{"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_1", "caption": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, MRI scan.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS385.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_2", "caption": "Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), high power microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS341.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_3", "caption": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, high power microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS197.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_4", "caption": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, medium power microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS196.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_5", "caption": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, high power microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS087.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_6", "caption": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, high power microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS195.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_7", "caption": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, muscle biopsy, microscopic, trichrome stain.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/MUSC005.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_8", "caption": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, microscopic, Luxol fast blue stain.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS105.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_9", "caption": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS104.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_10", "caption": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS103.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_11", "caption": "Lewy bodies, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS182.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_12", "caption": "Parkinson disease, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS180.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_13", "caption": "Parkinson disease, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS102.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_14", "caption": "Huntington disease, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS239.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_15", "caption": "Huntington disease, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS101.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_16", "caption": "Multi-infarct dementia, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS336.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_17", "caption": "Progressive supranuclear palsy, globose tangle, Bielschowsky stain, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS354.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_18", "caption": "Pick disease, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS100.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_19", "caption": "Pick disease, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS098.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_20", "caption": "Diffuse Lewy body disease, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS182.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_21", "caption": "Alzheimer disease, neurofibrillary tangle, with Bielschowsky silver stain, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS097.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_22", "caption": "Alzheimer disease, neurofibrillary tangle, H and E stain, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS094.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_23", "caption": "Alzheimer disease, senile plaque, with Congo red stain, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS092.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_24", "caption": "Alzheimer disease, thioflavin stain, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS407.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_25", "caption": "Alzheimer disease, Bielschowsky silver stain, microscopic.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS091.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_26", "caption": "Alzheimer disease, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS089.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_27", "caption": "Alzheimer disease, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS178.jpg"} {"_id": "cnsdegenerative_clean$$$query_28", "caption": "Alzheimer disease, gross.", "image_path": "cnsdegenerative_clean/images/CNS088.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_1", "caption": "Ludwig T\u00fcrck (1810-1868)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Ludwig_T%C3%BCrck_%28ca._1860%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_2", "caption": "Part of the causal chain leading to Alzheimer's disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-APP_and_LTP_in_Alzheimer_disease.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_3", "caption": "Deaths due to neurological conditions per million persons 2012 \u00a0 \u00a018-52 \u00a0 \u00a053-68 \u00a0 \u00a069-84 \u00a0 \u00a085-99 \u00a0 \u00a0100-131 \u00a0 \u00a0132-157 \u00a0 \u00a0158-186 \u00a0 \u00a0187-243 \u00a0 \u00a0244-477 \u00a0 \u00a0478-1,482", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Neurological_conditions_world_map-Deaths_per_c20c1de7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_4", "caption": "Some of the fields that contribute to understanding mental functioning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Cognitive_science_heptagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_5", "caption": "Table from the 2010 DrugScience study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. This study rated alcohol the most harmful drug overall, and the only drug more harmful to others than to the users themselves. [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_6", "caption": "Acute confusional state caused by alcohol withdrawal, also known as delirium tremens", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-An_alcoholic_man_with_delirium_Wellcome_L006_cddf92b8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_7", "caption": "Chromosome 15", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Angelman.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_8", "caption": "Melatonin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/150px-Melatonin.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_9", "caption": "\"Boy with a Puppet\" or \"A child with a drawing\", circa 1520, by Giovanni Francesco Caroto ; the portrait motivated the initial naming of Angelman syndrome as puppet syndrome . [ 45 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Francesco_caroto%2C_ritratto_di_una_fanciull_1d95eafb.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_10", "caption": "People with Asperger syndrome often display restricted or specialized interests, such as this boy's interest in stacking cans.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Autism-stacking-cans_2nd_edit.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_11", "caption": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging provides some evidence for mirror neuron theory. [ 79 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_12", "caption": "Students and families walk to support Autism Awareness Month.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Students%2C_families_walk_to_support_Autism__2b34c20c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_13", "caption": "The trigeminal nerve .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray784.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_14", "caption": "The mythical Oedipus gouged his eyes out.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Oedipus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_15", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_16", "caption": "Different sections of semicircular canals. utricle and saccule are indicated by circles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/226px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_17", "caption": "Basilar invagination in an infant with Wolf\u2013Hirschhorn syndrome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Basilaere_Impression_bei_Wolf-Hirschhorn-Syn_a6a7694c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_18", "caption": "Thyroid transcription factor associated with BHC", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-PDB_1ftt_EBI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_19", "caption": "Motor cortex region involved in the learning retention", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cerebrum_lobes.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_20", "caption": "Left eye showing proptosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-406907P-PA-OCULAR.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_21", "caption": "Visual field of homonymous hemianopia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-Visual_field_homonymous_hemianopia.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_22", "caption": "Fluorescein angiography can reveal arteriovenous malformations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Fluorescein_angiography.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_23", "caption": "A coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/242px-Coup_injury.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_24", "caption": "Bromide rash", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-An_introduction_to_dermatology_%281905%29_Br_e2605dee.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_25", "caption": "BVVL has autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_26", "caption": "Electroencephalogram (EEG) displaying burst suppression patterns. Onset of bursts are indicated by solid arrows; offset, by open arrows. In both A and B, the interval between each vertical dotted line is one second.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Bonthius2b.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_27", "caption": "Patients with a high burst suppression ratio (yellow circles) show significantly better recovery from coma (traumatic etiologies) as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale extended (GOSe) 6 months post-injury (histogram on vertical axis). Figure from Frohlich et al. 2021 Frontiers in Neurology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Relationship_between_EEG_burst_suppression_a_035de972.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_28", "caption": "A clinical photograph showing a patient with the flexed posture. It can be abated when lying down. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Camptocormia.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_29", "caption": "Alexandre-Achille Souques was one of the first major researchers of camptocormia and created the definition and name used for the condition to this day.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/160px-Alexandre_Achille_Souques.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_30", "caption": "Spinal-muscle biopsy showing intense endomysial deposit of fibrosis (green) and fatty infiltration. Also observable is irregular distribution of involuted muscle fibers. (Trichrome, original magnification \u00d79100) [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Deposit_of_fibrosis_and_fatty_infiltration.j_6a9cd8b5.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_31", "caption": "Thymatron IV used for electroconvulsive therapy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-ThymatronIV.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_32", "caption": "Typical deep brain stimulation setup", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/140px-Typical_deep_brain_stimulation_setup.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_33", "caption": "Diplopia is a symptom that individuals with cerebellar degeneration may experience.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Diplopia3hjke.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_34", "caption": "Diagram of two different nerve cells. The diagram on the left shows a nerve cell that is healthy and normally-functioning. The diagram on the right shows a nerve cell with a damaged myelin sheath, being the cause of multiple sclerosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/255px-Myelin_sheath_damage_in_multiple_sclerosis.p_e03862fe.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_35", "caption": "Magnetic resonance imaging scans of two different brains. The scan of the brain on the left indicates a weakened, deteriorated cerebellum of a human with cerebellar degeneration. The scan of the brain on the right indicates a healthy, normally-functioning cerebellum of a human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/322px-Cerebellar_Degeneration.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_36", "caption": "Coronal CT of the brain showing a choroidal fissure cyst", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Choroidal_fissure_cyst_-_CT_-_coronar.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_37", "caption": "Structure of a typical neuron with Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/310px-Neuron.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_38", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/150px-PET1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_39", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/150px-PET2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_40", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/122px-PET3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_41", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/150px-VBM1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_42", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/140px-VBM2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_43", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/116px-VBM3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_44", "caption": "Cockayne syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/196px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_45", "caption": "Johnny Head-in-Air is an absent-minded boy who seems unaware of his surroundings.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/230px-H_Hoffmann_Struwwel_22.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_46", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Re-created_geometric_drawings_from_patients__a1075ad9.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_47", "caption": "Animation of cortical spreading depression", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cortical_spreading_depression.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_48", "caption": "Cortical spreading depression seen using intrinsic optical signal imaging in gyrencephalic brain. Speed 50x. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Santos_E_et_al_Neuroimage_2014_.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_49", "caption": "Hemodynamic changes observed after MCA occlusion in IOS. The video has a speed of 50x to better appreciate the SDs through human eye. Pictures are dynamically subtracted to a reference picture 40 s before. First we see the initial area of change at the exact moment where the left MCAs are occluded. The area is highlighted with a white line. Later we appreciate the signal produced by SDs. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Middle_Cerebral_Artery_occlusion._Kentar_et__2043489b.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_50", "caption": "Drawing by Donald Ogden Stewart published in 1921 showing Little Elmer's father with DTs and seeing pink elephants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-PinkElephantsDTs.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_51", "caption": "Huyghe Brewery 's flagship beer is Delirium Tremens , a golden ale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-DT_in_Palm_Springs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_52", "caption": "Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome \u2013 demyelination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Guillain-barr%C3%A9_syndrome_-_Nerve_Damage._789acc0f.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_53", "caption": "Daniel Radcliffe, actor, has dyspraxia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Daniel_Radcliffe_SDCC_2014.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_54", "caption": "Weight loss from diencephalic syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Diencephalic_Syndrome_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_55", "caption": "Punding , a possible symptom of DDS, is the repetition of complex motor behaviors such as collecting or arranging objects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Punding.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_56", "caption": "A slot machine, commonly used for gambling.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Slot_machine.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_57", "caption": "The dopamine transporter protein, pictured here, is mutated in DTDS patients.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Dopamine_Transporter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_58", "caption": "Dysgraphia can be difficult to diagnose because the handwriting starts out clear and slowly degrades, making the writer appear lazy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Dysgraphia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_59", "caption": "Figure 1. Schematic structure of K V 1.1 with the episodic ataxia type 1 mutations noted in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-EA1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_60", "caption": "Figure 2. Schematic structure of Ca V 2.1 with the episodic ataxia type 2 mutations noted in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Episodic_Ataxia_Schematic_Structure.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_61", "caption": "Kaiser Wilhelm II was affected by Erb's palsy in his left arm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_ac78680d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_62", "caption": "Some of the steps in the manufacture of felt hats are illustrated in this image from 1858.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Fur_industry-_hat-making%2C_Canadian_voyageu_594f6765.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_63", "caption": "A man working in hat manufacture with no protective equipment, putting him at risk for mercury poisoning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Fur_hat_maker%2C_1938_%288868083304%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_64", "caption": "Picture postcard of a hat factory in Danbury (postmarked 1911)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-PostcardDanburyCTViewOfTheHatFactory1911.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_65", "caption": "While the name of Lewis Carroll's Mad Hatter may contain an allusion to the hatters' syndrome, the character itself appears to have been based on an eccentric furniture dealer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MadlHatterByTenniel.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_66", "caption": "Convulsive symptoms of ergotism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Convulsivus005.tif.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_67", "caption": "Claviceps purpurea fungal sclerotium growing on barley", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Claviceps_purpurea.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_68", "caption": "Ergot in barley", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hordeum_vulgare_Claviceps_purpurea_23-7-2009_cdc4cb77.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_69", "caption": "Detail from the painting Temptation of St Anthony by Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald , showing a patient with advanced ergotism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Mathis_Gothart_Gr%C3%BCnewald_018.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_70", "caption": "\" Right hemisphere of the brain \"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray742.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_71", "caption": "Figure from a paper by J. Driver and P. Vuilleumier explaining the effect of grouping on extinction reduction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Explanation_of_the_grouping_effect_in_extinc_8ff55b75.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_72", "caption": "Facial characteristics of a child with FAS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder_svg_hariadhi_acd218a4.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_73", "caption": "A label on alcoholic drinks promoting zero alcohol during pregnancy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Zero_alcool_pendant_la_grossesse.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_74", "caption": "Smooth philtrum seen on a six-month-old baby with FAS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Philtrum_FAS_6_months.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_75", "caption": "Beer Street and Gin Lane , William Hogarth (1751)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/480px-Beer-street-and-Gin-lane.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_76", "caption": "Human lower leg anatomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray437.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_77", "caption": "An AFO (ankle foot orthosis) brace is a type of orthotic used to support the foot and ankle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-AFO_brace_for_foot_drop.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_78", "caption": "Dynamic advanced orthosis for drop foot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-AFO_-_Advanced_Ortho_Baltic.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_79", "caption": "Animation of the frontal lobe, shown in red", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_80", "caption": "Animation of the cerebellum, shown in red", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Cerebellum_animation_small.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_81", "caption": "The M2 pathway is shown in red, originating in the pre-motor cortex. The PrL pathway is shown in purple, originating in the medial prefrontal cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Frontocerebellar_pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_82", "caption": "Intermediate magnification micrograph showing giant cell arteritis in a temporal artery biopsy. The arterial lumen is seen on the left. A giant cell is seen on the right at the interface between the thickened intima and media .\u00a0 H&E stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Giant_cell_arteritis_--_intermed_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_83", "caption": "Histopathology of giant cell vasculitis in a cerebral artery. Elastica-stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cerebral_Giant-Cell_Vasculitis.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_84", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Iraq-gwi-map.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_85", "caption": "Major Gulf War engagements in which DU rounds were used", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-GWI_DU_map.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_86", "caption": "Louis Jones Jr . claimed Gulf War syndrome as a defense in his murder trial", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/150px-Louis_Jones_Jr_-_edit-NR.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_87", "caption": "Lesions lips, patient with hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hereditary_hemorrhagic_telangiectasia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_88", "caption": "Tongue telangiectases as seen in a person with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-TongueTelang.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_89", "caption": "A very large arteriovenous malformation in the left hemisphere (on the right in this image) of the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-AVM_grossly.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_90", "caption": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_91", "caption": "A schematic representation of the TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway. Endoglin (yellow) is needed for signalling. The ligand (blue) binds to the receptor complex; red indicates a type II receptor protein, which activates a type I receptor protein (turquoise) such as alk-1, which in turn phosphorylates a SMAD-based nuclear transcription factor (green and purple).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Endoglin_and_Alk1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_92", "caption": "A vascular lesion in the digestive tract, being treated with argon plasma coagulation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Argon_plasma_coagulation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_93", "caption": "CT-scan of vascular malformations in the liver in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia causing an inhomogeneous perfusion pattern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Morbus-Osler-CT-Leber-ax-010.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_94", "caption": "The Netherlands Antilles , where HHT is more common than anywhere in the world, located off the coast of Venezuela.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-LocationNetherlandsAntillesWithAruba.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_95", "caption": "Foot showing features of HMSN: pes cavus and clawing of the toes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Charcot-marie-tooth_foot.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_96", "caption": "Myelinated neuron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Myelinated_neuron.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_97", "caption": "Ankle foot orthosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/120px-AFO_Ankle_Foot_Orthosis_Orthotic_Brace.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_98", "caption": "The basal ganglia are involved in hyperkinesia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_%282%29_656be461.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_99", "caption": "Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson , the neurologist most known for his description of what came to be known as Wilson's disease .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Samuel_Alexander_Kinnier_Wilson.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_100", "caption": "A healthy, neuropathic, and myopathic electromyogram, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Electromyogram.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_101", "caption": "Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/110px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_102", "caption": "Structure of the olfactory epithelium. SARS-CoV-2 infects the support cells (sustentacular cells), which injures the olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium leading to loss of smell. New olfactory neurons regenerate from the basal cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Location_of_olfactory_ensheathing_cells_%28O_589a45ef.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_103", "caption": "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological and psychiatric outcomes in the subsequent 6 months compared with other respiratory tract infections [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological_and_psych_f90b75dd.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_104", "caption": "The cerebellum is highlighted in purple.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cerebellum_NIH.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_105", "caption": "A radiography during an intervention of deep brain stimulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Tiefe_Hirnstimulation_-_Sonden_RoeSchaedel_a_e30b995a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_106", "caption": "Eukaryote cells sort misfolded proteins into two quality control compartments: JUNQ and IPOD, based on their ubiquitination state.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/280px-A_scheme_of_a_yeast_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and__d0115052.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_107", "caption": "Eukaryote cells sort misfolded proteins, based on their ubiquitination state, into two quality control compartments: 1. JUNQ (green), which is tethered to the nucleus (orange) 2. IPOD(green), which is tethered to the vacuole (black shadow)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-A_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and_IPOD_inclusions.pn_abf2032a.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_108", "caption": "A JUNQ inclusion viewed by a ubiquitinated VHL protein(green), is tethered to the nucleus (orange).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossy-page1-290px-JUNQ_%28green%29_tethered_to_the_36372de8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_109", "caption": "An IPOD inclusion viewed by a non-ubiquitinated VHL protein(red), tethered to the vacuole (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossy-page1-269px-IPOD_%28red%29_tethered_to_the_v_dfbb920d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_110", "caption": "' Graph 1' Represents data that shows how Lafora disease has been distributed throughout not just the United States but the world as a whole. This particular graph shows 250 families that have been affected by Lafora Disease. [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Number_of_Cases_of_Lafora_Disease_per_countr_5662902e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_111", "caption": "' Graph 2' Represents data that shows how the gene mutation for both EPM2A and EPM2B has been distributed around the world. The data goes to show that there are more cases caused by EPM2B than there are for EPM2B (NHLRC1). [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Percentage_of_Lafora_Disease_in_each_country_0f5557d3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_112", "caption": "Lafora disease has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. [ 18 ] EPM2A gene found on chromosome 6q24 and NHLRC1 gene found on chromosome 6p22.3. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_113", "caption": "Gonzalo Rodr\u00edguez Lafora , discoverer of the disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Gonzalo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Lafora_%281910%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_114", "caption": "Two healthy mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue as shown by electron microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Mitochondria%2C_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_115", "caption": "The autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance seen in some cases of Leigh syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_116", "caption": "The X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance seen occasionally in cases of Leigh syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-X-linked_recessive_%28carrier_mother%29.svg._a249f792.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_117", "caption": "Chemical structure of methylprednisolone. Corticosteroids are used during acute multiple sclerosis relapses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Methylprednisolone.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_118", "caption": "Disease-modifying treatments are expensive and most require frequent (up-to-daily) injections, under the skin or into the muscle. Newer treatments feature intravenous (IV) infusions (shown above) at 1 to 3-month intervals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Injection_23.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_119", "caption": "Injectable medications can produce irritation or bruises at injection site. The bruise depicted was produced by a subcutaneous injection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Implant.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_120", "caption": "Irritation zone after injection of glatiramer acetate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Copaxone_Injection_Site_Reaction.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_121", "caption": "Chemical structure of mitoxantrone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Mitoxantrone_skeletal.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_122", "caption": "Supervised physical therapy may be helpful to overcome some symptoms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-LegExtensionMachineExercise.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_123", "caption": "Chemical structure of alemtuzumab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Alemtuzumab_Fab_1CE1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_124", "caption": "Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh and other structures passing between the left inguinal ligament and ilium, frontolateral view of the right side of the pelvis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray546-LFC.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_125", "caption": "Mevalonic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Mevalonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_126", "caption": "The biosynthesis of isoprenoids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Mevalonate_Pathway_Wiki_Page.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_127", "caption": "Mevalonate pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Mevalonate_pathway.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_128", "caption": "Mevalonate kinase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_129", "caption": "Amsler grid as it might appear to someone with micropsia as a result of age-related macular degeneration .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Amsler_grid_-_age-related_macular_degenerati_9d049f15.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_130", "caption": "An MRI image of a brain tumor occupying the left temporal and parieto - occipital regions of the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Papillary_glioneuronal_tumor.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_131", "caption": "Chilean writer Ana Mar\u00eda Haebig has Moebius Syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/210px-Haebig%2C_Ana_Maria_-FILSA_2015_10_28_fRF04__a8c38bb8.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_132", "caption": "Sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan showing a markedly underdeveloped ( hypoplastic ) tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MRI_of_head_of_M%C3%B6bius_syndrome_patient._36466abf.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_133", "caption": "Mentally disabled woman with features indicative of Muenke syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Goddard_22_%28top%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_134", "caption": "Muenke Syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_135", "caption": "Typical time frames of post-exertional malaise after normal daily activities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/330px-Timeframe_of_PEM_from_daily_activities.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_136", "caption": "Results of a study on the quality of life of individuals with ME/CFS, showing it to be lower than in 20 other chronic conditions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/310px-QoL_comparison_ME-CFS.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_137", "caption": "When people with ME/CFS exercise on consecutive days, their performance declines on the second day, unlike those with unexplained chronic fatigue (ICF).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Work_rate_at_ventilatory_threshold.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_138", "caption": "Could You Have ME/CFS? handout from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Could_You_Have_MECFS.webp.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_139", "caption": "A heart rate monitor can be helpful for energy management.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-FitbitIonicMomentDisplay.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_140", "caption": "Incidence rates by age and sex, from a 2014 study in Norway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-ME-CFS_Incidence_Rate_by_Age.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_141", "caption": "Presentation of a petition to the National Assembly for Wales relating to ME support in South East Wales", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Petition_presentation_by_M.E_Support_in_Glam_eea69552.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_142", "caption": "The blue ribbon is used for ME/CFS awareness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Blue_awareness_ribbon_icon_with_outline.svg._f51bdc5f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_143", "caption": "Graph of ME/CFS papers published by year: \u00a0 \u00a0Papers mentioning ME or CFS \u00a0 \u00a0Papers whose title mentions ME/CFS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-ME-CFS_Papers_by_Year.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_144", "caption": "According to a 1922 osteopath , the Venus de Milo was \"neurasthenic as her stomach was not in the proper position\". [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_145", "caption": "Comparison of brain tissue between healthy individual and Alzheimer's disease patient, demonstrating extent of neuronal death", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_146", "caption": "Risks from viral exposures according to one biobank study [ 58 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/180px-Hazard_ratio_lag_for_replicated_viral_infect_76dac089.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_147", "caption": "A child with Down syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Child_piggyback2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_148", "caption": "CT scan showing epidural hematoma , a type of traumatic brain injury (upper left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Epidural_hematoma.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_149", "caption": "MRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-NPH_MRI_274.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_150", "caption": "Map of England", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-English_regions_2009_%28named%29.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_151", "caption": "Caf\u00e9 au lait spot characteristic of NF1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-NF-1-Tache_cafe-au-lait.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_152", "caption": "Diagnostic criteria of neurofibromatosis type I, requiring at least 2 of the mentioned items. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Diagnostic_criteria_of_neurofibromatosis_typ_6647068c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_153", "caption": "MRI image showing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the left tibia in neurofibromatosis type-1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MPNST.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_154", "caption": "NF-1 is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, although it can also arise due to spontaneous mutation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_155", "caption": "NF-2 may be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, as well as through random mutation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_156", "caption": "Micrograph of a schwannoma , a tumor seen in neurofibromatosis type II. HPS stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_very_high_mag._07488c5c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_157", "caption": "Schwannoma of the N. Vestibularis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vestibularis-Schwannom.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_158", "caption": "Meningiomas in a person with NFII", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Recklinghausen2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_159", "caption": "NF-2 Locus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/50px-Neurofibromatosis2-locus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_160", "caption": "Left image : MRI findings (T1-weighted images) in a patient with neurosacoidosis showing thickening of infundibulum and both optic nerves (white signal marked with yellow arrows; width 6\u00a0mm). Right image : MRI brain with contrast showing near resolution of enhancement after treatment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neurosarcoidosis_MRI_pre-post_treatment_arro_125bc734.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_161", "caption": "Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-OcularAlbanism.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_162", "caption": "Fast-phase horizontal eye movement vision", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Horizontal-nystagmus.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_163", "caption": "Fast-phase vertical eye movement vision", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vertical-nystagmus.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_164", "caption": "A diagram of the caloric reflex test , which tests the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) by irrigating the ear canal with warm or cold water to induce physiological nystagmus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Lawrence_1960_13.8.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_165", "caption": "MRIs of a normal individual (left) and a patient with microcephaly caused by genetic mutation (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Microcephaly.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_166", "caption": "Electroencephalogram (EEG) displaying burst suppression patterns. Onset of bursts are indicated by solid arrows; offset, by open arrows. In both A and B, the interval between each vertical dotted line is one second", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Bonthius2b.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_167", "caption": "Figure 2: This image shows the three different types of aortic dissection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Aortic_dissection_class.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_168", "caption": "Figure 3: A visualization of the aorta (4) in relation to the pulmonary artery (5).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Heart_numlabels.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_169", "caption": "The eponymous objects", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Pinsandneedles.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_170", "caption": "Site of speech processes that sit on the Perisylvian Fissure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_m_71684999.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_171", "caption": "Man with facial paralysis on his right side", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Face_of_a_man_with_right_facial_paralysis_We_c3ab7856.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_172", "caption": "Image of arachnoid cyst", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Arachnoid_cyst.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_173", "caption": "CT scan with MCA infarction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MCA_Territory_Infarct.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_174", "caption": "image of cerebral angiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cerebral_angiography%2C_arteria_vertebralis__45d82e0b.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_175", "caption": "Middle cranial fossa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Middle_cranial_fossa_-_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_176", "caption": "Image of brain MRI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MRI_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_177", "caption": "Friedrich Albert von Zenker", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/150px-FAZenker.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_178", "caption": "A mirror box used for treating phantom limbs, developed by V.S. Ramachandran", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/280px-Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_179", "caption": "Structure of Venlafaxine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Venlafaxine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_180", "caption": "Misfolded proteins can form protein aggregates or amyloid fibrils , get degraded , or refold back to its native structure .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/349px-Protein_Aggregation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_181", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/A_scheme_of_a_yeast_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and_IPOD_i_1d3decc0.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_182", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/554px-Ubiquitylation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_183", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/283px-Macro-micro-autophagy.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_184", "caption": "Micrograph of amyloid in a section of liver that has been stained with the dye Congo red and viewed with crossed polarizing filters, yielding a typical orange-greenish birefringence. 20X microscope objective; the scale bar is 100 microns (0.1mm).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Amyloid_Liver_Congo_Red_Bar%3D100um.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_185", "caption": "Micrograph of immunostained \u03b1-synuclein (brown) in Lewy bodies (large clumps) and Lewy neurites (thread-like structures) in the cerebral cortex of a patient with Lewy body disease , a synucleinopathy . 40X microscope objective.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Immunostaining_%28brown%29_of_alpha-synuclei_e1dd86d4.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_186", "caption": "Progressive neuropathy can lead to irreversible damage, early identification of asymptomatic neuropathy may prevent loss of limb.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vasculitic_neuropathy_-_plastics_-_low_mag.j_5c8fb251.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_187", "caption": "Animals with \"dumb\" rabies appear depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Dog_with_rabies.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_188", "caption": "A young girl about to receive PEP after being bitten by an animal thought to be rabid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Rabiesvaccination.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_189", "caption": "Map of rabies-free countries and territories", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/330px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.pn_9326fb3f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_190", "caption": "Rabies cases in humans and domestic animals \u2013 United States, 1938\u20132018", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/330px-Mm6823e1-F1.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_191", "caption": "Two dogs with the paralytic, or dumb, form of rabies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-PHIL_2184.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_192", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the locations of extraocular muscles and ocular cranial nerves. Paresis of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII) reduces the strength of medial rectus , superior rectus , inferior rectus , and inferior oblique muscles, while trochlear nerve (CNIV) and abducens nerve (CNVI) paralysis affect superior oblique muscle and lateral rectus muscle respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Eye_orbit_anterior_%28modified%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_193", "caption": "Physical examination showing ophthalmoplegia affecting the left eye. The central image represents forward gaze while other images represents different direction of gaze. Drooping of eyelids (ptosis ) and nonaligned eyes ( strabismus ) are observed, showing paresis of CNIII, CNIV and CNVI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Tolosa-hunt_ophtalmoplegia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_194", "caption": "Artist's depiction of a scintillating scotoma, exhibiting a flashing visual pattern similar to dazzle camouflage used during WWI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Scintillating_scotoma_dazzle_camouflage.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_195", "caption": "An artist's depiction of a scintillating scotoma with a bilateral arc", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Aura_ss.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_196", "caption": "In teichopsia, migraine sufferers see patterns in the shape of the walls of a star fort .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_197", "caption": "The vestibular system is stimulated through hanging equipment such as tire swings.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Tire_Swing.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_198", "caption": "Human body temperature scale, showing the body temperature of what is considered hypothermia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Human_Body_Temperature_Scale.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_199", "caption": "Hyperhidrosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hyperhidrosis.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_200", "caption": "Location of the corpus callosum within the human brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Corpus_callosum.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_201", "caption": "Coronal sections of human brain labeling the basal ganglia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Basal-ganglia-coronal-sections-large.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_202", "caption": "Target molecules of botulinum (BoNT) and tetanus (TeNT) toxins inside the axon terminal. [1]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Presynaptic_CNTs_targets.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_203", "caption": "Insertion of electrode during surgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/150px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_204", "caption": "Motor track", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/100px-Gray764.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_205", "caption": "Baclofen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Baclofen.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_206", "caption": "Doppler ultrasound of subclavian steal phenomenon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Ultrasound_of_Left_Subclavian_Steal_Syndrome_827b8915.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_207", "caption": "Angiogram of subclavian steal phenomenon before and after stent placement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Angiogram_of_Left_Subclavian_Steal_Syndrome._300b1753.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_208", "caption": "CT angiography of subclavian steal phenomenon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Left_Subclavian_Steal_Syndrome.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_209", "caption": "Erythema marginatum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Erythema_marginatum.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_210", "caption": "Penicillin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Penicillin_core.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_211", "caption": "Lifecycle of T. solium . Red arrows indicate pig; blue arrows human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossy-page1-400px-Taenia_solium_Life_cycle_%2802%2_98b5ccde.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_212", "caption": "MRI sagittal image of sacral and dorso-lumbar perineural cysts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Tarlov_Cysts-Sagittal_MRI.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_213", "caption": "Timothy syndrome has an autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_214", "caption": "Syndactyly in a \u20602 + 1 / 2 \u2060 -year old girl with Timothy syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-PMC5336871_Ergul_2015_Timothy_syndrome_synda_033cf76c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_215", "caption": "A reconstruction of the vertebral arteries from a CT scan, seen from the front. From the bottom, V1 is from the subclavian artery to the foramina, V2 is from the foramina to the second vertebra, V3 is between the foramina until entry into the skull, and V4 is inside the skull embedded in the dura mater . They merge into the basilar artery, which then divides into the posterior cerebral artery .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Vertebral_artery_3D_AP_relabeled.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_216", "caption": "Magnetic resonance angiogram of the neck vessels in a person with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV; it shows a dissection of the left internal carotid artery, dissection of both vertebral arteries in their V1 and V2 segments and a dissection of the middle and distal third of the right subclavian artery. Such striking episodes of dissection are typical for this \"vascular\" subtype of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Angio_MR.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_217", "caption": "Aspirin (tablets pictured) is commonly used after stroke. In vertebral artery dissection it appears as effective as anticoagulation with warfarin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Regular_strength_enteric_coated_aspirin_tabl_5969b4c3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_218", "caption": "Girl with Wilson's disease showing neurological symptoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Wilson%27s_Disease_5.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_219", "caption": "A brown ring on the edge of the iris ( Kayser\u2013Fleischer ring ) is common in Wilson's disease, especially when neurological symptoms are present.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Kayser-Fleischer_ringArrow.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_220", "caption": "Wilson's disease has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_221", "caption": "Normal absorption and distribution of copper: Cu = copper, CP = ceruloplasmin , green = ATP7B carrying copper", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Copper_metabolism.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_222", "caption": "Location of the basal ganglia, the part of the brain affected by Wilson's disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_%282%29_656be461.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_223", "caption": "Ceruloplasmin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-PBB_Protein_CP_image.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_224", "caption": "Hypothalamic interaction with the posterior and anterior pituitary glands. The hypothalamus produces the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin in its endocrine cells (left). These are released at nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland and then secreted into the systemic circulation. The hypothalamus releases tropic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary (right). The anterior pituitary then secretes trophic hormones into the circulation which elicit different responses from various target tissues. These responses then signal back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to either stop producing or continue to produce their precursor signals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/504px-Neuroendocrinology_Figure_%282%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_225", "caption": "Frequent serum GH measurements in normal subjects (left panel) demonstrate that GH can fluctuate between undetectable levels most of the time interspersed with peaks of up to 30 \u03bcg/L (90 mIU/L); in acromegaly (right panel) GH hypersecretion is continuous with no undetectable levels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Acromegaly_growth_hormone_levels.JPEG.JPEG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_226", "caption": "Magnetic resonance image of a pituitary macroadenoma that caused acromegaly with compression of the optic chiasm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Acromegaly_pituitary_macroadenoma.JPEG.JPEG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_227", "caption": "Site of action of the different therapeutic tools in acromegaly. Surgery , radiotherapy , somatostatin analogues and dopamine agonists act at the level of the pituitary adenoma , while GH receptor antagonists act in the periphery by blocking the growth hormone receptor and thus impairing the effects of GH on the different tissues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Acromegaly_treatment_diagram.JPEG.JPEG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_228", "caption": "Production of the corticosteroid hormone cortisol is increased after a person awakes in the morning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Cortisol-3D-balls.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_229", "caption": "Comparative illustration from Talbot's 1889 work Degeneracy : its causes, signs and results", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Dwarfism_and_Gigantism.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_230", "caption": "Schematic of the HPA axis (CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone ; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-HPA_Axis_Diagram_%28Brian_M_Sweis_2012%29.sv_b543bc35.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_231", "caption": "Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-HPA-axis_-_anterior_view_%28with_text%29.svg_56cd7d5a.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_232", "caption": "Schematic overview of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Stress activates the HPA-axis and thereby enhances the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-%D0%A5%D0%9F%D0%90-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0__08a16bd7.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_233", "caption": "Hypo gonadal axis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonad_e4ab2cc4.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_234", "caption": "HPG regulation in males, with the inhibin/activin system playing a similar role on GnRH-producing cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hypothalamus-Hypophysis-Testicle-Hormone-Axi_e361da27.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_235", "caption": "Estradiol, progesterone, LH, and FSH during the menstrual cycle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/329px-Hormones_estradiol%2C_progesterone%2C_LH_and_c52a7ce5.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_236", "caption": "Prolactin , a major hormone of the HPP axis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-PRL_structure.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_237", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Endocrine_growth_regulation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_238", "caption": "Median sagittal section of brain of human embryo of three months", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray654.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_239", "caption": "Endocrine glands in the human head and neck and their hormones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Endocrine_central_nervous_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_240", "caption": "Mitosis in a neuroendocrine tumor.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Mitosis_in_a_neuroendocrine_tumor.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_241", "caption": "Lymph node metastasis of a neuroendocrine tumor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Lymph_node_metastasis_from_neuroendocrine_tu_8e31576c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_242", "caption": "Synaptophysin immunohistochemistry of neuroendocrine tumor, staining positively", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Synaptophysin_immunohistochemistry_of_neuroe_60117878.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_243", "caption": "Nuclei of neuroendocrine tumors often show granular \"salt-and-pepper\" chromatin , as seen here on H&E stain and Pap stain . [ 69 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Well-differentiated_neuroendocrine_tumor_wit_a1852613.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_244", "caption": "Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor at bottom third of image, showing the typical intramural (within the wall) location, and overlying intact epithelium . H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Small_intestine_neuroendocrine_tumour_low_ma_f62cd3cf.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_245", "caption": "Magnocellular neurons of the PVN and SON project to the posterior pituitary", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray1181.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_246", "caption": "Maternal affection, by Edward Hodges Baily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-BLW_Maternal_Affection.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_247", "caption": "Skin-to-skin contact with a newborn helps to increase the mother's oxytocin [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Natalie_after_breastfeeding.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_248", "caption": "Plaque to Mary Pickford, Physiologist, at University of Edinburgh", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Plaque_to_Mary_Pickford%2C_Physiologist%2C_a_68e1bdd5.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_249", "caption": "Morphological facial changes caused by acromegaly; frontal bossing , enlarged nose, prognathism and maxillary widening with separation of teeth and unseen, enlargement of the tongue, stuffy nose ( macroglossia )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Acromegaly_facial_features.JPEG.JPEG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_250", "caption": "Pituitary gland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray1180.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_251", "caption": "Pituitary hormones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/280px-Pituiary_gland_-_regulatory_hormones.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_252", "caption": "Normal-sized hand (left) and enlarged hand caused by acromegaly (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Acromegaly_hands.JPEG.JPEG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_253", "caption": "Regulation of proopiomelanocortin by the photoperiod and thyroid hormones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/470px-Thyroid_hormones.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_254", "caption": "Sst is expressed in interneurons in the telencephalon of the embryonic day 15.5 mouse. Allen Brain Atlases", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Sst%2C_ISH%2C_E15.5%2C_telencephalon.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_255", "caption": "Sst expression in the adult mouse. Allen Brain Atlases", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Sst%2C_ISH%2C_p56_mouse.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_256", "caption": "D cell is visible at upper right, and somatostatin is represented by middle arrow pointing left", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Control-of-stomach-acid-sec.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_257", "caption": "Subfornical organ of a mouse. In this photomicrograph , the subfornical organ (arrow) is located on the undersurface of the fornix in the upper part of the third ventricle. The cells in this coronal section of the brain were colored with a bluish dye ( \"Nissl stain\"). The thalamus is at the bottom of the photo. The bar at the lower right represents a distance of 200 \u03bcm (0.2mm).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Subfornical_organ_of_a_mouse.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_258", "caption": "Figure 1 : Human steroidogenesis , showing testosterone near bottom [ 28 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/440px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_259", "caption": "Figure 2 . Hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013testicular axis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hypothalamus_pituitary_testicles_axis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_260", "caption": "Nobel Prize winner, Leopold Ruzicka of Ciba, a pharmaceutical industry giant that synthesized testosterone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/180px-Lavoslav_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%87ka_1939.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_261", "caption": "Chemical structure of the arginine vasopressin (argipressin) with an arginine at the 8th amino acid position. Lysine vasopressin differs only in having a lysine in this position.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vasopressin_labeled.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_262", "caption": "Chemical structure of oxytocin . Differs from AVP at only the 3rd and 8th position.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Oxytocin_with_labels.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_263", "caption": "Polish neurologist Edward Flatau greatly influenced the developing field of neurology. He published a human brain atlas in 1894 and wrote a fundamental book on migraines in 1912.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Edward_Flatau.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_264", "caption": "Jean-Martin Charcot is considered one of the fathers of neurology. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Charcot1893.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_265", "caption": "Axial section of the Brainstem (Pons) at the level of the Facial Colliculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/280px-Pons_section_at_facial_colliculus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_266", "caption": "The Clivus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/210px-Clivus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_267", "caption": "Limitation of abduction of the right eye. This individual tries to look to his right, but the right eye fails to turn to the side.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Abducens_palsy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_268", "caption": "The accessory nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Ner_d49fc9f6.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_269", "caption": "The nigrostriatal pathway (highlighted in blue) is crucial for dopamine production and transmission.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/307px-Nigrostriatal_pathway.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_270", "caption": "Location of the hypothalamus in the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/310px-1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_271", "caption": "Dopamine pathways in the brain. The production of dopamine is concentrated in the Ventral Tegmental Area and the Substantia Nigra.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/310px-Dopamine_Pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_272", "caption": "Brain anatomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Brain_Anatomy_Striatum.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_273", "caption": "GABA-A receptor embedded in cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cell_GABA_Receptor.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_274", "caption": "Parasagittal render of human brain with MRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MRI_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_275", "caption": "Man ready for EEG recording", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-EEG_recording.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_276", "caption": "Reactive astrocytes in a rat brain stained against GFAP.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossy-page1-220px-2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_5498ebb4.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_277", "caption": "Anatomy of the human ear (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image.). \u00a0 \u00a0Brown is outer ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Red is middle ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Purple is inner ear .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_278", "caption": "Auditory ossicles from a deep dissection of the tympanic cavity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Slide1ghe.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_279", "caption": "The organ of Corti located at the scala media", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_280", "caption": "Lateral lemniscus in red, as it connects the cochlear nucleus , superior olivary nucleus and the inferior colliculus , seen from behind", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_281", "caption": "Dual stream connectivity between the auditory cortex and frontal lobe of monkeys and humans. Top: The auditory cortex of the monkey (left) and human (right) is schematically depicted on the supratemporal plane and observed from above (with the parieto- frontal operculi removed). Bottom: The brain of the monkey (left) and human (right) is schematically depicted and displayed from the side. Orange frames mark the region of the auditory cortex, which is displayed in the top sub-figures. Top and Bottom: Blue colors mark regions affiliated with the ADS, and red colors mark regions affiliated with the AVS (dark red and blue regions mark the primary auditory fields). Abbreviations: AMYG-amygdala, HG-Heschl's gyrus, FEF-frontal eye field, IFG-inferior frontal gyrus, INS-insula, IPS-intra parietal sulcus, MTG-middle temporal gyrus, PC-pitch center, PMd-dorsal premotor cortex, PP-planum polare, PT-planum temporale, TP-temporal pole, Spt-sylvian parietal-temporal, pSTG/mSTG/aSTG-posterior/middle/anterior superior temporal gyrus, CL/ ML/AL/RTL-caudo-/middle-/antero-/rostrotemporal-lateral belt area, CPB/RPB-caudal/rostral parabelt fields. Used with permission from Poliva O. From where to what: a neuroanatomically based evolutionary model of the emergence of speech in humans. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Neurolinguistics.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_282", "caption": "Sagittal cross-section of the brain illustrating the dopaminergic pathway.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/264px-Dopamine_Pathways_cs.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_283", "caption": "Benzodiazepines are a type of tranquilizers used in the treatment of Bell's Mania that take effect by acting on GABA neurotransmitters in the brain. It helps in bringing extreme agitation and catatonia under control.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/239px-Etizolam.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_284", "caption": "The use of Intramuscular Ketamine Injections is a popular method in the treatment of Bell's Mania.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/184px-Ketmine_Injection.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_285", "caption": "Luther Vose Bell (1806-1862) was the first person to coin the term Bell's Mania.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/186px-Luther_V._Bell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_286", "caption": "Flow chart depicting the role of apomorphine in Alzheimer's disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/325px-Apomorphine_therapeutic_scheme.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_287", "caption": "An analog biothesiometer kit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Biothesiometer_-_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0_616737bd.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_288", "caption": "A digital biothesiometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Digital_Biothesiometer.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_289", "caption": "Part of a network of capillaries supplying brain cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-10.1371_journal.pbio.0050169.g001-O.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_290", "caption": "The astrocytes type 1 surrounding capillaries in the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Blood_Brain_Barriere.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_291", "caption": "Sketch showing constitution of blood vessels inside the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Blood_vessels_brain_english.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_292", "caption": "Particulate exposure and increased risk of neurodegeneration [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/510px-Particulates_exposure_and_increased_risk_of__7ad4c97f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_293", "caption": "Potential particle pathways as of 2018. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Potential_particle_pathway.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_294", "caption": "A scanning electron microscope image of bundles of multiwalled carbon nanotube piercing an alveolar epithelial cell .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Carbon_nanotubes_penetrating_lun_0782566c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_295", "caption": "Burning of downed vegetation, or \" slash \".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Daily_open_burning%2C_Tai_Po%2C_Hong_Kong.pn_377ddadd.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_296", "caption": "Air-purifiers with air flow generated by bladeless fan . Some models can act as heaters or humidifiers and may feature oscillation and adjustment of air flow angle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Fans_by_Dyson_1_2018-06-02.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_297", "caption": "First generation SALSCS (Solar-assisted Large Scale Cleaning System), Xi'an", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-First_generation_SALSCS%2C_Xi%27an.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_298", "caption": "Cerebrovascular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cerebrovascular_System.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_299", "caption": "The ophthalmic artery and its branches", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray514.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_300", "caption": "The anterior and posterior circulations meet at the circle of Willis , pictured here, which rests at the top of the brainstem . Inferior view.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_301", "caption": "Dural venous sinuses bordered by hard meninges (shown in blue) direct blood outflow from cerebral veins to the internal jugular vein at the base of skull .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Sobo_1909_589.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_302", "caption": "MRI showing pulsation of CSF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-NPH_MRI_272_GILD.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_303", "caption": "Distribution of CSF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Dist_vent.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_304", "caption": "Vials containing human cerebrospinal fluid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-4_vials_of_human_cerebrospinal_fluid.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_305", "caption": "Coronal anterior section through anterior fontanelle of a one-year-old girl.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Coronal_anterior_section_through_anterior_fo_d287d09a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_306", "caption": "Mid sagittal section through anterior fontanelle of a one-year-old girl.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Mid_saggital_section_of_ultrasound_cranium.j_a260924c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_307", "caption": "Striatum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Striatum_small.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_308", "caption": "Dopamine Pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Dopamine_Pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_309", "caption": "Dopamine D2 receptors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Dopamine_D2_Receptors_in_Addiction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_310", "caption": "Gamma-camera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gammacamera.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_311", "caption": "An illustration of the standard Hodgkin\u2013Huxley Na + channel model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/330px-Hodgkin_Huxley_H_and_M_Gate_Model_Na_Channel_9bb0b256.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_312", "caption": "Transmembrane voltage response of a space-clamped mammalian node of Ranvier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/440px-Depolarizing_Prepulse.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_313", "caption": "Diagram of a voltage-sensitive sodium channel \u03b1-subunit. G - glycosylation , P - phosphorylation , S - ion selectivity, I - inactivation, positive (+) charges in S4 are important for transmembrane voltage sensing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/500px-Sodium-channel.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_314", "caption": "Mean proportions of stimuli perceived as painful v. stimulus prepulse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/440px-Poletto_2002_pain_plot_2.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_315", "caption": "Based upon the data presented in [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Nerve_Fiber_Recruitment_Inversion_Plot.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_316", "caption": "Referred pain : Conscious perception of visceral sensations is referred to specific regions of the body that are not sources of the sensations. Some referred pain due to visceral sensations refer to dermatomes that send fibers to the same level of spinal cord.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-1506_Referred_Pain_Chart.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_317", "caption": "Dermatomes of the lower limb (modified, from Fender, after Foerster)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Grant_1962_665.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_318", "caption": "Discoid lateral meniscus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Scheibenmeniscus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_319", "caption": "Photograph of a congenital discoid menisci specimen from the University of Cape Town Pathology Learning Centre teaching collection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-CONGENITAL_DISCOID_MENISCI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_320", "caption": "Discoid meniscus on coronal proton-density weighted MRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Scheibenmeniskus_MRT_PDW_cor.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_321", "caption": "FOV both eyes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-FOV_both_eyes.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_322", "caption": "Vertical FOV", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vertical_FOV.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_323", "caption": "Angle of view can be measured horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Angle_of_view.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_324", "caption": "In computed tomography ( abdominal CT pictured), the field of view (FOV) multiplied by scan range creates a volume of voxels .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Abdominal_CT_with_scan_range_and_field_of_vi_44ea007d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_325", "caption": "Field of view diameter in microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Field_of_view_diameter_in_microscopy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_326", "caption": "Frontal lobe (red) of left cerebral hemisphere", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Frontal_lobe_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_327", "caption": "Trajectory of a rat through a square environment is shown in black. Red dots indicate locations at which a particular entorhinal grid cell fired.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Grid_cell_image_V2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_328", "caption": "Grid cells derive their name from the fact that connecting the centers of their firing fields gives a triangular grid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Uniform_tiling_63-t2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_329", "caption": "Spatial autocorrelogram of the neuronal activity of the grid cell from the first figure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autocorrelation_image.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_330", "caption": "A hexagonal lattice.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Equilateral_Triangle_Lattice.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_331", "caption": "In heterosynaptic plasticity, synaptic pathways that are not specifically stimulated undergo changes (synaptic plasticity) in addition to those who are specifically stimulated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Heterosynaptic_Plasticity-1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_332", "caption": "In modulatory input-dependent plasticity, Neuron C acts as an interneuron, releasing neuromodulators, which changes synaptic strength between Neuron A and Neuron B.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Interneuron-1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_333", "caption": "In Aplysia californica, modulatory interneurons release serotonin, triggering synaptic plasticity in motor neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Aplysia-1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_334", "caption": "Schematic image of the hypoglossal nerve and innervation targets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Lawrence_1960_17.26.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_335", "caption": "An injured hypoglossal nerve will cause the tongue to waste away and the tongue will not be able to stick out straight. The injury here occurred because of branchial cyst surgery. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Unilateral_hypoglossal_nerve_injury.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_336", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-Brodmann_areas.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_337", "caption": "Midline shift (arrow) is present in this brain after a stroke (infarct depicted in shaded area).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MCA-Stroke-Brain-Humn-2A.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_338", "caption": "This subdural hematoma / epidural hematoma (arrows) is causing midline shift of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Intracranial_bleed_with_significant_midline__47e2778f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_339", "caption": "Converging empirical evidence indicates a functional equivalence between action execution and motor imagery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Motor_imagery3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_340", "caption": "Activation in the motor cortex during motor imagery amounts about 30\u00a0% of the level observed during actual performance; Roth et al., 1996.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MI_fMRI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_341", "caption": "People have a conversation in a social setting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Conversation-2751.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_342", "caption": "Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up in the rubber hand illusion task.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Rubber_hand_illusion.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_343", "caption": "Superior colliculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Slide5ff.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_344", "caption": "Depiction of smooth muscle contraction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Smooth_muscle_cell_contraction.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_345", "caption": "Types of muscle contractions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-1015_Types_of_Contraction_new.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_346", "caption": "In vertebrate animals, there are three types of muscle tissues: 1) skeletal, 2) smooth, and 3) cardiac", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Muscle_Tissue_%281%29.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_347", "caption": "Organization of skeletal muscle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-1022_Muscle_Fibers_%28small%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_348", "caption": "Structure of neuromuscular junction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-1009_Motor_End_Plate_and_Innervation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_349", "caption": "Picture showing the different interactions within the ECC pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Interactions_within_Excitation-contraction_C_422d0da0.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_350", "caption": "Sliding filament theory: A sarcomere in relaxed (above) and contracted (below) positions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Sarcomere.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_351", "caption": "Cross-bridge cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-1008_Skeletal_Muscle_Contraction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_352", "caption": "Muscle length versus isometric force", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Lengthtension.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_353", "caption": "Force\u2013velocity relationship: right of the vertical axis concentric contractions (the muscle is shortening), left of the axis eccentric contractions (the muscle is lengthened under load); power developed by the muscle in red. Since power is equal to force times velocity, the muscle generates no power at either isometric force (due to zero velocity) or maximal velocity (due to zero force). The optimal shortening velocity for power generation is approximately one-third of maximum shortening velocity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Muscle_Force_Velocity_relationship.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_354", "caption": "Swellings called varicosities belonging to an autonomic neuron innervate the smooth muscle cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-1029_Smooth_Muscle_Motor_Units.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_355", "caption": "Cardiac muscle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cardiac_Muscle.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_356", "caption": "Key proteins involved in cardiac calcium cycling and excitation-contraction coupling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cardiac_calcium_cycling_and_excitation-contr_6321a31c.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_357", "caption": "A simplified image showing earthworm movement via peristalsis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Earthworm_movement_all.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_358", "caption": "Asynchronous muscles power flight in most insect species. a: Wings b: Wing joint c: Dorsoventral muscles power the upstroke d: Dorsolongitudinal muscles (DLM) power the downstroke. The DLMs are oriented out of the page.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Motion_of_Insectwing.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_359", "caption": "Electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position [ 48 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Galvani-frogs-legs-electricity.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_360", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray64.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_361", "caption": "This figure illustrates how glioblastoma affects brain tissue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-AFIP-00405562-GiantCellGlioblastoma-Gross.jp_d46cc5c2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_362", "caption": "This diagram shows the myelin sheath around axons of healthy neurons looks like, and the result of demyelination of neurons in Multiple Sclerosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Myelin_sheath_damage_in_multiple_sclerosis.p_1a5944c7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_363", "caption": "Edelman giving a lecture, September 30, 2010", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_364", "caption": "Illustration of disulfide bridges (red) linking the light (L, green) and heavy (H, purple) chains of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody. The variable (V) regions are located at the antigen-binding end; and, the constant (C) domains form the primary frame of the IgG molecule. Another disulfide bridge holds the two symmetrical units made up of a light chain (V L +C L ) and a heavy chain (V H +C H 1+C H 2+C H 3) together to form the completed antibody. [ a ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-AntibodyChains.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_365", "caption": "Clonal selection theory (CST): hematopoietic stem cells (1) differentiate and undergo genetic rearrangement to produce a population of cells possessing a wide range of pre-existing diversity with respect to antibody expression (2). Lymphocytes expressing antibodies that would lead to autoimmunity are filtered from the population (3), while the rest of the population represents a degenerate pool of diversity (4) where antigen-selected variants (5) can be differentially amplified in response (6). Once the antigen has been cleared, the responding population will decrease, but not by as much as it was amplified, leaving behind a boosted capacity to respond to future incursions by the antigen \u2013 a form of enhanced recognition and memory within the system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Clonal_selection.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_366", "caption": "The degeneracy of the genetic code buffers biological systems from the effects of random mutation . The ingenuous 1964 Nirenberg and Leder experiment would identify the mRNA codons , a triplet sequence of ribonucleotides , that coded for each amino acid ; thus elucidating the universal genetic code within the DNA when the transcription process was taken into account. Changes in the third position of the codon, the wobble position , often result in the same amino acid, and oftentimes the choice comes down to purine or pyrimidine only when a choice must be made. Similar, but variant, codon sequences tend to yield similar classes of amino acid \u2013 polar to polar, non-polar to non-polar, acidic to acidic, and basic to basic residues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-06_chart_pu3.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_367", "caption": "The four major classes of biological amino acids \u2013 polar (hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acidic, and basic side chain residues. The amino acid backbone is amino group linked to an alpha carbon , on which resides the side chain residue and a hydrogen atom, that is connected to a terminal carboxylate group. Aside from the disulfide bridge, there are quite a number of degenerate combinations of sidechain residues that make up the tertiary structure ( H-bonding , hydrophobic , and ionic bridges ) in the determination of protein structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Overview_proteinogenic_amino_acids-ENG.svg.p_f81d7b6d.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_368", "caption": "Relationships between degeneracy, complexity, robustness, and evolvability \u2013 1) degeneracy is the source of robustness. 2) degeneracy is positively correlated with complexity. 3) degeneracy increases evolvability. 4) evolvability is a prerequisite for complexity. 5) complexity increases to improve robustness. 6) evolvability emerges from robustness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Relationships_between_degeneracy%2C_complexi_5cf5b834.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_369", "caption": "Mesenchymal-epithelial transitions \u2013 epithelia to mesenchyme (EMT) and mesenchyme to epithelia (MET) transitions utilizing CAMs and SAMs to form epethelia; and, growth factors and inducers to mediate the transition to mesenchyme as the CAMs and SAMs are withdrawn or localized on the cell membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-3311.fig.1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_370", "caption": "Normal Brain Development (left), Microcephaly, a type of encephalopathy (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Microcephaly.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_371", "caption": "Human embryonic stem colonies (A), axonal outgrowths (B)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Human_embryonic_stem_cells.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_372", "caption": "Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESCs) embryoid bodies (EBs)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MESC_EBs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_373", "caption": "Human Central Nervous System", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Skull_and_brain_normal_human.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_374", "caption": "Neuromuscular junction. 1. Axon innervating muscle fibers; 2. Junction between axon and muscle fiber; 3. Muscle; 4. Muscle fiber", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neuromuscular.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_375", "caption": "The initiation of neuroinflammation in the body. (Created with BioRender.com)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neuroinflammation_example.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_376", "caption": "Role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of TBI (created with BioRender.com)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-TBI_NEUROINFLAMMATION.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_377", "caption": "Impairment of neuron LTP by activated microglia (created with BioRender.com)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neuro_LTP_and_neuroinflammation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_378", "caption": "The neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on cognitive diseases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Neuroinflammation_and_Exercise.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_379", "caption": "Children's ward at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital in 1954, showing more than 100 persons being helped to breathe by the Iron lung", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Iron_Lung_ward-Rancho_Los_Amigos_Hospital.gi_ed261504.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_380", "caption": "Walter Edward Dandy (April 6, 1886 \u2013 April 19, 1946) was an American neurosurgeon and scientist.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Walter_Dandy%2C_ca._1915.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_381", "caption": "ICU Monitor (front)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-ICU_Monitor_%28front%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_382", "caption": "MCA-Stroke-Brain-Human-2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MCA-Stroke-Brain-Human-2.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_383", "caption": "Micrograph of a vasculitic neuropathy . Plastic embedded. Toluidine blue stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vasculitic_neuropathy_-_plastics_-_low_mag.j_5c8fb251.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_384", "caption": "A neuron observed under an optical microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neuronehisto.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_385", "caption": "X-ray image of deep brain stimulation , an experimental procedure used to treat disorders such as OCD and depression .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Deep_Brain_Stimulation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_386", "caption": "Drawing by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal (1899) of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-PurkinjeCell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_387", "caption": "Illustration from Gray's Anatomy (1918) of a lateral view of the human brain , featuring the hippocampus among other neuroanatomical features", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Gray739.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_388", "caption": "The Golgi stain first allowed for the visualization of individual neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_389", "caption": "3-D sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/330px-Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_390", "caption": "Human nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Nervous_system_diagram-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_391", "caption": "Photograph of a stained neuron in a chicken embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Neuron_colored.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_392", "caption": "Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Leg_Neural_Network.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_393", "caption": "An MRI of a male's head showing benign familial macrocephaly (head circumference > 60 cm)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_wi_04c32ecf.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_394", "caption": "The neurotrophic electrode: teflon-coated gold wires extend from the back of the glass cone, while neurites (shown in blue) grow through it.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neurotrophic_Electrode2.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_395", "caption": "A schematic of the neurovascular unit (NVU), where astrocyte processes surround the capillary basement membrane and pericytes , creating the glia limitans . Also, resident in the perivascular space are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and border-associated macrophages (BAMs).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Neurovascular_unit.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_396", "caption": "Plasticity in the brain affects the strength of neural connections and pathways.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Network_representation_of_brain_connectivity_05aff190.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_397", "caption": "The neuronal soma, axon, and dendrites are involved in nonsynaptic plasticity and affect the plasticity at the synapse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neurons_big1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_398", "caption": "Neurons interact in complex networks that affect the generation of action potentials in other neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Forest_of_synthetic_pyramidal_dendrites_grow_8c6973e0.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_399", "caption": "Action potential propagation animation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Action_potential_propagation_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_400", "caption": "A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina. The white circle is the beginning of the optic nerve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Fundus_photograph_of_normal_left_eye.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_401", "caption": "Writing and drawing performed by a child with dyslexia, displaying common behavioral symptoms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/198px-Dislexia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_402", "caption": "Archaic Chinese logograms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/190px-XiaozhuanQinquan_sized.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_403", "caption": "Insertion of electrode during deep brain stimulation surgery using a stereotactic frame", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_404", "caption": "Myelin sheath of a healthy neuron in the central nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-1206_The_Neuron.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_405", "caption": "Myelin sheath damage in multiple sclerosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Myelin_sheath_damage_in_multiple_sclerosis.s_a68121ce.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_406", "caption": "Illustration of the four different types of glial cells found in the central nervous system: ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Glial_Cell_Types.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_407", "caption": "Cross-section of lower pons, axons shown in blue, grey matter in light grey. Anterior is down and posterior is up", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_408", "caption": "Chart showing symptoms of long COVID", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Long-term_effects_of_COVID-19.webp.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_409", "caption": "Cells infected with Epstein\u2013Barr virus , one of the viruses implicated in PAISs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Epstein-barr_virus_%28ebv%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_410", "caption": "ME/CFS has many competing definitions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-ME-CFS_Diagnostic_Criteria_Comparison.webp.p_e1ee9725.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_411", "caption": "Prepulse inhibition: preceding stimulus attenuates the startle response .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Prepulse_Inhibition_schematically.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_412", "caption": "PPI and startle reflex apparatus for mice", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Startle_Imetronic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_413", "caption": "PPI measurement in human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Matt%27s_PhD_Study.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_414", "caption": "A circuit diagram of postsynaptic inhibition (A, B) and presynaptic inhibition (C). Excitation is shown in green and inhibition is shown in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/249px-Modified_Axo-axonic_synapse.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_415", "caption": "Claude Bernard, the father of modern physiology, with his pupils", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Claude_Bernard_and_his_pupils._Oil_painting__c731c674.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_416", "caption": "Bust of Hans Selye at Selye J\u00e1nos University , Kom\u00e1rno , Slovakia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hans_Selye.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_417", "caption": "Babinski sign", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Babinski%27s_sign_%28de%29.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_418", "caption": "Myelin Sheaths in the CNS.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neuron_with_oligodendrocyte_and_myelin_sheat_35b15777.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_419", "caption": "This figure depicts an example of combination of a forward model and an inverse model. Here the reference input is the target sensory state that controller (inverse model) will use to compute a motor command. The plant ( motor unit ) acts out the motor command which results in a new sensory state. This new sensory state can be compared to the state predicted by the forward model to obtain an error signal. This error signal can be used to correct the internal model or the current movement.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/500px-Basic_Internal_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_420", "caption": "1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_421", "caption": "The homunculi showing which parts of the body are controlled by the sensory cortex and motor cortex . Taub's research on the Silver Spring monkeys challenged the paradigm that brain functions are fixed in certain locations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Homunculus-de.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_422", "caption": "Facial view of an infant with macrocephaly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Greig_syndrome.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_423", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the theorized causes of NAA accumulation in spongy degeneration patients and its consequences", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/page1-220px-Spongy_Degeneration_of_CNS_Molecular_w_e0a5b7e8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_424", "caption": "Small volume of amniotic fluid is extracted via amniocentesis with a syringe .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Amniocentesis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_425", "caption": "Molecular view of gene therapy using an adenovirus vector", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gene_therapy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_426", "caption": "Synaptic plasticity rule for gradient estimation by dynamic perturbation of conductances", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Synaptic_Plasticity_Rule.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_427", "caption": "Animation showing the position of the human left temporal lobe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/160px-Temporal_lobe_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_428", "caption": "Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray784.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_429", "caption": "Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Trig_innervation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_430", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Sensory_Pathways_III.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_431", "caption": "C = Cervical segment, S = Sacral segment, VPL = Ventral posterolateral nucleus , SI = Primary somatosensory cortex , VM = Ventromedial prefrontal cortex , MD = Medial dorsal thalamic nucleus , IL = Intralaminar nucleus , VPM = Ventral posteromedial nucleus , Main V = Main trigeminal nucleus , Spinal V = Spinal trigeminal nucleus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/600px-Touch_Pain_Pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_432", "caption": "Brainstem nuclei: Red = Motor; Blue = Sensory; Dark blue = Trigeminal nucleus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray696_Trigeminal.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_433", "caption": "Onion-skin distribution of the trigeminal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Onionskinddistribution.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_434", "caption": "Cortical homunculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Sensory_Homunculus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_435", "caption": "Tripartite Synapse: Presynaptic neuron, Postsynaptic neuron, and Glial cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Glutamate_reuptake_via_EAAT2_%28GLT1%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_436", "caption": "Presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Synapse_figure.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_437", "caption": "The Cavernous Sinus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray571.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_438", "caption": "Parasympathetic nervous system mediated by vagal innervation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Blausen_0703_Parasympathetic_Innervation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_439", "caption": "Visual field-tubular vision", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Retinitis_Pigmentosa_visual_fiel_91b7e9e8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_440", "caption": "Visual field-central scotoma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Visual_field_central_scotoma.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_441", "caption": "Visual field-bitemporal hemianopia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Visual_field_bitemporal_hemianopia.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_442", "caption": "Visual field-binasal hemianopia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Visual_field_heteronymous_hemianopia.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_443", "caption": "Visual field-homonymous hemianopia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Visual_field_homonymous_hemianopia.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_444", "caption": "Visual field-right superior quadrantanopia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Right-superior-quadrantanopia.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_445", "caption": "Location of brain regions related to vitamin D", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_446", "caption": "The brain of a normal adult compared to that of a patient with Alzheimer's disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_brain_comparison.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_447", "caption": "This image depicts the circuits of the basal ganglia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Pay close attention to the role of the substantia nigra and the dopaminergic neurons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Basal_ganglia_in_Parkinson%27s_disease.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_448", "caption": "The prevalence of MS is associated with latitude. In this image, red indicates a high prevalence of MS while yellow indicates a lower prevalence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Multiple_sclerosis_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO200_d3b76500.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_449", "caption": "Map of deficits in neural tissue throughout the human brain in a patient with schizophrenia. The most deficient areas are magenta, while the least deficient areas are blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-SchizophreniaBrain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_450", "caption": "A Wartenberg wheel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Wartenbergwheel.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_451", "caption": "American Academy of Neurology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-AAN_2LineLogo_Dark-TM.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_452", "caption": "An advertising board in North London displaying an advert as part of the campaign", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-STAMMA_Find_The_Right_Words_advert_2020.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_453", "caption": "The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-NationalNeurologyHospital.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_454", "caption": "Prof John Rothwell FMedSci", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-JohnRothwell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_455", "caption": "Prof Sarah Tabrizi FMedSci", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Prof_Sarah_Tabrizi.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_456", "caption": "1907 image of a brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-1907_image_of_a_brain_%28Labour_and_Childhoo_2e190cc8.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_457", "caption": "William James", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Wm_james.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_458", "caption": "The part of the picture emphasized shows the lesion in the brain. This type of lesion can be removed through surgery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/252px-Journal.pone.0057573.g005_cropped.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_459", "caption": "PET brain scans can show chemical differences in the brain between addicts and non-addicts. The normal images in the bottom row come from non-addicts while people with addictions have scans that look more abnormal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-PET_-_Human_Addiction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_460", "caption": "Fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ) leg joints being tracked in 3D with Anipose. [ 29 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Drosophila_anipose_tracking.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_461", "caption": "Experimental setup for noninvasive theta-burst stimulation of the human striatum to enhance striatal activity and motor skill learning.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Experimental_setup_for_noninvasive_theta-bur_8ba9b4ab.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_462", "caption": "High resolution fMRI of the human brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-High_Resolution_FMRI_of_the_Human_Brain.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_463", "caption": "Passage by Anna Sahlst\u00e9n", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Anna_Sahlst%C3%A9n_-_Passage.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_464", "caption": "Ascent of the Blessed by Hieronymus Bosch is associated by some NDE researchers with aspects of the NDE. [ 15 ] [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hieronymus_Bosch_013.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_465", "caption": "Entering darkness, seeing the light", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-The_light_at_the_end_of_the_tunnel_-_Flickr__59602774.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_466", "caption": "EEG research data by Gang Xu, et al .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Elevated_Directed_Connectivity_in_Gamma_Osci_1886528b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_467", "caption": "Pim van Lommel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Pim_van_Lommel-1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_468", "caption": "Animation of the human left temporal lobe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/160px-Temporal_lobe_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_469", "caption": "Labeling of different parts of a neuron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-Neuron.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_470", "caption": "Dopamine and serotonin pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_471", "caption": "Orthosteric agonist (A) binds to orthosteric site (B) of a receptor (E). Allosteric modulator (C) binds to allosteric site (D). Modulator increases/lowers the affinity (1) and/or efficacy (2) of an agonist. Modulator may also act as an agonist and yield an agonistic effect (3). Modulated orthosteric agonist affects the receptor (4). Receptor response (F) follows.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Allosteric_modulator.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_472", "caption": "CX614, a PAM for an AMPA receptor binding to an allosteric site and stabilizing the closed conformation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/413px-AMPA_receptor-_Allosteric_Modulation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_473", "caption": "Structures of Anabaseine at Physiological pH", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/500px-Structures_of_Anabaseine_at_Physiological_pH_68ed6907.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_474", "caption": "Synthesis of Anabaseine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/500px-Anabaseine_Synthesis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_475", "caption": "Abstract simplified diagram showing overlap between neurotransmission and metabolic activity. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors which cause changes to ion channels (black, yellow), metabotropic receptors also affect DNA transcription (red), transcription is responsible for all cell proteins including enzymes which manufacture neurotransmitters (blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/NeuroPimage1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_476", "caption": "Diagram of neural circuit which regulates melatonin production via actual circuit pathways. Green light in the eye inhibits pineal production of melatonin (Inhibitory connections shown in red). Also shown:reaction sequence for melatonin synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/NeuroPimage2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_477", "caption": "Various psychoactive drugs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Psychoactive_Drugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_478", "caption": "The common muscimol -bearing mushroom Amanita muscaria (fly agaric)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_479", "caption": "Escitalopram , a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used as an antidepressant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/160px-Escitalopram_structure.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_480", "caption": "Tiagabine , a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor used as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/160px-Tiagabine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_481", "caption": "Reserpine , a vesicular reuptake inhibitor that was used in the past to deplete serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine stores as an antipsychotic and antihypertensive. It was notorious for causing anxiety and depression, and as a result, was replaced by newer, more modern drugs instead.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/160px-Reserpine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_482", "caption": "Hyperforin , the primary active constituent responsible for the therapeutic benefits of extracts of the herb Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort), which is used as an antidepressant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/160px-Hyperforin3D.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_483", "caption": "RD and gambling disorder", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gambling_chips.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_484", "caption": "C. Robert Cloninger", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-CR_Cloninger.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_485", "caption": "MRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MRI_head_side.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_486", "caption": "The brain on substance dependence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Addictiondependence1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_487", "caption": "Type 2 Alcoholism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-The_Drunkard%27s_Progress_1846.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_488", "caption": "When reward dependence goes wrong", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-OxyContin_setup.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_489", "caption": "Phenelzine is a MAOI which contributed to SS in the Libby Zion case", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Phenelzine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_490", "caption": "Cover of the Journal Meditsinskii Rabotnik (Medical Worker) (1927) No. 47: \"Prof. Fokht za izucheniem srezov mozga Lenina\" (Professor Vogt investigating histological sections from Lenin\u2019s brain)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vogt_Lenin.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_491", "caption": "Neuroscientists Oskar Vogt and C\u00e9cile Vogt-Mugnier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vogt.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_492", "caption": "Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_493", "caption": "Convulsionnaires confined to the Bastille , 18th-century engraving.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Convulsionnaires_in_the_Bastille.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_494", "caption": "Fran\u00e7ois de P\u00e2ris at prayer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Diacre_Paris.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_495", "caption": "Artistic portrayal of secours at a convulsionnaire meeting. Anonymous engraving from the eighteenth century.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/700px-Convulsions.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_496", "caption": "Portrait of Charles Gaspard Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc, Archbishop of Paris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Charles_Gaspard_Guillaume_de_Vintimille_du_L_3758a768.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_497", "caption": "Trepanned Incan skulls", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Incan_Brain_Surgery.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_498", "caption": "Galen demonstrating the recurrent laryngeal nerves in public", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Galen-Pig-Vivisection.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_499", "caption": "Base of the brain in De humani corporis fabrica by Andreas Vesalius , 1543", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base__cce9bf31.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_500", "caption": "Paracelsus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/100px-Hirschvogel_Paracelsus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_501", "caption": "Mesmer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/100px-Franz_Anton_Mesmer.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_502", "caption": "De Puys\u00e9gur", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/70px-Armand_de_Chastelet%2C_marquis_de_Puysegur_%2_c262126a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_503", "caption": "Abb\u00e9 Faria", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/150px-AbaDeFaria.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_504", "caption": "Reichenbach", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/80px-Karl_Reichenbach.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_505", "caption": "James Braid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/125px-James_Braid%2C_portrait.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_506", "caption": "Jean-Martin Charcot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/125px-Jean-Martin_Charcot.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_507", "caption": "Charcot demonstrating hypnosis on a \" hysterical \" Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re patient, \"Blanche\" ( Marie Wittman ), who is supported by Joseph Babi\u0144ski . [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AA_e637b60a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_508", "caption": "Boris Sidis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/100px-Boris_Sidis_cropped_2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_509", "caption": "Elizabeth Roboz Einstein (1904\u20131995), pioneering biochemist and neuroscientist from Hungary.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Elizabeth_Roboz_Einstein_%281904-1995%29_%28_b94bbc51.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_510", "caption": "Riitta Hari, Finnish neuroscientist, at the Science Forum 2011 in Helsinki.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Riitta_Hari.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_511", "caption": "Nathalie Zand of Poland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Natalia_Zand.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_512", "caption": "Engraving of the Hospital made around 1660 by Adam P\u00e9relle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-0_L%27Hospital_de_la_Salp%C3%A9tri%C3%A8re_h_32596d0d.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_513", "caption": "1857 lithograph by Armand Gautier , showing personifications of dementia , megalomania , acute mania , melancholia , idiocy , hallucination , erotomania and paralysis in the gardens of the Hospice de la Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Gautier_-_Salpetriere.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_514", "caption": "Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital chapel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Salpetriere_Chapel.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_515", "caption": "Chapelle de la Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-P1000519_Paris_XIII_Salp%C3%A9tri%C3%A8re_ch_b12c2145.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_516", "caption": "Pinel's monument at La Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re by Ludowig Durand , sculptor, 1885 [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Pinel_statue%2C_Salpetriere%2C_Paris.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_517", "caption": "A Buck reflex hammer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Percussionshammer.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_518", "caption": "The Taylor hammer appears on the far left. The other tools, from top to bottom, are: Babinski hammer, Queen square hammer, Wartenberg wheel , and Buck hammer (disassembled to show components).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neurological_tools.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_519", "caption": "The Queen Square reflex hammer, shown with a plastic handle and a tip that tapers to allow for plantar reflex testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Queen_square.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_520", "caption": "Tr\u00f6mner reflex hammer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Reflexhammer_nach_Tr%C3%B6mner.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_521", "caption": "Charcot demonstrating hypnosis on a Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re patient, who is supported by Joseph Babi\u0144ski", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AA_3810d25b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_522", "caption": "Audiological exam", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Audiological_Exam.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_523", "caption": "Examples of the onset and recovery of the acoustic reflex measured with a laser Doppler velocimetry system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-LDV_AR_measurement_USAARL.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_524", "caption": "Anatomy of the human ear. (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated for viewing purposes.) \u00a0 \u00a0Brown is outer ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Red is middle ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Purple is inner ear .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_525", "caption": "Audiogram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Audio23.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_526", "caption": "Audiogram showing a typical \"noise notch\" in the left ear (normal hearing in the right ear)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Typical_audiometric_%22noise_notch%22.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_527", "caption": "New age portable digital audiometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Digital_Audiometer.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_528", "caption": "Portable audiometer Maico , circa 1960s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Vintage_Maico_Model_F-1_Portable_Audiometer__886830ca.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_529", "caption": "Wireless audiometer which works on mobile devices via wireless connectivity i.e. Bluetooth and Wifi", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Audiomini_.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_530", "caption": "Hearing care professional performing a hearing test on a client, 2015", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Audiologist%2C_2015.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_531", "caption": "Graph showing a typical Auditory Brainstem Response", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-ABR.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_532", "caption": "Coronal section of a human brain. BA41(red) and BA42(green) are auditory cortex. BA22(yellow) is Brodmann area 22 , HF(blue) is hippocampal formation and pSTG is posterior part of superior temporal gyrus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Human_temporal_lobe_areas.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_533", "caption": "Human ear anatomy. \u00a0 \u00a0Brown is outer ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Red is middle ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Purple is inner ear .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_534", "caption": "Figure A \u2013 adapted from Gelfand (2004) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Masker_increased_threshold.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_535", "caption": "Figure B \u2013 Adapted from Ehmer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Maskingpatterns_sp11.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_536", "caption": "Figure C \u2013 Adapted from Gelfand 2004 [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Auditoryfiltermaskersignal1.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_537", "caption": "Figure D \u2013 Adapted from Gelfand 2004 [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Off_frequency_mask_diff_freq1.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_538", "caption": "Figure E \u2013 adapted from Moore 1998 [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Maskersameauditoryfilter1.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_539", "caption": "Figure F \u2013 adapted from Moore 1998 [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Onandofffreqlistening1.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_540", "caption": "Figure G \u2013 adapted from a diagram by Gelfand [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Maskercriticalbandwidth1.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_541", "caption": "Figure H \u2013 adapted from Moore 1998 [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-OutputlevelMoore.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_542", "caption": "figure I \u2013 ipsilateral simultaneous masking", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Ipsisimmasking.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_543", "caption": "Lateral view of the human cerebrum showing the location of auditosensory cortex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Nervous_and_mental_diseases_%281908%29_%2814_2b444ca7.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_544", "caption": "Section of brain showing the position of the human temporal lobe. The brain functional areas are highlighted above, with the auditory area in green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray756.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_545", "caption": "Cytoarchitectonics of Brodmann 41 (Auditosensory cortex)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_41.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_546", "caption": "Hearing Aid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-Hearing_aid_cic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_547", "caption": "Infant wearing hearing aid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Hababy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_548", "caption": "The wide field view of the endoscope allows \"looking around the corner\" while utilizing the natural ear canal access to cholesteatoma.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Endosocpic_Advantage.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_549", "caption": "3D model of cochlea and semicircular canals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-3DPX-002432_Cochlea_and_semicircular_canals__727718f6.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_550", "caption": "Structural diagram of the cochlea showing how fluid pushed in at the oval window moves, deflects the cochlear partition, and bulges back out at the round window.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-Cochlea.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_551", "caption": "1994 body-worn Cochlear Spectra processor. Early cochlear implant users utilized body-worn processors like this one", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-1994_Spectra_22_processor.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_552", "caption": "Cochlear implant recipient utilizing a behind-the-ear processor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/200px-Cochlear_implant_user.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_553", "caption": "Robin Michelson - Early creator of the Cochlear Implant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Robin_Michelson.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_554", "caption": "Internal components of a conventional device (not yet implanted)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cochearimplants.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_555", "caption": "A crowded cocktail bar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/310px-Patr%C3%B3n_cocktail_bar_%285807919992%29.jp_40eef216.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_556", "caption": "The International Symbol for Deafness is used to identify facilities with hearing augmentation services, especially assistive listening devices . [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-International_Symbol_for_Deafness.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_557", "caption": "The flag of the deaf community made by Arnaud Balard", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/237px-Sign_Union_flag.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_558", "caption": "An audiologist conducting an audiometric hearing test in a sound-proof testing booth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-HearingExam.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_559", "caption": "Cotton otoblockers that are used to prevent the impression material from hitting the tympanic membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cotton_otoblockers.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_560", "caption": "Impression material being mixed together. This is the start of the mixing process, as the material needs to be one color.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Impression_material_being_mixed_together.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_561", "caption": "Gun/pistol for earmolds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Pistol-gun_for_earmold.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_562", "caption": "Syringe that can be used for earmolds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Syringe_for_earmold.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_563", "caption": "Impression material hardening in the external ear canal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Letting_the_earmold_impression_material_hard_d70e68b0.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_564", "caption": "The external ear canal probe on an ear scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Ear_Scanner.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_565", "caption": "Pre-molded earplugs (left), formable earplugs (center), and roll-down foam earplugs (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Types_of_Earplugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_566", "caption": "Badly-inserted earplug, semi-inserted earplug, and properly-inserted earplug", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Earplug_fitting.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_567", "caption": "Earplugs with probe for MIRE measurements of noise exposure on the worker's eardrums", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-%D0%92%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D_2d5990eb.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_568", "caption": "Disposable foam earplugs: with coins for scale (top) and inserted into the wearer's ear.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Disposable_foam_earplugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_569", "caption": "Earplugs with instructions for use", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Earplugs_instructions2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_570", "caption": "Flanged earplugs made from silicone rubber. The hole in the left plug is the input port and extends as far as the central flange where the attenuation occurs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Musicians_orange_plugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_571", "caption": "Musicians' earplugs. The grey end caps contain an acoustic transmission line with a damper (attenuator) at the end while the domed flanges form a seal in the ear canal. The output port can just be seen as a small hole at the near end of the left plug", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Musicians_earplugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_572", "caption": "Custom earplugs worn by professional musicians", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Elacin_%28R%29_ER-25_-_musician_Earplug_worn_40c28ad4.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_573", "caption": "Lead singer of the metal band Sepultura Derrick Green wearing a custom earplug", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Metalmania_2007_-_Sepultura_-_Derrick_Green__55059992.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_574", "caption": "Noise attenuation, earplugs EP100. The difference between laboratory predictions (top) and real-world data [ 37 ] (bottom)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/360px-HML%2BSNR%2BNRR_hearing_protection_attenuati_3359d88c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_575", "caption": "Fit testing (MIRE) [ 51 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%_bd105821.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_576", "caption": "Earplugs are a form of hearing protection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Man_inserting_earplugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_577", "caption": "Human ear anatomy, with the cochlea \"uncoiled\" showing frequency mapping to different regions of the basilar membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Uncoiled_cochlea_with_basilar_membrane.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_578", "caption": "Cross-sectional view of the organ of Corti within the cochlea. The basilar membrane is labeled \"basilar fiber.\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Organ_of_corti.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_579", "caption": "Example of transportation noise and how it affects the community.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Figure_1_Selected_Tools_Available_to_Address_97d10caa.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_580", "caption": "Aircraft noise has been linked to high annoyance, leading to psychological-illness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_581", "caption": "A typical mammalian middle ear: sound makes the tympanum (eardrum) vibrate; 3 small bones, the malleus, incus and stapes, transmit the vibrations to the labyrinth (inner ear), which transforms the vibrations into nerve signals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Mammal_middle_ear.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_582", "caption": "Upper and lower portions of a python skull, displaying multiple bony components of the upper and lower jaws. Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Natural History; Division of Vertebrate Zoology; Yale University.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/299px-Python_bivittatus_Kuhl%2C_1820.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_583", "caption": "Mammalian and non-mammalian jaws. In the mammal configuration, the quadrate and articular bones are much smaller and form part of the middle ear. Note that in mammals the lower jaw consists of only the dentary bone. [ 24 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Jaw_joint_-_mammal_n_non-mammal.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_584", "caption": "Morganucodontidae and other transitional forms had both types of jaw joint: dentary - squamosal (front) and articular - quadrate (rear).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Jaw_joint_-_double.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_585", "caption": "Headphones on a stand", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-S%C5%82uchawki_referencyjne_K-701_firmy_AKG._c8bafae5.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_586", "caption": "Telephone operator with a single head-mounted telephone-receiver (headphone), 1898", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Night_telephone_operator_1898.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_587", "caption": "Wireless telegrapher Reginald Fessenden with two head-mounted telephone-receivers (headphones), 1906", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Interior_of_Fessenden_wireless_telegraph_sta_e43adac9.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_588", "caption": "Holtzer-Cabot telephone operator head receiver, wireless operator receiver, and telephone receiver, 1909", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Holtzer_Cabot_Wireless_Head_Normal_Receivers_32986a65.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_589", "caption": "Sennheiser HD 555 headphones, used in audio production environments (2007)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Headphones-Sennheiser-HD555.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_590", "caption": "Headphone cord with integrated potentiometer for volume control", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Interrupteur.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_591", "caption": "Circumaural headphones have large pads that surround the outer ear.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Headphones_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_592", "caption": "A pair of supra-aural (on-ear) headphones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-GradoPrestige-HeadphoneArticle.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_593", "caption": "In-ear monitors extend into the ear canal, providing isolation from outside noise.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-InEarMonitors.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_594", "caption": "A typical example of a headset used for voice chats", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Plantronics_headset.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_595", "caption": "Sony Ericsson Cordless bluetooth headset", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Se_bluetooth_headset.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_596", "caption": "Aviation headset [ 46 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/180px-Communication_Headset.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_597", "caption": "In-ears are among those good for noise isolation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-In-ears-earphones.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_598", "caption": "A typical moving-coil headphone transducer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Headphone-transducer.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_599", "caption": "Electrostatic loudspeaker diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Es_spk.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_600", "caption": "A custom in-ear monitor which uses 8 balanced armatures in a triple crossover configuration (4 low/2 mid/2 high). Headphone designs often use multiple balanced armatures to provide a higher fidelity sound.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-JH16_Balanced_Armatures.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_601", "caption": "Sony MDR-7506 headphones in stowed configuration", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Sony_MDR-7506_Stowed_7617.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_602", "caption": "A micro audio amplifier for boosting the output power of smartphones etc. to headphones. Used for example to compensate a built-in volume limit in smartphones, the higher volume levels could, however, lead to ear damage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Micro_amplifier_%28booster%29_FIIO_Fujiyama__4bf8d873.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_603", "caption": "Product testing - headphones in an anechoic chamber", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossless-page1-220px-Consumer_Reports_-_product_te_cd4adb86.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_604", "caption": "Schematic diagram of the human ear [ clarification needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Tidens_naturl%C3%A6re_fig40.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_605", "caption": "The middle ear uses three tiny bones, the malleus, the incus, and the stapes, to convey vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Gray919.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_606", "caption": "The inner ear is a small but very complex organ.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Right_osseous_labyrinth_svg_hariadhi.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_607", "caption": "The lateral lemnisci (red) connects lower brainstem auditory nuclei to the inferior colliculus in the midbrain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_608", "caption": "A cat can hear high-frequency sounds up to two octaves higher than a human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Domestic_cat_felis_catus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_609", "caption": "A modern behind the ear hearing aid. The audio tube to the speaker is barely visible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-H%C3%B6rapparat_-_1_-_2020.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_610", "caption": "A modern behind the ear hearing aid with a minicell battery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-H%C3%B6rapparat_-_2_-_2020.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_611", "caption": "1940s adult and child combined hearing aid glasses, on display at Thackray Museum of Medicine . [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hearing_aid_glasses.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_612", "caption": "A sign in a train station explains that the public announcement system uses a \"Hearing Induction Loop\" ( audio induction loop ). Hearing aid users can use a telecoil (T) switch to hear announcements directly through their hearing aid receiver.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hearing_induction_loop_hearing_aid.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_613", "caption": "A hearing aid with an audio boot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_614", "caption": "A DAI plug on the end of a cable", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Direct_Audio_Input_connector.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_615", "caption": "Block diagram of digital hearing aid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/600px-Block_diagram_of_digital_hearing_aid.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_616", "caption": "Madame de Meuron with ear trumpet", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Madame_de_Meuron.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_617", "caption": "Hearing aid shop, Dublin , Ireland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Bonavoxshop.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_618", "caption": "Workers cutting marble without any protective gear. Photo taken in Indore, India", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Stone_Cutters_working_without_any_protection_7777fb0c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_619", "caption": "Different types of Earplugs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Earplugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_620", "caption": "Orange safety earmuff", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Orange_safety_earmuffs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_621", "caption": "A deaf person using a camera-equipped smartphone to communicate in sign language", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Deaf_videoconference.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_622", "caption": "An audiologist conducting an audiometric hearing test in a sound-proof testing booth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-HearingExam.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_623", "caption": "An in-the-canal hearing aid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_624", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year for hearing loss (adult onset) per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2004: \u00a0 \u00a0no data \u00a0 \u00a0<250 \u00a0 \u00a0250\u2013295 \u00a0 \u00a0295\u2013340 \u00a0 \u00a0340\u2013385 \u00a0 \u00a0385\u2013430 \u00a0 \u00a0430\u2013475 \u00a0 \u00a0475\u2013520 \u00a0 \u00a0520\u2013565 \u00a0 \u00a0565\u2013610 \u00a0 \u00a0610\u2013655 \u00a0 \u00a0655\u2013700 \u00a0 \u00a0>700", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/310px-Hearing_loss_%28adult_onset%29_world_map_-_D_3bf77a35.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_625", "caption": "The sign for \"friend\" in American Sign Language", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Drawing_%28sign_language_friend%29%2C_2008.j_abb89a73.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_626", "caption": "Various earmuff hearing protectors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Peltor_earmuffs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_627", "caption": "Sound levels of some daily activities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Loudness_of_common_sounds.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_628", "caption": "Earmuff hearing protection device.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/205px-Serre_t%C3%AAte.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_629", "caption": "Different styles of earplugs are pictured. Left, pre-molded earplugs. Center, formable earplugs. Right, roll-down foam earplugs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/204px-Types_of_Earplugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_630", "caption": "A U.S. Soldier wearing a hearing protection and communications headset.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/204px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_631", "caption": "Custom earplug hearing protection devices.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/204px-Bouchon_ER25_-_Elacin.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_632", "caption": "Noise reduction, earplugs EP100 (Willson). Top: measurements in the laboratory, and performance ratings. Bottom: real-world data [ 34 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/360px-HML%2BSNR%2BNRR_hearing_protection_attenuati_3359d88c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_633", "caption": "HPD fit testing [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%_356b45be.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_634", "caption": "An example of a NIOSH mobile laboratory for measuring sound thresholds, and the real attenuation of workers earplugs [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-NIOSH_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%_0e290660.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_635", "caption": "Fit testing (MIRE) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%_356b45be.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_636", "caption": "NIOSH mobile laboratory for REAT measuring (sound thresholds & real attenuation of earplugs) [ 21 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-NIOSH_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%_0e290660.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_637", "caption": "Earplugs with probes for MIRE measurements.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/400px-%D0%92%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D_8335db63.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_638", "caption": "Logarithmic chart of the hearing ranges of some animals [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/440px-Animal_hearing_frequency_range.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_639", "caption": "Human hearing area in frequency and intensity. Dashed line describes possible changes due to excessive hearing strain (e.g. loud music).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-H%C3%B6rfl%C3%A4che.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_640", "caption": "An audiogram showing typical hearing variation from a standardized norm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Tonaud_w_norm.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_641", "caption": "Outer ear ( pinnae ) of a cat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Cat-ears.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_642", "caption": "Dolphins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-PacificWhiteSidedDolphine.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_643", "caption": "Loudness discomfort levels (LDLs) : group data of hyperacusis patients without hearing loss. Upper line: average hearing thresholds. Lower long line: LDLs of this group. Lower short line: LDLs of a reference group with normal hearing. [ 40 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-LDL-Audiogram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_644", "caption": "Hyperacusis patient wearing ear protection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hyperacusis_patient_wearing_ear_protection.j_cb448f7a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_645", "caption": "Inner ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray920.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_646", "caption": "The cochlea and vestibule , viewed from above.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gray923.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_647", "caption": "A cross-section of the cochlea showing the organ of Corti .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cochlea-crosssection.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_648", "caption": "Cross-section through the spiral organ of Corti at greater magnification.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Organ_of_corti.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_649", "caption": "Logo International Society of Audiology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Logo_of_the_professional_association_Interna_4ba0de2c.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_650", "caption": "The legend to this puzzle reads \"Here is a class of a dozen boys, who, being called up to give their names were photographed by the instantaneous process just as each one was commencing to pronounce his own name. The twelve names were Oom, Alden, Eastman, Alfred, Arthur, Luke, Fletcher, Matthew, Theodore, Richard, Shirmer, and Hisswald. Now it would not seem possible to be able to give the correct name to each of the twelve boys, but if you practice the list over to each one, you will find it not a difficult task to locate the proper name for every one of the boys.\" [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Sam_Loyd_lipreading_puzzle.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_651", "caption": "Listening in conversation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Shimer_College_Susan_Henking_listening_2013__0ce99976.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_652", "caption": "Inner ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/310px-Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a__94c1d784.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_653", "caption": "Audiograms illustrating normal hearing (left) and unilateral low-pitch hearing loss associated with M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/310px-Menieres-hearing-loss.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_654", "caption": "Loudness discomfort levels (LDLs) \u2013 data of people with hyperacusis without hearing loss. Upper line: average hearing thresholds. Lower long line: LDLs of this group. Lower short line: LDLs of a reference group with normal hearing. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-LDL-Audiogram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_655", "caption": "The middle ear matches mechanical impedance, like a lever.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MiddleEar_Amplification.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_656", "caption": "A hearing aid such as this one may be used to help alleviate MES in some patients.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hearing_aid_20080620.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_657", "caption": "Graph of a simple sine wave", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Sine_wave.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_658", "caption": "Flowchart of sound passage - outer ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Outer_Ear.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_659", "caption": "Flowchart of sound passage - middle ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Middle_Ear.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_660", "caption": "Flowchart of sound passage - inner ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Inner_Ear.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_661", "caption": "Levels of transmission of neural auditory signals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Transmission_of_Nerve_Impulse.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_662", "caption": "A Qantas Boeing 747-400 passes close to houses shortly before landing at London Heathrow Airport .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Qantas_b747_over_houses_arp.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_663", "caption": "Traffic is the main source of noise pollution in cities like S\u00e3o Paulo , shown here.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30a.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_664", "caption": "More than a quarter of US residences have average outside noise levels exceeding the maximum nighttime outside noise level recommended by the World Health Organization. [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-20230609_Average_noise_levels_outside_US_hom_2e6d2476.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_665", "caption": "Depiction of frequency weighting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-ABC_Weighting.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_666", "caption": "A sound level meter is one of the main tools for measuring sounds in the environment and the workplace.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Sound_level_meter_with_sound_waves.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_667", "caption": "Measuring the noise level from a leaf blower using the NIOSH Sound Level Meter app", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-NoiseLevel_LeafBlower.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_668", "caption": "The CityLink sound tube in Flemington , Melbourne , Australia , is designed to reduce roadway noise without detracting from the area's aesthetics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-TullamarineFwy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_669", "caption": "A man inserting an earplug in his ear to reduce the noise exposure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Man_inserting_earplugs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_670", "caption": "NIOSH Occupational Noise Exposure Criteria Document", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-NIOSH_Occupational_Noise_Exposure_Criteria_D_0d8ca479.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_671", "caption": "The outer ear receives sound, transmitted through the ossicles of the middle ear to the inner ear , where it is converted to a nervous signal in the cochlear and transmitted along the vestibulocochlear nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Blausen_0328_EarAnatomy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_672", "caption": "Example audiogram of a notch-shaped high frequency hearing loss.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Example_of_Notched_Audiogram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_673", "caption": "Cross-section of the cochlea . The inner hair cells are connected to afferent nerve fibers, and the outer hair cells are connected to efferent nerve fibers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cochlea-crosssection.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_674", "caption": "Abnormal features of Noonan syndrome at the age of 3 months: Note the eyebrow slant and left-side eyelid dropping. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-InfantWithNoonan1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_675", "caption": "Abnormal features of Noonan syndrome at the age of 3 months: Note the low-set, posteriorly rotated, and abnormally formed ear. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-InfantWithNoonan2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_676", "caption": "NS is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable expression.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_677", "caption": "The oldest known case of NS, described in 1883 by Kobylinski", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Noonan1883.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_678", "caption": "Graph of prevalence of hearing loss over time for workers in various sectors in the United States [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/450px-Prevalence_of_Hearing_Loss_by_Time_Period_an_744841eb.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_679", "caption": "The NIOSH Sound Level Meter app", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-NIOSHSoundLevelMeter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_680", "caption": "NIOSH Hierarchy of Controls", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-NIOSH_Hierarchy_of_Controls.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_681", "caption": "The mammalian olivocochlear bundle, divided into medial (red) and lateral (green) systems. Both contain crossed and uncrossed fibres. The predominant fibres are represented by a thicker line. The insert (far left) shows the position of the cell bodies of the MOCS and LOCS relative to the MSOC and LSOC respectively, as observed in mammals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Diagram_of_the_olivocochlear_bundle.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_682", "caption": "The basic MOC acoustic reflex. The auditory nerve responds to sound, sending a signal to the cochlear nucleus. Afferent nerve fibres cross the midline from the cochlear nucleus to the cell bodies of the MOCS (located near the MSOC), whose efferent fibres project back to the cochlea (red). In most mammals, the majority of the reflex is ipsilateral (shown as a thicker line), effectuated by the crossed MOCS.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Olivocochlear_reflex.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_683", "caption": "Attentional filter depths from 12 subjects who underwent a vestibular neurectomy, for the same ear (triangles) or different ears (crosses). Combined mean (----) and 95% confidence intervals are shown. An average ~15% decline in attentional filter depth can be seen following olivocochlear bundle (OCB) lesion. Data taken from Scharf et al. (1997). [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Scharfs_OCB_experiments3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_684", "caption": "Cross-section through the spiral organ of Corti at greater magnification, showing position of the hair cells on the basement membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Organ_of_corti.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_685", "caption": "Image showing the outer ear , middle ear , and inner ear , and how sound is conducted through the outer ear, to the ossicles of the middle ear, through to the inner ear and the cochlea, where the organ of Corti sits.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_686", "caption": "Otitis media", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Otitis_Media.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_687", "caption": "Perforation of the right tympanic membrane resulting from previous severe acute otitis media", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/lossy-page1-290px-Subtotal_Perforation_of_the_righ_74e375f3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_688", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year for otitis media per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2004. \u00a0 \u00a0no\u00a0data \u00a0 \u00a0< 10 \u00a0 \u00a010\u201314 \u00a0 \u00a014\u201318 \u00a0 \u00a018\u201322 \u00a0 \u00a022\u201326 \u00a0 \u00a026\u201330 \u00a0 \u00a030\u201334 \u00a0 \u00a034\u201338 \u00a0 \u00a038\u201342 \u00a0 \u00a042\u201346 \u00a0 \u00a046\u201350 \u00a0 \u00a0> 50", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Otitis_media_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg._37df2d02.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_689", "caption": "Deaths from otitis media per million persons in 2012 \u00a0 \u00a00 \u00a0 \u00a01 \u00a0 \u00a02\u20134", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Otitis_media_world_map-Deaths_per_million_pe_25ad435d.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_690", "caption": "CT scan of otosclerotic focus in the anterior footplate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Xray_of_otosclerosis.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_691", "caption": "Endoscopic Stapedotomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Endoscopic_view_of_Stapedotomy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_692", "caption": "Endocopic view of the ear with the piston inserted into the stapedotomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-View_of_Piston.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_693", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_694", "caption": "Interaural attenuation with bone conduction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/BONE_CONDUCTION.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_695", "caption": "Figure 10: Speech recognition threshold (SRT) with noise. To aid explanation of this concept the CHL and the SNHL have the same magnitude of hearing loss (50 dBHL). The horizontal part of the curves is where the noise is inaudible. Thus, there is no masking effect on the SRT. The horizontal portion of the curve for the SNHL and CHL extends further than that for a normal hearing person, as the noise needs to become audible to become a problem. Thus, more noise has to be applied, to produce a masking effect. At the right hand side of the graph, to identify 50% of the speech correctly, the speech needs to much more intense than in the quiet. This is because at this end of the graph, the noise is very loud whether the person has a hearing loss or not. There is a transition between these two areas described. Factor A is a problem only in low noise levels, whereas Factor D is a problem when the noise level is high.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/500px-Speech_recognition_threshold_in_noise2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_696", "caption": "Silicone probe tubes used for real ear measurement.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-RealEarProbeTubes.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_697", "caption": "Man listening through headphones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Stockholm_man_with_headphones_%28Unsplash%29_f1dd417c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_698", "caption": "The logo for the Make Listening Safe initiative of the World Health Organization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-MLSlogoWHO.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_699", "caption": "Elementary school boy with headphones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-School_boy_with_an_iPad_%286660035203%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_700", "caption": "Live rock concert at indoor entertainment venue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-NSP_Tour_De_Force_2018_2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_701", "caption": "Figure 3: Cross-section of the cochlea.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/280px-Cochlea-crosssection.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_702", "caption": "Figure 4: Neural tuning curve for normal hearing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Tuning_curve.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_703", "caption": "Figure 5: Neural tuning curve for OHC loss. Adapted from. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Tuning_curve_for_OHC_loss.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_704", "caption": "Figure 6: Neural tuning curve for OHC front row loss and IHC loss. Adapted from. [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Tuning_curve_of_OHC_front_row_loss_and_IHC_l_70a5e440.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_705", "caption": "Figure 7: Response of the basilar membrane to a pure tone.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Basilar_membrane_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_706", "caption": "Figure 8: Response of the basilar membrane to a pure tone, when there is a dead region.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-Basilar_membrane_2B.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_707", "caption": "Figure 9: Psychoacoustical tuning curve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Psychoacoustical_tuning_curvesA.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_708", "caption": "Noise Exposure Limits", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Noise-exposure-limits.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_709", "caption": "Speech Banana", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Speech_Banana_no_icons.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_710", "caption": "Safety sign from the UK Government Regulations requiring ear protection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-HSR_1996_II_3.3c.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_711", "caption": "A LectroFan white noise machine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-LectroFan_white_noise_machine.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_712", "caption": "Tympanometry in a boy in Cameroon .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Hopital_Laquintini-4993_32.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_713", "caption": "Tympanostomy tubes of varying size and shape. Examples of short-term use grommet (left) and long-term use T-shape (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/Paukenroerchen.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_714", "caption": "Tympanostomy tube in the eardrum, draining fluid from the middle ear during an ear infection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Ear_Tube.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_715", "caption": "The Weber test is administered by holding a vibrating tuning fork on top of the patient's head.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Weber_Test.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_716", "caption": "Logo of the World Hearing Day", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/221px-World_Hearing_Day-LOGO_high_def.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_717", "caption": "2024 World Hearing Day, \"Changing mindsets\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Whd-poster-final-a1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_718", "caption": "2023 World Hearing Day, \"Ear and hearing care for all!\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-WHO-world-hearing-day-2023_with_text.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_719", "caption": "2023 World Hearing Day, \"To hear for life listen with care!\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/page1-222px-World_Hearing_Day_2022_announcement_po_6fc1ff2e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_720", "caption": "Logo for the 2020 World Hearing Day", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/page1-220px-World-hearing-day-2020-announcement-en_5040f972.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_721", "caption": "Logo for Wiki4WorldHearingDay2019", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Wiki4worldhearingday_logo.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_722", "caption": "Altered vision by SOM during daylight driving.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vision_alterada_por_SOM_diurno.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_723", "caption": "Altered vision by SOM during night driving.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Vision_alterada_por_SOM_nocturno.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_724", "caption": "When light enters one eye, it is detected by retinal photoreceptors and transmitted via the optic nerve to the pretectal nucleus in the midbrain. From there, signals are sent bilaterally to the Edinger-Westphal nuclei, which send parasympathetic fibers via the oculomotor nerves to the ciliary ganglia. These fibers innervate the sphincter pupillae muscles in both eyes, causing both pupils to constrict\u2014the direct response in the stimulated eye and the consensual response in the other eye. This bilateral response ensures equal pupillary adjustment to light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Pupil_reflex_pathway.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_725", "caption": "Changes in the impact factor of PCN", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/300px-Pcn_impact_factor.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_726", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Adaptive_Deep_Brain_Stimulation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_727", "caption": "This drawing compares a normal neuron to one undergoing chromatolysis after axonal injury. Regeneration after axonal injury may occur.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Neuron_undergoing_chromatolysis.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_728", "caption": "The idea of the cortical homunculus was created by Wilder Penfield .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Sensory_Homunculus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_729", "caption": "Nerve injury classification table of temperatures required for injury and pain relief [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/531px-Nerve_injury_classification_table_of_tempera_1becb966.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_730", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Cryoanalgesia_.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_731", "caption": "An adult male undergoing pre-op preparation for deep brain stimulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Prep_for_Deep_Brain_Stimulation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_732", "caption": "Insertion of electrode during surgery using a stereotactic frame", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/260px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_733", "caption": "Arteriogram of the arterial supply that can hemorrhage during DBS implantation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Mra1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_734", "caption": "Chronic subcortical electrode implant in a laboratory rat used to deliver electrical stimulation to the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-WAGrij_electrode.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_735", "caption": "Stereotactic apparatus used to insert an electrode into the basal ganglia of the brain, for Parkinson's disease surgery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_736", "caption": "This is sample data table showing what data obtained from electromyoneurography looks like. Findings are measured in the form of amplitude (mV), latency (ms), and velocity (m/s) of the injured radial nerve, before and after surgery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Electrophysiological_findings_sample.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_737", "caption": "Action potential propagation animation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Action_potential_propagation_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_738", "caption": "Acquisition of information on the position of the markers in 2D through the chambers of the left and right, this combination of information giving rise to a 3D image on the position of the markers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Proce.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_739", "caption": "Medical gait photography, 1918", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/170px-Medical_and_surgical_therapy_%281918%29_%281_500c69f7.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_740", "caption": "Gait analysis laboratory equipped with infrared cameras and floor mounted force platforms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gait_laboratory.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_741", "caption": "Walking sequences recorded by motion capture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Two_repetitions_of_a_walking_sequence_of_an__8fee861f.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_742", "caption": "Corrective glasses are used to treat visual dyslexia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/290px-Visual-dyslexia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_743", "caption": "Spinal nerve Sympathetic ganglion multilingual", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Spinal_nerve_Sympathetic_ganglion_multilingu_6c388389.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_744", "caption": "Sensory NCS : An example screenshot showing the results of a sensory nerve conduction velocity study of the right median nerve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/360px-Sensory_neurography_median_nerve_example.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_745", "caption": "Cerebral Edema that resulted from brain tumor is represented by darker areas on this CT image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-CT_brain_tumor.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_746", "caption": "Molecular structure of Urea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Harnstoff.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_747", "caption": "Molecular structure of Glycerol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Glycerin_-_Glycerol.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_748", "caption": "Molecular structure of Mannitol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-D-Mannitol_structure.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_749", "caption": "Saline solution prepared for medical use by dissolving NaCl in water", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Iv1-07_014.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_750", "caption": "Planning CT scan with IV contrast in a patient with left cerebellopontine angle vestibular schwannoma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Acoustic_schwannoma_gamma_knife.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_751", "caption": "A doctor performing Gamma Knife Radiosurgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Dr._B._K._Misra_performing_Stereotactic_Gamm_ecb8106d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_752", "caption": "NRC graphic of the Leksell Gamma Knife", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Gamma_Knife_Graphic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_753", "caption": "Transcranial doppler ultrasound analyzer of blood velocity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/220px-Doppler_ultrasound_analyzer_of_blood_velocit_140c3c6c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_754", "caption": "Spectral density plots right and left middle cerebral arteries cross-amplitude plots in men.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-TCD_Spectroscopy1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_755", "caption": "Facial Paradigms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/350px-TCD_Spectroscopy_Paradigms.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurology$$$query_756", "caption": "Close-up of needle and catheter tip, showing the curved end at the needle's tip. The needle features an anti-coring curve at its tip designed to cause a catheter passing through the needle's lumen to exit laterally at a 45 degree angle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurology/images/250px-Tuohy_needle_tip.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 4.1", "caption": "Figure 4.1: Metabolism of phenylalanine requires BH4 and also produces tyrosine. Deficiencies in cofactor or phenylalanine hydroxylase can result in phenylketonuria.", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/4.1.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 4.3", "caption": "Figure 4.3: Metabolism of tryptophan to melatonin.", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/4.3.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 4.4", "caption": "Figure 4.4: Glutamate metabolism as it interfaces with nitrogen transport and synthesis of GABA.", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/4.4.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 4.6", "caption": "Figure 4.6: Metabolism of methionine. Remethylation and transsulfuration of homocysteine are illustrated. Cofactor or enzymatic deficiencies can result in an elevation of homocysteine.", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/4.6-1.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.1", "caption": "Figure 2.1: Synthesis and degradation of acetylcholine.", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.1.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.2", "caption": "Figure 2.2: ACh release and degradation. (A: acetyl-CoA; ACh: acetylcholine; AChE: acetylcholine esterase; Ch: choline; VAChT: vesicular ACh transporter)", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.2.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.3", "caption": "Figure 2.3: Glutamate and GABA synthesis. (\u03b1-KG: \u03b1-ketoglutarate; PLP: pyridoxal phosphate)", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.3.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.4", "caption": "Figure 2.4: Glutamate release and reuptake. (EAAT: excitatory amino acid transporters)", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.4.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.5", "caption": "Figure 2.5: GABA and glycine release.\u00a0 (GAT: cotransporters for GABA; VIAAT: vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter)", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.5.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.6", "caption": "Figure 2.6: Synthesis of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.6.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.7", "caption": "Figure 2.7: Histamine synthesis.", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.7.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.8", "caption": "Figure 2.8: Histamine release and reuptake. (ALDH: aldehyde dehydrogenase; DAO: diamine oxidase; HA: histamine; HNMT: N-methyltransferase; IA: imidazole acetaldehyde; IAA: imidazoleacetic acid; IAAR: imidazoleacetic acid riboside; NMH: N-methylhistamine; N-MIA: methylimidazole acetaldehyde; N-MIAA: N-methylimidazoleacetic acetic acid; OC3: organic cation transporter 3; PMAT: plasma membrane monoamine transporter)", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.8.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 2.9", "caption": "Figure 2.9: Serotonin synthesis.", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/2.9.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 1.1", "caption": "Figure 1.1: Potential fates of glucose oxidation. i. Glucose is oxidized to lactate; ii. Glucose is oxidized through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP); iii. Glucose is stored as glycogen, which only occurs in astrocytes; iv. Pyruvate can be oxidized through the mitochondria but is not a primary fate. (GLUTs: glucose transporters; MCTs: monocarboxylate transporters; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GA3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/1.1.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 1.2", "caption": "Figure 1.2: Comparison of neuron and astrocyte metabolism. (PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; PKM1/2: pyruvate kinase isoforms M1 and M2; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GA3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/1.2.png"} {"_id": "neuroscience$$$Figure 1.3", "caption": "Figure 1.3: Lactate and glutamate shuttling between the astrocyte and the neuron. (GS: glutamine synthetase; GLS: glutaminase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; EAATs: excitatory amino acid transporters; MCT: monocarboxylate transporter; GluR: glutamate receptor).", "image_path": "neuroscience/images/1.3.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1", "caption": "Hieroglyph designating the brain or skull in the Edwin Smith papyrus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hieroglyphic-brain.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_2", "caption": "One of Leonardo da Vinci's sketches of the human skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-View_of_a_Skull.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_3", "caption": "A graph showing the threshold for nervous system response", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-All-or-none_law_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_4", "caption": "3-D sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_5", "caption": "The remaining twenty-two brains from the collection are stored at the Wistar Institute", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Wistar_Day_2016_Prefered.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_6", "caption": "Selection of Primate skulls", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_7", "caption": "Pithecometra : In the frontispiece from his 1863 Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature , Thomas Huxley compared skeletons of apes to humans.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-Huxley_-_Mans_Place_in_Nature.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_8", "caption": "A head-measuring tool designed for anthropological research in the early 1910s. Theodor Kocher was inventor of the craniometer. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Head-Measurer_of_Tremearne_%28side_view%29.j_c1a6e808.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_9", "caption": "Illustration from \"The Speaking Portrait\" (Pearson's Magazine, Vol XI, January to June 1901) demonstrating the principles of Bertillon's anthropometry", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-The_speaking_portrait.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_10", "caption": "A Bertillon record for Francis Galton , from a visit to Bertillon's laboratory in 1893", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Galton_at_Bertillon%27s_%281893%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_11", "caption": "A chart from Bertillon's Identification anthropom\u00e9trique (1893), demonstrating how to take measurements for his identification system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Bertillon_-_Signalement_Anthropometrique.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_12", "caption": "Anthropometry demonstrated in an exhibit from a 1921 eugenics conference", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Anthropometry_exhibit.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_13", "caption": "An 1839 drawing by Samuel George Morton of \"a Negro head \u2026, a Caucasian skull \u2026, a Mongol head\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Morton_drawing.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_14", "caption": "Plaster face casts of Nias islanders collected by J. P. Kleiweg de Zwaan, circa 1910", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Plaster_face_casts_of_Nias_islanders_by_J.P._3f8931c2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_15", "caption": "Charcot demonstrating hypnosis on a \" hysterical \" Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re patient, \"Blanche\" ( Marie Wittman ), who is supported by Babi\u0144ski (rear) . Note the similarity to the illustration on the back wall . [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Une_le%C3%A7on_clinique_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AA_e637b60a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_16", "caption": "Swammerdam's illustration of a nerve-muscle preparation. He placed a frog thigh muscle in a glass syringe with a nerve protruding from a hole in the side of the container. Irritating the nerve caused the muscle to contract, but the level of the water, and thus the volume of the muscle, did not increase.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Swammerdam_frog_thigh.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_17", "caption": "Georg von B\u00e9k\u00e9sy in 1918", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy_Gy%C3%B6rgy_1918_k%C3%B6r%C_96663b43.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_18", "caption": "Typical recording of a Bereitschaftspotential", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Bereitschaftspotenzial_fig1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_19", "caption": "An early EEG recording done by Berger", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-1st-eeg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_20", "caption": "Head of a rachitic child in the New York Infant Asylum (1895)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/190px-An_American_text-book_of_the_diseases_of_chi_1add9165.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_21", "caption": "Stereograph designed by Paul Broca and manufactured by Mathieu", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/225px-Stereograph_Broca.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_22", "caption": "Map of Color of Skin: Figures indicate tint in Broca's scale", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Color_of_Skin_after_G_Gerland.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_23", "caption": "Louis Victor \"Tan\" Lebourgne's brain (by Pierre Marie)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pierre_Marie%2C_Travaux_et_memoires._Wellcom_d0dc739e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_24", "caption": "Broca's area", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Broca%27s_area_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_25", "caption": "\"Senator Broca will henceforth give examples of behavior in line with his theories.\" Le Triboulet, February 1880.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Broca_Triboulet_February_1880_Blass.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_26", "caption": "Brodmann's diagram of the cerebral cortex with the areas he identified", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/page145-220px-Vergleichende_Lokalisationslehre_der_4bb633b4.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_27", "caption": "Modern depictions of Brodmann areas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/100px-Brodmann_areas_3D.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_28", "caption": "Burdenko on a 1962 Soviet stamp", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1962_CPA_2758.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_29", "caption": "Grave of William Benjamin Carpenter in Highgate Cemetery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Family_grave_of_William_Benjamin_Carpenter_i_e3e95922.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_30", "caption": "Carpenter in 1850", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Carpenter72.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_31", "caption": "Cerletti's ECT machine preserved at Museo di Storia della Medicina in Rome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Macchina_elettroshock_Ugo_Cerletti.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_32", "caption": "Andr\u00e9 Brouillet", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Andr%C3%A9_Brouillet.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_33", "caption": "Electrotherapeutic device invented by Charcot's teacher, Guillaume Duchenne (1806\u20131875)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-DuchenneAppareil.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_34", "caption": "Albert Londe 's photograph of a male Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re patient exhibiting the same contortions as those displayed in Richer's charcoal drawing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Attaque_dhyst%C3%A9rie%2C_homme_%28538938350_475a0278.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_35", "caption": "A wood-engraved reproduction of Brouillet's painting by Henri Dochy (1851\u20131915) [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Une_le%C3%A7on_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%A9tri%C3%A8_033a2512.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_36", "caption": "A human skull and measurement device from 1902", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Craniometry_skull_1902.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_37", "caption": "Pithecometra : In the frontispiece from his 1863 Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature , Thomas Huxley compared skeletons of apes to humans.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-Huxley_-_Mans_Place_in_Nature.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_38", "caption": "Selection of primate skulls", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Primate_skull_series_with_legend_cropped.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_39", "caption": "William Z. Ripley 's map of the \"cephalic index\" in Europe, from The Races of Europe (1899)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Ripley_map_of_cephalic_index_in_Europe.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_40", "caption": "An 1839 drawing by Samuel George Morton of \"a Negro head\u2026 a Caucasian skull\u2026 a Mongol head.\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Morton_drawing.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_41", "caption": "Logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Decade_of_the_Brain.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_42", "caption": "Albumen print archived at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda. Duchenne's colleagues appended \" de Boulogne \" to his name to avoid confusion with the like-sounding name of \u00c9douard-Adolphe Duchesne (1804\u20131869) who was a popular society physician in Paris. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-G._Duchenne-2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_43", "caption": "Woodcut illustration of Duchenne's \"appareil volta-\u00e9lectrique.\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-DuchenneAppareil.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_44", "caption": "Demonstration of the mechanics of facial expression. Duchenne and an assistant faradize the mimetic muscles of \"The Old Man.\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Guillaume_Duchenne_de_Boulogne_performing_fa_015ca070.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_45", "caption": "Duchenne and his patient, an \"old toothless man, with a thin face, whose features, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Guillaume_Duchenne_de_Boulogne_performing_fa_427d2d79.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_46", "caption": "G.-B. Duchenne de Boulogne, Synoptic plate 4 from Le M\u00e9canisme de la Physionomie Humaine . 1862, albumen print . In the upper row and the lower two rows, patients with different expressions on either side of their faces", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Duchenne-FacialExpressions.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_47", "caption": "Figure 20 from Charles Darwin 's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). Caption reads \"FIG. 20.\u2014Terror, from a photograph by Dr. Duchenne\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_20.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_48", "caption": "Plate III from Charles Darwin 's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . From Chapter VIII: Joy\u2014High spirits\u2014Love\u2014Tender feelings\u2014Devotion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Expression_of_the_Emotions_Plate_III.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_49", "caption": "George Combe , founder of the society, was a lawyer who devoted his later life to advancing phrenology around the world.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-George_Combe01.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_50", "caption": "Einstein's brain was preserved after his death in 1955, but this fact was not revealed until 1978.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Einstein_brain_-_T.Harvey.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_51", "caption": "The lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) in a normal brain. In Einstein's brain, this was truncated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lateral_sulcus2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_52", "caption": "Another rendition of Antiochus's illness depicting Erasistratus's presence during the ordeal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Erasistratus_discovers_the_love_of_Antiochus_129b848f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_53", "caption": "Woodcut of Herophilus and Erasistratus in the Gardens of Adonis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Detail_of_a_woodcut_depicting_Herophilus_and_41ad9997.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_54", "caption": "A dog cortical map obtained by Ferrier using the electrical stimulation of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ferriermonkey.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_55", "caption": "Left Siegfried Kalischer , Edward Flatau (points to a book), Louis Jacobsohn-Lask , Bernhard Pollack , around 1900 in Berlin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Flatau_Berlin1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_56", "caption": "First page of Atlas of the human brain and the course of the nerve-fibres (1894)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Flatau_atlas1984_en.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_57", "caption": "Template from the English edition of the brain atlas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Flatau_atlas_plate1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_58", "caption": "Edward Flatau is preparing pictures for his brain atlas.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Eflatau_camera.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_59", "caption": "First page of Das Gesetz der excentrischen Lagerung der langen Bahnen im Ruckenmark (1897)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Flatau_prawo_1897.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_60", "caption": "German edition of 1912 Die Migrane , one of the first modern books on migraine headaches in 20th century", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Flatau_migrane_de.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_61", "caption": "Dr. med. E. Flatau. Nervous and mental diseases. Chmielna 60 Street [Warsaw]. Hours 5\u00a0pm and 1/2 till 7\u00a0pm and 1/2. This is medical doctor seal from a medical prescription issued on 27 August 1920.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pieczatka1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_62", "caption": "First page of collected publications of the Neurological Laboratory of the Warsaw Scientific Society published in 1912", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Flatau_pracownia1919.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_63", "caption": "Grave of Edward Flatau in Warsaw", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Grob_Edwarda_Flataua-Grave_of_Edward_Flatau._c2080604.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_64", "caption": "The iron's path, per Harlow [H] :\u200a21", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/110px-Phineas_gage_-_1868_skull_diagram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_65", "caption": "Cavendish, Vermont , 20 years after Gage's accident: (a) \u00a0Region of the accident site (exact location uncertain); (t) \u00a0Gage's lodgings, to which he was taken after his injury; (h) \u00a0Harlow's home and surgery . [ note 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-CavendishVermont_1869Map_Beers_AnnotatedPhin_0ad46624.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_66", "caption": "Line of the Rutland\u00a0& Burlington Railroad passing through \" cut \" in rock south of Cavendish. Gage met with his accident while setting ex\u00adplo\u00adsives to create either this cut or a similar one nearby. [ note 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-RailroadCutCavendishVermontPresumedToBePhine_71202203.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_67", "caption": "Explosive charge ready for fuse to be lit. tamping (sand or clay) directs blast into sur\u00adround\u00ading rock.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/120px-BlastHoleCharged_Vertical.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_68", "caption": "The \"cone of un\u00adcer\u00adtain\u00adty\" for the path taken by the tamping iron. Gage's mouth was open at the moment of the ex\u00adplo\u00adsion, and the front and back of his skull tem\u00adpo\u00adrarily \"hinged\" apart as the iron entered from below, then were pulled back to\u00adgeth\u00ader by the re\u00adsil\u00adience of soft tissues once the iron had exited through the top of Gage's head. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Simulated_Connectivity_Damage_of_Phineas_Gag_7b9f8be8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_69", "caption": "Panel from Bring Me the Head of Phineas Gage , a portrayal of Gage in popular culture [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/120px-BringMeTheHeadOfPhineasGage_KABOOM_Boundless_2c7c42de.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_70", "caption": "A nightcap used as a bandage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/120px-Nightcap_BenjaminBell_ASystemOfSurgery_7thEd_5cda1942.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_71", "caption": "The first known report of Gage's ac\u00adci\u00addent, under\u00adstat\u00ading the thick\u00adness of his tamp\u00ading iron (by confusing its diam\u00ade\u00adter with its cir\u00adcum\u00adfer\u00adence) and over\u00adstat\u00ading the iron's length and the damage to Gage's jaw. \u200b [ 21 ] [M] :\u200a12\u200a [ 22 ] \"[Gage's] fame is of the kind that is, and in his case literally so, thrust upon other\u00adwise ordinary people\", writes Malcolm Macmillan. [M] :\u200a11", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-PhineasGage_BostonPostStory.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_72", "caption": "The entry damage to Gage's left cheek, and the raised bone fragment in the exit area above his forehead, are visible in this plaster cast taken in late 1849. \u200b [ note 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-PhineasGage_LifeMask.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_73", "caption": "\"Disfigured yet still hand\u00adsome\". [T] Note ptosis of the left eye and scar on forehead.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Phineas_Gage_Cased_Daguerreotype_WilgusPhoto_a6ccd78f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_74", "caption": "Bigelow presented Gage to the elite Boston Society for Medical Im\u00adprove\u00adment in 1849. In this 1853 Society portrait, Oliver Wendell Holmes is seated second from left.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Members_of_the_Boston_Society_for_Medical_Im_4bafb474.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_75", "caption": "For a time Gage was \"a kind of living museum exhibit\" at Barnum's American Museum in New York City.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-39_William_England_-_Barnum%27s_museum%2C_Ne_f5a6b923.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_76", "caption": "\"Admittance 12 + 1 \u2044 2 cents\" (equiv\u00ada\u00adlent to about $5 in 2023). [ 25 ] Gage briefly resumed exhib\u00adit\u00ading just before going to Chile, possibly to help finance that move; this adver\u00adtise\u00adment appeared August 1852 in Montpelier, Vermont . \u200b [L1] :\u200a175", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-VermontPatriotAndStateGazette_1852Aug12_Dist_b38fd977.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_77", "caption": "New Hampshire Statesman , July 21, 1860 \u200b [ 33 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-NewHampshireStatesman_1860July21_Deaths_Phin_5c2ce93e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_78", "caption": "\"[T]he mother and friends, waiving the claims of personal and private affec\u00adtion, with a mag\u00adna\u00adnim\u00adity more than praise\u00adworthy, at my request have cheer\u00adfully placed this skull in my hands, for the benefit of science.\" Gage's skull (sawed to show inte\u00adrior) and iron, photo\u00adgraphed for Harlow in 1868. \u200b [ 34 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-JacksonJBS_A_descriptive_catalogue_of_the_Wa_e6394f1f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_79", "caption": "Gage's brother-in-law (a San Fran\u00adcis\u00adco city offi\u00adcial ) and his fam\u00adi\u00adly per\u00adson\u00adal\u00adly de\u00adliv\u00adered Gage's skull and iron to Harlow. \u200b [M10] :\u200a646\u200a [ 35 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-DailyAltaCalifornia_SanFrancisco_1867Dec25_p_3d1b153c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_80", "caption": "Excerpt from record book, Lone Mountain Cemetery , San Francisco, reflecting the May\u00a023, 1860 interment of Phineas B. [sic] Gage by undertakers N.\u00a0Gray\u00a0& Co. [ note 12 ] (Position pointer over writing for transcription; click for full page.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/660px-PhineasGage_BurialRecord_GageEntry.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_81", "caption": "\"I dressed him, God healed him\", wrote physician J.\u00a0M. Harlow , who attended Gage after the \"rude missile had been shot through his brain\" [ 40 ] and obtained his skull for study after his death. Shown here in later life, Harlow's interest in phre\u00adnol\u00ado\u00adgy prepared him to accept that Gage's injury had changed his behavior. [ 41 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-John-m-harlow_cropped.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_82", "caption": "\"The leading feature of this case is its im\u00adprob\u00ada\u00adbil\u00adity\", wrote Harvard's Prof. H.\u00a0J. Big\u00ade\u00adlow (seen here in 1854). His anti- localiz\u00ada\u00adtion\u00adist training pre\u00addis\u00adposed him to minimize Gage's behavioral changes. [B] :\u200a672", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Henry_Jacob_Bigelow_c1854_cropped.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_83", "caption": "\"Before the in\u00adjury he was quiet and re\u00adspect\u00adful.\" 1851 report, ap\u00adpar\u00adently based on infor\u00adma\u00adtion from Harlow, coun\u00adter\u00ading Bigelow's claim that Gage was mentally unchanged.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-AmericanPhrenologicalJournal_1851April_AMost_55c00c42.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_84", "caption": "\"Please deliver my iron bar to the bearer\". While in Chile, Gage had his relative B. \u00a0 R. Sweetland retrieve the tamping iron from Harvard's Warren Anatomical Museum. [ note 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-PhineasGage_1854Memo_ToneCorrected.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_85", "caption": "A Concord coach , likely the type driven by Gage in Chile [ 50 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-Concord_Coach_no._251.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_86", "caption": "The left frontal lobe (red) , with Ratiu et\u00a0al.'s estimate of the tamping iron's path [R1]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Phineas_Gage_injury_-_animation_%28frontal_l_52d2fd63.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_87", "caption": "False-color representations of cerebral fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn et\u00a0al. [V] :\u200a3", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Simulated_Connectivity_Damage_of_Phineas_Gag_4b73ffc2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_88", "caption": "\"I have the pleasure of being able to present to you [a case] without parallel in the annals of surgery.\"\u200a [H] :\u200a3\u200a Harlow's 1868 presentation to the Mas\u00adsa\u00adchu\u00adsetts Medical Society [H] :\u200atp\u200a of Gage's skull, tamping iron, and post-accident history.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Recovery_from_the_passage_of_an_iron_bar_thr_7e9c5f94.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_89", "caption": "Harlow's 1868 paper on Gage was widely reported. [M] :\u200a112-14\u200a This item appeared in Scientific American for July 1868.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-ScientificAmerican_1868Jul1_v19n1_AWonderful_3ccd6cdd.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_90", "caption": "Boston Herald , 1907", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-JohnMartynHarlow_death_recalls_PhineasGage_c_77e2566e.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_91", "caption": "\"[Few objects] have at\u00adtract\u00aded more vis\u00adi\u00adtors and spread farther the fame of the Museum \" \u200b [ 27 ] than its \"most val\u00adu\u00ada\u00adble specimen\"\u200d\u2014\u200cGage's skull. \u200b [ 82 ] :\u200av", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/140px-Simulated_Connectivity_Damage_of_Phineas_Gag_e3485ea5.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_92", "caption": "Phrenologists contended that destruction of the mental \"organs\" of Veneration and Benevolence caused Gage's behavioral changes. Harlow may have believed that the Organ of Comparison was damaged as well.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-PhrenologyPix%2C_upper_front_with_inset_Gage_b9085906.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_93", "caption": "Memorial plaque, Cavendish, Vermont", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-PhineasGage_CavendishMemorialPlaque.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_94", "caption": "Inscription on iron as seen in portrait detail: ...\u00a0[Phine]has P. Gage at Cavendish, Vermont, Sept. 14, 1848. He fully \u00a0 ...", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Phineas_Gage_GageMillerPhoto2010-02-17_Tampi_1f0de085.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_95", "caption": "The second portrait of Gage identified (2010) [ note 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/190px-Phineas_Gage_GageMillerPhoto2010-02-17_Unret_8f6fdf26.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_96", "caption": "Franz Joseph Gall examining the head of a pretty young girl", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Franz_Joseph_Gall_examining_the_head_of_a_pr_c3056176.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_97", "caption": "Experiment De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Luigi_Galvani_Experiment.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_98", "caption": "Late 1780s diagram of Galvani's experiment on frog legs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Galvani_frog_legs_experiment_setup.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_99", "caption": "Electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Galvani-frogs-legs-electricity.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_100", "caption": "Luigi Galvani's monument in Piazza Luigi Galvani (Luigi Galvani Square), in Bologna", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Bologna_Statue_of_Galvani.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_101", "caption": "Samuel Goldflam", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/175px-Samuel_Goldflam_%282%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_102", "caption": "The first illustration by Golgi of the nervous system. Vertical section of the olfactory bulb of a dog (in 1875).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Golgi%27s_drawing_of_nervous_system.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_103", "caption": "Drawing by Camillo Golgi of a hippocampus stained with the silver nitrate method", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_104", "caption": "Marble statue of Golgi at the University of Pavia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Statua_di_Camillo_golgi_-_Cortile_Universit%_9ae9800e.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_105", "caption": "Camillo Golgi's house in Pavia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Camillo_Golgi_home_1.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_106", "caption": "A human neocortical pyramidal neuron stained via Golgi technique. Notice the apical dendrite extending vertically above the soma and the numerous basal dendrites radiating laterally from the base of the cell body. Photo by Bob Jacobs, Colorado College.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_107", "caption": "Drawing by Camillo Golgi of a hippocampus stained with the silver nitrate method", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_108", "caption": "Drawing of a Purkinje cell in the cerebellum cortex done by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, clearly demonstrating the power of Golgi's staining method to reveal fine detail", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Purkinje_cell_by_Cajal.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_109", "caption": "Herophilos (right) teaching Anatomy, 1906, by Veloso Salgado ( NOVA Medical School , Lisbon )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Herophilos_%281906%29_-_Veloso_Salgado.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_110", "caption": "Hubel in his lab, 1980", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-David_H._Hubel.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_111", "caption": "X-ray of K\u00f6lliker's hand, made by R\u00f6ntgen on 23 Jan 1896", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen_of_Albert_von__87723e4b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_112", "caption": "Advertisement for a Leucotome in the 1940s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Leucotome.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_113", "caption": "A leucotome designed by Neurosurgeon John Crumbie, Croydon Mental Hospital , 1955 [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Leucotome%2C_designed_by_Neurosurgeon_Dr_Joh_2b6bb5b2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_114", "caption": "Jean Lhermitte", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Jean_Lhermitte.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_115", "caption": "Anatomical components of the limbic system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Blausen_0614_LimbicSystem.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_116", "caption": "Location and basic anatomy of the hippocampus, as a coronal section", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Hippocampus_coronal_section176157.fig.004.jp_d74b46fb.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_117", "caption": "James Leonard Corning (1855\u20131923), American neurologist and pioneer of neuraxial blockade", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-James_Leonard_Corning.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_118", "caption": "August Bier (1861\u20131949), pioneer of spinal anesthesia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-August_Bier.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_119", "caption": "Original drawing by Fidel Pag\u00e9s , explaining the technique of epidural anesthesia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Tecnica.-esquema-original.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_120", "caption": "Fidel Pag\u00e9s visiting an injured man at the Docker Hospital in Melilla , Spain during the Second Melillan campaign in 1909. The Docker Hospital was renamed after Pag\u00e9s in 1926.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Fidel_Pag%C3%A9s_visiting_an_injured_person__fe384cbc.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_121", "caption": "Angelo Mosso's 'human circulation balance.'", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/203px-Fear_%281896%29_%2814591577807%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_122", "caption": "Wilhelm Roentgen, creator of the X-ray.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/147px-WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_123", "caption": "Cerebral angiogram showing a transverse projection of the vertebro basilar and posterior cerebral circulation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/171px-Cerebral_angiography%2C_arteria_vertebralis__e2cb785d.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_124", "caption": "Full body PET scan of an adult female.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/166px-PET-MIPS-anim.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_125", "caption": "MEG device with patient.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/125px-NIMH_MEG.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_126", "caption": "Godfrey Hounsfield, inventor of first CT scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Godfrey_Hounsfield.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_127", "caption": "Ram\u00f3n y Cajal's drawing of the cells of the chick cerebellum , from Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves , Madrid, 1905", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-CajalCerebellum.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_128", "caption": "An example of part of an academic genealogy, a family tree, from Academic Family Tree (in this case from the Physics Tree), of four generations of Isaac Newton 's academic ancestors and two generations of his academic descendants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/289px-IsaacNewtonGenealogy_2019-09-13_at_15.11.27._90645a27.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_129", "caption": "Image of a Nissl-stained histological section through the rodent hippocampus showing various classes of neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-NisslHippo2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_130", "caption": "The Pavlov Memorial Museum in Ryazan , Pavlov's former home, built in the early 19th century [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pavlov_House_Ryazan.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_131", "caption": "Pavlov and his future wife, Seraphima Vasilievna, in 1880", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82.__684c1a5b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_132", "caption": "A 1935 portrait of Pavlov by Mikhail Nesterov", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Nesterov-Pavlov.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_133", "caption": "One of Pavlov's dogs with a surgically implanted cannula to measure salivation , preserved in the Pavlov Museum in Ryazan , Russia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_134", "caption": "Pavlov (right) and his granddaughter Milochka pictured with H. G. Wells in 1924", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2_41a7cf2c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_135", "caption": "Phrenological skull, European, 19th century. Wellcome Collection, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Phrenological_skull%2C_European%2C_19th_cent_7bb4e183.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_136", "caption": "The Phrenologist , a sketch by A.S. Hartrick, 1895", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The_Phrenologist.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_137", "caption": "Numbered phrenological bust", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Earthenware_phrenological_bust%2C_areas_are__5296c1e6.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_138", "caption": "A definition of phrenology with chart from Webster's Academic Dictionary, c. \u20091895", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1895-Dictionary-Phrenolog.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_139", "caption": "George Combe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/COMBE.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_140", "caption": "1848 edition of American Phrenological Journal published by Fowlers & Wells, New York", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Phrenology_journal_%281848%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_141", "caption": "American Institute of Phrenology (New York, 1893)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-%28King1893NYC%29_pg330_FOWLER_and_WELLS_CO%_4aab379f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_142", "caption": "An 1887 phrenology chart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Phrenological_organs%2C_1887_Wellcome_L00019_7f0a28c9.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_143", "caption": "Purkinje effect: simulated appearance of a red geranium and foliage in normal bright-light ( photopic ) vision, dusk ( mesopic ) vision, and night ( scotopic ) vision", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Red_geranium_photopic_mesopic_scotopic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_144", "caption": "Personal sigil 1837", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Osobn%C3%AD_pe%C4%8De%C5%A5_-_Jan_Evangelist_aa308ee3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_145", "caption": "Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, captain in the Ten Years' War , Cuba , 1874", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_por_Izquierdo_Vives_1874__4f352dfa.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_146", "caption": "Self-portrait as a student, 1870s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal%2C_estudiante_de_2e04ddd4.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_147", "caption": "Ram\u00f3n y Cajal in his laboratory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Cajal-mi.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_148", "caption": "Ram\u00f3n y Cajal's 1906 Nobel certificate; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales , Madrid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Diploma_al_Premio_Nobel_Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n__82d8223c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_149", "caption": "Ram\u00f3n y Cajal's illustration of the neuronal morphologies in the auditory cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cajal_actx_inter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_150", "caption": "The hospital on the plan of Jouvin de Rochefort \u00a0[ fr ] , in 1672", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hospital_Sainte_Anne_pour_les_malades_de_con_2b1163ef.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_151", "caption": "The asylum in 1877", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Asile_Sainte-Anne_1877.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_152", "caption": "The Sainte-Anne Chapel \u00a0[ fr ] , built by Charles-Auguste Questel in 1869", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Chapelle_du_Centre_Hospitalier_Sainte-Anne_c_cbc6d787.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_153", "caption": "Gate No. 1, Rue Cabanis \u00a0[ fr ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-P1110093_Paris_XIII_rue_Cabanis_entr%C3%A9e__d2966a57.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_154", "caption": "One of the many galleries of the hospital, here the Pirandello Gallery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Galerie_Luigi_Pirandello_de_l%27h%C3%B4pital_f70015f3.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_155", "caption": "Le Guet , a statue by Victorien Tournier \u00a0[ fr ] (1900), was placed in the garden of the Sainte-Anne Hospital in Paris in 1947.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Le_Guet_by_Victor_Tournier%2C_H%C3%B4pital_S_b17983d7.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_156", "caption": "The homunculi showing which parts of the body are controlled by the sensory cortex and motor cortex . Taub's research on the Silver Spring monkeys challenged the paradigm that brain functions are fixed in certain locations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Homunculus-de.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_157", "caption": "Phrenology chart attributed to Dr. Spurzheim. Lithograph submitted to the Library of Congress by Pendleton's Lithography , 1834.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Dr_Spurzheim_phrenology_chart_cph3g04556u.jp_4b9d198b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_158", "caption": "Hieronymus Bosch , The Extraction of the Stone of Madness", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hieronymus_Bosch-Removing_the_Rocks_from_the_dc6f7232.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_159", "caption": "Detail from The Extraction of the Stone of Madness , a painting by Hieronymus Bosch depicting trepanation ( c. \u20091488\u20131516 )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/325px-Hieronymus_Bosch_053_detail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_160", "caption": "The perimeter of the hole in this trepanated Neolithic skull is rounded off by ingrowth of new bony tissue, indicating that the patient survived the operation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/206px-Trepanated_skull_of_a_woman-P4140363-black.j_2d780986.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_161", "caption": "Skulls from the Bronze Age exhibited at the Mus\u00e9e arch\u00e9ologique de Saint-Rapha\u00ebl (Archeological Museum of Saint-Rapha\u00ebl ), found in Comps-sur-Artuby (France). The subjects survived operations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cr%C3%A2nes_tr%C3%A9panation_%C3%A2ge_du_bro_b3f9ffc9.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_162", "caption": "Dr. John Clarke trepanning a skull, c. \u20091664 , in one of the earliest American portraits. Clarke is alleged to have been the first physician to have performed the operation in the New England Colonies .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dr_John_Clarke_trepanning_a_skull_operation._dfa0ba30.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_163", "caption": "Trepanation instruments, 18th century; Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1750_Trepanationsbesteck_anagoria.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_164", "caption": "Figure 1. Diagram of the frog heart preparation used by Loewi. Vagus nerve stimulation slows heart rate while accelerator (sympathetic) nerve stimulation speeds up heart rate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Vagusstoff1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_165", "caption": "Figure 2. Loewi's experiment proving that neurotransmision was chemical, rather than electrical.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Vagusstoff2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_166", "caption": "Original records from Loewi's experiment in 1921. Saline from the stimulated heart was added to the unstimulated heart whenever the number \"2\" is indicated in the graph.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Loewi1921.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_167", "caption": "The skeleton of Jakob Karrer, articulated by Vesalius in 1543", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Skelett_im_Anatomischen_Museum_Basel_-_4675._3943a1be.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_168", "caption": "The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V , who was an important patron of Vesalius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Titian_-_Portrait_of_Charles_V_Seated_-_WGA2_f7d7d672.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_169", "caption": "A portrait of Vesalius from his De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Vesalius_Fabrica_portrait.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_170", "caption": "Vesalius's Fabrica contained many intricately detailed drawings of human dissections, often in allegorical poses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Vesalius_Fabrica_p190.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_171", "caption": "Andreas Vesalius by Pierre Poncet (1574\u20131640)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Andreas_Vesalius-Pierre_Poncet.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_172", "caption": "Base of the brain , showing the optic chiasma , cerebellum , olfactory bulbs , etc.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base__cce9bf31.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_173", "caption": "Clovis Vincent (1927)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Vincent%2C_Clovis_CIPB1777.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_174", "caption": "Volta battery at the Tempio Voltiano museum, Como", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-VoltaBattery.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_175", "caption": "A voltaic pile", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Voltaic_pile.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_176", "caption": "Volta explains the principle of the \"electric column\" to Napoleon in 1801.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_%28photo%29.jpe_dba01661.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_177", "caption": "Leopoldo Pollack , Aula Volta, 1787, Old Campus of the University of Pavia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Aula_volta_pavia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_178", "caption": "The chair and the blackboard of Alessandro Volta, University History Museum of the University of Pavia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cattedra_di_alessandro_Volta_museo_per_la_st_2497180e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_179", "caption": "Front page of De vi attractiva ignis electrici", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Volta_eerste_publicatie.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_180", "caption": "Wernicke's area animation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Wernicke%27s_area_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_181", "caption": "Whitman, age two, c. early 1944", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/160px-Charles_Whitman_1943.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_182", "caption": "Whitman around 1959 (age 18)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/160px-Charles_Whitman_%28ca_1955%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_183", "caption": "Whitman and Leissner at their wedding in 1962", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/160px-Wedding_Photo_of_Charles_and_Kathleen_Leissn_31e60416.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_184", "caption": "Whitman's journal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/160px-Diary_of_Charles_Whitman_%28front_cover%29.j_f8a94a9b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_185", "caption": "Main building of the University of Texas at Austin. Whitman fired at people on the ground from the observation deck.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/160px-The_Tower%2C_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_%_2843d2ec.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_186", "caption": "The tower observation deck", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/160px-South_door_to_the_observation_deck_%28The_To_fea45a5d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_187", "caption": "Drawing by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal (1899) of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-PurkinjeCell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_188", "caption": "Illustration from Gray's Anatomy (1918) of a lateral view of the human brain , featuring the hippocampus among other neuroanatomical features", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Gray739.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_189", "caption": "The Golgi stain first allowed for the visualization of individual neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_190", "caption": "3-D sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_191", "caption": "Human nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-Nervous_system_diagram-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_192", "caption": "Photograph of a stained neuron in a chicken embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Neuron_colored.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_193", "caption": "Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Leg_Neural_Network.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_194", "caption": "An MRI of a male's head showing benign familial macrocephaly (head circumference > 60 cm)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_wi_04c32ecf.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_195", "caption": "A simple classification scheme for ASC. Sleep and dream states are distinguished from waking consciousness since they account for substantially different ways of the ability of memory formation and retrieval. Psychiatric diseases that go along with persistent changes of consciousness, like schizophrenia , are covered with the term \"pathological conditions\". In contrast, the classification scheme includes intended and induced ASCs as well as general fluctuations of neurotransmission , which are reversible and short-termed. One step further the graph suggests splitting induced ASCs in persistent and reversible states. Translated from German Schmidt & Majic. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ClassificationOfAlteredStatesOfConsciousness_e9c12413.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_196", "caption": "Diagram explaining how associative interference is caused", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/511px-Associative_interference.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_197", "caption": "Illustration of the axo-axonic synapse formed between the terminal of presynaptic neuron and the axon of postsynaptic neuron.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Axo-axonic_synapse.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_198", "caption": "Drawing of the cerebellar cortex, showing axo-axonic synapses (green) formed by Basket cell projections (pink) onto Purkinje cells (blue) at the axon hillock.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Axo-axonic_synapse_in_cerebellum_by_Cajal.jp_5e2bca3f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_199", "caption": "Modifications of the epigenome do not alter DNA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_200", "caption": "Monozygotic twins are identical twins. Twin studies help to reveal epigenetic differences related to various aspects of psychology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-TwinGirls.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_201", "caption": "The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis is involved in the human stress response .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Basic_HPA_Axis.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_202", "caption": "Sagittal cross-section of the brain illustrating the dopaminergic pathway.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/264px-Dopamine_Pathways_cs.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_203", "caption": "Benzodiazepines are a type of tranquilizers used in the treatment of Bell's Mania that take effect by acting on GABA neurotransmitters in the brain. It helps in bringing extreme agitation and catatonia under control.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/239px-Etizolam.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_204", "caption": "The use of Intramuscular Ketamine Injections is a popular method in the treatment of Bell's Mania.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/184px-Ketmine_Injection.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_205", "caption": "Luther Vose Bell (1806-1862) was the first person to coin the term Bell's Mania.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/186px-Luther_V._Bell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_206", "caption": "A flow chart representation of the BIA+ model for bilingual language processing including the word identification and task/decision subsystems.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-BIAPlusFig.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_207", "caption": "An example of a point light display of an American Sign Language sentence. The biological motions of the signer can be observed through the motions of white dots, as they sign a sentence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Point_Light_Display_of_ASL_sentence.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_208", "caption": "Fig. 1. Neuron and myelinated axon, with signal flow from inputs at dendrites to outputs at axon terminals. The signal is a short electrical pulse called action potential or 'spike'.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Neuron3.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_209", "caption": "Fig 2. Time course of neuronal action potential (\"spike\"). Note that the amplitude and the exact shape of the action potential can vary according to the exact experimental technique used for acquiring the signal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spike_HH_2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_210", "caption": "A neuron is represented by an RC circuit with a threshold. Each input pulse (e.g. caused by a spike from a different neuron) causes a short current pulse. Voltage decays exponentially. If the threshold is reached an output spike is generated and the voltage is reset.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Leaky_Integrate-and-Fire_model_neuron_%28sch_ea324811.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_211", "caption": "Spike times and subthreshold voltage of cortical neuron models can be predicted by generalized integrate-and-fire models such as the adaptive integrate-and-fire model, the adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model, or the spike response model. In the example here, adaptation is implemented by a dynamic threshold which increases after each spike. [ 22 ] [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spike_Time_Prediction_with_Generalized_Integ_df98f955.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_212", "caption": "Firing pattern of initial bursting in response to a step current input generated with the Adaptive exponential integrate-and-fire model. Other Firing patterns can also be generated. [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Initial_bursting_AdEx_model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_213", "caption": "Stochastic spike generation (noisy output) depends on the momentary difference between the membrane potential V(t) and the threshold. The membrane potential V of the spike response model (SRM) has two contributions. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] First, input current I is filtered by a first filter k. Second the sequence of output spikes S(t) is filtered by a second filter \u03b7 and fed back. The resulting membrane V(t) potential is used to generate output spikes by a stochastic process \u03c1(t) with an intensity that depends on the distance between membrane potential and threshold. The spike response model (SRM) is closely related to the Generalized Linear Model (GLM). [ 53 ] [ 54 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spike_Response_Model_with_escape_noise_%28no_1a3552c5.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_214", "caption": "Spike arrival causes postsynaptic potentials (red lines) which are summed. If the total voltage V reaches a threshold (dashed blue line) a spike is initiated (green) which also includes a spike-afterpotential. The threshold increases after each spike. Postsynaptic potentials are the response to incoming spikes while the spike-afterpotential is the response to outgoing spikes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spike_Response_Model_%28schematic%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_215", "caption": "3D visualization of the Galves\u2013L\u00f6cherbach model for biological neural nets. This visualization is set for 4,000 neurons (4 layers with one population of inhibitory neurons and one population of excitatory neurons each) at 180 intervals of time.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-GalvesLocherbach_-_Low_resolution.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_216", "caption": "Fig 4: High level block diagram of the receptor layer and neuron model by Nossenson & Messer. [ 72 ] [ 74 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Nerve_model_2wiki.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_217", "caption": "Fig 5. The prediction for the firing rate in response to a pulse stimulus as given by the model by Nossenson & Messer. [ 72 ] [ 74 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Firing_rate_improved.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_218", "caption": "Comparing the artificial neural network (A), the biological neuron (B), and the HTM neuron (C).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Neuron_comparison.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_219", "caption": "Fig. 6 The biological neural detection scheme as suggested by Nossenson et al. [ 74 ] [ 81 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/611px-Neural_detector_nossenson_2013.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_220", "caption": "Trace of modeled oxytocin -sensitive neuron showing bursts [ dubious \u2013 discuss ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/380px-Bursting-recording.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_221", "caption": "Compartmentalized Platform for Neuronal Cell Culture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossy-page1-220px-Campenot_Chamber.tif.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_222", "caption": "Side view campenot chamber", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossy-page1-220px-Side_view_campenot_chamber.tif.j_208ab66f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_223", "caption": "Dissection of a human brain with labels showing the clear division between white and gray matter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1202_White_and_Gray_Matter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_224", "caption": "Diagram of the columns and of the course of the fibers in the spinal cord. Sensory synapses occur in the dorsal spinal cord (above in this image), and motor nerves leave through the ventral (as well as lateral) horns of the spinal cord as seen below in the image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sobo_1909_615.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_225", "caption": "Different ways in which the CNS can be activated without engaging the cortex, and making us aware of the actions. The above example shows the process in which the pupil dilates during dim light, activating neurons in the spinal cord. The second example shows the constriction of the pupil as a result of the activation of the Eddinger-Westphal nucleus (a cerebral ganglion).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1508_Autonomic_Control_of_Pupil_Size.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_226", "caption": "A map over the different structures of the nervous systems in the body, showing the CNS, PNS , autonomic nervous system , and enteric nervous system .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-1205_Somatic_Autonomic_Enteric_StructuresN.j_29ccbe55.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_227", "caption": "Activation variable as a function of time for the chaotic regime", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Chaotic_act_variable.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_228", "caption": "Solution for the Chialvo map equations for the chaotic regime", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Chaotic_regime.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_229", "caption": "Activation variable as a function of time for the excitable regime", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Excitable_act_variable.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_230", "caption": "Solution for the Chialvo map equations for the excitable regime", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Excitable_regime.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_231", "caption": "Example of spiral waves for the Two-dimensional Chialvo map in 100 x 100 lattice and parameters a=0.89, b=0.6, c= 0.26, and k=0.02.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-SpiralChialvomap.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_232", "caption": "Evolution of Potential X as a function of time in a 500x500 lattice for a chaotic regime with parameters a=0.89, b=0.18, c= 0.28, and k=0.026.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/459px-Evolution_of_Potential_X_as_a_function_of_ti_8bfe5930.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_233", "caption": "Example of spiral waves for the Two-dimensional Chialvo map in an annealed random network starting from a 128 x 128 lattice with probability of rewiring \n \n \n \n p \n = \n 0.25 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=0.25} \n \n and parameters a=0.89, b=0.6, c= 0.26, and k=0.02.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/459px-ESPIRALES2.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_234", "caption": "Evolution of \n \n \n \n x \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x} \n \n as a function of parameter \n \n \n \n b \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b} \n \n for a Chialvo map neuron. Parameters: \n \n \n \n a \n = \n 0.89 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a=0.89} \n \n , \n \n \n \n c \n = \n 0.28 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c=0.28} \n \n , \n \n \n \n k \n = \n 0.026 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=0.026} \n \n , and \n \n \n \n b \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b} \n \n from \n \n \n \n 0.16 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0.16} \n \n to \n \n \n \n 0.4 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0.4} \n \n .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Chialvo_map_for_an_Neuron.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_235", "caption": "GIF: Evolution of \n \n \n \n x \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x} \n \n as a function of parameter \n \n \n \n b \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b} \n \n for a Chialvo map neuron. Parameters: \n \n \n \n a \n = \n 0.89 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a=0.89} \n \n , \n \n \n \n c \n = \n 0.28 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c=0.28} \n \n , \n \n \n \n k \n = \n 0.026 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=0.026} \n \n , and \n \n \n \n b \n \n \n {\\displaystyle b} \n \n from \n \n \n \n 0.16 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0.16} \n \n to \n \n \n \n 0.4 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0.4} \n \n .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Chialvomal_aneuron.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_236", "caption": "Overview, including some physiological parameters, of the human circadian rhythm (\"biological clock\") .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Biological_clock_human.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_237", "caption": "Light enters the eye and hits the retinal pigmented epithelium (maroon). This excites rods (grey) and cones (blue/red). These cells synapse onto bipolar cells (pink), which stimulate ipRGCs (green) and RGCs (orange). Both RGCs and ipRGCs transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. Furthermore, light can directly stimulate the ipRGCs through its melanopsin photopigment. The ipRGCs uniquely project to the superchiasmatic nucleus, allowing the organism to entrain to light-dark cycles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Phototransduction_and_ipRGCs_in_mammals.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_238", "caption": "a) Branched dendrites viewed as cylinders for modelling. b) Simple model with three compartments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dendrites_Modelling.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_239", "caption": "Figure depicting three medial temporal lobe structures amygdala, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus with fiducial landmarks depicted as well embedded in the MRI background.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Medial-temporal-lobe-structures.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_240", "caption": "Triangulated mesh surfaces depicting subcortical structures amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, putamen, ventricles.The shapes are denoted \n \n \n \n m \n ( \n u \n ) \n , \n u \n \u2208 \n U \n \u2282 \n \n \n \n R \n \n \n \n 1 \n \n \n \u2192 \n \n \n \n R \n \n \n \n 2 \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m(u),u\\in U\\subset {\\mathbb {R} }^{1}\\rightarrow {\\mathbb {R} }^{2}} \n \n represented as triangulated meshes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Subcortical-MRI-caudate-putamen.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_241", "caption": "Showing an MRI section through a 3D brain representing a scalar image \n \n \n \n I \n ( \n x \n ) \n , \n x \n \u2208 \n \n \n \n R \n \n \n \n 2 \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I(x),x\\in {\\mathbb {R} }^{2}} \n \n based on T1-weighting.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-T1-weighted-MRI.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_242", "caption": "Showing the Lagrangian flow of coordinates \n \n \n \n x \n \u2208 \n X \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X} \n \n with associated vector fields \n \n \n \n \n v \n \n t \n \n \n , \n t \n \u2208 \n [ \n 0 \n , \n 1 \n ] \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{t},t\\in [0,1]} \n \n satisfying ordinary differential equation \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \u03c6 \n \u02d9 \n \n \n \n \n t \n \n \n = \n \n v \n \n t \n \n \n ( \n \n \u03c6 \n \n t \n \n \n ) \n , \n \n \u03c6 \n \n 0 \n \n \n = \n \n \n i \n d \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\dot {\\varphi }}_{t}=v_{t}(\\varphi _{t}),\\varphi _{0}={\\rm {id}}} \n \n .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lagrangian_flow.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_243", "caption": "Showing metric local flattening of coordinatized manifolds of shapes and forms. The local metric is given by the norm of the vector field \n \n \n \n \u2016 \n \n v \n \n 0 \n \n \n \n \u2016 \n \n V \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|v_{0}\\|_{V}} \n \n of the geodesic mapping \n \n \n \n \n Exp \n \n \n i \n d \n \n \n \n \u2061 \n ( \n \n v \n \n 0 \n \n \n ) \n \u22c5 \n m \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Exp} _{\\rm {id}}(v_{0})\\cdot m}", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FigBrain.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_244", "caption": "Image showing a diffusion tensor image with three color levels depicting the orientations of the three eigenvectors of the matrix image \n \n \n \n I \n ( \n x \n ) \n , \n x \n \u2208 \n \n \n \n R \n \n \n \n 2 \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I(x),x\\in {\\mathbb {R} }^{2}} \n \n , matrix valued image; each of three colors represents a direction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dti-MRI-brain-section.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_245", "caption": "Demonstrating metamorphosis allowing both diffeomorphic change in coordinate transformation as well as change in image intensity as associated to early Morphing technologies such as the Michael Jackson video. Notice the insertion of tumor gray level intensity which does not exist in template.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Metamorphosis-Tumor-Genesis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_246", "caption": "Illustration of geodesic flow for one landmark, demonstrating diffeomorphic motion of background space. Red arrow shows \n \n \n \n \n p \n \n 0 \n \n \n ( \n 1 \n ) \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{0}(1)} \n \n , blue curve shows \n \n \n \n \n \u03c6 \n \n t \n \n \n ( \n \n x \n \n 1 \n \n \n ) \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi _{t}(x_{1})} \n \n , black grid shows \n \n \n \n \n \u03c6 \n \n t \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi _{t}}", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ComputationalAnatomy_LandmarkGeodesic_Single_11d7f23d.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_247", "caption": "Figure showing landmark matching with correspondence. Left and right panels depict two different kernel with solutions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Joshi_Landmark_Matching.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_248", "caption": "Orbits of brains associated to diffeomorphic group action on templates depicted via smooth flow associated to geodesic flows with random spray associated to random generation of initial tangent space vector field \n \n \n \n \n v \n \n 0 \n \n \n \u2208 \n V \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{0}\\in V} \n \n ; published in. [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Showing_orbit_as_a_surface.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_249", "caption": "Figure showing the random spray of synthesized subcortical structures laid out in the two-dimensional grid representing the variance of the eigenfunction used for the momentum for synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Synthesized_cortical_structures_from_common__6c7afb43.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_250", "caption": "Source-channel model showing the source of images the deformable template \n \n \n \n I \n \u2250 \n \u03c6 \n \u22c5 \n \n I \n \n \n t \n e \n m \n p \n \n \n \n \u2208 \n \n \n I \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I\\doteq \\varphi \\cdot I_{\\mathrm {temp} }\\in {\\mathcal {I}}} \n \n and channel output associated with MRI sensor \n \n \n \n \n I \n \n D \n \n \n \u2208 \n \n \n \n I \n \n \n \n \n D \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I^{D}\\in {\\mathcal {I}}^{\\mathcal {D}}}", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Source-channel-model-Shannon.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_251", "caption": "Figure showing hundreds of sub-cortical structures embedded in two-dimensional momentum space generated from the first two eigenvectors of the empirical co-variance estimated from the population of shapes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Subcortical_structures_embedded_in_two-dimen_57866025.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_252", "caption": "Depicting template estimation from multiplie subcortical surfaces in populations of MR images using the EM-algorithm solution of Ma. [ 136 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Template-generation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_253", "caption": "Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging is used to assess macroscale connectomics within the human brain. dMRI image series are used to map white matter tracts, and fMRI series are used to assess how blood flow correlates between connected gray matter areas.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/326px-Connectomics.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_254", "caption": "A connectivity matrix assessing the functional connectivity between each brain region in the Default Mode Network (DMN). Here, shades of red indicate stronger coupling between two regions blood flow changes, and shades of blue indicate an anti-correlation between two regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/326px-Connectivity_matrix.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_255", "caption": "Device used to perform CES", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/178px-CES-Ultra-device-black.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_256", "caption": "A demonstration of the crowding effect. Fixate on the \"x\" and attempt to identify the central (or single) letter appearing to the right. The presence of flankers should make the task more difficult.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/CrowdingDemo.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_257", "caption": "An illustration of the standard Hodgkin\u2013Huxley Na + channel model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Hodgkin_Huxley_H_and_M_Gate_Model_Na_Channel_9bb0b256.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_258", "caption": "Transmembrane voltage response of a space-clamped mammalian node of Ranvier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/440px-Depolarizing_Prepulse.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_259", "caption": "Diagram of a voltage-sensitive sodium channel \u03b1-subunit. G - glycosylation , P - phosphorylation , S - ion selectivity, I - inactivation, positive (+) charges in S4 are important for transmembrane voltage sensing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/500px-Sodium-channel.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_260", "caption": "Mean proportions of stimuli perceived as painful v. stimulus prepulse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/440px-Poletto_2002_pain_plot_2.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_261", "caption": "Based upon the data presented in [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Nerve_Fiber_Recruitment_Inversion_Plot.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_262", "caption": "Diagram of lateralized visual pathways of the human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Diagram_of_lateralized_visual_pathways_of_th_0f7c876d.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_263", "caption": "The Ecstasy of St. Theresa by Gianlorenzo Bernini (1652). Left transept of Santa Maria della Vittoria (17th century) in Rome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Rom%2C_Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria%2C_Die_Ver_426c7ebc.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_264", "caption": "St Filippo Neri in Ecstasy by Guido Reni", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Guido_Reni_-_St_Filippo_Neri_in_Ecstasy_-_WG_1b9278b9.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_265", "caption": "Ecstasy , by Jean Benner ( Strasbourg Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Jean_Benner%2C_L%27Extase_%28_Mus%C3%A9e_d%2_996aef0f.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_266", "caption": "Basic Concept of a Kalman Filter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/800px-Basic_concept_of_Kalman_filtering.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_267", "caption": "Image of femoral nerve and its innervations of muscles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Femoral_nerve_and_muscle_innervations_.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_268", "caption": "Image of peripheral nerve sheath tumor under microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Malignant_peripheral_nerve_sheath_tumour_-_h_42bd9f90.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_269", "caption": "Image showing nerve conduction study which can measure nerve conduction velocity of peripheral nerves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Nerve_conduction_velocity.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_270", "caption": "Structure of GCaMP, a genetically encoded calcium indicator commonly used in calcium imaging methods, such as fiber photometry, one- and two-photon microscopy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gcamp.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_271", "caption": "Rat receiving optogenetic stimulation via a fiber optic implant. This method can be combined with fiber photometry to manipulate and measure population calcium dynamics within a neural circuit.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ontogenetics-mousehead-ImbededWithLightTrans_4c8cb629.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_272", "caption": "Diagram showing the relationship between the experimental input function, u(t), neuronal activity x(t), and the observed hemodynamic or electrophysiologic response, y(t).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Diagram_of_Dynamic_Causal_Modelling_-_Causal_9e021211.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_273", "caption": "fMRI was used to detect whether PTSD affects grey:white matter ratio in women with Borderline Personality Disorder.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Figure_1_of_Voxel-Based_Morphometry_in_Women_93c0fa22.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_274", "caption": "Typical neural population code. Each color represents a separate, adjacent neuron arranged linearly. X axis shows stimulus, such as head position or sound frequency, and Y axis shows neural response. In a gain field these action potentials are taken recurrently with another relevant stimulus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PopulationCode.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_275", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/GluSniffer_Scheme.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_276", "caption": "Example of the high-frequency oscillation burst recorded from the brain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-HFO_wiki.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_277", "caption": "Current source density reconstruction (done with kCSD method, [ 24 ] red and blue dots) of the example HFO burst recorded (6 channel setup - green dots) from rat's brain (grey dots).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hfo_rat.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_278", "caption": "Forward model of an arm movement. The motor command, u(t), of the arm movement is input to the plant and the predicted position of the body, x\u0303(t), is output.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Basic_Forward_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_279", "caption": "Figure 1. The desired position of the body is the reference input to the hypothetical controller, which generates the necessary motor command. This motor command is sent to the plant to move the body and an efference copy of the motor command is sent to a forward model. The output from the forward model (predicted body position) is compared with the output from the plant (body position). Noise from the system or the environment may cause differences between the actual and predicted body positions. The error (difference) between the actual and predicted positions can provide feedback to improve the movement for the next iteration of the internal model.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Basic_Internal_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_280", "caption": "Figure 2. Inverse model of a reaching task. The arm's desired trajectory, Xref(t), is input into the model, which generates the necessary motor commands, \u0169(t), to control the arm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Inverse_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_281", "caption": "Figure depicts LDMM dense image matching. Top row shows transport of the image under the flow \n \n \n \n I \n \u2218 \n \n \u03d5 \n \n t \n \n \n \u2212 \n 1 \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I\\circ \\phi _{t}^{-1}} \n \n ; middle row shows sequence of vector fields \n \n \n \n \n v \n \n t \n \n \n , \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{t},} \n \n t=0,1/5,2/5,3/5,4/5,1; bottom row shows the sequence of grids under \n \n \n \n \n \u03d5 \n \n t \n \n \n . \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi _{t}.}", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Faisal_Beg_LDDMM_Algorithnm.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_282", "caption": "Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse . Studies of LTP are often carried out in slices of the hippocampus , an important organ for learning and memory. In such studies, electrical recordings are made from cells and plotted in a graph such as this one. This graph compares the response to stimuli in synapses that have undergone LTP versus synapses that have not undergone LTP. Synapses that have undergone LTP tend to have stronger electrical responses to stimuli than other synapses. The term long-term potentiation comes from the fact that this increase in synaptic strength , or potentiation , lasts a very long time compared to other processes that affect synaptic strength. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-LTP_exemplar.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_283", "caption": "The 19th century neuroanatomist Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal proposed that memories might be stored across synapses , the junctions between neurons that allow for their communication.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%281852-1934%29__3233f48b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_284", "caption": "LTP was first discovered in the rabbit hippocampus . In humans, the hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe . This illustration of the underside of the human brain shows the hippocampus highlighted in red. The frontal lobe is at the top of the illustration and the occipital lobe is at the bottom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Hippocampus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_285", "caption": "A synapse is repeatedly stimulated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-LTP_First_Stage.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_286", "caption": "More dendritic receptors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-LTP_Second_Stage.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_287", "caption": "More neurotransmitters.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-LTP_Third_Stage.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_288", "caption": "A stronger link between neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-LTP_Fourth_Stage.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_289", "caption": "The early phase of LTP, one model of which is shown here, is independent of protein synthesis. [ 33 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Early_LTP_mechanism.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_290", "caption": "Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) appears to be an important mediator of the early, protein synthesis-independent phase of LTP.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-CaMKII-dodecameric.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_291", "caption": "The early and late phases of LTP are thought to communicate via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). [ 33 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Late_LTP_mechanism.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_292", "caption": "The Morris water maze task has been used to demonstrate the necessity of NMDA receptors in establishing spatial memories .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-MorrisWaterMaze.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_293", "caption": "Misprocessing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease disrupts LTP and is thought to lead to early cognitive decline in individuals with the disease. [ 64 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-APP_and_LTP_in_Alzheimer_disease.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_294", "caption": "Mindfulness Meditation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Image_of_Mindfulness_and_Wisdom_%28839210432_9ef9c6b1.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_295", "caption": "Anterior cingulate cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-MRI_anterior_cingulate.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_296", "caption": "Gray matter & insula", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gray717-emphasizing-insula.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_297", "caption": "The hippocampus regulates memory function.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Hippocampus_small.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_298", "caption": "London Taxicab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hackney_carriage.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_299", "caption": "Human Brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Brain_animated_color_nevit.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_300", "caption": "Meditation:attending to a flame", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Trataka.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_301", "caption": "String around finger used as a memory aid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-String_around_finger.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_302", "caption": "Memory clamp in use to remember a small child in the back seat of a car on a hot day.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Mb_reality_clamp.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_303", "caption": "Illustration of mind\u2013body dualism by Ren\u00e9 Descartes . Inputs are passed by the sensory organs to the pineal gland , and from there to the immaterial spirit .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Descartes_mind_and_body.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_304", "caption": "The neuronal correlates of consciousness constitute the smallest set of neural events and structures sufficient for a given conscious percept or explicit memory. This case involves synchronized action potentials in neocortical pyramidal neurons . [ 11 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Neural_Correlates_Of_Consciousness.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_305", "caption": "Midline structures in the brainstem and thalamus necessary to regulate the level of brain arousal. Small, bilateral lesions in many of these nuclei cause a global loss of consciousness. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-NeuralCorrelatesOfConsciousness2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_306", "caption": "Different approaches toward resolving the mind\u2013body problem", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_307", "caption": "Converging empirical evidence indicates a functional equivalence between action execution and motor imagery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Motor_imagery3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_308", "caption": "Activation in the motor cortex during motor imagery amounts about 30\u00a0% of the level observed during actual performance; Roth et al., 1996.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-MI_fMRI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_309", "caption": "Coactivation of biceps and triceps . The biceps\u2019 EMG is on top, while the triceps\u2019 EMG is on the bottom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-EMGCOACTIVATION.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_310", "caption": "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome and anatomical location of the affected region.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_311", "caption": "Emerging of low back pain due to the compression of the sciatic nerve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-3D_still_showing_Sciatica_nerve.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_312", "caption": "Anatomical location of ulnar nerve, the affected area of the cubital tunnel syndrome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ulnar_Nerve.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_313", "caption": "Methods of neural backpropagation. Left: action potential forms in axon and travels towards soma. Right: Regular action potential generates an echo that backpropagates through the dendritic tree .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Mechanisms_of_Neural_Backpropagation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_314", "caption": "This diagram displays how the dendritic voltage spike comes after the depolarization of the axon and soma.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dendritic_ap_spike.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_315", "caption": "Simulation of neural oscillations at 10 Hz . Upper panel shows spiking of individual neurons (with each dot representing an individual action potential within the population of neurons), and the lower panel the local field potential reflecting their summed activity. Figure illustrates how synchronized patterns of action potentials may result in macroscopic oscillations that can be measured outside the scalp. When these neural oscillation patterns of synchronization break down, a reduction of signal intensity occurs. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-SimulationNeuralOscillations.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_316", "caption": "Autocorrelations and spike raster plots of two single-units recorded from the secondary somatosensory cortex of a monkey. The top neuron is oscillating spontaneously at approximately 30 Hz. The bottom neuron is not oscillating. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Single-unit_oscillations_monkey_SII.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_317", "caption": "Tonic firing pattern of single neuron showing rhythmic spiking activity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Current_Clamp_recording_of_Neuron.GIF.GIF"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_318", "caption": "Simulation of a Hindmarsh\u2013Rose neuron showing typical bursting behavior: a fast rhythm generated by individual spikes and a slower rhythm generated by the bursts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Simulation_of_hrose_neuron.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_319", "caption": "Simulation of a neural mass model showing network spiking during the onset of a seizure . [ 49 ] As the gain A is increased the network starts to oscillate at 3Hz.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-NeuralMassSimulation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_320", "caption": "Handwriting of a person affected by Parkinson's disease showing rhythmic tremor activity in the strokes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Writing_by_a_Parkinson%27s_disease_patient.p_750265af.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_321", "caption": "Generalized 3 Hz spike and wave discharges reflecting seizure activity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spike-waves.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_322", "caption": "Stages of neuronal development in the fetal cerebral cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The_developing_cerebral_cortex.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_323", "caption": "Model of mammalian neurogenesis [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Model_of_inhibitory_neurogenesis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_324", "caption": "Schematic illustration of digital tracing of a neuron's morphology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Neuron_reconstruction_and_tracing_illustrati_5a50f9ca.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_325", "caption": "Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Neurotransmitters.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_326", "caption": "Acetylcholine is cleaved in the synaptic cleft into acetic acid and choline.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Synapse_acetylcholine.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_327", "caption": "CAPON binds nitric oxide synthase, regulating NMDA receptor\u2013mediated glutamate neurotransmission", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-CAPON_Binds_Nitric_Oxide_Synthase%2C_Regulat_e9bf3a97.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_328", "caption": "Multicolor fluorescence image of a neuron. Neurotubules are stained in green and mitochondria are stained in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Multicolor_fluorescence_image_of_a_living_PC_4f332fe7.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_329", "caption": "Structure of a neurotubule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Microtubule_id.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_330", "caption": "Formation of neurotubule", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Formation_of_Microtubule.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_331", "caption": "A kinesin \"walking\" on a neurotubule to transport cargoes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Kinesin_walking.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_332", "caption": "One most well-studied MAP is the Tau protein, due to its clinical significance in Alzheimer's disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ProteineTau_ita.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_333", "caption": "Neurotubule disintegration in Alzheimer's disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Alzheimers_disease-microtubule_disintegratio_63828548.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_334", "caption": "The characteristic \"smooth brain\" of an individual that suffers from lissencephaly, a defective neuronal migration disorder caused by mutations in neurotubule-related genes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lissencephaly.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_335", "caption": "Transmission electron micrograph of calcium content in the nucleus (N) and mitochondria (M) of a chondrocyte", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Chondrocyte-_calcium_stain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_336", "caption": "The calcium indicator GCaMP in its calcium-bound (top) and calcium-free form (bottom). When Ca- calmodulin (cyan) binds to M13, the conformation changes and the cpGFP barrel closes, enabling green fluorescence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gcamp.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_337", "caption": "Fig 1. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) induces temporally precise blue light-driven activity in rat prelimbic prefrontal cortical neurons. a) In vitro schematic (left) showing blue light delivery and whole-cell patch-clamp recording of light-evoked activity from a fluorescent CaMKll\u03b1::ChR2-EYFP expressing pyramidal neuron (right) in an acute brain slice. b) In vivo schematic (left) showing blue light (473 nm) delivery and single-unit recording. (bottom left) Coronal brain slice showing expression of CaMKll\u03b1::ChR2-EYFP in the prelimbic region. Light blue arrow shows tip of the optical fiber; black arrow shows tip of the recording electrode (left). White bar, 100\u00a0 \u03bcm . (bottom right) In vivo light recording of prefrontal cortical neuron in a transduced CaMKll\u03b1::ChR2-EYFP rat showing light-evoked spiking to 20\u00a0Hz delivery of blue light pulses (right). Inset, representative light-evoked single-unit response. [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Example_of_optogenetic_activation_of_prefron_1d685b68.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_338", "caption": "Fig 2 . Halorhodopsin (NpHR) rapidly and reversibly silences spontaneous activity in vivo in rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex. (Top left) Schematic showing in vivo green (532\u00a0nm) light delivery and single- unit recording of a spontaneously active CaMKll\u03b1::eNpHR3.0- EYFP expressing pyramidal neuron. (Right) Example trace showing that continuous 532\u00a0nm illumination inhibits single-unit activity in vivo . Inset, representative single unit event; Green bar, 10 seconds. [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Cooper_laboratory_recording_of_optogenetic_s_bbb68bcf.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_339", "caption": "Three primary components in the application of optogenetics are as follows (A) Identification or synthesis of a light-sensitive protein (opsin) such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), halorhodopsin (NpHR), etc... (B) The design of a system to introduce the genetic material containing the opsin into cells for protein expression such as application of Cre recombinase or an adeno-associated-virus (C) application of light emitting instruments. [ 67 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/440px-Optogenetic_stimulation_consists_of_several__b26396cc.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_340", "caption": "Cages for rat equipped with optogenetic LED commutators which permit in vivo study of animal behavior during optogenetic stimulations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-Optogenetics_imetronic.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_341", "caption": "3D Medical Animation still shot of Lumbosacral Plexus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-3D_Medical_Animation_of_Lumbosacral_Plaxus.j_7df006a1.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_342", "caption": "Overview of the retina photoreceptors. ipRGCs labelled at the top-right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Overview_of_the_retina_photoreceptors_%28a%2_1a42aa8c.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_343", "caption": "An ipRGC, shown here as a complied image of the retina from proximal inner nuclear layer to the ganglion cell layer with fluorescent labeling of melanopsin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/340px-Melanopsin_stain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_344", "caption": "Spectral sensitivities of the photoreceptors in the human eye. [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/340px-Overview_of_the_retina_photoreceptors_%28b%2_332ada78.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_345", "caption": "Melanopsin structure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Melanopsin.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_346", "caption": "Synaptic inputs and outputs of ipRGCs and their corresponding location in the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/900px-Diagram_of_inputs_and_outputs_of_ipRGC_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_347", "caption": "Inputs and outputs to ipRGCs involved in the pupillary light reflex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-IpRGC_PLR.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_348", "caption": "1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_349", "caption": "Lesions in the brain as indicated by arrows.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Axial_PSIR_MRI_of_a_brain_with_multiple_scle_71920f5b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_350", "caption": "An illustration depicting the differences between a Western diet and a Mediterranean diet.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Differences_between_Mediterranean_diet_and_W_3e38bb81.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_351", "caption": "Approximate location of Broca's and Wernicke's areas highlighted in white.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diag_ef400fcb.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_352", "caption": "The slide describes the relationship between the key components of imagination: simple memory recall, mental synthesis, and spontaneous insight.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Mental_Synthesis_Definition.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_353", "caption": "Robo-Slit Interactions and Axonal Midline Guidance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Robo-Slit_Interactions_and_Axonal_Midline_Gu_cd38e22b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_354", "caption": "Image [ 3 ] generated from a database of segmented leaves that simultaneously registers natural images (scene information) with the exact locations of leaf boundaries (information about the physical environment). Such a database can be used to study across-domain statistics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-DbSegmentedLeaves.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_355", "caption": "CT scan slice of the brain showing a right- hemispheric ischemic stroke (left side of image).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-INFARCT.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_356", "caption": "The cortical homunculus, or the visual representation of how your brain sees your body, was discovered by Wilder Penfield", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sensory_Homunculus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_357", "caption": "Facial view of an infant with macrocephaly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Greig_syndrome.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_358", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the theorized causes of NAA accumulation in spongy degeneration patients and its consequences", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/page1-220px-Spongy_Degeneration_of_CNS_Molecular_w_e0a5b7e8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_359", "caption": "Small volume of amniotic fluid is extracted via amniocentesis with a syringe .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Amniocentesis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_360", "caption": "Molecular view of gene therapy using an adenovirus vector", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gene_therapy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_361", "caption": "Eye patches may strengthen the weaker eye but fail to stimulate binocular vision and stereopsis, which may sometimes be recovered by different means.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lichtundurchl%C3%A4ssige_Pflaster.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_362", "caption": "Oliver Sacks was the first to make the story of Susan Barry, whom he nicknamed \"Stereo Sue\", known to the general public.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-9.13.09OliverSacksByLuigiNovi.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_363", "caption": "Although stereoblind, Bridgeman used polarized glasses in a 3D cinema and could suddenly see in 3D.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-RealD_glasses.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_364", "caption": "Tetris is a popular video game from the 1980s. A modified version of the game (not shown here) has been used for dichoptic training.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Emacs_Tetris_vector_based_detail.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_365", "caption": "Prism lenses (here unusually thick) are used for pre-operative prism adaptation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Prismenglaeser2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_366", "caption": "The above 256-grayscale-level images of the Arc result when the original is modified by the addition of noise and carrying out a nonlinear threshold operation; each panel shows a different level of noise variance, with a standard deviation of 10 grayscale levels in the top left, 50 levels in the top right, 100 in the bottom left and 150 in the bottom right. Different panels allow the best detection of different features; for example, the designs on the pillars are best seen in the top right, while the full outline of the arc is best seen in the bottom left. The appearance of features also changes with the size of the image as a result of averaging of the image; this can be observed by viewing the image at different distances.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Arcfour2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_367", "caption": "The Arc de Triomphe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ArcFull2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_368", "caption": "A Nigerian man receives the smallpox vaccine in February 1969, as part of a global program that successfully eradicated the disease from the human population.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Fighting_smallpox_in_Niger%2C_1969.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_369", "caption": "Graph of cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the COBE , the most precisely measured black body spectrum in nature. [ 18 ] The error bars are too small to be seen even in an enlarged image, and it is impossible to distinguish the observed data from the theoretical curve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Cmbr.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_370", "caption": "Stimulation of the surround with the classical receptive field induces a response that is smaller than stimulation of the classical receptive field alone. Stimulation of the surround only has no effect.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-NCRF_redone.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_371", "caption": "Suppression often increases with stimulus size beyond the classical receptive field.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Surround_suppression_curve.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_372", "caption": "The differences between lateral, feedforward, and recurrent connections", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Recurrent_connections_with_stream_direction._60ecdf63.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_373", "caption": "Edge detection based on center (red) and off center (green) receptive fields", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Red_on_centre_green_off_centre.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_374", "caption": "Synaptic stabilization by cell adhesion molecules", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Synaptic_stabilization_by_cell_adhesion_mole_5fb855be.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_375", "caption": "Temporal and spatial distribution of N-cadherin complexes in the developing and mature synapse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Localization_of_cadherin-catenin.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_376", "caption": "Neurexin-neuroligin interactions promote synapse stabilization. On the presynaptic side, neurexin associates with synaptotagmin, calcium channels. On the post-synaptic side, neuroligin PDZ domain interacts with scaffolding proteins that help cluster receptor channels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Neurexin-Neuroligin_interactions_at_the_syna_9ef4afba.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_377", "caption": "Ephrin A3/EphA4 signaling initiates a cascade of events that results in that regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ephrin_Signaling.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_378", "caption": "Sagittal view of cingulate region of human brain with a Talairach grid superimposed in accordance with standard locators.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Cingulate_region_of_human_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_379", "caption": "A colorized image of the Brodmann areas.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brodmann_areas.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_380", "caption": "Example of a PET scan.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET-MIPS-anim.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_381", "caption": "Patient gets a \"MEG\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-NIMH_MEG.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_382", "caption": "Using the TetTag mouse for memory research. During fear conditioning, doxicycline is removed from the food to allow the interaction between tTA and the LacZ labeling system. Later memory retrieval activates another immediate early gene (Zif). In this example, two neurons carry the red and the nuclear green label, indicating that these neurons were active during memory storage (red) and again during retrieval (green). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/505px-TetTag_mouse.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_383", "caption": "An example response of system to sine wave forcing function. Time axis in units of the time constant \u03c4 . The response damps out to become a simple sine wave.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Single-pole_sine_wave_response.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_384", "caption": "Frequency response of system vs. frequency in units of the bandwidth f 3dB . The response is normalized to a zero frequency value of unity, and drops to 1/\u221a2 at the bandwidth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Single-pole_frequency_response.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_385", "caption": "Step response of system for two different initial values V 0 , one above the final value and one at zero. Long-time response is a constant, V \u221e . Time axis in units of the time constant \n \n \n \n \u03c4 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau } \n \n .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Single-pole_step_response.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_386", "caption": "Capacitor voltage step-response.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/230px-Series_RC_capacitor_voltage.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_387", "caption": "Inductor voltage step-response.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/230px-Series_RC_resistor_voltage.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_388", "caption": "Primary Visual Cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Neural_pathway_diagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_389", "caption": "Salience Map: represented by the map of maximum V1 neural responses to visual inputs, one maximum response per visual location", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/440px-ZhaopingZhe2015Fig1_pcbi.1004375.g001.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_390", "caption": "Masking of a salient border between two textures by adding a uniform texture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/800px-MaxNotSum_ZhaopingMayFigure_wiki.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_391", "caption": "Gaze capture by an ocular singleton", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/440px-Gaze_ShiftByOcularSingleton_wiki_HigherResol_b89094ab.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_392", "caption": "FINST model of visual perception.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FINST3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_393", "caption": "Pioneers of voltage-sensitive dyes: A. Grinvald, L.B. Cohen, K. Kamino, B.M. Salzberg, W.N. Ross; Tokyo, 2000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pioneers_of_optical_recording_2000.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_394", "caption": "The BRA-Santos Dumont exoskeleton", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-BRA-Santos_Dumont_Walk_Again_%282014_World_C_f4ac4336.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_395", "caption": "Patient wearing the non-invasive BMI, 2014.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Miguel_Nicolelis_Walk_Again_%282014_World_Cu_c3b3e88f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_396", "caption": "Feet of a patient using the exoskeleton", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Miguel_Nicolelis_Walk_Again_%282014_World_Cu_676d2629.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_397", "caption": "The picture shows three exemplary steps during white matter dissection. In the upper part, a left hemisphere has been prepared according to Klingler's technique. The arachnoidal layer and the blood vessels were previously removed. In the middle part of the picture the first step of white matter dissection with the exposure of short fibres (U-fibres) which are visible underneath the cerebral cortex. In the lower part, a deeper layer of anatomical dissection with white matter structures (associative and projection fibres) and basal ganglia (Putamen). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossy-page1-220px-White_matter_dissection.tif.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_398", "caption": "Structural magnetic resonance imaging (structural MRI) of a head, from top to base of the skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/User-FastFission-brain.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_399", "caption": "Sagittal MRI slice at the midline", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sagittal_brain_MRI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_400", "caption": "Axial MRI slice at the level of the basal ganglia , showing fMRI BOLD signal changes overlaid in red (increase) and blue (decrease) tones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/FMRIscan.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_401", "caption": "Figure 1: AD progresses through the brain in a specific characteristic pattern [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Alzheimers_disease_progression-brain_degeneration._f7dc0ad0.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_402", "caption": "Figure 2: \u03b2-amyloid deposition. This image shows a Pittsburgh compound B (PIB)-PET scan of a patient with Alzheimer's disease on the left and an elderly person with normal memory on the right. Areas of red and yellow show high concentrations of PiB in the brain and suggest high amounts of amyloid deposits in these areas.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-PiB_PET_Images_AD.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_403", "caption": "Figure 3: PET scans showing differences in glucose metabolism in a normal brain on the left and the brain of a patient with AD on the right. Red/yellow corresponds to higher metabolism and blue/purple corresponds to lower metabolism, indicating damage to neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/PET_scan-normal_brain-alzheimers_disease_brain.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_404", "caption": "Figure 4. Structural changes in the Alzheimer brain compared to the normal brain include thinning of the cortex, expansion of the ventricles, enlargement of the sulci, and general loss of brain volume.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Brain-ALZH.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_405", "caption": "Figure 5 . Network representation of brain connectivity. The thickness of the lines represent the strength of connection between different brain areas. Important 'hubs' are marked as circles. As Alzheimer's disease progresses, individual connections erode. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/810px-Network_representation_of_brain_connectivity_febf9b0e.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_406", "caption": "MRI scans of the human brain, examples of ARIA highlighted in blue: Left: ARIA-E with sulcal effusion ( FLAIR sequence ) Middle: ARIA-H with multiple microbleeds ( T2* weighted ) Right: ARIA-H with superficial siderosis (T2* weighted)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Amyloid-related_imaging_abnormalities_01.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_407", "caption": "NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and President Barack Obama announcing the BRAIN Initiative", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-BRAIN_Initiative_announcement.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_408", "caption": "Images obtained with PET (axial sections) that show the effects of chronic drug exposure on various proteins involved in dopamine (DA) neurotransmission and on brain function (as assessed by brain glucose metabolism). While some effects are common to many drugs of abuse,...others are more specific. These include the decrease...in brain monoamine oxidase B (...the enzyme involved in DA metabolism) in cigarette smokers. The rainbow scale was used to code the PET images; radiotracer concentration is displayed from higher to lower as red > yellow > green > blue. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET_-_Human_Addiction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_409", "caption": "NeuroLF - a dedicated brain PET system. Photo courtesy of Positrigo AG, Switzerland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-NeuroLF.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_410", "caption": "Three brainbows of mouse neurons from Lichtman and Sanes, 2008", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brainbow_%28Lichtman_2008%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_411", "caption": "A brainbow of mouse neurons from Smith, 2007", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brainbow_%28Smith_2007%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_412", "caption": "Three copies of the genetic construct allow for the expression of multiple fluorophore color combinations. Lawson Kurtz et al. / Duke University", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The_Spectrum_of_Brainbow_Expression.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_413", "caption": "The basic Brainbow1 genetic construct. Lawson Kurtz et al. / Duke University", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brainbow_Genetic_Construct.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_414", "caption": "A brainbow of neurons in a mouse embryo (b), as well as some tractographical images of similar neurons (Ch\u00e9dotal and Richards, 2010)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brainbow_%28Ch%C3%A9dotal_and_Richards%2C_20_e4967213.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_415", "caption": "A 3-dimensional image taken via the CLARITY technique showing a 1 millimeter slice of mouse hippocampus . The different colors represent proteins stained with fluorescent antibodies. Excitatory neurons are labeled in green, Inhibitory neurons in red, and astrocytes in blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-CLARITY_Brain_Imaging.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_416", "caption": "Connectogram showing average connections and cortical measures of 110 normal, right-handed males, aged 25-36.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossy-page1-880px-ConnectogramExample.tif.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_417", "caption": "Legend for metadata presented in the various rings of the connectogram.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Connectogram_Key.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_418", "caption": "Brains colored according to the outer ring of the connectogram.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ParcellationBrains.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_419", "caption": "Connectogram, typical of those in clinical use, depicting estimated connection damage in Phineas Gage , who in 1848 survived a large iron bar being propelled through his skull and brain. The connectogram shows only the connections that were estimated to be damaged.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Phineas_Gage%27s_Damage.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_420", "caption": "A connectogram of a healthy control subject, and includes 5 additional nodal measures not included in the standard connectogram. From outside to inside, the rings represent the cortical region, grey matter volume, surface area, cortical thickness, curvature, degree of connectivity, node strength, betweenness centrality, eccentricity, nodal efficiency, and eigenvector centrality. Between degree of connectivity and node strength, a blank ring has been added as a placeholder.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Double_Connectogram.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_421", "caption": "Dr. Ryan D'Arcy and Iron Soldier Trevor Greene speak at TedXBearCreekPark", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-TEDxBearCreekPark_Ryan_D%27Arcy_Trevor_Green_8ffa8cb2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_422", "caption": "Striatum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Striatum_small.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_423", "caption": "Dopamine Pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dopamine_Pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_424", "caption": "Dopamine D2 receptors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dopamine_D2_Receptors_in_Addiction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_425", "caption": "Gamma-camera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gammacamera.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_426", "caption": "ADC image of the same case of cerebral infarction as seen on DWI in section above", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Cerebral_infarction_after_4_hours_on_ADC_MRI_3988c36f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_427", "caption": "Visualization of DTI data with ellipsoids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-DTI-axial-ellipsoids.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_428", "caption": "Tractographic reconstruction of neural connections via DTI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/240px-DTI-sagittal-fibers.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_429", "caption": "DTI of a healthy human brachial plexus. Taken from Wade et al., 2020. [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Deterministic_Tractography_of_the_Adult_Brac_aa2ff29e.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_430", "caption": "The neural model in DCM for fMRI. z1 and z2 are the mean levels of activity in each region. Parameters A are the effective connectivity, B is the modulation of connectivity by a specific experimental condition and C is the driving input.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-DCM_for_fMRI.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_431", "caption": "Models of the cortical column used in EEG/MEG/LFP analysis. Self-connections on each population are present but not shown for clarity. Left: DCM for ERP. Right: Canonical Microcircuit (CMC). 1=spiny stellate cells (layer IV), 2=inhibitory interneurons, 3=(deep) pyramidal cells and 4=superficial pyramidal cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-DCM_for_ERP_and_CMC.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_432", "caption": "The default mode network above is one example of a brain network seen using steady state connectivity. This network is fairly stable in time, but it has been shown to have a variable relationship with other networks, and to vary slightly in its own characteristics in time.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Default_mode_network-WRNMMC.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_433", "caption": "Full EEG caps like the one above are often used simultaneously with fMRI in order to capture information about the electrical signals underlying the BOLD signal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-EEG_recording.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_434", "caption": "Typical set-up for recording EPR spectra. The user would be seated next to the RF generator, magnet, and controls for sample temperature. Bruker ELEXSYS E500 EPR instrument from NYU.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-EPR_NYU.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_435", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-EPR_splitting.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_436", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-EPR_Signal_Harmonics.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_437", "caption": "The field oscillates between B 1 and B 2 due to the superimposed modulation field at 100\u00a0kHz. This causes the absorption intensity to oscillate between I 1 and I 2 . The larger the difference the larger the intensity detected by the detector tuned to 100\u00a0kHz (note this can be negative or even 0). As the difference between the two intensities is detected the first derivative of the absorption is detected.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-EPR_Field_Modulation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_438", "caption": "The shape of a powder-pattern EPR spectrum changes according to the distribution of the \n \n \n \n g \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g} \n \n matrix principal values", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-EPR_g_Matrix_Rhombicity.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_439", "caption": "Simulated EPR spectra of the methyl and methoxymethyl radicals", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Methyl_and_Methoxymethyl_Hyperfine_Splitting_fa3880cd.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_440", "caption": "This low-temperature ESR- STM in the Center for Quantum Nanoscience is one of the first STMs globally to measure electron spin resonance on single atoms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ESR-STM_at_QNS_in_Ewha_-_front_view.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_441", "caption": "Variation in the EPR spectrum of the TEMPO nitroxide radical as the microwave band (energy of excitation) changes. [ 32 ] Note the improved resolution as frequency rises (neglecting the influence of g strain ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-EPR-bands.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_442", "caption": "3D model of a typical X-band CW-EPR spectrometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-X-band_CW_EPR_spectrometer_model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_443", "caption": "\"Current Clamp\" is a common technique in electrophysiology. This is a whole-cell current clamp recording of a neuron firing due to its being depolarized by current injection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/390px-Current_Clamp_recording_of_Neuron.GIF.GIF"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_444", "caption": "The voltage clamp uses a negative feedback mechanism. The membrane potential amplifier measures membrane voltage and sends output to the feedback amplifier. The feedback amplifier subtracts the membrane voltage from the command voltage, which it receives from the signal generator. This signal is amplified and returned into the cell via the recording electrode.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/277px-Voltage_clamp.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_445", "caption": "The cell-attached patch clamp uses a micropipette attached to the cell membrane to allow recording from a single ion channel.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Patch_clamp.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_446", "caption": "A schematic diagram showing a field potential recording from rat hippocampus. At the left is a schematic diagram of a presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic neuron. This is meant to represent a large population of synapses and neurons. When the synapse releases glutamate onto the postsynaptic cell, it opens ionotropic glutamate receptor channels. The net flow of current is inward, so a current sink is generated. A nearby electrode (#2) detects this as a negativity. An intracellular electrode placed inside the cell body (#1) records the change in membrane potential that the incoming current causes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Field_potential_schematic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_447", "caption": "Whole-body PET scan using 18 F-FDG to show liver metastases of a colorectal tumor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET-MIPS-anim.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_448", "caption": "Example FSL GUIs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FSL-GUIs.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_449", "caption": "Diffusion Tensor Schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-DTschematic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_450", "caption": "A screen capture of the FreeView application included in FreeSurfer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FreeviewScreenshot.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_451", "caption": "FreeSurfer morphs cortical surfaces onto spheres to aide in inter-subject comparisons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spherical_Registration.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_452", "caption": "Researcher checking fMRI images", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Researcher-test.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_453", "caption": "Main brain functional imaging technique resolutions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Main_brain_functional_imaging_technique_reso_3e4eb9cc.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_454", "caption": "Composite images from an fMRI scan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/User-FastFission-brain.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_455", "caption": "fMRI image of the brain of a participant in the Personal Genome Project", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-100325_RS88UH_11_qc.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_456", "caption": "These fMRI images are from a study showing parts of the brain lighting up on seeing houses and other parts on seeing faces. The 'r' values are correlations, with higher positive or negative values indicating a stronger relationship (i.e., a better match).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Haxby2001.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_457", "caption": "fNIRS with a Gowerlabs NTS system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blonde_fNIRS_lady.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_458", "caption": "Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Oxygenated_vs_deoxygenated_RBC.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_459", "caption": "Absorption spectra for oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb for near-infrared wavelengths", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Oxy_and_Deoxy_Hemoglobin_Near-Infrared_absor_bbd80114.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_460", "caption": "Hitachi ETG-4000", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FNIRS_head_Hitachi_ETG4000_2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_461", "caption": "Measurement of brain oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes at high alltitude induced hypoxia with a portable fNIRS device (PortaLite, Artinis Medical Systems)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Picture_of_NIRS_measurement_at_high_alltitud_1aa689bf.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_462", "caption": "10-20 system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-International_10-20_system_for_EEG-MCN.svg.p_5eabe00f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_463", "caption": "Mobile and wireless fNIRS and EEG systems synchronized with all-in-one head mounted display (PhotonCap, Cortivision)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FNIRS_EEG_HMD.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_464", "caption": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging data", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/240px-Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_465", "caption": "Main brain functional imaging technique resolutions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Main_brain_functional_imaging_technique_reso_3e4eb9cc.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_466", "caption": "MRI scans showing hyperintensities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-CADASIL.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_467", "caption": "SPECT DaTSCAN showing normal Ioflupane ( 123 I) uptake in the striatum.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Datscan.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_468", "caption": "A 'Jedi' helmet, on display at the Science Museum:Medicine:The Wellcome Galleries", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-%27Jedi%27_helmet_Wellcome_L0059902.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_469", "caption": "This axial T2-weighted (CSF white) MR scan shows a normal brain at the level of the lateral ventricles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Normal_axial_T2-weighted_MR_image_of_the_bra_315f8d36.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_470", "caption": "False color MRI by applying red to T1, green to PD and blue to T2. Click here to scroll through the stack, and for further description of the colors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain_MRI_0230_15.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_471", "caption": "Dr. Cohen's shielded room at MIT, in which first MEG was measured with a SQUID", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossless-page1-250px-MIT_EarlyYEARS-261_croped.tif_c6759d20.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_472", "caption": "First MEG measured with SQUID, in Dr. Cohen's room at MIT", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/500px-MIT_EarlyYears-233a.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_473", "caption": "Origin of the brain's magnetic field. The electric current also produces the EEG signal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Magnetoencephalography.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_474", "caption": "Entrance to MSR, showing the separate shielding layers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/MSR_layered_door.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_475", "caption": "Over 100 MEG systems are known to operate worldwide, with Japan possessing the greatest number of MEG systems per capita and the United States possessing the greatest overall number of MEG systems. A very small number of systems worldwide are designed for infant and/or fetal recordings.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/371px-MEG_map.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_476", "caption": "Spinal nerve Sympathetic ganglion multilingual", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spinal_nerve_Sympathetic_ganglion_multilingu_6c388389.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_477", "caption": "Midline shift (arrow) is present in this brain after a stroke (infarct depicted in shaded area).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-MCA-Stroke-Brain-Humn-2A.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_478", "caption": "This subdural hematoma / epidural hematoma (arrows) is causing midline shift of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Intracranial_bleed_with_significant_midline__47e2778f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_479", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-NITRC_R.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_480", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-NITRC_IR.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_481", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-NITRC_CE.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_482", "caption": "fMRI data showing regions of activation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_483", "caption": "Benedikt Sundermann receives the 2018 OHBM Replication Award", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-2018_OHBM_Replication_Award.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_484", "caption": "The two image in the top row (the image on the left hand side is plotted on log scale and on the right hand side is plotted on linear scale) show the output of the spectral analysis showing its frequencies components grouped around three clusters, referred to as high, intermediate and low frequencies, supporting the assumption of three compartments in the Hawkins model corresponding to plasma, bone ECF and bone mineral compartment respectively. The image at the bottom row shows the IRF plotted using the frequency components obtained previously.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Spectral_Analysis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_485", "caption": "A bone TAC is modelled as a convolution of measured arterial input function with IRF. The estimates for IRF are obtained iteratively to minimise the differences between the bone curve and the convolution of estimated IRF with input function curve. The curve in green shows the initial estimates of the IRF and the blue curve is the final IRF which minimises the differences between the estimated bone curve and the true bone curve. K i is obtained from the intercept of the linear fit to the slow component of this exponential curve which is considered the plasma clearance to the bone mineral, i.e. were the red line cuts the y axis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Deconvolution_analysis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_486", "caption": "A diagrammatic view of the process of kinetic modelling using Hawkins model used to calculate the rate of bone metabolism at a skeletal site. C p refers to the plasma concentration of the tracer, C e refers to the tracer concentration in ECF compartment, C b refers to the concentration of tracer in bone mineral compartment, M1 refers to mass of tracer in the C e compartment, M2 refers to the mass of tracer in the C b compartment, C T is the total mass in the C e +C b , PVE refers to the partial volume correction, FA refers to the femoral artery, ROI refers to region of the interest, B-Exp refers to the bi-exponential, .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Screenshot_from_2020-04-23_15-18-39.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_487", "caption": "Patlak analysis where a linear regression is fitted between the data on y- and x-axis to obtain the estimates of the Ki, which is the slope of the fitted regression line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Patlak_Plot.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_488", "caption": "A fully automated radiosynthesis interface of PET-radiotracers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Radiosynthesis_module.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_489", "caption": "A \u2013 CT image; B \u2013 PET image; C \u2013 Coregistered PET and CT images. The bright red/yellow masses show hypermetabolic areas of the pelvis with metastases of a previous, surgically removed colon carcinoma in a 69-yr-old woman.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Pet-ct-images.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_490", "caption": "Siemens Biograph PET-CT scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET-CT_Siemens_Biograph01.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_491", "caption": "Whole-body PET scan using 18 F-FDG ( fluorodeoxyglucose ). The normal brain and kidneys are labeled, and radioactive urine from breakdown of the FDG is seen in the bladder. In addition, a large metastatic tumor mass from colon cancer is seen in the liver.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET-MIPS-anim.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_492", "caption": "PET scan of the human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET-image.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_493", "caption": "Schematic view of a detector block and ring of a PET scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET-detectorsystem_2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_494", "caption": "Schema of a PET acquisition process", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET-schema.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_495", "caption": "Complete body PET-CT fusion image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Viewer_medecine_nucleaire_keosys.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_496", "caption": "Brain PET-MRI fusion image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PET-MR2-Head-Keosys.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_497", "caption": "A PET scanner released in 2003", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ECAT-Exact-HR--PET-Scanner.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_498", "caption": "High resolution 99m Tc-MDP mouse scan acquired with a stationary SPECT system: animated image of rotating maximum intensity projections.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/High_resolution_mouse_bone_SPECT_scan.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_499", "caption": "When pinhole imaging is used, the high magnification of the projection greatly reduces the resolution loss due to detector blurring", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pinhole_imaging.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_500", "caption": "Animated maximum intensity projections of SPECT/CT mouse scans acquired after administration of 0.26 MBq of 111 In-labelled nanoparticles. Images illustrates in vivo biodistribution of the particles within the animal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Mouse_SPECT_scan_-_circulation_of_radiolabeled_nan_341f9895.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_501", "caption": "Fast pharmacokinetics: 15s-frame 99m Tc-MDP mouse SPECT scan acquired with a stationary SPECT system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/15_secod_TB.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_502", "caption": "The matrix of medical imaging and comparative performance of different imaging modalities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Matrix_of_medical_imaging.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_503", "caption": "These fMRI images are from a study showing parts of the brain lighting up on seeing houses and other parts on seeing faces. The 'r' values are correlations, with higher positive or negative values indicating a better match.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Haxby2001.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_504", "caption": "Study showing four functional networks that were found to be highly consistent across subjects. These modules include the visual (yellow), sensory/motor (orange) and basal ganglia (red) cortices as well as the default mode network (posterior cingulate, inferior parietal lobes, and medial frontal gyrus; maroon).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-RestingStateModels.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_505", "caption": "This image is from a study using both fMRI and EEG acquisition at the resting state. The left row shows sagittal, coronal and horizontal slices of the ten RSNs. On the right side the covariance and t-maps for the 8 frequency bands are displayed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Resting_State_Networks_and_their_topographic_82e017b5.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_506", "caption": "SPECT image (bone tracer) of a mouse MIP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Mouse02-spect.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_507", "caption": "Collimator used to collimate gamma rays (red arrows) in a gamma camera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lead_collimator.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_508", "caption": "A Siemens brand SPECT scanner, consisting of two gamma cameras.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-TEMP-Siemens.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_509", "caption": "SPECT machine performing a total body bone scan. The patient lies on a table that slides through the machine, while a pair of gamma cameras rotate around her.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-SPECT_CT.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_510", "caption": "SPECT Sinogram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-SPECT_Sinogram_360.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_511", "caption": "Brain activation from fMRI shown as patch of colour on MRI scan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_512", "caption": "SWI Image acquired at 4 Tesla showing the veins in the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-SWI_4Tesla.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_513", "caption": "A phase mask sensitive to negative phase values with a linear (dashed line) and 4th power mapping (solid line)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-SWI_negative_phase_mask.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_514", "caption": "Comparison of diffuse axonal injury imaged with conventional GRE (left) and SWI (right) at 1.5\u00a0T", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Compare_SWI_and_GRE_Trauma.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_515", "caption": "Comparison of hemorrhage imaged with conventional GRE (left) and SWI (right) at 1.5\u00a0T", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Compare_SWI_and_GRE_Trauma2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_516", "caption": "SWI venogram of a neonate with Sturge\u2013Weber syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/125px-SWI_of_Sturge-Weber.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_517", "caption": "Images of CAA collected at 1.5\u00a0T. Left, conventional T2* (TE=20\u00a0ms), center, SWI processed magnitude image (TE=40\u00a0ms) and right, SWI phase image (TE=40\u00a0ms)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Compare_SWI_and_GRE_CAA.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_518", "caption": "Injected instrument response function and the reconstructed DTOF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-IRF-DTOF.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_519", "caption": "Silicon photomultiplier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-SiPM_IRST.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_520", "caption": "Example of a VBM analysis on patients who experience cluster headaches .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/240px-VBM1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_521", "caption": "Chemical structure of DOPAL.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_522", "caption": "A gammatone impulse response", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sample_gammatone.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_523", "caption": "A coat hanger", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Coat_hanger_on_the_floor.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_524", "caption": "Parameters in the Hille equation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-HilleEqnParameters.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_525", "caption": "L\u00f6vheim cube of emotion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-L%C3%B6vheim_cube_of_emotion.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_526", "caption": "Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision (left), and a color blind (protanopic) retina. Note that the center of the fovea holds very few blue-sensitive cones.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-ConeMosaics.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_527", "caption": "Precentral gyrus sensory homunculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1421_Sensory_Homunculus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_528", "caption": "STRF generated with STRFPAK .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spectro-temporal_receptive_field_%28auditory_716a20e8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_529", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-HippocampalTetrodeExample.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_530", "caption": "TNI is part of the South Texas Medical Center .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Texas_Neuroscience_Institute%2C_South_Texas__b618cf6a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_531", "caption": "Cross section of the olfactory bulb of a rat , stained in two different ways at the same time: one stain shows neuronal cell bodies , the other shows receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/262px-Section_through_olfactory_bulb_16_days_old_r_31b641aa.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_532", "caption": "Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons . When an electrical impulse reaches a junction called a synapse , it causes a neurotransmitter to be released, which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/261px-Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_533", "caption": "Nervous system of a generic bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a \"brain\" at the front", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_534", "caption": "Fruit flies ( Drosophila ) have been extensively studied to gain insight into the role of genes in brain development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_535", "caption": "The brain of a shark", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Shark_brain.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_536", "caption": "The main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain (left), which later differentiate into structures of the adult brain (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_537", "caption": "The main anatomical regions of the vertebrate brain, shown for shark and human. The same parts are present, but they differ greatly in size and shape.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_538", "caption": "Anatomical comparison between the brain of a lizard (A and C) and the brain of a turkey (B and D). Abbreviations: Olf, olfactory lobes; Hmp, cerebral hemispheres; Pn, pineal gland\u00a0; Mb, optic lobes of the middle brain\u00a0; Cb, cerebellum; MO, medulla oblongata; ii, optic nerves; iv and vi, nerves for the muscles of the eye; Py, pituitary body. Comparison of Vertebrate Brains: Mammalian, Reptilian, Amphibian, Teleost, and Ammocoetes. CB., cerebellum; PT., pituitary body; PN., pineal body; C. STR., corpus striatum; G.H.R., right ganglion habenul\u00e6. I., olfactory; II., optic nerves.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/394px-Comparative_zoology%2C_structural_and_system_1fdabb5b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_539", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Origin_of_Vertebrates_Fig_019.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_540", "caption": "Brains of an emu , a kiwi , a barn owl , and a pigeon , with visual processing areas labelled", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Visual_processing_areas_of_the_brains_of_fou_d9f47436.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_541", "caption": "Brain of a human embryo in the sixth week of development", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-6_week_embryo_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_542", "caption": "Brain electrical activity recorded from a human patient during an epileptic seizure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spike-waves.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_543", "caption": "Model of a neural circuit in the cerebellum, as proposed by James S. Albus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_544", "caption": "Diagram of signal processing in the auditory system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hearing_mechanics_cropped.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_545", "caption": "Cross-section of a human head, showing location of the hypothalamus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_546", "caption": "Components of the basal ganglia, shown in two cross-sections of the human brain. Blue: caudate nucleus and putamen . Green: globus pallidus . Red: subthalamic nucleus . Black: substantia nigra .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Basal_ganglia.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_547", "caption": "The Human Brain Project is a large scientific research project, starting in 2013, which aims to simulate the complete human brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Henry_Markram_-_Visualizing_Synaptic_Maps_on_7e5a1650.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_548", "caption": "Design of an experiment in which brain activity from a monkey was used to control a robotic arm [ 126 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Brain-computer_interface_%28schematic%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_549", "caption": "Illustration by Ren\u00e9 Descartes of how the brain implements a reflex response", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Descartes-reflex.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_550", "caption": "Andreas Vesalius ' Fabrica , published in 1543, showing the base of the human brain, including optic chiasma , cerebellum, olfactory bulbs , etc.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base__2a4e221c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_551", "caption": "Drawing by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal of two types of Golgi-stained neurons from the cerebellum of a pigeon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PurkinjeCell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_552", "caption": "Gulai otak , beef brain curry from Indonesia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gulai_Otak.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_553", "caption": "Human brain (sagittal section)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Human_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_554", "caption": "Major gyri and sulci on the lateral surface of the cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gray726.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_555", "caption": "Lobes of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gehirn%2C_medial_-_Lobi_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_556", "caption": "Cortical folds and white matter in horizontal bisection of head", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Visible_Human_head_slice.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_557", "caption": "Human brain viewed from below, showing cerebellum and brainstem", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-Sobo_1909_623.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_558", "caption": "Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in spaces around and within the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blausen_0216_CerebrospinalSystem.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_559", "caption": "Two circulations joining at the circle of Willis (inferior view)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_560", "caption": "Diagram showing features of cerebral outer membranes and supply of blood vessels", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gray769-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_561", "caption": "Neurulation and neural crest cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-Embryonic_Development_CNS.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_562", "caption": "Primary and secondary vesicle stages of development in the early embryo to the fifth week", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-1302_Brain_Vesicle_DevN.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_563", "caption": "Brain of a human embryo in the sixth week of development", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-6_week_embryo_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_564", "caption": "Motor and sensory regions of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/310px-Blausen_0103_Brain_Sensory%26Motor.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_565", "caption": "Cortical areas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-1604_Types_of_Cortical_Areas-02.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_566", "caption": "Routing of neural signals from the two eyes to the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Gray722.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_567", "caption": "Broca's area and Wernicke's area are linked by the arcuate fasciculus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1605_Brocas_and_Wernickes_Areas-02.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_568", "caption": "PET image of the human brain showing energy consumption", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-PET-image.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_569", "caption": "FMRI of healthy human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Human-brain-mri-gif-brain-mri-gif.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_570", "caption": "CT scan of a cerebral hemorrhage , showing an intraparenchymal bleed (bottom arrow) with surrounding edema (top arrow)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Parachemableedwithedema.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_571", "caption": "The skull of Phineas Gage , with the path of the iron rod that passed through it without killing him, but altering his cognition. The case helped to convince people that mental functions were localised in the brain. [ 208 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Phineas_gage_-_1868_skull_diagram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_572", "caption": "Phrenology summarised in an 1883 chart", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-PhrenologyPix.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_573", "caption": "Hieroglyph for the word \"brain\" ( c. \u20091700 BC )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hieroglyph_brain.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_574", "caption": "Drawing of the base of the brain, from Andreas Vesalius 's 1543 work De humani corporis fabrica", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base__2a4e221c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_575", "caption": "One of Leonardo da Vinci 's sketches of the human skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-View_of_a_Skull.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_576", "caption": "Drawing by Camillo Golgi of vertical section of rabbit hippocampus , from his \"Sulla fina anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervoso\", 1885", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Golgi_1885_Plate_XXII.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_577", "caption": "Drawing of cells in chick cerebellum by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , from \"Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves\", Madrid, 1905", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-CajalCerebellum.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_578", "caption": "Side view of human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Side_View_of_the_Brain.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_579", "caption": "Human brain in the sagittal plane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gehirn%2C_medial_-_Lobi_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_580", "caption": "Ventricles of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blausen_0896_Ventricles_Brain.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_581", "caption": "Tau protein disorders cause microtubule destruction and formation of neurofibrillary tangles .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-TANGLES_HIGH.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_582", "caption": "Major dopamine pathways. As part of the reward pathway , dopamine is manufactured in nerve cell bodies located within VTA and is released in the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex . The motor functions of dopamine are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the substantia nigra that manufacture and release dopamine into the striatum .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/230px-Dopamine_pathways.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_583", "caption": "Dopamine and serotonin functions and pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/230px-Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_584", "caption": "Expression of glutamate transporter 1 in glial cell facilitates reuptake of glutamate and decreases extracellular glutamate concentration", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/230px-Glutamate_reuptake_via_EAAT2_%28GLT1%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_585", "caption": "The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord , and in the ventricles of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Nervous_system_-_Cerebrospinal_fluid_--_Smar_4595ff4e.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_586", "caption": "Life expectancy in the USA by race [ 97 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Life_expectancy_in_USA_by_race_-only_overall_54a2d3c9.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_587", "caption": "Life expectancy in the USA by race and sex, with calculated sex gap [ 97 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Life_expectancy_in_USA_by_race_-sex_gap.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_588", "caption": "Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels (from Ray Kurzweil , and Anders Sandberg and Nick Bostrom ), along with the fastest supercomputer from TOP500 mapped by year", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Estimations_of_Human_Brain_Emulation_Require_e515a848.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_589", "caption": "Part of a network of capillaries supplying brain cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-10.1371_journal.pbio.0050169.g001-O.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_590", "caption": "The astrocytes type 1 surrounding capillaries in the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blood_Brain_Barriere.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_591", "caption": "Sketch showing constitution of blood vessels inside the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blood_vessels_brain_english.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_592", "caption": "(left) Coralline ball, (center and right) proposed Brain balls, rightmost is heavily worn. From Conwell's Discovery of the tomb of Ollamh Fodhla , p.62", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain_Balls_and_other_balls_from_Irish_tombs_00bbbfe8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_593", "caption": "Radionuclide scan: No intracranial blood flow. The \"hot-nose\" sign is shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Radionuclide_Cerebral_Blood_Flow_Scan.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_594", "caption": "Brain map of the C. elegans roundworm 302 neurons, interconnected by 5000 synapses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-C.elegans-brain-network.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_595", "caption": "Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels of detail, on a logarithmic scale. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Whole_brain_emulation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_596", "caption": "Modern human cranial size over the last 300 ka using data consolidated into 100-year means according to one 2022 study [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Modern_human_cranial_size_over_the_last_300__0d1f1895.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_597", "caption": "...and for the last 30 ka [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Modern_human_cranial_size_over_the_last_30_k_8dd475ca.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_598", "caption": "Trends in hominin brain size evolution [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/525px-Trends_in_hominin_brain_size_evolution.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_599", "caption": "Specimens of analysis on human brain size over 9.8-million-years shown in the image above [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/525px-Specimens_of_an_analysis_on_human_brain_size_7c2084b8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_600", "caption": "Average brain weight for males and females over lifespan. From the study Changes in brain weights during the span of human life.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/360px-Brain_weight_age.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_601", "caption": "Brain\u2013body mass relationship for mammals [ dubious \u2013 discuss ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/360px-Brain-body_mass_ratio_for_some_animals_diagr_3facb2c4.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_602", "caption": "The bony-eared assfish has the smallest known brain\u2013body mass ratio of all vertebrates [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Acanthonus_armatus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_603", "caption": "Schematic representation of a Magnetic Resonance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/186px-Mrfm.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_604", "caption": "Ct scan cone beam", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/196px-Ct_scan_cone_beam.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_605", "caption": "Poles of cerebral hemispheres", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Poles_of_cerebral_hemispheres_%28en%29_-_inf_fb9926e8.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_606", "caption": "Cerebral hemispheres of a human embryo at 8 weeks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Human_embryo_8_weeks_4.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_607", "caption": "Micrograph of corpora amylacea in benign prostatic glands . H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Corpora_amylacea_high_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_608", "caption": "Micrograph of corpora amylacea (purple spheres) in the brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease . Combined Periodic acid-Schiff and silver stains. Bar = 50 microns (0.05 millimeters).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Corpora_amylacea_in_the_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_609", "caption": "Interaction between dorsal and ventral attention networks enables dynamic control of attention in relation to top-down goals and bottom-up sensory stimulation. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Dorsal_and_ventral_attention_systems.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_610", "caption": "Animated nicotine structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Nicotine3Dan2-12-seconds.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_611", "caption": "The reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse , such as nicotine , are associated with its ability to excite the mesolimbic and dopaminergic systems. [ 50 ] How does the nicotine in e-cigarettes affect the brain ? [ 6 ] Until about age 25, the brain is still growing. [ 6 ] Each time a new memory is created or a new skill is learned, stronger connections \u2013 or synapses \u2013 are built between brain cells. [ 6 ] Young people's brains build synapses faster than adult brains. [ 6 ] Because addiction is a form of learning, adolescents can get addicted more easily than adults. [ 6 ] The nicotine in e-cigarettes and other tobacco products can also prime the adolescent brain for addiction to other drugs such as cocaine. [ 51 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Recolored_Overview_of_reward_structures_in_t_5f0176b8.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_612", "caption": "Youth e-cigarette use is rising. [ 71 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/500px-Youth_e-cigarette_use_is_rising.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_613", "caption": "Graphic from the 2019 US Surgeon General 's report entitled Use of Two or More Tobacco Products . [ 92 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/750px-Use_of_Two_or_More_Tobacco_Products.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_614", "caption": "Effects of nicotine on the human brain. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Nicotine_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_615", "caption": "Health effects of using e-cigarettes. [ 114 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/600px-Electronic_Cigarettes%2C_What_is_the_bottom__bf50edd8.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_616", "caption": "A sampling of some instruments used to remove the brain from a mummified Egyptian corpse.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Three_of_four_cranial_crochets%2C_copies%2C__c712b762.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_617", "caption": "Frontal lobe (red) of left cerebral hemisphere", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Frontal_lobe_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_618", "caption": "The salience network is theorised to mediate switching between the default mode network and frontoparietal network (central executive network). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Fnbeh-08-00171-g002.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_619", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Cerebrum_lobes.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_620", "caption": "1848 edition of American Phrenological Journal published by Fowlers & Wells, New York City", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Phrenology_journal_%281848%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_621", "caption": "Phineas Gage's accident", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Phineas_gage_-_1868_skull_diagram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_622", "caption": "Trajectory of a rat through a square environment is shown in black. Red dots indicate locations at which a particular entorhinal grid cell fired.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Grid_cell_image_V2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_623", "caption": "Grid cells derive their name from the fact that connecting the centers of their firing fields gives a triangular grid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Uniform_tiling_63-t2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_624", "caption": "Spatial autocorrelogram of the neuronal activity of the grid cell from the first figure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Autocorrelation_image.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_625", "caption": "A hexagonal lattice.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Equilateral_Triangle_Lattice.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_626", "caption": "Gut\u2013brain axis overview [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/441px-Gut-brain_axis_overview.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_627", "caption": "Gut-brain communication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gut-Brain_Axis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_628", "caption": "Bifidobacterium adolescentis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bifidobacterium_adolescentis_Gram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_629", "caption": "Lactobacillus sp 01", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lactobacillus_sp_01.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_630", "caption": "Diagram of one possible hologram setup.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hologram_optical_setup.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_631", "caption": "A single hologram can store 3D information in a 2D way. Such properties may explain some of the brain's abilities, including the ability to recognize objects at different angles and sizes than in the original stored memory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Holomouse2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_632", "caption": "A few of the various types of synapses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blausen_0843_SynapseTypes.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_633", "caption": "Ray Kurzweil in 2008", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Ray_Kurzweil.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_634", "caption": "Example of a hidden Markov model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-HiddenMarkovModel.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_635", "caption": "Exponential growth of computing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-PPTExponentialGrowthof_Computing.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_636", "caption": "Simson Garfinkel thinks Kurzweil's \"pattern recognition theory of mind\" is not a theory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Simson_Garfinkel_with_drives_on_shelves_at_H_1c633271.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_637", "caption": "Predicted growth curves for Intelligence as process , crystallized intelligence, occupational knowledge, and avocational knowledge based on Ackerman's PPIK Theory [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Development_of_intelligence_with_age.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_638", "caption": "Measured results of the study", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Study_about_change_in_intelligence_in_childr_33d934a1.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_639", "caption": "Score distribution chart for sample of 905 children tested on 1916 Stanford-Binet Test", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Terman1916Fig2IQDistribution.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_640", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/175px-%C3%81guila_calva.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_641", "caption": "The human brain with its lobes highlighted", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Cerebral_lobes.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_642", "caption": "Anatomical topographies of canonical large-scale networks", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Boerger2023LSBN.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_643", "caption": "An example that identified 10 large-scale brain networks from resting state fMRI activity through independent component analysis [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Heine2012x3010.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_644", "caption": "The human brain is divided into two hemispheres \u2013left and right. Scientists continue to explore how some cognitive functions tend to be dominated by one side or the other; that is, how they are lateralized . \u00a0 \u00a0Right cerebral hemisphere \u00a0 \u00a0Left cerebral hemisphere", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Cerebral_hemisphere_-_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_645", "caption": "Lateral view of the Brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blausen_0101_Brain_LateralView.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_646", "caption": "Oversimplification of hemisphericity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-RightBrainDominant.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_647", "caption": "Oversimplification of lateralization in pop psychology. This belief was widely held even in the scientific community for some years.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain_Lateralization.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_648", "caption": "The Brodmann areas of a human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gray727-Brodman.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_649", "caption": "Most famous parts of the brain highlighted in different colours", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Basic_structures_of_the_brain_highlighted.pn_88b5e2f7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_650", "caption": "Embryonic vertebrate subdivisions of the developing human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_651", "caption": "hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates . It includes the medulla , pons , and cerebellum .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain_bulbar_region.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_652", "caption": "Cross-section of the midbrain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Midbrainsection.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_653", "caption": "Diencephalon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Diencephalon.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_654", "caption": "Mouse brain, lateral view", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Mouse_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_655", "caption": "Diagram of liposome showing a phospholipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous interior.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Liposome_scheme-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_656", "caption": "Diagram displays a solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN). There is only one phospholipid layer because the interior of the particle is solid. Molecules such as antibodies, targeting peptides, and drug molecules can be bound to the surface of the SLN.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-SolidLipidNanoparticle.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_657", "caption": "Polymer Branch", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Polymer_Branch.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_658", "caption": "This diagram shows several ways in which transport across the BBB works. For nanoparticle delivery across the BBB, the most common mechanisms are receptor-mediated transcytosis and adsorptive transcytosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blood-brain_barrier_transport_en.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_659", "caption": "Paul Donald MacLean", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Paul_D_MacLean.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_660", "caption": "A diagrammatic explanation of the mirror box. The patient places the intact limb into one side of the box (in this case the right hand) and the amputated limb into the other side. Due to the mirror, the patient sees a reflection of the intact hand where the missing limb would be (indicated in lower contrast). The patient thus receives artificial visual feedback that the \"resurrected\" limb is now moving when they move the good hand.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Mirror-box-comic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_661", "caption": "Maternal affection, by Edward Hodges Baily", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-BLW_Maternal_Affection.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_662", "caption": "Skin-to-skin contact with a newborn helps to increase the mother's oxytocin [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Natalie_after_breastfeeding.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_663", "caption": "Cross-section of lower pons, axons shown in blue, grey matter in light grey. Anterior is down and posterior is up", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_664", "caption": "The salience network is theorized to mediate switching between the default mode network and central executive network . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Fnbeh-08-00171-g002.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_665", "caption": "Interaction between the ventral (salience) and dorsal attention networks enables dynamic control of attention in relation to top-down goals and bottom-up sensory stimulation. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Dorsal_and_ventral_attention_systems.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_666", "caption": "Different sides of the brain specialize in different functions or processes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain_Lateralization.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_667", "caption": "The corpus callosum , highlighted in red, is the main neural pathway between the two hemispheres.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Corpus_callosum.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_668", "caption": "The picture is about a normal brain and a person with a split brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/233px-WIKI_PICTURE.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_669", "caption": "Animation showing the position of the human left temporal lobe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/160px-Temporal_lobe_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_670", "caption": "Human brain and skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Skull_and_brain_normal_human.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_671", "caption": "visual word form area3.jpg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Visual_word_form_area3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_672", "caption": "The Yakovlevian torque in the cerebrum (exaggerated). Redrawn from Toga & Thompson (2003). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-YakovlevianTorque.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_673", "caption": "Monkey operating a robotic arm with brain\u2013computer interfacing (Schwartz lab, University of Pittsburgh)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Monkey_using_a_robotic_arm.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_674", "caption": "Yang Dan and colleagues' recordings of cat vision using a BCI implanted in the lateral geniculate nucleus (top row: original image; bottom row: recording)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-LGN_Cat_Vison_Recording.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_675", "caption": "Diagram of the BCI developed by Miguel Nicolelis and colleagues for use on rhesus monkeys", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain-computer_interface_%28schematic%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_676", "caption": "BCIs are a core focus of the Carney Institute for Brain Science at Brown University .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-164_Angell_Street.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_677", "caption": "Dummy unit illustrating the design of a BrainGate interface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-BrainGate.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_678", "caption": "Illustration of invasive and partially invasive BCIs: electrocorticography (ECoG), endovascular, and intracortical microelectrode.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/248px-Invasive_and_partially_invasive_BCIs.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_679", "caption": "Recordings of brainwaves produced by an electroencephalogram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ElectroEncephalogram.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_680", "caption": "ATR Labs' reconstruction of human vision using fMRI (top row: original image; bottom row: reconstruction from mean of combined readings)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Visual_stimulus_reconstruction_using_fMRI.pn_019dbe79.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_681", "caption": "The world's first neurochip , developed by Caltech researchers Jerome Pine and Michael Maher", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/CaltechNeuroChip.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_682", "caption": "Brain-computer interface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain-computer_interface.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_683", "caption": "Source-channel model showing the source of images the deformable template \n \n \n \n I \n \u2250 \n \u03c6 \n \u22c5 \n \n I \n \n \n t \n e \n m \n p \n \n \n \n \u2208 \n \n \n I \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I\\doteq \\varphi \\cdot I_{\\mathrm {temp} }\\in {\\mathcal {I}}} \n \n and channel output associated with MRI sensor \n \n \n \n \n I \n \n D \n \n \n \u2208 \n \n \n \n I \n \n \n \n \n D \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I^{D}\\in {\\mathcal {I}}^{\\mathcal {D}}}", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Source-channel-model-Shannon.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_684", "caption": "Orbits of brains associated to diffeomorphic group action on templates depicted via smooth flow associated to geodesic flows with random spray associated to random generation of initial tangent space vector field \n \n \n \n \n v \n \n 0 \n \n \n \u2208 \n V \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{0}\\in V} \n \n ; published in.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Showing_orbit_as_a_surface.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_685", "caption": "Showing the Lagrangian flow of coordinates \n \n \n \n x \n \u2208 \n X \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in X} \n \n with associated vector fields \n \n \n \n \n v \n \n t \n \n \n , \n t \n \u2208 \n [ \n 0 \n , \n 1 \n ] \n \n \n {\\displaystyle v_{t},t\\in [0,1]} \n \n satisfying ordinary differential equation \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \u03c6 \n \u02d9 \n \n \n \n \n t \n \n \n = \n \n v \n \n t \n \n \n ( \n \n \u03c6 \n \n t \n \n \n ) \n , \n \n \u03c6 \n \n 0 \n \n \n = \n i \n d \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\dot {\\varphi }}_{t}=v_{t}(\\varphi _{t}),\\varphi _{0}=id} \n \n .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lagrangian_flow.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_686", "caption": "Figure showing the random spray of synthesized subcortical structures laid out in the two-dimensional grid representing the variance of the eigenfunction used for the momentum for synthesis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Synthesized_cortical_structures_from_common__6c7afb43.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_687", "caption": "A laboratory rat with a brain implant", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Feeding_a_laboratory_rat.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_688", "caption": "Schematic of the \"Utah\" Electrode Array", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Utah_array_pat5215088.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_689", "caption": "Brain Awareness Week, 2014", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain_Awareness_Week_2014.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_690", "caption": "Parastoo Hashemi", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Parry_wiki_photo.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_691", "caption": "The neurotrophic electrode: teflon-coated gold wires extend from the back of the glass cone, while neurites (shown in blue) grow through it.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Neurotrophic_Electrode2.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_692", "caption": "Shannon Plot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Shannon_Plot.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_693", "caption": "The Stentrode device", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Stentrode_Device.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_694", "caption": "Typical neural implant electrode array", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Paint_Electrode_Array.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_695", "caption": "Elastic modulus of the polymer coating interface between the hard electrode and soft tissue surface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Electrodepalacios.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_696", "caption": "The figure on the left shows the original silicon surface with a contact angle of 27.3 degrees \u00b1 1.4 degrees. The figure on the right shows the surface with the laminin that had a contact angle of 85.0 degrees \u00b1 1.6 degrees. Angles can be measured with a contact angle goniometer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Contact_Angle.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_697", "caption": "Chemical structure of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid that is used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dexamethasone_structure.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_698", "caption": "The properties of the release mechanism of the encapsulated DEX in the nanoparticles through the pore of the hydrogel network is pictured. Also, the amount of DEX that was loaded into the nano-particles is demonstrated as well as the particle size range (400\u2013600 nm).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Nanoparticles.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_699", "caption": "The wires of an implanted deep brain stimulation (DBS) device are visible as white lines in an X-ray of the skull. Large white areas around the maxilla and mandible are metal dentures and are unrelated to the DBS device.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Tiefe_Hirnstimulation_-_Sonden_RoeSchaedel_a_e30b995a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_700", "caption": "Judea Pearl at his poster at the 2013 Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Judea_Pearl_at_NIPS_2013_%2811781981594%29.j_5d24c629.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_701", "caption": "Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , the father of modern neuroscience and a Spanish neuroscientist, received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1906 for his discovery of the neuron doctrine . He shared the prize with Camillo Golgi , an Italian neuroscientist who was recognized for his staining technique that allowed neurons to be visualized.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal_%281852-1934%29__8f33cfe6.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_702", "caption": "Camillo Golgi (1843\u20131926), Italian physician, neuroscientist, and namesake of the Golgi apparatus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Camillo_Golgi_2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_703", "caption": "A dissected sheep brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sheep_Brain_Dissection_2_-_black_background._50368e3f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_704", "caption": "Hieroglyphic stating the word, \"brain\", dated to 1700 BC. This work is considered a copy of an original writing as old as 3000 BC.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Hieroglyphic-brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_705", "caption": "L-phenylalanine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/L-Phenylalanine_wpmp.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_706", "caption": "May-Britt Moser , co-winner of 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-May-Britt_Moser_2014.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_707", "caption": "Eric Kandel , co-winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-CulturalEvents2_06%24Feb%242009_xArea_1_Imag_be3faf97.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_708", "caption": "Elizabeth Roboz Einstein (1904\u20131995), pioneering biochemist and neuroscientist from Hungary.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Elizabeth_Roboz_Einstein_%281904-1995%29_%28_b94bbc51.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_709", "caption": "Riitta Hari, Finnish neuroscientist, at the Science Forum 2011 in Helsinki.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Riitta_Hari.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_710", "caption": "Nathalie Zand of Poland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Natalia_Zand.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_711", "caption": "Dr. Arthur P. Arnold", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Art_Arnold_2023.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_712", "caption": "Dr Natalie Matosin in Munich after being named a Forbes 30 Under 30 Lister in Science and Healthcare in January, 2017. Photo: https://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/4417586/wollongong-neuroscientist-named-in-the-prestigious-forbes-30-under-30-list/", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dr_Natalie_Matosin.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_713", "caption": "Classic ALS involves neurons in the brain and spinal cord ( upper motor neurons , highlighted red), as well as the lower motor neurons , which go from the spinal cord to the muscles, highlighted teal. [ 23 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Illustration_of_the_motor_neuron_tract_desce_8014e11b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_714", "caption": "Illustration showing the range of upper and lower motor neuron involvement in the two most common types of ALS (top row) and three of the most common rare subtypes of ALS (bottom row)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ALS_subtypes_UMN_LMN_distribution.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_715", "caption": "This figure shows ten proposed disease mechanisms for ALS and the genes associated with them. [ 81 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-ALS_Disease_Pathology_and_Proposed_Disease_M_9fe24e1c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_716", "caption": "An MRI of the brain (axial FLAIR ) looking at a person as if from above that shows increased T 2 signal as a small white region within the posterior part of the internal capsule around the center of the image, consistent with the diagnosis of ALS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-ALS_cross.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_717", "caption": "An MRI of the brain looking at a person from side-on that shows increased T2 signal as a white region in the posterior part of the internal capsule that can be tracked to the motor cortex , consistent with the diagnosis of ALS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-ALS_Coronal.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_718", "caption": "A person with late-stage ALS with a range of assistive technologies to support movement (power wheelchair), breathing (invasive ventilation), and communication (eye tracker and computer)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Per_Villand.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_719", "caption": "Chemical structure of riluzole , a medication that prolongs survival by 2\u20133 months [ 102 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Riluzole2DACS.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_720", "caption": "Non-invasive ventilation supports breathing with a face or nasal mask connected to a ventilator.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-BIPAP.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_721", "caption": "A man with ALS communicates by pointing to letters and words using a head-mounted laser pointer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Using_a_head_mounted_laser_to_point_to_a_com_1466cd17.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_722", "caption": "A gastrostomy tube is placed through the wall of the abdomen into the stomach.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy-tube.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_723", "caption": "Estimated prevalence of ALS in the United States by age group, 2012\u20132015 [ 122 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Prevalence_of_ALS_in_the_United_States_by_ag_eaedc0f3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_724", "caption": "The French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot coined the term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 1874. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Jean-Martin_Charcot.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_725", "caption": "American baseball player Lou Gehrig . In some countries, especially the United States, ALS is called \"Lou Gehrig's disease\". [ 126 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-1923_Lou_Gehrig.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_726", "caption": "Stages of atrophy in Alzheimer's", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Alzheimer%E2%80%99s_Disease%2C_Spreads_throu_166b04e2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_727", "caption": "A normal brain on the left and a late-stage Alzheimer's brain on the right", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_728", "caption": "Tau protein abnormalities in neurons may contribute to onset of Alzheimer's disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Alzheimers_Disease.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_729", "caption": "Histopathologic images of Alzheimer's disease, in the CA3 area of the hippocampus , showing an amyloid plaque (top right), neurofibrillary tangles (bottom left), and granulovacuolar degeneration bodies (bottom center)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Histopathology_of_Alzheimer%27s_disease.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_730", "caption": "PET scan of the brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease showing a loss of function in the temporal lobe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-PET_Alzheimer.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_731", "caption": "Cognitive tests such as the mini\u2013mental state examination (MMSE) can help in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In this test instructions are given to copy drawings like the one shown, remember some words, read, and subtract numbers serially.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-InterlockingPentagons.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_732", "caption": "Intellectual activities such as playing chess or regular social interaction have been linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease in epidemiological studies, although no causal relationship has been found.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_032.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_733", "caption": "Three-dimensional molecular model of donepezil , an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease symptoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Donepezil_1EVE.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_734", "caption": "Molecular structure of memantine , a medication approved for advanced Alzheimer's disease symptoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Memantine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_735", "caption": "Deaths per million persons in 2012 due to dementias including Alzheimer's disease \u00a0 \u00a00\u20134 \u00a0 \u00a05\u20138 \u00a0 \u00a09\u201310 \u00a0 \u00a011\u201313 \u00a0 \u00a014\u201317 \u00a0 \u00a018\u201324 \u00a0 \u00a025\u201345 \u00a0 \u00a046\u2013114 \u00a0 \u00a0115\u2013375 \u00a0 \u00a0376\u20131266", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_other_dementias_wo_8240113b.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_736", "caption": "Alois Alzheimer's patient Auguste Deter in 1902. Hers was the first described case of what became known as Alzheimer's disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Auguste_D_aus_Marktbreit.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_737", "caption": "Focused attention", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Scout_Girl_in_Concentration.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_738", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Wikipedia-spotlight.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_739", "caption": "Flow chart depicting the role of apomorphine in Alzheimer's disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/325px-Apomorphine_therapeutic_scheme.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_740", "caption": "Production of the corticosteroid hormone cortisol is increased after a person awakes in the morning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Cortisol-3D-balls.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_741", "caption": "Sample flowchart representing a decision process when confronted with a lamp that fails to light", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-LampFlowchart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_742", "caption": "Encephalitis lethargica. Its sequelae and treatment \u2013 Constantin von Economo, 1931: front page", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Encephalitis-livre.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_743", "caption": "L-DOPA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Levodopa.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_744", "caption": "Idiogram of chromosome 20 showing gene PRP location", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Location_of_PRNP-gene_in_chromosome_20.svg.p_90944551.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_745", "caption": "Hypnogram comparing the sleep pattern of a healthy control with five FFI patients, who display decreased sleep efficiency and disrupted sleep cycles. [W: wake; R: REM; N1-3: NREM sleep stages].", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FFI_Diagrams.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_746", "caption": "Timeline of an FFI patient (same as the one above this one)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FFI_timeline.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_747", "caption": "The line processes to make information memory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/575px-Memory_consolidation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_748", "caption": "Lateral view of the hippocampus which is located in the medial temporal lobe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/309px-Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_749", "caption": "The dorsal stream (green) runs through the parietal lobe , and the ventral stream (purple) runs through the temporal lobe . Both streams originate in the occipital lobe (blue) located posteriorly.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_750", "caption": "The \"redness\" of red is a commonly used example of a quale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/140px-Solid_red.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_751", "caption": "Inverted qualia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Inverted_qualia_of_colour_strawberry.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_752", "caption": "Thomas Nagel argues that while a human might be able to imagine what it is like to be a bat by taking \"the bat's point of view\", it would still be impossible \"to know what it is like for a bat to be a bat.\" ( Townsend's big-eared bat pictured ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_753", "caption": "Vilayanur S. Ramachandran", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_754", "caption": "Daniel Dennett", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Daniel_dennett_Oct2008_%28portrait%29.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_755", "caption": "Marvin Minsky", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Marvin_Minsky_at_OLPCb.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_756", "caption": "Michael Tye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Michael_Tye_TASC2008.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_757", "caption": "Sleeping Girl , Domenico Fetti , c. 1615", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Domenico_Fetti_-_Sleeping_Girl_-_WGA7863.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_758", "caption": "\"The Awakening\", an illustration to writing by Leo Tolstoy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1900_The_Awakening.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_759", "caption": "The human \" biological clock \"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/402px-Biological_clock_human.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_760", "caption": "Man napping in San Cristobal, Peru", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hombre_echando_una_siesta_en_San_Crist%C3%B3_8514b05e.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_761", "caption": "This condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_762", "caption": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for the amount of sleep needed decrease with age. [ 68 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-2023_CDC_recommendations_for_amount_of_sleep_503a035d.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_763", "caption": "The main health effects of sleep deprivation , [ 69 ] indicating impairment of normal maintenance by sleep", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Effects_of_sleep_deprivation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_764", "caption": "Bronze statue of Eros sleeping, 3rd century BC\u2013early 1st century AD", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-WLA_metmuseum_Bronze_statue_of_Eros_sleeping_adb30c43.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_765", "caption": "World War II poster issued by the US government", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-%22Plenty_of_sleep_keeps_him_on_the_job%22_-_228dd9ac.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_766", "caption": "Dreams often feel like waking life, yet with added surrealism.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Glimpse_of_a_dream_%289391068364%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_767", "caption": "The Land of Cockaigne by Pieter Bruegel the Elder , 1567", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._037.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_768", "caption": "Medieval manuscript illumination from the Menologion of Basil II (985 AD), showing the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus sleeping in their cave", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-Seven_sleepers_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29._5f6b2dbc.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_769", "caption": "The Thinker by Auguste Rodin (1840\u20131917) in the garden of the Mus\u00e9e Rodin , Paris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Jardin_du_Musee_Rodin_Paris_Le_Penseur_20050_4af264e1.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_770", "caption": "Man thinking on a train journey", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Thinking%E0%A7%A8.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_771", "caption": "Forager honey bee flying back to the hive with pollen and nectar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_772", "caption": "A young house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) exhibits unihemispheric slow-wave sleep.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Half_Sleeping_Bird.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_773", "caption": "Polysomnogram demonstrating slow-wave sleep. High amplitude EEG is highlighted in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Sleep_EEG_Stage_4.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_774", "caption": "Common swift", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Apus_apus_-Barcelona%2C_Spain-8_%281%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_775", "caption": "Schematics and images of types of limb proprioceptor neurons in mammals (top) and insects (bottom) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Proprioception_image-01.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_776", "caption": "Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up in the rubber hand illusion task. LH = left hand; part = partition; RH = right hand; Ru = rubber hand.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Rubber_hand_illusion.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_777", "caption": "Mammalian tendon organ showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal connections in spinal cord (middle) and expanded schematic (right). The tendon organ is a stretch receptor that signals the force developed by the muscle. The sensory endings of the Ib afferent are entwined amongst the musculotendinous strands of 10-20 extrafusal muscle fibers. [ A ] [ 3 ] See an animated version .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Tendon_organ_model.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_778", "caption": "Kinaesthetics-founders Lenny Maietta and Frank Hatch (2011)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Die_Kinaesthetics-Begr%C3%BCnder_Lenny_Maiet_b873720c.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_779", "caption": "Side view of handgun point shooting position", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Fmfrp_12_80_p119.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_780", "caption": "Front view of handgun point shooting position", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Fmfrp_12_80_p116.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_781", "caption": "Side view of shoulder weapon point shooting position", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Fmfrp_12_80_p183.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_782", "caption": "The proper method of sighting to hit aerial targets with the sightless BB gun", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-QK_fig_10a.GIF.GIF"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_783", "caption": "US Navy sailor practices reflexive firing during a periodic weapons assessment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_784", "caption": "Somatic educator Moshe Feldenkrais in 1978, teaching how to rise from a chair", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Moshe_Feldenkrais_Demonstrates_Functional_In_8982f5fa.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_785", "caption": "Mary Wigman , who studied with Rudolf von Laban , was among the choreographers whose body-centric innovations influenced the early development of somatics. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Mary_Wigman.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_786", "caption": "Yoga combines physical and mental exercises", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Stickney_Brook_Yoga_272.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_787", "caption": "Contact improvisation is a somatic style of postmodern dance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-CIJam.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_788", "caption": "Equilibrium test being administered to prospective pilot, via B\u00e1r\u00e1ny chair", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Barany_Chair_equilibrium_test.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_789", "caption": "Inner ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_790", "caption": "Lift (L) and weight/gravity (w) forces acting on an aircraft making a banked or coordinated turn", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Load_factor_and_the_g-force_in_turn.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_791", "caption": "Standard set of flight instruments , including attitude indicator (top center) and turn and slip indicator (bottom left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-BASIC_Flight_instruments_Improved.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_792", "caption": "Inner ear with semicircular canals shown, likening them to the roll, pitch and yaw axis of an aircraft", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Innernvestib.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_793", "caption": "Graveyard spiral and graveyard spin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-FAA_PHAK_2008_Fig_16-5_Graveyard_spiral.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_794", "caption": "A cognitive model , as illustrated by Robert Fludd (1619) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_795", "caption": "When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree , it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking (abstract thinking).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Generalization_process_using_trees.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_796", "caption": "Metacognition and self directed learning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Metacognition.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_797", "caption": "Expression of the Emotions Figure 6", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_6.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_798", "caption": "This illustration of feline behaviour is an example of an expression of fear and aggression in \"The expression of the emotions in man and animals\" by Charles Darwin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cats%3B_aggression%2C_animal_emotions_and_fa_73676836.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_799", "caption": "Clever Hans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-CleverHans.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_800", "caption": "Puzzle box", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Puzzle_box.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_801", "caption": "Animal behaviour, curiosity and play between species.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cat_playing_with_a_lizard.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_802", "caption": "Female Toque macaque with baby - (Harmony of Life)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Female_Toque_macaque_with_baby_-_%28Harmony__a7d2d6a3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_803", "caption": "Elephant Study 2 (6987533977)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Elephant_Study_2_%286987533977%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_804", "caption": "Jane Goodall, primatologist, environmentalist, prominent researcher in chimpanzee behaviour while at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Jane Goodall is holding her toy monkey \"Mr. H\", a regular companion during her travels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Jane_Goodall_HK.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_805", "caption": "Plato's Allegory of the Cave including the analogy of the Sun .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Allegory_of_the_Cave_blank.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_806", "caption": "An application of Anschauung as experience is the perception of fire and immediately recognizing it as fire.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Waldbrand-Bodenfeuer.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_807", "caption": "A representation of how people with differing visualization abilities might picture an apple in their mind. The first image is bright and photographic, levels 2 through 4 show increasingly simpler and more faded images, and the last\u2014representing complete aphantasia\u2014shows no image at all.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Aphantasia_apple_test.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_808", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Wilson_The_Duke_NFL_football.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_809", "caption": "The eponym of the effect, Benjamin Franklin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Joseph_Siffrein_Duplessis_-_Benjamin_Frankli_50f3e057.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_810", "caption": "Transmissions from the SOC , in the pons of the brainstem , travel along the lateral lemniscus to the IC , located in the midbrain . Signals are then relayed to the thalamus and further ascending auditory pathway.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_811", "caption": "Cover of The Hot Soldier and Other Stories by Gustav Meyrink", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Der_heise_Soldat_Gustav_Meyrink.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_812", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_813", "caption": "Schematic of a hierarchical sequential structure with three levels. The lowest level could be a linear representation, while intermediate levels denote chunk nodes. The highest level is the entire sequence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/600px-HierarchicalChunking.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_814", "caption": "The Cognitive Bias Codex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cognitive_Bias_Codex_-_180%2B_biases%2C_desi_355a8822.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_815", "caption": "The relation between cognitive bias, habit and social convention is still an important issue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Relation_between_Bias%2C_habit_and_conventio_c9ac9961.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_816", "caption": "After performing dissonant behavior ( lying ) a person might find external, consonant elements. Therefore, a snake oil salesman might find a psychological self-justification (great profit) for promoting medical falsehoods, but, otherwise, might need to change his beliefs about the falsehoods.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Clark_Stanley%27s_Snake_Oil_Liniment.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_817", "caption": "In the fable of \"The Fox and the Grapes\", by Aesop , on failing to reach the desired bunch of grapes, the fox then decides he does not truly want the fruit because it is sour. The fox's act of rationalization (justification) reduced his anxiety over the cognitive dissonance from the desire he cannot realise.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The_Fox_and_the_Grapes.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_818", "caption": "Dissonant self-perception: A lawyer can experience cognitive dissonance if he must defend as innocent a client he thinks is guilty. From the perspective of The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: A Current Perspective (1969), the lawyer might experience cognitive dissonance if his false statement about his guilty client contradicts his identity as a lawyer and an honest man.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_018.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_819", "caption": "The biomechanics of cognitive dissonance: MRI evidence indicates that the greater the psychological conflict signalled by the anterior cingulate cortex , the greater the magnitude of the cognitive dissonance experienced by the person.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-MRI_anterior_cingulate.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_820", "caption": "\" Front and lateral view of the cranium, representing the direction in which the iron traversed its cavity... \" [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Phineas_gage_-_1868_skull_diagram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_821", "caption": "Broca's area and Wernicke's area.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diag_739058d4.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_822", "caption": "Most of Molaison's hippocampus was removed bilaterally.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Hippolobes.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_823", "caption": "The Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974, updated-2000)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The_Working_Memory_Model.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_824", "caption": "Broca's and Wernicke's areas of the brain, which are critical in language", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain_-_Broca%27s_and_Wernicke%27s_area_Diag_3db5b8a5.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_825", "caption": "Graph demonstrating the decreasing of response time observed in Thorndike's \"puzzle-box\" experiments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/344px-Puzzle_box.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_826", "caption": "Apparatus of the operant conditioning chamber, or \"Skinner box\", as designed by B.F. Skinner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/343px-Skinera_kaste.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_827", "caption": "Bee \"waggle dance\" indicating direction and distance of nearby food source, as observed by Karl von Frisch", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/317px-Bee_dance.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_828", "caption": "The \"three As\" Computational Thinking Process describes computational thinking as a set of three steps: abstraction, automation, and analysis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/440px-The_Computational_Thinking_Process.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_829", "caption": "Conflict continuum: competition short of conflict, conflict itself, and the return to competition , [ 16 ] :\u200a10\u200a possibly via deterrence \u2014Gen. David G. Perkins", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Perkins-III%2CconflictContinuum.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_830", "caption": "Simultaneous contrast", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/124px-Simultaneous_Contrast.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_831", "caption": "Metacontrast and paracontrast", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/296px-Metacontrast_and_paracontrast.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_832", "caption": "The checker shadow illusion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Checker_shadow_illusion.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_833", "caption": "A picture of an incandescent light bulb is symbolically associated with the formation of an idea, an example of creativity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Crystal_Clear_app_ktip.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_834", "caption": "Greek philosophers like Plato rejected the concept of creativity, preferring to see art as a form of discovery. Asked in The Republic , \"Will we say, of a painter, that he makes something?\", Plato answers, \"Certainly not, he merely imitates .\" [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Plato-raphael.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_835", "caption": "Distributed functional brain network associated with divergent thinking", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Distributed_network_of_voxel_clusters_associ_33bf8223.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_836", "caption": "Training meeting in an eco-design stainless steel company in Brazil . The leaders among other things wish to cheer and encourage the workers in order to achieve a higher level of creativity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Training_meeting_in_an_ecodesign_stainless_s_41f3e0f2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_837", "caption": "The three levels of complexity of the global workspace model: the integrate-and-fire neuron, the thalamo-cortical bundle and the long-range connexion. The authors provide the legend: \"Shown are the constituents of the simulation (upper diagrams) and typical patterns of spontaneous activity that they can produce (lower tracings). We simulated a nested architecture in which spiking neurons (A) are incorporated within thalamocortical columns (B), which are themselves interconnected hierarchically by local and long-distance cortical connections (C) (see Materials and methods for details). While single neurons may generate sustained oscillations of membrane potentials (A), only the column and network levels generate complex waxing-and-waning EEG -like oscillations (B) and metastable global states of sustained firing (C).\" [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Dehaene_%26_Changeux_2005_PLOS_%28ccreative_common_5ed5c8ea.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_838", "caption": "Sample flowchart representing the decision process to add a new article to Wikipedia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Wikipedia_article-creation-2.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_839", "caption": "Elsie the cat is sitting on a mat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Cat-on-mat.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_840", "caption": "Alpha Graphs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-PeirceAlphaGraphs.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_841", "caption": "Leibniz's diagrammatic reasoning.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Characteristica_universalis_diagram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_842", "caption": "Basic elements of Leibniz's pictograms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/225px-LeibnizCharacters.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_843", "caption": "Researcher conducting Functional magnetic resonance imaging test.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Researcher-test.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_844", "caption": "Example of the Wason selection task .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Wason_selection_task_cards.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_845", "caption": "Lab coats", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/165px-Lab_coats.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_846", "caption": "Side view of the brain, illustrating dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Prefrontal_cortex.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_847", "caption": "Location of the Fusiform Face Area", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Fusiform_Face_Area.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_848", "caption": "An adult male's face with make-up", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pullikkarimkali_Face.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_849", "caption": "Bruce & Young Model of Face Recognition, 1986", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bruce_%26_Young_Model_of_Face_Recognition-19_1ba7b6c3.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_850", "caption": "Examples of various emotions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Emotions_according_to_the_Atlas_of_Personali_db64e5ae.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_851", "caption": "A computer-enhanced fMRI scan of a person who has been asked to look at faces", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Fusiform_face_area_face_recognition.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_852", "caption": "A 'greeble' (nonsense figure used in face recognition experiments)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossless-page1-220px-Glip_samar.tif.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_853", "caption": "Three-layer model of self-cognition developed by Motoaki Sugiura", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The-three-layer-model-of-self-related-cognit_fcc8c302.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_854", "caption": "A human male and female", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Boro_man_and_woman.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_855", "caption": "Sample of real and edited white and Asian faces used in study of the cross-race effect [ 115 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cross-race_effect_study_samples.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_856", "caption": "A child with autism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Autism-stacking-cans_edit.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_857", "caption": "Schizophrenia , by William A. Ursprung", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Schizophrenia.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_858", "caption": "The stages of feature integration theory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-FITstages.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_859", "caption": "The stimuli resembling a carrot, lake and tire, respectively. Treisman et al.(1986).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Treismanshapes.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_860", "caption": "Candle box problem diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Genimage.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_861", "caption": "Artistic representation of a Turing machine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Maquina.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_862", "caption": "A player announces her loss of The Game at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2008.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-I_lost_the_game.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_863", "caption": "A woman holding up a sign reading \"You Lose The Game\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-You_lose_The_Game.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_864", "caption": "In a maze , one can get lost on a voluntary basis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Hedge_Maze%2C_St_Louis_Botanical_Gardens_%28_02180dfe.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_865", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Targetstimulus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_866", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Table_lookup_and_pattern_perception_graphs.p_ea6a46b8.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_867", "caption": "Plato , one of the first philosophers to discuss ideas in detail. Aristotle claims that many of Plato's views were Pythagorean in origin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Plato-raphael.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_868", "caption": "\"Modern Book Printing\" from the Walk of Ideas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/135px-Printing4_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_869", "caption": "A picture of a lightbulb is often used to represent a person having a bright idea .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Crystal_Clear_app_ktip.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_870", "caption": "Idea Network", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Idea_Networking_Example.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_871", "caption": "Example of associations between graphemes and colors that are described more accurately as ideasthesia than as synesthesia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sinestezija_primjer.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_872", "caption": "A drawing by a synesthete which illustrates time unit-space synesthesia /ideasthesia. The months in a year are organized into a circle surrounding the synesthete's body, each month having a fixed location in space and a unique color.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Synesthesia_5.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_873", "caption": "Which one would be called Bouba and which Kiki? Responses are highly consistent among people. This is an example of ideasthesia as the conceptualization of the stimulus plays an important role.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Booba-Kiki.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_874", "caption": "A man assembling an Ikea Po\u00e4ng chair", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Assembling_an_Ikea_po%C3%A4ng_chair_%2890556_be42c250.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_875", "caption": "Olin Levi Warner , Imagination (1896). Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building , Washington, D.C.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Imagination-Warner-Highsmith.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_876", "caption": "Medieval paintings of imaginary creatures, as seen in frescos and manuscripts, often combined body parts of different animals, and even humans.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-13th-century_unknown_painters_-_Legendary_Cr_4194b116.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_877", "caption": "Don Quixote , engrossed in reading books of chivalry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_878", "caption": "Phylogenesis and ontogenesis of various components of imagination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-TheoryLargeFigures.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_879", "caption": "Schematic diagram of information integration theory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Information-integration.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_880", "caption": "Representation of the pitch class circle with respect to tone height", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pitch_class_space.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_881", "caption": "The framed line test", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Frame_and_Line_Test.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_882", "caption": "An AI art rendering of something between an aqueduct and a swimming pool", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-AI_image_of_an_aqueduct_swimming_pool.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_883", "caption": "A phrenological mapping [ 1 ] of the brain \u2013 phrenology was among the first attempts to correlate mental functions with specific parts of the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Phrenology1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_884", "caption": "Wilhelm von Humboldt", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-WilhelmvonHumboldt.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_885", "caption": "Franz Boas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-FranzBoas.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_886", "caption": "Edward Sapir", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Edward_Sapir.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_887", "caption": "Whorf's illustration of the difference between the English and Shawnee gestalt construction of cleaning a gun with a ramrod. From the article \"Science and Linguistics\", originally published in the MIT Technology Review , 1940.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Whorf_Shawnee_Example.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_888", "caption": "Listening in conversation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Shimer_College_Susan_Henking_listening_2013__0ce99976.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_889", "caption": "A healing ritual (the laying on of hands )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Healing_%22laying_on_of_hands%22_ceremony_in_b34adb11.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_890", "caption": "Memberships of a graded class", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Prototype_membership.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_891", "caption": "The pruning process is shown in this clip that was constructed from MRI scans of healthy children and teens. The time-lapse animation compresses 15 years of brain development (ages 5-20) into just a few seconds. Red indicates more gray matter, blue less gray matter. The changes in color from yellow/red to blue show the pruning process (source: NIMH ).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brain_maturation_ages_5-20.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_892", "caption": "Intellectually disabled patients with 1- and 2-year-old mental ages", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-H.H._Goddard%2C_Feeble-mindedness%3B_its_cau_4a6efbe3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_893", "caption": "A 78-year-old intellectually disabled woman whose \" mental condition has always been that of a child 5 or 6 years of age \"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Low-grade_imbecile_age_78.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_894", "caption": "Representation of the stages of processing in a typical reaction time paradigm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Reaction_time_stages.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_895", "caption": "Illustration of the pain pathway in Ren\u00e9 Descartes' Traite de l'homme (Treatise of Man) 1664. The long fiber running from the foot to the cavity in the head is pulled by the heat and releases a fluid that makes the muscles contract.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Descartes-reflex.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_896", "caption": "An early apparatus constructed for measuring reaction time via the \"personal equation\" [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Apparatus_for_Personal_Equation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_897", "caption": "Density plot and central tendencies of reaction time (ms) trials on a two-choice task demonstrating the right skewed distribution typical to RT data", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Reaction_time_density_plot.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_898", "caption": "Data from W. E. Hick (1952) demonstrating Hick's Law: The relationship between reaction time and number of response options across two participants (red and blue).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Hick%27s_law_plotted_data.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_899", "caption": "Graphical representation of drift-diffusion rate used to model reaction times in two-choice tasks", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Diffusion_plot.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_900", "caption": "A virtual rendering of a Jensen box. The home button is depicted in the lower center of the array. Participants are told to move their finger from the home button to one of eight additional response buttons when specific LED lights illuminate. This produces several measures of participant response time (RT).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Jensen_box.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_901", "caption": "Regions of the Brain Involved in a Number Comparison Task Derived from EEG and fMRI Studies. The regions represented correspond to those showing effects of notation used for the numbers (pink and hatched), distance from the test number (orange), choice of hand (red), and errors (purple). Picture from the article: \"Timing the Brain: Mental Chronometry as a Tool in Neuroscience\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-EEG_fMRI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_902", "caption": "Example of the Sternberg memory-scanning task (figure adapted from Plomin & Spinath, 2002) [ 57 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Sternberg_memory_scanning_task.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_903", "caption": "Example of mental rotation task stimuli", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Mental_rotation_task_%28diagram%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_904", "caption": "Example of the Posner letter-matching task (figure adapted from Plomin & Spinath, 2002) [ 57 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Posner_letter_matching_task.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_905", "caption": "Visual representation of the hypothesized stages of a reaction time task and each stage's association with diffusion model parameters. T er , the non-decision reaction time component, consists of the sum of encoding time T e (first panel) and response output time T r (third panel), such that T er = T e + T r .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Stages_of_processing_in_a_reaction_time_tria_982aa5ca.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_906", "caption": "The differences between polytropism and monotropism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Monotropic_and_polytropic_learning_-_fixed.p_5c6c8daa.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_907", "caption": "Monotropic way of teaching", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Monotropic.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_908", "caption": "Typical classroom activity requires lot of polytropic processing of stimuli", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Polytropy_-_fixed.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_909", "caption": "Different information filtering mechanism in autistic people may be due to difference in cognitive components. a hypothetical radar plot of spikey cognitive profile. Similar details can be found in Nancy Doyle's paper Neurodiversity at work: a biopsychosocial model and the impact on working adults. . [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Spikey_cognitive_profile.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_910", "caption": "The dorsal stream (green) and ventral stream (purple) are shown. They originate from a common source in visual cortex. The dorsal stream is responsible for detection of location and motion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/225px-Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_911", "caption": "Example of Beta movement , often confused with phi phenomenon , in which a succession of still images gives the illusion of a moving ball [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/225px-Phi_phenomenom_no_watermark.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_912", "caption": "Demonstration of phi phenomenon using two black bars ( SOA \u00a0=\u00a0102\u00a0ms, ISI \u00a0=\u00a0\u221251\u00a0ms)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Phidemo4x51ms.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_913", "caption": "The aperture problem. The grating appears to be moving down and to the right, perpendicular to the orientation of the bars. But it could be moving in many other directions, such as only down, or only to the right. It is impossible to determine unless the ends of the bars become visible in the aperture.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Aperture_problem_animated.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_914", "caption": "Reichardt model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Reichardt_model.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_915", "caption": "Intrinsic motivation arises from internal factors, like enjoying an activity. Extrinsic motivation is based on external factors, like rewards obtained by completing an activity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Muhammad_Intrinsic_vs_Extrinsic_Motivation.p_c244a98b.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_916", "caption": "Unconscious motivation plays a central role in Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalysis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropp_18746d81.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_917", "caption": "Amotivation is an absence of interest and is sometimes described as acedia when it manifests in relation to spiritual practices.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hieronymus_Wierix_-_Acedia_-_WGA25736.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_918", "caption": "Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often visualized as a pyramid in which the more basic needs at the bottom form the foundation for higher needs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_919", "caption": "Motivation affects students' participation in classroom activities and academic success .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_920", "caption": "Initially, the person picks out the red pen and therefore it is the prime target while the remaining pens in the holder are considered to be prime distractors. When the person wants to use the blue pen ( probe target) instead, negative priming effects are observed as the blue pen was previously ignored as the prime distractor.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pens.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_921", "caption": "Distractor inhibition model with selective attention and encoding process.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Distractor_inhibition_model.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_922", "caption": "Episode retrieval model with the retrieval of \"do-not-respond\" tag.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Episode_retrieval_model.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_923", "caption": "Houghton\u2013Tipper model with inhibition occurring during encoding and retrieval.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Houghton-Tipper.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_924", "caption": "Example of Stroop color\u2013word task with control, prime and probe trials.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Stroop_task1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_925", "caption": "Anatomy of a multipolar neuron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Blausen_0657_MultipolarNeuron.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_926", "caption": "From \"Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates\" by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal . The figure illustrates the diversity of neuronal morphologies in the auditory cortex .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Cajal_actx_inter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_927", "caption": "Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Gray dots represent areas of language comprehension, creating a network for comprehending all language. The semantic circuit of the motor system, particularly the motor representation of the legs (yellow dots), is incorporated when leg-related words are comprehended. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Leg_Neural_Network.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_928", "caption": "Model of a neural circuit in the cerebellum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_929", "caption": "The neuronal correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the smallest set of neural events and structures sufficient for a given conscious percept or explicit memory. This case involves synchronized action potentials in neocortical pyramidal neurons. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Neural_Correlates_Of_Consciousness.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_930", "caption": "The Necker Cube: The left line drawing can be perceived in one of two distinct depth configurations shown on the right. Without any other cue, the visual system flips back and forth between these two interpretations. [ 15 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-NeuralCorrelatesOfConsciousness3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_931", "caption": "Midline structures in the brainstem and thalamus necessary to regulate the level of brain arousal. Small, bilateral lesions in many of these nuclei cause a global loss of consciousness. [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-NeuralCorrelatesOfConsciousness2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_932", "caption": "Diagram of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/325px-HPA_Axis_Diagram_%28Brian_M_Sweis_2012%29.sv_ae8682cc.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_933", "caption": "An example of the numerosity adaptation effect", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Numerosityadaptation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_934", "caption": "Example video frames and their object co-segmentation annotations (ground truth) in the Noisy-ViDiSeg [ 1 ] dataset. Object segments are depicted by the red edge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Samples_of_object_co-segmentation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_935", "caption": "The inference process of the two coupled dynamic Markov networks to obtain the joint video object discovery and segmentation [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-The_inference_process_of_the_two_coupled_dyn_b411f3fe.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_936", "caption": "A joint object discover and co-segmentation framework based on coupled dynamic Markov Networks [ 1 ] .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Framework_of_Joint_Video_Object_Discovery_an_88472461.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_937", "caption": "Overview of the coarse-to-fine temporal action localization in. [ 7 ] (a) Coarse localization. Given an untrimmed video, we first generate saliency-aware video clips via variable-length sliding windows. The proposal network decides whether a video clip contains any actions (so the clip is added to the candidate set) or pure background (so the clip is directly discarded). The subsequent classification network predicts the specific action class for each candidate clip and outputs the classification scores and action labels. (b) Fine localization. With the classification scores and action labels from prior coarse localization, further prediction of the video category is carried out and its starting and ending frames are obtained.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/440px-Overview_of_the_coarse-to-fine_temporal_acti_12336527.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_938", "caption": "Flowchart of the spatio-temporal action localization detector segment-tube. [ 7 ] As the input, an untrimmed video contains multiple frames of actions ( e.g. , all actions in a pair figure skating video), with only a portion of these frames belonging to a relevant category ( e.g. , the DeathSpirals). There are usually irrelevant preceding and subsequent actions (background). The Segment-tube detector alternates the optimization of temporal localization and spatial segmentation iteratively. The final output is a sequence of per-frame segmentation masks with precise starting/ending frames denoted with the red chunk at the bottom, while the background are marked with green chunks at the bottom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Flowchart_of_the_spatio-temporal_action_loca_5965ce29.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_939", "caption": "Peek-a-boo is a prime example of an object permanence test. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_940", "caption": "Observing the air traffic in R\u00f5uge , Estonia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lennuliiklust_uurimas.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_941", "caption": "Kuhn used the duck-rabbit optical illusion , made famous by Wittgenstein , to demonstrate the way in which a paradigm shift could cause one to see the same information in an entirely different way. [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Duck-Rabbit_illusion.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_942", "caption": "Image showing the breakdown of common geometric shapes (geons)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Breakdown_of_objects_into_Geons.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_943", "caption": "A simple seriation task involving arranging shapes by size", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Seriation_task_w_shapes.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_944", "caption": "Brain animation highlighting the fusiform face area, thought to be where facial processing and recognition takes place", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Fusiform_Face_Area_-_animation1.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_945", "caption": "Whale , submarine or sheep ?", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-SharkOrSubmarine4024617900.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_946", "caption": "Architecture students draw a ball and scaffolding. Everyone sees its shapes from a different perspective", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Visual_perspective-taking%2C_Gdansk_Universi_da998d6c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_947", "caption": "Plato and Aristotle used predication to address the Problem of Universals .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/230px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_948", "caption": "The Predication of Saint Paul", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The_Predication_of_Saint_Paul_LACMA_M.2000.1_dbf20430.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_949", "caption": "Marble Boat on Kunming Lake near Beijing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Marbleboot.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_950", "caption": "Temple bell at H\u014dk\u014d-ji", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/140px-Hokoji-Bell-M1767.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_951", "caption": "Inscription on bell at Hokoji in Kyoto", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/140px-Hokoji-BellDetail-M1767.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_952", "caption": "This image shows a priming web built from different types of priming. The lines in this web indicate associations that an individual might have. If two words are more closely linked in the web, then they are more likely to be more quickly recognized when primed with a nearby word. The dotted lines indicate morpheme primes, or primes from words that sound similar to each other, while the straight lines indicate semantic primes or words that have meanings or associations that relate to each other.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Priming_Web_Diagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_953", "caption": "The extrastriate cortex (shown in orange and red) is believed to be involved in perceptual priming.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_954", "caption": "Boethius teaching his students", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/262px-Boethius_initial_consolation_philosophy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_955", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/100px-Medieval-university.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_956", "caption": "William of Ockham", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-William_of_Ockham.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_957", "caption": "James McKeen Cattell , the first psychologist in the United States", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-James_McKeen_Cattell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_958", "caption": "Wilhelm Wundt (seated), a German psychologist, with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind, c. \u20091880", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Wundt-research-group.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_959", "caption": "One of the dogs used in Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov 's experiment with a surgically implanted cannula to measure saliva , preserved in the Pavlov Museum in Ryazan , Russia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-One_of_Pavlov%27s_dogs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_960", "caption": "False-color representations of cerebral fiber pathways affected, per Van Horn et\u00a0al. [V] :\u200a3", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Simulated_Connectivity_Damage_of_Phineas_Gag_4e96c8c8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_961", "caption": "Skinner's teaching machine , a mechanical invention to automate the task of programmed instruction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Skinner_teaching_machine_01.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_962", "caption": "Baddeley's model of working memory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Working_memory_model.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_963", "caption": "The M\u00fcller\u2013Lyer illusion . Psychologists make inferences about mental processes from shared phenomena such as optical illusions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_964", "caption": "Front row: Sigmund Freud , G. Stanley Hall, Carl Jung ]. Back row: Abraham A. Brill , Ernest Jones , S\u00e1ndor Ferenczi at Clark University in 1909.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hall_Freud_Jung_in_front_of_Clark.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_965", "caption": "Psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943 posited that humans have a hierarchy of needs, and it makes sense to fulfill the basic needs first before higher-order needs can be met. [ 131 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Maslow%27s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_966", "caption": "Developmental psychologists engage a child with a book and then make observations based on how the child interacts with the object.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Baby_with_book.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_967", "caption": "Francis Galton , a pioneer of the experimental psychology field", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Francis_Galton_1850s.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_968", "caption": "An item from a cognitive abilities test used in educational psychology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Figural_Relationships.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_969", "caption": "Flowchart of the four phases, enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis, of a parallel randomized trial of two groups modified from the CONSORT 2010 Statement [ 255 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Flowchart_of_Phases_of_Parallel_Randomized_T_7c9058d3.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_970", "caption": "The experimenter (E) orders the teacher (T), the subject of the experiment, to give what the latter believes are painful electric shocks to a learner (L), who is actually an actor and confederate . The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level etc. [ 256 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Milgram_experiment_v2.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_971", "caption": "An EEG recording setup", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-EEG_cap.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_972", "caption": "Artificial neural network with two layers, an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Multi-Layer_Neural_Network-Vector.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_973", "caption": "A rat undergoing a Morris water navigation test used in behavioral neuroscience to study the role of the hippocampus in spatial learning and memory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-MorrisWaterMaze.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_974", "caption": "Phineas P. Gage survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, but the injury altered his personality and behavior. [ 269 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Phineas_gage_-_1868_skull_diagram.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_975", "caption": "Breakdown of objects into geons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/331px-Breakdown_of_objects_into_Geons.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_976", "caption": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes , in De homine (1662), claimed that non-human animals could be explained reductively as automata ; meaning essentially as more mechanically complex versions of this Digesting Duck .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Digesting_Duck.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_977", "caption": "Schematic of implied motion trial. Rectangle appears for 250 ms, followed by a blank screen for 250 ms (here slightly transparent so previous rectangle is visible). Subsequent orientations are rotated by 17\u00b0, with test probes rotations sampled between 0 and up to \u00b18\u00b0. Task is to determine whether third and fourth orientations were identical. People typically incorrectly identify forward probes as being identical, suggesting they have continued the implied motion of the rectangle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Rm_implied_event_diagram.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_978", "caption": "Rubik's cube puzzle involving mental rotation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Rubik%27s_cube_2.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_979", "caption": "Triadic Causation Model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Triadic_Causation_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_980", "caption": "Figure 1: Spectrograms of syllables \"dee\" (top), \"dah\" (middle), and \"doo\" (bottom) showing how the onset formant transitions that define perceptually the consonant [d] differ depending on the identity of the following vowel. ( Formants are highlighted by red dotted lines; transitions are the bending beginnings of the formant trajectories.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Spectrograms_of_syllables_dee_dah_doo.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_981", "caption": "Figure 2: A spectrogram of the phrase \"I owe you\". There are no clearly distinguishable boundaries between speech sounds.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Spectrogram_of_I_owe_you.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_982", "caption": "Figure 3: The left panel shows the 3 peripheral American English vowels /i/ , /\u0251/ , and /u/ in a standard F1 by F2 plot (in Hz). The mismatch between male, female, and child values is apparent. In the right panel formant distances (in Bark ) rather than absolute values are plotted using the normalization procedure proposed by Syrdal and Gopal in 1986. [ 11 ] Formant values are taken from Hillenbrand et al. (1995) [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Standard_and_normalized_vowel_space2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_983", "caption": "Figure 4: Example identification (red) and discrimination (blue) functions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Categorization-and-discrimination-curves.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_984", "caption": "Frequency detection by the basilar membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Uncoiled_cochlea_with_basilar_membrane.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_985", "caption": "Mobile phone use while driving", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cell_phone_use_while_driving.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_986", "caption": "\u00c9mile Durkheim", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Emile_Durkheim.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_987", "caption": "Herbert Spencer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Herbert_Spencer.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_988", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-THOG.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_989", "caption": "Situations often arise wherein a decision must be made when the results of each possible choice are uncertain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Blank_Fork.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_990", "caption": "A taxonomy of uncertainty", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/550px-Uncertainty.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_991", "caption": "Bird with earthworm: Shepard gives example of bird using \"generalization,\" based on experience with one previous worm, to decide if another worm is edible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lanius_bucephalus_%28eating_Earthworm%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_992", "caption": "Video frames of the Parallel Bars action category in the UCF-101 dataset [ 1 ] (a) The highest ranking four frames in video temporal attention weights, in which the athlete is performing on the parallel bars; (b) The lowest ranking four frames in video temporal attention weights, in which the athlete is standing on the ground. All weights are predicted by the ATW CNN algorithm. [ 2 ] The highly weighted video frames generally captures the most distinctive movements relevant to the action category.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Video_frames_of_the_Parallel_Bars_action_cat_1ff044aa.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_993", "caption": "ATW CNN architecture. [ 4 ] Three CNN streams are used to process spatial RGB images, temporal optical flow images, and temporal warped optical flow images, respectively. An attention model is employed to assign temporal weights between snippets for each stream/modality. Weighted sum is used to fuse predictions from the three streams/modalities.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-ATW_CNN_architecture.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_994", "caption": "VISUAL THINKING : poster in Turin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-VISUAL_THINKING_manifesto_a_Torino.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_995", "caption": "VVIQ correlations with Bilateral Hippocampal Volume, Amygdala Volume, Volume of the Primary Motor Cortex, of the Primary Visual Cortex and of the Fusiform Gyrus. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/295px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_996", "caption": "Each card has a number on one side and color on the other. Which card or cards must be turned over to test the idea that if a card shows an even number on one face, then its opposite face is blue?", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Wason_selection_task_cards.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_997", "caption": "Each card has an age on one side and a drink on the other. Which card(s) must be turned over to test the idea that if you are drinking alcohol, then you must be over 18?", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Wason_selection_task_cards_-_drinking_varian_62bdd0ee.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_998", "caption": "A sticker in German warning that the reader is being \"video monitored\". Even just the presence of an eye symbol on a sticker can be enough to change a person's behavior.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hinweisaufkleber_videoueberwacht.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_999", "caption": "Diversity of neuronal morphologies in the auditory cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cajal_actx_inter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1000", "caption": "IBRO Neuroscience Reports Journal cover", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-IBRO_Neuroscience_Reports.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1001", "caption": "The main portico of University College London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-UCL_Portico_Building.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1002", "caption": "A crab-eating macaque using a stone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Macaca_fascicularis_aurea_using_a_stone_tool_74609eef.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1003", "caption": "Adriaen van Ostade , \"Analysis\" (1666)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Adriaen_Van_Ostade_-_L%27Analyse_-_PDUT921_-_6b29b671.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1004", "caption": "A clinical chemistry analyzer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Clinical_Chemistry_Analyzer_%2C_%D0%9A%D0%BB_19d4d3fc.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1005", "caption": "The cerebral cortex is responsible for analytical thinking in the human brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1006", "caption": "Doctor using abductive reasoning to diagnose a man with diabetes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Satirical_scene_with_doctor_diagnosing_man_w_12bf1878.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1007", "caption": "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. providing a speech to 250,000 people during the Civil Rights March in Washington D.C. exemplifies verbal communication", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/289px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28_0b36574d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1008", "caption": "Dancing is a common expressionist form of human non-verbal communication.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/288px-Phenakistoscope_3g07690d.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1009", "caption": "Example of sales forecasting, a form of predictive analysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/299px-Itanium_Sales_Forecasts_edit.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1010", "caption": "Areas of the brain that stimulated during actions of creativity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/436px-Brain_network_dynamics_in_creativity.webp.pn_3e610db4.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1011", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/450px-Kleurenbalk.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1012", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/450px-Dobbelsteenbalk.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1013", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/450px-Posities.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1014", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bullies.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1015", "caption": "Raymond B. Cattell : British-American psychologist", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/94px-Raymond_Cattell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1016", "caption": "John Leonard Horn: American psychologist", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/91px-Picture_of_John_L_Horn.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1017", "caption": "Carroll's Three Stratum Model of Human Intelligence: General intelligence (g) fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), general memory and learning (Gy), broad visual perception (Gv), broad auditory perception (Gu), broad retrieval ability (Gr), broad cognitive speediness (Gs), and processing speed (Gt).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/713px-Carroll_three_stratum_model_of_human_Intelli_aa48da62.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1018", "caption": "Samuel Reshevsky playing chess with Douglas Fairbanks , as Charlie Chaplin watches them during filming of the American silent film The Three Musketeers , 1921", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Fairbanks_Chaplin_Reshevsky_1921.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1019", "caption": "13-year-old Magnus Carlsen formally playing against 35-year-old Ivan Sokolov , 2004", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Magnus_Carlsen_versus_Ivan_Sokolov.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1020", "caption": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , a well-known child prodigy, started composing at the age of five.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Portrait_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_at_the_a_104bf1f2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1021", "caption": "Note: Illustrative graph only \u2013 not based on actual data points, but representative of established research on the relationship between IQ and Bipolar Disorders. Please refer to Gale [ 31 ] for further information.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Relationship_between_Bipolar_Disorders_and_I_dae556fc.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1022", "caption": "Note: Illustrative graph only \u2013 not based on actual data points, but accurate to trends previously established between alcohol consumption and national IQ. For actual data points please refer to Belasen and Hafer 2013 publication. [ 51 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Alcohol_IQ_Graph.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1023", "caption": "Cognitive process subtests in the CAS battery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Cas-structure.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1024", "caption": "Declarative knowledge can be expressed using declarative sentences stored in books.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Latin_dictionary.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1025", "caption": "The main components traditionally associated with knowledge are belief, truth, and justification.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Justified_true_belief.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1026", "caption": "Foundationalism, coherentism, and infinitism are theories about how justification arises. The black arrows symbolize how one belief supports another belief.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Foundationalism%2C_coherentism%2C_infinitism_e3c10a63.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1027", "caption": "The thought experiments by Edmund Gettier influenced many epistemologists to seek additional components of declarative knowledge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Edmund_L_Gettier_III_ca_1960s_umass.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1028", "caption": "Knowing how to play the guitar is one form of non-declarative knowledge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-A_man_playing_with_the_Guitar_in_Northern_Gh_150ad5a2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1029", "caption": "Familiarity with the flavor of chocolate is one example of knowledge by acquaintance, which belongs to non-declarative knowledge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Young_boy_eating_chocolate_egg.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1030", "caption": "A lot of knowledge taught at school is declarative knowledge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Seiun_lesson.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1031", "caption": "Chimpanzee mother and baby", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Chimpanzee_mom_and_baby.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1032", "caption": "Drawing of Acheulean handaxe from Spain from front, back, side, and top profile", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Acheulean_handaxe.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1033", "caption": "Stone tools from the Paleolithic Period , also known as the Stone Age, are indicative of cognitive advancements throughout human evolutionary history.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lower_Palaeolithic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1034", "caption": "\" The Lion-man \", found in the Hohlenstein-Stadel cave of Germany's Swabian Alb and dated to 40,000 years ago, is associated with the Aurignacian culture and is the oldest known anthropomorphic animal figurine in the world.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Lion_man_photo.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1035", "caption": "Motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex; dashed areas shown are commonly left hemisphere dominant.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/284px-Blausen_0102_Brain_Motor%26Sensory.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1036", "caption": "Correlations between mental tests", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Chabris2007a.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1037", "caption": "An illustration of Spearman's two-factor intelligence theory. Each small oval is a hypothetical mental test. The blue areas correspond to test-specific variance ( s ), while the purple areas represent the variance attributed to g .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-SpearmanFactors.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1038", "caption": "An illustration of John B. Carroll 's three stratum theory , an influential contemporary model of cognitive abilities. The broad abilities recognized by the model are fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), general memory and learning (Gy), broad visual perception (Gv), broad auditory perception (Gu), broad retrieval ability (Gr), broad cognitive speediness (Gs), and processing speed (Gt). Carroll regarded the broad abilities as different \"flavors\" of g .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/500px-Carroll_three_stratum_model_of_human_Intelli_91c6b7ad.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1039", "caption": "An illustration of the Jensen box , an apparatus for measuring choice reaction time", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Jensen_box.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1040", "caption": "VPR model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-VPR_model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1041", "caption": "An encyclopedia is a repository of general knowledge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Enciklopedija_Jugoslavije_1st_ed.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1042", "caption": "Questions drawn from the game Trivial Pursuit have been used in a number of psychological experiments concerning general knowledge. [ 17 ] [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Trivialpursuit_Token.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1043", "caption": "Lewis Terman, founder of the Genetic Studies of Genius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Lewis_Madison_Terman.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1044", "caption": "Srinivasa Ramanujan , a mathematician who is widely regarded as a genius. He made substantial contributions to mathematics despite little formal training. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Srinivasa_Ramanujan_-_OPC_-_2_%28cleaned%29._b5e5da17.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1045", "caption": "Confucius , one of the most influential thinkers of the ancient world [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] and the most famous Chinese philosopher , [ 13 ] is often considered a genius. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Confucius_Tang_Dynasty.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1046", "caption": "Miguel de Cervantes , novelist who is acknowledged as a literary genius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1047", "caption": "Stanley Kubrick , deemed a filmmaking genius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Kubrick_on_the_set_of_Barry_Lyndon_%281975_p_19bfb975.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1048", "caption": "Marie Curie , physicist and chemist cited as a genius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1049", "caption": "Albert Einstein , theoretical physicist who is considered a genius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1050", "caption": "Ibn al-Haytham , a scientist and polymath who is considered a genius [ 40 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Hazan.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1051", "caption": "Leonardo da Vinci is widely acknowledged as having been a genius and a polymath .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_presumed_self-portrait_-_928cc310.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1052", "caption": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , considered a prodigy and musical genius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Croce-Mozart-Detail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1053", "caption": "The Google Books Ngram Viewer indicating a marked decline in use of the word \"genius\" from 1700 to 2022", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Google_Ngram_for_%22genius%22.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1054", "caption": "The intellect comprises the rational and the logical aspects of the human mind.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Paris_-_Playing_chess_at_the_Jardins_du_Luxe_fb53db4a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1055", "caption": "The Structure of Intellect (SI) model organizes intellectual functions in three dimensions: (i) Operations, (ii) Contents, and (iii) Products. (Joy Paul Guilford, 1955)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/375px-Guilford_model.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1056", "caption": "Socrates (c.\u2009470 \u2013 399 BC)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/165px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1057", "caption": "Psychologist Alfred Binet , co-developer of the Stanford\u2013Binet test", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Alfred_Binet.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1058", "caption": "Psychologist Raymond Cattell defined fluid and crystallized intelligence and authored the Cattell Culture Fair III IQ test.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Raymond_Cattell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1059", "caption": "Normalized IQ distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-IQ_distribution.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1060", "caption": "Physicist Stephen Hawking . When asked his IQ, he replied: \"I have no idea. People who boast about their IQ are losers.\" [ 218 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/150px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1061", "caption": "Google Search traffic for the terms aptiquant , browser iq and internet explorer iq between July 28 and August 4", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Googletrends_IE_IQ_hoax.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1062", "caption": "The owl of Athena , a symbol of knowledge in the Western world", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/240px-Tetradrachm_Athens_480-420BC_MBA_Lyon.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1063", "caption": "The definition of knowledge as justified true belief is often discussed in the academic literature.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Justified_true_belief.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1064", "caption": "The Gettier problem is grounded in the idea that some justified true beliefs do not amount to knowledge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/290px-Justified_True_Belief_model_of_knowledge.svg_9e0a753a.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1065", "caption": "Declarative knowledge can be stored in books.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Latin_dictionary.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1066", "caption": "Knowing how to ride a bicycle is one form of non-propositional knowledge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bicycle_ride.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1067", "caption": "Perception relies on the senses to acquire knowledge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Five_Senses.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1068", "caption": "Knowledge by testimony relies on statements given by other people, like the testimony given at a trial.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Borochov-testimony.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1069", "caption": "Pyrrho was one of the first philosophical skeptics.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Philosopher%2C_marble_head%2C_Roman_copy%2C__dab45184.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1070", "caption": "Foundationalism, coherentism, and infinitism are theories of the structure of knowledge. The black arrows symbolize how one belief supports another belief.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Foundationalism%2C_coherentism%2C_infinitism_e3c10a63.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1071", "caption": "Los portadores de la antorcha (The Torch-Bearers) \u2013 sculpture by Anna Hyatt Huntington symbolizing the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next ( Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Los_portadores_de_la_antorcha.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1072", "caption": "The value of knowledge plays a key role in education for deciding which knowledge to pass on to the students.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1073", "caption": "The invention of the printing press in the 15th century greatly expanded access to written materials.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Printing_machine_of_Johanes_Gutenbrg1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1074", "caption": "Saraswati is the goddess of knowledge and the arts in Hinduism.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Saraswati_-_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1075", "caption": "American students learning how to make and roll sushi", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Cooking_contest_140418-N-OX321-101.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1076", "caption": "Children learn to bike in the eighties in Czechoslovakia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Children_competition_on_side_wheels_in_the_e_f747bb04.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1077", "caption": "A depiction of the world's oldest continually operating university, the University of Bologna , Italy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Laurentius_de_Voltolina_001.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1078", "caption": "Future school (1901 or 1910)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-France_in_XXI_Century._School.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1079", "caption": "Learning Pyramid or Cone of Learning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Edgar_Dale%27s_cone_of_learning.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1080", "caption": "Need for Cognition is associated with deep thought", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The_Thinker_Rodin_Phila.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1081", "caption": "This diagram shows the medieval understanding of spheres of the cosmos , derived from Aristotle , and as per the standard explanation by Ptolemy . It came to be understood that at least the outermost sphere (marked \" Prim\u0169 Mobile \") has its own intellect, intelligence or nous \u00a0\u2013 a cosmic equivalent to the human mind.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Ptolemaicsystem-small.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1082", "caption": "The earliest surviving text that uses the word nous is the Iliad . Agamemnon says to Achilles : \"Do not thus, mighty though you are, godlike Achilles, seek to deceive me with your wit ( nous ); for you will not get by me nor persuade me.\" [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Anger_of_Achilles__71e75026.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1083", "caption": "Anaxagoras", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Anaxagoras_Lebiedzki_Rahl.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1084", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-The_PASS_Theory_of_Intelligence.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1085", "caption": "The Scholar and His Books by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/240px-Gerbrand_van_den_Eeckhout_003.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1086", "caption": "Girl scouts compete in the USS California Science Experience at Naval Surface Warfare Center Corona Division.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-US_Navy_101106-N-8863V-113_Girl_Scouts_compe_18fa52da.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1087", "caption": "Examples of figures from mental rotation tests", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Mental_rotation_task_%28diagram%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1088", "caption": "A man playing a video game at the Japan Media Arts Festival. Spatial abilities can be affected by experiences such as playing action video games, complicating research on sex differences in spatial abilities.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ars_Electronica_Festival_2009_-_Japan_Media__9c1d11be.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1089", "caption": "Artificial intelligence, especially foundation models , has made rapid progress, surpassing human capabilities in various benchmarks .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/370px-Test_scores_of_AI_systems_on_various_capabil_e5df8bef.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1090", "caption": "Carroll's three-stratum model. Key: fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), general memory and learning (Gy), broad visual perception (Gv), broad auditory perception (Gu), broad retrieval ability (Gr), broad cognitive speediness (Gs), and processing speed (Gt). Carroll regarded the broad abilities as different \"flavors\" of g .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/500px-Carroll_three_stratum_model_of_human_Intelli_91c6b7ad.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1091", "caption": "Schematic illustrating one trial of each stimulus pool in the Sternberg task: letter, word, object, spatial, grating", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Schematic_illustrating_one_trial_of_each_sti_86ae58c0.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1092", "caption": "People high in typical intellectual engagement particularly enjoy deep thought.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-The_Thinker%2C_Rodin.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1093", "caption": "Two distribution curves with identical means but different variabilities. The curve with the greater variability (green) yields higher values in both the lowest and highest ends of the range.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-NormalDist.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1094", "caption": "Verbal perceptual model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Verbal_perceptual_model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1095", "caption": "Echolocation in bats is one model system in neuroethology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Neuroethology_of_bat_echolocation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1096", "caption": "A depiction of the ultrasound signals emitted by a bat, and the echo from a nearby object", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Animal_echolocation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1097", "caption": "Spectrogram of Pipistrellus pipistrellus bat vocalizations during prey approach. The recording covers a total of 1.1\u00a0seconds; lower main frequency c. 45\u00a0kHz (as typical for a common pipistrelle). About 150\u00a0milliseconds before final contact time between and duration of calls are becoming much shorter (\"feeding buzz\"). Corresponding audio file:", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Chirps190918-22s2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1098", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1099", "caption": "Auditory cortex of a bat A \u00a0FM-FM area B \u00a0CF-CF area C \u00a0Amplitude-sensitive area D \u00a0Frequency-sensitive area E \u00a0DSCF area", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Bat_Auditory_Cortex.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1100", "caption": "Diagram illustrating sound generation, propagation and reception in a toothed whale. Outgoing sounds are cyan and incoming ones are green.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Toothed_whale_sound_production.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1101", "caption": "A Palawan swiftlet ( Aerodramus palawanensis ) flies in complete darkness inside the Puerto Princesa subterranean river cave.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Palawan_swiftlet_%28Aerodramus_palawanensis%_cd412972.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1102", "caption": "The especially long tails on the hindwings of the African moon moth , a Saturniid , oscillate in flight, deflecting the hunting bat's attack to the tails and thus enabling the moth to evade capture. [ 94 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Argema_mimosae_male.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1103", "caption": "Wing feathers of a male club-winged manakin , with the modifications noted by P. L. Sclater in 1860 [ 4 ] and discussed by Charles Darwin in 1871. [ 5 ] The bird produces sound with its wings.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PipraWing.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1104", "caption": "The Western Australian raven ( Corvus coronoides , ssp. perplexus ) makes a slow, high-pitched ah-ah-aaaah sound. [ 15 ] Australian raven territorial call \u24d8", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Corvus_coronoides_-Victoria%2C_Australia-8.j_774d8421.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1105", "caption": "A mated pair of white-naped cranes ( Antigone vipio ) performing a \"unison call\", which strengthens the pair bond and provides a territorial warning to other cranes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Grus_vipio_at_the_Bronx_Zoo_006.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1106", "caption": "Song-learning pathway in birds [ 68 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Birdbrain.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1107", "caption": "A timeline for song learning in different species. Diagram adapted from Brainard & Doupe, 2002. [ 88 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Bird_song_development_timeline.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1108", "caption": "Song selectivity in HVCx neurons: neuron activity in response to calls heard (green) and calls produced (red). a. Neurons fire when the primary song type is either heard or sung. b, c. Neurons do not fire in response to the other song type, regardless of whether it is heard or sung. [ 105 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Song_selective_HVCx_neurons.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1109", "caption": "The sonograms of Luscinia luscinia and Luscinia megarhynchos singing help to distinguish these two species by voice definitely.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sonogram_L_luscinia_L_megarhynchos.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1110", "caption": "Sonogram of the call of a laughing dove . Recorded in south India \u24d8", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Little_brown_dove.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1111", "caption": "Animated representation of lobstering.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Caridoid_escape_reaction.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1112", "caption": "The tail-flip escape behavior was first described in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Procambarus_clarkii_top.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1113", "caption": "The moth Bertholdia trigona is one of several moth species known to jam the echolocation of its predator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bertholdiatrigona.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1114", "caption": "Among the electric fishes are electric eels , knifefish capable of generating an electric field , both at low voltage for electrolocation and at high voltage to stun their prey .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/440px-Electric-eel_%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1115", "caption": "The elephantnose fish is a weakly electric fish which generates an electric field with its electric organ, detects small variations in the field with its electroreceptors , and processes the detected signals in the brain to locate nearby objects. [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg._503a134a.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1116", "caption": "Impedance matching in strongly electric fishes. Since seawater conducts far better than freshwater, marine fish operate at much higher currents but lower voltages. [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/570px-Impedance_matching_in_electric_fishes.svg.pn_f2a7d2cb.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1117", "caption": "Anatomy of a strongly electric freshwater fish: the electric eel's three electric organs . The main organ is long, with a stack of many electrocytes in series to provide a high voltage, matching the high impedance of freshwater.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/550px-Electric_eel%27s_electric_organs.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1118", "caption": "An electric ray (Torpediniformes) showing paired electric organs in the head, and electrocytes stacked vertically within it", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Elektroplax_Rochen.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1119", "caption": "When a glass knifefish encounters a neighbour with a closely similar frequency, one fish shifts its frequency upward and the other downward in the jamming avoidance response .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/420px-Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefis_fe2d9cf3.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1120", "caption": "Bufo bufo , the common toad, was used in J\u00f6rg-Peter Ewert's studies of toad form vision", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Common_Toad_-_young_%28aka%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1121", "caption": "Neurons of the optic tectum are integrated in a neural macro-network in which various forebrain structures are involved; see Vision in toads . The prey-selective responses of tectal T5.2 neurons probably result from postsynaptic inhibitory input of pretectal thalamic neurons (cf. lines with terminal dots). Furthermore, there is ample evidence suggesting that retino-tectal glutaminergic transfer is controlled by neuropeptide Y (NPY) \u2014 released from the axonal terminals of pretectal thalamic TH3 neurons \u2014 in a manner of presynaptic inhibition via Y2 receptors. Pretectal influences mediated by NPY are phylogenetically conserved properties in tetrapod vertebrates. (Combined after Ewert 1974 and 2004)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Toad-NPY%272.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1122", "caption": "Eigenmannia virescens is a weakly electric fish which produces continuous electric discharges.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Eigenmannia_virescens-head.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1123", "caption": "Two neighboring Eigenmannia perform the jamming avoidance response: When two fish with around the same frequency meet, one fish shifts its frequency upward and the other shifts its frequency downward.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/550px-Jamming_avoidance_response_in_glass_knifefis_45869045.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1124", "caption": "The African knifefish also has a jamming avoidance response, evolved convergently .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gymnarchus_niloticus005.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1125", "caption": "Eigenmannia sensory coding for jamming avoidance response. The fish avoids interference with its electrolocation signal by changing its frequency when a jamming signal is detected. This is mediated by a T-unit tuberous receptor which fires at the signal frequency, and a P-unit tuberous receptor which fires fastest near the peak of the beat cycle caused by the interference of two signals with similar frequencies.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/330px-Eigenmannia_sensory_coding_for_jamming_avoid_9fef4da7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1126", "caption": "A knollenorgan drawn by the German anatomist Viktor Franz, 1921. RC=receptor cell; b.m.= basal membrane; n=nerve. Line at top=skin surface. [ 1 ] The organ is embedded in the skin of mormyrid fishes, which actively electrolocate by generating brief electrical pulses with their electric organ . The returns from the pulses, distorted by any nearby objects such as prey, are detected by the knollenorgans distributed around the fish's body.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Knollenorgan_by_Viktor_Franz_1921.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1127", "caption": "Thermus aquaticus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Thermus_aquaticus.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1128", "caption": "Tyto alba , the Barn Owl", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Tyto_alba_close_up.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1129", "caption": "Ephaptic inhibition at the mauthner axon cap by PHP cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/200px-Mauthner_Cell_axon_cap_schematic.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1130", "caption": "Neural oscillatory output", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-SimulationNeuralOscillations.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1131", "caption": "Human brain regions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Vertebrate-brain-regions.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1132", "caption": "Spinal cord segment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Anatomy_and_physiology_of_animals_The_spinal_d3807dcb.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1133", "caption": "Basic Neuron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Derived_Neuron_schema_with_no_labels.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1134", "caption": "Basic feedback loop", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Feedback_Loop.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1135", "caption": "Different types of religious symbols", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-P_religion_world.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1136", "caption": "U.S. Capitol \u2013 oil painting by Allyn Cox \u2013 The Monroe Doctrine (1823), plus a quote from President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1940).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_The_Monroe_Doctrine%2C__e7a20630.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1137", "caption": "A mother taking care of her child by feeding them.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-A_mother_feeding_her_child.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1138", "caption": "Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw introducing her concept of intersectionality at one of her lectures", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw_Laura_Flanders_2017.p_943ddf28.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1139", "caption": "Honey bee ( Apis mellifera )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Apis_mellifera_-_Senecio_paludosus_-_Keila.j_d6146cfc.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1140", "caption": "The round dance uses the position of the sun to indicate the direction from the hive to the food source in the same way that the waggle dance does.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bee_dance.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1141", "caption": "The sexual dimorphism in Bibionidae eyes is prominent, with the large dorsal eyes of the male (left) entirely absent in the female (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-BibionidaeEyes.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1142", "caption": "Duplex theory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sound_localization_in_a_living_room.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1143", "caption": "HRTF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-HRTF.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1144", "caption": "HRIR", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Hrir_sintesi_binaurale.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1145", "caption": "Sound localization with manikin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Research04_img_00L.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1146", "caption": "Eurasian eagle-owl in Poland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bubo_bubo_winter_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1147", "caption": "Parallel processing pathways in the brain for time and level for sound localization in the owl", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Owl_sound_localization_parallel_processing_i_7868b394.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1148", "caption": "Most research on the detection of surface waves has been done on the striped panchax , Aplocheilus lineatus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Aplocheilus_lineatus_Day.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1149", "caption": "Capillary wave ripples on Lifjord in \u00d8ksnes Municipality , Norway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ripples_Lifjord.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1150", "caption": "A male shows the typical hunting stance of the fishing spider, Dolomedes minor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Male_Nursery_Web_Spider.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1151", "caption": "The waggle dance - the direction the bee moves in relation to the hive indicates direction; if it moves vertically the direction to the source is directly towards the Sun. The duration of the waggle part of the dance signifies the distance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Bee_dance.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1152", "caption": "Figure-eight-shaped waggle dance of the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ). A waggle run oriented 45\u00b0 to the right of \u2018up\u2019 on the vertical comb (A) indicates a food source 45\u00b0 to the right of the direction of the sun outside the hive (B). The abdomen of the dancer appears blurred because of the rapid motion from side to side.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Waggle_dance.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1153", "caption": "Workers of Apis mellifera carnica on honeycomb", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/180px-Apis_mellifera_carnica_worker_honeycomb_3.jp_0b007f6e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1154", "caption": "G\u00fcnther K.H. Zupanc", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-G%C3%BCnther_K.H._Zupanc.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1155", "caption": "G\u00fcnther Zupanc with German minister Svenja Schulze in Berlin in 2015", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Svenja_Schulze_and_G%C3%BCnther_K.H._Zupanc._a5d37109.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1156", "caption": "G\u00fcnther K.H. Zupanc (left) and Olaf Scholz (right), Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, in the city hall of Bremen in 2024", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-G%C3%BCnther_K.H._Zupanc_and_Chancellor_Olaf_ed331748.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1157", "caption": "Neural stem cell (radial glia) shown in green", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/283px-Neural_stem_cell.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1158", "caption": "Schematic of the brain areas that are part of the songbird song system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/441px-Passerine_brain_vocal_learning.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1159", "caption": "Schematic of avian hippocampus formation, containing the ventral dorsomedial region (DMv), the dorsal dorsomedial region (DMs), the triangular region (Tr) and the V-shaped region, divided into lateral (Vl) and medial (Vm).(Adapted from Barnea et al., 2012) [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/326px-Avian_hippocampus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1160", "caption": "Structure of VEGFA trophic factor.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/435px-Protein_VEGFA_PDB_1bj1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1161", "caption": "Figure 4: Male zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata), an example of a sensitive period learner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/247px-Taeniopygia_guttata_-Karratha%2C_Pilbara%2C__1e2ed19e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1162", "caption": "Schematic of seasonal fluctuations of testosterone levels in the HVC and how they modulates survival of newborn RA projecting HVC neurons.(Adapted from Brenowitz and Larson, 2015 [ 10 ] )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/467px-Image_for_seasonality.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1163", "caption": "Male canary ( Serinus canaria) , an example of an open-ended learner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/248px-Serinus_canaria_-Parque_Rural_del_Nublo%2C_G_b76fae8c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1164", "caption": "Example of BrdU staining (in green) of radial glia cells expressing doublecortin (DCX - in blue)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/447px-BrdU_staining_%28green%29_of_radial_glia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1165", "caption": "Structure of the DCX protein", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/326px-Protein_DCX_PDB_1mjd.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1166", "caption": "Aplysia egg mass", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Aplysia_eggs_by_Nick_Longrich.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1167", "caption": "An Aplysia fasciata (above) and a couple of Aplysia punctata (below) grazing in a tide pool in P\u00f3voa de Varzim , Portugal .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Species_of_sea_hare_in_Povoa_de_Varzim.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1168", "caption": "Movement of wild-type", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/CrawlingCelegans.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1169", "caption": "Lateral (left) side of an adult-stage hermaphrodite", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Caenorhabditis_elegans_hermaphrodite_adult-e_7779a8d7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1170", "caption": "Tissues of an adult C. \u00a0 elegans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-C_elegans_tissues.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1171", "caption": "Size and morphology of different C. \u00a0 elegans cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-C_elegans_cell_and_nucleus_sizes.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1172", "caption": "Anatomical diagram of a male C. elegans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-C_elegans_male.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1173", "caption": "C. elegans under a microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Nematode_Caenorhabditis_Elegans_%28cropped%2_d34faae8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1174", "caption": "Once he recognizes a hermaphrodite worm, the male nematode begins tracing the hermaphrodite with his tail until he reaches the vulval region. The male then probes the region with his spicules to locate the vulva, inserts them, and releases sperm. [ 27 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Male_Mating.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1175", "caption": "C. elegans embryonic development", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossy-page1-220px-C._elegans_embryo_development.ti_637ce504.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1176", "caption": "Anatomy and scale of C. elegans developmental stages", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-C_elegans_developmental_stages.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1177", "caption": "Life cycle and developmental stages of C. elegans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-C_elegans_life_cycle.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1178", "caption": "Wild-type C. elegans hermaphrodite stained with the fluorescent dye Texas Red to highlight the nuclei of all cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-C_elegans_stained.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1179", "caption": "C. elegans hermaphrodite", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1180", "caption": "C. elegans adult with GFP coding sequence inserted into a histone-encoding gene by Cas9 -triggered homologous recombination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-C._elegans.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1181", "caption": "Droppings from a Manduca sexta larva", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/233px-Manduca_sexta_droppings.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1182", "caption": "Stages of zebrafish development. Photos to scale except adult, which is about 2.5\u00a0cm (1\u00a0in) long.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossless-page1-260px-Zebrafish_Developmental_Stage_5ed3c71a.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1183", "caption": "A leopard danio", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Leopard_danio_%28cropped%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1184", "caption": "Zebrafish chromatophores , shown here mediating background adaptation , are widely studied by scientists.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/170px-Zfishchroma.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1185", "caption": "A zebrafish pigment mutant (bottom) produced by insertional mutagenesis . [ 10 ] A wild-type embryo (top) is shown for comparison. The mutant lacks black pigment in its melanocytes because it is unable to synthesize melanin properly.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Zebrafish_embryos.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1186", "caption": "FDA research used Zebrafish to show the effects of ketamine on neurological development.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Zebrafish_Make_a_Splash_in_FDA_Research_%288_265d89da.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1187", "caption": "The development of a single zebrafish retina captured on a light sheet microscope approx. every 12 hours from 1.5 days to 3.5 days after birth of the embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/lossy-page1-400px-Development_of_the_retina.tif.jp_2d0dcda7.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1188", "caption": "The classic Identity theory and anomalous monism in contrast. For the Identity theory, every token instantiation of a single mental type corresponds (as indicated by the arrows) to a physical token of a single physical type. Hence there is type-identity. For anomalous monism, the token-token correspondences can fall outside of the type-type correspondences. The result is token identity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Anomalous_Monism.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1189", "caption": "The classical Cartesian model of the mind under which body, world, perception and action are understood as independent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cartesian_Cognitive_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1190", "caption": "The embodied cognitive model of the mind under which body, world, perception and action are dynamically related with each other", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dynamical_Embodied_Model_of_Cognition.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1191", "caption": "A timeline graph reconstructing historically relevant developments and key contributions that influenced the growth of embodied cognition. To the left are the years in descending order. The legend on the top-right corner indicates how to interpret the connections made.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Timeline_history_of_embodied_cognition_06.10_89dfb467.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1192", "caption": "The scope of embodied cognition and the intertwined relationship that arise between the sciences", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-The_scope_of_embodied_cognition_06.10.2021.p_fdbefd64.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1193", "caption": "The applications of embodied cognition and artificial intelligence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-This_diagram_shows_the_applications_of_embod_553b7706.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1194", "caption": "Example of the \" change blindness \" illusion. These two alternating images contain several differences that most people struggle to find right away. It emphasizes the fact that perception is active and demands attention.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Change_blindness_illusion.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1195", "caption": "Demonstration of dynamic depictive gestures for the Triangle conjecture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-41235_2016_40_Fig1_HTML.webp.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1196", "caption": "Response times for the positive, negative, and neutral valence conditions in the approach and avoidance experiment. Participants were significantly faster for the \"positive toward\" condition regardless of the central word's valence.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Van_Dantzig_et_al._table.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1197", "caption": "The approach and avoidance task. The top image depicts the zooming-out effect for avoidance and the bottom image the zooming-in effect for approach (as indicated by the arrows on the computer screen). The smaller images exemplify the approach and avoidance task performed by participants when using either the response pad or the joystick.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Approach_and_avoidance_task.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1198", "caption": "Results from a social embodied cognition study that illustrate the relationship between positive emotions, observed behavioral synchrony, and embodied rapport [ 149 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Embodied_Rapport.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1199", "caption": "Visual Perspective Taking. VDP1 : From his perspective, the ball is not visible. VDP2: The woodpile is on the left of the tree. [ 152 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Perspectivetaking.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1200", "caption": "The Mathematics Imagery Trainer for Proportion. A tool to help students learn proportion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-The_Mathematics_Imagery_Trainer_for_Proporti_5a79bb34.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1201", "caption": "An Atlas robot connecting a hose to a pipe in a Gazebo computer simulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Atlas_connecting_a_hose.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1202", "caption": "An Atlas robot climbing into a vehicle. The image was recreated in a Gazebo computer simulation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Atlas_climbing_into_a_vehicle.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1203", "caption": "The experience of the phantom limb illusion , which occurs after a limb has been amputated", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Phantom-limb-illusion.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1204", "caption": "Chalmers on stage for an Alan Turing Year event at De La Salle University , Manila, 27 March 2012", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/265px-David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_d602b261.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1205", "caption": "The hard problem is often illustrated by appealing to the logical possibility of inverted visible spectra. If there is no logical contradiction in supposing that one's colour vision could be inverted, it follows that mechanistic explanations of visual processing do not determine facts about what it is like to see colours.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-Inverted_qualia_of_colour_strawberry.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1206", "caption": "A diagram showing the relationship between various views concerning the relationship between consciousness and the physical world", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Dualism-vs-Monism.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1207", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Autonomic_and_Somatic_Nervous_System.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1208", "caption": "Structure of a typical neuron with Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/310px-Neuron.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1209", "caption": "Diagram showing the major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/380px-NSdiagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1210", "caption": "Horizontal section of the head of an adult female human, showing skin, skull, and brain with gray matter (brown in this image) and underlying white matter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Visible_Human_head_slice.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1211", "caption": "Nervous system of a bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a \"brain\" at the front", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1212", "caption": "Area of the human body surface innervated by each spinal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/125px-Gray797.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1213", "caption": "Earthworm nervous system. Top: side view of the front of the worm. Bottom: nervous system in isolation, viewed from above", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Earthworm_nervous_system.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1214", "caption": "Internal anatomy of a spider, showing the nervous system in blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Spider_internal_anatomy-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1215", "caption": "Simplified diagram of the mollusc nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gastropod_nervous_system.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1216", "caption": "Major elements in synaptic transmission. An electrochemical wave called an action potential travels along the axon of a neuron . When the wave reaches a synapse , it provokes release of a small amount of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to chemical receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1217", "caption": "Illustration of pain pathway, from Ren\u00e9 Descartes 's Treatise of Man", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Descartes-reflex.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1218", "caption": "Simplified schema of basic nervous system function: signals are picked up by sensory receptors and sent to the spinal cord and brain, where processing occurs that results in signals sent back to the spinal cord and then out to motor neurons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/400px-Nervous_system_organization_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1219", "caption": "Human embryo, showing neural groove", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Gray17.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1220", "caption": "Four stages in the development of the neural tube in the human embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/425px-Development_of_the_neural_tube.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1221", "caption": "Layers protecting the brain and spinal cord", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/267px-CNS_protection.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1222", "caption": "Axial section of the Brainstem (Pons) at the level of the Facial Colliculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-Pons_section_at_facial_colliculus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1223", "caption": "The Clivus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/210px-Clivus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1224", "caption": "Limitation of abduction of the right eye. This individual tries to look to his right, but the right eye fails to turn to the side.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Abducens_palsy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1225", "caption": "The accessory nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Ner_d49fc9f6.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1226", "caption": "Right chorda tympani nerve, viewed from lateral side", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Chorda_tympani_nerve.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1227", "caption": "Binocular geometry. The absolute disparity is the angle between visual lines that intersect at a given point. The relative disparity is the difference between the absolute disparity of 2 points. The Vieth\u2013M\u00fcller circle, or horizontal geometrical horopter, is the set of points that have 0-relative disparity to fixation (thus the same absolute disparity as fixation). Geometrically this is a circle passing through the nodal point of the 2 eyes and through fixation. The empirical horopter, measured according to a given criterion such as identical visual directions in the 2 eyes, does not fall on the geometrical horopter. It is concave as short fixation distances, flat at the abathic distance and then convex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Horopters.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1228", "caption": "Schematic image of the hypoglossal nerve and innervation targets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Lawrence_1960_17.26.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1229", "caption": "An injured hypoglossal nerve will cause the tongue to waste away and the tongue will not be able to stick out straight. The injury here occurred because of branchial cyst surgery. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Unilateral_hypoglossal_nerve_injury.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1230", "caption": "Motor nerves wrapped in endoneurium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/311px-Hand-book_of_physiology_%281892%29_%28147421_35698d69.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1231", "caption": "Neural stem cells seen in green", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-%22Forest_of_memory%22.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1232", "caption": "Normal Brain Development (left), Microcephaly, a type of encephalopathy (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Microcephaly.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1233", "caption": "Human embryonic stem colonies (A), axonal outgrowths (B)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Human_embryonic_stem_cells.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1234", "caption": "Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESCs) embryoid bodies (EBs)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-MESC_EBs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1235", "caption": "Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and organisation of the nervous system. Pictured here is a cross-section showing the gross anatomy of the human brain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Sobo_1909_624.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1236", "caption": "J. M. Bourgery 's anatomy of the brain, brainstem, and upper spinal column", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Bourgery_Neuroanatomie.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1237", "caption": "Para-sagittal MRI of the head in a patient with benign familial macrocephaly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_wi_04c32ecf.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1238", "caption": "Nervous system of a generic bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a \"brain\" at the front", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1239", "caption": "A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina. The white circle is the beginning of the optic nerve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Fundus_photograph_of_normal_left_eye.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1240", "caption": "The visual system and the somatosensory system are active even during resting state fMRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-RestingStateModels.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1241", "caption": "Activation and response in the sensory nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/280px-1212_Sensory_Neuron_Test_Water.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1242", "caption": "The human eye is the first element of a sensory system : in this case, vision , for the visual system .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/100px-Eye_iris.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1243", "caption": "Human ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/100px-Earcov.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1244", "caption": "Human nose", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/100px-Hump_nose2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1245", "caption": "Human tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/100px-Tongue.agr.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1246", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year for sense organ diseases per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2002. [ 29 ] \u00a0 \u00a0no data \u00a0 \u00a0less than 200 \u00a0 \u00a0200-400 \u00a0 \u00a0400-600 \u00a0 \u00a0600-800 \u00a0 \u00a0800-1000 \u00a0 \u00a01000-1200 \u00a0 \u00a01200-1400 \u00a0 \u00a01400-1600 \u00a0 \u00a01600-1800 \u00a0 \u00a01800-2000 \u00a0 \u00a02000-2300 \u00a0 \u00a0more than 2300", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/260px-Sense_organ_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2_774f3cce.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1247", "caption": "This figure depicts an example of combination of a forward model and an inverse model. Here the reference input is the target sensory state that controller (inverse model) will use to compute a motor command. The plant ( motor unit ) acts out the motor command which results in a new sensory state. This new sensory state can be compared to the state predicted by the forward model to obtain an error signal. This error signal can be used to correct the internal model or the current movement.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/500px-Basic_Internal_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1248", "caption": "Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gray784.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1249", "caption": "Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Trig_innervation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1250", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/Sensory_Pathways_III.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1251", "caption": "C = Cervical segment, S = Sacral segment, VPL = Ventral posterolateral nucleus , SI = Primary somatosensory cortex , VM = Ventromedial prefrontal cortex , MD = Medial dorsal thalamic nucleus , IL = Intralaminar nucleus , VPM = Ventral posteromedial nucleus , Main V = Main trigeminal nucleus , Spinal V = Spinal trigeminal nucleus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/600px-Touch_Pain_Pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1252", "caption": "Brainstem nuclei: Red = Motor; Blue = Sensory; Dark blue = Trigeminal nucleus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gray696_Trigeminal.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1253", "caption": "Onion-skin distribution of the trigeminal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Onionskinddistribution.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1254", "caption": "Cortical homunculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/250px-Sensory_Homunculus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1255", "caption": "The Cavernous Sinus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Gray571.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1256", "caption": "Vagus nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Slide6rom.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1257", "caption": "Vagus nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Slide1EBA.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1258", "caption": "H&E stained fibers of the vagus nerve (bottom right) innervate the sinoatrial node tissue (middle left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Sinoatrial_node_high_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1259", "caption": "Human vestibular system of the semicircular canals in the inner ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Vertigo.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1260", "caption": "Cochlea and vestibular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cochlea_and_vestibular_system.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1261", "caption": "Push-pull system of the semicircular canals, for a horizontal head movement to the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Vestibular_PushPull.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1262", "caption": "The vestibulo-ocular reflex. A rotation of the head is detected, which triggers an inhibitory signal to the extraocular muscles on one side and an excitatory signal to the muscles on the other side. The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Simple_vestibulo-ocular_reflex.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1263", "caption": "Neural pathway of the vestibular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Vestibular_balance_system.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1264", "caption": "Visual cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/350px-Visual_cycle.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1265", "caption": "Representation of molecular steps in photoactivation (modified from Leskov et al., 2000 [ 4 ] ). Depicted is an outer membrane disk in a rod. Step 1 : Incident photon (h\u03bd) is absorbed and activates a rhodopsin (likewise photopsin ) by conformational change in the disk membrane to R*. Step 2 : Next, R* makes repeated contacts with transducin molecules, catalyzing its activation to G* by the release of bound GDP in exchange for cytoplasmic GTP, which expels its \u03b2 and \u03b3 subunits. Step 3 : G* binds inhibitory \u03b3 subunits of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) activating its \u03b1 and \u03b2 subunits. Step 4 : Activated PDE hydrolyzes cGMP. Step 5 : Guanylyl cyclase (GC) synthesizes cGMP, the second messenger in the phototransduction cascade. Reduced levels of cytosolic cGMP cause cyclic nucleotide gated channels to close preventing further influx of Na + and Ca 2+ .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/500px-Phototransduction.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1266", "caption": "The absorption of light leads to an isomeric change in the retinal molecule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1267", "caption": "3D reconstruction of five cortical columns in rat vibrissal cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Cortical_Columns.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1268", "caption": "Default mode network connectivity. This image shows main regions of the default mode network (yellow) and connectivity between the regions color-coded by structural traversing direction (xyz \u2192 rgb). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Default_Mode_Network_Connectivity.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1269", "caption": "Graphs of the dynamic development of correlations between brain networks. (A) In children the regions are largely local and are organized by their physical location; the frontal regions are highlighted in light blue. (B) In adults the networks become highly correlated despite their physical distance; the default network is highlighted in light red. [ 24 ] This result is now believed to have been confounded by artifactual processes attributable to the tendency of younger subjects to move more during image acquisition, which preferentially inflates estimates of connectivity between physically proximal regions (Power 2012, Satterthwaite 2012).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Default-network-graph-maturation.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1270", "caption": "Simplified diagram of frontal cortex to striatum to thalamus pathways.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/450px-Basalganglien.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1271", "caption": "3D Vizualization of the Galves\u2013L\u00f6cherbach model simulating the spiking of 4000 neurons (4 layers with one population of inhibitory neurons and one population of excitatory neurons each) in 180 time intervals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-GalvesLocherbach_-_Low_resolution.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1272", "caption": "Illustration of the general Galves-L\u00f6cherbach model for a neuronal network of 7 neurons, with indices \n \n \n \n I \n = \n { \n 1 \n , \n 2 \n , \n \u2026 \n , \n 7 \n } \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I=\\{1,2,\\ldots ,7\\}} \n \n . The matrix of 0s and 1s represents the firing history \n \n \n \n X \n [ \n \u2212 \n \u221e \n \n \n \n : \n \n \n \n t \n ] \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X[-\\infty \\,{\\mathrel {:}}\\,t]} \n \n up to some time \n \n \n \n t \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t} \n \n , where row \n \n \n \n i \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i} \n \n shows the firings of neuron \n \n \n \n i \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i} \n \n . The rightmost column shows \n \n \n \n \n X \n \n i \n \n \n [ \n t \n \u2212 \n 1 \n ] \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}[t-1]} \n \n . The blue digit indicates the last firing of neuron 3 before time \n \n \n \n t \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t} \n \n , which occurred in the time step between \n \n \n \n \n \u03c4 \n \n 3 \n \n \n [ \n t \n ] \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{3}[t]} \n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \u03c4 \n \n 3 \n \n \n [ \n t \n ] \n + \n 1 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{3}[t]+1} \n \n . The blue frame encloses all firing events that influence the probability of neuron 3 firing in the step from \n \n \n \n t \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t} \n \n to \n \n \n \n t \n + \n 1 \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t+1} \n \n (blue arrow and empty blue box). The red details indicate the corresponding concepts for neuron 6.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/550px-GL-bitstreams.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1273", "caption": "Figure 1. Neuron anatomy for network model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Caption_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1274", "caption": "Figure 2 Types of brain connectivity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Figure_2-Types_of_brain_connectivity.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1275", "caption": "Figure 4(a)Basic telecommunication network", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Figure_4%28a%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1276", "caption": "Figure 4(b)Basic MLP technology model Figure 4. Telecommunication network and neural network topologies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Figure_4_%28b%29_Basic_MLP_technology_model._9cef8007.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1277", "caption": "Figure 5 Membrane model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Figure_5_Membrane_model.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1278", "caption": "Figure 6 Neuron model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Figure_6_Neuron_model.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1279", "caption": "Plot of typical position coding", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-PopulationCode.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1280", "caption": "Neural responses are noisy and unreliable.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-NoisyNeuralResponse.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1281", "caption": "A neural pathway connects one part of the nervous system to another using bundles of axons called tracts. The optic tract that extends from the optic nerve is an example of a neural pathway because it connects the eye to the brain; additional pathways within the brain connect to the visual cortex .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Neural_pathway_diagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1282", "caption": "Neural pathways of cerebellar cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/380px-Architecture_of_the_Cerebellar_Cortex.svg.pn_03b29273.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1283", "caption": "Pathways in the ciliary ganglion . Green=Parasympathetic; Red=Sympathetic; Blue=Sensory", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Ciliary_ganglion_pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1284", "caption": "Diagram showing cortical pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/300px-Posterior_Parietal_Lobe.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1285", "caption": "Characteristic spiking behavior of neuron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Relabeled_action_potential.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1286", "caption": "Neural synapse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Neurons_big1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1287", "caption": "A retinal amacrine cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Amacrine.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1288", "caption": "Effect of noise on non-spiking neuron transmission", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Nonspiking_Transmission.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1289", "caption": "Plasticity in the brain affects the strength of neural connections and pathways.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Network_representation_of_brain_connectivity_05aff190.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1290", "caption": "The neuronal soma, axon, and dendrites are involved in nonsynaptic plasticity and affect the plasticity at the synapse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Neurons_big1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1291", "caption": "Neurons interact in complex networks that affect the generation of action potentials in other neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Forest_of_synthetic_pyramidal_dendrites_grow_8c6973e0.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1292", "caption": "Action potential propagation animation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Action_potential_propagation_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1293", "caption": "Schematic of phase precession in three place cells . A rat runs left-to-right and the firing of the cells (shown as colored tick marks) is spatially localized, with the three place fields (represented by the three colors) overlapping. The local field potential theta rhythm is shown at the bottom in black. The action potentials of each cell occur earlier and earlier with respect to the theta peak on each successive cycle \u2013 this is phase precession. One consequence of this is that within a single theta cycle (blue-shaded rectangle, for example) the cells fire in the same sequence in time as their triggering is organized in space: thus converting a spatial code into a temporal one.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/240px-Phase_precession.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1294", "caption": "The phase of ongoing oscillatory activity is reset.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Phase_resetting.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1295", "caption": "Neuron in the hippocampus of an epileptic patient", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Pyramidal_hippocampal_neuron_40x.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1296", "caption": "A fictional EEG showing a sleep spindle and K-complex in stage 2 sleep.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Stage2sleep_new.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience$$$query_1297", "caption": "Synaptic plasticity rule for gradient estimation by dynamic perturbation of conductances", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neuroscience/images/220px-Synaptic_Plasticity_Rule.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_1", "caption": "Thiamine pyrophosphate structure. As a result of nutritional deficiency in those with alcoholic polyneuropathy, low thiamine levels are usually present and have been proposed as a cause of the nerve destruction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Thiamine_pyrophosphate_V2.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_2", "caption": "An intravenous home parenteral nutrition formula may be a part of the treatment plan for those with alcoholic polyneuropathy who also have a nutritional deficiency.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Tpn_3bag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_3", "caption": "Total recorded alcohol consumption per capita of individuals 15 years or older, in liters of pure alcohol. Alcoholism is the main cause of alcoholic polyneuropathy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Alcohol_by_Country.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_4", "caption": "Conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde . The toxic buildup of acetaldehyde may result in alcoholic polyneuropathy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Ethanol_to_acetaldehyde.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_5", "caption": "John C. Lettsome noted in 1787 hyperesthesia and paralysis in legs more than arms of patients, a characteristic of alcoholic polyneuropathy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Johncoakleylettsome.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_6", "caption": "Chromosome 17", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_1_df6359f0.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_7", "caption": "Denervation atrophy of type II muscle fibers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Denervation_atrophy_-_atp94_-_intermed_mag.j_363c8e3c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_8", "caption": "Ankle-foot orthosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Charcot_Marie_Tooth_CMT.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_9", "caption": "This magnified image of type 2 muscle fibers shows denervation atrophy occurring at the white spaces at the top left and bottom center of the image. The white space represents a disruption of the nerve fibers, resulting in a loss of nerve supply to the muscle fibers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Denervation_atrophy_-_intermed_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_10", "caption": "Illustration depicting areas affected by diabetic neuropathy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Blausen_0311_DiabeticNeuropathy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_11", "caption": "Vincristine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Vincristine3DanBS.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_12", "caption": "Valsalva maneuver", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/340px-Valsalva_maneuver.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_13", "caption": "The H 2 receptor antagonist cimetidine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Cimetidine-xtal-3D-balls.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_14", "caption": "Erythromelalgia in hands of a Scandinavian male, 52, after holding a book).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Erythromelalgia_in_hands.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_15", "caption": "EM episode in a foot triggered by dipping it in warm water. The EM in this case is caused by an underlaying small fiber neuropathy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Erythromelalgia_episode_in_foot_triggered_by_827cd9d4.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_16", "caption": "Toes during an EM flareup", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Erythromelalgia-symptoms.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_17", "caption": "Silas Weir Mitchell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Silas_Weir_Mitchell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_18", "caption": "Sir Thomas Barlow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/140px-Sir_Thomas_Barlow2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_19", "caption": "The facial nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Cranial_nerve_VII.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_20", "caption": "No Tears: Life With FD, a comic strip created by Mindy Indy, portrays the lives of kids and teenagers living with Familial Dysautonomia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-No_Tears_Life_With_FD.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_21", "caption": "Autosomal recessive inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/200px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_22", "caption": "Various patterns of manifestation of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/400px-Guillain_Barre_Patterns.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_23", "caption": "A scanning electron microscope -derived image of Campylobacter jejuni , which triggers about 30% of cases of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-ARS_Campylobacter_jejuni.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_24", "caption": "Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome \u2013 nerve damage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Guillain-barr%C3%A9_syndrome_-_Nerve_Damage._789acc0f.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_25", "caption": "Georges Guillain , together with Barr\u00e9 and Strohl, described two cases of self-limiting acute paralysis with peculiar changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. He succeeded his teacher Pierre Marie as professor of neurology at the Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re hospital in Paris in 1925. [ 58 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Georges_Guillain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_26", "caption": "Autosomal dominant mode of inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/240px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_27", "caption": "Scheme showing sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pupil and sites of a lesion in Horner's syndrome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/450px-Horner%27s_Syndrome_and_Autonomic_innervatio_d4927d21.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_28", "caption": "Left-sided Horner's syndrome in a cat as a result of trauma, demonstrating miosis in left pupil.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Example_of_Horner%27s_syndrome_in_a_cat.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_29", "caption": "Illustration of imaging from a CT-guided nerve block. The needle tip has been placed at the top of the pudendal canal to block the pudendal nerve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-CT_image_guided_injection_pudendal_nerve.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_30", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/300px-Sedon%27s_classification_of_nerve_injuries.j_582a8e44.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_31", "caption": "Nerve compression in neurapraxia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Neuropraxia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_32", "caption": "Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome \u2013 nerve damage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Guillain-barr%C3%A9_syndrome_-_Nerve_Damage._789acc0f.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_33", "caption": "Several signaling pathways are upregulated following a nerve injury.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Molecular_response_after_nerve_injury.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_34", "caption": "This tackle which occurred during an Army versus Navy game is representative of those that occur in American football . Neurapraxia is a common injury in all levels of football.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/370px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_35", "caption": "Tetrahydrocannabinol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/160px-Tetrahydrocannabinol.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_36", "caption": "Histological comparison of a normal nerve and an atrophied nerve using a cross-slice of the sciatic nerve. Left is a normal nerve. Right is an atrophied nerve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Cross_section_normal_nerve_and_atrophied_ner_7da9f760.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_37", "caption": "Anatomy of a myelinated nerve cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Neuron.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_38", "caption": "Anatomy of a nerve fiber", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Illu_nerve_structure.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_39", "caption": "Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel. The carpal tunnel is formed by the bones of the wrist and the transverse carpal ligament.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_40", "caption": "Fibrovascular bands are dense bands of scar tissue with a vascular supply that can restrict mobility of the sciatic nerve. Top left is a compressive / bridge-type band, like a seat belt. Top right is an adhesive / horse-strap band, like a leash. Bottom center is undefined distribution that restricts mobility in multiple directions, like a splattering of glue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Fibrovascular_entrapment_of_the_sciatic_nerv_58676364.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_41", "caption": "Hip adduction is a strengthening exercise for the piriformis muscle. A cable attached at the ankle can be used to adduct the hip, bringing the leg in toward the opposite side of the body. The same equipment can also be used for hip abduction, where the leg starts beside the opposing leg and moves out to the side, away from the body. [ 49 ] [ unreliable medical source? ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Hip-adduction-2-634x1024.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_42", "caption": "Ultrasound scan (left) and ultrasound-guided injection (right) of the piriformis muscle. Gmax = gluteus maximus; Pm = piriformis muscle; sn = sciatic nerve; S = sacrum; H = hip bone.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Piriformis_ultrasound_injection.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_43", "caption": "Action potential propagation in myelinated neurons is faster than in unmyelinated neurons(left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/300px-Saltatory_Conduction.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_44", "caption": "Human T Cell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/100px-Healthy_Human_T_Cell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_45", "caption": "Micrograph of a muscle biopsy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Ragged_red_fibres_-_gtc_-_very_high_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_46", "caption": "Methylprednisolone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Methylprednisolone.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_47", "caption": "Person standing and measuring heart rate with a pulse oximeter which shows tachycardia of 108\u00a0bpm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/182px-Tachycardia_while_standing_with_a_pulse_oxim_7440403b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_48", "caption": "Results of a tilt table test positive for POTS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Tilt_table_test_showing_POTS.webp.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_49", "caption": "Anatomy of the pudendal nerve from the spinal nerve roots to the terminal branches in an adult male.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Pudendal_nerve.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_50", "caption": "CT-guided block injection of the pudendal nerve at the pudendal canal.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-CT_image_guided_injection_pudendal_nerve.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_51", "caption": "Humerus - anterior view", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Humerus_-_anterior_view.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_52", "caption": "Hand tendons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/120px-Hand_anatomy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_53", "caption": "Brachial plexus . C6 and C7 nerves affected most frequently.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Brachial_plexus_2.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_54", "caption": "Oblique projectional radiograph of a man presenting with pain by the nape and left shoulder, showing a stenosis of the left intervertebral foramen of cervical spinal nerve 4 , corresponding with the affected dermatome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Projectional_radiograph_of_cervical_foramina_51fab143.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_55", "caption": "CT scan of a man presenting with radiculopathy of the left cervical spinal nerve 7 , corresponding to spondylosis with osteophytes between the vertebral bodies C6 and C7 on the left side, causing foraminal stenosis at this level (lower arrow, showing axial plane ). There is also spondylosis of the facet joint between C2 and C3, with some foraminal stenosis at this level (upper arrow), which appears to be asymptomatic.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-CT_of_spondylosis_causing_radiculopathy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_56", "caption": "Cervical traction machine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Cervical_traction_machine_2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_57", "caption": "Sciatica often results in pain radiating down the leg.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Sciatica.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_58", "caption": "Left: Illustration of herniated spinal disc, superior view. Right: MRI showing herniated L5-S1 disc (red arrow tip), sagittal view.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/348px-728_Herniated_Disk.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_59", "caption": "Illustration of fibrovascular bands restricting mobility of the sciatic nerve in multiple directions, like a splattering of glue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Fibrovascular_entrapment_of_the_sciatic_nerv_e1e5547e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_60", "caption": "Straight leg test sometimes used to help diagnose a lumbar herniated disc", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Straight-leg-test.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_61", "caption": "Thoracic outlet syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/290px-Thoracic_Outlet_Syndrome.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_62", "caption": "Olecranon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/30px-Gray212.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_63", "caption": "Nerve conduction study (Calculation of (NCV)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/200px-Nerve_Conduction_Velocity_Calculation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_64", "caption": "winging of the right scapula", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Scapula_Winging_in_Long_Thoracic_Nerve_Palsy_b14285d2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_65", "caption": "Winging of the left scapula", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Winging_scapula.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_66", "caption": "Scapula-to-scapula scapulopexy, pre- and post-operation in person with FSHD. The scapulas are tethered together into a retracted position with an Achilles tendon graft. In the right image, the rhomboid major muscles are distinguishable.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Before_and_after_Scapula-to-scapula_scapulop_fe4e5f5b.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_67", "caption": "Autonomic nervous system, showing splanchnic nerves in middle, and the vagus nerve as \"X\" in blue. The heart and organs below in list to right are regarded as viscera.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/300px-Gray839.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_68", "caption": "Function of the autonomic nervous system [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-The_Autonomic_Nervous_System.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_69", "caption": "A flow diagram showing the process of stimulation of adrenal medulla that makes it release adrenaline, that further acts on adrenoreceptors, indirectly mediating or mimicking sympathetic activity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Autonomic_nervous_system.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_70", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Sistema_Nervioso_Autonomo.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_71", "caption": "benign prostatic hyperplasia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-BPH.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_72", "caption": "Manifestation of Raynaud phenomenon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Raynaud%27s_Phenomenon_%28front%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_73", "caption": "Myocardial infarction (heart attack)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Depiction_of_a_person_suffering_from_a_heart_1b40a48a.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_74", "caption": "Demonstration of orthostatic hypotension", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Orthostatic_Hypertension_demonstration.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_75", "caption": "heart failure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Depiction_of_a_person_suffering_from_heart_f_ce83f189.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_76", "caption": "Demonstration of thickening of airway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Asthma_attack-airway_%28bronchiole%29_constr_7294950e.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_77", "caption": "Damaged alveoli of a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Depiction_of_a_woman_suffering_from_Emphysem_1e90bbdb.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_78", "caption": "Overview of Parasympathetic Nervous System", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Blausen_0703_Parasympathetic_Innervation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_79", "caption": "Ibuprofen as an NSAID, can cause drug interaction with beta-1 blocker", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-200mg_ibuprofen_tablets.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_80", "caption": "Mechanism of Action of Alpha -1 blocker", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Alpha_1_Receptor_Signaling_Cascade.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_81", "caption": "Mechanism of Action of Alpha-2 blocker", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-A2_receptor_signaling.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_82", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Prazosin.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_83", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/168px-Phentolamine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_84", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Tamsulosin-2d-skeletal.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_85", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Yohimbine.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_86", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Propranolol-skeletal.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_87", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Timolol_structure.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_88", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Atenolol_structure.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_89", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Metoprolol_structure.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_90", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Butaxamine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_91", "caption": "Chemical structure of bethanechol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Bethanechol_stucture.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_92", "caption": "Chemical structure of physostigmine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Physostigmine_structure.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_93", "caption": "Chemical structure of atropine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/183px-Atropine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_94", "caption": "Chemical structure of terbutaline", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Terbutaline.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_95", "caption": "Chemical structure of atenolol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Atenolol_structure.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_96", "caption": "Flowchart showing baroreceptor reflex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/400px-2116_Baroreceptor_Reflex_Flow_Art.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_97", "caption": "Baroreflex activation is distinct from vagal stimulation. It works through an afferent limb which has the double effect of stimulating vagal outflow and attenuating global sympathetic outflow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Baroreflex_activation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_98", "caption": "Piloerection (goose bumps), the physical part of frisson", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-2003-09-17_Goose_bumps.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_99", "caption": "A CT scan showing evidence of the nasal cycle: the more patent airway is on the right of the image, the swollen turbinates congesting the left", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Concha_nasalis.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_100", "caption": "A) Pneumo-optical Probe, B) Pneumatic Probe.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Schematic_view_of_PAT_probes%27_types.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_101", "caption": "Acetylcholine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/150px-Acetylcholine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_102", "caption": "Norepinephrine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/150px-Noradrenaline2.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_103", "caption": "Heart rate (HR) (first row), tidal volume (Vt) (second row), Vt and superimposed HR (third row). The HR modulation is clearly visible: HR increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/274px-VivoSenseHR_vs_Vt.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_104", "caption": "Heart rate (HR) (first row), ECG signal (ECG) (second row), and respiration (third row) for a newborn subject in a 15-seconds recording. HR expresses oscillations synchronous with respect to respiration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/274px-RSA_neonatal_ECG%2BRESP%2BHR.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_105", "caption": "RSA magnitude estimation based on a multivariate approach based on joint analysis of ECG and respiration. [ 15 ] The green line shows the heart rate variations averaged over several breathing cycles. This clearly shows the trends that are typical of RSA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/274px-RSA_Bartsch_method.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_106", "caption": "Vagus nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Slide6rom.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_107", "caption": "Vagus nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Slide1EBA.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_108", "caption": "H&E stained fibers of the vagus nerve (bottom right) innervate the sinoatrial node tissue (middle left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Sinoatrial_node_high_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_109", "caption": "Figure 2. Example of bifurcating axons in the optic chiasm (Type II) of a rabbit. a,b,c: bifurcating optic fibres. c: fibre bifurcating in the two opposite optic tracts. d. Commissure of Gudden. e. Fibres that continue in a different depth. (from: Cajal, [ 5 ] Fig. 6)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Cajal_1898_Fig6.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_110", "caption": "Figure 3. The decussation of the optic radiation in the cortex is an example of a type IV crossing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Optical-transformations.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_111", "caption": "Nerve cell and organization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/171px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_112", "caption": "Cross-section of a nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_113", "caption": "Micrograph demonstrating perineural invasion of prostate cancer . H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_inv_7b3118d2.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_114", "caption": "Photo of Mathieu Jaboulay courtesy of Romain Rochefeuille", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Mathieu_Jaboulay.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_115", "caption": "Magnetic Resonance Image of Lumbar Spine courtesy of Nevit Dilmen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Lumbar_MRI_T1FSE_T2frFSE_STIR_09.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_116", "caption": "Nerve block of cervical spine courtesy of PainDoctorUSA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Pain-Doctor-Interscalene-Nerve-Block-Injecti_55178a7f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_117", "caption": "Peripheral nervous system box diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/410px-NSdiagram.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_118", "caption": "Langley's Classification Tree from his 1921 book The Autonomic Nervous System", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/440px-Langley%27s_Classification_Tree_his_book_%22_fe367d23.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_119", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/205px-Dermatomes_and_cutaneous_nerves_-_anterior.p_e1b8a855.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_120", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/230px-Dermatomes_and_cutaneous_nerves_-_posterior._bc2ee2d0.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_121", "caption": "Myelinated GS efferent fiber leaving cell body of motor neuron to form a neuromuscular junction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/260px-Motoneuron.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_122", "caption": "Spinal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/150px-Spinal_nerve_CAT.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_123", "caption": "Cervical plexus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/150px-Gray804.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_124", "caption": "Anatomical illustration of the brachial plexus with areas of roots, trunks, divisions and cords marked. Clicking on names of branches will link to their Wikipedia entry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/150px-Brachial_plexus_2.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_125", "caption": "The lumbar plexus and its branches.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/150px-Lumbar_plexus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_126", "caption": "Plan of sacral and coccygeal plexuses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/150px-Gray828_es.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_127", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/290px-Nervous_system_diagram-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_128", "caption": "Distribution of the areas of the sensory roots upon the surface of the body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/290px-A_text-book_of_medicine_for_students_and_pra_ddbb339d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_129", "caption": "3D Medical Animation still shot of Lumbosacral Plexus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-3D_Medical_Animation_of_Lumbosacral_Plaxus.j_7df006a1.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_130", "caption": "Spinal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/240px-Gray675.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_131", "caption": "Typical spinal nerve location", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/240px-Cervical_vertebra_english.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_132", "caption": "Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve 1. Somatic efferent . 2. Somatic afferent . 3,4,5. Sympathetic efferent . 6,7. Autonomic afferent .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/300px-Gray799.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_133", "caption": "Cervical nerves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Gray795.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_134", "caption": "Lumbar plexus and branches", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Gray823.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_135", "caption": "Plan of sacral and pudendal plexuses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Gray828.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_136", "caption": "Areas of distribution of the cutaneous branches of the posterior divisions of the spinal nerves. The areas of the medial branches are in black, those of the lateral in red", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Gray802.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_137", "caption": "This shows a simulated example of motorcyclist colliding with the floor at an angle, which may damage the brachial plexus nerves. The photo shows how head and shoulder are extremely separated, which may stretch or even tear the nerves in the between area. Protective gear can help prevent nerve damage by providing extra support on the opposite side of the head to prevent over-stretching the neck.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Brachial_Plexus_Injury_during_Motorcycle_acc_57751b8f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_138", "caption": "Brachial Plexus relation with the clavicle and the subclavian artery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Brachial_Plexus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_139", "caption": "Approximate location of the celiac plexus on the coronal plane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Celiac_plexus_coronal.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_140", "caption": "Lower half of right sympathetic cord", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Gray849.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_141", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/650px-Cervical_plexus.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_142", "caption": "Scheme showing sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the pupil and sites of lesion in a Horner's syndrome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/450px-Horner%27s_Syndrome_and_Autonomic_innervatio_d4927d21.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_143", "caption": "Sacral plexus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/400px-Sacral_plexus.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_144", "caption": "The corticospinal tract is one of the major descending pathways from the brain to the \u03b1-MNs of the spinal cord .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/200px-Gray764.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_145", "caption": "Alpha motor neurons are located in lamina IX according to the Rexed lamina system .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Substantia_grisea_-_Engli_19a0e49f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_146", "caption": "Under the influence of the protein sonic hedgehog , shown here, cells of the floor plate of the developing spinal cord differentiate into alpha motor neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/250px-Shh_structure.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_147", "caption": "Poliomyelitis , caused by the poliovirus seen here, is associated with the selective loss of cells within the ventral horn of the spinal cord , where \u03b1-MNs are located.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/200px-Polio.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_148", "caption": "Typical recording of a Bereitschaftspotential", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/Bereitschaftspotenzial_fig1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_149", "caption": "Gamma Motor Neurons are derived from the basal plate of the embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Gray642.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_150", "caption": "General depiction of a motor unit, consisting of a motor neuron innervating a group of muscle fibers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Motor_Unit.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_151", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Neural_Control_%28pre-muscle_contraction%29._c97f04bf.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_152", "caption": "Ion channel linked receptor Ions Ligand (such as acetylcholine ) When ligands bind to the receptor, the ion channel portion of the receptor opens, allowing ions to pass across the cell membrane .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Ion-Channel_Receptor.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_153", "caption": "Botulinum toxin injected in human face", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/202px-Dr_Braun_Performs_a_Botox_Injection_%2840352_46c9ebb7.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_154", "caption": "Muscle types by fiber arrangement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Muscle_Types.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_155", "caption": "Types of pennate muscle . A \u2013 unipennate ; B \u2013 bipennate ; C \u2013 multipennate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Fiederung.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_156", "caption": "ATPase staining of a muscle cross section. Type II fibers are dark, due to the alkaline pH of the preparation. In this example, the size of the type II fibers is considerably less than the type I fibers due to denervation atrophy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Denervation_atrophy_-_atp94_-_intermed_mag.j_363c8e3c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_157", "caption": "Structure of muscle fibre showing a sarcomere under electron microscope with schematic explanation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Sarcomere.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_158", "caption": "Diagram of sarcoplasmic reticulum with terminal cisternae and T-tubules .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-1023_T-tubule.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_159", "caption": "Human embryo showing somites labelled as primitive segments .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Gray20.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_160", "caption": "Classes of levers present in the human skeletal muscular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Levers_in_the_Skeletal_Muscular_System.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_161", "caption": "When a sarcomere contracts, the Z lines move closer together, and the I band becomes smaller. The A band stays the same width. At full contraction, the thin and thick filaments overlap.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-1006_Sliding_Filament_Model_of_Muscle_Contra_becdc4fb.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_162", "caption": "Contraction in more detail", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-1008_Skeletal_Muscle_Contraction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_163", "caption": "(a) Some ATP is stored in a resting muscle. As contraction starts, it is used up in seconds. More ATP is generated from creatine phosphate for about 15 seconds. (b) Each glucose molecule produces two ATP and two molecules of pyruvic acid, which can be used in aerobic respiration or converted to lactic acid . If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which may contribute to muscle fatigue . This occurs during strenuous exercise when high amounts of energy are needed but oxygen cannot be sufficiently delivered to muscle. (c) Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Approximately 95 percent of the ATP required for resting or moderately active muscles is provided by aerobic respiration, which takes place in mitochondria.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/300px-1016_Muscle_Metabolism.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_164", "caption": "Exercise-induced signaling pathways in skeletal muscle that determine specialized characteristics of slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/300px-Muscle_pathways.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_165", "caption": "Jogging is one form of aerobic exercise.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Jogging_couple.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_166", "caption": "In muscular dystrophy , the affected tissues become disorganized and the concentration of dystrophin (green) is greatly reduced.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-MuscularDystrophy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_167", "caption": "Prisoner of war exhibiting muscle loss as a result of malnutrition .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/170px-Japanese_atrocities._Philippines%2C_China%2C_11639037.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_168", "caption": "Skeletal muscle cell types include: very large multinuclear muscle fiber cells ; small endothelial cells that line the inside of capillary blood vessels; small fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) which are muscle-fiber-adjacent multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that under different conditions can differentiate into adipocytes, fibroblasts or osteocytes. Also shown are pericytes situated on the outer surface of blood capillaries where they interact with the underlying endothelial cells. In addition, satellite cells are shown that can fuse with muscle fibers and contribute new myonuclei to muscle fibers, grow into new myocytes , or support focal membrane damage repair. [ 98 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/500px-Multinuclear_muscle_fiber_cells_and_some_ass_0f957422.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_169", "caption": "Regulation of transcription in mammals. An active enhancer regulatory region is enabled to interact with the promoter region of its target gene by formation of a chromosome loop. This can allow initiation of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The loop is stabilized by one architectural protein anchored to the enhancer and one anchored to the promoter, and these proteins are joined together to form a dimer (red zigzags). Specific regulatory transcription factors bind to DNA sequence motifs on the enhancer. General transcription factors bind to the promoter. When a transcription factor is activated by a signal (here indicated as phosphorylation shown by a small red star on a transcription factor on the enhancer), the enhancer is activated and can now activate its target promoter. The active enhancer is transcribed on each strand of DNA in opposite directions by bound RNAP IIs. Mediator (a complex consisting of about 26 proteins in an interacting structure) communicates regulatory signals from the enhancer DNA-bound transcription factors to the promoter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/300px-Regulation_of_transcription_in_mammals.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_170", "caption": "A nucleosome with histone tails set for transcriptional activation ....DNA in the nucleus generally consists of segments of 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around nucleosomes connected to adjacent nucleosomes by linker DNA . Nucleosomes consist of four pairs of histone proteins in a tightly assembled core region plus up to 30% of each histone remaining in a loosely organized polypeptide tail (only one tail of each pair is shown). The pairs of histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, each have lysines (K) in their tails, some of which are subject to post-translational modifications consisting, usually, of acetylations [Ac] and methylations {me}. The lysines (K) are designated with a number showing their position as, for instance, (K4), indicating lysine as the 4th amino acid from the amino (N) end of the tail in the histone protein. The particular acetylations [Ac] and methylations {Me} shown are those that occur on nucleosomes close to, or at, some DNA regions undergoing transcriptional activation of the DNA wrapped around the nucleosome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/300px-Histone_tails_set_for_transcriptional_activa_cc4d7b92.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system$$$query_171", "caption": "The patellar reflex is an example of the stretch reflex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Peripheral_nervous_system/images/220px-Patellar_tendon_reflex_arc.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1", "caption": "Part of the causal chain leading to Alzheimer's disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-APP_and_LTP_in_Alzheimer_disease.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_2", "caption": "Deaths due to neurological conditions per million persons 2012 \u00a0 \u00a018-52 \u00a0 \u00a053-68 \u00a0 \u00a069-84 \u00a0 \u00a085-99 \u00a0 \u00a0100-131 \u00a0 \u00a0132-157 \u00a0 \u00a0158-186 \u00a0 \u00a0187-243 \u00a0 \u00a0244-477 \u00a0 \u00a0478-1,482", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-Neurological_conditions_world_map-Deaths_per_c20c1de7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_3", "caption": "Some of the fields that contribute to understanding mental functioning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Cognitive_science_heptagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_4", "caption": "Table from the 2010 DrugScience study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. This study rated alcohol the most harmful drug overall, and the only drug more harmful to others than to the users themselves. [ 4 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_5", "caption": "Acute confusional state caused by alcohol withdrawal, also known as delirium tremens", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-An_alcoholic_man_with_delirium_Wellcome_L006_cddf92b8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_6", "caption": "Chromosome 15", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Angelman.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_7", "caption": "Melatonin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-Melatonin.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_8", "caption": "\"Boy with a Puppet\" or \"A child with a drawing\", circa 1520, by Giovanni Francesco Caroto ; the portrait motivated the initial naming of Angelman syndrome as puppet syndrome . [ 45 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Francesco_caroto%2C_ritratto_di_una_fanciull_1d95eafb.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_9", "caption": "People with Asperger syndrome often display restricted or specialized interests, such as this boy's interest in stacking cans.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Autism-stacking-cans_2nd_edit.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_10", "caption": "Functional magnetic resonance imaging provides some evidence for mirror neuron theory. [ 79 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_11", "caption": "Students and families walk to support Autism Awareness Month.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Students%2C_families_walk_to_support_Autism__2b34c20c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_12", "caption": "The trigeminal nerve .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray784.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_13", "caption": "The mythical Oedipus gouged his eyes out.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Oedipus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_14", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_15", "caption": "Different sections of semicircular canals. utricle and saccule are indicated by circles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/226px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_16", "caption": "Basilar invagination in an infant with Wolf\u2013Hirschhorn syndrome .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Basilaere_Impression_bei_Wolf-Hirschhorn-Syn_a6a7694c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_17", "caption": "Thyroid transcription factor associated with BHC", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-PDB_1ftt_EBI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_18", "caption": "Motor cortex region involved in the learning retention", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cerebrum_lobes.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_19", "caption": "Left eye showing proptosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-406907P-PA-OCULAR.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_20", "caption": "Visual field of homonymous hemianopia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Visual_field_homonymous_hemianopia.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_21", "caption": "Fluorescein angiography can reveal arteriovenous malformations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Fluorescein_angiography.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_22", "caption": "A coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/242px-Coup_injury.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_23", "caption": "Bromide rash", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-An_introduction_to_dermatology_%281905%29_Br_e2605dee.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_24", "caption": "BVVL has autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_25", "caption": "Electroencephalogram (EEG) displaying burst suppression patterns. Onset of bursts are indicated by solid arrows; offset, by open arrows. In both A and B, the interval between each vertical dotted line is one second.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Bonthius2b.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_26", "caption": "Patients with a high burst suppression ratio (yellow circles) show significantly better recovery from coma (traumatic etiologies) as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale extended (GOSe) 6 months post-injury (histogram on vertical axis). Figure from Frohlich et al. 2021 Frontiers in Neurology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Relationship_between_EEG_burst_suppression_a_035de972.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_27", "caption": "A clinical photograph showing a patient with the flexed posture. It can be abated when lying down. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Camptocormia.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_28", "caption": "Alexandre-Achille Souques was one of the first major researchers of camptocormia and created the definition and name used for the condition to this day.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/160px-Alexandre_Achille_Souques.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_29", "caption": "Spinal-muscle biopsy showing intense endomysial deposit of fibrosis (green) and fatty infiltration. Also observable is irregular distribution of involuted muscle fibers. (Trichrome, original magnification \u00d79100) [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Deposit_of_fibrosis_and_fatty_infiltration.j_6a9cd8b5.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_30", "caption": "Thymatron IV used for electroconvulsive therapy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-ThymatronIV.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_31", "caption": "Typical deep brain stimulation setup", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/140px-Typical_deep_brain_stimulation_setup.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_32", "caption": "Diplopia is a symptom that individuals with cerebellar degeneration may experience.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Diplopia3hjke.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_33", "caption": "Diagram of two different nerve cells. The diagram on the left shows a nerve cell that is healthy and normally-functioning. The diagram on the right shows a nerve cell with a damaged myelin sheath, being the cause of multiple sclerosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/255px-Myelin_sheath_damage_in_multiple_sclerosis.p_e03862fe.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_34", "caption": "Magnetic resonance imaging scans of two different brains. The scan of the brain on the left indicates a weakened, deteriorated cerebellum of a human with cerebellar degeneration. The scan of the brain on the right indicates a healthy, normally-functioning cerebellum of a human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/322px-Cerebellar_Degeneration.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_35", "caption": "Coronal CT of the brain showing a choroidal fissure cyst", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Choroidal_fissure_cyst_-_CT_-_coronar.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_36", "caption": "Structure of a typical neuron with Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/310px-Neuron.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_37", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-PET1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_38", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-PET2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_39", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/122px-PET3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_40", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-VBM1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_41", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/140px-VBM2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_42", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/116px-VBM3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_43", "caption": "Cockayne syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/196px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_44", "caption": "Johnny Head-in-Air is an absent-minded boy who seems unaware of his surroundings.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/230px-H_Hoffmann_Struwwel_22.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_45", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Re-created_geometric_drawings_from_patients__a1075ad9.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_46", "caption": "Animation of cortical spreading depression", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cortical_spreading_depression.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_47", "caption": "Cortical spreading depression seen using intrinsic optical signal imaging in gyrencephalic brain. Speed 50x. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Santos_E_et_al_Neuroimage_2014_.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_48", "caption": "Hemodynamic changes observed after MCA occlusion in IOS. The video has a speed of 50x to better appreciate the SDs through human eye. Pictures are dynamically subtracted to a reference picture 40 s before. First we see the initial area of change at the exact moment where the left MCAs are occluded. The area is highlighted with a white line. Later we appreciate the signal produced by SDs. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Middle_Cerebral_Artery_occlusion._Kentar_et__2043489b.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_49", "caption": "Drawing by Donald Ogden Stewart published in 1921 showing Little Elmer's father with DTs and seeing pink elephants", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-PinkElephantsDTs.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_50", "caption": "Huyghe Brewery 's flagship beer is Delirium Tremens , a golden ale.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-DT_in_Palm_Springs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_51", "caption": "Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome \u2013 demyelination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Guillain-barr%C3%A9_syndrome_-_Nerve_Damage._789acc0f.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_52", "caption": "Daniel Radcliffe, actor, has dyspraxia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Daniel_Radcliffe_SDCC_2014.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_53", "caption": "Weight loss from diencephalic syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Diencephalic_Syndrome_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_54", "caption": "Punding , a possible symptom of DDS, is the repetition of complex motor behaviors such as collecting or arranging objects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Punding.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_55", "caption": "A slot machine, commonly used for gambling.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Slot_machine.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_56", "caption": "The dopamine transporter protein, pictured here, is mutated in DTDS patients.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Dopamine_Transporter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_57", "caption": "Dysgraphia can be difficult to diagnose because the handwriting starts out clear and slowly degrades, making the writer appear lazy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Dysgraphia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_58", "caption": "Figure 1. Schematic structure of K V 1.1 with the episodic ataxia type 1 mutations noted in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-EA1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_59", "caption": "Figure 2. Schematic structure of Ca V 2.1 with the episodic ataxia type 2 mutations noted in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Episodic_Ataxia_Schematic_Structure.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_60", "caption": "Kaiser Wilhelm II was affected by Erb's palsy in his left arm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_ac78680d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_61", "caption": "Some of the steps in the manufacture of felt hats are illustrated in this image from 1858.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Fur_industry-_hat-making%2C_Canadian_voyageu_594f6765.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_62", "caption": "A man working in hat manufacture with no protective equipment, putting him at risk for mercury poisoning", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Fur_hat_maker%2C_1938_%288868083304%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_63", "caption": "Picture postcard of a hat factory in Danbury (postmarked 1911)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-PostcardDanburyCTViewOfTheHatFactory1911.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_64", "caption": "While the name of Lewis Carroll's Mad Hatter may contain an allusion to the hatters' syndrome, the character itself appears to have been based on an eccentric furniture dealer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MadlHatterByTenniel.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_65", "caption": "Convulsive symptoms of ergotism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-220px-Convulsivus005.tif.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_66", "caption": "Claviceps purpurea fungal sclerotium growing on barley", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Claviceps_purpurea.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_67", "caption": "Ergot in barley", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hordeum_vulgare_Claviceps_purpurea_23-7-2009_cdc4cb77.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_68", "caption": "Detail from the painting Temptation of St Anthony by Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald , showing a patient with advanced ergotism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mathis_Gothart_Gr%C3%BCnewald_018.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_69", "caption": "\" Right hemisphere of the brain \"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray742.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_70", "caption": "Figure from a paper by J. Driver and P. Vuilleumier explaining the effect of grouping on extinction reduction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Explanation_of_the_grouping_effect_in_extinc_8ff55b75.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_71", "caption": "Facial characteristics of a child with FAS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder_svg_hariadhi_acd218a4.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_72", "caption": "A label on alcoholic drinks promoting zero alcohol during pregnancy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Zero_alcool_pendant_la_grossesse.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_73", "caption": "Smooth philtrum seen on a six-month-old baby with FAS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Philtrum_FAS_6_months.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_74", "caption": "Beer Street and Gin Lane , William Hogarth (1751)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/480px-Beer-street-and-Gin-lane.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_75", "caption": "Human lower leg anatomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray437.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_76", "caption": "An AFO (ankle foot orthosis) brace is a type of orthotic used to support the foot and ankle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-AFO_brace_for_foot_drop.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_77", "caption": "Dynamic advanced orthosis for drop foot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-AFO_-_Advanced_Ortho_Baltic.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_78", "caption": "Animation of the frontal lobe, shown in red", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_79", "caption": "Animation of the cerebellum, shown in red", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Cerebellum_animation_small.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_80", "caption": "The M2 pathway is shown in red, originating in the pre-motor cortex. The PrL pathway is shown in purple, originating in the medial prefrontal cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Frontocerebellar_pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_81", "caption": "Intermediate magnification micrograph showing giant cell arteritis in a temporal artery biopsy. The arterial lumen is seen on the left. A giant cell is seen on the right at the interface between the thickened intima and media .\u00a0 H&E stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Giant_cell_arteritis_--_intermed_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_82", "caption": "Histopathology of giant cell vasculitis in a cerebral artery. Elastica-stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cerebral_Giant-Cell_Vasculitis.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_83", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Iraq-gwi-map.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_84", "caption": "Major Gulf War engagements in which DU rounds were used", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-GWI_DU_map.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_85", "caption": "Louis Jones Jr . claimed Gulf War syndrome as a defense in his murder trial", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-Louis_Jones_Jr_-_edit-NR.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_86", "caption": "Lesions lips, patient with hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hereditary_hemorrhagic_telangiectasia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_87", "caption": "Tongue telangiectases as seen in a person with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-TongueTelang.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_88", "caption": "A very large arteriovenous malformation in the left hemisphere (on the right in this image) of the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-AVM_grossly.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_89", "caption": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_90", "caption": "A schematic representation of the TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway. Endoglin (yellow) is needed for signalling. The ligand (blue) binds to the receptor complex; red indicates a type II receptor protein, which activates a type I receptor protein (turquoise) such as alk-1, which in turn phosphorylates a SMAD-based nuclear transcription factor (green and purple).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Endoglin_and_Alk1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_91", "caption": "A vascular lesion in the digestive tract, being treated with argon plasma coagulation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Argon_plasma_coagulation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_92", "caption": "CT-scan of vascular malformations in the liver in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia causing an inhomogeneous perfusion pattern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Morbus-Osler-CT-Leber-ax-010.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_93", "caption": "The Netherlands Antilles , where HHT is more common than anywhere in the world, located off the coast of Venezuela.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-LocationNetherlandsAntillesWithAruba.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_94", "caption": "Foot showing features of HMSN: pes cavus and clawing of the toes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Charcot-marie-tooth_foot.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_95", "caption": "Myelinated neuron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Myelinated_neuron.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_96", "caption": "Ankle foot orthosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/120px-AFO_Ankle_Foot_Orthosis_Orthotic_Brace.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_97", "caption": "The basal ganglia are involved in hyperkinesia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_%282%29_656be461.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_98", "caption": "Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson , the neurologist most known for his description of what came to be known as Wilson's disease .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Samuel_Alexander_Kinnier_Wilson.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_99", "caption": "A healthy, neuropathic, and myopathic electromyogram, respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Electromyogram.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_100", "caption": "Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/110px-Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_101", "caption": "Structure of the olfactory epithelium. SARS-CoV-2 infects the support cells (sustentacular cells), which injures the olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium leading to loss of smell. New olfactory neurons regenerate from the basal cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Location_of_olfactory_ensheathing_cells_%28O_589a45ef.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_102", "caption": "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological and psychiatric outcomes in the subsequent 6 months compared with other respiratory tract infections [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological_and_psych_f90b75dd.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_103", "caption": "The cerebellum is highlighted in purple.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cerebellum_NIH.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_104", "caption": "A radiography during an intervention of deep brain stimulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Tiefe_Hirnstimulation_-_Sonden_RoeSchaedel_a_e30b995a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_105", "caption": "Eukaryote cells sort misfolded proteins into two quality control compartments: JUNQ and IPOD, based on their ubiquitination state.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/280px-A_scheme_of_a_yeast_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and__d0115052.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_106", "caption": "Eukaryote cells sort misfolded proteins, based on their ubiquitination state, into two quality control compartments: 1. JUNQ (green), which is tethered to the nucleus (orange) 2. IPOD(green), which is tethered to the vacuole (black shadow)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-A_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and_IPOD_inclusions.pn_abf2032a.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_107", "caption": "A JUNQ inclusion viewed by a ubiquitinated VHL protein(green), is tethered to the nucleus (orange).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-290px-JUNQ_%28green%29_tethered_to_the_36372de8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_108", "caption": "An IPOD inclusion viewed by a non-ubiquitinated VHL protein(red), tethered to the vacuole (green).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-269px-IPOD_%28red%29_tethered_to_the_v_dfbb920d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_109", "caption": "' Graph 1' Represents data that shows how Lafora disease has been distributed throughout not just the United States but the world as a whole. This particular graph shows 250 families that have been affected by Lafora Disease. [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Number_of_Cases_of_Lafora_Disease_per_countr_5662902e.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_110", "caption": "' Graph 2' Represents data that shows how the gene mutation for both EPM2A and EPM2B has been distributed around the world. The data goes to show that there are more cases caused by EPM2B than there are for EPM2B (NHLRC1). [ 19 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Percentage_of_Lafora_Disease_in_each_country_0f5557d3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_111", "caption": "Lafora disease has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. [ 18 ] EPM2A gene found on chromosome 6q24 and NHLRC1 gene found on chromosome 6p22.3. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_112", "caption": "Gonzalo Rodr\u00edguez Lafora , discoverer of the disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Gonzalo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Lafora_%281910%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_113", "caption": "Two healthy mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue as shown by electron microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Mitochondria%2C_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_114", "caption": "The autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance seen in some cases of Leigh syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Autosomal_recessive_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_115", "caption": "The X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance seen occasionally in cases of Leigh syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-X-linked_recessive_%28carrier_mother%29.svg._a249f792.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_116", "caption": "Chemical structure of methylprednisolone. Corticosteroids are used during acute multiple sclerosis relapses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Methylprednisolone.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_117", "caption": "Disease-modifying treatments are expensive and most require frequent (up-to-daily) injections, under the skin or into the muscle. Newer treatments feature intravenous (IV) infusions (shown above) at 1 to 3-month intervals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Injection_23.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_118", "caption": "Injectable medications can produce irritation or bruises at injection site. The bruise depicted was produced by a subcutaneous injection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Implant.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_119", "caption": "Irritation zone after injection of glatiramer acetate.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Copaxone_Injection_Site_Reaction.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_120", "caption": "Chemical structure of mitoxantrone", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mitoxantrone_skeletal.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_121", "caption": "Supervised physical therapy may be helpful to overcome some symptoms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-LegExtensionMachineExercise.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_122", "caption": "Chemical structure of alemtuzumab", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Alemtuzumab_Fab_1CE1.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_123", "caption": "Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh and other structures passing between the left inguinal ligament and ilium, frontolateral view of the right side of the pelvis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray546-LFC.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_124", "caption": "Mevalonic acid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mevalonic-acid-2D-skeletal.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_125", "caption": "The biosynthesis of isoprenoids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mevalonate_Pathway_Wiki_Page.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_126", "caption": "Mevalonate pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Mevalonate_pathway.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_127", "caption": "Mevalonate kinase deficiency has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_128", "caption": "Amsler grid as it might appear to someone with micropsia as a result of age-related macular degeneration .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Amsler_grid_-_age-related_macular_degenerati_9d049f15.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_129", "caption": "An MRI image of a brain tumor occupying the left temporal and parieto - occipital regions of the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Papillary_glioneuronal_tumor.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_130", "caption": "Chilean writer Ana Mar\u00eda Haebig has Moebius Syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/210px-Haebig%2C_Ana_Maria_-FILSA_2015_10_28_fRF04__a8c38bb8.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_131", "caption": "Sagittal magnetic resonance imaging scan showing a markedly underdeveloped ( hypoplastic ) tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MRI_of_head_of_M%C3%B6bius_syndrome_patient._36466abf.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_132", "caption": "Mentally disabled woman with features indicative of Muenke syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Goddard_22_%28top%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_133", "caption": "Muenke Syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_134", "caption": "Typical time frames of post-exertional malaise after normal daily activities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-Timeframe_of_PEM_from_daily_activities.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_135", "caption": "Results of a study on the quality of life of individuals with ME/CFS, showing it to be lower than in 20 other chronic conditions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/310px-QoL_comparison_ME-CFS.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_136", "caption": "When people with ME/CFS exercise on consecutive days, their performance declines on the second day, unlike those with unexplained chronic fatigue (ICF).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Work_rate_at_ventilatory_threshold.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_137", "caption": "Could You Have ME/CFS? handout from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Could_You_Have_MECFS.webp.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_138", "caption": "A heart rate monitor can be helpful for energy management.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-FitbitIonicMomentDisplay.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_139", "caption": "Incidence rates by age and sex, from a 2014 study in Norway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-ME-CFS_Incidence_Rate_by_Age.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_140", "caption": "Presentation of a petition to the National Assembly for Wales relating to ME support in South East Wales", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Petition_presentation_by_M.E_Support_in_Glam_eea69552.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_141", "caption": "The blue ribbon is used for ME/CFS awareness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Blue_awareness_ribbon_icon_with_outline.svg._f51bdc5f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_142", "caption": "Graph of ME/CFS papers published by year: \u00a0 \u00a0Papers mentioning ME or CFS \u00a0 \u00a0Papers whose title mentions ME/CFS", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-ME-CFS_Papers_by_Year.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_143", "caption": "According to a 1922 osteopath , the Venus de Milo was \"neurasthenic as her stomach was not in the proper position\". [ 13 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_144", "caption": "Comparison of brain tissue between healthy individual and Alzheimer's disease patient, demonstrating extent of neuronal death", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Alzheimers_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_145", "caption": "Risks from viral exposures according to one biobank study [ 58 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/180px-Hazard_ratio_lag_for_replicated_viral_infect_76dac089.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_146", "caption": "A child with Down syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Child_piggyback2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_147", "caption": "CT scan showing epidural hematoma , a type of traumatic brain injury (upper left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Epidural_hematoma.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_148", "caption": "MRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-NPH_MRI_274.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_149", "caption": "Map of England", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-English_regions_2009_%28named%29.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_150", "caption": "Caf\u00e9 au lait spot characteristic of NF1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-NF-1-Tache_cafe-au-lait.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_151", "caption": "Diagnostic criteria of neurofibromatosis type I, requiring at least 2 of the mentioned items. [ 6 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Diagnostic_criteria_of_neurofibromatosis_typ_6647068c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_152", "caption": "MRI image showing malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the left tibia in neurofibromatosis type-1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MPNST.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_153", "caption": "NF-1 is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, although it can also arise due to spontaneous mutation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_154", "caption": "NF-2 may be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, as well as through random mutation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_155", "caption": "Micrograph of a schwannoma , a tumor seen in neurofibromatosis type II. HPS stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_very_high_mag._07488c5c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_156", "caption": "Schwannoma of the N. Vestibularis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vestibularis-Schwannom.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_157", "caption": "Meningiomas in a person with NFII", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Recklinghausen2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_158", "caption": "NF-2 Locus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/50px-Neurofibromatosis2-locus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_159", "caption": "Left image : MRI findings (T1-weighted images) in a patient with neurosacoidosis showing thickening of infundibulum and both optic nerves (white signal marked with yellow arrows; width 6\u00a0mm). Right image : MRI brain with contrast showing near resolution of enhancement after treatment.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Neurosarcoidosis_MRI_pre-post_treatment_arro_125bc734.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_160", "caption": "Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-OcularAlbanism.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_161", "caption": "Fast-phase horizontal eye movement vision", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Horizontal-nystagmus.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_162", "caption": "Fast-phase vertical eye movement vision", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vertical-nystagmus.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_163", "caption": "A diagram of the caloric reflex test , which tests the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) by irrigating the ear canal with warm or cold water to induce physiological nystagmus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Lawrence_1960_13.8.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_164", "caption": "MRIs of a normal individual (left) and a patient with microcephaly caused by genetic mutation (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Microcephaly.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_165", "caption": "Electroencephalogram (EEG) displaying burst suppression patterns. Onset of bursts are indicated by solid arrows; offset, by open arrows. In both A and B, the interval between each vertical dotted line is one second", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Bonthius2b.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_166", "caption": "Figure 2: This image shows the three different types of aortic dissection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Aortic_dissection_class.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_167", "caption": "Figure 3: A visualization of the aorta (4) in relation to the pulmonary artery (5).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Heart_numlabels.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_168", "caption": "The eponymous objects", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Pinsandneedles.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_169", "caption": "Site of speech processes that sit on the Perisylvian Fissure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-The_classical_Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind_m_71684999.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_170", "caption": "Man with facial paralysis on his right side", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Face_of_a_man_with_right_facial_paralysis_We_c3ab7856.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_171", "caption": "Image of arachnoid cyst", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Arachnoid_cyst.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_172", "caption": "CT scan with MCA infarction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MCA_Territory_Infarct.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_173", "caption": "image of cerebral angiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cerebral_angiography%2C_arteria_vertebralis__45d82e0b.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_174", "caption": "Middle cranial fossa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Middle_cranial_fossa_-_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_175", "caption": "Image of brain MRI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MRI_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_176", "caption": "Friedrich Albert von Zenker", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-FAZenker.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_177", "caption": "A mirror box used for treating phantom limbs, developed by V.S. Ramachandran", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/280px-Ramachandran-mirrorbox.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_178", "caption": "Structure of Venlafaxine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Venlafaxine.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_179", "caption": "Misfolded proteins can form protein aggregates or amyloid fibrils , get degraded , or refold back to its native structure .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/349px-Protein_Aggregation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_180", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/A_scheme_of_a_yeast_cell_harboring_JUNQ_and_IPOD_i_1d3decc0.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_181", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/554px-Ubiquitylation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_182", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/283px-Macro-micro-autophagy.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_183", "caption": "Micrograph of amyloid in a section of liver that has been stained with the dye Congo red and viewed with crossed polarizing filters, yielding a typical orange-greenish birefringence. 20X microscope objective; the scale bar is 100 microns (0.1mm).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Amyloid_Liver_Congo_Red_Bar%3D100um.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_184", "caption": "Micrograph of immunostained \u03b1-synuclein (brown) in Lewy bodies (large clumps) and Lewy neurites (thread-like structures) in the cerebral cortex of a patient with Lewy body disease , a synucleinopathy . 40X microscope objective.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Immunostaining_%28brown%29_of_alpha-synuclei_e1dd86d4.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_185", "caption": "Progressive neuropathy can lead to irreversible damage, early identification of asymptomatic neuropathy may prevent loss of limb.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vasculitic_neuropathy_-_plastics_-_low_mag.j_5c8fb251.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_186", "caption": "Animals with \"dumb\" rabies appear depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Dog_with_rabies.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_187", "caption": "A young girl about to receive PEP after being bitten by an animal thought to be rabid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Rabiesvaccination.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_188", "caption": "Map of rabies-free countries and territories", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-Rabies_Free_Countries_and_Territories.svg.pn_9326fb3f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_189", "caption": "Rabies cases in humans and domestic animals \u2013 United States, 1938\u20132018", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-Mm6823e1-F1.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_190", "caption": "Two dogs with the paralytic, or dumb, form of rabies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-PHIL_2184.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_191", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the locations of extraocular muscles and ocular cranial nerves. Paresis of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII) reduces the strength of medial rectus , superior rectus , inferior rectus , and inferior oblique muscles, while trochlear nerve (CNIV) and abducens nerve (CNVI) paralysis affect superior oblique muscle and lateral rectus muscle respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Eye_orbit_anterior_%28modified%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_192", "caption": "Physical examination showing ophthalmoplegia affecting the left eye. The central image represents forward gaze while other images represents different direction of gaze. Drooping of eyelids (ptosis ) and nonaligned eyes ( strabismus ) are observed, showing paresis of CNIII, CNIV and CNVI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Tolosa-hunt_ophtalmoplegia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_193", "caption": "Artist's depiction of a scintillating scotoma, exhibiting a flashing visual pattern similar to dazzle camouflage used during WWI.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Scintillating_scotoma_dazzle_camouflage.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_194", "caption": "An artist's depiction of a scintillating scotoma with a bilateral arc", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Aura_ss.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_195", "caption": "In teichopsia, migraine sufferers see patterns in the shape of the walls of a star fort .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_196", "caption": "The vestibular system is stimulated through hanging equipment such as tire swings.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Tire_Swing.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_197", "caption": "Human body temperature scale, showing the body temperature of what is considered hypothermia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Human_Body_Temperature_Scale.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_198", "caption": "Hyperhidrosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hyperhidrosis.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_199", "caption": "Location of the corpus callosum within the human brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Corpus_callosum.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_200", "caption": "Coronal sections of human brain labeling the basal ganglia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Basal-ganglia-coronal-sections-large.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_201", "caption": "Target molecules of botulinum (BoNT) and tetanus (TeNT) toxins inside the axon terminal. [1]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Presynaptic_CNTs_targets.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_202", "caption": "Insertion of electrode during surgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_203", "caption": "Motor track", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/100px-Gray764.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_204", "caption": "Baclofen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Baclofen.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_205", "caption": "Doppler ultrasound of subclavian steal phenomenon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Ultrasound_of_Left_Subclavian_Steal_Syndrome_827b8915.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_206", "caption": "Angiogram of subclavian steal phenomenon before and after stent placement", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Angiogram_of_Left_Subclavian_Steal_Syndrome._300b1753.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_207", "caption": "CT angiography of subclavian steal phenomenon", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Left_Subclavian_Steal_Syndrome.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_208", "caption": "Erythema marginatum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Erythema_marginatum.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_209", "caption": "Penicillin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Penicillin_core.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_210", "caption": "Lifecycle of T. solium . Red arrows indicate pig; blue arrows human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-400px-Taenia_solium_Life_cycle_%2802%2_98b5ccde.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_211", "caption": "MRI sagittal image of sacral and dorso-lumbar perineural cysts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Tarlov_Cysts-Sagittal_MRI.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_212", "caption": "Timothy syndrome has an autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autosomal_dominant_-_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_213", "caption": "Syndactyly in a \u20602 + 1 / 2 \u2060 -year old girl with Timothy syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-PMC5336871_Ergul_2015_Timothy_syndrome_synda_033cf76c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_214", "caption": "A reconstruction of the vertebral arteries from a CT scan, seen from the front. From the bottom, V1 is from the subclavian artery to the foramina, V2 is from the foramina to the second vertebra, V3 is between the foramina until entry into the skull, and V4 is inside the skull embedded in the dura mater . They merge into the basilar artery, which then divides into the posterior cerebral artery .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Vertebral_artery_3D_AP_relabeled.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_215", "caption": "Magnetic resonance angiogram of the neck vessels in a person with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV; it shows a dissection of the left internal carotid artery, dissection of both vertebral arteries in their V1 and V2 segments and a dissection of the middle and distal third of the right subclavian artery. Such striking episodes of dissection are typical for this \"vascular\" subtype of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Angio_MR.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_216", "caption": "Aspirin (tablets pictured) is commonly used after stroke. In vertebral artery dissection it appears as effective as anticoagulation with warfarin.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Regular_strength_enteric_coated_aspirin_tabl_5969b4c3.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_217", "caption": "Girl with Wilson's disease showing neurological symptoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Wilson%27s_Disease_5.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_218", "caption": "A brown ring on the edge of the iris ( Kayser\u2013Fleischer ring ) is common in Wilson's disease, especially when neurological symptoms are present.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Kayser-Fleischer_ringArrow.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_219", "caption": "Wilson's disease has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autorecessive.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_220", "caption": "Normal absorption and distribution of copper: Cu = copper, CP = ceruloplasmin , green = ATP7B carrying copper", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Copper_metabolism.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_221", "caption": "Location of the basal ganglia, the part of the brain affected by Wilson's disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_%282%29_656be461.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_222", "caption": "Ceruloplasmin", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-PBB_Protein_CP_image.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_223", "caption": "Active electrolocation. Conductive objects concentrate the field and resistive objects spread the field.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Active_electro.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_224", "caption": "Nervous system organization - the motor and sensory systems", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/280px-Nervous_system_organization_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_225", "caption": "An illustration of the route of ASMR's tingling sensation [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-ASMR_Map.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_226", "caption": "Virginia Woolf's novel Mrs Dalloway contains a passage describing something that may be comparable to ASMR.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Virginia_Woolf_1927.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_227", "caption": "Animal grooming has been interpreted as a form of bonding.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Grooming_monkeys_PLW_edit.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_228", "caption": "Search Examples of bitter compounds in BitterDB", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Search_Examples_of_bitter_compounds_in_BitterDB.jp_c2a4f76b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_229", "caption": "A 2-D model of cortical sensory homunculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Sensory_Homunculus-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_230", "caption": "A 2-D cortical motor homunculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Motor_homunculus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_231", "caption": "3-D sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_232", "caption": "Flotation tank with flip top lid opened", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Flotation_tank_SMC.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_233", "caption": "The elephantnose fish is a weakly electric mormyrid fish which generates an electric field with its electric organ and then uses its electroreceptive knollenorgans and mormyromasts to locate nearby objects by the distortions they cause in the electric field. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/550px-Electroreception_system_in_Elephantfish.svg._06ad84bc.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_234", "caption": "Hans Lissmann discovered electroreception in 1950 through his observations of Gymnarchus niloticus . [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-Gymnarchus_niloticus005_%28cropped%29.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_235", "caption": "Electric eels create electric fields powerful enough to stun prey using modified muscles . Some weakly electric knifefishes appear to mimic the electric eel's discharge patterns; this may be Batesian mimicry , to deceive predators that they are too dangerous to attack. [ 20 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Sidderaal_%284039238527%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_236", "caption": "The platypus is a monotreme mammal that has secondarily acquired electroreception. Its receptors are arranged in stripes on its bill, giving it high sensitivity to the sides and below; it makes quick turns of its head as it swims to detect prey. [ 37 ] [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/550px-Platypus_electrolocation.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_237", "caption": "Arthropods like these northern prawn , and some mammals, detect water movement with sensory hairs such as whiskers , bristles or antennae", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Woda-6_ubt.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_238", "caption": "Lateral line on an Atlantic cod", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Atlantic_cod.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_239", "caption": "Tactile receptors.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Blausen_0809_Skin_TactileReceptors.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_240", "caption": "A child bites into a watermelon , experiencing mouthfeel sensations such as juiciness", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-RIAN_archive_569736_Boy_eating_a_watermelon._180b7df1.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_241", "caption": "Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up in the rubber hand illusion task.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Rubber_hand_illusion.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_242", "caption": "Superior colliculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Slide5ff.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_243", "caption": "Light microscope photograph of a muscle spindle. HE stain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Muscle_Spindle_LM_HE_stain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_244", "caption": "Prismatic reversing glasses (upside down goggles with two prisms)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Blinking_in_Upside_Down_Goggles.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_245", "caption": "Modern version of inverting mirrors with harness", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Stratton_glasses_experiment_%28modern_versio_77cfb91f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_246", "caption": "Mechanism of nociception via sensory afferents", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/440px-Nociceptive_pain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_247", "caption": "This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for pain, proprioception, thermoception, and chemoception to their relevant endpoints in the human brain. Click to enlarge.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for__80cc21c1.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_248", "caption": "Example of a hot plate assay performed on a rat", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hot_plateassay.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_249", "caption": "Example of a traditional set-up for the tail flick assay", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Tail_flick.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_250", "caption": "A US Food and Drug Administration sensory analyst sniffs canned mackerel to check for spoilage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sensory_Analysis_at_FDA_%2815749912566%29.jp_d0587b4f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_251", "caption": "Portrait of Ren\u00e9 Descartes by Jan Baptist Weenix , 1647\u20131649", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Jan_Baptist_Weenix_-_Portrait_of_Ren%C3%A9_D_ed7f4139.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_252", "caption": "Regions of the cerebral cortex associated with pain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Schematic_of_cortical_areas_involved_with_pa_592e6fe6.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_253", "caption": "Mechanism of nociceptive pain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/288px-Nociceptive_pain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_254", "caption": "The breaking wheel was a torture method used for public execution by breaking the bones of a criminal or bludgeoning them to death.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Lamani_v_kole.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_255", "caption": "The Maw\u00e9 people of Brazil intentionally use bullet ant stings as a rite of passage into manhood.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-TUCANDEIRA_RITUAL_-_panoramio.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_256", "caption": "The second neuron in the figure depicts an encapsulated nerve ending.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-1401_Receptor_Types.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_257", "caption": "The image on the left side depicts the dorsal column pathway for vibration perception.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-1417_Ascending_Pathways_of_Spinal_Cord.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_258", "caption": "The peripheral nervous system with an enlarged depiction of an afferent neuron.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/201px-201405_peripheral_nervous_system.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_259", "caption": "The central nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Central_nervous_system.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_260", "caption": "The Necker cube and Rubin vase can be perceived in more than one way.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Multistability.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_261", "caption": "Humans are able to make a very good guess on the underlying 3D shape category/identity/geometry given a silhouette of that shape. Computer vision researchers have been able to build computational models for perception that exhibit a similar behavior and are capable of generating and reconstructing 3D shapes from single or multi-view depth maps or silhouettes. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Synthesizing_3D_Shapes_via_Modeling_Multi-Vi_b24b6c22.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_262", "caption": "Cerebrum lobes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Cerebrum_lobes.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_263", "caption": "Anatomy of the human ear. (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image.) \u00a0 \u00a0Brown is outer ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Red is middle ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Purple is inner ear .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_264", "caption": "Though the phrase \"I owe you\" can be heard as three distinct words, a spectrogram reveals no clear boundaries.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Spectrogram_of_I_owe_you.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_265", "caption": "Law of Closure. The human brain tends to perceive complete shapes even if those forms are incomplete.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gestalt_closure.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_266", "caption": "Spinal cord tracts - tracts of the DCML pathway shown upper right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_267", "caption": "Neural connections in the DCML pathway.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-1417_Ascending_Pathways_of_Spinal_Cord.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_268", "caption": "The first-order neuron is a pseudounipolar neuron (shown left), with a single axon originating from the cell body then splitting into two branches. The body is situated in the dorsal root ganglion, with one axon traveling peripherally to tissue, and one traveling into the dorsal column. On the right is a bipolar neuron .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Pseudounipolar_bipolar_neurons.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_269", "caption": "Prepulse inhibition: preceding stimulus attenuates the startle response .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Prepulse_Inhibition_schematically.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_270", "caption": "PPI and startle reflex apparatus for mice", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Startle_Imetronic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_271", "caption": "PPI measurement in human.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Matt%27s_PhD_Study.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_272", "caption": "Prey have adaptations such as cryptic coloration in this Alaskan hare which help them avoid predators .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Arctic_Hare.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_273", "caption": "Experiments on blue jays suggest they form a search image for certain prey.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Blue_Jay-27527.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_274", "caption": "This ladybeetle ( Calvia decemguttata ) is easily spotted, but its conspicuous colors are a sign of its unpalatability , with which experienced predators would probably be familiar.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-IMG_2085_Calvia_decemguttata.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_275", "caption": "Schematics and images of types of limb proprioceptor neurons in mammals (top) and insects (bottom) [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Proprioception_image-01.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_276", "caption": "Graphical representation of range fractionation . In this diagram, 10 sensory neurons respond to fraction of the entire range of intensities of stimulus (blue, bottom). Together, all 10 of these neurons comprise the range of perceived stimuli\", which is all of the discernable stimulus intensities to the system. Neuron response is indicated by \"Sensory Neuron Activity\" (or, Action Potential Firing Rate). The range of a single sensory neuron is indicated in yellow. In this depiction, low-intensity stimuli (light blue, left) would activate a single sensory neuron, whereas high-intensity stimuli (dark blue, right) may activate 3-4 neurons. The collective firing pattern of the sensory neurons will inform the nervous system about the stimulus properties.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-RangeFractionationforWikipedia2-03-03.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_277", "caption": "On center and off center retinal ganglion cells respond oppositely to light in the center and surround of their receptive fields. A strong response means high frequency firing, a weak response is firing at a low frequency, and no response means no action potential is fired.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Receptive_field.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_278", "caption": "A computer emulation of \"edge detection\" using retinal receptive fields. On-centre and off-centre stimulation is shown in red and green respectively.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Red_on_centre_green_off_centre.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_279", "caption": "Neurons of a convolutional layer (blue), connected to their receptive field (red)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/231px-Conv_layer.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_280", "caption": "CNN layers arranged in three dimensions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/184px-Conv_layers.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_281", "caption": "Sensation consists of signal collection and transduction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-SensoryProcessing.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_282", "caption": "Human power exponents and Steven's Power Law", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Power_exponents_and_Steven%27s_Power_Law.svg_91e94364.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_283", "caption": "Philippe Mercier - The Sense of Taste - Google Art Project", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Philippe_Mercier_-_The_Sense_of_Taste_-_Goog_f9db7465.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_284", "caption": "The sense of smell. Bequest of Mrs E.G. Elgar , 1945 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-The_sense_of_smell_Philippe_Mercier.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_285", "caption": "Balance skill development in children", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Balance.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_286", "caption": "Balance training using medicine balls", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Plank_on_two_medicine_balls.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_287", "caption": "Diagram of vestibular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_288", "caption": "This figure shows nerve activity associated with rotational-induced physiologic nystagmus and spontaneous nystagmus resulting from a lesion of one labyrinth. Thin straight arrows show direction of slow components, thick straight arrows show direction of fast components, and curved arrows show direction of endolymph flow in the horizontal semicircular canals . The three semicircular canals are marked AC (anterior canal), PC (posterior canal), and HC (horizontal canal).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_C.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_289", "caption": "This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for balance and acceleration to their relevant endpoints in the human brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for__c93f5229.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_290", "caption": "Another diagram showing neural pathway of vestibular /balance system. Arrows show the direction of information relay.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vestibular_balance_system.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_291", "caption": "Illustration of the flow of fluid in the ear, which in turn causes displacement of the top portion of the hair cells that are embedded in the jelly-like cupula. Also shows the utricle and saccule organs that are responsible for detecting linear acceleration, or movement in a straight line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_B.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_292", "caption": "Vestibular sense system, the \"sixth sense\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-VestibularSystem_la.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_293", "caption": "Sensory inclusive bag for people with sensory processing disorders", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sensory_inclusive_bag_for_people_with_sensor_89fc2123.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_294", "caption": "Sensory inclusive bag contents: Noise-cancelling headphones , KultureCity VIP tag, fidget toy and verbal cue card", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sensory_inclusive_bag_contents.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_295", "caption": "A subject wearing an electroencephalography cap, a conventional technique for measuring one's reactivity using sensory gating.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Electroencephalography_%28EEG%29_-_FET09_Pra_824b4fd0.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_296", "caption": "Ad hoc use of sensory deprivation ; using a kippah to block light during an unexpected moment of hypersensitivity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Ad_hoc_sensory_deprivation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_297", "caption": "CT scan slice of the brain showing a right- hemispheric ischemic stroke (left side of image).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-INFARCT.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_298", "caption": "The cortical homunculus, or the visual representation of how your brain sees your body, was discovered by Wilder Penfield", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sensory_Homunculus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_299", "caption": "The visual system and the somatosensory system are active even during resting state fMRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-RestingStateModels.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_300", "caption": "Activation and response in the sensory nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/280px-1212_Sensory_Neuron_Test_Water.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_301", "caption": "The human eye is the first element of a sensory system : in this case, vision , for the visual system .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/100px-Eye_iris.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_302", "caption": "Human ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/100px-Earcov.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_303", "caption": "Human nose", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/100px-Hump_nose2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_304", "caption": "Human tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/100px-Tongue.agr.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_305", "caption": "Disability-adjusted life year for sense organ diseases per 100,000\u00a0inhabitants in 2002. [ 29 ] \u00a0 \u00a0no data \u00a0 \u00a0less than 200 \u00a0 \u00a0200-400 \u00a0 \u00a0400-600 \u00a0 \u00a0600-800 \u00a0 \u00a0800-1000 \u00a0 \u00a01000-1200 \u00a0 \u00a01200-1400 \u00a0 \u00a01400-1600 \u00a0 \u00a01600-1800 \u00a0 \u00a01800-2000 \u00a0 \u00a02000-2300 \u00a0 \u00a0more than 2300", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Sense_organ_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2_774f3cce.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_306", "caption": "1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_307", "caption": "Diagrammatic vertical section through the eye of teleost fish. Fish have a refractive index gradient within the lens which compensates for spherical aberration . [ 4 ] Unlike humans, most fish adjust focus by moving the lens closer or further from the retina . [ 5 ] Teleosts do so by contracting the retractor lentis muscle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Bony_fish_eye_multilang.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_308", "caption": "A three-spined stickleback with stained neuromasts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gasterosteus_aculeatus_with_stained_neuromas_8d504290.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_309", "caption": "The shape of the hammerhead shark 's head may enhance olfaction by spacing the nostrils further apart.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hammerhead_shark.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_310", "caption": "Electromagnetic field receptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) and motion detecting canals in the head of a shark", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_311", "caption": "Active electrolocation. Conductive objects concentrate the field and resistive objects spread the field.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Active_electro.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_312", "caption": "Hooked sailfish", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hooked_Sailfish.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_313", "caption": "This figure depicts an example of combination of a forward model and an inverse model. Here the reference input is the target sensory state that controller (inverse model) will use to compute a motor command. The plant ( motor unit ) acts out the motor command which results in a new sensory state. This new sensory state can be compared to the state predicted by the forward model to obtain an error signal. This error signal can be used to correct the internal model or the current movement.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/500px-Basic_Internal_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_314", "caption": "Sensory-specific satiety is illustrated when diners at a buffet eat a larger quantity of food than those eating a single dish, even when the single dish is provided in quantities as much as the diner desires.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Chinese_buffet2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_315", "caption": "The sexual dimorphism in Bibionidae eyes is prominent, with the large dorsal eyes of the male (left) entirely absent in the female (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-BibionidaeEyes.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_316", "caption": "Parts of human spinal cord 1 central canal 2 posterior median sulcus 3 gray matter 4 white matter 5 dorsal root (left), dorsal root ganglion (right) 6 ventral root 7 fascicles 8 anterior spinal artery 9 arachnoid mater 10 dura mater", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Human_spinal_cord_svg.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_317", "caption": "Sectional organization of spinal cord", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Spinal_Cord_Sectional_Anatomy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_318", "caption": "Diagram of the spinal cord showing segments", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Diagram_of_the_spinal_cord_CRUK_046.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_319", "caption": "Spinal cord segments and spinal nerves , spinal cord detail, and spinal meninges and conus medullaris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Spinal_cord_details.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_320", "caption": "Spinal cord enlargements", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/70px-Gray663.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_321", "caption": "Spinal cord seen in a midsection of a five-week-old embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/130px-Sobo_1909_621.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_322", "caption": "Spinal cord seen in a midsection of a three-month-old fetus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/130px-Sobo_1909_622.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_323", "caption": "Spinal cord tracts ascending tracts shown in blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_324", "caption": "The anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts labelled at lower right as tracts of the anterolateral system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_325", "caption": "Location of visual, auditory and somatosensory perception in the superior colliculus of the brain. Overlapping of these systems creates multisensory space.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Multisensory.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_326", "caption": "Schematic diagram of the human eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.pn_da7e4a9d.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_327", "caption": "Diagram of the human ear.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-HumanEar.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_328", "caption": "The prominent barcode pattern on this Ferrari F10 Formula 1 car served as advertising for Marlboro .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Felipe_Massa_Ferrari_Bahrain_2010_GP.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_329", "caption": "Taste bud", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Taste_bud.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_330", "caption": "The diagram above depicts the signal transduction pathway of the sweet taste. Object A is a taste bud, object B is one taste cell of the taste bud, and object C is the neuron attached to the taste cell. I. Part I shows the reception of a molecule. 1. Sugar, the first messenger, binds to a protein receptor on the cell membrane. II. Part II shows the transduction of the relay molecules. 2. G Protein-coupled receptors, second messengers, are activated. 3. G Proteins activate adenylate cyclase, an enzyme, which increases the cAMP concentration. Depolarization occurs. 4. The energy, from step 3, is given to activate the K+, potassium, protein channels.III. Part III shows the response of the taste cell. 5. Ca+, calcium, protein channels is activated.6. The increased Ca+ concentration activates neurotransmitter vesicles. 7. The neuron connected to the taste bud is stimulated by the neurotransmitters.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Signal_Transaction_of_the_Sweet_Taste.svg.pn_fe34d2cb.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_331", "caption": "The diagram depicts the signal transduction pathway of the sour or salty taste. Object A is a taste bud, object B is a taste receptor cell within object A, and object C is the neuron attached to object B. I. Part I is the reception of hydrogen ions or sodium ions. 1. If the taste is sour, H + ions, from acidic substances, pass through H + channels. Depolarization takes place II. Part II is the transduction pathway of the relay molecules. 2. Cation, such as K + , channels are opened. III. Part III is the response of the cell. 3. An influx of Ca + ions is activated. 4. The Ca + activates neurotransmitters. 5. A signal is sent to the neuron attached to the taste bud.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Signal_Transaction_of_Taste%3B_Sour_%26_Salt_cb4ff01a.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_332", "caption": "The diagram depicted above shows the signal transduction pathway of the bitter taste. Bitter taste has many different receptors and signal transduction pathways. Bitter indicates poison to animals. It is most similar to sweet. Object A is a taste bud, object B is one taste cell, and object C is a neuron attached to object B. I. Part I is the reception of a molecule.1. A bitter substance such as quinine, is consumed and binds to G Protein-coupled receptors.II. Part II is the transduction pathway 2. Gustducin, a G protein second messenger, is activated. 3. Phosphodiesterase, an enzyme, is then activated. 4. Cyclic nucleotide, cNMP, is used, lowering the concentration 5. Channels such as the K+, potassium, channels, close. III. Part III is the response of the taste cell. 6. This leads to increased levels of Ca+. 7. The neurotransmitters are activated. 8. The signal is sent to the neuron.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Signal_Transaction_of_Taste%3B_Bitter.svg.pn_9e6d05c7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_333", "caption": "Taste buds and papillae of the human tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-1402_The_Tongue.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_334", "caption": "Taste receptors of the human tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Jaime_Lara_2023_PMID_36409650_Figure_3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_335", "caption": "Signal transduction of taste receptors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Jaime_Lara_2023_PMID_36409650_Figure_6.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_336", "caption": "Active brain areas in taste perception", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Jaime_Lara_2023_PMID_36409650_Figure_8.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_337", "caption": "This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for taste to their relevant endpoints in the human brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for__c94912dd.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_338", "caption": "Thalamic nuclei. Metathalamus labelled MTh. (Left thalamus viewed from left.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-ThalamicNuclei.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_339", "caption": "Nuclei of right thalamus (viewed from above right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Thalmus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_340", "caption": "Medial nuclei of the left thalamus. Key: CeM Central Medial . CL Central Lateral . CM CentroMedian . MD Medial Dorsal . MV MedioVentral= Reuniens . Pf Parafascicular . (Lateral view shows sagittal section through left thalamus)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Thalamus_medialgroup.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_341", "caption": "Lateral nuclei of the left thalamus. Key: VA Ventral Anterior . VL Ventral Lateral . VM Ventral Medial . VPI Ventral PosteroInferior. VPL Ventral PosteroLateral . VPM Ventral PosteroMedial . (Medial view shows sagittal section through left thalamus.)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Thalamus_lateralgroup.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_342", "caption": "The thalamus is connected to the spinal cord via the spinothalamic tract", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_343", "caption": "Positions of the pit organs (arrowed in red) on a python, relative to its nostril (black arrow)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Pit_organs_of_a_python.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_344", "caption": "The Thinker by Auguste Rodin (1840\u20131917) in the garden of the Mus\u00e9e Rodin , Paris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Jardin_du_Musee_Rodin_Paris_Le_Penseur_20050_4af264e1.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_345", "caption": "Man thinking on a train journey", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Thinking%E0%A7%A8.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_346", "caption": "A muscle spindle, with \u03b3 motor and Ia sensory fibers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/264px-MuscleSpindle.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_347", "caption": "Human vestibular system of the semicircular canals in the inner ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vertigo.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_348", "caption": "Cochlea and vestibular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cochlea_and_vestibular_system.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_349", "caption": "Push-pull system of the semicircular canals, for a horizontal head movement to the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Vestibular_PushPull.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_350", "caption": "The vestibulo-ocular reflex. A rotation of the head is detected, which triggers an inhibitory signal to the extraocular muscles on one side and an excitatory signal to the muscles on the other side. The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Simple_vestibulo-ocular_reflex.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_351", "caption": "Neural pathway of the vestibular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vestibular_balance_system.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_352", "caption": "This diagram linearly (unless otherwise mentioned) tracks the projections of all known structures that allow for vision to their relevant endpoints in the human brain. Click to enlarge the image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Comprehensive_List_of_Relevant_Pathways_for__2eb04bff.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_353", "caption": "Representation of optic pathways from each of the 4 quadrants of view for both eyes simultaneously", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-ERP_-_optic_cabling.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_354", "caption": "The human eye (horizontal section) The image projected onto the retina is inverted due to the optics of the eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.pn_385d76b7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_355", "caption": "S. Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , Structure of the Mammalian Retina, 1900", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cajal_Retina.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_356", "caption": "Information flow from the eyes (top), crossing at the optic chiasma , joining left and right eye information in the optic tract , and layering left and right visual stimuli in the lateral geniculate nucleus . V1 in red at bottom of image. (1543 image from Andreas Vesalius ' Fabrica )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1543%2CVesalius%27Fabrica%2CVisualSystem%2CV_e1394d4a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_357", "caption": "Six layers in the LGN", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Lateral_geniculate_nucleus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_358", "caption": "Scheme of the optic tract with image being decomposed on the way, up to simple cortical cells (simplified)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Lisa_analysis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_359", "caption": "Visual cortex : V1; V2; V3; V4; V5 (also called MT)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_360", "caption": "Visual cortex is active even during resting state fMRI .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-RestingStateModels.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_361", "caption": "Intraparietal sulcus (red)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray726_intraparietal_sulcus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_362", "caption": "Visual pathway lesions From top to bottom: 1. Complete loss of vision, right eye 2. Bitemporal hemianopia 3. Homonymous hemianopsia 4. Quadrantanopia 5&6. Quadrantanopia with macular sparing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Hemianopsia_en.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_363", "caption": "Figure 2. Example of bifurcating axons in the optic chiasm (Type II) of a rabbit. a,b,c: bifurcating optic fibres. c: fibre bifurcating in the two opposite optic tracts. d. Commissure of Gudden. e. Fibres that continue in a different depth. (from: Cajal, [ 5 ] Fig. 6)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cajal_1898_Fig6.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_364", "caption": "Figure 3. The decussation of the optic radiation in the cortex is an example of a type IV crossing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Optical-transformations.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_365", "caption": "Peripheral nervous system box diagram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/410px-NSdiagram.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_366", "caption": "Langley's Classification Tree from his 1921 book The Autonomic Nervous System", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/440px-Langley%27s_Classification_Tree_his_book_%22_fe367d23.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_367", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/205px-Dermatomes_and_cutaneous_nerves_-_anterior.p_e1b8a855.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_368", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/230px-Dermatomes_and_cutaneous_nerves_-_posterior._bc2ee2d0.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_369", "caption": "Myelinated GS efferent fiber leaving cell body of motor neuron to form a neuromuscular junction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Motoneuron.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_370", "caption": "Nerve cell and organization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/171px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_371", "caption": "Cross-section of a nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_372", "caption": "Micrograph demonstrating perineural invasion of prostate cancer . H&E stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_inv_7b3118d2.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_373", "caption": "Spinal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-Spinal_nerve_CAT.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_374", "caption": "Cervical plexus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-Gray804.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_375", "caption": "Anatomical illustration of the brachial plexus with areas of roots, trunks, divisions and cords marked. Clicking on names of branches will link to their Wikipedia entry.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-Brachial_plexus_2.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_376", "caption": "The lumbar plexus and its branches.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-Lumbar_plexus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_377", "caption": "Plan of sacral and coccygeal plexuses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/150px-Gray828_es.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_378", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-Nervous_system_diagram-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_379", "caption": "Distribution of the areas of the sensory roots upon the surface of the body", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-A_text-book_of_medicine_for_students_and_pra_ddbb339d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_380", "caption": "3D Medical Animation still shot of Lumbosacral Plexus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-3D_Medical_Animation_of_Lumbosacral_Plaxus.j_7df006a1.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_381", "caption": "Spinal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/240px-Gray675.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_382", "caption": "Typical spinal nerve location", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/240px-Cervical_vertebra_english.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_383", "caption": "Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve 1. Somatic efferent . 2. Somatic afferent . 3,4,5. Sympathetic efferent . 6,7. Autonomic afferent .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Gray799.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_384", "caption": "Cervical nerves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray795.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_385", "caption": "Lumbar plexus and branches", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray823.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_386", "caption": "Plan of sacral and pudendal plexuses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray828.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_387", "caption": "Areas of distribution of the cutaneous branches of the posterior divisions of the spinal nerves. The areas of the medial branches are in black, those of the lateral in red", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray802.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_388", "caption": "Dissection of a human brain with labels showing the clear division between white and gray matter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1202_White_and_Gray_Matter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_389", "caption": "Diagram of the columns and of the course of the fibers in the spinal cord. Sensory synapses occur in the dorsal spinal cord (above in this image), and motor nerves leave through the ventral (as well as lateral) horns of the spinal cord as seen below in the image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sobo_1909_615.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_390", "caption": "Different ways in which the CNS can be activated without engaging the cortex, and making us aware of the actions. The above example shows the process in which the pupil dilates during dim light, activating neurons in the spinal cord. The second example shows the constriction of the pupil as a result of the activation of the Eddinger-Westphal nucleus (a cerebral ganglion).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1508_Autonomic_Control_of_Pupil_Size.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_391", "caption": "A map over the different structures of the nervous systems in the body, showing the CNS, PNS , autonomic nervous system , and enteric nervous system .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-1205_Somatic_Autonomic_Enteric_StructuresN.j_29ccbe55.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_392", "caption": "Human brain in the sagittal plane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gehirn%2C_medial_-_Lobi_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_393", "caption": "Ventricles of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Blausen_0896_Ventricles_Brain.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_394", "caption": "Tau protein disorders cause microtubule destruction and formation of neurofibrillary tangles .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-TANGLES_HIGH.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_395", "caption": "Major dopamine pathways. As part of the reward pathway , dopamine is manufactured in nerve cell bodies located within VTA and is released in the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex . The motor functions of dopamine are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the substantia nigra that manufacture and release dopamine into the striatum .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/230px-Dopamine_pathways.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_396", "caption": "Dopamine and serotonin functions and pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/230px-Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_397", "caption": "Expression of glutamate transporter 1 in glial cell facilitates reuptake of glutamate and decreases extracellular glutamate concentration", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/230px-Glutamate_reuptake_via_EAAT2_%28GLT1%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_398", "caption": "The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord , and in the ventricles of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Nervous_system_-_Cerebrospinal_fluid_--_Smar_4595ff4e.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_399", "caption": "Life expectancy in the USA by race [ 97 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Life_expectancy_in_USA_by_race_-only_overall_54a2d3c9.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_400", "caption": "Life expectancy in the USA by race and sex, with calculated sex gap [ 97 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Life_expectancy_in_USA_by_race_-sex_gap.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_401", "caption": "Astrocytes (green) in the context of neurons (red) in a mouse cortex cell culture", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/255px-The_Galaxy_Within.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_402", "caption": "23-week-old fetal brain culture human astrocyte", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/255px-Human_astrocyte.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_403", "caption": "Astrocytes (red-yellow) among neurons (green) in the living cerebral cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Astrocytes-mouse-cortex.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_404", "caption": "Astrocytes are depicted in red. Cell nuclei are depicted in blue. Astrocytes were obtained from brains of newborn mice.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8D%C_554434a7.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_405", "caption": "Metabolic interactions between astrocytes and neurons [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/650px-Metabolic_interactions_between_astrocytes_an_5467787d.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_406", "caption": "Astrocyte endfeet processes surrounding a blood vessel", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Astrocyte_endfeet_processes.webp.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_407", "caption": "Fig. 6 The conjectured switching role of glia in the biological neural detection scheme as suggested by Nossenson et al. [ 37 ] [ 38 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/611px-Neural_detector_nossenson_2013.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_408", "caption": "Part of a network of capillaries supplying brain cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-10.1371_journal.pbio.0050169.g001-O.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_409", "caption": "The astrocytes type 1 surrounding capillaries in the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Blood_Brain_Barriere.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_410", "caption": "Sketch showing constitution of blood vessels inside the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Blood_vessels_brain_english.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_411", "caption": "Updated leptin\u2013melanocortin model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Updated_leptin%E2%80%93melanocortin_model.jp_e2324151.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_412", "caption": "Figure 6-1(a). (Panel A) Expression of polysialic acid form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the hippocampus of rats that were irradiated (IR) with 2.5 Gy of 56Fe high-energy radiation and control subjects as measured by\u00a0% density/field area measured. (Panel B) PSA-NCAM staining in the dentate gyrus of representative irradiated (IR) and control (C) subjects at 5x magnification. [ 44 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_413", "caption": "Figure 6-1(b). Numbers of proliferating cells (left panel) and immature neurons (right panel) in the dentate SGZ are significantly decreased 48 hours after irradiation. Antibodies against Ki-67 and doublecortin (Dcx) were used to detect proliferating cells and immature neurons, respectively. Doses from 2 to 10 Gy significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the numbers of proliferating cells. Immature neurons were also reduced in a dose-dependent fashion (p<0.001). Each bar represents an average of four animals; error bars, and standard error. [ 41 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_1b.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_414", "caption": "Figure 6-2. Dose response for oxidative stress after 56Fe-ion irradiation. Hippocampal precursors that are subjected to 56Fe-ion irradiation were analyzed for oxidative stress 6 hours after exposure. At doses \u22641 Gy a linear dose response for the induction of oxidative stress was observed. At higher 56Fe doses, oxidative stress fell to values that were found using lower-LET irradiations (X rays, protons). Experiments, which represent a minimum of three independent measurements (\u00b1SE), were normalized against unirradiated controls set to unity. ROS levels induced after 56Fe irradiation were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than controls. [ 49 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_415", "caption": "Figure 6-3. ED 50 for CTA as a function of LET for the following radiation sources: 40 Ar = argon ions, 60 Co = Cobalt-60 gamma rays, e \u2212 = electrons, 56 FE = iron ions, 4 He = helium ions, n 0 = neutrons, 20 Ne = neon ions. [ 62 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_416", "caption": "Figure 6-4. Radiation-induced disruption in CTA. This figure shows the relationship between exposure to different energies of 56 FE and 28 Si particles and the threshold dose for the disruption of amphetamine-induced CTA learning. Only a single energy of 48 Ti particles was tested. The threshold dose (cGy) for the disruption of the response is plotted against particle LET (keV/\u03bcm). [ 66 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_4.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_417", "caption": "Figure 6-5.jpg High-LET radiation effects on operant response. This figure shows the relationship between the exposure to different energies of 56 Fe and 28 Si particles and the threshold dose for the disruption of performance on a food-reinforced operant response. Only a single energy of 48 Ti particles was tested. The threshold dose (cGy) for the disruption of the response is plotted against particle LET (keV/\u03bcm). [ 66 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_5.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_418", "caption": "Figure 6-6. Brain-region-specific calcium-dependent protein kinase C expression was assessed in control and irradiated rats using standard Western blotting procedures. Values are means \u00b1 SEM (standard error of mean). [ 69 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_6.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_419", "caption": "Figure 6-7. LET dependence of RBE of radiation in producing emesis or retching in a ferret. B = bremsstrahlung; e \u2212 = electrons; P = protons; 60 Co = cobalt gamma rays; n 0 = neutrons; and 56 Fe = iron.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_7.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_420", "caption": "Figure 6-9. Model of plaque formation and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. From Edelstein-Keshet and Spiros, 2002: Top row: Formation of a plaque and death of neurons in the absence of glial cells, when fibrous amyloid is the only injurious influence. The simulation was run with no astrocytes or microglia, and the health of neurons was determined solely by the local fibrous amyloid. Shown above is a time sequence (left to right) of three stages in plaque development, at early, intermediate, and advanced stages. Density of fibrous deposit is represented by small dots and neuronal health by shading from white (healthy) to black (dead). Note radial symmetry due to simple diffusion. Bottom row: Effect of microglial removal of amyloid on plaque morphology. Note that microglia (small star-like shapes) are seen approaching the plaque (via chemotaxis to soluble amyloid, not shown). At a later stage, they have congregated at the plaque center, where they adhere to fibers. As a result of the removal of soluble and fibrous amyloid, the microglia lead to irregular plaque morphology. Size scale: In this figure, the distance between the small single dots (representing low-fiber deposits) is 10 mm. Similar results were obtained for a 10-fold scaling in the time scale of neuronal health dynamics. [ 71 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CNS_Figure_9.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_421", "caption": "A flask containing human cerebral organoids", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Human_Cerebral_Organoids_%2853728295930%29.j_cc668505.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_422", "caption": "Instructive growth factors regulating fate decisions in embryonic NCSCs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Instructive_growth_factors_regulating_fate_d_a4b9fdb5.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_423", "caption": "This flow chart outlines the basic steps to create a cerebral organoid. The process takes a span of months and the size of the organoid is limited to the availability of nutrients.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/299px-Cerebral_organoid_flowchart.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_424", "caption": "An efference copy is used to generate the predicted sensory input which estimates the (somato)sensory consequences of a motor command (top row). The sensory consequences of the executed motor command (bottom row) are used to compare with the corollary discharge to inform the CNS about external actions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/500px-Efference_Copy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_425", "caption": "Efference copies as used in speech production: motor and auditory efference copies serve to allow for rapid comparison with motor and auditory consequences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Efferencev2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_426", "caption": "In the mormyrid electric fish corollary discharges enables the knollenorgan sensor (KS) to detect the electric organ discharges of other fish without also detecting their own self generated electric organ discharges.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/282px-Gnathonemuspetersii.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_427", "caption": "Astrocytes stained for GFAP (green) and aquaporin-4 (purple)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Astrocytes.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_428", "caption": "Meningeal lymphatic vessels run parallel to the dural venous sinuses .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray488.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_429", "caption": "Example of a meningeal whole-mount taken from an adult mouse. [ 12 ] Laying the whole-mount on a glass slide allows for histological analysis of the entire dura, including the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mouse_whole-mount_meninges.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_430", "caption": "Human meningeal lymphatic vessels using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadobutrol as constrast agent which in the dura mater leaks out of blood vessels and collects inside lymphatic vessels, that show up as bright white areas on brain scans. [ 13 ] [ 14 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Meningeal_lymphatic_vessels.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_431", "caption": "Confocal micrograph of meningeal lymphatic vessels and trafficking immune cells. LYVE1 (green), CD3e (red), and DAPI (blue) are shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-TJK_Example_lymphatics.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_432", "caption": "Cross-section of the middle pons (at the level of cranial nerve V).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Pons_-_Middle.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_433", "caption": "Cross-section of the inferior pons (at the level of the facial genu).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Pons_-_Inferior.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_434", "caption": "History of cerebral organoid to myelinoid generation protocols", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-History_of_myelinoids.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_435", "caption": "General workflow for generating myelin organoids.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/600px-Myelinoid_General_Workflow.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_436", "caption": "Timeline of small molecules & growth factors for myelinoid differentiation and generation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/500px-Myelin_Organoid_Protocol_Overview.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_437", "caption": "Precentral gyrus sensory homunculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1421_Sensory_Homunculus.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_438", "caption": "Facial view of an infant with macrocephaly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Greig_syndrome.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_439", "caption": "Diagram illustrating the theorized causes of NAA accumulation in spongy degeneration patients and its consequences", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/page1-220px-Spongy_Degeneration_of_CNS_Molecular_w_e0a5b7e8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_440", "caption": "Small volume of amniotic fluid is extracted via amniocentesis with a syringe .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Amniocentesis.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_441", "caption": "Molecular view of gene therapy using an adenovirus vector", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gene_therapy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_442", "caption": "The iceberg metaphor proposed by G. T. Fechner is often used to provide a visual representation of Freud's theory that most of the human mind operates unconsciously. [ 31 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/240px-Structural-Iceberg.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_443", "caption": "Diversity of neuronal morphologies in the auditory cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cajal_actx_inter.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_444", "caption": "White matter structure of human brain (taken by MRI ). Anterior on the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-3DSlicer-KubickiJPR2007-fig6.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_445", "caption": "Trepanned skull from Edinburgh", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Edinburgh_Skull%2C_trepanning_showing_hole_i_e84eae7b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_446", "caption": "World Academy of Neurological Surgery's conference", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Robert_Spetzler_in_a_Neurosurgeons_Group.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_447", "caption": "Histopathology specimen of Angiocentric glioma , higher magnification, HE stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Neuropathology_case_V_03.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_448", "caption": "The location of the amygdala in the human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Amygdala.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_449", "caption": "The stereotaxic apparatus used for clinical amygdalotomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-The_stereotaxic_apparatus._Wellcome_M0016268_070a1eb8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_450", "caption": "Base of the skull. Inferior surface, attachment of muscles marked in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray187.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_451", "caption": "Exobasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Exobasis.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_452", "caption": "Endobasis-resistances beams", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Endobasis_-_resistances_beams.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_453", "caption": "Endobasis-resistances nodes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Endobasis_-_resistances_nodes.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_454", "caption": "The foramina in the base of the skull are exit and entry points for veins, arteries and cranial nerves .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Skull_brain_human_normal.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_455", "caption": "The cranial nerves as they exit through various foramina.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Skull_and_brainstem_inner_ear.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_456", "caption": "The carotid artery is the large vertical artery in red. The blood supply to the common carotid artery starts at the arch of the aorta (left) or the subclavian artery (right). The common carotid artery divides into the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery . Plaque often builds up at that division, and a carotid endarterectomy cuts open the artery and removes the plaque.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray513.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_457", "caption": "Illustration depicting a Carotid Endarterectomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Carotid_Endarterectomy_svg_hariadhi.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_458", "caption": "Diagram of cerebral aneurysm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cerebral_aneurysm_NIH.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_459", "caption": "The most common sites of intracranial saccular aneurysms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Wikipedia_intracranial_aneurysms_-_inferior__819ebd4a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_460", "caption": "CT angiography showing aneurysm measuring 2.6 mm in diameter at the ACOM (anterior communicating artery).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CT_angiography_showing_aneurysm_at_the_ACOM._b172bb82.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_461", "caption": "A selection of Mayfield and Drake aneurysm clips ready for implantation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-AneurysmClips.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_462", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cardiovascular_system_-_Aneurysm_clip_--_Sma_276480fa.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_463", "caption": "Here is the arm of the ROSA One", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-ROSA_One%C2%AE_Robot_.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_464", "caption": "Illustration depicting a surgical discectomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Blausen_0319_Discectomy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_465", "caption": "Spinal reflections and folds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray767.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_466", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray488_blue.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_467", "caption": "This picture shows important anatomy involved in endoscopic endonasal surgery. The pituitary gland sits at the top of the picture behind the sphenoid sinus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Illu_nasal_cavities.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_468", "caption": "Resected middle cerebral artery aneurysm filled with multiple coils.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Aneurysma_Coil.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_469", "caption": "A 3D reconstruction of the Circle of Willis derived from a CT angiogram.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Circle_of_willis_from_CT_angio.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_470", "caption": "Spinal surgeons operating on a patient's back", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-SPINAL_SURGEONS.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_471", "caption": "CT scan showing markedly thickened ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament) causing spinal stenosis in the lumbar spine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Spinal_stenosis_1.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_472", "caption": "CT scan image of large herniated disc in the lumbar spine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/CT_LUMBAR_DISC_HERNATION.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_473", "caption": "CT scan of laminectomy showing scar formation (highlighted in red)causing new stenosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-LAMINECTOMY_SCAR.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_474", "caption": "Myelogram showing typical findings of arachnoiditis in the lumbar spine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/ARACHNOIDITIS.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_475", "caption": "CT scan showing post operative scarring and arachnoiditis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/CT_ARACHNOIDITIS.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_476", "caption": "CT scan showing two views of L4-5 disc herniation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CT_SCAN_DISC_HERNIATION.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_477", "caption": "Ultrasound of the optic nerve showing IIH [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-UOTW_5_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2_%28cropped_46d3b860.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_478", "caption": "A lumbar puncture in progress. A large area on the back has been washed with an iodine -based disinfectant leaving brown colouration. In this image the person is seated upright, which can make the procedure easier to perform but makes any measurement of the opening pressure unreliable.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-Wikipedian_getting_a_lumbar_puncture_%282006_12f80d29.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_479", "caption": "The number of new cases per year of IIH is strongly determined by sex and body weight . The figures in females are in women between 20 and 45 years old. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-IIH_incidence.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_480", "caption": "Graphic of lumbar laminectomy and two conditions it can address.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Lumbar_Laminectomy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_481", "caption": "Human Vertebral Column", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-715_Vertebral_Column.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_482", "caption": "Vertebra Superior View", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vertebra_Superior_View-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_483", "caption": "Vertebral Column: Lamina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vertebra_Posterolateral-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_484", "caption": "US Navy Cmdr. Kenneth Kubis, director of surgical services aboard the Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy uses an operating microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_485", "caption": "Featured: Ligamentum Flavum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sobo_1909_179.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_486", "caption": "MRI of the lumbar spine showing spinal stenosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/SPINAL_STENOSIS.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_487", "caption": "Advertisement for a Leucotome in the 1940s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Leucotome.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_488", "caption": "A leucotome designed by Neurosurgeon John Crumbie, Croydon Mental Hospital , 1955 [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Leucotome%2C_designed_by_Neurosurgeon_Dr_Joh_2b6bb5b2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_489", "caption": "Photo of Mathieu Jaboulay courtesy of Romain Rochefeuille", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mathieu_Jaboulay.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_490", "caption": "Magnetic Resonance Image of Lumbar Spine courtesy of Nevit Dilmen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Lumbar_MRI_T1FSE_T2frFSE_STIR_09.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_491", "caption": "Nerve block of cervical spine courtesy of PainDoctorUSA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Pain-Doctor-Interscalene-Nerve-Block-Injecti_55178a7f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_492", "caption": "Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex targeted using high definition MRI. The red sphere is the anterior inferior left DLPFC, the green sphere is the indicated coil location. Left DLPFC is stimulated for the treatment of depression and other conditions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-MRI_image_of_human_cerebral_cortex_with_ster_8a25e287.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_493", "caption": "3d printed transcranial magneti\u0441 stimulation patient-specific guide based on MRI data capable to hold 2 Magventure MCF-B65 coils in selected regions on both frontal lobes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-3d_printed_TMS_guide.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_494", "caption": "CAD model of patient-specific TMS guide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CAD_model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_495", "caption": "1) Boron compound (b) is selectively absorbed by cancer cell(s). 2) Neutron beam (n) is aimed at cancer site. 3) Boron absorbs neutron. 4) Boron disintegrates emitting cancer-killing radiation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Boron_neutron_capture_therapy_%28bnct%29_ill_66e2f858.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_496", "caption": "Skull of the tuatara ( Sphenodon punctatus ), with the pineal foramen enclosed by the parietal bones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_497", "caption": "Surgical planning using bone segment navigation for the osteotomy of the jaw bones, based on models fixed into an articulator (registration based on infrared devices)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-SurgicalPlanningArtikulator.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_498", "caption": "Schematic representation of the SSN system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-SSNSchemaEnglish.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_499", "caption": "Actual usage of the SSN system in the operating room", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-SSNimOP.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_500", "caption": "Micrograph showing a primary CNS lymphoma with the characteristic perivascular distribution composed of large cells with prominent nucleoli . Brain biopsy . HPS stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Primary_CNS_lymphoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_501", "caption": "Planning CT scan with IV contrast in a patient with left cerebellopontine angle vestibular schwannoma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Acoustic_schwannoma_gamma_knife.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_502", "caption": "A doctor performing Gamma Knife Radiosurgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Dr._B._K._Misra_performing_Stereotactic_Gamm_ecb8106d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_503", "caption": "NRC graphic of the Leksell Gamma Knife", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gamma_Knife_Graphic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_504", "caption": "A doctor performing Gamma Knife Radiosurgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Dr._B._K._Misra_performing_Stereotactic_Gamm_ecb8106d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_505", "caption": "Frame for Stereotactic Thalamotomy on display at the Glenside Museum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Frame_for_Stereotactic_Thalamotomy_on_displa_17619633.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_506", "caption": "Jorge Candia, Antonio Martos and Jorge Olivetti", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Desenvolvimento-TM.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_507", "caption": "The first surgery performed with Latin-American system was a Trigeminal Nucleotractothomy, performed by Jorge Schvartz.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Jorge_Schvartz.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_508", "caption": "Part of a stereotaxic atlas showing the human thalamus and nuclei", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Segmentation_of_the_thalamus_and_nuclei.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_509", "caption": "Circle of Willis with the most common locations of ruptured aneurysms marked", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Circulus_arteriosus_SAB_Lokalisationen_SVG.s_1e50de0f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_510", "caption": "A lumbar puncture in progress. A large area on the back has been washed with an iodine -based disinfectant, leaving brown coloration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-Wikipedian_getting_a_lumbar_puncture_%282006_12f80d29.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_511", "caption": "Xanthochromia versus normal CSF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/110px-Xanthochromia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_512", "caption": "ECG changes resembling those of an STEMI in a woman who had an acute CNS injury from a subarachnoid hemorrhage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-CNSinjury.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_513", "caption": "Arteriogram showing a partially coiled aneurysm ( indicated by yellow arrows ) of the posterior cerebral artery with a residual aneurysmal sac. The person was a 34-year-old woman initially treated for a subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-Coiled_PCA_residual_aneurysm_arteriogram.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_514", "caption": "Autopsy of a case with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The arachnoid mater is left in place on the exterior surface, containing extensive hemorrhage that also fills the sulci, as detailed in magnified image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gross_pathology_of_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.j_a5c4c588.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_515", "caption": "Average number of people with SAH per 100,000 person-years, broken down by age [ 90 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-SAH_incidence_graph.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_516", "caption": "An arteriovenous graft serving as a fistula for hemodialysis access", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Blausen_0050_ArteriovenousGraft.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_517", "caption": "The picture shows three exemplary steps during white matter dissection. In the upper part, a left hemisphere has been prepared according to Klingler's technique. The arachnoidal layer and the blood vessels were previously removed. In the middle part of the picture the first step of white matter dissection with the exposure of short fibres (U-fibres) which are visible underneath the cerebral cortex. In the lower part, a deeper layer of anatomical dissection with white matter structures (associative and projection fibres) and basal ganglia (Putamen). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-220px-White_matter_dissection.tif.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_518", "caption": "Polish neurologist Edward Flatau greatly influenced the developing field of neurology. He published a human brain atlas in 1894 and wrote a fundamental book on migraines in 1912.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Edward_Flatau.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_519", "caption": "Jean-Martin Charcot is considered one of the fathers of neurology. [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Charcot1893.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_520", "caption": "Axial section of the Brainstem (Pons) at the level of the Facial Colliculus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/280px-Pons_section_at_facial_colliculus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_521", "caption": "The Clivus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/210px-Clivus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_522", "caption": "Limitation of abduction of the right eye. This individual tries to look to his right, but the right eye fails to turn to the side.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Abducens_palsy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_523", "caption": "The accessory nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Ner_d49fc9f6.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_524", "caption": "The nigrostriatal pathway (highlighted in blue) is crucial for dopamine production and transmission.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/307px-Nigrostriatal_pathway.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_525", "caption": "Location of the hypothalamus in the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/310px-1806_The_Hypothalamus-Pituitary_Complex.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_526", "caption": "Dopamine pathways in the brain. The production of dopamine is concentrated in the Ventral Tegmental Area and the Substantia Nigra.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/310px-Dopamine_Pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_527", "caption": "Brain anatomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Brain_Anatomy_Striatum.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_528", "caption": "GABA-A receptor embedded in cell membrane", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cell_GABA_Receptor.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_529", "caption": "Parasagittal render of human brain with MRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MRI_brain.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_530", "caption": "Man ready for EEG recording", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-EEG_recording.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_531", "caption": "Reactive astrocytes in a rat brain stained against GFAP.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-220px-2010-3-15_rGFAP_1-4000_1-200_Hip_5498ebb4.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_532", "caption": "Anatomy of the human ear (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image.). \u00a0 \u00a0Brown is outer ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Red is middle ear . \u00a0 \u00a0Purple is inner ear .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_533", "caption": "Auditory ossicles from a deep dissection of the tympanic cavity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Slide1ghe.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_534", "caption": "The organ of Corti located at the scala media", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_535", "caption": "Lateral lemniscus in red, as it connects the cochlear nucleus , superior olivary nucleus and the inferior colliculus , seen from behind", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_536", "caption": "Dual stream connectivity between the auditory cortex and frontal lobe of monkeys and humans. Top: The auditory cortex of the monkey (left) and human (right) is schematically depicted on the supratemporal plane and observed from above (with the parieto- frontal operculi removed). Bottom: The brain of the monkey (left) and human (right) is schematically depicted and displayed from the side. Orange frames mark the region of the auditory cortex, which is displayed in the top sub-figures. Top and Bottom: Blue colors mark regions affiliated with the ADS, and red colors mark regions affiliated with the AVS (dark red and blue regions mark the primary auditory fields). Abbreviations: AMYG-amygdala, HG-Heschl's gyrus, FEF-frontal eye field, IFG-inferior frontal gyrus, INS-insula, IPS-intra parietal sulcus, MTG-middle temporal gyrus, PC-pitch center, PMd-dorsal premotor cortex, PP-planum polare, PT-planum temporale, TP-temporal pole, Spt-sylvian parietal-temporal, pSTG/mSTG/aSTG-posterior/middle/anterior superior temporal gyrus, CL/ ML/AL/RTL-caudo-/middle-/antero-/rostrotemporal-lateral belt area, CPB/RPB-caudal/rostral parabelt fields. Used with permission from Poliva O. From where to what: a neuroanatomically based evolutionary model of the emergence of speech in humans. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Neurolinguistics.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_537", "caption": "Sagittal cross-section of the brain illustrating the dopaminergic pathway.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/264px-Dopamine_Pathways_cs.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_538", "caption": "Benzodiazepines are a type of tranquilizers used in the treatment of Bell's Mania that take effect by acting on GABA neurotransmitters in the brain. It helps in bringing extreme agitation and catatonia under control.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/239px-Etizolam.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_539", "caption": "The use of Intramuscular Ketamine Injections is a popular method in the treatment of Bell's Mania.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/184px-Ketmine_Injection.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_540", "caption": "Luther Vose Bell (1806-1862) was the first person to coin the term Bell's Mania.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/186px-Luther_V._Bell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_541", "caption": "Flow chart depicting the role of apomorphine in Alzheimer's disease.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/325px-Apomorphine_therapeutic_scheme.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_542", "caption": "An analog biothesiometer kit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Biothesiometer_-_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0_616737bd.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_543", "caption": "A digital biothesiometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Digital_Biothesiometer.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_544", "caption": "Particulate exposure and increased risk of neurodegeneration [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/510px-Particulates_exposure_and_increased_risk_of__7ad4c97f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_545", "caption": "Potential particle pathways as of 2018. [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Potential_particle_pathway.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_546", "caption": "A scanning electron microscope image of bundles of multiwalled carbon nanotube piercing an alveolar epithelial cell .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-220px-Carbon_nanotubes_penetrating_lun_0782566c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_547", "caption": "Burning of downed vegetation, or \" slash \".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Daily_open_burning%2C_Tai_Po%2C_Hong_Kong.pn_377ddadd.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_548", "caption": "Air-purifiers with air flow generated by bladeless fan . Some models can act as heaters or humidifiers and may feature oscillation and adjustment of air flow angle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Fans_by_Dyson_1_2018-06-02.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_549", "caption": "First generation SALSCS (Solar-assisted Large Scale Cleaning System), Xi'an", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-First_generation_SALSCS%2C_Xi%27an.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_550", "caption": "Cerebrovascular system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cerebrovascular_System.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_551", "caption": "The ophthalmic artery and its branches", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray514.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_552", "caption": "The anterior and posterior circulations meet at the circle of Willis , pictured here, which rests at the top of the brainstem . Inferior view.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_553", "caption": "Dural venous sinuses bordered by hard meninges (shown in blue) direct blood outflow from cerebral veins to the internal jugular vein at the base of skull .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Sobo_1909_589.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_554", "caption": "MRI showing pulsation of CSF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-NPH_MRI_272_GILD.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_555", "caption": "Distribution of CSF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Dist_vent.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_556", "caption": "Vials containing human cerebrospinal fluid", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-4_vials_of_human_cerebrospinal_fluid.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_557", "caption": "Coronal anterior section through anterior fontanelle of a one-year-old girl.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Coronal_anterior_section_through_anterior_fo_d287d09a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_558", "caption": "Mid sagittal section through anterior fontanelle of a one-year-old girl.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mid_saggital_section_of_ultrasound_cranium.j_a260924c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_559", "caption": "Striatum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Striatum_small.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_560", "caption": "Dopamine Pathways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Dopamine_Pathways.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_561", "caption": "Dopamine D2 receptors", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Dopamine_D2_Receptors_in_Addiction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_562", "caption": "Gamma-camera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gammacamera.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_563", "caption": "An illustration of the standard Hodgkin\u2013Huxley Na + channel model", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-Hodgkin_Huxley_H_and_M_Gate_Model_Na_Channel_9bb0b256.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_564", "caption": "Transmembrane voltage response of a space-clamped mammalian node of Ranvier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/440px-Depolarizing_Prepulse.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_565", "caption": "Diagram of a voltage-sensitive sodium channel \u03b1-subunit. G - glycosylation , P - phosphorylation , S - ion selectivity, I - inactivation, positive (+) charges in S4 are important for transmembrane voltage sensing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/500px-Sodium-channel.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_566", "caption": "Mean proportions of stimuli perceived as painful v. stimulus prepulse", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/440px-Poletto_2002_pain_plot_2.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_567", "caption": "Based upon the data presented in [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Nerve_Fiber_Recruitment_Inversion_Plot.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_568", "caption": "Referred pain : Conscious perception of visceral sensations is referred to specific regions of the body that are not sources of the sensations. Some referred pain due to visceral sensations refer to dermatomes that send fibers to the same level of spinal cord.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1506_Referred_Pain_Chart.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_569", "caption": "Dermatomes of the lower limb (modified, from Fender, after Foerster)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Grant_1962_665.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_570", "caption": "Discoid lateral meniscus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Scheibenmeniscus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_571", "caption": "Photograph of a congenital discoid menisci specimen from the University of Cape Town Pathology Learning Centre teaching collection.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CONGENITAL_DISCOID_MENISCI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_572", "caption": "Discoid meniscus on coronal proton-density weighted MRI", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Scheibenmeniskus_MRT_PDW_cor.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_573", "caption": "FOV both eyes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-FOV_both_eyes.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_574", "caption": "Vertical FOV", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vertical_FOV.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_575", "caption": "Angle of view can be measured horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Angle_of_view.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_576", "caption": "In computed tomography ( abdominal CT pictured), the field of view (FOV) multiplied by scan range creates a volume of voxels .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Abdominal_CT_with_scan_range_and_field_of_vi_44ea007d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_577", "caption": "Field of view diameter in microscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Field_of_view_diameter_in_microscopy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_578", "caption": "Frontal lobe (red) of left cerebral hemisphere", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Frontal_lobe_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_579", "caption": "Trajectory of a rat through a square environment is shown in black. Red dots indicate locations at which a particular entorhinal grid cell fired.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Grid_cell_image_V2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_580", "caption": "Grid cells derive their name from the fact that connecting the centers of their firing fields gives a triangular grid.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Uniform_tiling_63-t2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_581", "caption": "Spatial autocorrelogram of the neuronal activity of the grid cell from the first figure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Autocorrelation_image.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_582", "caption": "A hexagonal lattice.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Equilateral_Triangle_Lattice.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_583", "caption": "In heterosynaptic plasticity, synaptic pathways that are not specifically stimulated undergo changes (synaptic plasticity) in addition to those who are specifically stimulated.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Heterosynaptic_Plasticity-1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_584", "caption": "In modulatory input-dependent plasticity, Neuron C acts as an interneuron, releasing neuromodulators, which changes synaptic strength between Neuron A and Neuron B.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Interneuron-1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_585", "caption": "In Aplysia californica, modulatory interneurons release serotonin, triggering synaptic plasticity in motor neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Aplysia-1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_586", "caption": "Schematic image of the hypoglossal nerve and innervation targets.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Lawrence_1960_17.26.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_587", "caption": "An injured hypoglossal nerve will cause the tongue to waste away and the tongue will not be able to stick out straight. The injury here occurred because of branchial cyst surgery. [ 18 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Unilateral_hypoglossal_nerve_injury.jpeg.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_588", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Brodmann_areas.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_589", "caption": "Midline shift (arrow) is present in this brain after a stroke (infarct depicted in shaded area).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MCA-Stroke-Brain-Humn-2A.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_590", "caption": "This subdural hematoma / epidural hematoma (arrows) is causing midline shift of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Intracranial_bleed_with_significant_midline__47e2778f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_591", "caption": "Converging empirical evidence indicates a functional equivalence between action execution and motor imagery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Motor_imagery3.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_592", "caption": "Activation in the motor cortex during motor imagery amounts about 30\u00a0% of the level observed during actual performance; Roth et al., 1996.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MI_fMRI.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_593", "caption": "People have a conversation in a social setting", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Conversation-2751.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_594", "caption": "Depiction of smooth muscle contraction", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Smooth_muscle_cell_contraction.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_595", "caption": "Types of muscle contractions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-1015_Types_of_Contraction_new.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_596", "caption": "In vertebrate animals, there are three types of muscle tissues: 1) skeletal, 2) smooth, and 3) cardiac", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Muscle_Tissue_%281%29.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_597", "caption": "Organization of skeletal muscle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1022_Muscle_Fibers_%28small%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_598", "caption": "Structure of neuromuscular junction.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1009_Motor_End_Plate_and_Innervation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_599", "caption": "Picture showing the different interactions within the ECC pathway", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Interactions_within_Excitation-contraction_C_422d0da0.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_600", "caption": "Sliding filament theory: A sarcomere in relaxed (above) and contracted (below) positions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sarcomere.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_601", "caption": "Cross-bridge cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1008_Skeletal_Muscle_Contraction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_602", "caption": "Muscle length versus isometric force", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Lengthtension.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_603", "caption": "Force\u2013velocity relationship: right of the vertical axis concentric contractions (the muscle is shortening), left of the axis eccentric contractions (the muscle is lengthened under load); power developed by the muscle in red. Since power is equal to force times velocity, the muscle generates no power at either isometric force (due to zero velocity) or maximal velocity (due to zero force). The optimal shortening velocity for power generation is approximately one-third of maximum shortening velocity.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Muscle_Force_Velocity_relationship.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_604", "caption": "Swellings called varicosities belonging to an autonomic neuron innervate the smooth muscle cells.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-1029_Smooth_Muscle_Motor_Units.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_605", "caption": "Cardiac muscle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cardiac_Muscle.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_606", "caption": "Key proteins involved in cardiac calcium cycling and excitation-contraction coupling", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Cardiac_calcium_cycling_and_excitation-contr_6321a31c.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_607", "caption": "A simplified image showing earthworm movement via peristalsis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Earthworm_movement_all.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_608", "caption": "Asynchronous muscles power flight in most insect species. a: Wings b: Wing joint c: Dorsoventral muscles power the upstroke d: Dorsolongitudinal muscles (DLM) power the downstroke. The DLMs are oriented out of the page.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Motion_of_Insectwing.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_609", "caption": "Electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position [ 48 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Galvani-frogs-legs-electricity.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_610", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray64.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_611", "caption": "This figure illustrates how glioblastoma affects brain tissue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-AFIP-00405562-GiantCellGlioblastoma-Gross.jp_d46cc5c2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_612", "caption": "This diagram shows the myelin sheath around axons of healthy neurons looks like, and the result of demyelination of neurons in Multiple Sclerosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Myelin_sheath_damage_in_multiple_sclerosis.p_1a5944c7.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_613", "caption": "Edelman giving a lecture, September 30, 2010", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_614", "caption": "Illustration of disulfide bridges (red) linking the light (L, green) and heavy (H, purple) chains of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody. The variable (V) regions are located at the antigen-binding end; and, the constant (C) domains form the primary frame of the IgG molecule. Another disulfide bridge holds the two symmetrical units made up of a light chain (V L +C L ) and a heavy chain (V H +C H 1+C H 2+C H 3) together to form the completed antibody. [ a ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-AntibodyChains.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_615", "caption": "Clonal selection theory (CST): hematopoietic stem cells (1) differentiate and undergo genetic rearrangement to produce a population of cells possessing a wide range of pre-existing diversity with respect to antibody expression (2). Lymphocytes expressing antibodies that would lead to autoimmunity are filtered from the population (3), while the rest of the population represents a degenerate pool of diversity (4) where antigen-selected variants (5) can be differentially amplified in response (6). Once the antigen has been cleared, the responding population will decrease, but not by as much as it was amplified, leaving behind a boosted capacity to respond to future incursions by the antigen \u2013 a form of enhanced recognition and memory within the system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Clonal_selection.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_616", "caption": "The degeneracy of the genetic code buffers biological systems from the effects of random mutation . The ingenuous 1964 Nirenberg and Leder experiment would identify the mRNA codons , a triplet sequence of ribonucleotides , that coded for each amino acid ; thus elucidating the universal genetic code within the DNA when the transcription process was taken into account. Changes in the third position of the codon, the wobble position , often result in the same amino acid, and oftentimes the choice comes down to purine or pyrimidine only when a choice must be made. Similar, but variant, codon sequences tend to yield similar classes of amino acid \u2013 polar to polar, non-polar to non-polar, acidic to acidic, and basic to basic residues.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-06_chart_pu3.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_617", "caption": "The four major classes of biological amino acids \u2013 polar (hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acidic, and basic side chain residues. The amino acid backbone is amino group linked to an alpha carbon , on which resides the side chain residue and a hydrogen atom, that is connected to a terminal carboxylate group. Aside from the disulfide bridge, there are quite a number of degenerate combinations of sidechain residues that make up the tertiary structure ( H-bonding , hydrophobic , and ionic bridges ) in the determination of protein structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Overview_proteinogenic_amino_acids-ENG.svg.p_f81d7b6d.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_618", "caption": "Relationships between degeneracy, complexity, robustness, and evolvability \u2013 1) degeneracy is the source of robustness. 2) degeneracy is positively correlated with complexity. 3) degeneracy increases evolvability. 4) evolvability is a prerequisite for complexity. 5) complexity increases to improve robustness. 6) evolvability emerges from robustness.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Relationships_between_degeneracy%2C_complexi_5cf5b834.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_619", "caption": "Mesenchymal-epithelial transitions \u2013 epithelia to mesenchyme (EMT) and mesenchyme to epithelia (MET) transitions utilizing CAMs and SAMs to form epethelia; and, growth factors and inducers to mediate the transition to mesenchyme as the CAMs and SAMs are withdrawn or localized on the cell membrane.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-3311.fig.1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_620", "caption": "Normal Brain Development (left), Microcephaly, a type of encephalopathy (right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Microcephaly.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_621", "caption": "Human embryonic stem colonies (A), axonal outgrowths (B)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Human_embryonic_stem_cells.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_622", "caption": "Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESCs) embryoid bodies (EBs)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MESC_EBs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_623", "caption": "Human Central Nervous System", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Skull_and_brain_normal_human.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_624", "caption": "Neuromuscular junction. 1. Axon innervating muscle fibers; 2. Junction between axon and muscle fiber; 3. Muscle; 4. Muscle fiber", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Neuromuscular.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_625", "caption": "The initiation of neuroinflammation in the body. (Created with BioRender.com)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Neuroinflammation_example.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_626", "caption": "Role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of TBI (created with BioRender.com)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-TBI_NEUROINFLAMMATION.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_627", "caption": "Impairment of neuron LTP by activated microglia (created with BioRender.com)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Neuro_LTP_and_neuroinflammation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_628", "caption": "The neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on cognitive diseases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Neuroinflammation_and_Exercise.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_629", "caption": "Children's ward at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital in 1954, showing more than 100 persons being helped to breathe by the Iron lung", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Iron_Lung_ward-Rancho_Los_Amigos_Hospital.gi_ed261504.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_630", "caption": "Walter Edward Dandy (April 6, 1886 \u2013 April 19, 1946) was an American neurosurgeon and scientist.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Walter_Dandy%2C_ca._1915.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_631", "caption": "ICU Monitor (front)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-ICU_Monitor_%28front%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_632", "caption": "MCA-Stroke-Brain-Human-2", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-MCA-Stroke-Brain-Human-2.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_633", "caption": "Micrograph of a vasculitic neuropathy . Plastic embedded. Toluidine blue stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vasculitic_neuropathy_-_plastics_-_low_mag.j_5c8fb251.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_634", "caption": "A neuron observed under an optical microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Neuronehisto.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_635", "caption": "X-ray image of deep brain stimulation , an experimental procedure used to treat disorders such as OCD and depression .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Deep_Brain_Stimulation.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_636", "caption": "Drawing by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal (1899) of neurons in the pigeon cerebellum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-PurkinjeCell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_637", "caption": "Illustration from Gray's Anatomy (1918) of a lateral view of the human brain , featuring the hippocampus among other neuroanatomical features", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Gray739.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_638", "caption": "The Golgi stain first allowed for the visualization of individual neurons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-GolgiStainedPyramidalCell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_639", "caption": "3-D sensory and motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-Sensory_and_motor_homunculi.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_640", "caption": "Human nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/290px-Nervous_system_diagram-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_641", "caption": "Photograph of a stained neuron in a chicken embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Neuron_colored.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_642", "caption": "Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Leg_Neural_Network.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_643", "caption": "An MRI of a male's head showing benign familial macrocephaly (head circumference > 60 cm)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_wi_04c32ecf.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_644", "caption": "The neurotrophic electrode: teflon-coated gold wires extend from the back of the glass cone, while neurites (shown in blue) grow through it.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Neurotrophic_Electrode2.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_645", "caption": "A schematic of the neurovascular unit (NVU), where astrocyte processes surround the capillary basement membrane and pericytes , creating the glia limitans . 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Downregulation of CAMs and tight junction proteins is followed by secretion of MMPs and subsequent delamination.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-220px-Neural_Crest_Cell_Delamination_._65e375f0.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1141", "caption": "Migration of neural crest cells during development. Grey arrows indicate the direction of the paths crest cells migrate. (R=Rostral, C=Caudal)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Migration_of_Neural_Crest_Cells_%28v2%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1142", "caption": "Surface anatomy of the floor of the Fourth ventricle , with the nucleus incertus labeled", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-4thfloor.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1143", "caption": "A monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ) caterpillar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Vertical__7ac93a3a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1144", "caption": "Internal anatomy of a spider, showing the central nervous system in blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Spider_internal_anatomy-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1145", "caption": "The octopus Amphioctopus marginatus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Octopus_shell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1146", "caption": "Medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/190px-Sv%C3%B8mmende_blodigle.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1147", "caption": "A sea hare", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Sea_hare2%2C_Aplysia_dactylomela%2C_12_04_20_fdf03998.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1148", "caption": "The crayfish Procambarus clarkii", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Procambarus_clarkii.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1149", "caption": "Tobacco hornworm larva, Manduca sexta", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Tobacco_Hornworm_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1150", "caption": "Wasp stinger , with droplet of venom", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/190px-Waspstinger1658-2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1151", "caption": "Movement of wild-type C. elegans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/CrawlingCelegans.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1152", "caption": "Helix pomatia , a species of land snail", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Grapevinesnail_01.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1153", "caption": "Experiments suggest that bees can strategically avoid threats or harmful situations unless the reward is significant, suggesting that harm-avoidance is not merely an unconscious reflex. [ 78 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-European_honey_bee_extracts_nectar.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1154", "caption": "Hermit crabs fighting over a shell", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hermit_crab_fighting_for_a_new_shell.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1155", "caption": "A drone bee", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Drone_24a.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1156", "caption": "Underside of a snail climbing a blade of grass, showing the muscular foot", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Snail_climbing_grass_SMC_07.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1157", "caption": "Drosophila melanogaster", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1158", "caption": "Atta colombica workers transporting leaves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Leafcutter_ants_transporting_leaves.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1159", "caption": "Diagram of the main components of the basal ganglia and their interconnections. GPe = External globus pallidus GPi = Internal globus pallidus STN = Subthalamic nucleus SNpr = Pars reticulata SNpc = Pars compacta Glutamatergic pathways are red, dopaminergic pathways are magenta and GABAergic pathways are blue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Basal_ganglia_diagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1160", "caption": "Micrograph of neurons containing neuromelanin (arrows) in the substantia nigra of a rhesus monkey. Nissl stain (blue). Scale bar = 30 microns (0.03 millimeters).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossy-page1-220px-Substantia_nigra_M_mulatta.tif.j_14c0b5c9.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1161", "caption": "The photo shows the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of a Jonah crab ( Cancer borealis ), taken by Marie Suver (California Institute of Technology; with permission) during the Neural Systems & Behavior course at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. The STG contains the somata of 26 neurons that belong to two central pattern generating neural circuits (gastric mill and pyloric circuit)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Stomatogastric_ganglion.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1162", "caption": "This photo shows the pyloric dilator neuron, a pacemaker neuron in the STG that was stained via intracellular injection of a fluorescent dye . The inset shows a recording of the rhythmic oscillations of the PD membrane potential. The recordings were taken by Christopher Goldsmith in the lab of Wolfgang Stein at Illinois State University .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-PD_neuron_staining_and_recording.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1163", "caption": "Typical recording of a Bereitschaftspotential", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Bereitschaftspotenzial_fig1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1164", "caption": "Depiction of the current theories on the degree of overlap between cognitive (C) and action-perception (A) processes. Action-oriented models of cognition propose that cognitive processes stem from action (bottom, red), thereby necessitating sensorimotor systems for higher cognitive processes like language comprehension. Adapted from Kilner et al. (2016).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Theories_of_the_relationship_betweencognitio_248e1b6b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1165", "caption": "Change in relative phase shift (RPS), indicating movement coordination, as a function of language stimuli. Subjects exhibited a significant change in RPS only when presented with performable sentences. Adapted from Olmstead et al. (2009).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Olmstead_et_al._figure.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1166", "caption": "Proposed organization of motor-semantic neural circuits for action language comprehension. Gray dots represent areas of language comprehension, creating a network for comprehending all language. The semantic circuit of the motor system, particularly the motor representation of the legs (yellow dots), is incorporated when leg-related words are comprehended. Adapted from Shebani et al. (2013).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Leg_Neural_Network.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1167", "caption": "Page of one of the first works of Biomechanics ( De Motu Animalium of Giovanni Alfonso Borelli ) in the 17th century", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Giovanni_Borelli_-_lim_joints_%28De_Motu_Ani_b1121007.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1168", "caption": "Red blood cells", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Redbloodcells.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1169", "caption": "Chinstrap penguin leaping over water", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Penguinu.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1170", "caption": "A ribosome is a biological machine that utilizes protein dynamics", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Protein_translation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1171", "caption": "A portrait of Henry Head, the pioneering English neurologist who first defined and used the term \"body schema\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Henry_Head.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1172", "caption": "Rhesus macaques are able to be trained to use rudimentary tools, but have never been proven to use tools spontaneously in the wild. [ 9 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Rhesus_Macaques_-_cropped.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1173", "caption": "The foot of an escalator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Escalator_in_Graz.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1174", "caption": "Intrinsic properties of CPG neurons. Adapted from Marder and Bucher (2001). [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/440px-Intrinsic_properties_of_CPG_neurons.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1175", "caption": "Mechanisms of rhythm generation in CPGs. Adapted from Marder and Bucher (2001). [ 12 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/440px-Mechanisms_of_rhythm_generation_in_CPGs.svg._8e67590c.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1176", "caption": "Fig. 1. Schematic of the locomotor central pattern generator in the mammalian nervous system. A command signal specifying increasing body velocity descends from deep brain nuclei via the MLR to the spinal cord and drives the timing element of the spinal locomotor CPG to generate cycles of increasing cadence. Extensor phase durations change more than flexor phase durations. The command signal also drives the pattern formation layer to generate cyclical activation of flexor and extensor motoneurons. Loading of the activated muscles (e.g. supporting the moving body mass) is resisted by the muscles' intrinsic spring-like properties. This is equivalent to displacement feedback. Force and displacement sensed by muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ afferents reflexly activate motoneurons. A key role of these afferents is to adjust the timing of phase transitions, presumably by influencing or overriding the CPG timer. Modified from [ 82 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/750px-Locomotor_CPG_schematic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1177", "caption": "Robert Dahlander", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Robert_Dahlander.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1178", "caption": "Dahlander motor wiring for low speed ( delta connection ) and high speed (double star connection )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Dahlander.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1179", "caption": "Cat hindlimb musculoskeletal model with redundant degrees of freedom at muscles (red lines) and joints", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/lossless-page1-220px-CatHindlinbModel.tif.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1180", "caption": "Depicted are parts of the basal ganglia and their interconnections as revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging based on thirty subjects from the human connectome project (HCP MGH). Direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways are visualized in different colors (see legend). Subcortical structures are rendered based on the Harvard-Oxford subcortical (Thalamus) as well as the Atlasing of the Basal Ganglia atlas (other structures). Rendering was generated using TrackVis software.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Motor_loop.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1181", "caption": "Side view of the brain, illustrating dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Prefrontal_cortex.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1182", "caption": "A piano trio comprising a pianist, violinist and cellist. Chamber groups traditionally perform publicly from score rather than from memory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Auditorio1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1183", "caption": "An excerpt from one of JS Bach's compositions for keyboard: a player's scanpath across such a score will be a complex pattern of horizontal and vertical movement.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/320px-BWV847_measures_1-9_Fuga_a_3_voci.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1184", "caption": "Caravaggio 's Rest on the Flight into Egypt (1594\u201396)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Michelangelo_Caravaggio_026.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1185", "caption": "WA Mozart meets violinist Thomas Linley in 1770, anon. French painting, 18th century", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Anonymous_-_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_and_Thom_eb94d271.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1186", "caption": "Seven of Souter's (2001:139) nine participants clustered around the equal-contribution point", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Number%E2%80%93duration_ratios.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1187", "caption": "Leonardo da Vinci: The eye has a central line and everything that reaches the eye through this central line can be seen distinctly.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Eye_Line_of_sight.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1188", "caption": "Horizontal eye movement in reading. Left-to-right movement may be seen as \"upstairs\", and right-to-left saccades are clear.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Reading_VOG_hor.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1189", "caption": "A diagram demonstrating the acuity of foveal vision in reading", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/EyeFixationsReading.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1190", "caption": "A Parisian street scene painted by Jean B\u00e9raud . A fashionable beauty reads the posters on the kiosk while two gentlemen surreptitiously ogle her.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/252px-Jean_B%C3%A9raud%2C_Parisian_Street_Scene.jp_0463b565.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1191", "caption": "Writing is a fine motor skill as it requires subtle motions of the hand and fingers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Navajo_students_learning_penmanship_in_day_s_3084126f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1192", "caption": "Infant displaying the palmar grasp reflex", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Baby-200760_640.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1193", "caption": "Writing abilities are a major fine motor skill.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Writing-110764_1280.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1194", "caption": "Dexterity is helpful in working with knitting needles .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Pink_knitting_in_front_of_pink_sweatshirt.JP_837d7302.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1195", "caption": "Fitts's law: draft of target size W and distance to target D", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Fitts_Law.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1196", "caption": "Fitts task from the original experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Fitts_Task_English.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1197", "caption": "Graph of the linear relationship of Fitts's law parameters", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Fitts%27_Law_Evaluation_English.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1198", "caption": "Reciprocal Tapping Task in a 2D context", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Reciprocal_Tapping_Task.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1199", "caption": "Magic corners in Microsoft Windows", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Magic_Corners_English.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1200", "caption": "Radial menu", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Radial_Menu_English.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1201", "caption": "Approximate location of the solar plexus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Celiac_plexus_coronal.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1202", "caption": "Playground structures often help children to develop gross motor skills such as climbing and balancing.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/230px-Playground_Days_%287713193228%29.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1203", "caption": "Physicist Niels Bohr is credited with creating the theory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Niels_Bohr_1935.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1204", "caption": "Diagram of possible illusions of self-motions (vections). Adapted from [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Vection_diagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1205", "caption": "Depicted are parts of the basal ganglia and their interconnections as revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging based on thirty subjects from the human connectome project (HCP MGH). Direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways are visualized in different colors (see legend). Subcortical structures are rendered based on the Harvard-Oxford subcortical (Thalamus) as well as the Atlasing of the Basal Ganglia atlas (other structures). Rendering was generated using TrackVis software.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Motor_loop.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1206", "caption": "Forward model of an arm movement. The motor command, u(t), of the arm movement is input to the plant and the predicted position of the body, x\u0303(t), is output.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Basic_Forward_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1207", "caption": "Figure 1. The desired position of the body is the reference input to the hypothetical controller, which generates the necessary motor command. This motor command is sent to the plant to move the body and an efference copy of the motor command is sent to a forward model. The output from the forward model (predicted body position) is compared with the output from the plant (body position). Noise from the system or the environment may cause differences between the actual and predicted body positions. The error (difference) between the actual and predicted positions can provide feedback to improve the movement for the next iteration of the internal model.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Basic_Internal_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1208", "caption": "Figure 2. Inverse model of a reaching task. The arm's desired trajectory, Xref(t), is input into the model, which generates the necessary motor commands, \u0169(t), to control the arm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Inverse_Model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1209", "caption": "A series of images that represent research (left) and practice (right) in the field of academic kinesiology", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Representative_Kinesiology_Images.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1210", "caption": "Summary of long-term adaptations to regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise can cause several central cardiovascular adaptations, including an increase in stroke volume (SV) [ 5 ] and maximal aerobic capacity ( VO 2 max ), [ 5 ] [ 6 ] as well as a decrease in resting heart rate (RHR). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Long-term adaptations to resistance training, the most common form of anaerobic exercise, include muscular hypertrophy , [ 10 ] [ 11 ] an increase in the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of muscle(s), and an increase in neural drive , [ 12 ] [ 13 ] both of which lead to increased muscular strength . [ 14 ] Neural adaptations begin more quickly and plateau prior to the hypertrophic response. [ 15 ] [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Aerobic_Anaerobic_Exercise_Adaptations.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1211", "caption": "Adaptive plasticity along with practice in three levels. In behavior level, performance (e.g., successful rate, accuracy) improved after practice. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] In cortical level, motor representation areas of the acting muscles enlarged; functional connectivity between primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) is strengthened. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] In neuronal level, the number of dendrites and neurotransmitter increase with practice. [ 34 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Brain_neuroplasticity_after_practice.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1212", "caption": "Animation illustrating the concept of motor redundancy: the motor action of bringing the finger in contact with a point in space can be achieved using a wide variety of limb configurations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Motor_Redundancy_Animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1213", "caption": "The analysis of recorded human movement, as pioneered by Eadweard Muybridge , figures prominently in kinesiology.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Muybridge_human_male_walking_animated.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1214", "caption": "In 1886, Swedish baron Nils Posse (1862\u20131895) introduced the term Kinesiology in the US, 1894 he wrote the book \"The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics\". Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm, Sweden and founder of the Posse Gymnasium, Boston, MA.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/470px-NilsPosse.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1215", "caption": "The image represents the practice activity in the field of Adapted Physical Activity (APA).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Adapted_sport..jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1216", "caption": "The image represents research activity in the field of Adapted Physical Activity (APA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-The_image_represents_research_activity_in_th_e3b930d6.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1217", "caption": "Professor David Legg current President of the International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Professor_David_Legg_current_President_of_th_5aed1dee.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1218", "caption": "European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-European_Journal_of_Adapted_Physical_Activit_00a36684.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1219", "caption": "The image represents activities with students with disabilities associated to the Adapted Physical Education field", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-The_image_represents_activities_with_student_a6358d0b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1220", "caption": "Para-archery athlete competing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Para-archery_athlete_competing.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1221", "caption": "Adapted Physical Activity in the rehabilitation process of people with disabilities", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Adapted_Physical_Activity_in_the_rehabilitat_2addcf39.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1222", "caption": "Oscar Pistorius running during the 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu , South Korea", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Oscar_Pistorius_2_Daegu_2011.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1223", "caption": "Pistorius wearing Flex-Foot Cheetah blades", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Oscar_Pistorius_at_International_Paralympic__5762a831.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1224", "caption": "Pistorius running in Iceland in 2007.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Oscar_Pistorius-2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1225", "caption": "Pistorius running in the first round of the 400m at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Oscar_Pistorius%2C_the_first_round_of_the_40_5de746e7.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1226", "caption": "Neonatal (newborn) macaque imitating facial expressions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Makak_neonatal_imitation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1227", "caption": "Diagram of the brain, showing the locations of the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum , viewed from the left. The inferior frontal lobe is the lower part of the blue area, and the superior parietal lobe is the upper part of the yellow area.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/280px-Gray728.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1228", "caption": "The mirror neurons can be activated only after the goal of the observed action has been attributed by other brain structures.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Goal_attribution_and_mirror_neurons.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1229", "caption": "A woman exercising.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Woman-in-black-tank-top-and-black-leggings-d_7b3e52bf.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1230", "caption": "Reaction Time", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Reaction_Time.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1231", "caption": "General depiction of a motor unit, consisting of a motor neuron innervating a group of muscle fibers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Motor_Unit.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1232", "caption": "One second sample of an EEG alpha oscillations . This rhythm occurs at frequencies similar to the mu rhythm, although alpha oscillations are detected over a different part of the brain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Eeg_alpha.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1233", "caption": "The left motor cortex , or BA4 , is highlighted in green on this left lateral view of the brain. This is the area over which mu rhythms are detected bilaterally .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Motor_cortex.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1234", "caption": "A man juggling five balls", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-5_ball_juggling.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1235", "caption": "A boy with a diabolo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Summerblast3624.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1236", "caption": "A combination of pen spinning tricks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Unknown_Combo_%28Animated%29.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1237", "caption": "Ball speeds of 105 miles per hour (169\u00a0km/h) have been recorded in baseball . [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Baseball.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1238", "caption": "The Striatum ; part of the basal ganglia ; neural pathways between the striatum and the frontal lobe have been implicated in planning function.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Schizophrenia_PET_scan.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1239", "caption": "Animation of a four disc version of the Tower of Hanoi .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Tower_of_Hanoi_4.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1240", "caption": "Screenshot of the PEBL psychology software running the Tower of London test", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-PEBLTowerOfLondon.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1241", "caption": "Apparatus. Refreshable Braille cells are embedded in an inclined surface (left). A sliding potentiometer supports two semicylindrical cradles forming a guide that can be relocated on a Velcro surface to accommodate the participants' anatomical differences.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-DeviceTS.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1242", "caption": "SMR waves", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Eeg_SMR.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1243", "caption": "Scott Feldman throws a sidearm pitch.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-ScottFeldmanSidearm.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1244", "caption": "For right handed people, the majority of speech production activity occurs in the left cerebral hemisphere.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/141px-Blausen_0215_CerebralHemispheres.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1245", "caption": "Examples of speech errors. The target is what the speaker intended to say. The error is what the speaker actually said. These mistakes have been studied to learn about the structure of speech production.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/Speecherrorchart2.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1246", "caption": "This is an interpretation of the Dell's model. The words at the top represent the semantic category. The second level represents the words that denote the semantic category. The third level represents the phonemes (syllabic information including onset, vowels, and codas).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/240px-Moraghfigure4.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1247", "caption": "Human vocal apparatus used to produce speech", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/166px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1248", "caption": "Children copy with their own mouths the words spoken by the mouths of those around them. That enables them to learn the pronunciation of words not already in their vocabulary .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-LippenStudium1.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1249", "caption": "Chad Bradford delivers a pitch with a submarine motion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Bradford_delivery.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1250", "caption": "Shunsuke Watanabe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Shunsuke_Watanabe_2010_%282%29.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1251", "caption": "Sign in German stating that sure-footedness ( Trittsicherheit ) is needed on this hiking trail", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Trittsicherheit.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1252", "caption": "A crossing of the west flank of the Heiligkreuzkofel in the South Tyrol requires sure-footedness in several places", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-HeiligkreuzkofelTraverse.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1253", "caption": "Alpine ibex standing on cliff in winter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-AlpineIbex.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1254", "caption": "The cupula is the onion-shaped structure surrounded by endolymph in the ampulla.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a__eeaab250.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1255", "caption": "The middle ear", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1256", "caption": "The outer ear receives sound, transmitted through the ossicles of the middle ear to the inner ear , where it is converted to a nervous signal in the cochlear and transmitted along the vestibulocochlear nerve .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1257", "caption": "The otic placode on a developing embryo (about four weeks old)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-G1._Otic_placode_%28V07a%29.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1258", "caption": "The ear develops in the lower neck region and moves upwards as the mandible develops (six weeks).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray62.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1259", "caption": "Stretching of the earlobe and various cartilage piercings", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Modified_Ear.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1260", "caption": "Primate ears Human and crab-eating macaque ( Darwin's tubercle highlighted)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1261", "caption": "Pinnae of bats", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1262", "caption": "Half-Lop Rabbit Illustration by Charles Darwin, 1868", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/180px-Darwin_Domestic_105.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1263", "caption": "Eye of a European bison", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Bison_bonasus_right_eye_close-up.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1264", "caption": "Human eye , a refractive cornea type eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1265", "caption": "The eyes of a mantis shrimp (here Odontodactylus scyllarus ) are considered the most complex in the whole animal kingdom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/240px-Odontodactylus_scyllarus_eyes.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1266", "caption": "A refractive cornea type eye of a human. The cornea is the clear domed part covering the anterior chamber of the eye .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Human_eye%2C_lateral_view.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1267", "caption": "Eyelids and eyelashes are a unique characteristic of most mammalian eyes, both of which are evolutionary features to protect the eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Closed_human_eye%2C_superior_view.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1268", "caption": "An image of a house fly compound eye surface by using scanning electron microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-FLY_EYE.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1269", "caption": "Anatomy of the compound eye of an insect", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Insect_compound_eye_diagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1270", "caption": "Arthropods such as this blue bottle fly have compound eyes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Calliphora_vomitoria_Portrait.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1271", "caption": "Evolution of the mollusc eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/330px-Diagram_of_eye_evolution.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1272", "caption": "The eye of a red-tailed hawk", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hawk_eye.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1273", "caption": "Arizona Eye Model. \"A\" is accommodation in diopters.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/253px-Arizona_eye_model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1274", "caption": "A detailed medical illustration of the eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-3D_Medical_Animation_Eye_Structure.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1275", "caption": "MRI scan of the human eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-MRI_of_human_eye.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1276", "caption": "Schematic diagram of the human eye. It shows a horizontal section through the right eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.pn_3f7af13c.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1277", "caption": "The outer parts of the eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/208px-Gray892.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1278", "caption": "Side-view of the human eye, viewed approximately 90\u00b0 temporal, illustrating how the iris and pupil appear rotated towards the viewer due to the optical properties of the cornea and the aqueous humour", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mairead_cropped.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1279", "caption": "The pupil of the human eye can range in size from 2 mm to over 8 mm to adapt to the environment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Pupillary_light_reflex.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1280", "caption": "Dilation and constriction of the pupil", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Voluntary_pupil_dilation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1281", "caption": "The light circle is the optic disc where the optic nerve exits the retina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Fundus_photograph_of_normal_right_eye.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1282", "caption": "The two eyes converge to point to the same object.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Stereogram_Tut_Eye_Convergence.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1283", "caption": "A brown iris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-MyStrangeIris.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1284", "caption": "A light brown iris with limbal ring", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Human_eye%2C_anterior_view.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1285", "caption": "Amber eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Amber-eyes.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1286", "caption": "Hazel eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/170px-Hazel_Eye_HD.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1287", "caption": "Blue eye", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Close_up_shot_of_the_human_eye%2C_9_August_2_d3d2c332.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1288", "caption": "Gray eye Northern Italy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray_eye%2C_Northern_Italy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1289", "caption": "Conjunctival infection, or redness of the sclera surrounding the iris and pupil", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Bloodshot.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1290", "caption": "Diagram of a human eye ( horizontal section of the right eye) 1. Lens , 2. Zonule of Zinn or Ciliary zonule , 3. Posterior chamber and 4. Anterior chamber with 5. Aqueous humour flow; 6. Pupil , 7. Corneosclera or Fibrous tunic with 8. Cornea , 9. Trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal . 10. Corneal limbus and 11. Sclera ; 12. Conjunctiva , 13. Uvea with 14. Iris , 15. Ciliary body (with a: pars plicata and b: pars plana ) and 16. Choroid ); 17. Ora serrata , 18. Vitreous humor with 19. Hyaloid canal/(old artery) , 20. Retina with 21. Macula or macula lutea , 22. Fovea and 23. Optic disc \u2192 blind spot ; 24. Visual axis (line of sight) . 25. Optical axis . 26. Optic nerve with 27. Dural sheath, 28. Tenon's capsule or bulbar sheath , 29. Tendon. 30. Anterior segment , 31. Posterior segment . 32. Ophthalmic artery , 33. Artery and central retinal vein \u2192 36. Blood vessels of the retina; Ciliary arteries (34. Short posterior ones , 35. Long posterior ones and 37. Anterior ones ), 38. Lacrimal artery , 39. Ophthalmic vein , 40. Vorticose vein . 41. Ethmoid bone , 42. Medial rectus muscle , 43. Lateral rectus muscle , 44. Sphenoid bone .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/360px-Schematic_diagram_of_human_eye_multilingual._f5dce5ff.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1291", "caption": "Bones of the nose and septal cartilage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/240px-714_Bone_of_Nasal_Cavity.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1292", "caption": "Roof of the mouth showing position of palatine bones making up the floor of the nose, and forming the posterior nasal spine for the attachment of the musculus uvulae .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sobo_1909_100.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1293", "caption": "Nasal cartilages", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/130px-Gray852.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1294", "caption": "Anatomy of the nasal cavity. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue labelled NALT", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Anatomy_of_the_human_nasal_cavity.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1295", "caption": "Paranasal sinuses", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-724_Paranasal_Sinuses.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1296", "caption": "Nose shapes used in Topinard's nasal index.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Topinard_nasal_index.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1297", "caption": "Carotid arteries", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Blausen_0170_CarotidArteries.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1298", "caption": "Multiple arteries supply blood to the nose; the nasal septum, shown here is supplied by the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries at top; the sphenopalantine artery at the back, and the anterior ethoidal artery and the superior labial artery over the cartilage. These arteries join at Kiesselbach's plexus .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Arteries_of_the_Nose.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1299", "caption": "The developing head at about four weeks. The olfactory pit can be seen at the top.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray45.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1300", "caption": "Air enters the upper respiratory tract through the nose. The nasal conchae can be seen in this image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Mouth_and_pharynx.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1301", "caption": "The cells lining the nose involved in smell ( olfaction ) are shown here", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1403_Olfaction.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1302", "caption": "Saddle nose ( congenital syphilis )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Facies_of_Heredosyphilis_5.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1303", "caption": "Prosthetic nose from 17th century Europe.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/90px-Ivory_artificial_nose%2C_Europe%2C_1701-1800__78262a69.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1304", "caption": "posterior segment ora serrata ciliary muscle ciliary zonules Schlemm's canal pupil anterior chamber cornea iris lens cortex lens nucleus ciliary process conjunctiva inferior oblique muscle inferior rectus muscle medial rectus muscle retinal arteries and veins optic disc dura mater central retinal artery central retinal vein optic nerve vorticose vein bulbar sheath macula fovea sclera choroid superior rectus muscle retina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/275px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1305", "caption": "Diagram of a human eye; note that not all eyes have the same anatomy as a human eye.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1306", "caption": "Eyelids and eyelashes are a unique feature of mammalian eyes, and primarily serve to protect the eyes. However, the lids also play a role in nonverbal communication, and the lashes in human culture and sexuality.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Closed_human_eye%2C_superior_view.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1307", "caption": "Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus on the retina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Focus_in_an_eye.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1308", "caption": "Nasal cavity anatomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Anatomy_of_the_human_nasal_cavity.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1309", "caption": "CT scan in the coronal plane , showing the ostiomeatal complex (green area)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-CT_of_the_ostiomeatal_complex%2C_coronal_pla_07edd0ad.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1310", "caption": "The underside of a human tongue, showing its rich blood supply.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/175px-Facies_inferior_linguae.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1311", "caption": "Foramen cecum and terminal sulcus labelled above", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Foramen_caecum.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1312", "caption": "Features of the tongue surface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/200px-Tongue.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1313", "caption": "Lateral view of the tongue, with extrinsic muscles highlighted", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Hyoglossus.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1314", "caption": "Coronal section of tongue, showing intrinsic muscles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/240px-Gray1020.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1315", "caption": "Blood supply of the tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray559.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1316", "caption": "Section through the human tongue; stained H&E", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Human_tongue_%28251_09%29_Section.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1317", "caption": "Floor of pharynx at about 26 days showing lateral swellings at first pharyngeal arch (mandibular arch).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gray979.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1318", "caption": "Giraffe's tongue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Giraffe%27s_tongue.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1319", "caption": "Extended proboscis of a long tongued Macroglossum moth", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/140px-Macroglossum_stellatarum_anatomy_-_MHNT.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1320", "caption": "A circular tympanum near the eye of a male North American bullfrog .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-North-American-bullfrog1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1321", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/260px-Autonomic_and_Somatic_Nervous_System.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1322", "caption": "Structure of a typical neuron with Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/310px-Neuron.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1323", "caption": "Diagram showing the major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/380px-NSdiagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1324", "caption": "Horizontal section of the head of an adult female human, showing skin, skull, and brain with gray matter (brown in this image) and underlying white matter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Visible_Human_head_slice.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1325", "caption": "Nervous system of a bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a \"brain\" at the front", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1326", "caption": "Area of the human body surface innervated by each spinal nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/125px-Gray797.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1327", "caption": "Earthworm nervous system. Top: side view of the front of the worm. Bottom: nervous system in isolation, viewed from above", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Earthworm_nervous_system.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1328", "caption": "Internal anatomy of a spider, showing the nervous system in blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Spider_internal_anatomy-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1329", "caption": "Simplified diagram of the mollusc nervous system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Gastropod_nervous_system.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1330", "caption": "Major elements in synaptic transmission. An electrochemical wave called an action potential travels along the axon of a neuron . When the wave reaches a synapse , it provokes release of a small amount of neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to chemical receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1331", "caption": "Illustration of pain pathway, from Ren\u00e9 Descartes 's Treatise of Man", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Descartes-reflex.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1332", "caption": "Simplified schema of basic nervous system function: signals are picked up by sensory receptors and sent to the spinal cord and brain, where processing occurs that results in signals sent back to the spinal cord and then out to motor neurons", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/400px-Nervous_system_organization_en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1333", "caption": "Human embryo, showing neural groove", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/250px-Gray17.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1334", "caption": "Four stages in the development of the neural tube in the human embryo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/425px-Development_of_the_neural_tube.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1335", "caption": "Layers protecting the brain and spinal cord", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/267px-CNS_protection.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1336", "caption": "Right chorda tympani nerve, viewed from lateral side", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Chorda_tympani_nerve.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1337", "caption": "Binocular geometry. The absolute disparity is the angle between visual lines that intersect at a given point. The relative disparity is the difference between the absolute disparity of 2 points. The Vieth\u2013M\u00fcller circle, or horizontal geometrical horopter, is the set of points that have 0-relative disparity to fixation (thus the same absolute disparity as fixation). Geometrically this is a circle passing through the nodal point of the 2 eyes and through fixation. The empirical horopter, measured according to a given criterion such as identical visual directions in the 2 eyes, does not fall on the geometrical horopter. It is concave as short fixation distances, flat at the abathic distance and then convex.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Horopters.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1338", "caption": "Motor nerves wrapped in endoneurium", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/311px-Hand-book_of_physiology_%281892%29_%28147421_35698d69.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1339", "caption": "Neural stem cells seen in green", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-%22Forest_of_memory%22.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1340", "caption": "Coactivation of biceps and triceps . The biceps\u2019 EMG is on top, while the triceps\u2019 EMG is on the bottom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-EMGCOACTIVATION.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1341", "caption": "Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and organisation of the nervous system. Pictured here is a cross-section showing the gross anatomy of the human brain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Sobo_1909_624.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1342", "caption": "J. M. Bourgery 's anatomy of the brain, brainstem, and upper spinal column", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Bourgery_Neuroanatomie.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1343", "caption": "Para-sagittal MRI of the head in a patient with benign familial macrocephaly", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Parasagittal_MRI_of_human_head_in_patient_wi_04c32ecf.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1344", "caption": "Nervous system of a generic bilaterian animal, in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements, and a \"brain\" at the front", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/300px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1345", "caption": "Vagus nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Slide6rom.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1346", "caption": "Vagus nerve", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Slide1EBA.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1347", "caption": "H&E stained fibers of the vagus nerve (bottom right) innervate the sinoatrial node tissue (middle left)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-Sinoatrial_node_high_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1348", "caption": "Visual cycle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/350px-Visual_cycle.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1349", "caption": "Representation of molecular steps in photoactivation (modified from Leskov et al., 2000 [ 4 ] ). Depicted is an outer membrane disk in a rod. Step 1 : Incident photon (h\u03bd) is absorbed and activates a rhodopsin (likewise photopsin ) by conformational change in the disk membrane to R*. Step 2 : Next, R* makes repeated contacts with transducin molecules, catalyzing its activation to G* by the release of bound GDP in exchange for cytoplasmic GTP, which expels its \u03b2 and \u03b3 subunits. Step 3 : G* binds inhibitory \u03b3 subunits of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) activating its \u03b1 and \u03b2 subunits. Step 4 : Activated PDE hydrolyzes cGMP. Step 5 : Guanylyl cyclase (GC) synthesizes cGMP, the second messenger in the phototransduction cascade. Reduced levels of cytosolic cGMP cause cyclic nucleotide gated channels to close preventing further influx of Na + and Ca 2+ .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/500px-Phototransduction.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system$$$query_1350", "caption": "The absorption of light leads to an isomeric change in the retinal molecule.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Nervous_system/images/220px-1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_1", "caption": "Trepanned skull from Edinburgh", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Edinburgh_Skull%2C_trepanning_showing_hole_i_e84eae7b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_2", "caption": "World Academy of Neurological Surgery's conference", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Robert_Spetzler_in_a_Neurosurgeons_Group.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_3", "caption": "Histopathology specimen of Angiocentric glioma , higher magnification, HE stain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Neuropathology_case_V_03.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_4", "caption": "The location of the amygdala in the human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/250px-Amygdala.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_5", "caption": "The stereotaxic apparatus used for clinical amygdalotomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/300px-The_stereotaxic_apparatus._Wellcome_M0016268_070a1eb8.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_6", "caption": "The trigeminal nerve .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Gray784.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_7", "caption": "Base of the skull. Inferior surface, attachment of muscles marked in red.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Gray187.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_8", "caption": "Exobasis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/200px-Exobasis.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_9", "caption": "Endobasis-resistances beams", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/200px-Endobasis_-_resistances_beams.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_10", "caption": "Endobasis-resistances nodes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/200px-Endobasis_-_resistances_nodes.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_11", "caption": "The foramina in the base of the skull are exit and entry points for veins, arteries and cranial nerves .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/200px-Skull_brain_human_normal.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_12", "caption": "The cranial nerves as they exit through various foramina.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/200px-Skull_and_brainstem_inner_ear.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_13", "caption": "The carotid artery is the large vertical artery in red. The blood supply to the common carotid artery starts at the arch of the aorta (left) or the subclavian artery (right). The common carotid artery divides into the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery . Plaque often builds up at that division, and a carotid endarterectomy cuts open the artery and removes the plaque.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Gray513.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_14", "caption": "Illustration depicting a Carotid Endarterectomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/300px-Carotid_Endarterectomy_svg_hariadhi.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_15", "caption": "Diagram of cerebral aneurysm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Cerebral_aneurysm_NIH.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_16", "caption": "The most common sites of intracranial saccular aneurysms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Wikipedia_intracranial_aneurysms_-_inferior__819ebd4a.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_17", "caption": "CT angiography showing aneurysm measuring 2.6 mm in diameter at the ACOM (anterior communicating artery).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-CT_angiography_showing_aneurysm_at_the_ACOM._b172bb82.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_18", "caption": "A selection of Mayfield and Drake aneurysm clips ready for implantation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-AneurysmClips.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_19", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Cardiovascular_system_-_Aneurysm_clip_--_Sma_276480fa.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_20", "caption": "Here is the arm of the ROSA One", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-ROSA_One%C2%AE_Robot_.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_21", "caption": "Illustration depicting a surgical discectomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Blausen_0319_Discectomy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_22", "caption": "Spinal reflections and folds", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Gray767.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_23", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Gray488_blue.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_24", "caption": "This picture shows important anatomy involved in endoscopic endonasal surgery. The pituitary gland sits at the top of the picture behind the sphenoid sinus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/400px-Illu_nasal_cavities.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_25", "caption": "Resected middle cerebral artery aneurysm filled with multiple coils.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Aneurysma_Coil.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_26", "caption": "A 3D reconstruction of the Circle of Willis derived from a CT angiogram.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Circle_of_willis_from_CT_angio.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_27", "caption": "Spinal surgeons operating on a patient's back", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-SPINAL_SURGEONS.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_28", "caption": "CT scan showing markedly thickened ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament) causing spinal stenosis in the lumbar spine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Spinal_stenosis_1.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_29", "caption": "CT scan image of large herniated disc in the lumbar spine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/CT_LUMBAR_DISC_HERNATION.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_30", "caption": "CT scan of laminectomy showing scar formation (highlighted in red)causing new stenosis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-LAMINECTOMY_SCAR.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_31", "caption": "Myelogram showing typical findings of arachnoiditis in the lumbar spine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/ARACHNOIDITIS.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_32", "caption": "CT scan showing post operative scarring and arachnoiditis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/CT_ARACHNOIDITIS.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_33", "caption": "CT scan showing two views of L4-5 disc herniation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-CT_SCAN_DISC_HERNIATION.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_34", "caption": "Ultrasound of the optic nerve showing IIH [ 17 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/290px-UOTW_5_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2_%28cropped_46d3b860.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_35", "caption": "A lumbar puncture in progress. A large area on the back has been washed with an iodine -based disinfectant leaving brown colouration. In this image the person is seated upright, which can make the procedure easier to perform but makes any measurement of the opening pressure unreliable.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/290px-Wikipedian_getting_a_lumbar_puncture_%282006_12f80d29.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_36", "caption": "The number of new cases per year of IIH is strongly determined by sex and body weight . The figures in females are in women between 20 and 45 years old. [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/290px-IIH_incidence.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_37", "caption": "Graphic of lumbar laminectomy and two conditions it can address.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Lumbar_Laminectomy.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_38", "caption": "Human Vertebral Column", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-715_Vertebral_Column.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_39", "caption": "Vertebra Superior View", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Vertebra_Superior_View-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_40", "caption": "Vertebral Column: Lamina", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Vertebra_Posterolateral-en.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_41", "caption": "US Navy Cmdr. Kenneth Kubis, director of surgical services aboard the Military Sealift Command hospital ship USNS Mercy uses an operating microscope", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-thumbnail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_42", "caption": "Featured: Ligamentum Flavum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Sobo_1909_179.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_43", "caption": "MRI of the lumbar spine showing spinal stenosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/SPINAL_STENOSIS.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_44", "caption": "Advertisement for a Leucotome in the 1940s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/300px-Leucotome.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_45", "caption": "A leucotome designed by Neurosurgeon John Crumbie, Croydon Mental Hospital , 1955 [ 3 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Leucotome%2C_designed_by_Neurosurgeon_Dr_Joh_2b6bb5b2.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_46", "caption": "NF-2 may be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, as well as through random mutation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Autosomal_Dominant_Pedigree_Chart.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_47", "caption": "Micrograph of a schwannoma , a tumor seen in neurofibromatosis type II. HPS stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_very_high_mag._07488c5c.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_48", "caption": "Schwannoma of the N. Vestibularis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Vestibularis-Schwannom.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_49", "caption": "Meningiomas in a person with NFII", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Recklinghausen2.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_50", "caption": "NF-2 Locus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/50px-Neurofibromatosis2-locus.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_51", "caption": "Photo of Mathieu Jaboulay courtesy of Romain Rochefeuille", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Mathieu_Jaboulay.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_52", "caption": "Magnetic Resonance Image of Lumbar Spine courtesy of Nevit Dilmen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Lumbar_MRI_T1FSE_T2frFSE_STIR_09.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_53", "caption": "Nerve block of cervical spine courtesy of PainDoctorUSA", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Pain-Doctor-Interscalene-Nerve-Block-Injecti_55178a7f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_54", "caption": "Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex targeted using high definition MRI. The red sphere is the anterior inferior left DLPFC, the green sphere is the indicated coil location. Left DLPFC is stimulated for the treatment of depression and other conditions", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/330px-MRI_image_of_human_cerebral_cortex_with_ster_8a25e287.jpeg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_55", "caption": "3d printed transcranial magneti\u0441 stimulation patient-specific guide based on MRI data capable to hold 2 Magventure MCF-B65 coils in selected regions on both frontal lobes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-3d_printed_TMS_guide.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_56", "caption": "CAD model of patient-specific TMS guide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-CAD_model.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_57", "caption": "1) Boron compound (b) is selectively absorbed by cancer cell(s). 2) Neutron beam (n) is aimed at cancer site. 3) Boron absorbs neutron. 4) Boron disintegrates emitting cancer-killing radiation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Boron_neutron_capture_therapy_%28bnct%29_ill_66e2f858.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_58", "caption": "Skull of the tuatara ( Sphenodon punctatus ), with the pineal foramen enclosed by the parietal bones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Tuatara_skull_diagram.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_59", "caption": "Surgical planning using bone segment navigation for the osteotomy of the jaw bones, based on models fixed into an articulator (registration based on infrared devices)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-SurgicalPlanningArtikulator.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_60", "caption": "Schematic representation of the SSN system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-SSNSchemaEnglish.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_61", "caption": "Actual usage of the SSN system in the operating room", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-SSNimOP.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_62", "caption": "Micrograph showing a primary CNS lymphoma with the characteristic perivascular distribution composed of large cells with prominent nucleoli . Brain biopsy . HPS stain .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Primary_CNS_lymphoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_63", "caption": "Planning CT scan with IV contrast in a patient with left cerebellopontine angle vestibular schwannoma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Acoustic_schwannoma_gamma_knife.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_64", "caption": "A doctor performing Gamma Knife Radiosurgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Dr._B._K._Misra_performing_Stereotactic_Gamm_ecb8106d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_65", "caption": "NRC graphic of the Leksell Gamma Knife", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Gamma_Knife_Graphic.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_66", "caption": "A doctor performing Gamma Knife Radiosurgery", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Dr._B._K._Misra_performing_Stereotactic_Gamm_ecb8106d.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_67", "caption": "Frame for Stereotactic Thalamotomy on display at the Glenside Museum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Frame_for_Stereotactic_Thalamotomy_on_displa_17619633.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_68", "caption": "Jorge Candia, Antonio Martos and Jorge Olivetti", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/Desenvolvimento-TM.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_69", "caption": "The first surgery performed with Latin-American system was a Trigeminal Nucleotractothomy, performed by Jorge Schvartz.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/Jorge_Schvartz.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_70", "caption": "Part of a stereotaxic atlas showing the human thalamus and nuclei", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Segmentation_of_the_thalamus_and_nuclei.PNG.PNG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_71", "caption": "Circle of Willis with the most common locations of ruptured aneurysms marked", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Circulus_arteriosus_SAB_Lokalisationen_SVG.s_1e50de0f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_72", "caption": "A lumbar puncture in progress. A large area on the back has been washed with an iodine -based disinfectant, leaving brown coloration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/290px-Wikipedian_getting_a_lumbar_puncture_%282006_12f80d29.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_73", "caption": "Xanthochromia versus normal CSF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/110px-Xanthochromia.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_74", "caption": "ECG changes resembling those of an STEMI in a woman who had an acute CNS injury from a subarachnoid hemorrhage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/290px-CNSinjury.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_75", "caption": "Arteriogram showing a partially coiled aneurysm ( indicated by yellow arrows ) of the posterior cerebral artery with a residual aneurysmal sac. The person was a 34-year-old woman initially treated for a subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/290px-Coiled_PCA_residual_aneurysm_arteriogram.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_76", "caption": "Autopsy of a case with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The arachnoid mater is left in place on the exterior surface, containing extensive hemorrhage that also fills the sulci, as detailed in magnified image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Gross_pathology_of_subarachnoid_hemorrhage.j_a5c4c588.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_77", "caption": "Average number of people with SAH per 100,000 person-years, broken down by age [ 90 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/290px-SAH_incidence_graph.svg.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_78", "caption": "An arteriovenous graft serving as a fistula for hemodialysis access", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/300px-Blausen_0050_ArteriovenousGraft.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_79", "caption": "The picture shows three exemplary steps during white matter dissection. In the upper part, a left hemisphere has been prepared according to Klingler's technique. The arachnoidal layer and the blood vessels were previously removed. In the middle part of the picture the first step of white matter dissection with the exposure of short fibres (U-fibres) which are visible underneath the cerebral cortex. In the lower part, a deeper layer of anatomical dissection with white matter structures (associative and projection fibres) and basal ganglia (Putamen). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/lossy-page1-220px-White_matter_dissection.tif.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_80", "caption": "An implanted neurostimulator , sometimes called a 'brain pacemaker, in an adult male as part of ablative brain surgery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/250px-Neurostimulator.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_81", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/250px-Adaptive_Deep_Brain_Stimulation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_82", "caption": "Anterior cervical discectomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/300px-ACDF_surgery_english.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_83", "caption": "CT scan of a patient after 2-level anterior cervical discectomy & fusion (ACDF) with allograft.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/140px-Spinal_cord_compression.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_84", "caption": "Simplistic representation of a stereotactic brain biopsy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/500px-Stereotactic_brain_biopsy_simple.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_85", "caption": "A ventriculoperitoneal shunt running from a brain ventricle to the abdominal cavity. CT scan of the head, 2016.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-ShuntCT.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_86", "caption": "X-ray of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Radiograph_of_a_ventriculoperitoneal_shunt.j_f83e1c0b.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_87", "caption": "Corpus callosum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Gray_733-emphasizing-corpus-callosum.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_88", "caption": "Scar remained from a cranioplasty", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Stapled-head.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_89", "caption": "A trepanned skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Trepanated_skull_of_a_woman-P4140363-black.j_5976f2e9.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_90", "caption": "Portrait of Gabriele Fallopius", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Portrait_of_Gabriele_Fallopius_%28Falloppio%_8b2d4f7f.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_91", "caption": "Sir William Macewen, who reported a case of successful autograft cranioplasty in 1885", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Sir_William_Macewen._Photograph._Wellcome_V0_b439d855.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_92", "caption": "Diagram of the elements of a craniotomy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Diagram_showing_a_craniotomy_CRUK_063.svg.pn_d2a5327f.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_93", "caption": "An adult male undergoing pre-op preparation for deep brain stimulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/260px-Prep_for_Deep_Brain_Stimulation.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_94", "caption": "Insertion of electrode during surgery using a stereotactic frame", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/260px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_95", "caption": "Arteriogram of the arterial supply that can hemorrhage during DBS implantation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Mra1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_96", "caption": "A custom made operating thoracoscope, used for the endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy procedure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Custom_made_operating_thoracoscope_for_endos_4ffebf81.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_97", "caption": "A thermal image of an ETS patient 2 years after surgery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/300px-Songboythermal.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_98", "caption": "Insulin shock therapy administered in Helsinki in the 1950s.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Insulin_shock_therapy.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_99", "caption": "The Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt (1836\u20131907)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/Gottlieb_Burckhardt.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_100", "caption": "The Estonian neurosurgeon Ludvig Puusepp c. 1920", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/170px-Ludvig_Puusepp%2C_1920s.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_101", "caption": "The pioneer of lobotomies, the Portuguese neurologist and Nobel Laureate Ant\u00f3nio Egas Moniz", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/170px-Moniz.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_102", "caption": "Brain animation: left frontal lobe highlighted in red. Moniz targeted the frontal lobes in the leucotomy procedure he first conceived in 1933.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Frontal_lobe_animation.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_103", "caption": "Site of borehole for the standard pre-frontal lobotomy/leucotomy operation as developed by Freeman and Watts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Lobotomy_1.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_104", "caption": "Scalp of a patient with an Ommaya reservoir.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Rickham-reservoirs.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_105", "caption": "Dr. Ommaya handling his reservoir.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Ayub_ommaya.JPEG.JPEG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_106", "caption": "Herniated disc pressing on spinal nerves.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Herniated_Disc.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_107", "caption": "Anterior approach to cervical spine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-ACDF_surgery_english.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_108", "caption": "X-ray of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-X-ray_of_Transforaminal_Lumbar_Interbody_Fus_4138ba77.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_109", "caption": "Stabilization rods used after spinal fusion surgery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Blausen_0446_HarringtonRods.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_110", "caption": "Different sides of the brain specialize in different functions or processes.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Brain_Lateralization.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_111", "caption": "The corpus callosum , highlighted in red, is the main neural pathway between the two hemispheres.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Corpus_callosum.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_112", "caption": "The picture is about a normal brain and a person with a split brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/233px-WIKI_PICTURE.png.png"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_113", "caption": "Frame for stereotactic thalamotomy on display at the Glenside Museum", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Frame_for_Stereotactic_Thalamotomy_on_displa_17619633.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_114", "caption": "Detail from The Extraction of the Stone of Madness , a painting by Hieronymus Bosch depicting trepanation ( c. \u20091488\u20131516 )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/325px-Hieronymus_Bosch_053_detail.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_115", "caption": "The perimeter of the hole in this trepanated Neolithic skull is rounded off by ingrowth of new bony tissue, indicating that the patient survived the operation.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/206px-Trepanated_skull_of_a_woman-P4140363-black.j_2d780986.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_116", "caption": "Skulls from the Bronze Age exhibited at the Mus\u00e9e arch\u00e9ologique de Saint-Rapha\u00ebl (Archeological Museum of Saint-Rapha\u00ebl ), found in Comps-sur-Artuby (France). The subjects survived operations.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Cr%C3%A2nes_tr%C3%A9panation_%C3%A2ge_du_bro_b3f9ffc9.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_117", "caption": "Dr. John Clarke trepanning a skull, c. \u20091664 , in one of the earliest American portraits. Clarke is alleged to have been the first physician to have performed the operation in the New England Colonies .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Dr_John_Clarke_trepanning_a_skull_operation._dfa0ba30.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_118", "caption": "Trepanation instruments, 18th century; Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-1750_Trepanationsbesteck_anagoria.JPG.JPG"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_119", "caption": "Attendees at the first meeting of the Harvey Cushing Society in Boston, 1932.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-1932harveycushingsocietymeeting.gif.gif"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_120", "caption": "Melissa Sue Anderson , known for her role on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie , was cast as the film's lead character.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/200px-1974_Melissa_Sue_Anderson_Little_House_on_th_666cd8ac.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_121", "caption": "First edition (publ. Little, Brown ) Cover artist: Wendell Minor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-The_Simultaneous_Man.jpg.jpg"} {"_id": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery$$$query_122", "caption": "cover of the Wesleyan University Press paperback reprint edition", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Neurosurgery/images/220px-Delany_SIMPLGOS.jpg.jpg"}