radiograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1025", "caption": "In the egg of the  marbled newt  ( Triturus marmoratus ), the  neurula  phase begins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-Triturus_neurula.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1026", "caption": "Proper development into a  larva , as observed in the  northern crested newt  ( Triturus cristatus )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TriturusCristatusYoungLarva.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1027", "caption": "In the cladogram by Wielstra and Arntzen, the  outgroup  is the genus  Calotriton  (above, the  Pyrenean brook salamander ,  C. asper ), in which the described developmental arrest does not occur", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Trit%C3%B3_Pirinenc.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1028", "caption": "Group of male and female patients of various ages with CIDS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cretin_group.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1029", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life years  (DALY) lost from iodine deficiency in 2012 in proportion to a million people    \u00a0 \u00a052\u2013163   \u00a0 \u00a0181\u2013217   \u00a0 \u00a0221\u2013221   \u00a0 \u00a0222\u2013310   \u00a0 \u00a0320\u2013505   \u00a0 \u00a0512\u2013610   \u00a0 \u00a0626\u2013626   \u00a0 \u00a0653\u2013976   \u00a0 \u00a0984\u20131,242   \u00a0 \u00a01,251\u20133,159", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Iodine_deficiency_world_map-DALYs_per_millio_636bb23e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1030", "caption": "Cretinism ( Styria ), copper engraving, 1815", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-Cretinnen_aus_Steiermark%2C_1819_gez._Loder%_14edbca1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1031", "caption": "Infant with skin lesions from congenital rubella", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Infant_with_skin_lesions_from_congenital_rub_f85db1cc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1032", "caption": "\"Salt-and-pepper\" retinopathy is characteristic of congenital rubella. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Congenital_Rubella_Syndrome%2C_Salt_and_Pepp_f8414b20.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1033", "caption": "Congenital rubella serology timeline", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rubella_serology.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1034", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ultrasound_Scan_ND_008.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1035", "caption": "Amniotic band syndrome of the hand in a 26-year-old male", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Amniotic_Band_Syndrome_26_Year_old_Male.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1036", "caption": "Infant with craniopagus parasiticus (\"supernumerary head\")", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gould_Pyle_49.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1037", "caption": "Drawing of the Boy of Bengal, affected by craniopagus parasiticus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TwoHeadedBoyofBengal.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1038", "caption": "A Swedish description from 1793 of a newborn with cyclopia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cyclopia1793.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1039", "caption": "Cystic hygromas are classically found in the  posterior triangle  of the neck.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Copy_of_Musculi_coli_base%2C_my_edits_for_tr_9448945e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1040", "caption": "Newborn infant with a cystic hygroma visible on right side of the neck", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Newborn_infant_with_a_cystic_hygroma_%28crop_302038a8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1041", "caption": "A chick with two beaks and three eyes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-A_stuffed_chick_with_two_beaks_and_three_eye_1e283489.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1042", "caption": "Spanish case of diprosopus, born 1775", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page37.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1043", "caption": "An example of a \"Janus cat\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page32.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1044", "caption": "Patient with Duane syndrome attempting to look far right. Notice the affected left eye faces straight and up, rather than following the right eye to the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Duane_syndrome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1045", "caption": "Individual with classical EDS displaying skin hyperelasticity.  Not all people with EDS have this trait.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Hyperelastic_skin_in_a_case_of_Ehlers-Danlos_syndr_723154b3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1046", "caption": "The collagen fibril and EDS: (a) Normal collagen fibrils are of uniform size and spacing. Fibrils from a person with dermatosparaxis (b) show dramatic alterations in fibril morphology with severe effects on the tensile strength of connective tissues. A person with classical EDS (c) shows composite fibrils. Fibrils from a TNX-deficient person (d) are uniform in size and no composite fibrils are seen. TNX-null (e) fibrils are less densely packed and not as well aligned to neighboring fibrils.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-JCI0112881.f2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1047", "caption": "Stevie Boebi and Annie Elainey, who have EDS, standing with mobility aids on the red carpet", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Stevie_Boebi_%26_Annie_Elainey.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1048", "caption": "Tessier classification. Left: boney clefts, Right: Soft tissue clefts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Picture_Tessier_classification.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1049", "caption": "Bilateral number 4 orbital clefts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gould_Pyle_101.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1050", "caption": "Partial 3-11 orbital cleft", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gould_Pyle_102.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1051", "caption": "Facial characteristics of a child with FAS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder_svg_hariadhi_acd218a4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1052", "caption": "A  label on alcoholic drinks  promoting zero alcohol during  pregnancy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Zero_alcool_pendant_la_grossesse.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1053", "caption": "Smooth philtrum seen on a six-month-old baby with FAS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Philtrum_FAS_6_months.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1054", "caption": "Beer Street  and  Gin Lane , William Hogarth (1751)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/480px-Beer-street-and-Gin-lane.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1055", "caption": "Anteroposterior abdominal radiograph shows a soft-tissue mass in the right hemiabdomen. The mass contains calcified osseous-appearing structures of varying sizes and shapes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fetus_in_fetu_radiograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1056", "caption": "The postoperative specimen from the previous image shows a fairly well developed fetus lying on its back, with rudimentary digits.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fetus_in_fetu_after_operation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1057", "caption": "A  computed tomography  scan of the same patient's abdomen pre-operation reveals a large retroperitoneal soft-tissue mass. There are long hyperdense opacities that resemble fetal bones.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fetus_in_fetu_Computed_Tomography_scan.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1058", "caption": "DNA sequencing electropherograms of a typical FOP patient being compared to other 2 patients. The unsure base \"N\" indicates site heterozygous for mutation and wild-type gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FOP_mutation_electropherograms%2C_typical_an_1a895104.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1059", "caption": "Syndactyly of the second and third toes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Webbed_toes_b4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1060", "caption": "The microcephaly condition.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Microcephaly-comparison-500px.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1061", "caption": "The process of gene transcription and translation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_structure_eukaryote_2_annotated.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1062", "caption": "Box osteotomy for hypertelorism correction. Red box indicates the surgical site.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Picture_box_osteotomy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1063", "caption": "Severe Goldenhar syndrome in a 10-year-old girl", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Apert_Azerad_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1064", "caption": "Limbal dermoid  as seen in Goldenhar syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/239px-Goldenhar_syndrome_limbal_dermoid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1065", "caption": "This condition can be inherited in an  autosomal dominant  manner.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/229px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1066", "caption": "Tognina's parents, Petrus and Catherine, by Hoefnagel . National Gallery of Art Washington", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Joris_Hoefnagel_-_Animalia_Rationalia_et_Ins_c21f3aa4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1067", "caption": "Petrus, Tognina's father.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PetrusGonsalvus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1068", "caption": "Hajdu\u2013Cheney syndrome has an  autosomal dominant  pattern of  inheritance . The above example is demonstrated in the case of a carrier parent.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1069", "caption": "Autosomal recessive inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/261px-Autosomal_recessive_-_mini.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1070", "caption": "This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1071", "caption": "Micrograph  showing a duodenal biopsy with gastric heterotopia;  H&E stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gastric_heterotopia_in_the_duodenum_--_inter_03f888aa.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1072", "caption": "Ubiquitin protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/70px-Ubiquitin_cartoon-2-.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1073", "caption": "Smith\u2013Lemli\u2013Opitz syndrome(or 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/230px-7-Dehydrocholesterol.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1074", "caption": "Cobb angle measurement of a dextroscoliosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Scoliosis_cobb.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1075", "caption": "An  autosomal dominant  pattern", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1076", "caption": "The setup for BPAP using a mechanical ventilator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BIPAP.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1077", "caption": "Diagram of a neonatal heart affected by PDA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Patent_ductus_arteriosus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1078", "caption": "Malpuech facial clefting syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1079", "caption": "The short and long arm of a typical human chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Chromarms.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1080", "caption": "Hair in Marinesco\u2013Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, showing lack of pigment and medulla", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Marinesco-Sjogren_Syndrome_3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1081", "caption": "Monstrous births and  omens  in the  Nuremberg Chronicle .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Omens_%28CLIr%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1082", "caption": "A two-headed cow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-2HeadsCow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1083", "caption": "Sixteenth-century oil painting,  Painting of a handicapped man .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-BildniseinesbehindertenMannes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1084", "caption": "Mentally disabled woman with features indicative of Muenke syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Goddard_22_%28top%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1085", "caption": "Muenke Syndrome is inherited in an  autosomal dominant  pattern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1086", "caption": "Chr 17", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/80px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromos_37e872d2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1087", "caption": "Growth hormone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Somatotropine.GIF.GIF"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1088", "caption": "Cytogenetic location of the POMGnT 1 gene is 1p34.1. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_chromosome_01_-_400_550_850_bphs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1089", "caption": "A brain MRI showing lissencephaly (smooth brain) with ventriculomegaly.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lissencephaly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1090", "caption": "The distal, or terminal phalanges ( orange ) are at the end of the fingers and toes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1091", "caption": "Schematic of the human X chromosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/120px-Chromosome_X.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1092", "caption": "Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome has an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/155px-X-linked_recessive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1093", "caption": "Babygram  of stillborn baby with Neu-Laxova syndrome (same case) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Neu-laxova.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1094", "caption": "Mannose-6-phosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/120px-Mannose-6-phosphate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1095", "caption": "Flupirtine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Flupirtine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1096", "caption": "Niemann\u2013Pick disease has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1097", "caption": "Niemann\u2013Pick Disease in a child, 1968", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Niemann-Pick_Disease_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1098", "caption": "Typical ossification center formation in a developing long bone of a fetal cat.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Gray79.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1099", "caption": "Opsismodysplasia has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1100", "caption": "Transmission   electron micrograph  of a  mesenchymal stem cell  displaying typical  ultrastructural  characteristics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MSC_high_magnification.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1101", "caption": "Simplified diagram of MSCs, and their differentiation pathways into osteoblast and chodrocytic cell lineages. Data based on a 10.5-day-old mouse embryo. Included are the multiple factors for differentiation. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MSC_diagram_into_osteoblast_and_chondrocyte__6b1c7baa.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1102", "caption": "Example of bone deformation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-ParacasSkullsIcaMuseumTwo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1103", "caption": "The Latham Device", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pre_Latham_Device.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1104", "caption": "Post Latham", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Post_Latham_Device.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1105", "caption": "Nasal Alveolar Molding Device", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nasoalveolar.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1106", "caption": "Post Insertion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Post_Nasal_Alveolar_Molding.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1107", "caption": "Micrograph  of an excised  aortic valve   papillary fibroelastoma  showing that the avascular branching papillae are covered by endothelium.  H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Papillary_fibroelastoma2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1108", "caption": "TRAP syndrome . The acardiac twin, left, cannot pump its own blood. The pump twin, right, supplies blood to the parasitic twin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Acardiac_twin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1109", "caption": "The location of genes on chromosome 12", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/90px-Chromosome_12.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1110", "caption": "Radiograph  showing a pelvic digit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Pelvicdigit1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1111", "caption": "Symptoms of Pfeiffer syndrome in a 17-year-old girl, 1895", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Girl_aged_17_years_with_marked_proptosis_Wel_f4d7273a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1112", "caption": "Symptoms of Pfeiffer syndrome in a Chinese adult, 1927", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chinese_circus_performer_with_craniosynostos_eaf73836.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1113", "caption": "Craniosynostosis  in phosphate diabetes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Cranialsynostosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1114", "caption": "Bowed legs in phosphate diabetes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/140px-XrayRicketsLegssmall.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1115", "caption": "Curvation of spine ( Kyphoscoliosis ) in phosphate diabetes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Kyphoscoliosis_hereditary_sensory_autonomic__ed9a37cb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1116", "caption": "Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Protein_FGF23_PDB_2p39.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1117", "caption": "A six-month old child with an extra leg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Female_child_with_polymelia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1118", "caption": "German case, born 1529", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Monsters_%26_Prodigies_14.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1119", "caption": "A grown steer with five legs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Deformed_steer_%281%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1120", "caption": "Piglet with  dipygus  at the  Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum  in Kyiv", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Kiev-UkrainianNationalChernobylMuseum_15.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1121", "caption": "Eight-year-old patient with a severe form of PWS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-PWS8.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1122", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Angelman.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1123", "caption": "A Child with  obesity  in PWS [ 50 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Prader-Willi_Syndrome_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1124", "caption": "Proboscis in  Patau syndrome .  Cyclopia  (a single median eye) is associated with  arrhinia  (absence of the nose) and proboscis formation above the eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Patauface.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1125", "caption": "Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis is inherited in an  autosomal recessive  pattern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1126", "caption": "Portuguese  illustration of a foreign woman with deformities indicative of Proteus syndrome, 1695", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-A_woman_with_scales_on_her_upper_body_and_gr_150773fd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1127", "caption": "Proteus syndrome is an  overgrowth disorder  caused by a rare  genetic mosaicism . A genetic mutation during embryonic development gives rise to overgrowth in a subset of the individual's cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Proteus_Syndrome_-_NHGRI_-_NHI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1128", "caption": "Renal lobe (renal cortex  green  with renal pyramid below)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Slide24iii.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1129", "caption": "Kidney stone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Nefrolit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1130", "caption": "Hemodialysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Hemodialysismachine.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1131", "caption": "Renal cyst MRI (Contributed by Ptrump16  https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Renal_cyst_MRI.jpg )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Renal_cyst_MRI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1132", "caption": "Telomer-structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/140px-Telomer-structure.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1133", "caption": "Chr 14", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromo_edbeea3f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1134", "caption": "[ 8 ]  A type of anticonvulsant(Carbamazepine)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/130px-Carbamazepine3Dan.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1135", "caption": "Caf\u00e9 au lait spots", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cafe_au_lait.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1136", "caption": "Telomeric ends", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Telomere.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1137", "caption": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Diaphragm_hernia2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1138", "caption": "Facial features (A), left hand and feet showing broad thumb and big toes (B, C) and X-ray of both hands showing short broad thumbs (D). (Limb Malformations & Skeletal Dysplasia)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rubinstein-Taybi_Syndrome1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1139", "caption": "Rubinstein\u2013Taybi syndrome is inherited in an  autosomal dominant  fashion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1140", "caption": "Elderly woman with craniofacial signs of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Oxycephaly_Plate_XXVI_%281%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1141", "caption": "Hand and foot defects seen in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Oxycephaly_Plate_XXVI_%282%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1142", "caption": "Girl with  epicanthal folds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epicanthicfold.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1143", "caption": "A diagram showing a complete cleft lip and palate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Cleftlip2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1144", "caption": "Symptoms of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome with  microcephaly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Microcephaly_%28extreme%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1145", "caption": "Cranial sutures viewed from top of head", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/225px-Sutures_from_top.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1146", "caption": "SCS occurs when there is a mutation on chromosome 7 in the region 7p21", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/120px-Chromosome_7.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1147", "caption": "This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1148", "caption": "Symptoms of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome showing autosomal dominance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Facies_of_Heredosyphilis_6.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1149", "caption": "Bone segments that are removed in fronto-supraorbital advancement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/325px-Bone_segments_removed_in_fronto-supraorbital_70bb4741.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1150", "caption": "A child wearing a cranial remolding helmet after surgery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/185px-Cranialband.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1151", "caption": "Role of sepiapterine reductase (SPR, in red) in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. From a review by Wu et al., 2020. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Role_of_Sepiapterine_Reductase_in_the_biosynthesis_8244af04.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1152", "caption": "Sirenomelia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Sirenomelia2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1153", "caption": "Classification of sirenomelia by the presence or absence of bones within the lower limb.  I) all bones of thigh and lower leg present  II) fused  fibula  III) fibula absent  IV) partially fused femur, fused fibula  V) partially fused femur  VI) fused femur, fused  tibia  VII) fused femur, tibia absent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sirenomelia.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1154", "caption": "Sirenomelia in  Les \u00e9carts de la nature , 1775", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Les_%C3%A9carts_de_la_nature_page8.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1155", "caption": "Axial  CT image  showing dextrocardia and situs inversus in a patient with  Kartagener syndrome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Primary_ciliary_dyskinesia-10.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1156", "caption": "Axial CT image showing situs inversus (liver and IVC on the left, spleen and aorta on the right) in a patient with Kartagener syndrome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Primary_ciliary_dyskinesia_7.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1157", "caption": "Situs inversus has an  autosomal recessive  pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1158", "caption": "Facial deformities with Smith-Fineman-Myers syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Atr-x.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1159", "caption": "extraction of viscera of a lamb with strophosomia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Agnlaedje_monse.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1160", "caption": "Signatures and patterns of SVs for deletion (A), novel sequence insertion (B), inversion (C), and tandem duplication (D) in read count (RC), read-pair (RP), split-read (SR), and de novo assembly (AS) methods. [ 29 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Signatures_of_SVs_in_various_detection_metho_e731e57f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1161", "caption": "Tay\u2013Sachs disease is inherited in an  autosomal recessive  pattern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1162", "caption": "The  HEXA  gene is located on the long (q) arm of human chromosome 15, between positions 23 and 24.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hexachr15.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1163", "caption": "Founder effects  occur when a small number of individuals from a larger  population  establish a new population. In this illustration, the original population is on the left with three possible founder populations on the right. Two of the three founder populations are genetically distinct from the original population.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Founder_effect.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1164", "caption": "Ovarian teratoma with hair inside", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ovarian_teratoma_with_hair.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1165", "caption": "Mature teratoma of the mediastinum: A horizontal slice of the resected tumor reveals fibrofatty tissue, calcified areas, and a few cystic spaces lined with smooth membrane and containing a hair. In the left lower corner, the involved B5 bronchus is evident.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mature_teratoma%2C_mediastinum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1166", "caption": "CT showing a teratoma of the ovary: fatty formation with a smooth boundary, with a dense part, possibly a tooth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Teratom_001-03.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1167", "caption": "Micrograph  of a teratoma showing tissue from all three  germ layers :  mesoderm  (immature  cartilage  - left-upper),  endoderm  (gastrointestinal glands - center-bottom) and  ectoderm  (epidermis - right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Teratoma_2_low_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1168", "caption": "Ovarian tumors  by  incidence  and risk of  ovarian cancer , with mature cystic teratoma at bottom and  immature teratoma  at right. [ 55 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-Ovarian_tumors_by_incidence_and_cancer_risk._bfc7aebd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1169", "caption": "Infant with tetra-amelia syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gould_Pyle_107.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1170", "caption": "Tetra-amelia syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of  inheritance .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1171", "caption": "Nick Vujicic , a   motivational speaker  who was born with tetra-amelia syndrome, speaking during the session \"Inspired for a Lifetime\" at the Annual Meeting 2011 of the  World Economic Forum  in  Davos , Switzerland, on 30 January 2011. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nick_Vujicic_at_the_World_Economic_Forum_Ann_99f1e70f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1172", "caption": "In combination with polydactyly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-170px-X-ray_TPT_with_polydactyly_2._90a82314.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1173", "caption": "Delta shaped extra phalanx", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-170px-X-ray_delta_shaped_extra_phal_c1e99682.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1174", "caption": "Ulnar dimelia, showing clenched position", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gould_Pyle_120.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1175", "caption": "X-ray of 2-month-old female child with ulnar dimelia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Xray_of_hand_showing_Ulnar_dimelia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1176", "caption": "VPI flow chart compiled from the following sources: Johns, Rohrich & Awada, 2003 and Peterson-Falzone, Karnell, Hardin-Jones,& Trost-Cardamone, 2005", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-VPI_Chart_for_Pitt_Cleft_Palate_2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1177", "caption": "The man on the left is illustrated as vestigial parasitic twins, meanwhile on the right there are two varieties of conjoined twins illustrated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-JohannSchenk-Twins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1178", "caption": "Pictured is a boy that is a vestigial twin. He has a parasitic twins limbs attached to his abdomen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Young_Indian_boy_with_parasitic_headless_att_1f6de52c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1179", "caption": "An infant with a mass of cells connected to their head", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-13256_2016_1023_Fig2_HTML.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1180", "caption": "An MRI machine may be used to diagnose vestigial twins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MRI-Philips.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1181", "caption": "Vici syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1182", "caption": "SRY Protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/140px-PBB_Protein_SRY_image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1183", "caption": "An example of translocation between two chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Translocation_of_chromosomes_%28close-up%29__ea6d4af4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1184", "caption": "8 July: Researchers report that they succeeded in using a  genetically altered variant  of  R. sulfidophilum  to produce  spidroins , the  main  proteins  in  spider silk . [ 70 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Large-scale_production_and_fiber_extrusion_o_a0b92c4f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1185", "caption": "10 November: Scientists show that  microorganisms could be employed to mine  useful elements from basalt rocks in space. [ 88 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_BioRock_Experimental_Unit_of_the_space_s_d1b5af11.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1186", "caption": "25 November: The development of a biotechnology for  microbial reactors  capable of producing oxygen as well as  hydrogen  is reported. [ 92 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Formation_of_Chlorella_cell-based_spheroids._e3afb8c0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1187", "caption": "30 November: The 50-year problem of  protein structure prediction  is reported to be largely solved with an AI algorithm. [ 94 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Protein_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1188", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Optical_appearance_of_self-assembled_films_o_e5efb623.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1189", "caption": "Researchers present a  bioprinting  method to produce steak-like  cultured meat .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Assembly_of_fibrous_muscle%2C_fat%2C_and_vas_e97cc833.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1190", "caption": "The first  CRISPR-edited  food, tomatoes, goes on public sale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-D85_2002_Plant_of_Thailand.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1191", "caption": "Researchers introduce and demonstrate  the concept of  necrobotics .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Necrobotics_with_a_spider.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1192", "caption": "Remote controlled   cyborg cockroaches .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rechargeable_cyborg_insects_with_an_ultrasof_49f635cf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1193", "caption": "A new  CRISPR gene editing/repair tool  alternative to fully active Cas9 is reported.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Comparison_of_Cas9-%2C_D10A-%2C_and_H840A-in_2aa4f9da.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1194", "caption": "Wastewater surveillance  is used  to detect monkeypox [ 300 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_detection_of_monkeypox_virus_DNA_in_wast_39f4666b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1195", "caption": "Safety-by-design ways like DNA screening for  biosafety  and  biosecurity  to  prevent engineered pandemics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Overview_of_DNA_synthesis_screening_componen_fc72f547.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1196", "caption": "A bone-like  biocomposite   3D printing  ink, BactoInk", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Proof_of_concept_of_BactoInk_biomineral_comp_0ea4de94.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1197", "caption": "Scientists coin and outline a new field ' organoid intelligence ' (OI)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Architecture_of_an_OI_system_for_wetware_com_25463dd3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1198", "caption": "Cell culture-based coffee [ 360 ] [ 361 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Proof_of_Concept_for_Cell_Culture-Based_Coff_b028f96c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1199", "caption": "Human  karyotype  with annotated bands and sub-bands as used for the  nomenclature of chromosome abnormalities . It shows dark and white regions as seen on  G banding . Each row is vertically aligned at  centromere  level. It shows 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes , as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1200", "caption": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Duchenne-muscular-dystrophy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1201", "caption": "Craniosynostosis  can be found in several disorders, like  Carpenter Syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Carpenter_Syndrome_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1202", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/102px-Graecopithecus_tooth.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1203", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/88px-Hominin_KNM-WT_22944_G-J.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1204", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Taung_Child.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1205", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/99px-Replica_BL02-J54-100_pic4.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1206", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/40px-Boxgrove-Tibia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1207", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Saccopastore_1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1208", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/97px-Viste_dell%27uomo_di_altamura.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1209", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Maba._Homo_heidelbergensis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1210", "caption": "A  ribose  ring with the carbon atoms numbered 1' through 5' according to chemical convention. The  5' carbon  is said to be  upstream ; the  3' \u00a0 carbon  is said to be  downstream . Bonds to a generic  base  and a  phosphate  group are also shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nukleotid_num.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1211", "caption": "The chemical structure of  acetyl-CoA , with the  acetyl group  highlighted in blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Acetyl-CoA-2D_colored.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1212", "caption": "Every  amino acid  has the same basic structural formula, consisting of a central carbon atom (\u03b1) bonded to three major substituents: one  amino group  (blue), one  carboxyl group  (red), and one variable  side chain  (green). The side chain, which can range from a simple  methyl  group ( alanine ) to more complex functional groups such as a double-ringed  indole  ( tryptophan ), gives each particular amino acid its unique identity. During  translation , amino acids are joined into a linear chain by condensation reactions which create  peptide bonds  between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of an adjacent amino acid. The first and last amino acids in the chain are said to be  N-terminal  and  C-terminal , respectively, in reference to the unbonded amino group of the first amino acid and the unbonded carboxyl group of the last.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Amino_acid_generic_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1213", "caption": "The  apical constriction  of specific groups of cells during developmental morphogenesis allows bends and turns to form in higher-order tissues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Apicalconstriction_fig1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1214", "caption": "The three principal biologically active conformations of  DNA  molecules:  A-DNA ,  B-DNA , and  Z-DNA  (left to right), as viewed from the side and down the axis of the  double helix .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Dnaconformations.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1215", "caption": "Cross-sectional diagram of a typical eukaryotic  cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1216", "caption": "Possible types of information transfer according to the  central dogma of molecular biology . Three general transfers, in red, occur routinely in all living cells: DNA-to-DNA ( DNA replication ), DNA-to-RNA ( transcription ), and RNA-to-protein ( translation ). Three special transfers, in blue, are known to occur only in viruses or in the laboratory: RNA-to-RNA ( RNA replication ), RNA-to-DNA ( reverse transcription ), and DNA-to-protein (direct translation without an mRNA intermediate). An additional three transfers are believed not to be possible at all: protein-to-protein, protein-to-RNA, and protein-to-DNA\u2014though it has been argued that there are exceptions by which all three can occur.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology_colorized_d1b11af6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1217", "caption": "Deoxyribose  differs from  ribose  only at the 2' carbon, where ribose has an oxygen atom that deoxyribose lacks (hence its name).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/The_difference_between_ribose_and_deoxyribose.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1218", "caption": "A diagram of the many components of  DNA replication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Eukaryotic_DNA_replication.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1219", "caption": "The molecular structures of several common classes of  DNA-binding domains  (grey), showing how they interact with the DNA double helix (blue)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Transcription_factors_DNA_binding_sites.svg._6dbd9e3d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1220", "caption": "Double-stranded DNA most commonly exists in the shape of a  double helix .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/DNA_orbit_animated.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1221", "caption": "Different forms of  endocytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Endocytosis_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1222", "caption": "Plasmid map of a 3,756- bp   expression vector  used in the expression of a  transgene  that makes  green fluorescent protein  (GFP). The vector also includes a gene for the  lac  repressor  (lacI) and a gene conferring resistance to the antibiotic  kanamycin  (KanR), as well as various  promoters  for driving the expression of these genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-PET28a-T7-lacO-GFP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1223", "caption": "The  karyotype  of a typical human male, as visualized in a karyogram using  Giemsa staining", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1224", "caption": "The structure of a typical mature protein-coding  messenger RNA  or  mRNA , drawn approximately to scale. The coding sequence (green) is bounded by  untranslated regions  at both the  5'-end  (yellow) and the  3'-end  (pink). Prior to export from the nucleus, a  5' cap  (red) and a  3' poly(A) tail  (black) are added to help stabilize the mRNA and prevent its degradation by ribonucleases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-MRNA_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1225", "caption": "An outline of how  molecular cloning  works", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Gene_cloning.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1226", "caption": "The  nucleobases  (blue) are the five specific  nitrogenous bases  canonically used in DNA and RNA. A nucleobase bonded to a  pentose  sugar (either  ribose  or  deoxyribose ; yellow) is known as a  nucleoside  (yellow + blue). A nucleoside bonded to a single  phosphate group  (red) is known as a nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) or a  nucleotide  (red + yellow + blue). When not incorporated into a nucleic acid chain, free nucleosides can bind multiple phosphate groups: two phosphates yields a  nucleoside diphosphate  (NDP), and three yields a  nucleoside triphosphate  (NTP).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Nucleotides_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1227", "caption": "A defining element of nucleic acid structure is the linear chain of alternating  sugars  (orange) and  phosphates  (yellow) known as the  phosphate backbone , which acts as a scaffold to which  nucleobases  are attached. The phosphorus atom of each phosphate group forms two  ester bonds  to specific carbon atoms within the pentose sugars\u2014 ribose  in RNA and  deoxyribose  in DNA\u2014of two adjacent nucleosides.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1228", "caption": "A cell's  ploidy  level is defined by the number of copies it has of each specific chromosome: if the cell has two copies of each of three distinct chromosomes, it is said to be  diploid  (2N).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Haploid%2C_diploid_%2Ctriploid_and_tetraploi_e7d08db4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1229", "caption": "A  reciprocal translocation  between chromosome 4 and chromosome 20", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Translocation-4-20.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1230", "caption": "A double-stranded DNA molecule containing the sequence  GAATTC  and its palindromic complement  CTTAAG , a  restriction site  for the bacterial enzyme  EcoRI , is recognized and  cut or \"digested\"  in the manner shown here, with the enzyme breaking phosphodiester bonds in the backbones of both strands and leaving behind  \"sticky\" overhangs  at the ends of each of the now separate molecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-%E5%88%B6%E9%99%90%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0_EcoR1_%_a6dc6cb3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1231", "caption": "An outline of the  Sanger sequencing  method", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Sanger-sequencing.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1232", "caption": "Three different modes of  DNA replication . In  semiconservative replication , each of the two daughter molecules is built from one of the original parental strands and one newly synthesized strand. In  conservative replication , the original parent molecule remains intact while the replicated molecule is composed of two newly synthesized strands. In  dispersive replication , each of the daughter molecules is an uneven mix of old and new, with some segments consisting of the two parental strands and others consisting of two newly synthesized strands. Only semiconservative replication occurs naturally.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-DNAreplicationModes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1233", "caption": "A  sequence logo  depicts the statistical frequency with which each nucleobase (or amino acid) occurs within a given  sequence . Each position in the sequence is represented by a vertical stack of letters; the total height of the stack indicates the degree of  consensus  at that position between all of the aligned sequences, and the height of each individual letter in the stack indicates the proportion of the aligned sequences having that nucleobase at that position. A single very large letter filling most of the stack indicates that most or all of the aligned sequences have that particular nucleobase at that position.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-LexA_gram_positive_bacteria_sequence_logo.pn_ec55f028.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1234", "caption": "The  standard genetic code  specifies a set of 20 different  amino acids  from triplet arrangements of the four different  RNA   nucleobases  ( A ,  G ,  C , and  U ). To read this chart, choose one of the four letters in the innermost ring and then move outward, adding two more letters to complete a  codon  triplet: a total of 64 unique codons can be made this way, 61 of which signal the addition of one of the 20 amino acids (identified by single-letter abbreviation as well as by full name and chemical structure) to a nascent  peptide  chain, while the remaining three codons are  stop codons  signalling the termination of translation. Also indicated are some of the chemical properties of the amino acids and the various ways in which they can be modified.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-GeneticCode21-version-2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1235", "caption": "A simplified diagram of  transcription . RNA polymerase (RNAP) synthesizes an RNA transcript (blue) in the 5'-to-3' direction, using one of the DNA strands as a  template , while a complex of multiple  transcription factors  binds to a  promoter  upstream of the gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Simple_transcription_elongation1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1236", "caption": "Contemporary human mtDNA haplogroup distribution, based on analysis of 2,054 individuals from 26 populations. [ 1 ]  (a) Pie charts on the map. (b) Counts of haplogroups in table format. For populations details, see  1000 Genomes Project#Human genome samples .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-MtDNA_haplogroup_distribution_among_2%2C054__3f40fd82.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1237", "caption": "mtDNA haplogroup tree and distribution map. [ 3 ]  The numbers are haplogroup labels, reported according to the  http://www.phylotree.org/  nomenclature, [ 4 ]  and give the location of one of the mutations leading to the derived haplotype. (Only a single branch defining marker, preferably from the coding region, is shown.) The main geographic features of haplogroup distribution are highlighted with colour.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-MtDNA_haplogroup_tree_and_distribution_map.g_cc14db67.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1238", "caption": "Dispersal route of human mtDNA haplogroups", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Migration_route_of_Human_mtDNA_haplogroups.p_407337a2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1239", "caption": "Estimated world map of human migrations based on mtDNA haplogroups.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Human_migrations_and_mitochondrial_haplogrou_c9336cc3.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1240", "caption": "Human Y-DNA phylogeny and haplogroup distribution. [ 1 ] (a)  Phylogenetic tree . 'kya' means 'thousand years ago'.  (b) Geographical distributions of haplogroups are shown in color.  (c) Geographical color legend.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Human_Y-DNA_phylogeny_and_haplogroup_distrib_5615cb34.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1241", "caption": "Schematic illustration of Y-DNA haplogroups naming convention. Haplogroups are defined through mutations (SNPs).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Molecular_lineage_haplogroups.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1242", "caption": "Migration route of Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1243", "caption": "The hypothetical divergence of Haplogroup R and its descendants.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Haplogroup_R_%28Y-DNA%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1244", "caption": "Farmers with wheat and cattle\u2014Ancient Egyptian art 1,422 BCE displaying domesticated animals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_012.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1245", "caption": "Galton in his later years", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Francis_Galton2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1246", "caption": "Pedigree chart  showing an  inheritance pattern  consistent with  autosomal dominant  transmission. Behavioural geneticists have used  pedigree studies  to investigate the genetic and environmental basis of behaviour.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1247", "caption": "Study results about which and to what degree various traits, IQ and language-related  skills  appear to be  influenced by genetics [ 45 ] [ 46 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Genetic_correlation_results_about_traits%2C__0e90b954.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1248", "caption": "Similarity in twins and adoptees indicates a small role for shared environment in  personality .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Behavioral_Genetics_Twin_Adoption_Pers_913e9eec.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1249", "caption": "Modifications of the  epigenome  do not alter DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1250", "caption": "Monozygotic twins  are identical twins.  Twin studies  help to reveal epigenetic differences related to various aspects of psychology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TwinGirls.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1251", "caption": "The  hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis  is involved in the  human stress response .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Basic_HPA_Axis.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1252", "caption": "In the 2011 study by neuroscientist Ryota Kanai (n=90 students), the subjects who expressed  conservative  views (right) tended to have a larger amygdala than those who expressed  liberal  views (left).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Amygdalae_and_Political_Orientation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1253", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1254", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Thyroid_PCOS_Orientation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1255", "caption": "Identical twin studies are a useful mechanism for assessing the role of genes and environment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Gary_and_Larry_Lane_photo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1256", "caption": "Suicide rate in Hungary (1950\u20132005), 1983: 45.3 suicides per 100,000 people, it was the second highest rate (after Lithuania, 1995: 45.6 [ 1 ] ) of an independent state in recorded human history. Higher rates were only measured in regions like Greenland or the Canadian territories.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/235px-Hungarian_suicide_rate.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1257", "caption": "Lewis Terman, founder of the Genetic Studies of Genius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lewis_Madison_Terman.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1258", "caption": "A 1680 painting by  Juan Carre\u00f1o de Miranda  of a girl presumed to have  Prader-Willi syndrome [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-La_monstrua_desnuda_%281680%29%2C_de_Juan_Ca_5c4c5daf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1259", "caption": "Francis Galton", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/140px-Francis_Galton.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1260", "caption": "Human karyogram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-47%2CXXY.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1261", "caption": "Seymour Benzer in his office at Caltech in 1974 with a big model of Drosophila", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Seymour_Benzer.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1262", "caption": "Drosophila", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Drosophila.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1263", "caption": "Zebrafish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Zebrafisch.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1264", "caption": "Traits,\u00a0IQ& language skills", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Genetic_correlation_results_about_traits%2C__b7b8d661.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1265", "caption": "Outward displays of aggression are seen in most animals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mad_dog.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1266", "caption": "Shh and BMP gradient in the neural tube", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Shh_Gradient_In_Neural_Tube.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1267", "caption": "Brain slices of wildtype and reeler mice", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Reeler_lamination.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1268", "caption": "Corticogenesis in a wild-type mouse. First neurons to take their place are the  subplate  neurons (yellow). Next come the cortical plate neurons (black), which migrate past the subplate level. Later-generated neurons drawn to be increasingly more bright.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Corticogenesis_in_a_wild-type_mouse_with_cap_eed2d553.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1269", "caption": "Corticogenesis in a reeler mutant mouse. Note the so-called \"inverted cortex\", disorganized cellular layers, oblique angles of radial  glia  fibers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Corticogenesis_in_reeler_mutant_mouse_with_c_657c8d6b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1270", "caption": "Tyron's rat chart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tryon%27s_Rat_Graph.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1271", "caption": "Gustav III  of  Sweden  was the first to use identical twins in a comparative study of medical outcomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Gustav_III_by_Alexander_Roslin_-_torso_%28Na_718f9f95.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1272", "caption": "Francis Galton  laid the foundations of  behavior genetics  as a branch of  science .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/140px-Francis_Galton.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1273", "caption": "A : ACE model showing raw (non-standardised) variance coefficients", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Twin_Study_Structural_ACE_model.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1274", "caption": "B : ACE model showing standardised variance coefficients", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Twin_Study_Structural_ACE_model_STD.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1275", "caption": "A depiction of MZ-discordance data", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Twin_Study_MZ_discordant_positive_example.pn_a9222416.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1276", "caption": "MZ discordant test of hypothesis that exercise protects against depression", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Twin_Study_MZ_discordant_test_of_hypothesis__b048a194.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1277", "caption": "A cross-lagged longitudinal MZ discordant twin design. This model can take account of relationships among differences across traits at time one, and then examine the distinct hypotheses that increments in trait1 drive subsequent change in that trait in the future, or, importantly, in other traits.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Twin_Study_MZ_discordant_design.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1278", "caption": "Varroa destructor on the head of bee pupa.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Varroa_destructor_on_the_head_of_bee_nymph_%_8bdf169f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1279", "caption": "An illustration of a  Manhattan plot  depicting several strongly associated risk loci. Each dot represents a  SNP , with the X-axis showing genomic location and Y-axis showing  association level . This example is taken from a GWA study investigating  kidney stone disease , so the peaks indicate genetic variants that are found more often in individuals with kidney stones.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/546px-Manhattan_plot_from_a_GWAS_of_kidney_stone_d_628fa099.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1280", "caption": "GWA studies typically identify common variants with small effect sizes ( lower right ). [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-GWAS_Disease_allele_effects.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1281", "caption": "Example calculation illustrating the methodology of a case-control GWA study. The  allele  count of each measured SNP is evaluated\u2014in this case with a  chi-squared test \u2014to identify variants  associated  with the trait in question. The numbers in this example are taken from a 2007 study of  coronary artery disease  (CAD) that showed that the individuals with the G-allele of SNP1 ( rs1333049 ) were overrepresented amongst CAD-patients. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Method_example_for_GWA_study_designs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1282", "caption": "Illustration of a simulated genotype by phenotype regression for a single SNP. Each dot represents an individual. A GWAS of a continuous trait essentially consists of repeating this analysis at each SNP.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Genotype_phenotype_regression.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1283", "caption": "Full 2D epistatic interaction maps point to epistatic signal [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-13059_2024_3202_Fig5_HTML_%281%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1284", "caption": "Zoom in a full epistatic map for an Arabidopsis phenotype [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Animation_scroll_%281%29.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1285", "caption": "Regional association plot, showing individual SNPs in the  LDL receptor  region and their association to  LDL-cholesterol  levels. This type of plot is similar to the Manhattan plot in the lead section, but for a more limited section of the genome. The  haploblock structure  is visualized with colour scale and the  association  level is given by the left Y-axis. The dot representing the rs73015013 SNP (in the top-middle) has a high Y-axis location because this SNP explains some of the variation in LDL-cholesterol. [ 32 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Regional_Association_Plot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1286", "caption": "Relationship between the minor allele frequency and the effect size of genome wide significant variants in a GWAS of height.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Minor_allele_frequency_versus_effect_size.pn_a36078e6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1287", "caption": "Location of \u00d6verkalix, Sweden", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/160px-%C3%96verkalix_kommun.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1288", "caption": "The two graphics illustrate sampling distributions of polygenic scores and the predictive ability of  stratified sampling  on polygenic risk score with increasing age. + The left panel shows how risk\u2014(the standardized PRS on the x-axis)\u2014can separate   'cases'   (i.e., individuals with a certain disease, (red)) from the   'controls'   (individuals without the disease, (blue)). The y-axis (vertical axis) indicates how many in each group are assigned a certain score. + At the right panel, the same population is divided into three groups according to their predicted risk, i.e., their assigned score, as  high  (red),  middle  (gray), or  low  (blue). The y-axis shows the observed risk amounts, where the x-axis shows the groups separating in risk as they age\u2014corresponding with the predicted risk scores.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/401px-PRS_Illustration.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1289", "caption": "An early (2006) example of a genetic risk score applied to Type 2 Diabetes in humans. [ 19 ]  The authors of the study concluded that, individually, risk alleles only moderately identify increase-of-risk of disease; but identifiable risk is \"multiplicatively increased\" when information is combined from several known risk polymorphisms. Using such combined information allows for identifying subgroups of a population with odds for disease that are significantly greater than when using a single polymorphism.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/301px-Type_2_Diabetes_Genetic_Risk_Score_2006.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1290", "caption": "Predicted vs actual height using a polygenic risk score", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Predicted_vs_actual_height_using_a_polygenic_acb15efe.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1291", "caption": "PGS predictor performance increases with the dataset sample size available for training. Here illustrated for hypertension, hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes. The x-axis labels number of cases (i.e. individuals with the disease) present in the training data and uses a logarithmic scale. The entire range is from 1,000 cases up to over 100,000 cases. The numbers of controls (i.e. individuals without the disease) in the training data were much larger than the numbers of cases. These particular predictors were trained using the  LASSO  algorithm. [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/301px-PGSPredictionPerformance_VS_sampleSize_Raben_18b9eb6c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1292", "caption": "DNA transposons, LTR retrotransposons, SINEs, and LINEs make up a majority of the human genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Components_of_the_Human_Genome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1293", "caption": "pBLU is a 5437bp vector plasmid. This vector contains the origin of replication sequence, the restriction enzyme cut site, lacZ gene, and an ampicillin resistance gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PBLU_plasmid_map.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1294", "caption": "Examples of mobile genetic elements in the cell (left) and the ways they can be acquired (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Bacterial_mobile_elements.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1295", "caption": "Transposition of target sequence into recombination site in DNA by Transposase. Replication of the transposable sequence starts to occur when transposase cuts single strands on opposite sides of the dsDNA. The replication is completed in the transposon complex and excised to target sequence for recombination.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg_fdd1ab1a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1296", "caption": "Retrotransposon mechanism that uses reverse transcriptase to change mRNA transposon back into DNA for integration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Retrotransposons.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1297", "caption": "ColE1 replication control", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-ColE1_replication_control.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1298", "caption": "\"Cut and Paste\" transposable element mechanism of excision and insertion into target site.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/241px-Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg_70cfefeb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1299", "caption": "Rolling circle replication of a circular DNA plasmid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/251px-Rolling-circle_replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1300", "caption": "Self-synthesizing transposition mechanism for Polintons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/273px-Polinton_Transposition_Mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1301", "caption": "Spotting on maize kernels shows activation of DNA transposons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PLoS_Mu_transposon_in_maize.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1302", "caption": "Barbara McClintock  was the first to discover the existence of DNA transposons in maize plants at  Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . She was awarded the  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine  in 1983.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Barbara_McClintock_%281902-1992%29_shown_in__527da62e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1303", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the role of insertion sequences (\"IS\") in a composite transposon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Composite_transposon.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1304", "caption": "Genetic structure of murine LINE1 and SINEs. Bottom: proposed structure of L1 RNA-protein (RNP) complexes. ORF1 proteins form trimers, exhibiting RNA binding and nucleic acid chaperone activity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LINE1s_and_SINEs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1305", "caption": "ORF2 protein (exhibiting  reverse transcriptase  and  endonuclease  activity) from human  LINE-1 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LINE-1_Retrotransposon_ORF2p.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1306", "caption": "Genetic structure of murine LINE1 and  SINEs . Bottom: proposed structure of L1 RNA-protein (RNP) complexes. ORF1 proteins form trimers, exhibiting RNA binding and nucleic acid chaperone activity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-LINE1s_and_SINEs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1307", "caption": "Mechanism of target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) , directly at the site of integration: L1 RNP recognize AAAATT hexanucleotides and ORF2 endonuclease activity cleaves the DNA first-strand. L1 polyA tail associate with TTTT overhang and the host DNA is used as a primer to initiate reverse-transcription. ORF2 probably also mediate second-strand cleavage and attachment of newly synthesized cDNA to the DNA template, using again host DNA as a primer for second-strand synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/308px-LINE_reverse_transcription.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1308", "caption": "A.  Genetic structure of LTR-retrotransposons (gypsy-type).  B.  Mechanism of retrotransposition, occurring inside viral-like particles in the cytoplasm. Reverse transcription initiates at a host tRNA primer binding site (PBS) located immediately downstream of the 5\u2019LTR. The newly synthesized minus-strand cDNA copy of the 5\u2019LTR is then transferred to the 3\u2019LTR and used as a primer for reverse-transcription of the entire minus-strand sequence. An RNase H-resistant polypurine tract then serves as a primer for plus-strand synthesis of the 3\u2019LTR and complementary PBS. The newly synthesized plus-strand PBS then associates with the already-synthesized minus-strand PBS, and double-stranded cDNA is finally produced. Double-stranded cDNA is then transferred to the nucleus by integrase proteins, and a new copy is integrated into the genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/359px-LTR_retrotransposon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1309", "caption": "Diagram of a bacterium showing chromosomal DNA and plasmids (Not to scale)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Plasmid_%28english%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1310", "caption": "There are two types of plasmid integration into a host bacteria: Non-integrating plasmids replicate as with the top instance, whereas  episomes , the lower example, can integrate into the host  chromosome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Plasmid_replication_%28english%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1311", "caption": "Overview of bacterial conjugation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Conjugation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1312", "caption": "Electron micrograph  of a DNA fiber bundle, presumably of a single bacterial chromosome loop", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_Under_electron_microscope_Image_3576B-PH_9b296d41.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1313", "caption": "Electron micrograph of a bacterial DNA plasmid (chromosome fragment)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Plasmid_em-en.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1314", "caption": "A schematic representation of the  pBR322  plasmid, one of the first plasmids to be used widely as a  cloning vector .  Shown on the plasmid diagram are the genes encoded ( amp  and  tet  for  ampicillin  and  tetracycline  resistance respectively), its origin of replication ( ori ), and various  restriction sites  (indicated in blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PBR322.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1315", "caption": "Insulin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_insulin_100IU-ml_vial_white_background_b263214e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1316", "caption": "Formation of a prophage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/225px-Prophage.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1317", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree  of  marsupials  derived from retroposon data [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phylogenetic_tree_of_marsupials_derived_from_76a5d34d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1318", "caption": "Simplified representation of the life cycle of a retrotransposon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Retrotransposons.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1319", "caption": "Genetic structure of murine LINE1 and SINEs. Bottom: proposed structure of L1 RNA-protein (RNP) complexes. ORF1 proteins form trimers, exhibiting RNA binding and nucleic acid chaperone activity. [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/267px-LINE1s_and_SINEs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1320", "caption": "Schematic of retrotransposon propagation through the genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Retrotransposons.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1321", "caption": "Piwi-interacting RNA's structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/PiRNA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1322", "caption": "Genetic structure of human and  murine  LINE1 and SINEs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LINE1s_and_SINEs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1323", "caption": "Metaphase spread of a cell line showing a  ring chromosome  (R) and several non-sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), some of which are indicated by arrows.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-SCE_Metaphase-BMC_Cell_Biol_2-11-6.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1324", "caption": "Scheme of a sister chromatid exchange. The ends of the chromatids are reversed in the lower area.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/SCE-Scheme.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1325", "caption": "Figure 1. Mechanism of SB-mediated transposition.   Top line:  A transposon, defined by the mirrored sets of red double arrows (IR/DRs) is shown as contained in another DNA molecule (e.g., a plasmid shown by the blue lines).  The transposon in this example harbors an expression cassette consisting of a promoter (blue oval) that can direct transcription of the gene or other DNA sequence labeled \u201cgenetic cargo\u201d.   Middle lines:   Sleeping Beauty  (SB) transposase binds to the IR/DRs as shown and cuts the transposon out of the plasmid (the cut sites are indicated by the two black slashed lines in the remaining plasmid)   Bottom two lines:  Another DNA molecule (green) with a TA sequence can become the recipient of a transposed transposon.  In the process, the TA sequence at the insertion site is duplicated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-SBTS1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1326", "caption": "Figure 2: Structural features of SB transposase.  The 360-amino acid polypeptide has three major subdomains: the amino-terminal DNA-recognition domain that is responsible for binding to the DR sequences in the mirrored IR/DR sequences of the transposon, a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and a DDE domain that catalyzes the cut-and-paste set of reactions that comprise transposition.  The DNA-recognition domain has two  paired  box sequences that can bind to DNA and are related to various motifs found on some transcription factors; the two  paired  boxes are labeled PAI and RED.  The catalytic domain has the hallmark DDE (sometimes DDD) amino acids that are found in many transposase and recombinase enzymes. In addition, there is a region that is highly enriched in glycine (G) amino acids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-SBTS2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1327", "caption": "Figure 3. Construction of SB transposase.  Step 1: Schematic of extinct  Tc1/mariner -like transposons in modern salmonid genomes; x, missense mutations; S, termination mutations; F, frameshift mutations; G, major gap/missing amino acids.  Step 3: Elimination of the gap (G) and termination and frameshift mutations.  Step 4: reconstruction of the bipartite NLS sequence (orange underline).  Steps 5\u20138: reconstruction of the N-terminal DNA-binding domain (orange underline).  Steps 9\u201310: reconstruction of the catalytic domain (orange underline) including the signature DDE residues (green boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-SBTS3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1328", "caption": "Figure 4: Uses for the  Sleeping Beauty  transposon system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-SBTS4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1329", "caption": "A  bacterial DNA transposon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-Composite_transposon.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1330", "caption": "A . Structure of DNA transposons (Mariner type). Two inverted tandem repeats (TIR) flank the transposase gene. Two short tandem site duplications (TSD) are present on both sides of the insert.   B . Mechanism of transposition: Two transposases recognize and bind to TIR sequences, join and promote DNA double-strand cleavage. The DNA-transposase complex then inserts its DNA cargo at specific DNA motifs elsewhere in the genome, creating short TSDs upon integration. [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-DNA_Transposon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1331", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-1muh.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1332", "caption": "Structure of the Tn5 transposon, with insertion sequence flanking a cassette of genes, in this case drug resistance genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tn5_gene_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1333", "caption": "Sleeping Beauty Transposon System. Transposase enzyme can be expressed in  cis  or in  trans  to the gene cassette.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SBTS.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1334", "caption": "Process of analysis of DNA flanking a known insert by PCR.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-P_elements_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1335", "caption": "Process of analysis of DNA flanking a known insert by plasmid rescue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-P_elements_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1336", "caption": "The white morph of the  monarch  in  Hawaii  is partly a result of  apostatic selection . [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Albino_monarch_butterfly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1337", "caption": "The  humpback anglerfish  uses a modified dorsal spine as a fishing rod with a  bioluminescent   lure  to attract and capture prey. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Humpback_anglerfish.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1338", "caption": "A  camouflaged   predator :  snow leopard  in  Ladakh . The distinction between aggressive mimicry and predator camouflage depends on the signal given to the prey, not easily determined.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Snow_Leopard_in_Ladakh%28_Photo_by_Tashi_Lon_c943fb4c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1339", "caption": "Defensive  Batesian mimics , like this bumblebee-mimicking hoverfly, are the antithesis of aggressive mimics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Syrphid_fly_Mallota_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1340", "caption": "Aggressive mimicry compared to a defensive form,  Batesian mimicry . The mechanism is often called \" Wolf in sheep's clothing \". The model for an aggressive mimic can be a harmless species, in which case the 3 roles are disjunct, or the model can be the prey itself, in which case the arrangement is bipolar. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/660px-Aggressive_Mimicry_%283_diagrams%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1341", "caption": "The  alligator snapping turtle  uses its  tongue  to lure fish.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alligator_Snapping_Turtle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1342", "caption": "Argiope argentata  and its web", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-A.argentata01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1343", "caption": "The bright leaves of the  Venus flytrap  ( Dionaea muscipula ) attract insects in the same way as flowers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1344", "caption": "Brood parasitism : four clutches of  reed warbler  eggs, each containing one (larger)  cuckoo  egg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Cuckoo_Eggs_Mimicking_Reed_Warbler_Eggs.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1345", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1346", "caption": "The zone-tailed hawk resembles the harmless  turkey vulture  in flight, but attacks other species.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ZonetailedHawk2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1347", "caption": "Two bluestreak cleaner wrasse cleaning a  potato grouper ,  Epinephelus tukula", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroid_a5d689ca.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1348", "caption": "Wolf in Sheep's Clothing  by  J\u00f3zef Mehoffer , 1903. Detail of album cover", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Wolf_in_Sheep%27s_Clothing_-_J%C3%B3zef_Meho_44923f79.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1349", "caption": "A comparison between  Cepaea hortensis  (left) and  Caucasotachea vindobonensis  (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cepaea_hortensis_and_Cepaea_vindobonensis.jp_8b5fe9ca.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1350", "caption": "Cepaea nemoralis , showing colour and banding polymorphisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Grove_snail_Cepaea_nemoralis%2C_showing_colo_21f22a32.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1351", "caption": "Proportion of  C. nemoralis  shells that are yellow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Proportion_yellow_Cepaea_nemoralis_Silvertow_e293036f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1352", "caption": "Song thrush anvil with broken  Cepaea  shells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_anvil_stone_of_a_thrush_-_geograph.org.u_57a7670a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1353", "caption": "Seen here is adaptive radiation of finch A ( Geospiza magnirostris ) into three other species of finches found on the Galapagos Islands. Due to the absence of other species of birds, the finches adapted to new niches. The finches' beaks and bodies changed allowing them to eat certain types of foods such as nuts, fruits, and insects.  Geospiza magnirostris Geospiza parvula Certhidea olivacea Geospiza fortis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Finchadaptiveradiation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1354", "caption": "Four of Darwin's finches, clockwise (from top left):   Geospiza magnirostris ,  Geospiza fortis ,  Certhidea fusca ,  Camarhynchus parvulus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Darwin%27s_finches.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1355", "caption": "Here the relation between genotype and phenotype is illustrated, using a  Punnett square , for the character of petal colour in a  pea plant . The letters B and b represent alleles for colour and the pictures show the resultant flowers. The diagram shows the cross between two heterozygous parents where B represents the dominant allele (purple) and b represents the recessive allele (white).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1356", "caption": "An example of a pedigree for an autosomal dominant condition", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Example_autosomal_dominant_pedigree_01.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1357", "caption": "An example of a pedigree for an autosomal recessive condition", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Example_autosomal_recessive_pedigree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1358", "caption": "A female (left) and a male (right)  mallard  ( A. platyrhynchos ). Like many other species of birds, mallards display striking sexual dimorphism.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Anas_platyrhynchos_male_female_quadrat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1359", "caption": "Reed warbler  ( Acrocephalus scirpaceus ) feeding a cuckoo chick ( Cuculus canorus )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1360", "caption": "Drosophila  polytene chromosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Drosophila_polytene_chromosomes_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1361", "caption": "Callimorpha dominula  morpha  typica  with spread wings. The red with black rear wings, revealed in flight, warn of its noxious taste. The front wings are cryptic, covering the rear wings at rest. Here the moth is resting but alert, and has jinked the front wings forward to reveal the warning flash.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Callimorpha.dominula.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1362", "caption": "Cepaea nemoralis , dark yellow shell with single mid band.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Schneckesnail1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1363", "caption": "Two active  Cepaea  snails", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Cepaea_nemoralis_active_pair_on_tree_trunk.j_c0da7bc7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1364", "caption": "Dissection of thrum and pin flowers of  Primula vulgaris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Distyly_primula.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1365", "caption": "Many insects including  hoverflies  (C, D, E) and the  wasp beetle  (F) are  Batesian mimics  of stinging  wasps  (A, B), which are  M\u00fcllerian mimics  of each other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Wasp_mimicry.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1367", "caption": "Batesian vs M\u00fcllerian mimicry: the former is  deceptive , the latter  honest .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1368", "caption": "Macroxiphus , a harmless bush cricket, mimics a well-defended  ant .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Macroxiphus_sp_cricket.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1369", "caption": "Comparison of Batesian and M\u00fcllerian mimicry, illustrated with a  hoverfly , a  wasp  and a  bee", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Batesian_vs_M%C3%BCllerian_Mimicry.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1370", "caption": "Some  Passiflora  flower species use Gilbertian mimicry, defending against being eaten by larvae of  Heliconius  butterflies with leaf  stipules  (not shown) that resemble the butterfly's eggs. [ 2 ] [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heliconiinae_-_Heliconius_numata.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1371", "caption": "Eyespots  of  foureye butterflyfish  ( Chaetodon capistratus ) mimic its own eyes, deflecting attacks from the vulnerable head.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/130px-Chaetodon_capistratus2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1372", "caption": "Two  bluestreak cleaner wrasse  cleaning a  potato grouper ,  Epinephelus tukula", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epinephelus_tukula_is_cleaned_by_two_Labroid_a5d689ca.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1373", "caption": "Dasyscolia ciliata , a scoliid wasp,  attempting to copulate  with a flower of the orchid  Ophrys speculum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dasyscolia_ciliata.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1374", "caption": "Rye  is a secondary crop, originally being a mimetic weed of  wheat .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Secale_cereale.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1375", "caption": "The climber  Boquila trifoliata  varies its leaf shape to resemble the plant it is climbing on, perhaps reducing its conspicuousness to herbivores. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Boquila_trifoliolata_%28Valdivia%2C_Chili%29_f1c4a14f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1376", "caption": "Carrion flowers attract flies and other carrion-feeding insects by their smell. [ 12 ]   Orbea variegata  illustrated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Stapelia_lepida.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1377", "caption": "Bee orchid  flower resembles a female bee closely enough to attract males in search of a mate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Ophrys_apifera_flower1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1378", "caption": "The  shells  of individuals within the  bivalve   mollusk  species  Donax variabilis  show diverse   coloration  and   patterning  in their phenotypes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Coquina_variation3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1379", "caption": "Here the relation between  genotype  and phenotype is illustrated, using a  Punnett square , for the character of petal color in pea plants. The letters B and b represent  genes  for color, and the pictures show the resultant phenotypes. This shows how multiple genotypes (BB and Bb) may yield the same phenotype (purple petals).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1380", "caption": "ABO blood groups determined through a Punnett square and displaying phenotypes and genotypes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ABO_Blood_Group_Phenotypes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1381", "caption": "Exploring relationships among phenotype, genotype and environment at different levels [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/384px-Pan_Y_G_E.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1382", "caption": "Biston betularia  morpha  typica , the standard light-colored peppered moth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Biston.betularia.7200.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1383", "caption": "B.betularia  morpha  carbonaria , the melanic form, illustrating discontinuous variation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Biston.betularia.f.carbonaria.7209.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1384", "caption": "An organism's phenotype is determined by the sum of its genetic material along with the influence of its environment. This is mediated by a range of biological mechanisms: either the direct activities of gene products or their downstream effects. [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genotype_to_phenotype.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1385", "caption": "The patchy colors of a tortoiseshell cat are the result of different levels of expression of pigmentation genes in different areas of the skin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tortie-flame.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1386", "caption": "Callimorpha dominula  morpha  typica  with spread wings: the moth manifests in two homozygous morphs and one heterozygous morph.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Callimorpha.dominula.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1387", "caption": "Adult bagworm moths ( Tinea ephemeraeformis ) mating", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Bagworm_Moths_Mating.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1388", "caption": "The  Heliconius  butterflies from the tropics of the Western Hemisphere are the classical model for  M\u00fcllerian mimicry .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Heliconius_mimicry.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1389", "caption": "Biston betularia  caterpillars on birch (left) and willow (right), demonstrating a color polyphenism. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Biston_betularia.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1390", "caption": "Polyphenism in  termites      A\u00a0: Primary king       B\u00a0: Primary queen       C\u00a0: Secondary queen       D\u00a0: Tertiary queen       E\u00a0: Soldiers       F\u00a0: Worker", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Termites_polymorphism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1391", "caption": "Insect castes: Replete and worker honeypot ants  Myrmecocystus mimicus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Closeup_on_honeypot_ants_%28Myrmecocystus_mi_3a0fd007.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1392", "caption": "Mouth polyphenism in the nematode  Pristionchus pacificus      A\u00a0: bacterivorous \"stenostomatous\" morph       B\u00a0: predatory \"eurystomatous\" morph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Mouth_dimorphism_in_Pristionchus_pacificus.j_12d78ac3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1393", "caption": "Third stage  dauer larva  (resting stage) of  Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Third_stage_Phasmarhabditis_hermaphrodita.pn_59e4baa3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1394", "caption": "Mandarin ducks , male (left) and female (right), illustrating the dramatic difference in plumage between sexes, a manifestation of sexual dimorphism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1395", "caption": "The  peacock , on the right, is courting the  peahen , on the left.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Peacock_courting_peahen.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1396", "caption": "Male (bottom) and female  mallards . The male mallard has an unmistakable bottle-green head when his  breeding plumage  is present.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Anas_platyrhynchos_male_female_quadrat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1397", "caption": "Orgyia antiqua  male (left) and female (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Orgyia_antiqua_MHNT.CUT.2012.0.356.Gi%C3%A8r_a8304ad5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1398", "caption": "Colias dimera  mating. The male is a brighter yellow than the female.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Colias_dimera_copulating.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1399", "caption": "Female (left) and male (right)  Argiope appensa , displaying typical sexual differences in spiders, with dramatically smaller males", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Male_and_female_A._appensa.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1400", "caption": "Hammock Spiders (Pityohyphantes sp.) courting.\u00a0Female left and male right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hammock_Spiders_%28Pityohyphantes%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1401", "caption": "Mississippi map turtles  ( Graptemys pseudogeographica kohni ) adult female (left) and adult male (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Mississippi_map_turtles_%28Graptemys_pseudog_4357a384.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1402", "caption": "Female (left) and male (right)  golden-shouldered parrot , showing that the male is much more colorful than the female", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Golden-shouldered_Parrot_0A2A7450.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1403", "caption": "The  eclectus parrot  is an example of a bird where the female (right) is more colorful than the male (left).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Eclectus_roratus-20030511.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1404", "caption": "Skeletons of female (left) and Male (right) black-casqued hornbills ( Ceratogymna atrata ). The difference between the sexes is apparent in the casque on the top of their bill. This pair is on display at the  Museum of Osteology .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Male_and_female_black_casqued_hornbill_skele_845c0a17.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1405", "caption": "Male and female  northern elephant seal , the male being larger with a big  proboscis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Male_and_female_Mirounga_angustirostris_2.jp_15e9aaa8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1406", "caption": "Pioneer plaque", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Human.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1407", "caption": "Male pelvis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Gray241.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1408", "caption": "Female pelvis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Gray242.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1409", "caption": "Female  triplewart seadevil , an anglerfish, with male attached near vent (arrow)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Cryptopsaras_couesii_%28triplewart_seadevil%_feb588b7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1410", "caption": "Sexual dimorphism in  Cambrian   trilobites [ 145 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Eccaparadoxides_mediterraneus_-_Murero%2C_Za_6f5949d5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1411", "caption": "Male (left), offspring (center), and female (right)  Sumatran orangutans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sumatran_orangutan_family_in_Toronto_Zoo.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1412", "caption": "Hans Eysenck", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hans.Eysenck.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1413", "caption": "Cloninger's biological dimensions of personality", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Cloninger_Model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1414", "caption": "Dopamine and Serotonin pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pubmed_equitativa_hormonal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1415", "caption": "The size of a tomato is one example of a complex trait.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/265px-2013_09_10_Tomate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1416", "caption": "A manhattan plot showing genome-association with microcirculation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/380px-Manhattan_Plot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1417", "caption": "Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance, the two most common  Mendelian inheritance  patterns. An  autosome  is any chromosome other than a  sex chromosome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Autosomal_dominant_and_recessive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1418", "caption": "Inheritance of dwarfing in maize. Demonstrating the heights of plants from the two parent variations and their F1 heterozygous hybrid (centre)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_%281917%29__f5135316.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1419", "caption": "Monohybrid cross between homozygote dominant (GG) and homozygote recessive (gg), always resulting in heterozygote genotype (Gg) and the phenotype associated with the dominant allele, in this case capital G.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/342px-MonohydrideP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1420", "caption": "Monohybrid cross between heterozygotes (Gg), resulting in genptypical ratio 1:2:1 (GG:Gg:gg) and phenotypical ratio 3:1 (G:g).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/340px-MonohydrideF1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1421", "caption": "Dihybrid cross between homozygote dominant (GGRR) and homozygote recessive (ggrr) always resulting in heterozygotes (GgRr)  with phenotype associated with the dominant alleles G and R.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-DihydrideP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1422", "caption": "Dihybrid cross between heterozygotes (GgRr), resulting in the phenotypical ratio 9:3:3:1 (G and R: G and r: g and R: g and r)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/374px-DihydrideF1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1423", "caption": "This  Punnett square  illustrates incomplete dominance. In this example, the red petal trait associated with the R  allele  recombines with the white petal trait of the r allele. The plant incompletely expresses the dominant trait (R) causing plants with the Rr genotype to express flowers with less red pigment resulting in pink flowers. The colors are not blended together, the dominant trait is just expressed less strongly.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Incomplete_dominance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1424", "caption": "Co-dominance in a  Camellia  cultivar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Co-dominance_Rhododendron.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1425", "caption": "A and B blood types  in humans show co-dominance, but the O type is recessive to A and B.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ABO_system_codominance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1426", "caption": "This Punnett square shows co-dominance. In this example a white bull (WW) mates with a red cow (RR), and their offspring exhibit co-dominance expressing both white and red hairs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Co-dominance_in_Roan_Cattle.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1427", "caption": "Ronald Fisher in 1913", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Youngronaldfisher2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1428", "caption": "Studies of heritability ask questions such as to what extent do genetic factors influence  differences  in height between people. This is not the same as asking to what extent do genetic factors influence height in any one person.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/160px-Critique_of_the_Theory_of_Evolution_Fig_076._3178a20f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1429", "caption": "Figure 1. Relationship of phenotypic values to additive and dominance effects using a completely dominant locus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Additive_and_Dominance_Effects.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1430", "caption": "Figure 2.  Francis Galton 's (1889) data showing the relationship between offspring height (928 individuals) as a function of mean parent height (205 sets of parents).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Galton_experiment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1431", "caption": "Figure 3. Twin concordances for seven psychological traits (sample size shown inside bars), with DZ being fraternal and MZ being identical twins.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Twin-concordances.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1432", "caption": "Figure 4. Strength of selection (S) and response to selection (R) in an artificial selection experiment,  h 2 =R/S.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Response_to_selection.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1433", "caption": "Gene effects and phenotype values.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Gene_effects.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1434", "caption": "Analysis of sexual reproduction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Sexual-Repro-simpl.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1435", "caption": "Population mean across all values of p, for various d effects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-G_mean.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1436", "caption": "Genetic drift example analysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Genetic_Drift_example_B3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1437", "caption": "Inbreeding resulting from genetic drift in random fertilization.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-RF_Inbreeding.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1438", "caption": "Random fertilization compared to cross-fertilization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-RF_Inbreeding_B.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1439", "caption": "Spatial fertilization patterns", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Fertilization_Patterns_C.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1440", "caption": "\"Islands\" random fertilization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-RF_Inbreeding_C_c.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1441", "caption": "Analysis of allele substitution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Allele_Substn.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1442", "caption": "Components of genotypic variance using the gene-model effects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Model_Var_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1443", "caption": "Components of genotypic variance using the allele-substitution effects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Fisher_Var_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1444", "caption": "Dispersion and components of the genotypic variance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-VADf-p5.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1445", "caption": "Development of variance dispersion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ALWL-10p5.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1446", "caption": "Connection between the inbreeding and co-ancestry coefficients.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Inbreeding_%26_Coancestry.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1447", "caption": "Illustrative pedigree.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Pedigree_Analysis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1448", "caption": "Cross-multiplication rules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Pedigree_CrossMult.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1449", "caption": "Inbreeding in sibling relationships", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Inbreeding-_Sibs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1450", "caption": "Inbreeding from full-sib and half-sib crossing, and from selfing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Crossing_Inbreeding.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1451", "caption": "Self fertilization inbreeding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Inbreeding-_Selfing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1452", "caption": "Pedigree analysis first cousins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/175px-Inbreeding-_Cousins_First.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1453", "caption": "Pedigree analysis second cousins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/175px-Inbreeding-_Cousins_Second.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1454", "caption": "Inbreeding from several levels of cousin crossing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Cousin_Inbreeding.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1455", "caption": "Pedigree analysis half cousins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Inbreeding-_Csns_Half.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1456", "caption": "Pedigree analysis: backcrossing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Inbreeding-_Backcross.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1457", "caption": "Backcrossing: basic inbreeding levels", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Backcrossing_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1458", "caption": "Genetic advance and selection pressure repeated", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-SelctnPresur.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1459", "caption": "Changes arising from repeated selection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-SelctnRptd.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1460", "caption": "Selection differential and the normal distribution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-SelctnDifrntl.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1461", "caption": "Reproductive coefficients of determination and inbreeding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-ReproDetmntn.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1462", "caption": "Path analysis of sexual reproduction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-ReproPaths.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1463", "caption": "Sources of phenotypic correlation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Metab_model.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1464", "caption": "Aristotle's model  of transmission of movements from parents to child, and of  form  from the father. The model is not fully symmetric. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Aristotle%27s_model_of_Inheritance.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1465", "caption": "Sperms  as preformed humans. Painting of  Nicolaas Hartsoeker  1695", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Preformation.GIF.GIF"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1466", "caption": "Blending Inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blending_Inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1467", "caption": "Mendelian inheritance  states characteristics are discrete and are inherited by the parents. This image depicts a  monohybrid cross  and shows 3 generations: P1 generation (1), F1 generation (2), and F2 generation (3). Each organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, that make up the genotype. The observed characteristic, the phenotype, is determined by the dominant allele in the genotype. In this monohybrid cross the dominant allele encodes for the colour red and the recessive allele encodes for the colour white.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mendelian_inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1468", "caption": "Diagram of  Charles Darwin 's pangenesis theory. Every part of the body emits tiny particles,  gemmules , which migrate to the  gonads  and contribute to the fertilised egg and so to the next generation. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in  Lamarckism .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1469", "caption": "August Weismann 's germ plasm theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the  gonads . Somatic cells (of the body)  develop afresh  in each generation from the germ plasm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1470", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan  discovered  sex linked  inheritance of the white eyed mutation in the fruit fly  Drosophila  in 1910, implying the  gene  was on the  sex chromosome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1471", "caption": "Francis Crick's handwritten paper, \"On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club,\" privately circulated to members of the RNA Tie Club January 1955.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cick_1955_Adaptor_hypothesis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1472", "caption": "A tRNA molecule from yeast. Anticodon (triplet sequence in red) is the mRNA-binding site during protein synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TRNA-Phe_yeast_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1473", "caption": "Role of tRNA as an adaptor molecule during protein synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1474", "caption": "Benzer with  Ronald Reagan  in 1986", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Seymour_Benzer_1986.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1475", "caption": "Walter Sutton  (left) and  Theodor Boveri  (right) independently developed different parts of the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Theodor_boveri_walter_sutton.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1476", "caption": "Esther Lederberg ,  Gunther Stent , Sydney Brenner and  Joshua Lederberg  pictured in 1965", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965__27dda31c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1477", "caption": "Gene map of the human mitochondrial genome corresponding to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_99788929.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1478", "caption": "Francis Crick's 1958 figure showing various information transfers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/247px-Crick%27s_1958_central_dogma.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1479", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/256px-Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_b7f914bd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1480", "caption": "Unusual flows of information highlighted in green", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Extended_Central_Dogma_with_Enzymes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1481", "caption": "In  August Weismann 's  germ plasm  theory, the hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the  gonads . Somatic cells (of the body)  develop afresh  in each generation from the germ plasm. Whatever may happen to those cells does not affect the next generation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1482", "caption": "Ronald Fisher in 1912", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-RonaldFisher1912.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1483", "caption": "Karl Pearson", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Portrait_of_Karl_Pearson.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1484", "caption": "Hugo de Vries in the 1890s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hugo_de_Vries_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1485", "caption": "Hugo de Vries at his retirement ( Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Schwartze , 1918)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hugo_de_Vries_%281848-1935%29%2C_by_Th%C3%A9_73bc74d6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1486", "caption": "Delbr\u00fcck in the early 1940s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Max_Delbruck.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1487", "caption": "Delbr\u00fcck's workplace in Berlin: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, now the  Free University of Berlin .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_Otto-Hahn-Bau_im_W_b843d7d5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1488", "caption": "Drawing of a plaque in Buttrick Hall, Vanderbilt University commemorating the work of Max Delbr\u00fcck. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Plaque_in_Buttrick_Hall.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1489", "caption": "The DNA double helix", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_double_helix_horizontal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1490", "caption": "Sir  Alec Jeffreys , pioneer of DNA profiling. His discovery led to the conviction of  Colin Pitchfork  in 1988. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alec_Jeffreys_-2008.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1491", "caption": "Variations of  VNTR  allele lengths in 6 individuals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-D1S80Demo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1492", "caption": "Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Restriction_Fragment_Length_Polymorphism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1493", "caption": "Steps of polymerase chain reaction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Polymerase_chain_reaction.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1494", "caption": "Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis on a simplified model: First, a DNA sample undergoes  polymerase chain reaction  with  primers  targeting certain STRs (which vary in lengths between individuals and their  alleles ). The resultant fragments are separated by size (such as  electrophoresis ). [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Short_Tandem_Repeat_%28STR%29_analysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1495", "caption": "CBP  chemist reads a DNA profile to determine the origin of a commodity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CBP_chemist_reads_a_DNA_profile.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1496", "caption": "Ewan Birney developed the Ensembl genome software package, at  Hinxton  in Cambridgeshire, to untangle all of the enormous data from the Human Genome Project, in 2000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dr_Ewan_Birney_FRS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1497", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pr._Christian_HAMEL.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1498", "caption": "DNA studies suggested that the dog most likely arose from a common ancestor with the  grey wolf . [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Canis_lupus_laying_in_grass.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1499", "caption": "Griffith  proved the existence of a \"transforming principle\", which  Avery, MacLeod and McCarty  later showed to be  DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Griffith_experiment.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1500", "caption": "The bacterium  Agrobacterium tumefaciens  inserts  T-DNA  into infected plant cells, which is then incorporated into the plants  genome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1501", "caption": "Paul Berg  created the first  recombinant DNA  molecules in 1972.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1502", "caption": "In 1974  Rudolf Jaenisch  created the first  GM animal .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Jaenisch_2003_by_Sam_Ogden.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1503", "caption": "A  laboratory mouse  in which a gene affecting hair growth has been  knocked out  (left), is shown next to a normal lab mouse.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Knockout_Mice5006-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1504", "caption": "Herbert Boyer  helped found the first genetic engineering company in 1976.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Herbert_Boyer_HD2005_Winthrop_Sears_Medal.JP_8731bd37.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1505", "caption": "As a child", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1506", "caption": "Inverforth House ,  North End Way  NW3, where Fisher lived from 1896 to 1904. He is commemorated with a  blue plaque .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_-_Inverforth_House__39bb58f4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1507", "caption": "On graduating from Cambridge University, 1912", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Ronald_Fisher_1912_graduation_Cambridge.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1508", "caption": "The peacock tail in flight, the classic example of a Fisherian runaway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Peacock_Flying.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1509", "caption": "Rothamsted Research", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rothamstead_Research_Centre_-_geograph.org.u_ef76b53d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1510", "caption": "Memorial plaque over his remains, lectern-side aisle of St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1511", "caption": "Stained glass window (now removed) in the dining hall of  Caius College , in Cambridge, commemorating Ronald Fisher and representing a  Latin square , discussed by him in  The Design of Experiments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1512", "caption": "Ronald Fisher with his sons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ronald_Fisher_with_his_sons.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1513", "caption": "Ronald Fisher as a child", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Ronald_Fisher_as_a_child.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1514", "caption": "Fisher in his graduation ceremony at Cambridge University", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Ronald_Fisher_1912_graduation_Cambridge.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1515", "caption": "Ronald Fisher in 1913", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Youngronaldfisher2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1516", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1517", "caption": "Unidentified woman sat at desk with computing machine. A framed pencil sketch of Francis Galton hangs on the wall above the desk.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/262px-Galton_Laboratory_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1518", "caption": "An example of an inheritance chart, found in many publications of the Galton Laboratory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/331px-Treasury_of_human_inheritance_%281909%29_%28_e4d1e3af.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1519", "caption": "Two unidentified women in the laboratory. One is seated and appears to be measuring a human skull, the other is standing next to a bench.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/325px-Galton_Laboratory_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1520", "caption": "Staff of William Bragg's laboratory in 1931:  W. H. Bragg  (sitting, center): physicist A. Lebedev (leftmost), G. Gamow (rightmost)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bragg_lab1_1930.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1521", "caption": "Gamow's grave in Green Mountain Cemetery, Boulder, Colorado, US", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gamow_George_grave.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1522", "caption": "The George Gamow Tower at the  University of Colorado Boulder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-George_Gamow_tower.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1523", "caption": "Title page of a 1949 copy of \"Theory of Atomic Nucleus and Nuclear Energy-Sources\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Theory_of_Atomic_Nucleus-2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1524", "caption": "The peacock plumage is a classic example of the hypothesized  Fisherian runaway .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Oregon_zoo_peacock_male.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1525", "caption": "Male  Drosophila pseudoobscura", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Drosophila_pseudoobscura-Male.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1526", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/268px-Griffith_experiment.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1527", "caption": "Fred Griffith in 1936", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/190px-Fred_Griffith_and_%22Bobby%22_1936.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1528", "caption": "Griffith's experiment discovering the \"transforming principle\" in  Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) bacteria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Griffith_experiment.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1529", "caption": "John Masson Gulland (1933)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-John_Masson_Gulland_1898-1947.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1530", "caption": "6 Alva Street, Edinburgh, Gulland's birthplace", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-6_Alva_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1531", "caption": "The grave of John Masson Gulland, Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_grave_of_John_Masson_Gulland%2C_Grange_C_f1a5c4b3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1532", "caption": "Robert W. Holley, on the far left", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-R_Holley.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1533", "caption": "Kossel's grave in  Heidelberg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Kossel_grab.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1534", "caption": "Lederberg alongside his wife, esteemed microbiologist and feminist figure, [ 7 ]   Esther Lederberg  and their friends  Gunther Stent  and  Sydney Brenner  in 1965", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965__a6b5f38d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1535", "caption": "Lederberg (right) receiving The National Medal of Science from George H. W. Bush.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Joshua_Lederberg_and_George_Bush.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1536", "caption": "Impact crater  Lederberg  in Xanthe Terra on Mars", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Martian_impact_crater_Lederberg_based_on_day_8d968738.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1537", "caption": "Structural formula of a proposed tetranucleotide, later shown to be incorrect. It was proposed by Phoebus Levene around 1910", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tetranucleotide.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1538", "caption": "Salvador Luria with  Esther Lederberg  at the 1953 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium. In the background are  Aaron Novick , Bruce Stocker, Haig Papazian and Geraldine Lindegren.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Novick_Stocker_Papazian_EMLederberg_Luria_Li_6e8e11a9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1539", "caption": "A summary of the three postulated methods of DNA synthesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DNAreplicationModes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1540", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Meselson-stahl_experiment_diagram_en_chiral._5adb2ee5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1541", "caption": "Diagramatic representation of the key structural features of the DNA double helix. This figure does not depict  B-DNA .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA-structure-and-bases.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1542", "caption": "DNA replication . The two base-pair complementary chains of the DNA molecule allow replication of the genetic instructions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Dna-split.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1543", "caption": "Watson and Crick used many aluminium templates like this one, which is the single base  Adenine  (A), to build a physical model of DNA in 1953.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Template_from_Crick_and_Watson%E2%80%99s_DNA_48497d7b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1544", "caption": "In a typical  Drosophila  genetics experiment, male and female flies with known  phenotypes  are put in a jar to mate; females must be virgins. Eggs are laid in porridge which the larvae feed on; when the life cycle is complete, the progeny are scored for the inheritance of the trait of interest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Drosophila_in_the_lab.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1545", "caption": "Sex linked inheritance of the white eyed mutation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1546", "caption": "Morgan's illustration of  crossing over , from his 1916  A Critique of the Theory of Evolution", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Morgan_crossover_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1547", "caption": "First genetic map (Sturtevant, 1913). It shows 6 sex-linked genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-First_genetic_map_%28Sturtevant%2C_1913%29.p_25a6f83c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1548", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan's  Drosophila melanogaster   genetic linkage  map. This was the first successful  gene mapping  work and provides important evidence for the  chromosome theory of inheritance . The map shows the relative positions of  allelic  characteristics on the second  Drosophila  chromosome. The distance between the genes (map units) is equal to the percentage of  crossing-over  events that occurs between different alleles. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Drosophila_Gene_Linkage_Map.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1549", "caption": "Genetic map of drosophila, published in  The theory of the gene  1926 edition. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_map_of_drosophila%2C_as_of_1926.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1550", "caption": "1931 drawing of Thomas Hunt Morgan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Thomas_Hunt_Morgan_sketch_1931.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1551", "caption": "Muller's house in  Bloomington, Indiana", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-First_Street_1001%2C_Muller_House%2C_Vinegar_cfe87a70.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1552", "caption": "Marshall Nirenberg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Marshall_Nirenberg_performing_experiment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1553", "caption": "The Multi-plater, developed by Leder, helped speed up the process of deciphering the genetic code. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/175px-06_multi_pu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1554", "caption": "Genetic Code Chart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-06_chart_pu3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1555", "caption": "Nirenberg (right) and Matthaei at the  National Institutes of Health", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-J._Heinreich_Matthaei_and_Marshall_Nirenberg_db9e1c66.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1556", "caption": "One of Nirenberg's laboratory notebooks", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-06_chart_lg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1557", "caption": "Nirenberg (right) and  Matthaei  from 1961", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Nierenberg_matthaei.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1558", "caption": "Nirenberg from 1962.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-MNirenberg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1559", "caption": "Ochoa with wife Carmen Garc\u00eda Cobi\u00e1n, in Sweden, 1959", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Severo_Ochoa_with_wife_1959.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1560", "caption": "Severo Ochoa Monument outside the school of medicine of the  Complutense University of Madrid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Severo_Ochoa_-_Universidad_Complutense_de_Ma_42d78fd9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1561", "caption": "Mention of  Beadle  and  Tatum's  1958 Nobel prize on the monument at the  American Museum of Natural History  in  New York City .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-File-AMNHBeadletatum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1562", "caption": "Palade on a 2016 Romanian stamp", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-RO033-16.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1563", "caption": "Charles Darwin 's pangenesis theory postulated that every part of the body emits tiny particles called gemmules which migrate to the  gonads  and are transferred to offspring. Gemmules were thought to develop into their associated body parts as offspring matures. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in  Lamarckism .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1564", "caption": "August Weismann 's  germ plasm  theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the gonads. Somatic cells (of the body) develop afresh in each generation from the germ plasm. The implied  Weismann barrier  between the germ line and the soma prevents Lamarckian inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1565", "caption": "Herman Henry William Pauling, Linus Pauling's father,  c. \u20091900", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Herman_Henry_William_Pauling.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1566", "caption": "Pauling's graduation photo from  Oregon State University , 1922", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LinusPaulingGraduation1922.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1567", "caption": "Linus Pauling with an inset of his Nobel Prize in 1955", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Linus_Pauling_1955a.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1568", "caption": "Pauling in 1941", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Linus_Pauling_1941.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1569", "caption": "An alpha helix in ultra-high-resolution electron density contours, with O atoms in red, N atoms in blue, and hydrogen bonds as green dotted lines (PDB file 2NRL, 17\u201332)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Helix_electron_density_myoglobin_2nrl_17-32._6905390f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1570", "caption": "Pauling in 1948", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Linus_Pauling_1948.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1571", "caption": "Pauling in 1962", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1572", "caption": "Beckman D2 Oxygen Analyzer, ca. 1950", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-220px-Beckman_D2_Oxygen_Analyzer_20_c86663c4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1573", "caption": "Beckman Model 735 Dissolved O 2  Analyzer, later model based on Pauling's design, 1968", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-220px-Beckman_Model_735_Dissolved_O_460e0f53.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1574", "caption": "Beckman Model D Oxygen Meter, based on Pauling's design, with infant incubator, 1959", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-220px-Beckman_Model_D_Oxygen_Meter__bc7f8102.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1575", "caption": "Denial letter from  Ruth B. Shipley , Chief Passport Division, Department of State to Linus Pauling on February 14, 1952", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Letter_from_Ruth_B._Shipley%2C_Chief_Passpor_34cb5bfd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1576", "caption": "Pauling's beret on display at the  Nobel Prize Museum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Linus_Pauling%27s_beret_at_the_Nobel_Museum__aa771929.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1577", "caption": "Pauling's book,  How to Live Longer and Feel Better , advocated very high intake of  Vitamin C . [ 133 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Pauling_Vit_C_Book_Cover.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1578", "caption": "The Pauling children at a gathering in celebration of the 1954 Nobel Prizes in Stockholm, Sweden. Seated from left: Linus Pauling, Jr., Peter Pauling and Linda Pauling. Standing from left: an unidentified person, and Crellin Pauling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Linus_Pauling_family_1954.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1579", "caption": "Photo 51 , showing X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/175px-Photo_51_x-ray_diffraction_image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1580", "caption": "Cartoon explanation of how  Photo 51  captured the double helix structure of DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-60251254_photo-51-print-qp867-a4_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1581", "caption": "Nicole Kidman  starred as  Rosalind Franklin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/160px-Nicole_Kidman_-_West_End_2015.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1582", "caption": "Stephen Campbell Moore  starred as  Maurice Wilkins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/160px-Stephen_Campbell_Moore_at_the_No%C3%ABl_Cowa_1fca4efa.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1583", "caption": "A Punnett square", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Punnett_Square_%28Green_Dominant%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1584", "caption": "Discussions in 1896 at Newnham College.  Marion Greenwood  is second from left and Edith Saunders is at right", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Balfour_Lab_discussion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1585", "caption": "Glucos 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%84%_95e144db.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1586", "caption": "Repeating tetranucleotide unit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Tetranucleotide_unit.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1587", "caption": "In  Griffith's experiment , mice are injected with dead bacteria of one strain and live bacteria of another, and develop an infection of the dead strain's type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Griffith_experiment.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1588", "caption": "Hershey\u2013Chase experiment  proves that  phage  genetic material is  DNA .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Hershey_Chase_experiment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1589", "caption": "Meselson\u2013Stahl experiment  demonstrates DNA is  semiconservatively replicated .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Meselson-stahl_experiment_diagram_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1590", "caption": "In 1972, the first gene was sequenced: the gene for  bacteriophage MS2  coat protein (3 chains in different colours).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Ms2capsid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1591", "caption": "Display of  VNTR  allele lengths on a chromatogram, a technology used in  DNA fingerprinting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-D1S80Demo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1592", "caption": "Francis Collins announces the successful completion of the  Human Genome Project  in 2003", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Francis_Collins%2C_M.D.%2C_Ph.D._%2827254121_c95f5e7d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1593", "caption": "7 James Street. Now a  Vape shop , previously used as a  bookmaker 's.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Beaum_Vape%2C_7_James_Street%2C_Cardiff%2C_C_696ff31d.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1594", "caption": "The 1988 police  E-FIT  of the prime suspect, a white male, seen outside 7 James Street.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Lynette_White_murder_suspect_1988_efit.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1595", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree based on Woese et al. rRNA analysis. The vertical line at bottom represents the  last universal common ancestor  (LUCA). [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-PhylogeneticTree%2C_Woese_1990.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1596", "caption": "Visualization of a fitness landscape. The X and Y axes represent continuous phenotypic traits, and the height at each point represents the corresponding organism's fitness. The arrows represent various mutational paths that the population could follow while evolving on the fitness landscape.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Visualization_of_two_dimensions_of_a_NK_fitn_c2a1eab9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1597", "caption": "Diagram of a replicated and condensed  metaphase  eukaryotic chromosome:  Chromatid Centromere Short arm Long arm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Chromosome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1598", "caption": "Organization of DNA in a eukaryotic cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1599", "caption": "The major structures in DNA compaction:  DNA , the  nucleosome , the 10\u00a0nm \"beads-on-a-string\" fibre, the 30\u00a0nm fibre and the  metaphase  chromosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/860px-Chromatin_Structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1600", "caption": "Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Heterochromatin_vs._euchromatin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1601", "caption": "Human chromosomes during  metaphase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1602", "caption": "Stages of early mitosis in a vertebrate cell with micrographs of chromatids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Stages_of_early_mitosis_in_a_vertebrate_cell_b4151296.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1603", "caption": "Karyogram of a human male", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1604", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, with annotated  bands and sub-bands . It is a graphical representation of the idealized human  diploid  karyotype. It shows dark and white regions on  G banding . Each row is vertically aligned at  centromere  level. It shows 22  homologous chromosomes , both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the  sex chromosome  (bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1605", "caption": "In Down syndrome, there are three copies of chromosome 21.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Chromosome_21.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1606", "caption": "The 23 human  chromosome territories  during  prometaphase  in  fibroblast  cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig1bNucleus46Chromosomes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1607", "caption": "Image of  chicken  chromosomes featuring the many microchromosomes (appearing as dots). The arrows indicate a stained  gene locus  on homologous macrochromosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-ChickenChromosomesBMC_Genomics5-56Fig4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1608", "caption": "Autosomal dominant inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1609", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/420px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1610", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/331px-Human_male_karyotype.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1611", "caption": "An illustration of the inheritance pattern and phenotypic effects of an autosomal recessive gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Autosomal_recessive_inheritance.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1612", "caption": "Siberian roe deer  metaphase spread with B chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Metaphase_spread_of_the_Siberian_Roe_deer_%2_8c75e6ac.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1613", "caption": "A balancer chromosome contains large inversions ([B,C,D] and [G]).  Normal genetic recombination ( blue X ) is suppressed ( red X ) at these sites.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Balancer_chromosome_200.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1614", "caption": "A bivalent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bivalent.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1615", "caption": "Predicted tertiary structure of c7orf26 with leucine zipper elements highlighted in red, and dileucine components highlighted in green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-C7orf26.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1616", "caption": "Location of c7orf26 on chromosome 7", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/C7orf26_locus.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1617", "caption": "Diagram depicting the expression of c7orf26 in tissues throughout the body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-NCBI_GEO_Profile_%28c7orf26%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1618", "caption": "Phylogenetic Tree of nearest orthologs of c7orf26", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/580px-C7orf26_Unrooted_Tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1619", "caption": "Evolution of the C12orf40 gene (and its more conserved sub-region of the first 4 exons) across several taxa. Information available from NCBI BLAST software.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-C12orf40_Gene_Divergence.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1620", "caption": "NCBI GEO Expression Profile for C18orf63", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/293px-GEO_Expression_Profile_for_C18orf63.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1621", "caption": "Amino acid composition of the average protein (left) and Amino acid composition of C18orf63 (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/268px-Amino_acid_composition_normal_vs_c18orf63_.p_97966444.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1622", "caption": "Partial 3D structure for C18orf63", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-Image_of_DUF_4708.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1623", "caption": "Motifs and Domains for C18orf63", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/272px-Motifs_and_domains_for_c18orf63.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1624", "caption": "Rate of evolution for C18orf63 when compared to betaglobin, fibrinogen alpha, and cytochrome c", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/237px-Rate_of_evolution_c18orf63.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1625", "caption": "In this diagram of a duplicated chromosome, (2) identifies the centromere\u2014the region that joins the two  sister chromatids , or each half of the chromosome. In prophase of mitosis, specialized regions on centromeres called  kinetochores  attach chromosomes to spindle fibers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1626", "caption": "Classifications of Chromosomes       I   Telocentric   Centromere placement very close to the top, p arms barely visible if visible at all.      II   Acrocentric   q arms are still much longer than the p arms, but the p arms are longer than those in telocentric.      III   Submetacentric   p and q arms are very close in length but not equal.      IV   Metacentric   p and q arms are equal in length.      A : Short arm (p arm) B : Centromere C : Long arm (q arm) D : Sister Chromatids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Centromere_Placement.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1627", "caption": "Human  karyogram , with each row vertically aligned at centromere level, and with annotated  bands and sub-bands . It is a graphical representation of the idealized human  diploid  karyotype. It shows dark and white regions on  G banding . It shows both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the  sex chromosome .  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1628", "caption": "The 154 kb chloroplast DNA map of a model flowering plant ( Arabidopsis thaliana : Brassicaceae) showing genes and inverted repeats.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Plastomap_of_Arabidopsis_thaliana.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1629", "caption": "Chloroplast DNA replication via multiple D loop mechanisms. Adapted from Krishnan NM, Rao BJ's paper \"A comparative approach to elucidate chloroplast genome replication.\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-CpDNA_Replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1630", "caption": "Over time, base changes in the DNA sequence can arise from deamination mutations. When adenine is deaminated, it becomes hypoxanthine, which can pair with cytosine. During replication, the cytosine will pair with guanine, causing an A \u2192 G base change.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Adenine_Deaminates_to_Guanine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1631", "caption": "In the diagram, (1) refers to a chromatid: 1-half of two identical threadlike strands of a replicated  chromosome . During cell division, the identical copies (called a \" sister chromatid pair \") are joined at the region called the  centromere  (2). Once the paired sister chromatids have separated from one another (in the  anaphase  of   mitosis ) each is known as a daughter chromosome. The short arm of the right chromatid (3), and the long arm of the right chromatid (4), are also marked.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1632", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of the human chromosomes, showing their usual state in the G 0  and G 1  phase of the cell cycle. At top center it also shows the chromosome 3 pair in  metaphase  (annotated as \"Meta.\"), which takes place after having undergone  DNA synthesis  which occurs in the  S phase  (annotated as S) of the cell cycle. During metaphase, each chromosome is duplicated into  sister chromatids . Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1633", "caption": "Condensation and resolution of human sister chromatids in early mitosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Condensation_and_resolution_of_human_sister__d20d7a48.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1634", "caption": "A . \"Budding\"  nucleus  with nucleoplasmic bridge (arrow), a chromatin bridge after mitosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/299px-Micronuclei_and_nuclear_abnormalities_in_per_14591914.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1635", "caption": "A.   Microtubules  localized at a chromatin bridge. These polymers are stained with anti-tubulin antibody and viewed using  fluorescence microscopy .  B.  Merged images of two daughter cells connected by a chromatin bridge. The fluorescence techniques of  indirect immunofluorescence  and DAPI staining were utilized.  C.  The same cells visualized using DAPI staining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DAPI_and_tubulin_staining.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1636", "caption": "A  chromatin  bridge, visualized using DAPI staining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-Chromatin_bridge_stained_using_D_47f34859.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1637", "caption": "Polytene chromosome of Drosophila. (b) Displays the chromomeric and interchromomeric bands of the chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Drosophila_polytene_chromosomes_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1638", "caption": "A clay model showing why heterozygous inversion loops are visible in  polytene chromosome  preparations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Inversioncartoon.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1639", "caption": "An inversion loop in the A arm of a chromosome from an  Axarus  species midge", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-A_arm_inversion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1640", "caption": "Three chromosomal abnormalities with ISCN nomenclature, with increasing complexity:  (A)  A tumour karyotype in a male with loss of the Y chromosome,  (B)  Prader\u2013Willi Syndrome i.e. deletion in the 15q11-q12 region and  (C)  an arbitrary karyotype that involves a variety of autosomal and allosomal abnormalities including inversions (abbreviated as  inv ). [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Three_chromosomal_abnormalities_with_ISCN_no_73483999.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1641", "caption": "Human  karyotype  with annotated bands and sub-bands as used for the nomenclature of chromosome abnormalities. It shows dark and white regions as seen on  G banding . Each row is vertically aligned at  centromere  level. It shows 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs as well as both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes .  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1642", "caption": "Chromosome conformation capture technologies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Chromosome_Conformation_Capture_Technology_%_ce51ef4f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1643", "caption": "Heat map and circular plot visualization of Hi-C data. a. Hi-C interactions among all chromosomes from G401 human kidney cells, as plotted by the my5C software. [ 60 ]  b. Heat map visualization illustrating the bipartite structure of the mouse X chromosome, as plotted by Hi-Browse. [ 61 ]  c. Heat map visualization of a 3 Mbp locus (chr4:18000000-21000000), produced by Juicebox, using in-situ Hi-C data from the GM12878 cell line. [ 4 ]  d. Circular plot of the bipartite mouse X chromosome, generated by the Epigenome Browser. [ 62 ]  Image from  [ 63 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Hi_c_visualization.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1644", "caption": "A typical chromosome with its structures. Often, the centromere has a three layered covering known as Kinetochore.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/348px-Chromosome_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1645", "caption": "Diagram of a duplicated and condensed ( metaphase ) eukaryotic chromosome. (1)  Chromatid  \u2013 one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after  S phase . (2)  Centromere  \u2013 the point where the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3) Short arm ( p ). (4) Long arm ( q ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Chromosome-upright.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1646", "caption": "Immunodetection of a  chromosome  showing  DNA  (blue) and two scaffold proteins:  SMC2  (red) and  topoisomerase II\u03b1  (green) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Chromosome_scaffold_summary.webp.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1647", "caption": "Mitosis divides the  chromosomes  in a  cell nucleus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Mitosis_Stages.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1648", "caption": "A diagram of the meiotic phases", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Meiosis_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1649", "caption": "A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Homologous_Recombination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1650", "caption": "Chromothripsis: Single catastrophic event in a cell's history", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Chromothripsis_the_result_of_a_single_catast_8914e0c3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1651", "caption": "Non homologous end joining and Microhomology mediated end joining", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Non_homologous_end_joining_and_microhomology_1d8b1890.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1652", "caption": "Schematic of Micronucleus model of chromothripsis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Micronucleus_Model.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1653", "caption": "A circular chromosome, showing DNA replication proceeding bidirectionally, with two replication forks generated at the \"origin\". Each half of the chromosome replicated by one replication fork is called a \"replichore\". (Graphic computer art by Daniel Yuen)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Circular_DNA_Replication.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1654", "caption": "Bidirectional replication in a circular chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Circular_bacterial_chromosome_replication.gi_424a7ff1.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1655", "caption": "oriC  motifs in bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Origins_of_DNA_replication_Figure_2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1656", "caption": "Most circular bacterial chromosomes are replicated bidirectionally, starting at one point of origin and replicating in two directions away from the origin. This results in semiconservative replication, in which each new identical DNA molecule contains one template strand from the original molecule, shown as the solid lines, and one new strand, shown as the dotted lines.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Circular_bacterial_chromosome_replication.gi_424a7ff1.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1657", "caption": "Human  karyotype  with annotated  bands and sub-bands  as used for the nomenclature of  chromosome abnormalities . It shows 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes , as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1658", "caption": "After a paracentric inversion, separation of the inverted chromosomes in anaphase I result in the formation of dicentric and acentric fragments. The dicentric fragments  become broken, deleted products. The acentric fragments are simply lost.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Paracentric_inversion_dicentric_chromosome_f_74375856.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1659", "caption": "The presence of \"tailed\" nuclei ( B ) in irradiated cells are considered biomarkers of dicentric chromosome formation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/281px-Nuclear_abnormalities_in_peripheral_blood_er_3aa2fc00.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1660", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human as seen on G banding, with annotated  bands and sub-bands . It is a graphical representation of the idealized human  diploid  karyotype. Each row is vertically aligned at  centromere  level. It shows 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes , as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1661", "caption": "Schematic of a Holliday junction showing the  base sequence  and  secondary structure  but not the  tertiary structure . The sequence shown is only one of many possibilities. This is an immobile Holliday junction because the sequences are not symmetrical.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D_4d457c6a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1662", "caption": "Schematic diagrams of the three base-stacking  conformational isomers  of the Holliday junction. The two stacked conformers differ in which sets of two arms are bound by  coaxial stacking : at left, the stacks are red\u2013blue and cyan\u2013magenta, while at right the stacks are red\u2013cyan and blue\u2013magenta. The bases nearest to the junction point determine which stacked isomer dominates.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Holliday_junction_stacking_isomers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1663", "caption": "The two pathways for  homologous recombination  in  eukaryotes , showing the formation and resolution of Holliday junctions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/325px-HR_schematic_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1664", "caption": "This double-crossover (DX)  supramolecular complex  contains two Holliday junctions between the two  double-helical  domains, on the top and the bottom in this image. This tile is capable of forming two-dimensional arrays. [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mao-DX-schematic-2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1665", "caption": "Diagrams of a  tensegrity  triangle complex containing three Holliday junctions, both in isolation (a) and as part of a crystal (b, c). In addition to the two-dimensional array shown, this structure is capable of forming three-dimensional crystals. [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-DNA_tensegrity_triangle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1666", "caption": "As this  karyotype  displays a  diploid  human cell contains 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. The cell has two sets of each chromosome; one of the pair is derived from the mother and the other from the father. The maternal and paternal chromosomes in a homologous pair have the same  genes  at the same  locus , but possibly different  alleles .  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1667", "caption": "During the process of meiosis, homologous chromosomes can recombine and produce new combinations of genes in the daughter cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/275px-HR_in_meiosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1668", "caption": "Sorting of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/289px-MajorEventsInMeiosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1669", "caption": "1. Meiosis I 2. Meiosis II 3. Fertilization 4. Zygote Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate normally resulting in a gain or loss of chromosomes. In the left image the blue arrow indicates nondisjunction taking place during meiosis II. In the right image the green arrow is indicating nondisjunction taking place during meiosis I.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Nondisjunction_Diagrams.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1670", "caption": "Diagram of the general process for double-stranded break repair as well as synthesis-dependent strand annealing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HR_schematic_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1671", "caption": "Dynamic chromosome pairing. The term \u201cpairing\u201d describes the spatial juxtaposition of entire homologous chromosomes, allelic sequences, and/or homologous sequences at non-allelic locations. (A, B) Homologous chromosomes can exist as paired throughout their entire length and the relative activities of pairing and anti-pairing factors determine the degree of global chromosome pairing. (C) Local pairing and anti-pairing factors can affect pairing status of specific genes or chromosomal regions. Local \u201cpairing centers\u201d can nucleate global pairing, but it is unclear whether factors regulating local pairing are different from global pairing factors. (D\u2013F) In some cases, centromeres or telomeres from homologs can pair or cluster with non-homologous chromosomes, while there is no pairing along chromosome arms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Journal.pgen.1002737.g001.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1672", "caption": "Isochromosome in which the arms are mirror copies of each other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Isochromosome.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1673", "caption": "Isochromosome formation through the misdivision of the centromere.  Monocentric  isochromosomes contain arms that are mirror images of each other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Isochromosome_Formation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1674", "caption": "Lampbrush chromosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-O.Hertwig1906Fig5.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1675", "caption": "Parts of a typical chromosome: (1)  Chromatid (2)  Centromere (3) Short (p) arm (4) Long (q) arm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1676", "caption": "Cytogenetic banding  nomenclature", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cytogenetic_Banding_Nomenclature.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1677", "caption": "Example of cytogenetic bands", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/50px-Neurofibromatosis2-locus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1678", "caption": "Comparative telomeric array organization within and among diverse chicken genotypes illustrates intra-genomic, inter-individual, and inter-genotype variation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cytogenetic_Telomere_Arrays_%282005%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1679", "caption": "Chromosomal locations of mega-telomeres in an inbred chicken line: GGA (chromosome) 9 and W", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cytogenetic_Mega-telomeres_GGA_9_and_W.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1680", "caption": "Slot blot method of analysis can be utilized to determine the total amount of telomeric sequence per genome (inclusive of interstitial and terminal arrays)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Slot_Blot_Technique_with_Chicken_Genomic_DNA_859af467.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1681", "caption": "Duplicated chromosome. (2) identifies the Monocentric centromere\u2014the region that joins the two  sister chromatids , or each half of the chromosome. In prophase of mitosis, specialized regions on centromeres called  kinetochores  attach chromosomes to spindle fibers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromosome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1682", "caption": "A summary of the types of breakages and subsequent rearrangements that lead to the formation of neocentromeres.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Neocentromere_Formation_.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1683", "caption": "Acanthocytosis in a patient with  abetalipoproteinemia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Acanthocytosis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1684", "caption": "Transcript Variants of C20orf111", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Transcript_Variants_of_C20orf111_according_t_b76e46bb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1685", "caption": "Expression of Perit1 in cancerous cells according to NCBI Geo Profiles. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cancer_EST_Profile_of_Perit1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1686", "caption": "MSA of the orthologs of OSER1 protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-C20orf111OrthologAlignment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1687", "caption": "C20orf111 protein schematic showing predicted secondary structure and post-translational modifications.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Predicted_secondary_structure_and_post-trans_b9047285.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1688", "caption": "Polytene chromosomes in a  Chironomus  salivary gland cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Flemming1882Tafel1Fig14.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1689", "caption": "Polytene chromosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Polyten_chromosome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1690", "caption": "The hierarchical folding model of chromosome condensation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_hierarchical_folding_model_of_chromosome_65737540.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1691", "caption": "Formation of a ring chromosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-NLM_ring_chromosome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1692", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human. Each row is vertically aligned at  centromere  level. The top of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, & 22 are satellites, with a  secondary constriction  between the satellite and the centromere. Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1693", "caption": "Human male XY chromosomes after  G-banding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_XY_chromosom_4f61547a.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1694", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, showing the sex chromosomes in green box at bottom right. The X chromosome is part of  chromosome group  C, and the Y chromosome is part of group G.  Bands and sub-bands  are annotated to the right of each chromosome (or chromosome pair), and the gene for the  sex-determining region Y protein  is located at Yp11.2. Further information:  Karyogram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1695", "caption": "Human  chromosomes  (grey) capped by telomeres (white)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Telomere_caps.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1696", "caption": "Lagging strand during DNA replication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Dnareplication.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1697", "caption": "Shelterin co-ordinates the T-loop formation of telomeres.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Telosome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1698", "caption": "Synthesis of chromosome ends by telomerase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Synthesis_of_chromosome_ends_by_telomerase.s_1a7d7fe6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1699", "caption": "The average cell will divide between 50 and 70 times before cell death. As the cell divides the telomeres on the end of the chromosome get smaller. The  Hayflick limit  is the theoretical limit to the number of times a cell may divide until the telomere becomes so short that division is inhibited and the cell enters senescence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hayflick_Limit_%281%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1700", "caption": "Vaginal expander ZSI 200 NS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Inflatable_vaginal_expander.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1701", "caption": "ZSI 200 NS vaginal expander stretching the female vagina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-ZSI_200_NS_Vaginal_Expander_in_Vagina.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1702", "caption": "The number of possible ancestors on the X chromosome inheritance line at a given ancestral generation follows the Fibonacci sequence. (After Hutchison, L. \"Growing the Family Tree: The Power of DNA in Reconstructing Family Relationships\". [ 7 ] )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-X_chromosome_ancestral_line_Fibonacci_sequen_16b35fd2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1703", "caption": "Nucleus of a female amniotic fluid cell. Top: Both X-chromosome territories are detected by  FISH . Shown is a single optical section made with a  confocal microscope . Bottom: Same nucleus stained with  DAPI  and recorded with a  CCD camera . The Barr body is indicated by the arrow, it identifies the inactive X (Xi).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1704", "caption": "A geneticist explaining gene sequencing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_Sequencing-_The_Science.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1705", "caption": "Two adenovirus particles surrounded by numerous, smaller adeno-associated viruses (negative-staining electron microscopy, magnification approximately 200,000\u00d7)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AAVs_by_electron_microscopy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1706", "caption": "AAV2 capsid, shown as a  ribbon diagram , with the back half hidden for clarity.  One fivefold symmetry axis is shown center.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AAV2_Ribbon_Diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1707", "caption": "Gene therapy using an  AAV  vector. A new gene is inserted into a cell using the AAV protein shell. Once inside the nucleus, the new gene makes functional  protein  to treat a disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-AAV_Gene_Therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1708", "caption": "Ames test procedure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Ames_test.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1709", "caption": "Fluctuation method:  96-well plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Wiki_muta2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1710", "caption": "Fluctuation method: 384-well plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Ames_MPF_384_plate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1711", "caption": "AIMS can be used to identify five European \"clusters\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Bauchet_European_clusters.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1712", "caption": "Former Ancestry.com headquarters in  Provo, Utah", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ancestry_dot_com_headquarters.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1713", "caption": "Steps of IVF Treatment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/215px-2902_IVF-02.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1714", "caption": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-In_vitro_fertilization.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1715", "caption": "Number of assisted reproductive technology cycles in Europe between 1997 and 2014 [ 35 ] [ 36 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Europe_and_assisted_reproductive_technology._68cab72d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1716", "caption": "Conditions of assisted reproductive technology in different European countries: [ 35 ] [ 38 ]   \u00a0 \u00a0ART authorized for lesbian couples   \u00a0 \u00a0ART authorized for single women   \u00a0 \u00a0ART authorized for single women and lesbian couples   \u00a0 \u00a0ART prohibited for single women and lesbian couples", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Assisted_reproductive_technology_across_Euro_1110c0fd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1717", "caption": "A human  mesenchymal stem cell  expressing microtubule associated protein fusion to  Green fluorescent protein  (green) and histone 2b fusion to tagRFP (red) via BacMam gene delivery technology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/288px-HMSC_MAP4GFP_H2BRFP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1718", "caption": "Blood samples are collected from a newborn baby in  Sweden  for the national PKU registry biobank.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PKU-test.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1719", "caption": "Schematic of a monolamellar liposome. The hydrophilic head of the phospholipid faces outwards while the hydrophobic tail faces inwards, forming a lipid bilayer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Liposome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1720", "caption": "Mechanisms of CME, CavME, and macropinocytosis. These endocytic pathways are all common in the delivery of nucleic acids from lamellar cationic liposomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Endocytosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1721", "caption": "Dwarfism due to the sex-linked recessive gene  dw . Comparative size of two full-sib roosters. Left: Normal sibling (genotype  Dw/dw ). Right: Dwarf sibling (genotype  dw/dw ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Dwarf_rooster.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1722", "caption": "A 1930s exhibit by the  Eugenics Society . Some of the signs read \"Healthy and Unhealthy Families\", \" Heredity  as the Basis of Efficiency\" and \"Marry Wisely\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Eugenics_Society_Exhibit_%281930s%29._Image__10a0fa04.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1723", "caption": "Lester Frank Ward  wrote the early paper: \"Eugenics, Euthenics and Eudemics\", making yet further distinctions. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%A4%D_f398e022.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1724", "caption": "Giuseppe Diotti's  The selection of the infant Spartans  (1840)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Gius_c6ccf875.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1725", "caption": "Francis Galton  (1822\u20131911) was a British polymath who coined the term \"eugenics\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/153px-Sir_Francis_Galton_by_Gustav_Graef.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1726", "caption": "Marie Stopes  in her laboratory, 1904", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Marie_Stopes_in_her_laboratory%2C_1904_-_Res_b1673ca4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1727", "caption": "Schloss Hartheim , a former center for Nazi Germany's  Aktion T4  campaign", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1728", "caption": "In the decades after  World War II , the term \"eugenics\" had taken on a negative connotation and as a result, the use of it became increasingly unpopular within the scientific community. Many organizations and journals that had their origins in the eugenics movement began to distance themselves from the philosophy which spawned them, as when  Eugenics Quarterly  was renamed  Social Biology  in 1969.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1729", "caption": "Logo from the  Second International Eugenics Conference , 1921. The bottom text reads: \"Like A Tree, Eugenics Draws Its Materials From Many Sources And Organizes Them Into An Harmonious Entity\" (such sources, i.e. roots, purportedly including e.g.  genetics ,  physiology ,  mental testing ,  anthropology ,  statistics ,  medicine ,  politics  and  sociology ). [ 147 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Eugenics_congress_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1730", "caption": "Julian Savulescu , a bioethicist and former PhD student of  Peter Singer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Julian_Savulescu_%2825374922580%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1731", "caption": "Incomplete  pedigree chart  of  House Atreides  from which one half of the  Kwisatz Haderach  had been strategically bred", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-House_Atreides_family_tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1732", "caption": "In the movie, \" Gattaca \" also refers to the  futuristic  building complex that hosts the astronauts for an ongoing  space colonization  program.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CLA_building_complex.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1733", "caption": "Family history of haemophilia in the family of Queen Victoria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Erbgang_Bluterkrankheit.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1734", "caption": "FamilyTreeDNA uses NovaSeq  sequencing system by Illumina Inc.  for its services. (System in different facility pictured.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NovaSeq_6000.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1735", "caption": "Diagram showing steps involved in  intracytoplasmic sperm injection . Insemination fraud could occur in the third step.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Blausen_0060_AssistedReproductiveTechnology._c5060bf0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1736", "caption": "Diagram of  injection  of a  spermatozoon  into a human  egg cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Microinjection_of_a_human_egg.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1737", "caption": "State penalizes some form of fertility fraud   \u00a0 \u00a0An active bill is pending", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fertility_fraud_laws_United_States.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1738", "caption": "Bacterial transformation involves moving a gene from one bacteria to another. It is integrated into the recipients plasmid. and can then be expressed by the new host.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bacterial_Transformation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1739", "caption": "Electroporators can be used to make the cell membrane permeable to DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gemini_X2_generator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1740", "caption": "A gene gun uses  biolistics  to insert DNA into cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genegun.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1741", "caption": "A. tumefaciens  attaching itself to a carrot cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1742", "caption": "Foreign DNA being transduced into the host cell through an adenovirus vector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1743", "caption": "gene therapy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1744", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ExVivoGeneTherapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1745", "caption": "A duplex of crRNA and  tracrRNA  acts as guide RNA to introduce a specifically located gene modification based on the RNA 5' upstream of the crRNA. Cas9 binds the tracrRNA and needs a DNA binding sequence (5'NGG3'), which is called protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). After binding, Cas9 introduces a DNA double strand break, which is then followed by gene modification via homologous recombination (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CRISPR-Cas9_mode_of_action.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1746", "caption": "Gene therapy using an  adenovirus  vector. In some cases, the adenovirus will insert the new gene into a cell. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make a functional  protein  to treat a disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1747", "caption": "Suicide gene therapy graphic used to treat cancer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Direct_gene_therapy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1748", "caption": "A genetic counsellor discussing a  pedigree  with a client", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Geneticcounseling.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1749", "caption": "Knowing which family members have inherited  genetic variants  is key to assessing individual and reproductive risk in genetic counselling.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/230px-Figure_3_-_Pedigree_of_family_with_POLG_muta_69203519.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1750", "caption": "A baby may be examined by a clinical geneticist as part of pediatric genetic counselling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-202206_genetic_counseling04.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1751", "caption": "A map showing locations and numbers of practicing genetic counsellors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ormond_2024_distribution_of_genetic_counsell_43c7cf4f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1752", "caption": "Genetic counselling is routinely performed via telehealth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-202207_Online_Genetic_Counseling05.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1753", "caption": "Average population fitness ( W ) against number of generations ( t ) of maintenance with population size N=10 when, in the original population, each gamete carried on the average one rare recessive lethal. Evolution of  W  expected only from inbreeding (red line) or from inbreeding and purging (blue line).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-200px-Fitness_decline_from_lethals__12d3b2d9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1754", "caption": "Giuseppe Diotti's  The selection of the infant Spartans  (1840)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-The_selection_of_the_infant_Spartans%2C_Gius_c6ccf875.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1755", "caption": "Morel  claimed that environmental factors such as  drugs or alcohol  would revert one's  offspring  to an evolutionarily more primitive stage. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_-_Color.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1756", "caption": "Sir  Francis Galton  initially developed the ideas of eugenics using social statistics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1757", "caption": "Galton's view of the British class structure was the basis and emphasis of the eugenics movement in Britain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Galton_class_eugenics.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1758", "caption": "A  pedigree chart  from  The Kallikak Family  meant to show how one illicit tryst could lead to an entire generation of  imbeciles .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Kallikaks_chart1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1759", "caption": "Anthropometry  demonstrated in an exhibit from a 1921 eugenics conference.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Anthropometry_exhibit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1760", "caption": "Three generations of  racial whitening  in a family of  Australian Aborigines . From right to left: a  half-caste  grandmother with her  quadroon  daughter and  octoroon  grandson. Image from a 1947 book by  eugenicist   A. O. Neville .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-A.O._Neville%2C_Australia%27s_Coloured_Minor_2c3707d2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1761", "caption": "Portrait \"Reden\u00e7\u00e3o de Can\" (Ham's Redemption), (1895), by  Galician  painter  Modesto Brocos ,  illustrating the process of racial whitening ( branqueamento ) through  miscegenation  in  Brazil . The painting shows a Brazilian family: The grandmother is black, the mother is mulatto, the father is white, and the baby is white. Note the grandmother gesturing \"thank god my grandson is white\". [ 109 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1762", "caption": "Hartheim Euthanasia Centre  in 2005", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alkoven_Schloss_Hartheim_2005-08-18_3589.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1763", "caption": "Philipp Bouhler , Head of the  Aktion T4  programme", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13374%2C_Philipp_Bouh_ee03b3ef.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1764", "caption": "Cover of the 1918 British Bluebook, originally available \"At any bookstore or through H. M. Stationery Office [His Majesty's Stationery Office]\", until 1926, when it was removed from the public and destroyed. [ 128 ] [ 129 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blubk_bluish.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1765", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Samoan_Islands_from_SR_Masterman.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1766", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Samoan_Group_SR_Masterman.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1767", "caption": "In the decades after  World War II , eugenics became increasingly unpopular within academic science. Many organizations and journals that had their origins in the eugenics movement began to distance themselves from the philosophy, as when  Eugenics Quarterly  became  Social Biology  in 1969.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Eugenics_Quarterly_to_Social_Biology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1768", "caption": "Structure of a virion of HIV, a type of lentivirus. A membrane with protruding glycoproteins surrounds a capsid containing enzymes and the viral RNA genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HI-virion-structure_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1769", "caption": "Schematic of a monolamellar liposome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Liposome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1770", "caption": "The first hybrid between the mare and the quagga", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Quagga-horse_hybrid.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1771", "caption": "The mare with the subsequent foal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lord_Morton%27s_mare.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1772", "caption": "Minicircle preparation from a parental plasmid. The parental plasmid contains two recombinase target sites (black half arrows). Recombination between these sites generates the desired minicircle (bottom right) together with the  miniplasmid (bottom left). The hook on the red minicircle-insert stands for a scaffold-matrix attachment region (  S/MAR-Element ), which allows for autonomous replication in the recipient cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Minicircles.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1773", "caption": "Schematic illustration of nanoemulsion structure, including the biphasic systems (O/W or W/O), in which an appropriate volume of the internal oil phase is disseminated in the bulk aqueous solution or vice versa; and the multiple systems (W/O/W or O/W/O), within a single system, the inner water phase is dispersed in an oil phase, which is then dispersed in a bulk aqueous phase or vice versa. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-1-s2.0-S0168365922006307-gr1_lrg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1774", "caption": "The dual-light particle analyzer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Non_particle_analyzer.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1775", "caption": "Overall goals of oncogenomics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Overall_goals_of_oncogenomics.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1776", "caption": "Current technologies being used in Oncogenomics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Current_technologies_being_used_in_Oncogenom_6eac8791.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1777", "caption": "The procedure to generate transgenic insects by germ-line transformation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Transgenesis_picture.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1778", "caption": "The procedure of insect transformation via transgenic symbionts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Paratransgenesis_picture.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1779", "caption": "Autosomal recessive pattern, showing how two unaffected carriers can have a child with the disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1780", "caption": "When a population is in  Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium , the proportions of each  genotype  are directly determined by  allele frequency  as shown in this chart.  Mate choice  is one of the  ways to move a population out of equilibrium , allowing genotype frequency to change even if the underlying allele frequencies remain constant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-Hardy-Weinberg.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1781", "caption": "Triple Stranded DNA: TFOs bind in a similar fashion to the double stranded DNA as a  triplex helix configuration .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-TsDNA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1782", "caption": "Cartoon representation of a synthetic polyamide to DNA sequence recognition. The DNA sequence 5'-GTAC-3' is recognized by the amino acid pairs Py/Im, Py/Hp, Hp/Py, and Im/Py. See [ 8 ] [ 9 ]  for chemical structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Synthetic_polyamide_cartoon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1783", "caption": "Synthetic polyamide blocking of RNA transcription by binding within the transcribed region", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Synthetic_polyamide_mechanism_a.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1784", "caption": "Synthetic polyamide blocking of transcription factors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Synthetic_polyamide_mechanism_b.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1785", "caption": "Synthetic polyamide conjugated to modifying agent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Synthetic_polyamide_mechanism_c.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1786", "caption": "Example of zinc-finger motifs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Zinc_finger.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1787", "caption": "Zinc fingers binding a DNA helix", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Zinc_finger_DNA_complex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1788", "caption": "Epigenetic mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1789", "caption": "Electroporator with square wave and exponential decay waveforms for in vitro, in vivo, adherent cell and 96 well electroporation applications. Manufactured by BTX Harvard Apparatus, Holliston MA USA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gemini_X2_generator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1790", "caption": "How vectors work to transfer genetic material", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lentiviral_vector.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1791", "caption": "Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heterochromatin_vs._euchromatin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1792", "caption": "Diagram showing an adapter within a plasmid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Adapter_%28genetics%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1793", "caption": "This model illustrates polygenic additive effects on phenotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fisher%27s_Polygenic_Model.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1794", "caption": "Visualization of the decreasing variation of additive effects to mean fitness over generations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fisher%27s_Fundamental_Theorem.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1795", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Core_promoter_elements.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1796", "caption": "Method for creating a chromosome jumping library.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/176px-Figure_2_Original_method_for_creating_a_jump_ec5686be.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1797", "caption": "This is a rendering of cis-acting replication element inspired by an image of common cre structure found in Coronavirus from a review paper by Sola et al., 2015 [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/353px-Common_Cis-Replicating_Element_Structure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1798", "caption": "The evolutionary divergence of the CYP superfamily collected in 1990, CYP11,  CYP10  and  CYP27  are in the same branch, [ 1 ]  which is now called  Mitochondrial clan  CYP s . [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/324px-CYP_Gene_Superfamily.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1799", "caption": "The evolutionary divergence of the CYP superfamily collected in 1990, CYP55 is in the branch of  prokaryotic  CYPs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/324px-CYP_Gene_Superfamily.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1800", "caption": "The evolutionary divergence of the CYP superfamily collected in 1990, CYP105A, B and C is in the branch of  prokaryotic  CYPs [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CYP_Gene_Superfamily.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1801", "caption": "The evolutionary divergence of the CYP superfamily collected in 1990, CYP107 is the seventh  prokaryotic  CYP family identified [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CYP_Gene_Superfamily.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1802", "caption": "Transfer RNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Schema_ARNt_448_658.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1803", "caption": "A de Finetti diagram. The curved line is the expected  Hardy\u2013Weinberg frequency  as a function of  p .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-De_Finetti_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1804", "caption": "DNA replication . The two base-pair complementary chains of the DNA molecule allow for replication of the genetic instructions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Dna-split.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1805", "caption": "Equipment  for bioanalytical continuous- elution   gel electrophoresis : electrophoresis chamber,  peristaltic pump , fraction collector, buffer recirculation pump and  UV detector  (in a  refrigerator ),  power supply  and recorder (on a table). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-255px-Electrphoresis_Tools.TIF.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1806", "caption": "\"Omicum\": Building of the Estonian Genome Centre and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of Tartu in Tartu, Estonia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Omicum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1807", "caption": "Organization of the eukaryotic nuclear ribosomal DNA tandem repeats.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Eucaryot_rdna.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1808", "caption": "A simple phylogenetic tree example made from arbitrary data D", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tree_exemple.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1809", "caption": "Same tree but made from D1, which consists in the first DNA sites from D", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tree_partial_exemple.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1810", "caption": "A diagram depicting CAR T-cell therapy from the National Cancer Institute (NCI)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CAR_T-Cell_Therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1811", "caption": "Comparison between healthy red blood cells and red blood cells in an individual with sickle cell anemia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sickle_Cell_Anaemia_red_blood_cells_in_blood_37ae1a5b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1812", "caption": "Genetic Information Research Institute logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Genetic_Information_Research_Institute_%28logo%29._7b5987b8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1813", "caption": "Comparison of skeletons of  T  residue of GNA (red) and natural T  nucleotide  in DNA (blue)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-GNA-T_vs._natural_DNA-T.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1814", "caption": "Migration of Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Haplogroup_C_%28Y-DNA%29_migration.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1815", "caption": "Migration of Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Haplogroup_C_%28Y-DNA%29_2017.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1816", "caption": "This animation shows the spread of  anatomically modern humans  throughout Eurasia and Africa during the  Upper Paleolithic  period, by Currat & Excoffier (2004). [ 2 ] \u3000This corresponds with the spread of Haplogroups C1, among others.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Cro-Magnon_migration.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1817", "caption": "Likely migration route of haplogroup D according to Haber et al. 2019", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Haplogroup_D_%28Y-DNA%29_migration.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1818", "caption": "Migration route of haplogroup D", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Y-DNA_haplogroup_migration_in_East_Asia_map._045db4a0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1819", "caption": "Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup L4.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Frequency_maps_based_on_HVS-I_data_for_haplo_2a743983.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1820", "caption": "Schematic tree of mtDNA haplogroup L4. Ages (in  ka ) indicated are maximum likelihood estimates obtained for the whole-mtDNA genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Schematic_tree_of_mtDNA_haplogroups_L4_and_L_b6012971.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1821", "caption": "Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup L6.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Frequency_maps_based_on_HVS-I_data_for_haplo_d1a971db.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1822", "caption": "Schematic tree of mtDNA haplogroup L6 (and L4). Ages (in  ka ) indicated are maximum likelihood estimates obtained for the whole-mtDNA genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Schematic_tree_of_mtDNA_haplogroups_L4_and_L_b6012971.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1823", "caption": "Map of Haplogroup S mtDNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sahul_map.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1824", "caption": "HCT116 cells stained for  \u03b3\u2010H2AX  (green) and  telomeric   DNA  (red)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Telomeres_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1825", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LociEffects.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1826", "caption": "An example diagram of a MSO microarray that would be used to produce a calibration curve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MSO_microarray_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1827", "caption": "As proven in the Hollander et al. paper.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MiR-212_regulates_cocaine_intake.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1828", "caption": "Location of the  MT-RNR2  gene on the H strand of the human mitochondrial genome.  MT-RNR2 , or  RRNL , is one of the two mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes (blue boxes).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_219f56d8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1829", "caption": "Recognition site of  Nla III with a red line indicating the cutting pattern", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NlaIII_recognition_site.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1830", "caption": "Example of mutant GFP that glow different colors to paint a picture of a beach", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FPbeachTsien.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1831", "caption": "Illustration of typical restriction enzyme cleavage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Restriction_enzyme.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1832", "caption": "Graph of  neighbor-net   phylogenetic network  shows a clear split support (visualised by long parallel edges) for  Acochlidiacea  (in red color). The graph is based on datasets by J\u00f6rger et al. (2010) [ 1 ]  and generated by  SplitsTree .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heterobranchia_tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1833", "caption": "Overview of some chromosomal translocations involved in different cancers, as well as implicated in some other conditions, e.g. schizophrenia, [ 1 ]  with chromosomes arranged in standard  karyogram  order. t(11;14) is seen in center.  Abbreviations:  ALL \u2013  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia   AML \u2013  Acute myeloid leukemia   CML \u2013  Chronic myelogenous leukemia   DFSP \u2013  Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Chromosomal_translocations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1834", "caption": "Consensus structure  of TB3Cs2H1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TB3Cs2H1_snoRNA.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1835", "caption": "Consensus structure of TB6Cs1H1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TB6Cs1H1_snoRNA.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1836", "caption": "Consensus structure of TB6Cs1H3", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-TB6Cs1H3_snoRNA.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1837", "caption": "Consensus structure of TB9Cs1H1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TB9Cs1H1_snoRNA.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1838", "caption": "Consensus structure of TB10Cs3H1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TB10Cs3H1_snoRNA.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1839", "caption": "Consensus structure of TB11Cs4H3", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TB11Cs4H3_snoRNA.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1840", "caption": "A rolled tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tongue_rolled.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1841", "caption": "Cloverleaf tongue - 4 times", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-4x_curling_tongue.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1842", "caption": "Trans-acting factors in alternative splicing in mRNA. Alternative splicing is a key mechanism that is involved in gene expression regulation. In the alternative splicing, trans-acting factors such as SR protein, hnRNP and snRNP control this mechanism by acting in trans. SR protein promotes the spliceosome assembly by interacting with snRNP(e.g. U1, U2) and splicing factors(e.g. U2AF65), and it can also antagonize the activity of hnRNP that inhibits splicing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/396px-Trans-acting_factors_in_alternative_splicing_f6509db1.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1843", "caption": "X hyperactivation in male Drosophila compensates for having a single X chromosome. Before the X is hyperactivated (left panel), the single X chromosome in males results in only half as much overall gene expression as the two X chromosomes in females. After X hyperactivation (right panel), the X chromosome expression is doubled in males, resulting in an equivalent gene dosage to the two X chromosomes in females.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-X_hyperactivation_in_Drosophila.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1844", "caption": "Human chromosome 1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Chromosome1.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1845", "caption": "Human chromosome 2. The short arm where the deletion occurs is to the top", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/125px-Chromosome_2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1846", "caption": "DiGeorge syndrome is inherited in an  autosomal dominant  pattern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1847", "caption": "Result of FISH analysis using LSI probe (TUPLE 1) from DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome critical region. TUPLE 1 ( HIRA ) probe was labeled in Spectrum Orange and  Arylsulfatase A  (ARSA) in Spectrum Green as control. Absence of the orange signal indicates deletion of the TUPLE 1 locus at 22q11.2.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fish_analysis_di_george_syndrome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1848", "caption": "Brain computer tomography cuts of the person, demonstrating basal ganglia and periventricular calcification [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Brain_computer_tomography_cuts_of_the_patien_a0f3bdca.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1849", "caption": "Rhodeus ocellatus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rhodeus_ocellatus_ocellatus-m.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1850", "caption": "Erythrura Gouldiae", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GouldianFinches.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1851", "caption": "Mus Domesticus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mus-musculus-in-nature.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1852", "caption": "Drosophila Melanogaster", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fruit-flies-red-and-white-eyes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1853", "caption": "Aedes aegypti", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Aedes_aegypti.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1854", "caption": "Birth of a cell with karyotype XXY due to a  nondisjunction  event of one X chromosome from a Y chromosome during  meiosis I  in the male", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-XXY_syndrome_M.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1855", "caption": "Birth of a cell with karyotype XXY due to a nondisjunction event of one X chromosome during  meiosis II  in the female", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-XXY_syndrome.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1856", "caption": "Intracytoplasmic sperm injection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Icsi.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1857", "caption": "Illustration of a cross section of a septate uterus in  homo sapiens  (modern day humans) reflecting an anomalous extension of the septum, resulting in inflammation and hypomenorrhea due to reduction of the cervical opening.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1858", "caption": "The stages of M\u00fcllerian duct development in the human embryo and its associated outcomes during normal and impaired development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mullerian_duct_development.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1859", "caption": "In the  ABO blood group system , a person with Type A blood displays A-antigens and may have a genotype I A I A  or I A i. A person with Type B blood displays B-antigens and may have the genotype I B I B  or I B i. A person with Type AB blood displays both A- and B-antigens and has the genotype I A I B  and a person with Type O blood, displaying neither antigen, has the genotype ii.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-ABO_blood_type.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1860", "caption": "Danube crested newt ( Triturus dobrogicus )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Triturus_dobrogicus_dunai_tarajosg%C5%91te.j_ad72b246.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1861", "caption": "Flowers would converge to a single coloration in a few generations if  inheritance  blended the characteristics of the two parents.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Blending_inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1862", "caption": "Diagram of  Charles Darwin 's pangenesis theory. Every part of the body emits tiny particles,  gemmules , which migrate to the  gonads  and contribute to the fertilised egg and so to the next generation. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in  Lamarckism , and that  inheritance  would be blending.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1863", "caption": "Blending inheritance leads to the averaging out of every characteristic, which as the engineer  Fleeming Jenkin  pointed out, would make natural selection impossible if blending were the mechanism of inheritance. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blending_Inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1864", "caption": "A  Punnett square  for one of Mendel's pea plant experiments - self-fertilization of the F1 generation, shows that inheritance is  particulate , not blending.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1865", "caption": "Example of a complementation test. Two strains of flies are white-eyed because of two different autosomal recessive mutations that interrupt different steps in a single pigment-producing metabolic pathway. Flies from Strain 1 have complementary mutations to flies from Strain 2 because when they are crossed the offspring can complete the full metabolic pathway and thus have red eyes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Complementation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1866", "caption": "Sister chromosomes with recombinant DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HR_in_meiosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1867", "caption": "Dendrogram of multiple clusters", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-Swiss_centroid.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1868", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1869", "caption": "A. Nucleus, B. Nuclear Profile - Thin slice of Nucleus, C. Loci - Parts of a target gene found within the Nuclear Profile", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genome_With_Nuclear_Profile_Slice_and_Loci.p_378fe88b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1870", "caption": "Displays the communities for a specific loci using centrality", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Community_detect.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1871", "caption": "A sample of the 2D dataset that was used for the application of the cosegregation example.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Snipped_of_data_used.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1872", "caption": "pseudo-code showcasing the implementation of co-segregation in data science.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Coseggy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1873", "caption": "How adding more NPs to dataset affects cosegregation equation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Adding_NPs_in_co-segregation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1874", "caption": "Adding loci affects the cosegregation equation in a linear time complexity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-How_adding_loci_affects_co-segregation_equat_df293e1b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1875", "caption": "This co-segregation heat map of genetic windows has not been normalized, the pattern is much less clear and the data is not as meaningful compared to the normalized version.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Non-normalized_Heatmap.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1876", "caption": "This co-segregation heat map of genetic windows has been normalized, the pattern is much more clear and that data can more easily and accurately be interpreted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Normalized_Heatmap.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1877", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cosegregation_to_adjacency.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1878", "caption": "This is a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous parents. The traits observed in this cross are the same traits that Mendel was observing for his experiments. This cross results in the expected phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Figure_12_03_02.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1879", "caption": "An example of epistasis is the interaction between hair colour and baldness. A gene for  total baldness  would be epistatic to one for  blond hair  or  red hair . The hair-colour genes are  hypostatic  to the baldness gene. The baldness phenotype supersedes genes for hair colour, and so the effects are non-additive. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Epistatic_hair.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1880", "caption": "Example of epistasis in coat colour genetics: If no pigments can be produced the other coat colour genes have no effect on the phenotype, no matter if they are dominant or if the individual is homozygous. Here the genotype \"c c\" for no pigmentation is epistatic over the other genes. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epistasis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1881", "caption": "Quantitative trait  values after two  mutations  either alone (Ab and aB) or in combination (AB). Bars contained in the grey box indicate the combined trait value under different circumstances of epistasis. Upper panel indicates epistasis between beneficial mutations (blue). [ 10 ] [ 11 ]  Lower panel indicates epistasis between deleterious mutations (red). [ 12 ] [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Epistasis_bars.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1882", "caption": "Since, on average, mutations are deleterious, random mutations to an organism cause a decline in fitness. If all mutations are additive, fitness will fall proportionally to mutation number (black line). When deleterious mutations display negative (synergistic) epistasis, they are more deleterious in combination than individually and so fitness falls with the number of mutations at an increasing rate (upper, red line). When mutations display positive (antagonistic) epistasis, effects of mutations are less severe in combination than individually and so fitness falls at a decreasing rate (lower, blue line). [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Synergistic_versus_antagonistic_epistasis.sv_0f6513ce.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1883", "caption": "The top row indicates interactions between two genes that show either ( a ) additive effects, ( b ) positive epistasis  or ( c ) reciprocal sign epistasis. Below are  fitness landscapes  which display greater and greater levels of global epistasis between large numbers of genes. Purely additive interactions lead to a single smooth peak ( d ); as increasing numbers of genes exhibit epistasis, the landscape becomes more rugged ( e ), and when all genes interact epistatically the landscape becomes so rugged that mutations have seemingly random effects ( f ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Epistasis_and_landscapes.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1884", "caption": "Three sisters", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Emiliea_Barabancea_%28st%C3%A2nga%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1885", "caption": "A human spermatozoon fusing with a human ovum. The spermatozoon is approximately 100,000 times smaller in size than the human ovum.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/263px-Sperm-egg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1886", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan's   Drosophila melanogaster  genetic linkage map. This was the first successful  gene mapping  work and provides important evidence for the  chromosome theory of inheritance . The map shows the relative positions of  alleles  on the second  Drosophila  chromosome. The distances between the genes ( centimorgans ) are equal to the percentages of  chromosomal crossover  events that occur between different alleles. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Drosophila_Gene_Linkage_Map.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1887", "caption": "Pedigree illustrating Parametric Linkage Analysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Parametric_Linkage_Analysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1888", "caption": "Unlinked Genes vs. Linked Genes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Unlinked_vs._Linked_Genes.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1889", "caption": "An overview of RNA interference (RNAi) embryonic injection method", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-RNAi-overview-embryo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1890", "caption": "Cas12a  in complex with crRNA and target DNA \u2013 the key tool for CRISPR screens", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CRISPR_Cas_system.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1891", "caption": "Y-DNA haplogroups map of the world", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1892", "caption": "Ancestral haplogroup   \u00a0 \u00a0Haplogroup A (Hg A) \u00a0 \u00a0Haplogroup B (Hg B)  All of these molecules are part of the ancestral haplogroup, but at some point in the past a mutation occurred in the ancestral molecule, mutation A, which produced a new lineage; this is haplogroup A and is defined by mutation A. At some more recent point in the past, a new mutation, mutation B, happened in a person carrying haplogroup A; mutation B defined haplogroup B. Haplogroup B is a subgroup, or  subclade  of haplogroup A; both haplogroups A and B are subclades of the ancestral haplogroup.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Molecular_lineage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1893", "caption": "Human migrations and mitochondrial haplogroups", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_migrations_and_mitochondrial_haplogrou_c8ad80dd.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1894", "caption": "Map of human haplotype migration, according to  mitochondrial DNA , with key (coloured) indicating periods in numbered thousands of years before the present.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/340px-World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jp_1fc44e26.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1895", "caption": "DNA molecule 1 differs from DNA molecule 2 at a single base-pair location (a C/A polymorphism).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/363px-Dna-SNP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1896", "caption": "Hardy\u2013Weinberg proportions for two  alleles : the horizontal axis shows the two  allele frequencies   p  and  q  and the vertical axis shows the expected  genotype frequencies . Each line shows one of the three possible genotypes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-Hardy-Weinberg.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1897", "caption": "Length of  p ,  q  corresponds to allele frequencies (here  p  = 0.6,  q  = 0.4 ). Then area of rectangle represents genotype frequencies (thus  AA\u00a0: Aa\u00a0: aa = 0.36\u00a0: 0.48\u00a0: 0.16 ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_law_-_Punnett_square._2f027561.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1898", "caption": "Punnett square for three-allele case (left) and four-allele case (right). White areas are homozygotes. Colored areas are heterozygotes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_law_-_Punnett_square2_b587c020.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1899", "caption": "A  de Finetti diagram  representing a distribution of genotype frequencies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-De_finetti_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1900", "caption": "Time course imaging of two  maize   inbreds  and their  F1 hybrid  (middle) exhibiting heterosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Time_course_imaging_of_two_maize_inbreds_LH1_cfc70450.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1901", "caption": "Genetic basis of heterosis .   Dominance hypothesis .  Scenario A . Fewer genes are under-expressed in the homozygous individual. Gene expression in the offspring is equal to the expression of the fittest parent.   Overdominance hypothesis .  Scenario B . Over-expression of certain genes in the heterozygous offspring.  (The size of the circle depicts the expression level of gene A)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Heterosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1902", "caption": "The origin of IBD segments is depicted via a pedigree.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Pedigree%2C_recombination_and_resulting_IBD__cca6a584.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1903", "caption": "A colorblind-friendly version of this image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Pedigree%2C_recombination_and_resulting_IBD__350056ac.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1904", "caption": "An IBD segment identified by HapFABIA in Asian genomes. Rare single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that tag the IBD segment are coloured purple. Below the turquoise bar, the IBD segment in ancient genomes is displayed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-IBD_segment_detected_by_HapFABIA_in_1000Geno_2d8f5031.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1905", "caption": "A phylogenetic model of introgressive hybridization; the hybrid zone of the two species' lineages is shown in blue, with each horizontal line representing an individual introgressive event.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hybrid_PNGT.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1906", "caption": "Lineage fusion on a phylogenetic tree; individual introgression events within the hybrid zone (blue) are shown as horizontal lines. Hybrids are produced before the lineages fuse, but rejoin one of the two lineages. Neither species A nor B remains extant in the area of interest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-LineageFusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1907", "caption": "Punnett square  for the  agouti  gene in mice, demonstrating a recessive lethal allele. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/192px-Lethal_alleles_punnett_square.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1908", "caption": "Gregor Mendel , the Moravian Augustinian friar who founded the modern science of  genetics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gregor_Mendel.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1909", "caption": "Characteristics Mendel used in his experiments [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gregor_Mendel_-_characteristics_of_pea_plant_889bc9cf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1910", "caption": "P-Generation and F 1 -Generation: The dominant allele for purple-red flower hides the phenotypic effect of the recessive allele for white flowers. F 2 -Generation: The recessive trait from the P-Generation phenotypically reappears in the individuals that are homozygous with the recessive genetic trait.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dominant-recessive_inheritance_-_flowers_of__13f0e5e9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1911", "caption": "Myosotis : Colour and distribution of colours are inherited independently. [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mendel-flowers.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1912", "caption": "F 1  generation: All individuals have the same genotype and same phenotype expressing the dominant trait ( red ). F 2  generation: The phenotypes in the second generation show a 3\u00a0: 1 ratio. In the genotype 25\u00a0% are homozygous with the dominant trait, 50\u00a0% are heterozygous   genetic carriers  of the recessive trait, 25\u00a0% are homozygous with the recessive genetic trait and  expressing  the recessive character.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dominant-recessive_inheritance_P_-_F1_-_F2.p_15c0df5e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1913", "caption": "In  Mirabilis jalapa  and  Antirrhinum majus  are examples for intermediate inheritance. [ 28 ] [ 29 ]  As seen in the F 1 -generation, heterozygous plants have \" light pink \" flowers\u2014a mix of \" red \" and \"white\". The F 2 -generation shows a 1:2:1 ratio of  red :  light pink :  white.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Intermediate_inheritance_P_-_F1_-_F2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1914", "caption": "A  Punnett square  for one of Mendel's pea plant experiments \u2013  self-fertilization  of the F1 generation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1915", "caption": "Segregation and independent assortment are consistent with the  chromosome theory of inheritance .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Independent_assortment_%26_segregation.svg.p_dd64051b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1916", "caption": "When the parents are homozygous for two different genetic traits ( llSS  and  LL s P  s P ), their children in the F 1  generation are heterozygous at both loci and only show the dominant phenotypes ( Ll S s P ). P-Generation: Each parent possesses one dominant and one recessive trait purebred ( homozygous ). In this example, solid coat color is indicated by  S  (dominant),  Piebald spotting  by  s P  (recessive), while fur length is indicated by  L  (short, dominant) or  l  (long, recessive). All individuals are equal in genotype and phenotype. In the F 2  generation all combinations of coat color and fur length occur: 9 are short haired with solid colour, 3 are short haired with spotting, 3 are long haired with solid colour and 1 is long haired with spotting. The traits are inherited independently, so that new combinations can occur. Average number ratio of phenotypes 9:3:3:1 [ 37 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dihybrid_inheritance_pattern_-_cat_coat.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1917", "caption": "For example 3 pairs of homologous chromosomes allow 8 possible combinations, all equally likely to move into the gamete during  meiosis . This is the main reason for independent assortment. The equation to determine the number of possible combinations given the number of homologous pairs = 2 x  (x = number of homologous pairs)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Independent_assortment.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1918", "caption": "Workflow of microfluidic whole genome chromosome isolation and amplification. Not at scale", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-MicrofluidicsII.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1919", "caption": "Figure 1 : Inheritance pattern of dominant ( red ) and recessive (white) phenotypes when each parent (1) is homozygous for either the dominant or recessive trait. All members of the F 1  generation are heterozygous and share the same dominant phenotype (2), while the F 2  generation exhibits a 6:2 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes (3).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mendelian_inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1920", "caption": "Mirabilis jalapa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gul-Abas-4-O%27clock_plant.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1921", "caption": "Carl Correns", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Carl_Correns.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1922", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Incomplete_dominance_-_Antirrhinum_majus.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1923", "caption": "Co-dominant expression of genes for plumage colours.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pavlovian_black-white_chicken_rooster_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1924", "caption": "In the genepool of cats ( Felis catus ) there is a recessive allele for orange coat on the X-Chromosome. In a male the Y-Chromosome cannot compensate this, so a tomcat with that allele is born orange. This allele is  epistatic  over some other coat color genes. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cat_%2830072497623%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1925", "caption": "A heterozygous cat with kittens from an orange tomcat: 50\u00a0% are orange, 50\u00a0% can produce  eumelanin . Here the segregation of her two alleles, one dominant for the ability to produce eumelanin, one recessive for orange, was crucial for the colour of the kittens. With the young males it is decisive which of the two X-Chromosomes they received from the mother, because the Y-Chromosome does not contain a corresponding allele from the father. In the young females it is also decisive which X-Chromosome they got from the mother, because they each have an allele for orange from the father and only homozygotes become orange.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Charline_the_cat_and_her_kittens.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1926", "caption": "Example of a pedigree for a genetic trait inherited by mitochondrial DNA in animals and humans. Offspring of the males with the trait don't inherit the trait. Offspring of the females with the trait always inherit the trait (independently from their own sex).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Maternal_Inheritance_-_mitochondrial_DNA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1927", "caption": "A comparison of a mouse unable to produce  leptin  thus resulting in obesity (left) and a normal mouse (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Fatmouse.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1928", "caption": "Sickle cell anemia overdominance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sickle_cell_disease_overdominance_and_high_f_ccc38094.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1929", "caption": "Overview of paleopolyploidy process. Many higher eukaryotes were paleopolyploids at some point during their evolutionary history.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Paleopolyploidy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1930", "caption": "A diagram that summarizes all well-known paleopolyploidization events.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-PaleopolyploidyTree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1931", "caption": "Detection of paleopolyploidy using Ks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-NumbervsKs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1932", "caption": "Gregor Mendel , the Father of Genetics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gregor_Mendel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1933", "caption": "William Bateson", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-William_Bateson.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1934", "caption": "Ronald Fisher", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Youngronaldfisher2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1935", "caption": "Example of a pedigree chart using  Ahnentafel  numbering", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Costados_de_Anselmo_Braamcamp_Freire.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1936", "caption": "Pedigree of horse Shagya IX b. 1895", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pedigree-sh-1895.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1937", "caption": "Eye color is an example of a (physical) phenotypic trait", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Deep_Blue_eye.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1938", "caption": "A haploid set that consists of a single complete set of chromosomes (equal to the monoploid set), as shown in the picture above, must belong to a diploid species. If a haploid set consists of two sets, it must be of a tetraploid (four sets) species. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Haploid_vs_diploid.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1939", "caption": "A comparison of  sexual reproduction  in predominantly haploid organisms and predominantly diploid organisms. 1)  A haploid organism is on the left and a diploid organism is on the right. 2 and 3)  Haploid egg and sperm carrying the dominant purple gene and the recessive blue gene, respectively. These gametes are produced by simple mitosis of cells in the germ line. 4 and 5)  Haploid sperm and egg carrying the recessive blue gene and the dominant purple gene, respectively. These gametes are produced by meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes in the diploid germ cells. 6)  The short-lived diploid state of haploid organisms, a zygote generated by the union of two haploid gametes during sex. 7)  The diploid zygote which has just been fertilized by the union of haploid egg and sperm during sex. 8)  Cells of the diploid structure quickly undergo meiosis to produce spores containing the meiotically halved number of chromosomes, restoring haploidy. These spores express either the mother's dominant gene or the father's recessive gene and proceed by mitotic division to build a new entirely haploid organism. 9)  The diploid zygote proceeds by mitotic division to build a new entirely diploid organism. These cells possess both the purple and blue genes, but only the purple gene is expressed since it is dominant over the recessive blue gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Difference_of_Haploid_and_Diploid_Gene_Regul_41ed5f18.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1940", "caption": "Karyogram  of a typical human cell, showing a diploid set of 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs. It also shows both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes  (at bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (to scale at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1941", "caption": "Example of a genome-wide scan for QTL of  osteoporosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Example_of_a_Genome-wide_QTL-Scan_from_PLoS__75bfda64.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1942", "caption": "This image shows haploid (single), diploid (double), triploid (triple), and tetraploid (quadruple) sets of chromosomes. Triploid and tetraploid chromosomes are examples of polyploidy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Haploid%2C_diploid_%2Ctriploid_and_tetraploi_c3e1437e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1943", "caption": "Organ-specific patterns of endopolyploidy (from 2 x  to 64 x ) in the giant ant  Dinoponera australis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Organ-specific_patterns_of_endopolyploidy_in_7d27384f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1944", "caption": "This  phylogenetic tree  shows the relationship between the best-documented instances of  paleopolyploidy  in eukaryotes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-PaleopolyploidyTree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1945", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, showing the normal  diploid  (that is, non-polyploid)  karyotype . It shows 22  homologous chromosomes , both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the  sex chromosome  (bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (to scale at bottom left). Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1946", "caption": "Speciation  via polyploidy: A  diploid  cell undergoes failed  meiosis , producing diploid  gametes , which self-fertilize to produce a tetraploid  zygote .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Polyploidization.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1947", "caption": "Schematic phylogeny of the Chromalveolata. Red circles indicate polyploidy, blue squares indicate hybridization. From Albertin and Marullo, 2012 [ 89 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Polyploidy_in_fungi.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1948", "caption": "Testing substance (PTC) structure: Phenylthiocarbamide/  Phenyl-thio-carbamide/ Phenylthiourea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Phenylthiocarbamide_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1949", "caption": "PTC molecule", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Phenylthiourea-from-xtal-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1950", "caption": "Synteny (in the modern sense) between human and mouse chromosomes. Colors in the human chromosomes indicate regions homologous with parts of the mouse chromosome of the same color. For instance, sequences homologous to mouse chromosome 1 are primarily on human chromosomes 1 and 2, but also 6, 8, and 18. The X chromosome is almost completely syntenic in both species. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Human-mouse_synteny.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1951", "caption": "Synteny of Hox gene clusters; lines indicate homology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Genes_hox.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1952", "caption": "Punnett squares showing typical test crosses and the two potential outcomes. The individual in question may either be heterozygous, in which half the offspring would be heterozygous and half would be homozygous recessive, or homozygous dominant, in which all the offspring would be heterozygous.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Punnett_Square_Test_Cross.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1953", "caption": "Drosophila melanogaster", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/202px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1954", "caption": "Experimental cross performed by  Thomas Hunt Morgan , illustrating the X-linked inheritance of  white  in  Drosophila . [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Sex-linked_inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1955", "caption": "Unlike culinary  bananas , wild-type bananas have numerous large, hard seeds.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1956", "caption": "Y-linked inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Y-linked.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1957", "caption": "Pedigree tree showing the inheritance of a Y-linked trait", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rodoslov_Y-vezane_osobine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1958", "caption": "Homozygous and heterozygous", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Heterozygous.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1959", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, showing a diploid set of all chromosomes, except in case of the  sex chromosomes  in males (bottom right), where there is an  X chromosome  and a much smaller  Y chromosome , which does not have all the genes that the X chromosome has, making a male hemizygous for those genes.  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1960", "caption": "Heterozygosity values of 51 worldwide human populations. [ 10 ]   Sub-Saharan Africans  have the highest values in the world.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Box-and-whisker_plot_of_human_heterozygosity_06e45700.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1961", "caption": "A  karyotype  of an individual with  trisomy 21 , showing three copies of chromosome 21.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Down_Syndrome_Karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1962", "caption": "The three major single-chromosome mutations: deletion (1), duplication (2) and inversion (3).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Single_Chromosome_Mutations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1963", "caption": "The two major two-chromosome mutations: insertion (1) and translocation (2).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Two_Chromosome_Mutations.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1964", "caption": "Increase in frequency over time of genotype  \n \n \n \n A \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A} \n \n , which has a 1% greater relative fitness than the other genotype present,  \n \n \n \n B \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Selective_sweep%2C_frequency_vs_time.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1965", "caption": "Herbert Spencer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Herbert_Spencer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1966", "caption": "Foxp2  is expressed in the developing cerebellum and the hindbrain of the embryonic day 13.5 mouse.  Allen Brain Atlases", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/190px-Foxp2%2C_ISH%2C_E13.5_mouse%2C_cerebellum-hi_15977f32.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1967", "caption": "Human  FOXP2  gene and evolutionary conservation is shown in a multiple alignment (at bottom of figure) in this image from the  UCSC Genome Browser . Note that conservation tends to cluster around coding regions ( exons ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-BrowserFoxp2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1968", "caption": "The  FOXP2  gene is located on the long (q) arm of  chromosome 7 , at position 31.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FOXP2_location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1969", "caption": "Figure 1: Genetic distance map by Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1994)  [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-The_history_and_geography_of_human_genes_Lui_30fb9d7d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1970", "caption": "Figure 2: Divergence timeline between two hypothetical species.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Divergence_timeline_between_species.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1971", "caption": "Figure 4: A diagram showing the relationship between DNA base-pairs and the type of mutation needed to convert each base to another based on the Kimura 2 parameter substitution model.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Kimura_two_parameter_substitution_model.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1972", "caption": "Figure 5: A diagram showing the relationship between DNA base-pairs and the type of mutation needed to convert each base to another based on the Kimura 3 parameter substitution model.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Kimura_three_parameter_substitution_model.pn_2b83ad3f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1973", "caption": "Figure 6: Euclidean genetic distance between 51 worldwide human populations, calculated using 289,160  SNPs . [ 30 ]  Dark red is the most similar pair and dark blue is the most distant pair.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_similarities_between_51_worldwide_hu_24dc402c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1974", "caption": "Figure 7: Representation of path between points that is calculated for the Czekanwski (Manhattan) distance formula.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Example_of_Multi-Agent_Path_Finding_in_a_gri_607f6eaa.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1975", "caption": "Figure 8: Representation of path between points that is calculated for the Roger's distance formula.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cube-Diagonals.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1976", "caption": "A graphical representation of the typical human  karyotype .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-Human_karyotype.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1977", "caption": "Varieties of  maize  in the office of the Russian plant geneticist  Nikolai Vavilov", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Maize_diversity_in_Vavilovs_office_%28342125_507fd757.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1978", "caption": "A  Tanzanian cheetah .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Cheetah_genetic_diversity.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1979", "caption": "Photomontage  of planktonic organisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Plankton_collage.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1980", "caption": "A  De Finetti diagram  visualizing genotype frequencies as distances to triangle edges x (AA), y (Aa) and z (aa) in a  ternary plot . The curved line are the  Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibria .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-De_Finetti_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1981", "caption": "A  Punnett square  visualizing the genotype frequencies of a  Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium  as areas of a square.  p  (A) and  q  (a) are the  allele frequencies .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg_law_-_Punnett_square._e8d5e400.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1982", "caption": "The process showing how mother's curse occurs. mtDNA mutates and generates copies that are detrimental for females (red) and copies that only detrimental for males (blue). Mitochondria bad for females are selected against, while mitochondria only bad for males are transmitted to the offspring. As a result, the males of offspring who inherit bad mutations would have a lower fitness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mother_curse.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1983", "caption": "Illustration of chromosome crossover during genetic recombination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Morgan_crossover_1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1984", "caption": "Simple genotype\u2013phenotype map that only shows additive pleiotropy effects. G1, G2, and G3 are different genes that contribute to phenotypic traits P1, P2, and P3.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SimpleGenotypePhenotypeMap.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1985", "caption": "Pleiotropy seems limited for many traits in humans since the SNP overlap, as measured by variance accounted for, between many polygenic predictors is small.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pleiotropic_overlap_between_polygenic_predic_ce5556d2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1986", "caption": "Peacock with albinism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pavo_cristatus_-Southwicks_Zoo%2C_Massachuse_74cf5b54.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1987", "caption": "The blood of a two-week-old infant is collected for a PKU screening.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phenylketonuria_testing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1988", "caption": "Photomicrograph of normal-shaped and sickle-shape red blood cells from a patient with  sickle cell disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Red_Blood_Cells_in_Sickle_Cell_Disease.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1989", "caption": "Patient with Marfan Syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Marfan_Patient.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1990", "caption": "Chicken exhibiting the frizzle feather trait", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Salon_agriculture_2009_-_Padoue_fris%C3%A9e__a4851d74.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1991", "caption": "Unequal Crossing Over", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Unequalcrossingover.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1992", "caption": "Azadirachta indica  (Neem)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Azadirachta_indica%2C_Neem.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1993", "caption": "Pi\u00f1atex logo, by Ananas Anam", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pi%C3%B1atex_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1994", "caption": "Ayahuasca cooking", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ayahuasca_and_chacruna_cocinando.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1995", "caption": "Ayahuasca being prepared in the  Napo  region of  Ecuador", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Aya-preparation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1996", "caption": "Ayahuasca cooking in the  Loreto  region of  Peru", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Aya-cooking.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1997", "caption": "Ayahuasca being prepared in  Ecuador", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ayahuasca_preparation.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1998", "caption": "B. caapi   inflorescence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ayahuasca_%28Banisteriopsis_caapi%29_en_flor_46550e9e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_1999", "caption": "Syrian rue  seeds can be used to provide an MAOI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Syrian_Rue_Seeds.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2000", "caption": "Molecular structure of  harmine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Harmine_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2001", "caption": "Molecular structure of  harmaline", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Harmaline_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2002", "caption": "Molecular structure of  tetrahydroharmine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tetrahydroharmine_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2003", "caption": "Parties to the convention   \u00a0 \u00a0Signed, but not ratified   \u00a0 \u00a0Non-signatory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2004", "caption": "COP13 Mexico meeting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-COP13_Mexico_conference.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2005", "caption": "COP15 Canada meeting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-22dec07-COP15-COP-opening-3185_%285254924522_4410ccb2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2006", "caption": "Annonin -based biopesticides, used to protect crops from beetles and other pests, were developed from the plant  Annona squamosa . [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ata_Sugar-apple_Pinha_Fruta_do_conde.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2007", "caption": "The  tuberculosis  drug  streptomycin  was discovered from the  actinomycete   Streptomyces griseus . [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Streptomyces_griseus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2008", "caption": "Halichondrin B , an example of a structurally complex and medically important natural product [ 34 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Halichondrin_B.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2009", "caption": "Zingiber officinale , an example of a medicinal plant used in multiple cultures [ 37 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Koeh-146-no_text.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2010", "caption": "Voucher deposition allows species identity to be re-evaluated if there are problems re-isolating an active constituent from a biological source. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Allurus_muricatus_JS10_00405_lateral.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2011", "caption": "A white rosy periwinkle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Catharanthus_roseus_white_CC-BY-SA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2012", "caption": "A neem tree", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Neemtree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2013", "caption": "The Enola bean", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%22Enola%22_Bean_4_%283887465932%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2014", "caption": "The succulent  Hoodia gordonii", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hoodia_gordonii_P1010383.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2015", "caption": "Parties to the CBD [ 79 ]   \u00a0 \u00a0Signed, but not ratified [ 79 ]   \u00a0 \u00a0Non-signatory [ 79 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Convention_on_Biological_Diversity2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2016", "caption": "Cannabis  growing as  weeds  at the foot of  Dhaulagiri ,  Nepal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cannabis_plants_in_front_of_the_Dhaulagiri_s_842ad5a1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2017", "caption": "A  thicket  of wild  cannabis  in  Islamabad ,  Pakistan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Empty_plot_for_Afghan_embassy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2018", "caption": "Cannabis  female flower with visible  trichomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Trichomes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2019", "caption": "Male  Cannabis  flower buds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Cannabis_male_flowers.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2020", "caption": "Underside of  Cannabis sativa  leaf, showing diagnostic venation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cannabis_sativa_leaf_diagnostic_venation_201_6dc21c02.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2021", "caption": "Top of  Cannabis  plant in vegetative growth stage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cannabis-vegetative-growth-00003.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2022", "caption": "Relative size of varieties of  Cannabis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Cannab2_new.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2023", "caption": "Cannabis ruderalis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cannabis_ruderalis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2024", "caption": "Three theories of classification for  Cannabis . From left to right, monotypic with three subspecies (A), polytypic consisting of up to three species (B), and single phenotypically diverse species (C).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/531px-Cannabis_taxonomy_theories.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2025", "caption": "Comparison of physical harm and dependence regarding various drugs [ 103 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Drug_danger_and_dependence.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2026", "caption": "A dried bud, typical of what is sold for recreational use", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Marijuana-Cannabis-Weed-Bud-Gram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2027", "caption": "Cannabis sativa  stem longitudinal section", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Cannabis_Sativa_Querschnitt.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2028", "caption": "Cannabis Museum  in  Amsterdam", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Hash_museum_amsterdam.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2029", "caption": "Cannabis  leaf pictured in the coat of arms of  Kanepi Parish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Kanepi_valla_vapp.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2030", "caption": "People marching in the streets of  Cape Town  against the prohibition of cannabis in  South Africa , 9 May 2015", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cape_Town_cannabis_march_2015_May_9.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2031", "caption": "The Dagga Couple (seated) with Jeremy Acton of the Dagga Party", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/233px-Jeremy_Acton%2C_Julian_Stobbs_%26_Myrtle_Cla_fbac1126.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2032", "caption": "Cape Town Cannabis Walk 2017", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Cape_Town_Cannabis_Walk_2017.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2033", "caption": "Male  Cannabis sativa  in flower", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Male_sativa_flowers.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2034", "caption": "A female sativa cannabis strain in flowering or \"budding\" stage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/242px-Cannabis_Sativa_tree.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2035", "caption": "\u0394 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol  (THC)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2036", "caption": "Cannabis sativa , scientific drawing from c. 1900", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cannabis_sativa_Koehler_drawing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2037", "caption": "White Widow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-White_widow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2038", "caption": "A flowering  cannabis  plant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Kush-trichome-closeup.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2039", "caption": "Blue Dream", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blue_dream_strain.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2040", "caption": "Sour Diesel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sour_Diesel_Strain.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2041", "caption": "Only a few of the many varieties of  potato  are commercially grown; others are heirlooms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Patates.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2042", "caption": "A selection of heirloom tomatoes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Capay_heirloom_tomatoes_at_Slow_Food_Nation._18467708.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2043", "caption": "A hemp field in  C\u00f4tes-d'Armor ,  Brittany , France, which is Europe's largest hemp producer as of 2022", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2044", "caption": "Hemp seed", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%_ea1e8d65.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2045", "caption": "A  macro  image of hemp seeds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hempseed.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2046", "caption": "Hemp and bead jewelry", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hemp_and_Bead_Jewelry%2C_Oakland_Chinatown_S_42a1bd82.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2047", "caption": "Hemp rope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cordage_en_chanvre.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2048", "caption": "Hemp straw animal bedding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Hemp_Straw.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2049", "caption": "Biodiesel sample", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Biodiesel.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2050", "caption": "The variety of appearances for cannabis. Only  C. sativa  (left) is suited for industrial hemp, but it also has medicinal varieties.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cannab2_new.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2051", "caption": "Dried hemp stalks displayed at the International Hemp Fair in  Vienna", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hemp_bunch-dried_out_PNr%C2%B00062.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2052", "caption": "Harvesting hemp in the USSR, 1956", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cannabis_harvesting_%28USSR%2C_1956%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2053", "caption": "Cannabis sativa  from  Vienna Dioscurides , 512 AD", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cannabissativadior.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2054", "caption": "Hemp being grown in Oregon in 2020", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hemp_Oregon_State.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2055", "caption": "Hemp was classified as a drug and heavily debated and prohibited through the 20th century through 2018.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-THE_DECRIMINALIZATION_OF_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_bfb93201.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2056", "caption": "Japanese  Shinto shrine  with rope made of hemp", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Kamidana.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2057", "caption": "International waters are the areas shown in dark blue in this map, i.e. outside  exclusive economic zones , which are in light blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-Exclusive_Economic_Zones.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2058", "caption": "Marine protected areas as of 2020 (data from MPAtlas). [ 40 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/236px-GlobalMPAs_logo_2020.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2059", "caption": "The Laguna Miramar in the Lacandon Jungle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Laguna_Miramar_en_la_Selva_Lacandona.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2060", "caption": "Field cut from the jungle near  Frontera Corozal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FieldIntersectionCorozal.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2061", "caption": "Maca plants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lepidium_meyenii%2C_Tsaghkadzor%2C_in_cultur_653218e8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2062", "caption": "Maca root powder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Macae2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2063", "caption": "Alpaca   manure  is used to fertilize maca croplands", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alpacas_at_Monks_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_76_3c88be12.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2064", "caption": "(1 R ,3 S )-1-Methyltetrahydro-carboline-3-carboxylic acid found in maca", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%281R%2C_3S%29-1-methyltetrahydro-carboline-_21c09e1e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2065", "caption": "Maca root powder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Macae1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2066", "caption": "National biodiversity strategies that align with Aichi Target 9 (invasive species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated and measures are in place to prevent their introduction and establishment)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-National-biodiversity-strategy-align-with-ai_a8969f3d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2067", "caption": "Vandana Shiva , one of the founders of Navdanya (2014)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dr._Vandana_Shiva_DS.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2068", "caption": "Flowers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rooibos_%28Aspalathus_linearis%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2069", "caption": "Plant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rooibos_%28Aspalathus_linearis%29PICT2813.JP_7e29d971.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2070", "caption": "Green rooibos tea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Greenrooibos.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2071", "caption": "Rooibos tea in a glass", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Frisch_aufgebr%C3%BChter_Rooibos.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2072", "caption": "Rooibos tea with milk", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%_da4d887c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2073", "caption": "A rooibos-infused liqueur and rooibos tea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rooibos-001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2074", "caption": "A.\u00a0linearis  response to fire. Plants native to the  Fynbos eco-region , like rooibos, are fire dependent, but rooibos varieties exhibit two different adaptions to fire.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/276px-Resprouters_and_Reseeders.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2075", "caption": "Vandana Shiva in  Cologne, Germany , in 2007", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/262px-Vandana_shiva_20070610.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2076", "caption": "Henri Ernest Baillon , publisher of the name  Tabernanthe iboga .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Baillon%2C_Henri_Ernest_%281827-1895%29_CIPN_434b6439.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2077", "caption": "Bark of  Tabernanthe iboga", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tabernanthe_iboga_bark_pieces.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2078", "caption": "Shredded bark of  Tabernanthe iboga  for consumption. Contains ibogaine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tabernanthe_iboga_bark_powder.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2079", "caption": "Plenary meeting of UNPFII (2015)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-UNPFII_2015_Plenary.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2080", "caption": "Maria Eugenia Choque Quispe , a member of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, speaks at the body's 2015 session.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-UNPFII_2015_-_Maria_Eugenia_Choque.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2081", "caption": "President and CEO Sharon F. Terry in 2017", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sharon_F._Terry_at_2017_Rare_Disease_Day_at__aa38cae7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2082", "caption": "Differences in the standard methods for DNA barcoding and metabarcoding. While DNA barcoding focuses on a specific species, metabarcoding examines whole communities.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-440px-DNA_%28meta%29barcoding_differences.pd_c924a77d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2083", "caption": "Applications of environmental DNA metabarcoding in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems\u200a [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Applications_of_environmental_DNA_metabarcod_23b6b551.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2084", "caption": "Emerging insect DNA sources used in metabarcoding  [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Insect_DNA_source.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2085", "caption": "Global ecosystem and biodiversity monitoring with environmental DNA metabarcoding\u200a [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-Global_ecosystem_and_biodiversity_monitoring_f6ab81fe.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2086", "caption": "Six steps in DNA barcoding and metabarcoding\u200a [ 30 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-Six_main_steps_of_DNA_barcoding_and_metabarc_9967f360.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2087", "caption": "History of sequencing technology\u200a [ 42 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/530px-History_of_sequencing_technology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2088", "caption": "Questions for consideration in the design and implementation phases of an environmental DNA metabarcoding study\u200a [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/530px-Guiding_questions_in_metabarcoding_research._1d47100d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2089", "caption": "Decisions involved in a molecular ecology workflow \u200a [ 12 ]  Samples can be collected from a variety of different environments using appropriate collection techniques. DNA is then prepared and used to answer a variety of ecological questions: metabarcoding is used to answer questions about \"who\" is present, while the function of communities or individuals can be established using a  metagenomics , single\u2010cell genomics or  metatranscriptomics . [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Decisions_involved_in_a_molecular_ecology_wo_f819825e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2090", "caption": "Visualization and diversity metrics from environmental sequencing data \u200a [ 12 ]  a)  Alpha diversity  displayed as taxonomy bar charts, showing relative abundance of taxa across samples using the Phinch data visualization framework (Bik & Pitch Interactive 2014).   b)  Beta diversity  patterns illustrated via Principal Coordinate Analyses carried out in  QIIME , [ 48 ]  where each dot represents a sample and colors distinguish different classes of sample. The closer two sample points in 3D space, the more similar their community assemblages  c) GraPhalAn phylogenetic visualization of environmental data, with circular  heatmaps  and abundance bars used to convey quantitative taxon traits. [ 49 ]  d) Edge PCA, a tree\u2010based diversity metric that identifies specific lineages (green/orange branches) that contribute most to community changes observed in samples distributed across different PCA axes. [ 50 ] [ 51 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/480px-Visualization_and_diversity_metrics_from_env_36e57365.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2091", "caption": "Arthropod predators and vertebrate predators in a millet field\u200a [ 77 ]   (A) Trophic network: of arthropod and vertebrate predators \u2013 arrows represent biomass flow between predators and preys.   (B) Intraguild interactions:  * Arthropod predators * Parasitoids of arthropods: * Insectivorous vertebrates: [ 77 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/480px-Trophic_networks_and_intraguild_interactions_1d968894.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2092", "caption": "Metabarcoding eDNA and eRNA in marine biosecurity  Global biodiversity of  operational taxonomic units  (OTUs) for DNA-only, shared eDNA/eRNA, and RNA-only datasets. Charts show the relative abundance of sequences at highest assigned taxonomic levels. [ 99 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Metabarcoding_eDNA_and_eRNA_in_marine_biosec_e03507b9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2093", "caption": "A region of the  gene  for the  cytochrome c oxidase   enzyme  is used to distinguish species in the  Barcode of Life Data Systems  database.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cytochrome_C_Oxidase_1OCC_in_Membrane_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2094", "caption": "Hyder, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty used strands of purified  DNA  such as this, precipitated from solutions of cell components, to perform  bacterial transformations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-DNA_in_water.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2095", "caption": "Avery and his colleagues showed that DNA was the key component of  Griffith's experiment , in which mice are injected with dead bacteria of one strain and live bacteria of another, and develop an infection of the dead strain's type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Griffith_experiment.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2096", "caption": "Oswald Avery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Oswald_T._Avery_portrait_1937.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2097", "caption": "Colin MacLeod", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-ColinMacCleod.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2098", "caption": "Maclyn McCarty  (with  Watson  and  Crick )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James__7ba5de9b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2099", "caption": "Overview of experiment and observations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/357px-Hershey_Chase_experiment.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2100", "caption": "Scientist Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Scientist_Alfred_Hershey_and_Martha_Chase.jp_72644dd4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2101", "caption": "Structural overview of T2 phage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tevenphage.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2102", "caption": "The two possibilities tested by the Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck experiment. (A) If mutations are induced by the media, roughly the same number of mutants are expected to appear on each plate. (B) If mutations arise spontaneously during cell divisions prior to plating, each plate will have a highly variable number of mutants.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Luria-delbruck_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2103", "caption": "Example of a T-REx system controlling the expression of  shRNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Tet-ON_inducible_transgene_expression_cells._b7f8f4ff.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2104", "caption": "Vigorous growth of seedlings during TROPI on Expedition 22. In this phase of the experiment, plants were oriented since they grew in 1-g from an on-board centrifuge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-White_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2105", "caption": "This nucleotide contains the five-carbon sugar  deoxyribose  (at center), a  nucleobase  called  adenine  (upper right), and one  phosphate  group (left). The deoxyribose sugar joined only to the nitrogenous base forms a  Deoxyribonucleoside   called  deoxyadenosine , whereas the whole structure along with the phosphate group is a  nucleotide , a constituent of DNA with the name  deoxyadenosine monophosphate .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/275px-DAMP_chemical_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2106", "caption": "Showing the arrangement of nucleotides within the structure of nucleic acids: At lower left, a monophosphate nucleotide; its nitrogenous base represents one side of a base-pair. At the upper right, four nucleotides form two base-pairs: thymine and adenine (connected by  double  hydrogen bonds) and guanine and cytosine (connected by  triple  hydrogen bonds). The individual nucleotide monomers are chain-joined at their sugar and phosphate molecules, forming two 'backbones' (a  double helix ) of nucleic acid, shown at upper left.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-0322_DNA_Nucleotides.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2107", "caption": "Structural elements of three nucleo tides \u2014where one-, two- or three-phosphates are attached to the nucleo side  (in yellow, blue, green) at center: 1st, the nucleotide termed as a  nucleoside  mono phosphate  is formed by adding a phosphate (in red); 2nd, adding a second phosphate forms a  nucleoside  di phosphate ; 3rd, adding a third phosphate results in a  nucleoside  tri phosphate . +\u00a0The nitrogenous base ( nucleobase ) is indicated by  \"Base\"  and \" glycosidic bond \" (sugar bond). All five  primary, or canonical, bases \u2014the  purines  and  pyrimidines \u2014are sketched at right (in blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/660px-Nucleotides_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2108", "caption": "The synthesis of  UMP .  \u00a0 \u00a0enzymes   \u00a0 \u00a0coenzymes   \u00a0 \u00a0substrate names   \u00a0 \u00a0metal ions   \u00a0 \u00a0inorganic molecules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Nucleotides_syn2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2109", "caption": "The  biosynthetic  origins of purine ring  atoms N 1  arises from the amine group of  Asp C 2  and C 8  originate from  formate N 3  and N 9  are contributed by the amide group of  Gln C 4 , C 5  and N 7  are derived from  Gly   C 6  comes from HCO 3 \u2212  (CO 2 )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Nucleotide_synthesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2110", "caption": "Diagram of the synthesis of IMP.  \u00a0 \u00a0enzymes   \u00a0 \u00a0coenzymes   \u00a0 \u00a0substrate names   \u00a0 \u00a0metal ions   \u00a0 \u00a0inorganic molecules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Nucleotides_syn1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2111", "caption": "The cycle of synthesis and degradation of ATP; 1 and 2 represent output and input of energy, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ATP-ADP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2112", "caption": "Glycolysis overview", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Glycolysis_overview.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2113", "caption": "ATP-Synthase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ATP-Synthase.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2114", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-ATP-xtal-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2115", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-ATP-xtal-3D-vdW.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2116", "caption": "Interactive animation of the structure of ATP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AdenosineTriphosphate.qutemol.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2117", "caption": "The cycles of synthesis and degradation of ATP; 2 and 1 represent input and output of energy, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-ATP-ADP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2118", "caption": "This image shows a 360-degree rotation of a single, gas-phase  magnesium -ATP chelate with a charge of \u22122. The anion was optimized at the UB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) theoretical level and the atomic connectivity modified by the human optimizer to reflect the probable electronic structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MgATP2-small.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2119", "caption": "An example of the Rossmann fold, a  structural domain  of a  decarboxylase  enzyme from the bacterium  Staphylococcus epidermidis  ( PDB :  1G5Q \u200b) with a bound  flavin mononucleotide  cofactor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rossmann-fold-1g5q.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2120", "caption": "Aminoallyl uridine (aa-UTP)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Aminoallyl-UTP.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2121", "caption": "Hierarchically clustered heat map using aa-dUTPs [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heatmap_using_aminoallyl_nucleotide.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2122", "caption": "Process of preparing amino-allyl labeled cDNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Process_of_preparing_amino_allyl-labelled_cD_3c6d44bf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2123", "caption": "Chemical structures of other BNAs that were synthesized in the past years as indicated below the structures.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BNAH6.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2124", "caption": "Chemical structures of BNAs were introduced in 2007 by Imanishi's group. [ 7 ]  These new generation of BNAs analogues are called 2',4'-BNA NC [NH], 2',4'-BNA NC [NMe], and 2',4'-BNA NC [NBn].", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BNAH8.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2125", "caption": "Makoto Koizumi in 2004 reviewed the properties of BNAs with focus on ENAs as antisense and antigen oligonucleotides (AONs) and proposed an action mechanism for these compounds that may involve translation arrest, mRNA degradation mediated by RNase H and splicing arrest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BNAH9.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2126", "caption": "Synthesis of Cangrelor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cangrelor_synthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2127", "caption": "The CDP-choline pathway; enzymes named in green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Enzymes_of_the_CDP-choline_pathway.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2128", "caption": "Enzymes involved in reactions are identified by numbers. See file description.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Synthesis_of_choline_from_citicoline.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2129", "caption": "cAMP represented in three ways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CAMP.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2130", "caption": "Adenosine triphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ATP_structure_revised.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2131", "caption": "Cyclic di-AMP crystal structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cyclic_di-AMP_imaged_using_PyMOL.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2132", "caption": "c-di-AMP synthesis and degradation reaction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-C-di-AMP_synthesis_and_degradation_reaction._4c88f37c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2133", "caption": "Ball and Stick model of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate molecule, Color code: Carbon, C: black Hydrogen, H: white Oxygen, O: red Nitrogen, N: blue \u2009 Phosphorus, P: orange.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/224px-Cyclic-guanosine-monophosphate-anion-ball-an_a50d2b11.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2134", "caption": "Schematic of cGMP and a broad overview of its effects", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/375px-Schematic_of_cGMP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2135", "caption": "role of PKG in cellular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CGMP-Rezeptoren.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2136", "caption": "Cyclic adenosine monophosphate .  The cyclic portion refers to the two single bonds between the  phosphate  group and the  ribose", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate-2D-skeletal.p_fc441f03.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2137", "caption": "Cyclic guanosine monophosphate .  The cyclic portion refers to the two single bonds between the  phosphate  group and the  ribose", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CGMP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2138", "caption": "Generic cyclic nucleotide biosynthesis reaction by cyclase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cyclic_nucleotide_synthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2139", "caption": "Generic hydrolysis reaction of 3' cNMP phosphodiester bond by phosphodiesterase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hydrolisis_of_3%27_cNMP_phosphodiester_bond__bacd5c3c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2140", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2141", "caption": "Molecular structure of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine triphosphate (ddATP)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dideoxyadenosine_triphosphate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2142", "caption": "Inhibition of a nucleophilic attack due to the absence of the 3'-OH Group", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dideoxy_termination_of_DNA_elongation_EN.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2143", "caption": "Reaction of FAD to form FADH 2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/422px-FAD_to_FADH2_reduction.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2144", "caption": "Approximate absorption spectrum for FAD", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Flavin_Adenine_Dinucleotide_Spectrum.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2145", "caption": "Mechanism 1. Hydride transfer occurs by addition of H +  and 2 e \u2212", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Hydride_Transfer_A.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2146", "caption": "Mechanism 2. Hydride transfer by abstraction of hydride from NADH", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Hydride_Transfer_B.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2147", "caption": "Mechanism 3. Radical formation by electron abstraction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Radical_Formation_with_FAD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2148", "caption": "Mechanism 4. The loss of hydride to electron deficient R group", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Hydride_Loss_using_FAD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2149", "caption": "Mechanism 5. Use of nucleophilic addition to break R 1 -R 2  bond", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Nucleophilic_Substitution_using_FAD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2150", "caption": "Mechanism 6. Carbon radical reacts with O 2  and acid to form H 2 O 2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Radical_Reaction_with_FAD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2151", "caption": "Indication of the origin and terminus of DNA replication on a GC skew and cumulative GC skew plot.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-GC_skew_in_Bacillus_subtilis.tif_54569bdb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2152", "caption": "Richness of G over T in the leading strand, resulting in a GC skew sign at the origin and terminus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bacteria_Bidirectional_DNA_Replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2153", "caption": "Cumulative CG and AT skew for 49 bacterial chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cgc-skew-49.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2154", "caption": "Phosphoribosylamine (PRA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phosphoribosylamine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2155", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/673px-GMP_de_novo_synthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2156", "caption": "This figure shows the pathway described: IMP synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Nucleotides_syn1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2157", "caption": "Glutamine-PRPP-amidotransferase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-PDB_1ecb_EBI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2158", "caption": "Poliovirus  genome, including an IRES.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Poliovirus_genome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2159", "caption": "5'-guanosyl-methylene-triphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-5%27-Guanylylmethylenebisphosphonate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2160", "caption": "5'-adenosyl-methylene-triphosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alpha%2Cbeta-Methyleneadenosine_5%27-triphos_2369def0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2161", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2162", "caption": "The  redox  reactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NAD_oxidation_reduction.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2163", "caption": "UV  absorption spectra of NAD +  and NADH [ image reference needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NADNADH.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2164", "caption": "Some  metabolic pathways  that synthesize and consume NAD +  in  vertebrates . [ image reference needed ]  The abbreviations are defined in the text.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-NAD_metabolism.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2165", "caption": "Salvage pathways use three precursors for NAD + .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-NA%2C_N_and_NR.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2166", "caption": "Rossmann fold  in part of the  lactate dehydrogenase  of  Cryptosporidium parvum , showing NAD +  in red, beta sheets in yellow, and alpha helices in purple [ 47 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Rossman_fold.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2167", "caption": "In this diagram, the hydride acceptor C4 carbon is shown at the top. When the nicotinamide ring lies in the plane of the page with the carboxy-amide to the right, as shown, the hydride donor lies either \"above\" or \"below\" the plane of the page. If \"above\" hydride transfer is class A, if \"below\" hydride transfer is class B. [ 56 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NAD%2B_phys_alt.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2168", "caption": "A simplified outline of redox  metabolism , showing how NAD +  and NADH link the  citric acid cycle  and  oxidative phosphorylation [ image reference needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Catabolism_schematic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2169", "caption": "The structure of  cyclic ADP-ribose", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Cyclic_ADP_ribose.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2170", "caption": "Arthur Harden , co-discoverer of NAD", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ArthurHarden.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2171", "caption": "Cell stimuli select different Ca 2+  stores by synthesising different second messengers. Shown for comparison are the ER-targeting messengers, IP 3  and cADPR.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NAADP_Overview.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2172", "caption": "Speculative pathways for NAADP synthesis and degradation. ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ARC) family members (such as CD38) can synthesise NAADP via the base-exchange reaction (NicAcid, Nicotinic Acid; NiAm, nicotinamide). NAADP may be broken down to NAAD via a Ca 2+ -sensitive phosphatase, or to 2-phosphoadenosine diphosphoribose (ADPRP) by CD38 itself. For simplicity, enzyme topology has been ignored (see below). [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-NAADP_metabolism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2173", "caption": "Simplified pathways regulating luminal Ca 2+  (left) and pH (right) in acidic organelles. Ca 2+  uptake can be mediated either by a Ca 2+ /H +  exchanger (CHX, that exploits the pH gradient) or a Ca 2+  pump (powered by ATP hydrolysis). The low luminal pH is driven by the H +  pump, the  V-ATPase , and aided by essential counterion movements, e.g. chloride uptake, that acts as a charge shunt essential for optimal proton uptake. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ca_Storage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2174", "caption": "Numbered  ribose  carbons on  cytidine .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Numbered_cytidine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2175", "caption": "The Stave Projection uses spatially distributed dots to enhance the legibility of  DNA  sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Stave_Projection.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2176", "caption": "AmbiScript uses ambigrams to reflect DNA symmetries and support the manipulation and analysis of genetic data.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-AmbiScript_Page.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2177", "caption": "Schematic showing the structure of nucleoside triphosphates. Nucleosides consist of a 5-carbon sugar (pentose) connected to a nitrogenous base through a 1' glycosidic bond. Nucleotides are nucleosides with a variable number of phosphate groups connected to the 5' carbon. Nucleoside triphosphates are a specific type of nucleotide. This figure also shows the five common nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA on the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/670px-Nucleotides_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2178", "caption": "In nucleic acid synthesis, the 3\u2019 OH of a growing chain of nucleotides attacks the \u03b1-phosphate on the next NTP to be incorporated (blue), resulting in a phosphodiester linkage and the release of pyrophosphate (PP i ). This figure shows DNA synthesis, but RNA synthesis occurs through the same mechanism.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/385px-DNA_synthesis_EN.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2179", "caption": "The energy released during hydrolysis of adenosine tripshophate (ATP), shown here, is frequently coupled with energetically unfavourable cellular reactions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Adenosintriphosphat_protoniert.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2180", "caption": "Binding of a ligand to a G protein-coupled receptor allows GTP to bind the G protein. This causes the alpha subunit to leave and act as a downstream effector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/236px-Activatoin-Adenylate_cyclase-outlined.svg.pn_3dda0521.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2181", "caption": "The salvage of pyrimidine ribonucleotides.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Pyrimidine_Ribonucleotide_Salvage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2182", "caption": "Activation of Monosaccharides", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Activatedmonosaccahride.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2183", "caption": "Structure of adenosine 5\u2032-phosphosulfate (APS).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-APSchemdraw.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2184", "caption": "General chemical structure of a phosphorimidazolide reagent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phosphorimidazolide.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2185", "caption": "Isopentenyl pyrophosphate  (IPP) and  dimethylallyl pyrophosphate  (DMAPP) condense to produce  geranyl pyrophosphate , precursor to all terpenes and terpenoids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Synthesis_of_geranyl_pyrophosphate.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2186", "caption": "Activation of remdesivir into its active triphosphate metabolite [ 33 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Remdesivir_activation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2187", "caption": "Synthesis of remdesivir in  structural formulae", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Synthesis_of_Remdesivir.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2188", "caption": "Glucose-6-phosphate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Glucose-6-phosphate-skeletal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2189", "caption": "Phytic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phytate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2190", "caption": "TNP BINDING", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TNP_BINDING.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2191", "caption": "Comparison of conventional plant breeding with  transgenic  and  cisgenic  genetic modification", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/370px-Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2192", "caption": "In 1974  Rudolf Jaenisch  created a  genetically modified mouse , the first GM animal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Jaenisch_2003_by_Sam_Ogden.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2193", "caption": "Polymerase chain reaction  is a powerful tool used in  molecular cloning .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Master_Mix_with_Primers_form_PCR.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2194", "caption": "A gene gun uses  biolistics  to insert DNA into plant tissue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Genegun.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2195", "caption": "A. tumefaciens  attaching itself to a carrot cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2196", "caption": "Knockout mice", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/PCWmice1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2197", "caption": "Human cells in which some proteins are fused with  green fluorescent protein  to allow them to be visualised", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Expression_of_Human_Wild-Type_and_P239S_Muta_abfaa75f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2198", "caption": "Bt-toxins present in  peanut  leaves (bottom image) protect it from extensive damage caused by  lesser cornstalk borer   larvae  (top image). [ 126 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Bt_plants.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2199", "caption": "An illustration of  viral vector -mediated  gene transfer  using an  adenovirus  as the vector", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Gene_therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2200", "caption": "The Editosome Complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Editosome.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2201", "caption": "The effect of uracil insertion in pre-mRNA transcripts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Insertion.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2202", "caption": "The effect of C-to-U RNA editing on the human ApoB gene", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Apobgene.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2203", "caption": "Summary of the Various Functions of RNA Editing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-RNA_Editing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2204", "caption": "An illustration of 2A peptide function: when the  CDS  of a 2A peptide is inserted between two coding sequences, the peptide will be translated into two unbound proteins, due to ribosome skipping (i.e. not due to cleavage as shown in the figure).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-2A_peptide_Working_Mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2205", "caption": "Structure of AcrIIA4 obtained with the UCSF Chimera software, [ 12 ]  where its PDB file was uploaded. [ 13 ]  Different colours were assigned to the four different secondary structures found in this protein: blue for \u03b2-strands, red for \u03b1-helices, orange for the 3 10  helix, and grey for loops. Originally, the PDB file contains the 20 lowest energy sequences (and thus, the most stable ones) superposed, one of which was randomly selected to create the figure. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AcrIIA4.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2206", "caption": "Phage-phage cooperation:  First phage infections may be unable to hamper the CRISPR immunity, but phage-phage cooperations increasingly boost Acr production and host immunosuppression, which produces an increase on the vulnerability of the host cell to reinfection, and finally allows a successful infection and spreading of a second phage.   Based on a representation found in the 17th reference.   [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Phage_cooperation_against_CRISPR_immunity.pn_1bb346bd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2207", "caption": "Diagram showing type I-F CRISPR-Cas system, as well as inhibition mechanisms of three type I-F anti-CRISPRs. Type I-F CRISPR complex is made of 60 crRNA nucleotides and nine Cas proteins (the protein type is specified by the numbers 5,8,7,6). AcrF1 goes to Cas7f, preventing target DNA access to the crRNA guide. AcrF2 interacts both with Cas8f and Cas7f, difficulting target DNA access to the binding pocket. Finally, AcrF3 forms a  homodimer , interacting with Cas3 by preventing its contact with the Cascade complex.  Based on a representation from a review found in the references below.   [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/392px-Type_I-F_CRISPR-Cas_system_and_inhibition_me_c5c7bb1f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2208", "caption": "Phage therapy  could be used against antibiotic resistance, as bacteriophages can kill bacteria, and cure an infection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phage_therapy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2209", "caption": "Phage therapy is a good alternative to the use of antibiotics, but some bacteria have CRISPR-Cas systems. Nevertheless, if phages had Acr proteins, they would inhibit the CRISPR-Cas immune system and infect the cell. At the end of the phage reproduction cycle, which takes place inside bacteria, new phages would be released, provoking the cell lysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Anti-Crispr_Phage_Therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2210", "caption": "Angora goat at the Texas State Fair.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Angoragoat2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2211", "caption": "Anatomy of a bioreporter organism.  Upon exposure to a specific analyte, the promoter/reporter gene complex is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then translated into a reporter protein that is ultimately responsible for generating a signal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Bioreporter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2212", "caption": "Bioluminescence emitted from colonies of microbial cells containing the genes for bacterial luciferase.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Biolumplate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2213", "caption": "Positive-pressure biosafety suit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Positive-pressure_biosafety_suit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2214", "caption": "International Biohazard Warning Symbol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-International_Biohazard_Warning_Symbol.svg.p_072f8053.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2215", "caption": "Color overlay showing constituent parts of Blasticidin S", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-Blasticidin_S_Chemistry.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2216", "caption": "The  Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology  in Berlin, Germany", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MPI_f%C3%BCr_Infektionsbiologie%2C_Berlin_%2_54d5afa3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2217", "caption": "Emmanuelle Charpentier in the Senate Chamber of York University in 2016, after giving her Gairdner Foundation International Award Lecture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dr_Emmanuelle_Charpentier_at_York_University_bed4b979.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2218", "caption": "Schematic of chemically induced dimerization.  Two proteins that do not normally interact (top) bind in the presence of a dimerizing agent (bottom).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chemically_induced_dimerization.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2219", "caption": "Potatoes after treatment with  Phytophthora infestans . The normal potatoes have blight but the cisgenic potatoes are healthy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Cisgenicpotatoes.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2220", "caption": "A diagram comparing the genetic changes achieved through conventional plant breeding, transgenesis and cisgenesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/700px-Breeding_transgenesis_cisgenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2221", "caption": "Diagram showing how to generate a conditional knockout mouse: A mouse containing the Cre gene and a mouse containing the lox gene were bred to generate a conditional knockout for a particular gene of interest. The mice do not naturally express Cre recombinase or lox sites, but they have been engineered to express these gene products to create the desirable offspring.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Conditional_Knockout_Mouse.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2222", "caption": "Scheme of DNA cloning in a cosmid vector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Cosmid_%28English%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2223", "caption": "Diagram of the CRISPR prokaryotic antiviral defense mechanism [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Crispr.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2224", "caption": "Simplified diagram of a CRISPR locus. The three major components of a CRISPR locus are shown:  cas  genes, a leader sequence, and a repeat-spacer array. Repeats are shown as gray boxes and spacers are colored bars. The arrangement of the three components is not always as shown. [ 29 ] [ 30 ]  In addition, several CRISPRs with similar sequences can be present in a single genome, only one of which is associated with  cas  genes. [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SimpleCRISPR.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2225", "caption": "A diagram of the CRISPR nucleases  Cas12a  and  Cas9  with the position of DNA cleavage shown relative to their  PAM sequences  in a zoom-in", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cas12a_vs_Cas9_cleavage_position.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2226", "caption": "The stages of CRISPR immunity for each of the three major types of adaptive immunity.  (1) Acquisition begins by recognition of invading DNA by  Cas1  and Cas2 and cleavage of a protospacer.  (2) The protospacer is ligated to the direct repeat adjacent to the leader sequence and  (3) single strand extension repairs the CRISPR and duplicates the direct repeat. The crRNA processing and interference stages occur differently in each of the three major CRISPR systems.  (4) The primary CRISPR transcript is cleaved by cas genes to produce crRNAs.  (5) In type I systems Cas6e/Cas6f cleave at the junction of ssRNA and dsRNA formed by hairpin loops in the direct repeat. Type II systems use a trans-activating (tracr) RNA to form dsRNA, which is cleaved by  Cas9  and RNaseIII. Type III systems use a Cas6 homolog that does not require hairpin loops in the direct repeat for cleavage.  (6) In type II and type III systems secondary trimming is performed at either the 5' or 3' end to produce mature crRNAs.  (7) Mature crRNAs associate with Cas proteins to form interference complexes.  (8) In type I and type II systems, interactions between the protein and PAM sequence are required for degradation of invading DNA. Type III systems do not require a PAM for successful degradation and in type III-A systems basepairing occurs between the crRNA and mRNA rather than the DNA, targeted by type III-B systems.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_Stages_of_CRISPR_immunity.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2227", "caption": "The CRISPR genetic locus provides bacteria with a defense mechanism to protect them from repeated phage infections.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-12_Hegasy_Cas9_Immun_Wiki_E_CCBYSA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2228", "caption": "Transcripts of the CRISPR Genetic Locus and Maturation of pre-crRNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-13_Hegasy_CRISPR_pre_crRNA_Wiki_E_CCBYSA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2229", "caption": "3D structure of the CRISPR-Cas9 interference complex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-14_Hegasy_Cas9_3D_Complex_Wiki_E_CCBYSA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2230", "caption": "CRISPR-Cas9 as a molecular tool introduces targeted double strand DNA breaks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-15_Hegasy_Cas9_DNA_Tool_Wiki_E_CCBYSA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2231", "caption": "Double-strand DNA breaks introduced by CRISPR-Cas9 allows further genetic manipulation by exploiting endogenous DNA repair mechanisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-16_Hegasy_DNA_Rep_Wiki_E_CCBYSA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2232", "caption": "Complementary base pairing between the sgRNA and genomic DNA allows targeting of Cas9 or dCas9", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/444px-Schematic_Structure_of_the_Cas9-sgRNA-DNA_Te_b1ba4663.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2233", "caption": "The dCas9-VPR activator increases transcription at the gene that it targets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DCas9-VPR_activator.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2234", "caption": "The dCas-SAM system uses msgRNA that has attached aptamers for different transcriptional factors (MS2,p65 and HSF1) to bind.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DCas_SAM_system.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2235", "caption": "The use of the Suntag system allows multiple antibodies fused to VP64 to bind to dCas9-Suntag. That in turn recruits RNA polymerase and increases gene expression.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DCas9_Suntag_Activator_%282%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2236", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cas-gRNA_Mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2237", "caption": "Cas12a and Cas9 nucleases and their DNA cleavage positions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cas12a_vs_Cas9_cleavage_position.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2238", "caption": "CRISPR-Cas9", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GRNA-Cas9.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2239", "caption": "DNA repair after double-stranded break", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-DNA_Repair.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2240", "caption": "Overview of CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid construction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-CRISPR_overview_-_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2241", "caption": "Overview of the transfection and DNA cleaving by CRISPR-Cas9 (crRNA and tracrRNA are often joined as a single strand of RNA when designing a plasmid) [ 58 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-CRISPR_transfection.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2242", "caption": "Different CRISPR DNA nucleases with their PAM and size", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-PAMs_of_different_CRISPR_nucleases.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2243", "caption": "Simplified flowchart for CRISPR based diagnostics like SHERLOCK [ 218 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CRISPR_diagnostics_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2244", "caption": "Schematic flowchart of molecular detection methods for COVID-19 virus [ 219 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-F2._CRISPR.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2245", "caption": "A dead Cas9 protein coupled with epigenetic modifiers which are used to repress certain genome sequences rather than cutting it all together [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Dead-Cas9_potential_applications.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2246", "caption": "A visual overview of how TALE proteins are used for epigenome editing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Epigenome_editing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2247", "caption": "Transcription activator assay  used to verify sgRNA/Cas9 complex targeting activity, and the proper integrity of the added RNA module. Direct activation: The transcription activator, VP64, is fused to the Cas9 protein, so proper targeting of the complex results in reporter gene activation. Bridged activation: VP64 is fused to PP7, which recognizes and binds a sequence in the RNA module when the RNA module is properly folded.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Transcription_activator_assay.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2248", "caption": "CRISPR-Display allows addition of RNA modules to the sgRNA for a range of functionalities, such as ectopic lncRNA localization, recruitment of endogenous or engineered RNA binding proteins for gene regulation, or affinity tagging for live cell imaging. The functions can be performed simultaneous in the same cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CRISPR-Display_applications.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2249", "caption": "Process of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.  In vitro  fertilisation involves either incubation of sperm and oocyte together, or injection of sperm directly into the oocyte. PCR - polymerase chain reaction, FISH - fluorescent  in situ  hybridisation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-PGD_process.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2250", "caption": "CRISPR-Cas9. PAM (Protospacer Adjacent Motif) is required for target binding.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GRNA-Cas9-colourfriendly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2251", "caption": "DNA repair after double-strand break", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-DNA_Repair-colourfriendly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2252", "caption": "He Jiankui speaking at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing, November 2018", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-He_Jiankui_at_Second_International_Summit_on_d0f4465f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2253", "caption": "Figure 1: A ddRNAi construct encoding a shRNA is packaged into a delivery  vector  (or reagent) tailored to target specific cells. Inside the cell, the  DNA  is transported to the  nucleus  where  transcription  machinery continually manufactures the encoded RNAs. The shRNA molecules are then processed by endogenous systems before entering the  RNAi  pathway and silencing the desired genes. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-DdRNAi_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2254", "caption": "Figure 2: ddRNAi DNA constructs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DdRNAi_constructs_jpg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2255", "caption": "A visual overview of how TALE proteins are used for epigenome editing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Epigenome_editing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2256", "caption": "Cornfield ( Zea mays  subsp.  mays ))", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-ZeaMays.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2257", "caption": "Wheat ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Triticum_aestivum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2258", "caption": "The Four Core Genotypes mouse model produces four types of offspring. Mice with ovaries (green) can have XX or XY sex chromosomes. Mice with testes (orange) can have XX or XY sex chromosomes. A difference in phenotype in mice with different sex chromosomes (XX vs. XY) shows a sex chromosome effect. A difference in phenotype in mice with different type of gonad shows the effects of gonadal hormones.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Revised_figure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2259", "caption": "Bacterial transformation involves moving a gene from one bacteria to another. It is integrated into the recipients plasmid. and can then be expressed by the new host.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bacterial_Transformation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2260", "caption": "A gene gun uses  biolistics  to insert DNA into plant tissue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genegun.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2261", "caption": "A. tumefaciens  attaching itself to a carrot cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Agrobacterium-tumefaciens.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2262", "caption": "In 1974,  Rudolf Jaenisch  created the first GM animal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Jaenisch_2003_by_Sam_Ogden.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2263", "caption": "Some  chimeras , like the blotched mouse shown, are created through genetic modification techniques like  gene targeting .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ChimericMouseWithPups.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2264", "caption": "Transgenic pig for cheese production", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Museum_-_Exh_700a7c4b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2265", "caption": "Herman the Bull on display in  Naturalis Biodiversity Center", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-StierHerman-PeterMaasNaturalis2008.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2266", "caption": "Animal welfare and ethics resources", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-123px-Animal_welfare_and_ethics_resources_fo_e2c7bd87.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2267", "caption": "Plants ( Solanum chacoense ) being transformed using agrobacterium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Transformation_with_Agrobacterium.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2268", "caption": "Transgenic maize  containing a gene from the bacteria  Bacillus thuringiensis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Btcornafrica.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2269", "caption": "Genetically modified  King Edward potato  (right) next to King Edward which has not been genetically modified (left). Research field belonging to the  Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  in 2019.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%C3%84lskade_kn%C3%B6l_%E2%80%93_utflykt_med_59c43143.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2270", "caption": "GM crops production in the World (ISAAA Brief 2019)  \u00a0 \u00a0More than 10 million hectares   \u00a0 \u00a0Between 50,000 and 10 million hectares   \u00a0 \u00a0Less than 50,000 hectares   \u00a0 \u00a0No biotech crops", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-World_map_GMO_production.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2271", "caption": "Land area used for genetically modified crops by country (1996\u20132009), in millions of hectares. In 2011, the land area used was 160 million hectares, or 1.6 million square kilometers. [ 54 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Gmo_acreage_world_2009.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2272", "caption": "Three views of a papaya, cultivar \"Sunset\", which was genetically modified to create the cultivar 'SunUp', which is resistant to  Papaya ringspot virus [ 106 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Papaya_sunset.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2273", "caption": "Plums  genetically engineered for resistance to  plum pox , a disease carried by  aphids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-C5_plum_pox_resistant_plum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2274", "caption": "Golden rice is genetically modified for an increased nutrient level, which has a different color and vitamin A content.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Golden_Rice.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2275", "caption": "Green: Mandatory labeling required; Red: Ban on import and cultivation of genetically engineered food.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetically_Engineered_%28GE%29_Food_labelin_7c63a890.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2276", "caption": "Application of genetically modified food throughout the globe.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Use_of_GM_crops_throughout_the_globe.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2277", "caption": "The genetically modified mouse in which a gene affecting hair growth has been knocked out (left) shown next to a normal lab mouse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Knockout_Mice5006-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2278", "caption": "Transgenic mice expressing  green fluorescent protein , which glows green under blue light. The central mouse is  wild-type .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GFP_Mice_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2279", "caption": "Suntory \"blue\" rose", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blue_Rose_APPLAUSE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2280", "caption": "Kenyans examining insect-resistant transgenic  Bt  corn", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Btcornafrica.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2281", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/GluSniffer_Scheme.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2282", "caption": "A  double helix  of natural DNA.  Hachimoji DNA adopts a similar structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/DNA_animation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2283", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-5-aza-7-deazaguanine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2284", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-6-Amino-5-nitropyridin-2-one.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2285", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Isoguanine_vector.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2286", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Isocytosine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2287", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/75px-1-Methylcytosine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2288", "caption": "An artist's impression of a  humanzee , or chimpanzee-human hybrid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chuman.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2289", "caption": "President   George W. Bush , pictured here in 2008 with then  Interior Secretary   Dirk Kempthorne  to his side, has advocated for increased  regulation of genetic engineering , including on research mixing animal and human elements.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_spe_2cdff368.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2290", "caption": "The pig-like hybrid being  Zhu Bajie , pictured in this piece of  fan art , plays a major role in the famous  Ming dynasty  era religious novel  Journey to the West .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%E8%B1%AC%E5%85%AB%E6%88%92%E6%96%AC%E5%A6%9_05c6f3e4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2291", "caption": "This image depicts a set of  Tanuki  statues on the side of a Japanese road.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tanuki-statues.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2292", "caption": "Ganesha , who has an  elephant 's head, is one of the most revered entities in the  Hindu pantheon .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost__43fa164d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2293", "caption": "Human mitochondrial genome showing hypervariable regions I to III (green boxes) located in the control region (CR; grey box).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg.pn_99788929.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2294", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/ICGEB_seal.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2295", "caption": "18th Transgenic Technology Meeting 2023 in Houston, USA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-18th_Transgenic_Technology_Meeting.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2296", "caption": "Wild-type  Physcomitrella  and knockout mosses: Deviating  phenotypes  induced in gene-disruption library transformants.  Physcomitrella  wild-type and transformed plants were grown on minimal Knop medium to induce differentiation and development of  gametophores . For each plant, an overview (upper row; scale bar corresponds to 1 mm) and a close-up (bottom row; scale bar equals 0.5 mm) are shown. A: Haploid wild-type moss plant completely covered with leafy gametophores and close-up of wild-type leaf. B\u2013E: Different mutants. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Physcomitrella_knockout_mutants.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2297", "caption": "The technique utilizes native  ADAR  enzymes (pictured with RNA).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Protein_ADAR_PDB_1qbj.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2298", "caption": "LEAPER-mediated RNA Editing [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-LEAPER.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2299", "caption": "Site saturation mutagenesis  is a type of  site-directed mutagenesis . This image shows the saturation mutagenesis of a single position in a theoretical 10-residue protein. The wild type version of the protein is shown at the top, with M representing the first amino acid methionine, and * representing the termination of translation. All 19 mutants of the isoleucine at position 5 are shown below.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Site_saturation_mutagenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2300", "caption": "How DNA libraries generated by  random mutagenesis  sample sequence space. The amino acid substituted into a given position is shown. Each dot or set of connected dots is one member of the library. Error-prone PCR randomly mutates some residues to other amino acids. Alanine scanning replaces each residue of the protein with alanine, one-by-one. Site saturation substitutes each of the 20 possible amino acids (or some subset of them) at a single position, one-by-one.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-How_random_DNA_libraries_sample_sequen_8530d5bc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2301", "caption": "Depiction of one common way to clone a site-directed mutagenesis library (i.e., using degenerate oligos). The gene of interest is PCRed with oligos that contain a region that is perfectly complementary to the template (blue), and one that differs from the template by one or more nucleotides (red). Many such primers containing degeneracy in the non-complementary region are pooled into the same PCR, resulting in many different PCR products with different mutations in that region (individual mutants shown with different colors below).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Site-directed_mutagenesis_library_clon_f470f1ed.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2302", "caption": "Workflow for screening a synthetic library to identify cells producing a chemical of interest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Applying_synthetic_biology_tools_to_optimize_3d04d965.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2303", "caption": "Ganesha, with Elephant's head", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost__fd30acc4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2304", "caption": "Horus, with Falcon's head", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Horus_%28based_on_reliefs%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2305", "caption": "A  medieval  depiction of a harpy as a bird-woman", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Harpyie.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2306", "caption": "'Gajasimha', Museum of Cham Sculpture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-%27Gajasimha%27%2C_Museum_of_Cham_Sculpture._50682841.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2307", "caption": "A nure-onna as depicted in Sawaki Suushi's  Hyakkai-Zukan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Suushi_Nure-onna.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2308", "caption": "A Centaur fighting a man", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_Parthenon_sculptures%2C_British_Museum_%_61981d7c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2309", "caption": "Pegasus, as the horse of Muses, was put on the roof of  Pozna\u0144 Opera House  ( Max Littmann , 1910)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Pegaz_Opera_Pozna%C5%84.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2310", "caption": "Detail of the embroidered dress of an Apkallu, showing a pair of 4-legged winged animals. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_an_Apkall_5cd296c8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2311", "caption": "Satyr men, satyr women, and satyr children.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_011.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2312", "caption": "Garuda carrying his master Vishnu. Garuda has an eagle's head, wings and legs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Vishnu_on_Garuda.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2313", "caption": "Assyrian   lamassu  dated 721, BCE Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_headed_winged_bull_facing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2314", "caption": "Horns of a  goat  and a  ram , goat's fur and ears, nose and canines of a  pig , and mouth of a  dog , a typical depiction of the devil in  Christian art . The goat, ram, dog and pig are animals consistently associated with the Devil. [ 17 ]  Detail of a 16th-century painting by  Jacob de Backer  in the  National Museum  in  Warsaw .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Backer_Judgment_%28detail%29.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2315", "caption": "Navagunjara, has limb representing eight animals, including a human hand.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Jagannath_as_a_monstrous_beast%2C_with_a_hum_95662e50.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2316", "caption": "Cecaelia is a half human, half octopus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Octogirl_Pixel_art.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2317", "caption": "This image shows how OE-PCR might be utilized to splice two DNA sequences (red and blue). The arrows represent the 3' ends", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Splicing_by_Overlap_Extension_PCR.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2318", "caption": "This image shows how OE-PCR might be utilized to delete a sequence from a DNA strand", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Overlap_extension_polymerase_chain_reaction._b2d7d2af.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2319", "caption": "The image depicts the 3 main steps of OE-PCR Reaction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-OEPCR.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2320", "caption": "Components of prime editing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Components_of_prime_editing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2321", "caption": "Prime editing mechanism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/492px-Prime_editing_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2322", "caption": "PE3 system for prime editing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PE3_system_for_prime_editing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2323", "caption": "This diagram provides a visual representation of provirus integration in the same or convergent orientation to the host gene. Generated using SnapGene\u00ae software (from Dotmatics; available at snapgene.com).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/SnapGeneOrientationDiagram-ProviralSilencing.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2324", "caption": "Schematic depicting the targeted integration of the payload between the essential gene and endogenous promoter for stable expression. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Figure1-Stable_expression_of_large_transgene_51c98206.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2325", "caption": "The law indicates that a  QR code  could suffice as a GMO label", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-QR_code_for_mobile_English_Wikipedia.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2326", "caption": "World map of GMO agriculture (hectares) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/420px-PaullHennig2019.GMOagriculture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2327", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the development process of  avian flu  vaccine by reverse genetics techniques", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-ReverseGeneticsFlu.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2328", "caption": "Wild-type  Physcomitrella patens  and  knockout mosses : Deviating  phenotypes  induced in gene-disruption library transformants.  Physcomitrella  wild-type and transformed plants were grown on minimal Knop medium to induce differentiation and development of  gametophores . For each plant, an overview (upper row; scale bar corresponds to 1 mm) and a close-up (bottom row; scale bar equals 0.5 mm) are shown. A: Haploid wild-type moss plant completely covered with leafy gametophores and close-up of wild-type leaf. B\u2013E: Different mutants. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Physcomitrella_knockout_mutants.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2329", "caption": "A schematic representation of one timestamp with repetitive RNA motifs and MS2 binding sites. Adenosines gradually convert to inosines and are ultimately read as guanosines after RNA-sequencing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Schematic_representation_of_RNA_timestamp_A-_5556e7a6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2330", "caption": "A workflow schematic of RNA timestamps represented in 4 steps (adapted from image by Rodriques et al.)  [ 1 ]   1- depicts tagging the RNA of interest. 2-shows the RNA timestamp: three MS2 binding domains with repetitive adenosine editing regions that ADARcd2 (shown as ADAR) binds in order to convert A-to-I overtime. 3 & 4 - analysis steps.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/660px-Schematic_of_RNA_timestamp_workflow%2C_4_ste_4c22e234.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2331", "caption": "Tyr- and Ser-SSRs from prokaryotes  (phages; grey)  and eukaryotes  (yeasts; brown); a comprehensive overview (including references) can be found in. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/755px-Classification_of_site-specific_recombinases_fd15a725.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2332", "caption": "Recombination patterns depending on recombinase (sub-)family and target-site orientation.   GOI, \"gene of interest\"; [+/-], a positive-negative selection marker such as the hygtk-fusion gene. Note that interaction of two identical substrate sites (loxP x loxP or FRT x FRT) leads to products of the same composition, whereas recombination of two non-identical educts leads to two different hybrid sites (attP x attB \u2192 attR + attL)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Fig2A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2333", "caption": "A unified \"tag-&-exchange strategy.  Tag-and-exchange strategy relying on homologous recombination (HR; tagging step) followed by RMCE (SSR; exchange step). The figure illustrates analogous double-reciprocal crossover principles for HR and RMCE, the major difference being the dramatically different requirements for homologous sequences, which are in the kb-range for HR but as short as ~50 bp for SSRs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/520px-Fig3_Tag_%26_Exchange.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2334", "caption": "Fused protoplast (left) with chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) and coloured vacuole (from a petal)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Protoplast_fusion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2335", "caption": "Polymerase Cycling Assembly. Blue arrows represent oligonucleotides 40 to 60 bp with overlapping regions of about 20 bp. The cycle is repeated until the final genome is constructed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PCA_illustrated_by_Nivin_Nasri_%28edited%29._e33f9ac5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2336", "caption": "Gibson Assembly Method. The blue arrows represent DNA cassettes, which could be any size, 6 kb each for example. The orange segments represent areas of identical DNA sequences. This process can be carried out with multiple initial cassettes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GAM_illustrated_by_Nivin_Nasri.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2337", "caption": "Gap Repair Cloning. The blue arrows represent DNA contigs. Segments of the same colour represent complementary or identical sequences. Specialized primers with extensions are used in a polymerase chain reaction to generate regions of homology at the terminal ends of the DNA contigs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GRC_illustrated_by_Nivin_Nasri.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2338", "caption": "Transformation-Associated Recombination. Cross over events occur between regions of homology across the cassettes and YAC vector, thereby connecting the smaller DNA sequences into one larger contig.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TAR_illustrated_by_Nivin_Nasri_%28edited%29._cd3cc44b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2339", "caption": "Polymerase Cycling Assembly. Blue arrows represent oligonucleotides 40 to 60 bp with overlapping regions of about 20 bp. The cycle is repeated until the final genome is constructed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PCA_illustrated_by_Nivin_Nasri_%28edited%29._e33f9ac5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2340", "caption": "Gibson assembly method. The blue arrows represent DNA cassettes, which could be any size, 6 kb each for example. The orange segments represent areas of identical DNA sequences. This process can be carried out with multiple initial cassettes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GAM_illustrated_by_Nivin_Nasri.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2341", "caption": "Gap Repair Cloning. The blue arrows represent DNA contigs. Segments of the same colour represent complementary or identical sequences. Specialized primers with extensions are used in a polymerase chain reaction to generate regions of homology at the terminal ends of the DNA contigs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GRC_illustrated_by_Nivin_Nasri.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2342", "caption": "Transformation-Associated Recombination. Cross over events occur between regions of homology across the cassettes and YAC vector, thereby connecting the smaller DNA sequences into one larger contig.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-TAR_illustrated_by_Nivin_Nasri_%28edited%29._cd3cc44b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2343", "caption": "Toehold mediated strand displacement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Toehold_mediated_strand_displacement.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2344", "caption": "Spacefill drawing of dimeric TALE-FokI fusion (blue: TALE; green: FokI) bound to DNA ( PDB :  1FOK ,  3UGM \u200b), by David Goodsell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-180-TALEffectors_TALEN.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2345", "caption": "Workflow of genome editing of Your Favorite Gene (YFG) using TALEN. The target sequence is identified, a corresponding TALEN sequence is engineered and inserted into a plasmid. The plasmid is inserted into the target cell where it is translated to produce the functional TALEN, which enters the nucleus and binds and cleaves the target sequence. Depending on the application, this can be used to introduce an error (to knock out a target gene) or to introduce a new DNA sequence into the target gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-TALEN_copy.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2346", "caption": "Julian Huxley , the biologist who popularised the term  transhumanism  in an influential 1957 essay [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Hux-Oxon-72.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2347", "caption": "Ray Kurzweil  believes that a countdown to when \" human life will be irreversibly transformed \" can be made through plotting major world events on a graph.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-PPTCountdowntoSingularityLog.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2348", "caption": "In the U.S., the  Amish  are a religious group most known for their avoidance of certain modern technologies. Transhumanists draw a parallel by arguing that in the near-future there will probably be \"humanish\", people who choose to \"stay human\" by not adopting human enhancement technologies. They believe their choice must be respected and protected. [ 146 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Amish_vs_modern_transportation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2349", "caption": "Plastid examples", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/283px-Plastids_types_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2350", "caption": "Plant gene cassette schematic for plant transplastomics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/325px-Plant_Gene_Cassette_Schematic_for_Plant_Tran_935a6a9a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2351", "caption": "Example of a tomato plant grafting for agricultural purposes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/172px-Tomato_graft_union.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2352", "caption": "Nicotiana tobacco plant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_beb28761.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2353", "caption": "Potato beetle larvae", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/266px-Potato_beetle_larvae.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2354", "caption": "Artist impression of an aurochs bull found in  Braunschweig ,  Germany .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Aurochs_reconstruction.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2355", "caption": "Aurochs in a cave painting in Lascaux, France", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lascaux_painting.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2356", "caption": "The former distribution range of the Aurochs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bos_primigenius_map.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2357", "caption": "Site of a vaccinia injection, several days later.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Smallpox_vaccine_site.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2358", "caption": "1950s US smallpox vaccine, produced by the National Drug Company in Philadelphia from  vaccinia [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Smallpox_vaccine_USP.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2359", "caption": "Gene therapy using an  adenovirus  vector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gene_therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2360", "caption": "CCTV for low vision", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Closed-circuit_television_%28CCTV%29_for_low_8a49f0f7.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2361", "caption": "Base pairing: Two  base pairs  are produced by four nucleotide monomers, nucleobases are  in blue . Guanine (G) is paired with cytosine (C) via  three   hydrogen bonds ,  in red . Adenine (A) is paired with uracil (U) via  two  hydrogen bonds,  in red .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-AGCT_RNA_mini.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2362", "caption": "Purine nucleobases are fused-ring molecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/230px-Blausen_0323_DNA_Purines.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2363", "caption": "Pyrimidine nucleobases are simple ring molecules.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/230px-Blausen_0324_DNA_Pyrimidines.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2364", "caption": "Chemical structure of DNA, showing four nucleobase pairs produced by eight nucleotides: adenine (A) is joined to thymine (T), and guanine (G) is joined to cytosine (C). +\u00a0This structure also shows the  directionality  of each of the two phosphate-deoxyribose backbones, or strands. The 5' to 3' ( read  \"5 prime to 3 prime\") directions are:  down  the strand on the left, and  up  the strand on the right. The strands twist around each other to form a double helix structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2365", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Adenine-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2366", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Adenine-3D-vdW.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2367", "caption": "Adenine structure, with standard numbering of positions in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Adenine_numbered.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2368", "caption": "Adenine on Crick and Watson's DNA molecular model, 1953. The picture is shown upside down compared to most modern drawings of adenine, such as those used in this article.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Template_from_Crick_and_Watson%E2%80%99s_DNA_48497d7b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2369", "caption": "Hydrogen bonding (dashed lines) between unnatural bases in hachimoji DNA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/900px-Hachimoji_DNA_new_base_pairs.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2370", "caption": "The biosynthesis of base J.  A : thymidine hydroxylase;  B : beta-glucosyltranferase;  1 : dT (desoxy thymidine);  2 : HOCH3dU;  3 : dJ", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Synthesis_of_D-glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil_8dc6dc29.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2371", "caption": "The chemical structure of DNA base-pairs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-DNA_base-pair_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2372", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human. The blue scale to the left of each nuclear chromosome pair (as well as the  mitochondrial genome  at bottom left) shows its length in terms of mega\u2013base-pairs. Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2373", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/520px-5-Bromouracil_bp.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2374", "caption": "Mutagenesis by 5BU", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-5bu_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2375", "caption": "DiampurineT DNA base pair", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DiampurineT_DNA_base_pair.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2376", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2377", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Guanine-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2378", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Guanine-3D-vdW.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2379", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2380", "caption": "Isoguanine-Isocytosine-base-pair", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/260px-Isoguanine-Isocytosine-Base_pair_V2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2381", "caption": "Synthesis of isocytosine from malic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/660px-Synthesis_Isocytosine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2382", "caption": "Tautomerism of isocytosine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Tautomerisation_of_isocytosine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2383", "caption": "Deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Deamination_5-Methylcytosine_to_Thymine.svg._fff7e0ad.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2384", "caption": "Addition of methyl group to cytosine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-595px-DNMT_reaction_mechanism.tif.p_16b29cbc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2385", "caption": "Methylthiouracil synthesis: [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/700px-Methylthiouracil_synthesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2386", "caption": "Thyroid hormone synthesis , with the oxidation step labeled at center-left.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Thyroid_hormone_synthesis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2387", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Thymine-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2388", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Thymine-3D-vdW.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2389", "caption": "Ball-and-stick model of uracil", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Uracil-3D-balls.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2390", "caption": "Space-filling model of uracil", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/110px-Uracil-3D-vdW.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2391", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2392", "caption": "Uracil  tautomers :  Amide  or  lactam  structure (left) and  imide  or  lactim  structure (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Uracil_tautomers.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2393", "caption": "Chemical structure of uridine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Uridin.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2394", "caption": "Epigenetic mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2395", "caption": "Number of patent families and non-patent documents with the term \"epigenetic*\" by publication year", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-EpigenByYear_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2396", "caption": "DNA associates with histone proteins to form chromatin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nucleosome_1KX5_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2397", "caption": "Some acetylations and some methylations of lysines (symbol K) are activation signals for transcription when present on a  nucleosome , as shown in the top figure.   Some methylations on lysines or arginine (R) are repression signals for transcription when present on a  nucleosome , as shown in the bottom figure.   Nucleosomes  consist of four pairs of  histone  proteins in a tightly assembled core region plus up to 30% of each histone remaining in a loosely organized tail [ 34 ]  (only one tail of each pair is shown). DNA is wrapped around the histone core proteins in  chromatin . The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein.  Methylations  [Me], and  acetylations  [Ac] are common  post-translational modifications  on the lysines of the histone tails.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Histone_tails_set_for_transcriptional_activa_f526af8d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2398", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Histone_tails_set_for_transcriptional_repres_811f3aa1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2399", "caption": "Initiation of  DNA demethylation  at a  CpG site . In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides ( CpG sites ), forming  5-methylcytosine -pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming  8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine  (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site. The  base excision repair  enzyme  OGG1  targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits  TET1  and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG. This initiates demethylation of 5mC. [ 100 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_4f725c14.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2400", "caption": "including medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Brain_regions_in_memory_formation_updated.jp_41949f96.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2401", "caption": "Cytosine and 5-methylcytosine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cytosine_and_5-methylcytosine.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2402", "caption": "Escherichia coli  bacteria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Escherichia_coli_flagella_TEM.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2403", "caption": "Summary of the role of  TET enzymes  and  5-hydroxymethylcytosine  (5hmC) in mammalian neurobiology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-TET_enzymes_and_5hmC_in_epigenetic_regulatio_fbc16044.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2404", "caption": "a. Each row represents a CpG probe (binding to each  CpG site  where  DNA demethylation  can occur), and each column represents an individual's sample. The color scale from blue to red indicates the  DNA methylation  level, ranging from 0 (no methylation) to 1 (fully methylated). The episignatures of  pathogenic  TET3 mutations display DNA hypermethylation in comparison to  matched  and family  controls . b.  Multidimensional scaling  was performed to stratify TET3  variants of uncertain significance  (VUS) as either pathogenic or benign, based on their episignatures. Note:  bi-allelic  (BA); mono-allelic (MA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Beck%E2%80%93Fahrner_syndrome_or_TET3_defici_b60d1e3d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2405", "caption": "Figure 1: Outline of bisulfite conversion of sample sequence of genomic DNA. Nucleotides in blue are unmethylated cytosines converted to uracils by bisulfite, while red nucleotides are 5-methylcytosines resistant to conversion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Wiki_Bisulfite_sequencing_Figure_1_small.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2406", "caption": "Figure 2: Outline of the chemical reaction that underlies the bisulfite-catalyzed conversion of cytosine to uracil.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Bisulfite_conversion.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2407", "caption": "Figure 3: DNA methylation analysis methods not based on methylation-specific PCR. Following bisulfite conversion, the genomic DNA is amplified with PCR that does not discriminate between methylated and non-methylated sequences. The numerous methods available are then used to make the discrimination based on the changes within the amplicon as a result of bisulfite conversion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Wiki_Bisulfite_sequencing_Figure_2_small.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2408", "caption": "Figure 4: Methylation-specific PCR is a sensitive method to discriminately amplify and detect a methylated region of interest using methylated-specific primers on bisulfite-converted genomic DNA.  Such primers will anneal only to sequences that are methylated, and thus containing  5-methylcytosines  that are resistant to conversion by bisulfite.  In alternative fashion, unmethylated-specific primers can be used.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Wiki_Bisulfite_sequencing_Figure_3_small.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2409", "caption": "Epigenetics patterns in a normal and cancer cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Normal-cancer-epigenome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2410", "caption": "Epigenetic alterations in tumour progression", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_alterations_in_tumour_progression_9fcbe8f6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2411", "caption": "A  DNA  molecule fragment that is methylated at two cytosines", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_methylation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2412", "caption": "A chart of common DNA damaging agents, examples of lesions they cause in DNA, and pathways used to repair these lesions. Also shown are many of the genes in these pathways, an indication of which genes are epigenetically regulated to have reduced (or increased) expression in various cancers. It also shows genes in the error prone microhomology-mediated end joining pathway with increased expression in various cancers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-DNA_damage%2C_repair%2C_alteration_of_repair_5a325c76.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2413", "caption": "decitabine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Decitabine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2414", "caption": "Steps in nucleosome assembly. CAF-1 is shown in yellow interacting with the H3-H4 tetramer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Steps_in_nucleosome_assembly.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2415", "caption": "Chromatin organization: The basic unit of chromatin organization is the nucleosome, which comprises 147 bp of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. The level of nucleosomal packaging can have profound consequences on all DNA-mediated processes including gene regulation. Euchromatin (loose or open chromatin) structure is permissible for transcription whereas heterochromatin (tight or closed chromatin) is more compact and refractory to factors that need to gain access to the DNA template. Nucleosome positioning and chromatin compaction can be influenced by a wide range of processes including modification to both histones and DNA and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Sha-Boyer-Fig1-CCBy3.0.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2416", "caption": "INO80 stabilizes replication forks and counteracts mislocalization of H2A.Z", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-INO80_stabilizes_replication_forks_and_count_689cc469.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2417", "caption": "Chromatin remodeling complexes in the dynamic regulation of transcription: In the presence of acetylated histones (HAT mediated) and absence of methylase (HMT) activity, chromatin is loosely packaged. Additional nucleosome repositioning by chromatin remodeler complex,  SWI/SNF  opens up DNA region where transcription machinery proteins, like RNA Pol II, transcription factors and co-activators bind to turn on gene transcription. In the absence of SWI/SNF, nucleosomes can not move farther and remain tightly aligned to one another. Additional methylation by HMT and deacetylation by HDAC proteins condenses DNA around histones and thus, make DNA unavailable for binding by RNA Pol II and other activators, leading to gene silencing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Luong_LD_SA_F2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2418", "caption": "Figure 01: Functional domains of the CHD subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/560px-Functional_domains_of_the_CHD_subfamily_of_A_319c0c48.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2419", "caption": "DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that can be studied with bioinformatics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/259px-DNA_methylation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2420", "caption": "ChIP-on-chip technique", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/428px-ChIP-on-chip_wet-lab.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2421", "caption": "Pyrophosphate leaving group in a condensation reaction forming the ribose-phosphate polymer. Condensation of Adenine and Guanine forming a phosphodiester bond, the basis of the nucleic acid backbone.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_condensation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2422", "caption": "Basic units of genomic organization in bacteria and eukaryotes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Subhash_nucleoid_05.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2423", "caption": "Different levels of DNA condensation in eukaryotes. (1) Single DNA strand. (2)  Chromatin  strand (DNA with histones). (3) Chromatin during  interphase  with  centromere . (4) Two copies of condensed chromatin together during  prophase . (5) Chromosome during  metaphase .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chromatin_chromosome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2424", "caption": "DNA methylation is the addition of a  methyl  group to the DNA that happens at  cytosine . The image shows a cytosine single ring base and a methyl group added on to the 5 carbon. In mammals, DNA methylation occurs almost exclusively at a cytosine that is followed by a  guanine .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DNA_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2425", "caption": "Methylation levels during mouse early embryonic development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Methylation_levels_during_mouse_very_early_e_5fea5a33.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2426", "caption": "Brain regions involved in memory formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Brain_regions_involved_in_memory_formation.j_d779b504.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2427", "caption": "Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine. Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in neuron DNA. As reviewed in 2018, [ 19 ]  in brain neurons, 5mC is oxidized by a TET dioxygenase to generate  5-hydroxymethylcytosine  (5hmC). In successive steps a  TET enzyme  further hydroxylates 5hmC to generate 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) recognizes the intermediate bases 5fC and 5caC and cleaves the glycosidic bond resulting in an apyrimidinic site (AP site). In an alternative oxidative deamination pathway, 5hmC can be oxidatively deaminated by activity-induced cytidine deaminase/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex (AID/APOBEC) to form 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5hmU). 5mC can also be converted to thymine (Thy). 5hmU can be cleaved by TDG, single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1 (SMUG1), Nei-Like DNA glycosylase 1 (NEIL1), or methyl-CpG binding protein 4 (MBD4). AP sites and T:G mismatches are then repaired by base excision repair (BER) enzymes to yield cytosine (Cyt).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Demethylation_of_5-methylcytosine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2428", "caption": "Initiation of DNA demethylation at a  CpG site . In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides ( CpG sites ), forming  5-methylcytosine -pG, (5mCpG). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming  8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine  (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site. The  base excision repair  enzyme  OGG1  targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits  TET1  and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG. This initiates demethylation of 5mC [ 25 ]  as shown in the previous figure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_da75c466.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2429", "caption": "An example of base excision repair of 5-formylcytosine (5fC) (adjacent to 8-OHdG, an oxidized guanine) by short patch repair or long patch repair. Two strands of DNA are represented by parallel horizontal lines. The first downward arrow shows thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) removing 5-formylcytosine (5fC) from the DNA backbone, leaving an apyrimidinic site. Then AP endonuclease cleaves the 5\u2032 deoxyribose-phosphate in the DNA backbone of a single strand, leaving a 3\u2032 hydroxy end and a 5\u2032 deoxyribose phosphate end (second downward arrow). This is followed by either short patch or long patch repair. In short patch repair, 5\u2032 dRP lyase trims the 5\u2032 dRP end to form a phosphorylated 5\u2032 end. This is followed by  DNA polymerase \u03b2  (Pol \u03b2) adding a single cytosine opposite the pre-existing guanine in the complementary strand and then DNA ligase to seal the cut strand. In long patch repair, DNA synthesis is thought to be mediated by  polymerase \u03b4  and  polymerase \u03b5  performing displacing synthesis to form a flap. Pol \u03b2 can also perform long-patch displacing synthesis. Long-patch synthesis typically inserts 2\u201310 new nucleotides. Then  flap endonuclease  removes the flap, and this is followed by  DNA ligase  to seal the strand.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-BER_of_5fC_no_caption.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2430", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/302px-DNA_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2431", "caption": "Representation of a  DNA  molecule that is methylated. The two white spheres represent  methyl groups . They are bound to two  cytosine   nucleotide  molecules that make up the DNA sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DNA_methylation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2432", "caption": "Typical DNA methylation landscape in mammals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/458px-DNAme_landscape.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2433", "caption": "Cytosine methylation then deamination to Thymine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cytosine_becomes_thymine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2434", "caption": "Dynamic of DNA methylation during mouse embryonic development. E3.5-E6, etc., refer to days after fertilization. PGC: primordial germ cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/455px-DNA_methylation_reprogramming.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2435", "caption": "Possible pathways of cytosine methylation and demethylation. Abbreviations:  S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine  ( SAH ),  S-adenosyl-L-methionine  ( SAM ),  DNA methyltransferase  ( DNA MTase ),  Uracil-DNA glycosylase  ( UNG )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_methylation_%28corrected%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2436", "caption": "All methylations in a prokaryote . In some prokaryotic organisms, all three previously known DNA methylation types are represented (N4-methylcytosine: m4C, 5-methylcytosine: m5C and N6-methyladenine: m6A). Six examples are shown here, two of which belong to the Archaea domain and four of which belong to the Bacteria domain. The information comes from Blow et al. (2016). [ 96 ]  In the left column are the species names of the organisms, to the right there are examples of methylated DNA motifs. The full names of the archaea and bacterial strains are according to the NCBI taxonomy: \"Methanocaldococcus jannaschii DSM 2661\", \"Methanocorpusculum labreanum Z\", \"Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13127\", \"Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus DSM 16401\", \"Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009\" and \"Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi A str. ATCC 9150\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-All-DNA-methylation-types-in-one-prokaryote._538b5111.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2437", "caption": "Cold weather affects the likelihood of a butterfly finding a mate and reproducing, as well as their coloring. These insects are dependent on their coloring to survive and reproduce.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/319px-Monarch_butterflies._%2834139205320%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2438", "caption": "DNA Replication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-0323_DNA_Replication.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2439", "caption": "Epigenetic mechanisms-DNA methylation and acetylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2440", "caption": "Regulation of transcription in mammals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Regulation_of_transcription_in_mammals.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2441", "caption": "Top: Normal dynamic of  histone acetylation  leads to open and closed chromatin genome-wide and changes in gene expression. Middle: HDAC inhibition repressed the closed-open change favoring an open chromatin state and gene expression. Bottom: Epigenetic priming general model. Starting with an hypothetical closed chromatin state a priming stimuli sensitizes the chromatin to other stimuli and subsequently increase transcription.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Epigenetic_priming_model.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2442", "caption": "Cancer cell sensitization to treatment through epigenetic priming. Normal cells with activated tumor suppressor genes (TSG) and Cancer cell with inactivated TSG through epigenetic mechanisms (showing only acetylation for simplification purposes). Priming stimuli performed with DNMT and/or HDAC inhibitors following by immunotherapy treatment (second stimuli) leading to reactivation of TSG.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Epigenetic_priming_in_Cancer.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2443", "caption": "Epigenetic mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2444", "caption": "Mechanism of miRNAs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MiRNA.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2445", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Gender_symbols_%284_colors%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2446", "caption": "A diagram of epigenetic therapy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_therapy_diagram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2447", "caption": "Honeybees (Apis mellifera) marked after hatching with colour", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Honeybees_%28Apis_mellifera%29_marked_after__b6acce10.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2448", "caption": "Figure 1  HDAC inhibition enhances memory and synaptic plasticity through CREB:CBP. Figure adapted from Vecsey  et al.  (2007) [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-HDACs%27_role.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2449", "caption": "Regulatory sequence in a promoter at a transcription start site with a paused RNA polymerase and a TOP2B-induced double-strand break", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Regulatory_sequence_in_a_promoter_at_a_trans_58ee1f5d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2450", "caption": "Brain regions involved in memory formation including medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Brain_regions_in_memory_formation_updated.jp_79533fc1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2451", "caption": "Initiation of  DNA demethylation  at a  CpG site . In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides ( CpG sites ), forming  5-methylcytosine -pG, or 5mCpG. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming  8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine  (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site.  The  base excision repair  enzyme  OGG1  targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits  TET1  and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG.  This initiates demethylation of 5mC. [ 34 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_da75c466.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2452", "caption": "Demethylation of  5-Methylcytosine  (5mC) in neuron DNA.  As reviewed in 2018, [ 9 ]  in brain neurons, 5mC is oxidized by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases ( TET1 ,  TET2 ,  TET3 ) to generate  5-hydroxymethylcytosine  (5hmC).  In successive steps TET enzymes further hydroxylate 5hmC to generate 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC).   Thymine-DNA glycosylase  (TDG) recognizes the intermediate bases 5fC and 5caC and excises the  glycosidic bond  resulting in an apyrimidinic site ( AP site ).  In an alternative oxidative deamination pathway, 5hmC can be oxidatively deaminated by activity-induced cytidine deaminase/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex  (AID/APOBEC)  deaminases to form 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5hmU) or 5mC can be converted to  thymine  (Thy).  5hmU can be cleaved by TDG, single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1 ( SMUG1 ), Nei-Like DNA Glycosylase 1 ( NEIL1 ), or methyl-CpG binding protein 4 ( MBD4 ).  AP sites and T:G mismatches are then repaired by base excision repair (BER) enzymes to yield  cytosine  (Cyt).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Demethylation_of_5-methylcytosine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2453", "caption": "During DNA methylation, cytosine is methylated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2454", "caption": "During histone acetylation, lysines are acetylated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Acetylation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2455", "caption": "Irene Shashar, a Holocaust survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto, addressing MEPs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2456", "caption": "Mental health disorders that can be caused by epigenetic alterations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mental_Disorder_Silhouette.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2457", "caption": "Epigenetic DNA Methylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2458", "caption": "A discoid lupus erythematosus lesion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Discoid_lupus_erythematosus.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2459", "caption": "Psoriasis  plaque on an elbow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Psoriasis_on_elbow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2460", "caption": "Person with  Alopecia areata  on the scalp", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alopecia_areata_bald_spot.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2461", "caption": "HPA axis diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-HPA_Axis_Diagram_%28Brian_M_Sweis_2012%29.sv_50270d91.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2462", "caption": "Human herpes virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Inclusion_bodies.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2463", "caption": "Herpes simplex virions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Herpes_simplex_virions%2C_TEM.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2464", "caption": "Epstein\u2013Barr virus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epstein_Barr_Virus_virions_EM_10.1371_journa_e8da1b50.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2465", "caption": "Cytomegalovirus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cytomegalovirus_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2466", "caption": "Kaposi sarcoma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Kaposi_sarcoma_high_mag.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2467", "caption": "Para-sagittal MRI of the head in a patient with benign familial macrocephaly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_wi_04c32ecf.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2468", "caption": "The nucleus of a human cell showing the location of euchromatin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2469", "caption": "Chromosome 21", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_2_15f170b2.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2470", "caption": "Alpha motor neurons are derived from the  basal plate  (basal lamina).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gray642.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2471", "caption": "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor_-_PDB_id_1_fe0944bb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2472", "caption": "This is a transverse section of the striatum from a structural  MR image . The striatum, in red, includes the  caudate nucleus  ( top ), the  putamen  ( right ), and, when including the term 'corpus' striatum, the  globus pallidus  ( lower left ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Striatum_Structural_MRI.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2473", "caption": "Lewy bodies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/100px-Lewy_Koerperchen.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2474", "caption": "Some acetylations and some methylations of lysines (symbol K) are activation signals for transcription when present on a  nucleosome , as shown in the top figure.  Some methylations on lysines or arginine (R) are repression signals for transcription when present on a  nucleosome , as shown in the bottom figure.   Nucleosomes  consist of four pairs of  histone  proteins in a tightly assembled core region plus up to 30% of each histone remaining in a loosely organized tail [ 4 ]  (only one tail of each pair is shown).  DNA is wrapped around the histone core proteins in  chromatin .  The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein.  Methylations  [Me], and  acetylations  [Ac] are common  post-translational modifications  on the lysines of the histone tails.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Histone_tails_set_for_transcriptional_activa_f526af8d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2475", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Histone_tails_set_for_transcriptional_repres_811f3aa1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2476", "caption": "Regulation of transcription in mammals.  An active enhancer  regulatory sequence  of DNA is enabled to interact with the  promoter  DNA regulatory sequence of its target  gene  by formation of a chromosome loop.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Regulation_of_transcription_in_mammals.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2477", "caption": "Skeletal muscle  cell types include: very large multinuclear  muscle fiber cells ; small  endothelial cells  that line the inside of capillary blood vessels; small fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) which are muscle-fiber-adjacent multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that under different conditions can differentiate into  adipocytes ,  fibroblasts  or  osteocytes .  Also shown are  pericytes  situated on the outer surface of blood  capillaries  where they interact with the underlying  endothelial cells .  In addition,  satellite cells  are shown that can fuse with  muscle fibers  and contribute new  myonuclei  to muscle fibers, grow into  new myocytes , or support focal membrane damage repair. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Multinuclear_muscle_fiber_cells_and_some_ass_0f957422.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2478", "caption": "A  nucleosome  with  histone  tails set for transcriptional activation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Histone_tails_set_for_transcriptional_activa_cc4d7b92.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2479", "caption": "A visualization of the stress-vulnerability model, also known as the diathesis-stress model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Diathesisstressdualriskmodel.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2480", "caption": "The limbic system and associated structures of the brain, where abnormalities lead to positive symptoms of schizophrenia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Brain_limbicsystem.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2481", "caption": "Mechanisms of epigenetics in the cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2482", "caption": "The function of DNA strands (yellow) alters depending on how it is organized around  histones  (blue) that can be methylated (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenome.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2483", "caption": "EWAS workflow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-EWAS_workflow.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2484", "caption": "Methylation assay workflow. From:  Illumina Methylation Assay", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Illuminamethylationworkflow.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2485", "caption": "Work flow for EWA study", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Work_flow_for_EWA_study.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2486", "caption": "This figure depicts the general workflow for epiphenotyping, focusing on the use of machine learning to generate valid models for predicting phenotypes from DNA methylation patterns.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Epiphenotyping.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2487", "caption": "The figure shows examples of applications of epiphenotyping and some different phenotypes that models can predict from DNA methylation data.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Examples_of_epiphenotyping_applications.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2488", "caption": "General mechanism utilized by ribozymes to cleave RNA molecules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ribozyme_mechanism.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2489", "caption": "Left: Overview of RNA interference.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-RNAi-simplified.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2490", "caption": "Structure of a typical Gram-positive bacterial cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2491", "caption": "Crystallographic structure of the N-terminal region of the human huntingtin protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PDB_3io4_EBI.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2492", "caption": "Basic mechanism used by viral vectors to deliver genes to target cells. Example shown is a lentiviral vector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Lentiviral_vector.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2493", "caption": "Bernard Crespi, the primary originator of the hypothesis, in 2016", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bernard_Crespi_2016.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2494", "caption": "Recognition sites of available MD DNA Endonucleases", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-MD_DNA_Endonucleases.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2495", "caption": "DNMT3 and GLAI equal specificity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNMT3-GLAI.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2496", "caption": "GLAD-PCR assay", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GLAD-PCR-assay.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2497", "caption": "Lysine acetylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Lysine_acetylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2498", "caption": "Lysine acetylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Lysine_acetylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2499", "caption": "Immunohistochemical comparison of DMG with EHZIP overexpression (top) to DMG with H3K27M mutation (bottom). Loss of M3K27me3 (left) is visible in both samples, while H3K27M (middle) and EZHIP (right) only stain in one of the samples, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-EZHIP_expression_in_diffuse_midline_gliomas._f4b99bb9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2500", "caption": "Lysine acetylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Lysine_acetylation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2501", "caption": "Arginine methylation by type I and II PRMTs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Arginine_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2502", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-400px-Amino_acid_phosphorylations.tif._629796e3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2503", "caption": "Lysine acetylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Lysine_acetylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2504", "caption": "Lysine acetylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Lysine_acetylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2505", "caption": "Lysine acetylation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Lysine_acetylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2506", "caption": "Schematic representation of the assembly of the core histones into the nucleosome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Nucleosome_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2507", "caption": "Histone heterooctamer (H3,H4,H2A,H2B) + DNA fragment, Frog", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-1aoi.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2508", "caption": "Steps in nucleosome assembly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Steps_in_nucleosome_assembly.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2509", "caption": "Basic units of chromatin structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Basic_units_of_chromatin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2510", "caption": "Histone tails and their function in chromatin formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Histone_tails_and_their_function_in_chromati_52fdb0b7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2511", "caption": "Schematic representation of histone modifications. Based on Rodriguez-Paredes and Esteller, Nature, 2011", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/640px-Histone_modifications.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2512", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Methyl_lysine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2513", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Methyl_arginine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2514", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-150px-Acetyl_lysine.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2515", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-400px-Amino_acid_phosphorylations.tif._629796e3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2516", "caption": "Relative sizes and locations of important domains for representative HATs (HAT = catalytic acetyltransferase domain; Bromo = bromodomain; Chromo = chromodomain; Zn = zinc finger domain). The number of amino acid residues in each HAT is indicated at the right in each example.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Relative_sizes_and_locations_of_important_do_91315855.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2517", "caption": "Crystal structure of Tetrahymena Gcn5 with bound coenzyme A and histone H3 peptide (PDB 1QSN). The central core (green), flanking N- and C-terminal segments (blue), coenzyme A (orange), and histone peptide (red) are shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Crystal_structure_of_Tetrahymena_Gcn5_with_b_1d17e9aa.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2518", "caption": "Catalytic mechanisms of GNAT and MYST family HATs. (A) General mechanism of GNAT HATs. (B) General mechanism of MYST HATs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Catalytic_mechanisms_of_GNAT_and_MYST_family_68652416.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2519", "caption": "Histone tails and their function in chromatin formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Histone_tails_and_their_function_in_chromati_52fdb0b7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2520", "caption": "Schematic showing the role of HATs in gene transcription.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HAT_transcription.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2521", "caption": "Schematic representation of histone modifications. Based on Rodriguez-Paredes and Esteller, Nature, 2011", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/640px-Histone_modifications.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2522", "caption": "Front view of the human enzyme Histone Lysine N-Methyltransferase, H3 lysine-4 specific.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-220px-Histone_Methyltransferase%2C__ae01d23d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2523", "caption": "Epigenetic mechanisms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2524", "caption": "Front view of the human enzyme Histone Lysine N-Methyltransferase, H3 lysine-4 specific.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-220px-Histone_Methyltransferase%2C__ae01d23d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2525", "caption": "Back view of the human enzyme Histone Lysine N-Methyltransferase, H3 lysine-4 specific.  Active sites clearly visible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-220px-Histone_Methyltransferase%2C__f79f5df4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2526", "caption": "Active site of Histone Lysine N-Methyltransferase.  Lysine residue (in yellow) and S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) (in blue) clearly visible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-220px-Histone_Methyltransferase%2C__2e6fe670.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2527", "caption": "DNA  is wrapped around  histones  to form  nucleosomes . Nucleosomes are shown as \" beads on a string \" with the distinction between  euchromatin  and  heterochromatin .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-The_basic_unit_of_chromatin_organization_is__1f12cadf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2528", "caption": "The basic units of  chromatin  structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Basic_units_of_chromatin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2529", "caption": "The dynamic state of histone acetylation/deacetylation regulated by  HAT  and  HDAC  enzymes; acetylation of histones alters accessibility of chromatin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Histone_acetylation_and_deacetylation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2530", "caption": "A  phosphoryl group  is shown in blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/140px-General_structural_formula_of_phosphoryl_gro_13d51fcf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2531", "caption": "An  O-GlcNAcylated   threonine  residue. The  GlcNAc  moiety is shown in red while the modified threonine is shown in black.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-O-GlcNAc_clear_red.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2532", "caption": "An  adenosine diphosphate ribose  group.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-ADP_ribose.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2533", "caption": "The amino acid  arginine  (left) is converted to  citrulline  (right) via the process of  citrullination .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Citrullination.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2534", "caption": "Proline  trans-cis isomerization  by a  PPIase  enzyme.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Proline-cis-trans-isomerisation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2535", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Affects_of_maternal_nutrition.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2536", "caption": "Cycle for methanogenesis, showing intermediates", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-Methanogenesis_cycle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2537", "caption": "The methylation reaction catalyzed by  methionine synthase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-VitaminB12_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2538", "caption": "The  Eschweiler\u2013Clarke reaction  is used to methylate amines.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Eschweiler-Clarke_Reaction.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2539", "caption": "Diagram of the  hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/325px-HPA_Axis_Diagram_%28Brian_M_Sweis_2012%29.sv_ae8682cc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2540", "caption": "Basic units of  chromatin  structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Basic_units_of_chromatin_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2541", "caption": "The crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle consisting of   H2A  ,   H2B  ,   H3   and   H4   core histones, and DNA. The view is from the top through the superhelical axis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Nucleosome_1KX5_colour_coded.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2542", "caption": "Apoptotic DNA laddering . Digested chromatin is in the first lane; the second contains DNA standard to compare lengths.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Apoptotic_DNA_Laddering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2543", "caption": "Scheme of nucleosome organization [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nucleosome_organization.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2544", "caption": "The crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle ( PDB :  1EQZ \u200b [ 28 ] )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nucleosome_core_particle_1EQZ_v.2.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2545", "caption": "The current chromatin compaction model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Chromatin_Structures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2546", "caption": "Histone tails and their function in chromatin formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Histone_tails_and_their_function_in_chromati_52fdb0b7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2547", "caption": "Diagram of nucleosome assembly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Nucleosome_structure.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2548", "caption": "Steps in nucleosome assembly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Steps_in_nucleosome_assembly.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2549", "caption": "Development of type 2 diabetes following intrauterine growth retardation in rats is associated with progressive epigenetic silencing of Pdx1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Histones.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2550", "caption": "Transgenerational effects of maternal protein restriction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/390px-Transgenerational_ProteinRestrictdiet.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2551", "caption": "The nutriepigenetic pathway of maternal choline-deficient diets helps to elucidate the development of fetal alcohol syndrome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/390px-FAS_Choline.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2552", "caption": "Paramutation was first observed by the effect it had on the color of corn kernels in maize plants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/163px-Ab_food_06.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2553", "caption": "Arginine methylation by type I and II PRMTs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Arginine_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2554", "caption": "Lysine methylation by PKMTs and demethylation by PKDMs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Lysine_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2555", "caption": "Timeline of DNA methylation in the mouse  genome . Red: female  germ line ; blue: male germ line; grey:  somatic cell  line; PGCs:  primordial germ cells ; ICM:  inner cell mass .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-CpG_methylation_in_mouse_development.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2556", "caption": "DNA methylation dynamic during mouse embryonic development", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-DNA_methylation_reprogramming.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2557", "caption": "Brain regions involved in memory formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Brain_regions_involved_in_memory_formation.j_d779b504.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2558", "caption": "Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine.  Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in neuron DNA. As reviewed in 2018, [ 11 ]  in brain neurons, 5mC is oxidized by a TET dioxygenase to generate  5-hydroxymethylcytosine  (5hmC).  In successive steps a TET enzyme further hydroxylates 5hmC to generate  5-formylcytosine  (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) recognizes the intermediate bases 5fC and 5caC and cleaves the glycosidic bond resulting in an apyrimidinic site (AP site). In an alternative oxidative deamination pathway, 5hmC can be oxidatively deaminated by activity-induced cytidine deaminase/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex (AID/APOBEC) to form 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5hmU).  5mC can also be converted to thymine (Thy). 5hmU can be cleaved by TDG, single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1 (SMUG1), Nei-Like DNA glycosylase 1 (NEIL1), or methyl-CpG binding protein 4 (MBD4). AP sites and T:G mismatches are then repaired by base excision repair (BER) enzymes to yield cytosine (Cyt).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Demethylation_of_5-methylcytosine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2559", "caption": "Initiation of DNA demethylation at a  CpG site .  In adult somatic cells DNA methylation typically occurs in the context of CpG dinucleotides ( CpG sites ), forming  5-methylcytosine -pG, (5mCpG). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may attack guanine at the dinucleotide site, forming  8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine  (8-OHdG), and resulting in a 5mCp-8-OHdG dinucleotide site.  The  base excision repair  enzyme  OGG1  targets 8-OHdG and binds to the lesion without immediate excision. OGG1, present at a 5mCp-8-OHdG site recruits  TET1  and TET1 oxidizes the 5mC adjacent to the 8-OHdG.  This initiates demethylation of 5mC [ 17 ]  as shown in the previous figure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_da75c466.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2560", "caption": "Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer . The nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred into an oocyte that has had its original nucleus removed. [ 36 ]  That oocyte will take in the genetic material from the somatic cell and divide into a totipotent cell. [ 35 ]  Created with BioRender.com", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/376px-Somatic_Cell_Nuclear_Transfer.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2561", "caption": "Cell Fusion . Two cells can be fused together and share nuclear DNA, creating a  heterokaryon , which can then have the nuclease fuse, creating a hybrid. [ 35 ]  Created with BioRender.com", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/376px-Cell_Fusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2562", "caption": "Defined factors. The addition of  microRNA ,  transcription factor , epigenetic markers, and other small molecules or a combination of these can induce cellular reprogramming by causing the expression of other genes. [ 30 ] [ 35 ]  Created with BioRender.com", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/376px-Defined_Factors.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2563", "caption": "Stem cells  are defined as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into three  germ layers . The ability of self-renewal, through  telomerase  extending the  telomere  of  chromosomes , allows the stem cell population to be maintained at a constant. As the  induced pluripotent stem cells  are passaged, the epigenetic memory of the cells diminishes and the cells gradually want to differentiate into any cell type rather than the original somatic cell type. [ 33 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-412px-Stem_cells%2C_day_3_after_passag_12b363d7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2564", "caption": "Some chromosomal sex determination systems in animals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/174px-Types_of_sex_determination.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2565", "caption": "Drosophila sex-chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Drosophila_XY_sex-determination.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2566", "caption": "Human male XY chromosomes after  G-banding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_XY_chromosom_4f61547a.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2567", "caption": "Heredity of sex chromosomes in XO sex determination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Critique_of_the_Theory_of_Evolution_Fig_060._96027387.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2568", "caption": "Haplodiploid sex chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Haplodiploid-sex-determination-system3.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2569", "caption": "All alligators determine the sex of their offspring by the temperature of the nest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alligator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2570", "caption": "Life cycle of clownfish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ClownFishCycle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2571", "caption": "The ends of the XY chromosomes in a human cell in  metaphase , highlighted here in green, are all that is left of the original autosomes that can still  cross over  with each other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/A_region_in_the_pseudoautosomal_region_of_the_shor_7420f5df.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2572", "caption": "In humans, the SRY gene is located on short (p) arm of the  Y chromosome  at position 11.2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SRY_gene_location.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2573", "caption": "The human Y chromosome showing the SRY gene which codes for a protein regulating sexual differentiation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-YChromShowingSRY2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2574", "caption": "Figure One: The mesonephric System Pathway  [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-SRY_Gene_Pathway.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2575", "caption": "Development of external genitalia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_genitalia_-_development_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2576", "caption": "SIR spreading is thought to occur linearly from the silencer element.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sir_spreading.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2577", "caption": "SIR2 homodimer (green) in complex with SIR4's (purple) SIR2-interacting domain (SID;yellow) [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SIR2_heterodimer_in_complex_with_SIR4_SID_wh_616969f5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2578", "caption": "The  centriole , an  organelle  involved in  cell division , is structurally inherited.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Centriole-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2579", "caption": "DNA methylation is the addition of a  methyl  group to the DNA that happens at  cytosine . The image shows a cytosine single ring base and a methyl group added on to the 5 carbon. In mammals, DNA methylation occurs almost exclusively at a cytosine that is followed by a  guanine .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DNA_methylation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2580", "caption": "Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine.  Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in neuron DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Demethylation_of_5-methylcytosine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2581", "caption": "Initiation of  DNA demethylation  at a  CpG site", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Initiation_of_DNA_demethylation_at_a_CpG_sit_767c4c5d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2582", "caption": "The conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by TET enzyme plus a-ketoglutarate & Fe(II)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Conversion_of_5-methylcytosine_to_5-hydroxym_70bc95ba.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2583", "caption": "Methylation levels during mouse early embryonic development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Methylation_levels_during_mouse_very_early_e_5fea5a33.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2584", "caption": "Brain regions involved in memory formation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Brain_regions_involved_in_memory_formation.j_94d949fb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2585", "caption": ". Brain structures connected to addiction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Hjerne.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2586", "caption": "\"Intergenerational\" vs \"transgenerational\" inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Epigenetic_Inheritance_Through_The_Female_Li_8bef171d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2587", "caption": "Blending inheritance  leads to the averaging out of every characteristic, which as the engineer  Fleeming Jenkin  pointed out, makes evolution by natural selection impossible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Blending_Inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2588", "caption": "The coloration of  tortoiseshell  and  calico cats  is a visible manifestation of X-inactivation. The black and orange  alleles  of a fur coloration gene reside on the X chromosome. For any given patch of fur, the inactivation of an X chromosome that carries one allele results in the fur color of the other, active allele.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-6-year_old_tortoise_shell_cat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2589", "caption": "The process and possible outcomes of random X- chromosome  inactivation in female human embryonic cells undergoing  mitosis .   1.Early stage embryonic cell of a female human   2.Maternal X chromosome   3.Paternal X chromosome   4.Mitosis and random X-chromosome inactivation event   5.Paternal chromosome is randomly inactivated in one daughter cell, maternal chromosome is inactivated in the other   6.Paternal chromosome is randomly inactivated in both daughter cells   7.Maternal chromosome is randomly inactivated in both daughter cells   8.Three possible random combination outcomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_X-Inactivation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2590", "caption": "Nucleus of a female cell. Top: Both X-chromosomes are detected, by  FISH . Bottom: The same nucleus stained with a DNA stain ( DAPI ). The Barr body is indicated by the arrow, it identifies the inactive X (Xi).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2591", "caption": "An interphase female human fibroblast cell. [ 1 ]  Arrows point to sex chromatin on DNA ( DAPI ) in cell nucleus(left), and to the corresponding X chromatin (right). Left: DNA (DAPI)-stained nucleus. Arrow indicates the location of Barr body(Xi). Right: DNA associated  histones  protein detected", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BarrBodyBMC_Biology2-21-Fig1clip293px.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2592", "caption": "The figure shows  confocal microscopy  images from a combined RNA-DNA  FISH  experiment for  Xist  in fibroblast cells from adult female mouse, demonstrating that Xist RNA is coating only one of the X-chromosomes. RNA FISH signals from Xist RNA are shown in red color, marking the inactive X-chromosome (Xi). DNA FISH signals from Xist loci are shown in yellow color, marking both active and inactive X-chromosomes (Xa, Xi). The nucleus ( DAPI -stained) is shown in blue color. The figure is adapted from:. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-XistRNADNAFISH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2593", "caption": "Some of the different types of gene-environment interplay. Adapted from Jaffee and Price, Psychiatry, 2008  [ 5 ]  and Flowers, Froelicher & Aouizerat, European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 2012  [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Gene-evironment_interplay_flow_chart.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2594", "caption": "Schematic representation of epigenetic histone modifications. Based on Rodriguez-Paredes and Esteller, Nature, 2011", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Histone_modifications.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2595", "caption": "A section of  DNA ; the sequence of the plate-like units ( nucleotides ) in the center carries information.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/DNA_animation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2596", "caption": "A  Punnett square  showing how two brown haired parents can have red or brown haired children. 'B' is for brown and 'b' is for red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hair_colors_punnett.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2597", "caption": "Red hair is a  recessive  trait.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Redhead_close_up.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2598", "caption": "Genes are expressed by being  transcribed  into RNA, and this RNA then  translated  into protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Genetic_code.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2599", "caption": "DNA replication . DNA is unwound and  nucleotides  are matched to make two new strands.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_replication_split.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2600", "caption": "Mice  with different coat colors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/PCWmice1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2601", "caption": "A  cat  hair showing light and dark bands caused by alternating production of  agouti-signaling protein  and  \u03b1-MSH .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Haar1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2602", "caption": "Both of these mice are viable yellow agouti a vy ; however, the mouse on the right does not express it due to epigenetic methylation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Agouti_Mice.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2603", "caption": "An agouti dog, also called wolf sable", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bucuresti%2C_Romania%2C_acelasi_dulau%2C_fru_c6ba8eb1.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2604", "caption": "The pale areas on this bay horse are due to the pangar\u00e9 trait", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ardennerp%C3%A4erd.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2605", "caption": "The allotype affects the constant region (labeled CL and CH1-3 in the diagram.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-AntibodyChains.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2606", "caption": "FDA microbiologist prepares DNA samples for gel electrophoresis analysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-FDA_microbiologist_prepares_DNA_samples_for__19c8bd7a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2607", "caption": "Electrophoresis apparatus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Electrophoresis_apparatus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2608", "caption": "Karyotype of chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Karyotype_isochromosomeX.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2609", "caption": "Strength of natural selection plot as a function of age", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Strengthofselectionplot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2610", "caption": "Early  embryos  of various species display some ancestral features, like the tail on this human embryo. These features normally disappear in later development, but it may not happen if the animal has an atavism. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2611", "caption": "The expected  genotypic frequencies  of novel mutations from autogamous crosses and geitonogamous crosses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/368px-Autogamy_Depression.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2612", "caption": "This image demonstrates backcrossing of a heterozygous mouse from one genetic background onto another genetic background. In this example, the gene knockout is performed on 129/Sv cells and then backcrossed into the C57B/6J genetic background. With each successive backcross, the percentage of C57B/6J DNA that constitutes the genome of the offspring is increased.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Backcrossing_mice_from_chimera.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2613", "caption": "Nucleus of a female amniotic fluid cell. Top: Both X-chromosome territories are detected by  FISH . Shown is a single optical section made with a  confocal microscope . Bottom: Same nucleus stained with  DAPI  and recorded with a  CCD camera . The Barr body is indicated by the arrow, it identifies the inactive X (Xi).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sd4hi-unten-crop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2614", "caption": "Left:  DAPI  stained female human fibroblast with Barr body (arrow). Right:  histone  macroH2A1 staining. Arrow points to sex chromatin in DAPI-stained cell nucleus, and to the corresponding sex chromatin site in the histone macroH2A1-staining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BarrBodyBMC_Biology2-21-Fig1clip293px.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2615", "caption": "Enzymes, biosynthetic intermediates and subcellular location of the pathway are indicated. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Benzoxazinoid_biosynthesis_in_maize.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2616", "caption": "Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/435px-ABO_blood_type.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2617", "caption": "ABO blood group system : diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-ABO_blood_group_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2618", "caption": "Simplified  Punnett square  of the possible genotypes and phenotypes of children given genotypes and phenotypes of their mother (rows) and father (columns) shaded by phenotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Punnett_square_blood_types.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2619", "caption": "Main symptoms of  acute hemolytic reaction  due to blood type mismatch. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Main_symptoms_of_acute_hemolytic_reaction.pn_9f147aba.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2620", "caption": "Red blood cell compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group; type O blood donors can give to A, B and AB; blood donors of types A and B can give to AB.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/230px-Blood_Compatibility.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2621", "caption": "Plasma compatibility chart In addition to donating to the same blood group; plasma from type AB can be given to A, B and O; plasma from types A, B and AB can be given to O.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/190px-Plasma_donation_compatibility_path.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2622", "caption": "A hospital worker takes samples of blood from a donor for testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-US_Navy_060105-N-8154G-010_A_hospital_corpsm_70be6cd7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2623", "caption": "The BLOSUM62 matrix, the amino acids have been grouped and coloured based on  Margaret Dayhoff's  classification scheme. Positive and zero values have been highlighted.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Blosum62-dayhoff-ordering.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2624", "caption": "Schematic of bump-and-hole method. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bump-and-hole_engineering.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2625", "caption": "The first reported bump-and-hole pair. Hole-modified S99T/F113A mutant cyclophilin has an expanded hydrophobic pocket to accept a methyl bump in cyclosporin A analog MeIle11CsA. [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bump-and-hole-11.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2626", "caption": "The bumped ATP analog N6-cyclopentyl ATP cannot bind wild type v-Src kinase, but can bind its bump-and-hole pair, I338G v-Src kinase. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bump-and-hole-2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2627", "caption": "The bumped ET inhibitor has selectivity for L94A BET BD due to steric complementarity. The un-bumped I-BET inhibitor would promiscuously bind BDs. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Wikipic4.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2628", "caption": "Schematic of bumped pro-drug and hole-modified enzyme, releasing the drug only in the presence of the bump-and-hole pair. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Wikipic5.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2629", "caption": "Hole-modified BH GalNac-Ts paired with UDP-GalNac analogs to tag GalNac T substrates to be visualized with click chemistry. [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Wikipic6.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2630", "caption": "Effects of EFF-1 and AFF-1 on vesicle morphology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Membranous_vesicles_with_integral_epithelial_4db0e50c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2631", "caption": "Crossing over during meiosis, with chiasma shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Meiosis_crossover.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2632", "caption": "DNA segment with three genes, showing a double recombination event. If the individual recombination rates (between A and B; and between B and C) are known, then the c.o.c. between the regions AB and BC can be calculated from the rate of double recombination.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Double-crossover.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2633", "caption": "This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of  DNA  and to a  chromosome  (right).  Introns  are regions often found in  eukaryote  genes which are removed in the  splicing  process: only the  exons  encode the  protein . This diagram labels a region of only 40 or so bases as a gene. In reality most genes are hundreds of times larger and have several Introns, sometimes over 100.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-Gene_Intron_Exon_nb.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2634", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a typical human cell during the  G 0  phase  in relation to the  cell cycle , which is most common phase among human cells, and wherein there will be two pairs of each chromosome (designated 2n), each with one copy of each  locus  (for a total of 2c). In contrast, at center top it also shows the chromosome 3 pair in  metaphase , which is among the phases occurring after  DNA synthesis  but before  cell division , where each chromosome will have two copies of each locus, connected at the  centromere , for a total of 2n and 4c. Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2635", "caption": "Green frog  Lithobates clamitans  unexpectedly grows faster in montane populations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Male_Green_Frog_-_Hunterdon_County%2C_NJ.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2636", "caption": "Cell in  anaphase  the chromosomes having split and the  kinetochore  microtubules shrinking", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Anaphase_IF.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2637", "caption": "A nursery in a project aiming at the  de novo  domestication of  Thinopyrum intermedium  (intermediate wheatgrass), a perennial grain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Thinopyrum_intermedium_first_year_nursery.JP_f0dc269c.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2638", "caption": "Lyudmila Trut  with a  domesticated silver fox , 1974", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-L._Trut_and_domestic_Fox-1974.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2639", "caption": "Guide to fingerprint identification", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Guide_to_finger-print_identification_%28elec_efe5c592.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2640", "caption": "Symmetry of female and male faces. Those with high symmetry appear more attractive than low.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Attracive-faces-symmetry.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2641", "caption": "Diagram of both distylous morphs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Distyly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2642", "caption": "Example of distyly in Primula. A. L-morph (pin), B. S-morph (thrum)  1. petal. 2 sepal. 3 anther. 4 pistil.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/234px-Distyly_primula.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2643", "caption": "DNase I  hypersensitive  sites within  chromatin [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-DNAse_hypersensitive_site.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2644", "caption": "Reduction in size is regarded as a domestication syndrome trait -  grey wolf  skull compared with a  chihuahua  skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Unnatural_selection%2C_2_heads%2C_one_specie_d629918b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2645", "caption": "In ten publications on domestication syndrome in animals, no single trait is included in every one. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Traits_Defining_Domestication_Syndrome.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2646", "caption": "Proteins required for ectodermal specification.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/320px-EctodermalSpecification.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2647", "caption": "Endocycling vs. endomitosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Endocycling_vs._endomitosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2648", "caption": "Notch regulation of endocycling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Notch_regulation_of_endocycling.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2649", "caption": "Structural model of the enhanceosome. Double-stranded  DNA  is shown in green and pink; the ATF-2/ c-Jun   coiled-coil  DNA binding domain is shown in purple;  interferon response factors  are shown in beige; and  NF kappa B  is shown in orange (p105 subunit) and blue (p65 subunit).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Enhanceosome_vertical.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2650", "caption": "Expression of all 8  Hox genes  in the fruit fly  Drosophila melanogaster", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Hoxgenesoffruitfly.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2651", "caption": "Distinction between  genome , exome, and  transcriptome .  The exome consists of all of the exons within the genome. In contrast, the trascriptome varies between cell types (e.g. neurons vs cardiac cells), only involving a portion of the exons that are actually transcribed into mRNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-Details.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2652", "caption": "Mitochondria contain their own  DNA . They are passed on by mothers to their children via the cytoplasm of the egg.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Mitochondrion_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2653", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Egg_cell_fertilization_-_Zygote.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2654", "caption": "English:  Phase and Antigenic Variation in Bacteria. pA is the promoter for FimA, pB is the promoter for FimB and pE is the promoter for FimE. IRR is inverted repeat right and IRL is inverted repeat left. FimB and FimE are recombinases that can change the orientation of the FimA promoter by inverting the IRR and IRL.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phase_variation_site_specific_recombination__78152ac4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2655", "caption": "The figure shows the chemical compounds ethyl methansulfonate (shown on the left) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (shown on the right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/487px-Chemchemicals.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2656", "caption": "Flowchart of basic steps involved in forward genetics approach.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/659px-Forward_genetics_steps.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2657", "caption": "An example GAL4-UAS system, with GAL4 lines and UAS reporter lines.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gal4UAS-System.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2658", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan 's  Drosophila melanogaster   genetic linkage   map . This was the first successful  gene map  produced and provides important evidence for the  Boveri\u2013Sutton chromosome theory  of  inheritance . The map shows the relative positions of  allelic  characteristics on the second Drosophila chromosome. The distance between the genes (map units) are equal to the percentage of  crossing-over  events that occurs between different alleles. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Drosophila_Gene_Linkage_Map.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2659", "caption": "First genetic map (Sturtevant, 1913). It shows 6 sex-linked genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-First_genetic_map_%28Sturtevant%2C_1913%29.p_25a6f83c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2660", "caption": "Genetic map of drosophila, published in  The theory of the gene  1926 edition. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_map_of_drosophila%2C_as_of_1926.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2661", "caption": "Example of a genetic regulatory circuit for  Drosophila melanogaster's   huckebein   (hkb)  gene's effects on gap gene expression.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Representation_of_a_Genetic_Regulatory_Circu_1cd597d3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2662", "caption": "Animation of DNA, a part of our identity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/99px-DNA_orbit_animated.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2663", "caption": "Comparison of typical phage (bacteriophage) infection and transduction ( A ) with typical GTA (gene transfer agent) production and transduction ( B ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Phage_and_GTA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2664", "caption": "Methods for detecting gene transfer agents.  ( A ) Method used by Marrs in 1974.  ( B ) Cell-free extract method.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-GTA_discovery.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2665", "caption": "Typical prophage and GTA gene clusters.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Prophage_and_GTA_cluster.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2666", "caption": "Schematic diagram of phylogenetic relationships between known bacterial gene transfer agents.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GTA_phylogeny.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2667", "caption": "The evolutionary forces that act on bacterial gene transfer agent and the cells that produce it.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GTA_evolution.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2668", "caption": "Typical steps in the production of bacterial gene transfer agents. ( 1 ) Transcription and translation of the GTA genes. ( 2 ) Assembly of GTA structural proteins into empty heads and unattached tails. ( 3 ) Packaging of 'headful' segments of DNA into heads and attachment of tails. ( 4 ) Lysis of the cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GTA_production.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2669", "caption": "Genetic transduction by bacterial gene transfer agents. ( 1 ) GTA particles encounter a suitable recipient cell.  ( 2 ) Particles attach to cell and inject their DNA, and cellular proteins translocate the DNA across the inner membrane. ( 3 ) DNA is degraded if it cannot recombine with the recipient genome. ( 4 ) DNA with similar sequences to the recipient genome undergoes recombination.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GTA_transduction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2670", "caption": "Regulation diagram for RcGTA, the Rhodobacter capsulatus gene transfer agent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Regulation_of_RcGTA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2671", "caption": "A  least weasel .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Alaska_Weasel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2672", "caption": "An  olive baboon   grooming  the hair of another.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Grooming_monkeys.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2673", "caption": "A very simple genotype\u2013phenotype map that only shows additive pleiotropy effects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SimpleGenotypePhenotypeMap.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2674", "caption": "A speculative framework for the evolutionary history underlying current-day phenotypic variation in human skin pigmentation based on the similarities and differences found in various genotypes. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Evolutionary_model_of_human_pigmentation_in__826f24d3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2675", "caption": "A series of codons in part of a  messenger RNA  (mRNA) molecule. Each codon consists of three  nucleotides , usually corresponding to a single  amino acid . The nucleotides are abbreviated with the letters A, U, G and C. This is mRNA, which uses U ( uracil ). DNA uses T ( thymine ) instead. This mRNA molecule will instruct a  ribosome  to synthesize a protein according to this code.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-RNA-codons.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2676", "caption": "The genetic code", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-GeneticCode21-version-2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2677", "caption": "Reading frames in the DNA sequence of a region of the human mitochondrial genome coding for the genes  MT-ATP8  and  MT-ATP6  (in black: positions 8,525 to 8,580 in the sequence accession NC_012920 [ 31 ] ). There are three possible reading frames in the 5' \u2192 3' forward direction, starting on the first (+1), second (+2) and third position (+3). For each codon (square brackets), the amino acid is given by the  vertebrate mitochondrial code , either in the +1 frame for  MT-ATP8  (in red) or in the +3 frame for  MT-ATP6  (in blue). The  MT-ATP8  genes terminates with the TAG stop codon (red dot) in the +1 frame. The  MT-ATP6  gene starts with the ATG codon (blue circle for the M amino acid) in the +3 frame.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Homo_sapiens-mtDNA~NC_012920-ATP8%2BATP6_Ove_30537665.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2678", "caption": "Examples of notable  mutations  that can occur in humans [ 35 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/390px-Notable_mutations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2679", "caption": "Grouping of codons by amino acid residue molar volume and  hydropathicity .  A  more detailed version  is available.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Genetic_Code_Simple_Corrected.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2680", "caption": "Axes 1, 2, 3 are the first, second, and third positions in the codon. The 20 amino acids and stop codons (X) are shown in  single letter code .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-3D_Genetic_Code.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2681", "caption": "Genetic code  logo  of the  Globobulimina pseudospinescens  mitochondrial genome by FACIL. The program is able to correctly infer that the  Protozoan Mitochondrial Code  is in use. [ 57 ]  The logo shows the 64 codons from left to right, predicted alternatives in red (relative to the standard genetic code). Red line: stop codons. The height of each amino acid in the stack shows how often it is aligned to the codon in homologous protein domains. The stack height indicates the support for the prediction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/510px-FACIL_genetic_code_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2682", "caption": "Population bottleneck can decrease genetic viability leading to possible extinction  [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Population_bottleneck.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2683", "caption": "Portrait of  Imre Festetics  the first  geneticist  and  ethologist . His concepts of  selection  and  evolution  were later formulated in  Charles Darwin's theory of evolution .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Festetics_Imre-Oelenhainz.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2684", "caption": "Blending inheritance  leads to the averaging out of every characteristic, which as the engineer  Fleeming Jenkin  pointed out, makes  evolution  by  natural selection  impossible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Blending_Inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2685", "caption": "Morgan's observation of  sex-linked inheritance  of a mutation causing white eyes in  Drosophila  led him to the hypothesis that genes are located upon chromosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sexlinked_inheritance_white.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2686", "caption": "DNA , the molecular basis for  biological inheritance . Each strand of DNA is a chain of  nucleotides , matching each other in the center to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/130px-DNA_Overview2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2687", "caption": "A  Punnett square  depicting a cross between two pea plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Punnett_square_mendel_flowers.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2688", "caption": "Genetic pedigree charts help track the inheritance patterns of traits.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/240px-Pedigree-chart-example.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2689", "caption": "Human height is a trait with complex genetic causes.  Francis Galton 's data from 1889 shows the relationship between offspring height as a function of mean parent height.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Galton-height-regress.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2690", "caption": "The  molecular structure  of DNA. Bases pair through the arrangement of  hydrogen bonding  between the strands.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2691", "caption": "Schematic  karyogram  of a human, showing 22  homologous chromosome  pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the  sex chromosome  (bottom right), as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left)  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2692", "caption": "Walther Flemming 's 1882 diagram of eukaryotic cell division. Chromosomes are copied, condensed, and organized. Then, as the cell divides, chromosome copies separate into the daughter cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Zellsubstanz-Kern-Kerntheilung.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2693", "caption": "Thomas Hunt Morgan 's 1916 illustration of a double crossover between chromosomes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Morgan_crossover_2_cropped.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2694", "caption": "The  genetic code : Using a  triplet code , DNA, through a  messenger RNA  intermediary, specifies a protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Genetic_code.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2695", "caption": "Siamese cats  have a temperature-sensitive pigment-production mutation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Niobe050905-Siamese_Cat.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2696", "caption": "Transcription factors bind to DNA, influencing the transcription of associated genes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Zinc_finger_DNA_complex.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2697", "caption": "Gene duplication allows diversification by providing redundancy: one gene can mutate and lose its original function without harming the organism.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Gene-duplication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2698", "caption": "This is a diagram showing mutations in an RNA sequence. Figure (1) is a normal RNA sequence, consisting of 4 codons. Figure (2) shows a missense, single point, non silent mutation. Figures (3 and 4) both show  frameshift mutations , which is why they are grouped together. Figure 3 shows a deletion of the second base pair in the second codon. Figure 4 shows an insertion in the third base pair of the second codon. Figure (5) shows a repeat expansion, where an entire codon is duplicated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mutations.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2699", "caption": "An  evolutionary tree  of  eukaryotic  organisms, constructed by the comparison of several  orthologous gene  sequences", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Eukaryote_tree.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2700", "caption": "The  common fruit fly  ( Drosophila melanogaster ) is a popular  model organism  in genetics research.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2701", "caption": "Schematic relationship between  biochemistry , genetics and  molecular biology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Biochemistry%2C_genetics_and_molecular_biolo_da0ea42b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2702", "caption": "Colonies  of  E. coli  produced by  cellular cloning . A similar methodology is often used in  molecular cloning .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Ecoli_colonies.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2703", "caption": "Boris Karloff  in  James Whale 's 1931 film  Frankenstein , based on  Mary Shelley 's 1818  novel .  The monster  is created by an unorthodox scientific experiment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29_40138fd7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2704", "caption": "The 1953 discovery of the  double helix  chemical structure of  DNA  transformed  genetics  and launched the science of  molecular biology .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-DNA_chemical_structure.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2705", "caption": "H. G. Wells 's  1896  The Island of Dr Moreau  imagined the use of  hybridisation  to create  human-like hybrid beings .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-IslandOfDrMoreau.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2706", "caption": "Steven Spielberg 's 1993 film  Jurassic Park  portrayed the recreation of  dinosaurs  from cloned fossil DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-202007_Tyrannosaurus_rex.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2707", "caption": "1921 conference logo, depicting  eugenics  as a tree uniting many fields", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Eugenics_congress_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2708", "caption": "Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Screens: Workflow Overview. 1. sgRNA Library Creation: sgRNAs are computationally designed, synthesised, amplified by PCR, and cloned into a vector delivery system. This can be skipped by obtaining a commercially available library. 2. Screen: Cells are transduced with lentiviral particles containing the sgRNA library, Cas9, and other necessary components. Cells may be transduced in bulk (pooled screen), or in individual wells (arrayed screen). 3: Measurement & Analysis. Desired clones are selected and DNA is extracted. In a pooled screen, DNA sequencing will be necessary. sgRNAs are recovered, analysed, and associated genes identified.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Genome-wide_CRISPR_screen_-_Overview.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2709", "caption": "The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing mechanism. Cas9 cleaves dsDNA upstream (5') of the PAM site (red), and the gRNA provides a template for repair.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-GRNA-Cas9.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2710", "caption": "Producing Infectious Transgenic Lentivirus: A Simple Schematic. Two transfer plasmids, encoding Cas9 and sgRNA separately, may be used depending on the applied library.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Producing_Infectious_Transgenic_Lentivirus.p_9a95ea8d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2711", "caption": "Similar genotypic changes may result in similar phenotypic alterations, even across a wide range of species. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-PAX6_Phenotypes_Washington_etal_PLoSBiol_e10_b1124ed7.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2712", "caption": "De  Albina  y Espa\u00f1ol,  Torna atr\u00e1s . Attributed to  Juan Patricio Morlete Ruiz  (1701-1770) In  casta  paintings, \"torna atr\u00e1s\" described mixed-race individuals who expressed phenotypes dissimilar to their parents. In this painting, the daughter and mother are both of partial  Sub-Saharan  and European ancestry, yet have noticeably differing phenotypes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-De_Albina_y_Espa%C3%B1ol%2C_Torna_atr%C3%A1s_0612cd2f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2713", "caption": "A very simple genotype\u2013phenotype map that only shows additive pleiotropy effects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SimpleGenotypePhenotypeMap.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2714", "caption": "Haploinsufficiency model of dominant genetic disorders.   A +  is a normal allele.   A \u2212  is a mutant allele with little or no function.  In haplosufficiency (most genes), a single normal allele provides enough function, so  A + A \u2212  individuals are healthy.  In haploinsufficiency, a single normal allele does not provide enough function, so  A + A \u2212  individuals have a genetic disorder.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Haploinsufficiency_graph_only.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2715", "caption": "Animation of the structure of a section of  DNA . The  bases  lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands.  Nitrogen : blue,  oxygen : red,  carbon : green,  hydrogen : white,  phosphorus : orange.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_orbit_animated.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2716", "caption": "The typical normal human fetal cell will divide between 50 and 70 times before experiencing senescence. As the cell divides, the telomeres on the ends of chromosomes shorten. The Hayflick limit is the limit on cell replication imposed by the shortening of telomeres with each division. This end stage is known as  cellular senescence .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hayflick_Limit_%281%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2717", "caption": "Punnett square : If the other parent does not have the recessive genetic disposition, it does not appear in the  phenotype  of the children, but on the average 50% of them become carriers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_inheritance_-_Carriers.p_f7b7cc55.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2718", "caption": "Punnett square: If both parents are carriers, on the average 25\u00a0% of the offspring have the recessive trait in phenotype and 50\u00a0% are carriers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_inheritance_-_segregatio_13d683c5.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2719", "caption": "The mother is a carrier of the recessive hereditary disposition for  Color blindness . The Y chromosome of the father cannot oppose this. The healthy allele on the X chromosome of the father can compensate for this in a daughter. She can see normally, but she becomes a conductor. The same pattern of inheritance applies to  Haemophilia .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Gonosomal_recessive_inheritance.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2720", "caption": "Inheritance by female carriers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Erbgang_Bluterkrankheit.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2721", "caption": "Heredity of phenotypic traits: a father and son with  prominent ears  and crowns.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/150px-Jug_Ear_Heredity.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2722", "caption": "DNA  structure.  Bases  are in the centre, surrounded by phosphate\u2013sugar chains in a  double helix .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/DNA_animation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2723", "caption": "Aristotle's model of inheritance . The heat/cold part is largely symmetrical, though influenced on the father's side by other factors, but the form part is not.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-Aristotle%27s_model_of_Inheritance.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2724", "caption": "Table showing how the genes exchange according to segregation or independent assortment during  meiosis  and how this translates into Mendel's laws", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Independent_assortment_%26_segregation.svg.p_dd64051b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2725", "caption": "An example pedigree chart of an autosomal dominant disorder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2726", "caption": "An example pedigree chart of an autosomal recessive disorder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2727", "caption": "An example pedigree chart of a sex-linked disorder (The gene is on the  X chromosome .)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sex_linked_inheritance.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2728", "caption": "A three-domain  tree  of life showing the separation of  Bacteria ,  Archaea , and  Eukaryote  domains. See  Microorganisms  article for further explanation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2729", "caption": "Tree Based on the Median Tree Algorithm. [ 11 ]  Branches with  bootstrap  (statistical) scores less than 50% were collapsed. The three domains of life are (A) archaea, (B\u2013J) bacteria, and (K) eukaryote. Species are labeled with different colors based on their inferred HGT rates: red, >4%; yellow, 3\u20134%; pink, 2\u20133%; blue, 1\u20132%; green, <1%. Taxonomy labels are (A)  Euryarchaea , (B)  Proteobacteria , (C)  Chlamydiae , (D)  Spirochaetes , (E)  Thermotogae , (F)  Aquificae , (G)  Actinobacteria , (H)  Deinococcus , (I)  Cyanobacteria , (J)  Firmicutes , and (K)  Fungi .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Tree_microbialgenomes_nocobwebs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2730", "caption": "He Jiankui", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-He_Jiankui_%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2731", "caption": "Two species mate resulting in a fit hybrid that is unable to mate with members of its parent species.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Hybrid_Speciation_Schematic.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2732", "caption": "Closely related  Heliconius  species", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heliconius_mimicry.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2733", "caption": "DNase I hypersensitive sites  within chromatin [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-DNAse_hypersensitive_site.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2734", "caption": "World Map of populations of Khmer Diaspora           \u00a0 \u00a0Cambodia   \u00a0 \u00a0+ 1,000,000   \u00a0 \u00a0+ 100,000       \u00a0 \u00a0+ 10,000   \u00a0 \u00a0+ 1,000   \u00a0 \u00a0+ 100", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/267px-Khmer_Diaspora_Map.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2735", "caption": "Ancient Khmer script", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Ancient_Khmer_script.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2736", "caption": "Map of South-east Asia showing Cambodia's territorial expansion from 1290 A.D. to present-day", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/270px-Cambodia%2C_Khmer_Empire._2-70._LOC_gm710011_5489bf95.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2737", "caption": "Angkor Wat  in the 1900s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Angkor-Vat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2738", "caption": "Upper class Khmer women in the 1800s.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Khmerlladyinblackandwhite1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2739", "caption": "Khmer dancers at Angkor Wat, 1920s.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dancers_angkor_wat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2740", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Maternal_effect_crosses1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2741", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/158px-Maternal_effect_crosses2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2742", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/155px-Maternal_effect_crosses3.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2743", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/155px-Maternal_effect_crosses4.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2744", "caption": "Protein and RNA are transported in particles (white dots) from the nurse cells (maternal) to the developing oocyte in  Drosophila melanogaster . Scale bar shows 10\u00a0\u03bcm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ribonucleoprotein_particles_in_the_Drosophil_0e87faac.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2745", "caption": "A stalk-eyed fly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Stalk-eyed_fly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2746", "caption": "DNA strand slippage during replication of an STR locus. Boxes symbolize repetitive DNA units. Arrows indicate the direction in which a new DNA strand (white boxes) is being replicated from the template strand (black boxes). Three situations during DNA replication are depicted. (a) Replication of the STR locus has proceeded without a mutation. (b) Replication of the STR locus has led to a gain of one unit owing to a loop in the new strand; the aberrant loop is stabilized by flanking units complementary to the opposite strand. (c) Replication of the STR locus has led to a loss of one unit owing to a loop in the template strand. (Forster et al. 2015)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-STR-Slippage_Dr.Peter_Forster.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2747", "caption": "A partial human STR profile obtained using the  Applied Biosystems  Identifiler kit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Str_profile.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2748", "caption": "Consensus   neighbor-joining  tree of 249 human populations and six chimpanzee populations. Created based on 246 microsatellite markers. [ 65 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Consensus_neighbor-joining_tree_of_the_249_h_e29b6fe6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2749", "caption": "Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis on a simplified model using  polymerase chain reaction  (PCR): First, a DNA sample undergoes PCR with  primers  targeting certain STRs (which vary in lengths between individuals and their  alleles ). The resultant fragments are separated by size (such as  electrophoresis ). [ 74 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Short_Tandem_Repeat_%28STR%29_analysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2750", "caption": "A number of DNA samples from specimens of  Littorina plena  amplified using polymerase chain reaction with primers targeting a variable simple sequence repeat (SSR, a.k.a. microsatellite) locus. Samples were run on a 5% polyacrylamide gel and visualized using silver staining.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PAGE_AgStain_Microsat.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2751", "caption": "Through the insertion of multiple genes and telomeres, a shortened minichromosome is produced, which can then be inserted into a host cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Telomere_mediated_minichromosome_production._f2c597e8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2752", "caption": "(A)  Transposable elements  are flanked by inverted  tandem repeats  (TIRs). (B)  Transposases  cleave the transposable element at the TIRs. The free transposable element inserts into another part of the  genome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/206px-DNA_Transposon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2753", "caption": "Bacterial conjugation . (1) Production of  pilus . (2) Pilus connects two  bacteria . (3) One strand of  plasmid   DNA  moves into the recipient. (4) Both bacteria contain identical plasmids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Conjugation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2754", "caption": "Visualization of genetic modification with a piece of DNA being removed by tweezers [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_engineering_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2755", "caption": "Image depicts the CRISPR genome editing proc.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DNA_Repair-colourfriendly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2756", "caption": "Common products of genetic engineering", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Applications_of_combinatorial_gene_circuit_o_6f2d02d6.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2757", "caption": "Image: example of karyotyping showing a total of 46 chromosomes in the genome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DAPIstainedkarotypeofAprasiaparapulchellafem_70e4268b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2758", "caption": "FISH images of chromosomes from dividing orangutan (left) and human (right) cells. Yellow probe shows 4 copies of a region in the orangutan genome and only 2 copies in human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Chr2_orang_human.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2759", "caption": "A cell containing a rearrangement of the bcr/abl chromosomal regions (upper left red and green chromosome). This rearrangement is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia, and was detected using FISH.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Bcrablmet.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2760", "caption": "Tulip flower showing mosaicism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tulip_with_mosaicism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2761", "caption": "Frequency distribution of mtDNA haplogroup Z in Eurasia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Eurasian_frequency_distribution_of_mtDNA_hap_af5c3c67.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2762", "caption": "Older man from Faridabad, Haryana, India", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ageing_Gracefully_%284145379809%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2763", "caption": "(a)  The survival rate within a population decreases with age, while the reproduction rate remains constant.  (b)  The reproduction probability peaks early in life, at sexual maturity, and then steadily decreases as an individual ages, with the remaining share of the population decreasing with age as they enter the  selection shadow .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Selection_shadow.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2764", "caption": "Neofunctionalization is the process by which a gene acquires a new function after a gene duplication event. The figure shows that once a gene duplication event has occurred one gene copy retains the original ancestral function (represented by the green paralog), while the other acquires mutations that allow it to diverge and develop a new function (represented by the blue paralog).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Neofunctionalization_after_a_gene_duplicatio_8e82a933.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2765", "caption": "Areas of focus in neurogenomics. This figure highlights the different sources of data and areas of research that guide the field of neurogenomics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-Neuro_overview.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2766", "caption": "A typical network analysis pipeline in neurogenomics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossless-page1-417px-Network_analysis_pipeline.tif_b4b94b2f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2767", "caption": "Examples of markers that are expressed in different stages of neurogenesis in adult hippocampus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Neuronal_Lineage_Markers.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2768", "caption": "RNA in situ hybridization - KRT5 and housekeeping gene in human melanoma FFPE tissue section - visualized under brightfield and fluorescence microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-RNA_in_situ_hybridization_in_FFPE_samples.jp_ab0d0d16.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2769", "caption": "Mouse brain  slice stained by Immunohistochemistry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hypothalamus_of_a_mouse_tissue_stained_by_AB_6fdbac7d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2770", "caption": "Each circle represents a functional gene variant and lines represents point mutations between them. Light grid-regions have low  fitness , dark regions have high fitness. ( a ) White circles have few neutral neighbours, black circles have many. Light grid-regions contain no circles because those sequences have low fitness. ( b ) Within a neutral network, the population is predicted to evolve towards the centre and away from \u2018fitness cliffs\u2019 (dark arrows).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Neutral_network.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2771", "caption": "A simple genotype\u2013phenotype map.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SimpleGenotypePhenotypeMap.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2772", "caption": "Regulation of nickel ion uptake by components of the  nik  operon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-Regulation_of_nickel_through_nik_operon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2773", "caption": "Meiosis I Meiosis II Fertilization Zygote  The left image at the blue arrow is nondisjunction taking place during meiosis II. The right image at the green arrow is nondisjunction taking place during meiosis I. Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate normally resulting in a gain or loss of chromosomes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Nondisjunction_Diagrams.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2774", "caption": "Nondisjunction of sister chromatids during mitosis:     Left:  Metaphase of mitosis. Chromosome line up in the middle plane, the mitotic spindle forms and the kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to the microtubules.    Right:  Anaphase of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and the microtubules pull them in opposite directions.   The chromosome shown in  red  fails to separate properly, its sister chromatids stick together and get pulled to the same side, resulting in mitotic nondisjunction of this chromosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Mitotic_nondisjunction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2775", "caption": "Karyotype of X monosomy (Turner syndrome)  This condition is characterized by the presence of  only one X chromosome  and no Y chromosome (see bottom right corner).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-45%2CX.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2776", "caption": "Karyotype of trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)  Note that chromosome 21 is present in 3 copies, while all other chromosomes show the normal diploid state with 2 copies. Most cases of trisomy of chromosome 21 are caused by a nondisjunction event during meiosis I (see text).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Down_Syndrome_Karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2777", "caption": "Loss of a tumor suppressor gene locus according to the two-hit model :   In the first hit, the tumor suppressor gene on one of the two chromosomes is affected by a mutation that makes the gene product non-functional. This mutation may arise spontaneously as a DNA replication error or may be induced by a DNA damaging agent. The second hit removes the remaining wild-type chromosome, for example through a  mitotic nondisjunction  event. There are several other potential mechanisms for each of the two steps, for example an additional mutation, an unbalanced translocation, or a gene deletion by recombination. As a result of the double lesion, the cell may become malignant because it is no longer able to express the tumor suppressor protein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/700px-Two_hit_malignant_transformation_with_chromo_1d66b12a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2778", "caption": "Agrobacterium tumefaciens  (A) targets the nucleus of a plant cell (D) during an infection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Transfection_by_Agrobacterium.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2779", "caption": "Diagram showing the reduction in number of the  chromosomes  in the process of maturation of the  ovum . (In mammals, the first  polar body  normally disintegrates before dividing, so only two polar bodies are produced. [ citation needed ] )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Oogenesis_-_Meiosis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2780", "caption": "Oogenesis in eukaryotic cells. (A) oogonium where the mitotic division occurs (B) differentiation and meiosis I begins (C) primary oocyte (D) meiosis I is completed and meiosis II begins (E) secondary oocyte (F) first polar body (G) ovulation must occur and the presence of the sperm penetration (fertilization) induces meiosis II to completion (H) ovum (I) second polar body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Oogenesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2781", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Follicle_signaling.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2782", "caption": "Oogenesis throughout a woman's life", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Biology_Wiki_Diagram_--_oogensis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2783", "caption": "Diagram of oogenesis in a  digenean  ( Platyhelminthes )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Parasite160001-fig6_-_Oogenesis_in_Crepidost_ae22e26f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2784", "caption": "Illustration of the degree of penentrance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-Penetrance1.0.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2785", "caption": "Illustration of different degrees of penetrance and variable expressivity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-PenetranceVE.pdf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2786", "caption": "Illustration of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and cancer risk. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-BRCA1_and_BRCA2_mutations_and_absolute_cance_744059b4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2787", "caption": "Illustration of epigenetic related methylation of histone tail. Giving cause to alterations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2788", "caption": "Location of human  PGLYRP3  gene on chromosome 1 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-Human_PGLYRP3_gene_and_protein.t_a9f4afa6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2789", "caption": "Location of human  PGLYRP4  gene on chromosome 1 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-220px-Human_PGLYRP4_gene%2C_cDNA%2C_an_aabb0805.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2790", "caption": "Chocolate-colored male Himalayan rabbit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HimalayanRabbit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2791", "caption": "Phenotypic Integration is important for many traits.  One specifically is the development of fewer bones in the neurocranium.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Cranial_bones_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2792", "caption": "Northwestern Garter Snake's color patterns and escape mechanisms are integrated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Thamnophis_ordinoides.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2793", "caption": "The Poison Dart Frog is an example of a species that illustrates phenotypic integration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Korreldragende-gifkikker-3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2794", "caption": "Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments. Each line here represents a genotype. Horizontal lines show that the phenotype is the same in different environments; slanted lines show that there are different phenotypes in different environments, and thus indicate plasticity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Phenotypic_Plasticity_Genotypes_to_Phenotype_48eb6b27.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2795", "caption": "Phenotypic plasticity of sorghum flowering time evaluated from seven environments. The identified  photothermal time , a performance-independent index, quantifies the relevant environmental input and enables a systematic framework for modelling, explaining, and predicting phenotypic values under natural conditions. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/lossy-page1-300px-Phenotypic_plasticity.tiff.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2796", "caption": "Hatch rates for red-eyed tree frog tadpoles depends on predation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hatch_rates_for_red-eyed_tree_frog_tadpoles__0564eba8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2797", "caption": "Certain transcripts contain poison exons that can be incorporated via alternative splicing. Skipping of the poison exon leads to a productive transcript that is translated to protein. Incorporation of the poison exon introduces a premature termination codon into the transcript that leads to degradation of the transcript via nonsense-mediated decay. (PDB: 2N3L)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/588px-Poison_exon.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2798", "caption": "This figure depicts a generic graphical comparison of polar over dominance and polar under dominance. Differential inheritance is shown in a parent-of-origin type fashion in this case.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Polar_over-_VS._under-dominance.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2799", "caption": "PrP Sc  (stained in red) revealed in a photomicrograph of scrapie-infected mouse neuronal cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/180px-Scrapie_prions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2800", "caption": "Models of normal (PrP C ) and infectious (PrP Sc ) forms of prion protein on a membrane: polypeptide (turquoise); glycans (red); glycolipid anchors (blue). The core structures are based on NMR spectroscopy (PrP C ) and cryo-electron microscopy (PrP Sc ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Prion_structure_membrane_bound_fibril.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2801", "caption": "Heterodimer model of prion propagation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Prion_propagation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2802", "caption": "Fibril model of prion propagation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Prion_Replication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2803", "caption": "The process of fertilization in the ovum of a mouse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Gray8.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2804", "caption": "Prophase is the first step of cell division in mitosis. As it occurs after G2 of interphase, DNA has been already replicated when prophase begins. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Prophase_eukaryotic_mitosis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2805", "caption": "Fluorescence microscope  image of two mouse cell nuclei in prophase (scale bar is 5\u00a0\u03bcm). [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2806", "caption": "Arabidopsis thaliana  cell in preprophase, prophase and prometaphase. Preprophase band is present along the cell wall from images 1\u20133, is fading in image 4, and disappears by image 5. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Preprophase.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2807", "caption": "Repressible Q binary expression system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Q-system_shematic.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2808", "caption": "Intersectional expression patterns possible using GAL4 and QF binary expression systems.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-G4QF-intersectionals.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2809", "caption": "An example of three possible forward reading frames for a strand of DNA.   AGG\u00b7TGA\u00b7CAC\u00b7CGC\u00b7AAG\u00b7CCT\u00b7TAT\u00b7ATT\u00b7AGC A \u00b7GGT\u00b7GAC\u00b7ACC\u00b7GCA\u00b7AGC\u00b7CTT\u00b7ATA\u00b7TTA \u00b7GC AG \u00b7GTG\u00b7ACA\u00b7CCG\u00b7CAA\u00b7GCC\u00b7TTA\u00b7TAT\u00b7TAG\u00b7 C", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Reading_Frame.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2810", "caption": "An example of a section of DNA translated by a computer in all six possible reading frames. The Open Reading Frames (ORFs) for Gene 1 and 2 are highlighted", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Open_reading_frame.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2811", "caption": "The two reading frames used by the human mitochondrial genes  MT-ATP8  and  MT-ATP6 .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Homo_sapiens-mtDNA~NC_012920-ATP8%2BATP6_Ove_4b5680a0.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2812", "caption": "Performing reassortment with flu viruses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Reassortment.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2813", "caption": "Steps in DNA synthesis, with RPA shown", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Steps_in_DNA_synthesis.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2814", "caption": "The Central Valley in California prevents the two salamander populations from interacting with each other which is an example of habitat isolation. After many generations the two salamander gene pools will become mutated caused by natural selection. The mutation will change the DNA sequence of the two populations enough that the salamander populations can no longer successfully breed between each other making the populations of salamander become classified as different species.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Reproductive_Isolation_on_California_Salaman_efe8ff70.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2815", "caption": "The  flowers  of many species of  Angiosperm  have evolved to attract and reward a single or a few pollinator species (insects, birds, mammals). Their wide diversity of form, colour, fragrance and presence of nectar is, in many cases, the result of  coevolution  with the pollinator species. This dependency on its pollinator species also acts as a reproductive isolation barrier.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Flores.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2816", "caption": "In  coral reefs ,  gamete incompatibility  prevents the formation of numerous inter-species hybrids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Reef0484.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2817", "caption": "Mules  are hybrids with interspecific sterility.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Maultier_grau.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2818", "caption": "Reproductive isolation can be caused by allopatric speciation. A population of  Drosophila  was divided into sub populations selected to adapt to different food types. After some generations the two sub populations were mixed again. Subsequent matings occurred between individuals belonging to the same adapted group. [ 84 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/550px-Drosophila_speciation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2819", "caption": "Reverse transcriptase is shown with its finger, palm, and thumb regions. The catalytic  amino acids  of the  RNase H  active site and the  polymerase  active site are shown in ball-and-stick form.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HIV-1_Reverse_Transcriptase_with_Active_Site_a99a1e54.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2820", "caption": "Mechanism of reverse transcription in HIV. Step numbers will not match up.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Reverse_transcription.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2821", "caption": "The molecular structure of  zidovudine  (AZT), a drug used to inhibit reverse transcriptase", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Zidovudine.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2822", "caption": "Tandem slippage of 2 tRNAs at rous sarcoma virus slippery sequence. After the frameshift, new base pairings are correct at the first and second nucleotides but incorrect at wobble position.  E ,  P , and  A  sites of the ribosome are indicated. Location of growing polypeptide chain is not indicated in image because there is not yet consensus on whether the \u22121 slip occurs before or after polypeptide is transferred from P-site tRNA to A-site tRNA (in this case from the Asn tRNA to the Leu tRNA). [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Tandem_slippage_model.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2823", "caption": "+1 frameshift occurs as ribosome and P-site tRNA pause to wait for arrival of rare arginine tRNA. The A-site codon in the new frame pairs to anticodon of more common glycine tRNA, and translation continues. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-%2B1_translational_frameshift_mechanism.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2824", "caption": "This is a graphical representation of the HIV1 frameshift signal. A \u22121 frameshift in the slippery sequence region results in translation of the  pol  instead of the  gag  protein-coding region, or open reading frame (ORF). Both gag and pol proteins are required for reverse transcriptase, which is essential to HIV1 replication. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-RNA_structure.001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2825", "caption": "A network of  genotypes  linked by mutations. Each genotype is made up of 3  genes : a, b & c. Each gene can be one of two  alleles . Lines link different phenotypes by  mutation . The  phenotype  is indicated by colour. Genotypes abc, Abc, aBc and abC lie on a  neutral network  since all have the same, dark phenotype. Genotype abc is robust since any single mutation retains the same phenotype. Other genotypes are less robust as mutations change the phenotype (e.g. ABc).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Robustness_cube_annotated.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2826", "caption": "Core eukaryotic  metabolic network . Circles indicate  metabolites  and lines indicate conversions by  enzymes . Many metabolites can be produced via more than one route, therefore the organism is robust to the loss of some metabolic enzymes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Metabolism_diagram.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2827", "caption": "Each circle represents a functional gene variant and lines represent point mutations between them. Light grid-regions have low  fitness , dark regions have high fitness. ( a ) White circles have few neutral neighbours, black circles have many. Light grid-regions contain no circles because those sequences have low fitness. ( b ) Within a neutral network, the population is predicted to evolve towards the centre and away from 'fitness cliffs' (dark arrows).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Neutral_network.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2828", "caption": "Electron micrograph of the ribonucleoprotein of  mumps virus , which has a herring-bone like structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Mumps_virus_electron_micrograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2829", "caption": "Results of a hypothetical replicated artificial selection experiment with three treatments.  At generation 0, the base population of organisms had been randomly sampled to create six lines, two of which would be selectively bred for high values of the trait, two for low values of the trait, and two of which would not experience any intentional selection.  The control lines diverged somewhat by random  genetic drift  and possibly unique  mutations , but, overall, did not change in their average phenotype from the beginning of the experiment.  Both of the high-selected lines reached apparent selection limits around generation 20.  Both of the low-selected reached absolute limits near zero around generation 25.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Selection_Limits_1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2830", "caption": "Protein  sequence space can be represented as a space with n  dimensions , where n is the number of  amino acids  in the protein. Each axis has 20 positions representing the 20 amino acids. There are 400 possible 2 amino acid proteins ( dipeptide ) which can be arranged in a 2D grid. the 8000  tripeptides  can be arranged in a 3D cube. Most proteins are longer than 100 amino acids and so occupy large, multidimensional spaces containing an astronomical number protein sequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/600px-Protein_Sequence_space.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2831", "caption": "How  directed evolution  climbs fitness landscapes. Performing multiple rounds of directed evolution is useful not only because a new library of mutants is created in each round, but also because each new library uses better mutants as templates than the previous. The experiment is analogous to climbing a hill on a 'fitness landscape,' where elevation represents the desired property. The goal is to reach the summit, which represents the best achievable mutant. Each round of selection samples mutants on all sides of the starting template (1) and selects the mutant with the highest elevation, thereby climbing the hill. This is repeated until a local summit is reached (2).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-DE_landscape.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2832", "caption": "How  DNA libraries  generated by  random mutagenesis  sample sequence space. The amino acid substituted into a given position is shown. Each dot or set of connected dots is one member of the library. Error-prone PCR randomly mutates some residues to other amino acids. Alanine scanning replaces each reside of the protein with alanine, one-by-one. Site saturation substitutes each of the 20 possible amino acids (or some subset of them) at a single position, one-by-one.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/page1-220px-How_random_DNA_libraries_sample_sequen_8530d5bc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2833", "caption": "Experimental cross performed by  Thomas Hunt Morgan , illustrating the X-linked inheritance of  white-eyed  mutation in  fruit flies [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Sex-linked_inheritance.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2834", "caption": "An example pedigree chart of the inheritance of a sex-linked disorder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Sex_linked_inheritance.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2835", "caption": "Three main mechanisms of dosage compensation observed in common model eukaryotic organisms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Summary_of_dosage_compensation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2836", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dosage_compensation_in_C._elegans.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2837", "caption": "Platypus, a type of monotreme", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Platypus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2838", "caption": "Overview of the use of the SOS response for genotoxicity testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Genotoxic_Damage.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2839", "caption": "Overview of the use of the SOS response for genotoxicity testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Sos_results.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2840", "caption": "A current model of meiotic recombination, initiated by a double-strand break or gap, followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process. Repair of the gap can lead to crossover (CO) or non-crossover (NCO) of the flanking regions. CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction (DHJ) model, illustrated on the right, above. NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA) model, illustrated on the left, above. Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/Homologous_Recombination.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2841", "caption": "Arrayed yeast showing synthetic lethal interactions. Synthetic lethal interactions are those pairs of colonies with reduced or no growth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Yeast_colonies_array_1536_format.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2842", "caption": "Replicating yeast colonies during SGA analysis using a pinning robot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Pinning_robot.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2843", "caption": "Schematic of basic synthetic lethality. Simultaneous mutations in gene pair confer lethality while any other combination of mutations is viable.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Synthetic_lethality.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2844", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SBO_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2845", "caption": "A molecular structure composed of unwound and unpaired DNA, where a short stretch of nucleotides are exposed on each strand of the double helix, allowing RNA polymerase binding, and nascent RNA synthesis within this region.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/518px-Transcription_Bubble_image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2846", "caption": "Transcriptional amplification involves increases in global levels of mRNAs produced from expressed genes and may be either uniform across all expressed genes or variable from gene to gene.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/354px-Types_of_transcriptional_amplification.svg.p_277d1c6d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2847", "caption": "This is a Manhattan plot for microcirculation genome associations. On the X-axis it shows genes by chromosome, and on the Y-axis it shows the log of the P-values.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Manhattan_Plot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2848", "caption": "The \"triangle of U\" diagram, showing the genetic relationships among six species of the genus  Brassica . Chromosomes from each of the genomes A, B and C are represented by different colours.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/360px-Triangle_of_U_Simple1.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2849", "caption": "Images of some of the possible intermediate secondary structures: (A) Intramolecular triplex, (B) Triloop, (C) Tetraloop", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-WikiStructures.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2850", "caption": "Carl Correns", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Carl_Correns.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2851", "caption": "The protein structure of a Universal Stress Protein found in  Haemophylus influenzae   [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Haemophylus_influenzae_USP.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2852", "caption": "This schematic shows a generalised bacterial response to an environmental stress. In this case, it depicts increased levels of Nitric Oxide which stimulates  Usp  gene transcription. This results in an anti-stress response from the cell which may or may not include the responses listed within the diagram. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-Bacteria_USP_response.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2853", "caption": "Fig 1. Karyotype of human male using  Giemsa  staining", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2854", "caption": "Fig 2. Virtual karyotype of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia sample using a SNP array.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Virtual_karyotype_karyogram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2855", "caption": "Fig 3. Virtual karyotype log2ratio plot of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia sample using a SNP array. Yellow = copy number of 2 (normal/diploid), aqua = 1 (deletion), pink = 3 (trisomy).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CLL_ForWiki.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2856", "caption": "Fig 4. Schematic of a region of a chromosome before and after a duplication event", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Gene-duplication.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2857", "caption": "Fig 5. Her2 Amplification by SNP array virtual karyotype.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Her2Neu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2858", "caption": "Fig 6. Copy neutral LOH/uniparental disomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Copy_neutral_LOH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2859", "caption": "Fig 7. Virtual karyotype of a colorectal carcinoma (whole genome view) demonstrating deletions, gains, amplifications, and acquired UPD (copy neutral LOH).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-CRCforwiki.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2860", "caption": "Schematic karyogram of a human, with annotated  bands and sub-bands  as used in the  International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature  for the locations of genetic abnormalities. It shows 22  homologous   autosomal  chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two  sex chromosomes , as well as the  mitochondrial genome  (at bottom left).  Further information:  Karyotype", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Human_karyotype_with_bands_and_sub-bands.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2861", "caption": "Diagram of  August Weismann 's  germ plasm  theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the  gonads . Somatic cells (of the body)  develop afresh  in each generation from the germ plasm. Whatever may happen to those cells does not affect the next generation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Weismann%27s_Germ_Plasm.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2862", "caption": "X-linked recessive inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/390px-X-linked_recessive_%282%29.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2863", "caption": "Patterns of X-linked recessive inheritance in a royal family", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Haemophilia_family_tree.GIF.GIF"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2864", "caption": "Ribosomal rRNA subunits", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/520px-Ribosomal_rRNA_subunits.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2865", "caption": "Phytohemagglutinin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Phytohemagglutinin_L.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2866", "caption": "Historical contribution of donor source groups in European peoples according to Hellenthal et al., (2014). Polish is selected to represent Slavic-speaking donor groups from the Middle Ages that are estimated to make up 97% of the ancestry in Belarusians, 80% in Russians, 55% in Bulgarians, 54% in Hungarians, 48% in Romanians, 46% in Chuvash and 30% in Greeks. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-A_genetic_atlas_of_human_admixture_history_-_9c71c36a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2867", "caption": "The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup I-P37 clusters, ancestral \"Dnieper-Carpathian\" (DYS448=20) and derived \"Balkan\" (DYS448=19: represented by a single SNP I-PH908), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_ha_e4cd25cb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2868", "caption": "Prevailing mtDNA hgs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Human_migrations_and_mitochondrial_haplogrou_6eec3dd3.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2869", "caption": "Network of 29 populations constructed with the Neighbor-net approach from FST distances based on the variation of autosomal SNPs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Plos_Balkans.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2870", "caption": "Admixture analysis of autosomal SNPs of the Balkan region in a global context on the resolution level of 7 assumed ancestral populations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Plos.Balkans.2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2871", "caption": "A simplified model for recent demographic history of Europeans. The panels indicate a possible demographic scenario consistent with the observed signals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Simplified_model_for_demographic_history_of__c9dd3f5c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2872", "caption": "Medieval gene flow within West Eurasia is shown by lines linking the best-matching donor group to the sources of admixture with recipient clusters (arrowhead). Linecolors represent the regional identity of the donor group, and line thickness represents the proportion of DNA coming from the donor group. Ranges of the dates (point estimates) for events involving sources most similar to selected donor groups are shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Europe_DNA_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2873", "caption": "The Impact of Recent Admixture in West Eurasia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Admixture_Fig_4A.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2874", "caption": "Estimated ancient DNA admixture. Bulgarian: 52% Neolithic farmer (ENF), 32% Western Hunter Gatherer (WHG), 13% Ancestral North Eurasian (ANE).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-European_DNA_admixture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2875", "caption": "Samples from three prehistoric European ancestor groups compared to modern peoples", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Admixture.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2876", "caption": "PCA and Admixture of the Copper Age Poto\u010dani individuals with PCA of other Neolithic & Bronze & Iron Age samples compared to present-day Croats, per Novak, Olalde, Ringbauer et al. 2021.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PCA_and_Admixture_of_the_Croatian_Neolithic__44f52290.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2877", "caption": "The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup I-P37 clusters, ancestral \"Dnieper-Carpathian\" (DYS448=20) and derived \"Balkan\" (DYS448=19: represented by a single SNP  I-PH908 ), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_ha_e4cd25cb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2878", "caption": "The distribution of haplogroup  E-V13  in Europe.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HgE1b1b1a2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2879", "caption": "The mtDNA haplogroups hypothetical  Out of Africa  migrations in thousand of years  before present .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-World_map_of_prehistoric_human_migrations.jp_b05fb348.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2880", "caption": "The median plot of Croats from Croatia on a PCA including European countries, per Gilbert et al. 2022. [ 59 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Genetic_PCA_of_European_countries_2022.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2881", "caption": "Proposed migration routes (Wang 2013) of dominant East Asian paternal haplogroups (C, D, N, and O), during the peopling of East Asia. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Migration_of_the_Y_chromosome_haplogroup_C%2_744a054c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2882", "caption": "Proposed migration routes of maternal haplogroups during the peopling of Eurasia. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2883", "caption": "A population genomic PCA graph, showing the substructure of Eastern Asian populations. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/266px-East_Asian_PCA_%28including_Jomon_samples%29_4cac976c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2884", "caption": "Genetic structure of present-day and ancient Eurasians. [ 58 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/254px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and__ace74a99.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2885", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree  of Ainu, Ryukyuan, Mainland Japanese, and other Asian ethnic groups. The Ainu and the Ryukyuan were clustered with 100% bootstrap probability, followed by the Mainland Japanese. The three populations in the Japanese Archipelago clustered with the Korean with 100% bootstrap probability. [ 70 ] [ 71 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/265px-Phylogenetic_trees_for_the_three_Japanese_po_e9a30158.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2886", "caption": "Regional reference panel, PCA, and Admixture analysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/247px-Devils_gate_admixture_analysis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2887", "caption": "Estimated ancestry components among modern Eurasian populations. The colored components represent the distinctive genetic markers characteristic of people with red representing East Asian ancestry, Yellow for Siberian ancestry, green for South Asian ancestry, and blue for West Eurasian ancestry. [ 113 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Estimated_ancestry_components_of_Eurasian_po_ded7d178.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2888", "caption": "A PCA graph illustrates the genetic differences among Han Chinese groups. [ 138 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/310px-Han_chinese_genetic_0.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2889", "caption": "Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia. Turkic-speaking populations are shown in red. The upper barplot shows only Turkic-speaking populations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Population_structure_of_Turkic-speaking_popu_b971350b.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2890", "caption": "Genetic, archeologic and linguistic evidence links the early  Turkic peoples  with Northeast Asian millet-agriculturalists, which later adopted a nomadic lifestyle and expanded from eastern Mongolia westwards.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Turkic_origin_and_expansion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2891", "caption": "PCA of various populations in the context of Eurasia and the Americas.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-PCA_of_the_native_populations_of_Sakha_in_th_81b86a5d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2892", "caption": "Estimated ancestry components among selected modern populations per Changmai et al. (2022). The yellow component represents East Asian-like ancestry. [ 194 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-K6_human_genetic_ancestries.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2893", "caption": "PCA plot of genetic variationof worldwide populations. Australasians (green) cluster relative close to other East Eurasians, such as East/Southeast Asians.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Procrustes-transformed_PCA_plot_of_genetic_v_f3bae582.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2894", "caption": "Haplogroup J (Y-DNA) Map on Egypt and the surrounding region. Connecting to the Middle East and Northern Medditeranean.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Haplogroup_J_%28Y-DNA%29_Map.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2895", "caption": "PCA  plot of 17 contemporary Iberian populations [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/410px-PCA_analysis_of_17_Iberian_populations.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2896", "caption": "(A) Geographic distribution of the inferred proportions in the map. Shadings for proportions are scaled according to the maximum and minimum proportions of each source. (B) Representation of the ADMIXTURE proportions in each target population based on the statistically significant models obtained with qpAdm. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/510px-Gr4_lrg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2897", "caption": "Distribution of North African Admixture in the Iberian Peninsula", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/510px-NorthAfricanAdmixtureIberianPeninsula.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2898", "caption": "Haplotype-based estimates of genetic sharing between Europe and Africa (Botigu\u00e9 et al. 2013) [ 40 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/282px-Map_of_African_admixture_in_European_populat_2b9f5170.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2899", "caption": "Moura  (literally \"Moorish\"), a small southern town near the Spanish border, known for its  Moorish heritage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Moura_-_Portugal_%2810279055476%29_%28croppe_e0942be6.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2900", "caption": "Five component admixture plots for various contemporary Iberian populations against other European, West Asian, North African and West African populations [ 54 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/440px-Overview_of_the_genetic_structure_and_global_582220cd.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2901", "caption": "Y-DNA haplogroup frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula [ 37 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-Y-Chromosome_Haplogroup_Distributions_in_Ibe_01bb8f46.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2902", "caption": "MtDNA haplogroup frequencies in the main Iberian regions [ 77 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-MtDNA_haplogroup_frequencies_in_the_main_Ibe_aae42e4a.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2903", "caption": "Distribution of the R1b haplogroup in Europe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Distribution_Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2904", "caption": "Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Principal_Component_Analysis_of_the_Italian__a21234ec.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2905", "caption": "Timeline summarizing the main demographic events in ancient Italy, from the  Paleolithic  to the  Middle Ages .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Timeline_of_Demographic_Events_in_Ancient_It_61f97cd3.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2906", "caption": "Ethnic groups of  Italy  (as defined by today's borders) in the 4th century BC.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Italy_400bC_en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2907", "caption": "Etruscan votive heads, IV-II century BC", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Etruscan_votive_heads_IV-II_century_BC.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2908", "caption": "Distribution of the R1b haplogroup in Europe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/330px-Distribution_Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2909", "caption": "Admixture plots of modern West Eurasian populations based on seven components:   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0South/West European   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0North/East European   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Caucasus   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0West Asian   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0South Asian   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0East Asian   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0North African/Sub-Saharan African [ 100 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-WestEurasia_admixture_crop.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2910", "caption": "The European genetic structure (based on 273,464 SNPs). Three levels of structure as revealed by PC analysis are shown: A) inter-continental; B) intra-continental; and C) inside a single country (Estonia), where median values of the PC1&2 are shown. D) European map illustrating the origin of sample and population size. CEU \u2013 Utah residents with ancestry from Northern and Western Europe, CHB \u2013 Han Chinese from Beijing, JPT \u2013 Japanese from Tokyo, and YRI \u2013 Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria. [ 35 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-European_genetic_structure_%28based_on_SNPs%_7a2f0d73.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2911", "caption": "Glacier cover in Japan at the height of the last glaciation about 20,000 years ago.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/198px-Japan_glaciation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2912", "caption": "Main migration routes into Japan during the J\u014dmon and Yayoi period.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/262px-Y-DNA_haplogroup_migration_in_East_Asia_map._f92ed540.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2913", "caption": "Phylogenetic tree  of Ainu, Ryukyuan, Mainland Japanese, and other Asian ethnic groups. The Ainu and the Ryukyuan were clustered with 100% bootstrap probability, followed by the Mainland Japanese. The three populations in the Japanese Archipelago clustered with the Korean with 100% bootstrap probability. [ 27 ] [ 28 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/265px-Phylogenetic_trees_for_the_three_Japanese_po_e9a30158.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2914", "caption": "A population genomic PCA graph, showing the substructure of Eastern Asian populations, including analyzed Japanese J\u014dmon samples.  Japanese people 's cluster (squares) is almost indistinguishable to the  Korean people 's cluster (circles), while the J\u014dmon samples are shifted towards the Siberian cluster in a more distinct position. (2020) [ 35 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/266px-East_Asian_PCA_%28including_Jomon_samples%29_4cac976c.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2915", "caption": "Ancestry profile of Japanese genetic clusters illustrating their genetic similarities to five mainland Asian populations. [ 46 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/269px-Ancestry_profile_of_the_Japanese_genetic_clu_a6a92183.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2916", "caption": "Proposed tripartite styled genomic transitions in parallel with cultural transitions in pre- and protohistoric Japan. (2021)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/266px-Genomic_transitions_in_parallel_with_cultura_baf7a2ee.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2917", "caption": "According to Pietrusewsky, the group most similar to the  Japanese  cranial bones were the  Koreans . Meanwhile,  Chinese ,  Mongolians  and  Southeast Asians  were distinguished from the Japanese. [ 52 ]  (2010)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/292px-Cranial_bones_of_East_Asians_and_Southeast_A_39c879ae.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2918", "caption": "Principal component analysis  of various populations, including the  Middle East", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-PCA_results_of_Arabian_and_other_populations_eb1ef312.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2919", "caption": "From right to left: an Egyptian, an Assyrian, a Nubian, and Libyans from the tomb of  Seti I", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/400px-From_right_to_left_an_Egyptian%2C_an_Assyria_320a1c6f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2920", "caption": "Arabian Peninsula/East African ancestral components \u00a0  Levantine ancestral component \u00a0  Other ancestral components [ 61 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Levantine_component.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2921", "caption": "Genome-wide  principal component analysis  of world populations with the Levantine cluster shaded in pink [ 61 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Principle_component_analysis_of_Levantine_po_5376d07e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2922", "caption": "Multidimensional scaling  analysis of various populations, including Jews and Palestinians [ 71 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-MDS_analysis_of_European%2C_Jewish%2C_and_Mi_8b7175e4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2923", "caption": "Y chromosome Haplogroup distribution in Turkey.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/250px-Turkey_Y_chromosome%28in_20_haplogroups%29.p_2f4b3e3a.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2924", "caption": "Chronological map of the  Austronesian expansion [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_peop_23ce3133.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2925", "caption": "The most common Y-DNA Haplogroup type is O, which Filipinos share with Chinese and fellow Southeast Asians. The South Asian Y-DNA H1a indicate the presence of Indians while the 13% frequency of European Y-DNA R1b is evidence of Spanish immigration. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/280px-105_Filipino_Y-DNA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2926", "caption": "Distribution of Y haplogroup O lineages in East Asia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Distribution_of_Y_haplogroup_O_lineages_in_E_624ab7bb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2927", "caption": "European genetic structure (based on SNPs) PC analysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-European_genetic_structure_%28based_on_SNPs%_b175721f.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2928", "caption": "Using the clustering algorithm implemented in ADMIXTURE, ancestral genetic components in Balto-Slavic populations were modeled. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Ancestral_components_of_the_Balto-Slavic_gen_2dd9c5bb.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2929", "caption": "The people of South Asia are broadly of a mixture of  Western Steppe Herder  (WSH) and native South Asian heritage, the latter of which combines  IVC -related ancestry with  Ancient Ancestral South Indian  (AASI) hunter-gatherer ancestry. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-South_Asia_non_political.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2930", "caption": "Y chromosome haplogroup distribution of Turkish people [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/350px-Turkey_Y_chromosome%28in_20_haplogroups%29.p_3c76fb71.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2931", "caption": "Y-DNA comparison of Turkish and Greek-speaking populations of Cyprus, Anatolia, Thrace, the Aegean, and peninsular Greece (Citation: Heraclides et al. 2017 Y-chromosomal analysis of  Greek Cypriots  reveals a primarily common pre-Ottoman paternal ancestry with  Turkish Cypriots . PLoS ONE 12(6): e0179474. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179474", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-HaplogroupdifferencesbetweenTurksandGreeks.j_ee893032.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2932", "caption": "Whole genome sequencing of Turkish individuals. [ 1 ]  (b) shows a tree analysis. Turkey, TUR; Tuscans, TSI; Iberian, IBS; British, GBR; Finnish, FIN; European-American, CEU; Northern Han Chinese, CHB; Japanese, JPT; Southern Han Chinese, CHS; Yoruba, YRI; Luhya, LWK. Weight of the migration event predicted to originate from the East Asian branch into Turkey is 0.217; from the ancestral Eurasian branch into the Turkey-Tuscan branch, 0.048; from the African branch into Iberia, 0.026, from the Japanese branch into Finland, 0.079.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Figure_2_Alkan.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2933", "caption": "Estimated cluster membership bar plot for populations in West Asia, Europe, Africa, South Central Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia. The populations with the largest orange bars, including Turkish people, are located primarily in Southern and Mediterranean Europe, and the northern part of Southwest Asia. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Estimated_cluster_membership_bar_for_various_13ca0c9b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2934", "caption": "Population relationships based on fixation index distance estimates. Turks are closest to OCA (Caucasus) and  OME (Iranian and Syrian) groups, compared to other groups or populations such as East-Central European populations (OEC), European (EUR, including Northern and Eastern European), Sardinian, Roma, and Turkmen. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Fst_distance_estimates_between_Turks_and_var_9fc12138.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2935", "caption": "Helioculture combines brackish water (or  graywater ), nutrients, photosynthetic organisms, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to create fuel.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-Helioculture_image.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2936", "caption": "Founder and CEO Jonathan S. Wolfson", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Jonathan_Wolfson_CEO_Solazyme.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2937", "caption": "Solazyme Soladiesel shown in the company laboratory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Soladiesel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2938", "caption": "Aristotle  (384\u2013322\u00a0BC) is credited with raising the distinction between personal and logical arguments.   [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2939", "caption": "Supermarket shelf with four different brands advertising themselves, in some form, as \"natural\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/200px-Appeal_to_Nature_Example.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2940", "caption": "Dr. Samuel Johnson. Originator of the appeal to the stone.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Samuel_Johnson_%281911%29_Frontispiece.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2941", "caption": "Toulmin argumentation framework example.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/373px-Toulmin_Argumentation_Example.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2942", "caption": "An Euler diagram illustrating the association fallacy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/216px-Euler_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2943", "caption": "An attendee at the 2010  Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear  wearing a T-shirt implicitly referencing Godwin's Law: \"I disagree with you but I'm pretty sure you're not Hitler.\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Godwin%27s_law_t-shirt_at_Rally_to_restore_s_953849fd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2944", "caption": "The Roman politician  Marcus Tullius Cicero  coined the phrase  ipse dixit , which translates from the Latin as \"he said it himself\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Cicero.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2945", "caption": "Adolf Hitler  (1889\u20131945) in 1938", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2946", "caption": "Stolpersteine  of two of the Leiss family in  Moers , punished due to the desertion of Wenzeslaus Leiss.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Moers_Stolpersteine_Ruhrstra%C3%9Fe_76.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2947", "caption": "Himmler in 1945", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Himmler45.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2948", "caption": "Rommel in 1942", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1973-012-43%2C_Erwin_R_f36111d2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2949", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/450px-Annovar_broad_overview_diagnosis_application_501399f4.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2950", "caption": "Key ANNOVAR program workflows", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/850px-ANNOVAR_main_package_workflows.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2951", "caption": "Broad overview of an application of ANNOVAR for identifying mutations for rare disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/500px-ANNOVAR_broad_overview_diagnosis_for_priorit_d97e7ddf.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2952", "caption": "Gene Designer clones with a drag and drop feature. Users can drag a  vector  and insert into the Cloning Tool; cut, combine and  clone . Gene Designer assembles a  clone  that can then be dropped directly into a project.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/300px-GD2Back.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2953", "caption": "An example of a neighbor-net  phylogenetic network  generated by  SplitsTree  v4.6.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Heterobranchia_tree.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2954", "caption": "Usage pathway for SnpEff", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Usage_pathway_for_SnpEff.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2955", "caption": "SnpEff Input File Example", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SnpEff_Input_File_Example.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2956", "caption": "SnpEff Output Example", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-SnpEff_Output_Example.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2957", "caption": "The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup I-P37 clusters, ancestral \"Dnieper-Carpathian\" (DYS448=20) and derived \"Balkan\" (DYS448=19: represented by a single SNP I-PH908), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-The_approximate_frequency_and_variance_of_ha_e4cd25cb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2958", "caption": "The Great Hall,  Oundle School", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Oundlegreathall.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2959", "caption": "At the  University of Texas at Austin , March 2008", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Dawkins_at_UT_Austin.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2960", "caption": "Dawkins at  Cooper Union  in  New York City  to discuss his book  The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution  in 2010", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Richard_Dawkins_Cooper_Union_Shankbone.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2961", "caption": "Lecturing on his book  The God Delusion , 24 June 2006", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Richard_dawkins_lecture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2962", "caption": "Wearing a  scarlet 'A'  lapel pin, at the 34th annual conference of  American Atheists  (2008)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Dawkins_aaconf.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2963", "caption": "With  Ariane Sherine  at the  Atheist Bus Campaign  launch in London, January 2009", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/290px-Ariane_Sherine_and_Richard_Dawkins_at_the_At_8e54fa8b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2964", "caption": "Speaking at  Kepler's Books ,  Menlo Park ,  California , 29 October 2006", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Richard_Dawkin_Kepler_Talk.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2965", "caption": "Musician  Jayce Lewis  at Dawkins' home in 2018 while working on  Million  (Part 2)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Jayce_Lewis_%26_Prof_Richard_Dawkins_2018.jp_294f0c4e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2966", "caption": "Receiving the  Deschner Prize  in  Frankfurt , 12 October 2007, from  Karlheinz Deschner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/170px-Deschner_Dawkins.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2967", "caption": "Dawkins accepting the Services to Humanism award at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference in 2012", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-Richard_Dawkins_speaking_at_the_British_Huma_9c18295f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Genetics$$$query_2968", "caption": "Mendel Lectures' logo with black outline", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Genetics/images/220px-ML_logo_black_outline.png.png"}