Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Right lung.
										The upper and middle lobes have been removed. The lobar bronchi (2, 17) have been preserved with their segmental divisions. The lower lobe has been partially dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off)  2
						.
					 Bronchus of upper right lobe  3
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery (upper pointer, branch to upper lobe lower pointer, interlobar part)  4
						.
					 Superior branch lower lobe right pulmonary artery  5
						.
					 Superior segmental bronchus  6
						.
					 Lower lobe (pointer on interlobar surface)  7
						.
					 Basal branch anterior right pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Anterior basal segmental bronchus  9
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus  10
						.
					 Inferior intersegmental vein  11
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus (left pointer, anterior branch; right pointer, medial branch)  12
						.
					 Diaphragmatic surface lower lobe  13
						.
					 Ascending aorta  14
						.
					 Superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes  15
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  16
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein  17
						.
					 Bronchus of middle right lobe  18
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein  19
						.
					 Left atrium  20
						.
					 Pericardium  21
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung  22
						.
					 Inferior vena cava


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Right lung.
										The right upper lobe (10) and middle lobe (19) have been pulled across the midline of the body to demonstrate the hilar region of the lower lobe and to display the interlobar parts of the pulmonary vessels. Small areas of fusion between the upper and lower lobes (1), and between the middle and lower lobes (3), have been divided in order to separate the lobes. The bronchopulmonary lymphatic vessels and nodes of the lower lobe have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Area of fusion between upper and middle lobes  2
						.
					 Right main bronchus  3
						.
					 Area of fusion between middle and lower lobes  4
						.
					 Interlobar surface lower lobe  5
						.
					 Superior branch of lower lobe, right pulmonary artery  6
						.
					 Superior segmental bronchus  7
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes  8
						.
					 Basilar part right pulmonary artery  9
						.
					 Lower lobe  10
						.
					 Upper lobe (reflected across midline)  11
						.
					 Interlobar surface upper lobe  12
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein (posterior branch to upper lobe)  13
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery (ascending branch of interlobar part)  14
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery (interlobar part)  15
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein (branch to middle lobe and anterior segment of upper lobe, cut off)  16
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery (branch to middle lobe)  17
						.
					 Bronchus of middle right lobe  18
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein (branch to middle lobe)  19
						.
					 Middle lobe (pointer on interlobar surface)  20
						.
					 Pericardium


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Right lung.
										The apical (4) and anterior (14) segmental bronchi have been freed and pulled forward to permit exposure of the posterior segmental bronchus (6) and its two rami (5). Branches of the pulmonary artery and vein have been cut off in various ways. The continuity of these vessels may be ascertained by reference to the several preceding views of this series.

														 1
						.
					 Parietal pleura  2
						.
					 Apex of lung (dissected)  3
						.
					 Branches of apical segmental bronchi (left pointer, apical branch; right pointer, anterior branch)  4
						.
					 Apical segmental bronchus (retracted)  5
						.
					 Branches of posterior segmental bronchi (upper pointer, apical branch; lower pointer, posterior branch)  6
						.
					 Posterior segmental bronchus  7
						.
					 Branches of anterior segmental bronchi (left pointer, posterior branch; right pointer, anterior branch)  8
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein  9
						.
					 Bronchus of middle right lobe  10
						.
					 Trachea  11
						.
					 Ascending aorta  12
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node  13
						.
					 Right main bronchus  14
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus (retracted)  15
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  16
						.
					 Branch right pulmonary artery (upper pointer, branch to upper lobe lower pointer, interlobar part of branch to middle and lower lobes)  17
						.
					 Pericardium  18
						.
					 Left atrium (interior)


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Right lung.
										The dissection has been carried more deeply into the lung. Various branches of the pulmonary vessels have been divided or partially removed to permit better visualization of the bronchial distribution.

														 1
						.
					 Branches of apical branch right pulmonary artery (cut off refer to no. in previous view)  2
						.
					 Apical segmental bronchus (note division above pointer into apical and anterior branches)  3
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus (note division near pointer into anterior and posterior branches)  4
						.
					 Anterior branch right pulmonary artery (cut off refer to no. 5 in previous view)  5
						.
					 Intersegmental vein  6
						.
					 Lateral segmental bronchus middle lobe (anterior branch)  7
						.
					 Medial segmental bronchus of middle lobe (note division into superior and inferior branches)  8
						.
					 Vein of middle lobe (note division into medial and lateral branches)  9
						.
					 Superior intersegmental vein  10
						.
					 Apical branches of apical branch right pulmonary artery  11
						.
					 Posterior branch right pulmonary artery  12
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein  13
						.
					 Left common carotid artery  14
						.
					 Right phrenic nerve  15
						.
					 Left brachiocephalic vein (cut off)  16
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  17
						.
					 Filament of pulmonary plexus  18
						.
					 Superior vena cava  19
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery (entering upper lobe)  20
						.
					 Cardiac plexus  21
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph node  22
						.
					 Ascending aorta  23
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein  24
						.
					 Branch of right pulmonary artery (to middle lobe)  25
						.
					 Pericardium


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Right lung.
										The dissection has been extended from that shown in the previous view to include the anterior and apical segments of the upper lobe.

														 1
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  2
						.
					 Apical segmental bronchus (pointer on apical branch)  3
						.
					 Apical branch right pulmonary artery  4
						.
					 Superior intersegmental vein  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch right pulmonary artery Lower pointer Intersegmental vein  6
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus (pointer on anterior branch)  7
						.
					 Branch to middle lobe right pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Medial segmental bronchus of middle lobe  9
						.
					 Division between upper and middle lobes (no horizontal fissure on medial aspect of specimen)  10
						.
					 Middle lobe right lung  11
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  12
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk and right brachiocephalic vein  13
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node and lymph vessel  14
						.
					 Left brachiocephalic vein (cut off)  15
						.
					 Aortic arch  16
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein and lymph vessel  17
						.
					 Right auricle  18
						.
					 Pericardium (reflected)  19
						.
					 Right ventricle  20
						.
					 Right atrium (covered by pleura and pericardium)  21
						.
					 Transversus thoracis muscle (cut off)


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Right lung.
										The close relation of branches of the pulmonary artery (4, blue) to the bronchial branches is evident, as well as the distinct intersegmental position of branches of the pulmonary vein (9, red).

														 1
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery (branches to superior lobe)  2
						.
					 Superior intersegmental vein  3
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph node  4
						.
					 Branch to middle lobe pulmonary artery  5
						.
					 Filament of pulmonary plexus  6
						.
					 Medial segmental bronchus of middle lobe  7
						.
					 Superior branch of no. 6  8
						.
					 Inferior branch of no. 6  9
						.
					 Intersegmental veins of middle lobe  10
						.
					 Middle lobe right lung (mediastinal surface)  11
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  12
						.
					 Right vagus nerve  13
						.
					 Superior vena cava (covered by pleura)  14
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  15
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein  16
						.
					 Right atrium (covered by pleura and pericardium)  17
						.
					 Costal cartilage V


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Right lung.
										The right pleural cavity has been opened and the lung has been retracted laterally. The hilar parts of the upper and middle lobes have been dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Axilla  2
						.
					 Right pulmonary. artery  3
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph node (note lymphatic vessels entering node from region of middle lobe bronchus)  4
						.
					 Branch to middle lobe right pulmonary artery  5
						.
					 Medial segmental bronchus of middle lobe  6
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  7
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Rib VI (cut across)  9
						.
					 Middle lobe right lung (no visible horizontal fissure separates upper and middle lobes in this preparation)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Oblique fissure Lower pointer: Inferior lobe right lung  11
						.
					 Diaphragm  12
						.
					 Rib II  13
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  14
						.
					 Azygos vein (covered by pleura)  15
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein  16
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  17
						.
					 Trachea  18
						.
					 Left brachiocephalic vein  19
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node  20
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery  21
						.
					 Superior vena cava (covered by pleura)  22
						.
					 Thymus (partially resected)  23
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  24
						.
					 Sternum  25
						.
					 Right atrium (distended covered by pericardium and pleura)  26
						.
					 Costal cartilage V (cut off)


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 General view of vascular and bronchial distribution within lungs.
										The specimen is shown in a considerably more advanced stage of dissection than that in the previous view. The upper lobes of both lungs and the right middle lobe have been removed. However, the major vessels and bronchi to these parts have been preserved. Most of the heart has been removed. The ascending aorta has been cut off to expose the right pulmonary artery (8). The pericardium has been cut away except for its posterior and diaphragmatic parts.

														 1
						.
					 Right common carotid artery  2
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  3
						.
					 Right subclavian artery  4
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  5
						.
					 Costal pleura  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior mediastinal lymph node Lower pointer: Lymphatic Vessels  7
						.
					 Bronchus of upper right lobe  8
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  9
						.
					 Right. superior pulmonary vein  10
						.
					 Bronchus of middle right lobe  11
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein (at entrance into left atrium)  12
						.
					 Lateral basal segmental bronchus  13
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  14
						.
					 Inferior vena cava (cut off at entrance into right atrium)  15
						.
					 Diaphragm  16
						.
					 Trachea  17
						.
					 Pleura  18
						.
					 Left common carotid artery (cut off)  19
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  20
						.
					 Aortic arch  21
						.
					 Cardiac plexus  22
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  23
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  24
						.
					 Bronchus of upper left lobe  25
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein  26
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus  27
						.
					 Left atrium  28
						.
					 Pericardium  29
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 General view of vascular and bronchial distribution within lungs.
										The lungs have been dissected from their medial surfaces and are reflected laterally for this photograph. Fragmentary portions of all of the chambers of the heart have been preserved. The great vessels have been kept intact, although the aorta (8) and pulmonary trunk (27) have been elevated to expose more posterior parts of the heart.

														 1
						.
					 Trachea  2
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery  3
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  4
						.
					 Superior vena cava  5
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  6
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein  7
						.
					 Ramus anterior right pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Ascending aorta (pointer on aortic valve)  9
						.
					 Bronchus of right middle lobe  10
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein (at entrance into left atrium)  11
						.
					 Right atrium  12
						.
					 Margins of window cut through interatrial septum  13
						.
					 Middle lobe right lung  14
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  15
						.
					 Diaphragm  16
						.
					 Inferior vena cava (cut off at entrance into right atrium)  17
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava  18
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  19
						.
					 Right ventricle  20
						.
					 Left pointer: Anterior cusp of mitral valve Right pointer: Left ventricle  21
						.
					 Left phrenic nerve  22
						.
					 Left common carotid artery  23
						.
					 Parietal pleura  24
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  25
						.
					 Aortic arch  26
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node  27
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  28
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein  29
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus of upper lobe  30
						.
					 Anterior lateral branch left pulmonary artery  31
						.
					 Left auricle  32
						.
					 Left atrium (pointer on posterior wall atrium in this specimen abnormally dilated)  33
						.
					 Pericardium  34
						.
					 Lingula of left lung  35
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Bronchogram, anteroposterior view
										This film of a living subject was made after the bronchial tree had been partially filled with iodized oil. The air passages are distinguished in some places by their content of air (e.g. 1, 2) and elsewhere by their content of radio-opaque material either alone or in combination with air. The manner of branching of the bronchi within both lower lobes is partially obscured by overlapping shadows. Details of the bronchial distribution in these lobes are shown in the lobar dissections which follow.

														 1
						.
					 Conus elasticus (air-filled)  2
						.
					 Trachea (air-filled)  3
						.
					 Apical segmental bronchus of upper lobe  4
						.
					 Posterior segmental bronchus of upper lobe  5
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus of upper lobe  6
						.
					 Superior segmental bronchus of lower lobe  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral segmental bronchus of middle lobe Lower pointer: Medial segmental bronchus of middle lobe  8
						.
					 Left pointer: Anterior basal segmental bronchus Right pointer: Medial basal segmental bronchus  9
						.
					 Lateral basal segmental bronchus  10
						.
					 Posterior basal segmental bronchus  11
						.
					 Diaphragm  12
						.
					 Rib I  13
						.
					 Clavicle  14
						.
					 Left border of aortic arch  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior apical segmental bronchus Lower pointer: Anterior segmental bronchus  16
						.
					 Main bronchi  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior lingular bronchus Lower pointer: Inferior lingular bronchus  18
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus  19
						.
					 Lateral basal segmental bronchus  20
						.
					 Anterior basal segmental bronchus  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior basal segmental bronchus Lower pointer: Heart


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Larynx, trachea, main bronchi and lungs
										The anterior part of the thoracic wall has been removed. The neck and mediastinum have been dissected to display the major cervical and thoracic parts of the respiratory system. Reference should be made to views 116-ff. for earlier phases of the dissection of this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Mandible  2
						.
					 Digastric muscle  3
						.
					 Hyoid bone (covered by fibrous tissue)  4
						.
					 Submandibular gland  5
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut off)  6
						.
					 Larynx  7
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  8
						.
					 Phrenic nerve right  9
						.
					 Right vagus nerve  10
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve (subclavian artery cut off to reveal loop formed by this nerve below artery)  11
						.
					 Apex of lung (lying within cupula pleurae)  12
						.
					 Trachea  13
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  14
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off at point of entrance into superior vena cava)  15
						.
					 Right main bronchus  16
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  17
						.
					 Esophagus  18
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  19
						.
					 Middle lobe right lung  20
						.
					 Inferior vena cava (cut off at entrance into right atrium)  21
						.
					 Diaphragm  22
						.
					 Common carotid artery  23
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  24
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  25
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  26
						.
					 Brachial plexus (cut off)  27
						.
					 Subclavian artery  28
						.
					 Phrenic nerve left  29
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  30
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  31
						.
					 Aortic arch (cut off)  32
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  33
						.
					 Left main bronchus  34
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk (cut off)  35
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein  36
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  37
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein (at entrance into left atrium)  38
						.
					 Pericardium  39
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung  40
						.
					 Sternum


Surface views of lungs
										 Left lung, lateral aspect

														 1
						.
					 Apex of lung  2
						.
					 Upper lobe  3
						.
					 Anterior margin  4
						.
					 Lingula  5
						.
					 Oblique fissure (pointer on interlobar surface of lower lobe)  6
						.
					 Lower lobe  7
						.
					 Inferior margin


Surface views of lungs
										 Left lung, medial aspect

														 1
						.
					 Upper lobe  2
						.
					 Oblique fissure  3
						.
					 Hilus of lung (pointer on cut edge of pleura at hilar margin)  4
						.
					 Lower lobe  5
						.
					 Left main bronchus  6
						.
					 Costal surface  7
						.
					 Impression of descending aorta  8
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament  9
						.
					 Apex of lung  10
						.
					 Impression of left subclavian artery  11
						.
					 Impression of aortic arch  12
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  13
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins  14
						.
					 Anterior margin  15
						.
					 Cardiac impression (pointer on central part of large depression)  16
						.
					 Lingula of left lung  17
						.
					 Inferior margin  18
						.
					 Diaphragmatic surface


Surface views of lungs
										 Right lung, lateral aspect

														 1
						.
					 Upper lobe  2
						.
					 Oblique fissure  3
						.
					 Lower lobe  4
						.
					 Middle lobe  5
						.
					 Inferior margin  6
						.
					 Apex of lung  7
						.
					 Anterior margin  8
						.
					 Horizontal fissure (incomplete anteriorly)  9
						.
					 Base of lung


Surface views of lungs
										 Right lung, medial aspect

														 1
						.
					 Impression of azygos vein  2
						.
					 Impression of superior vena cava  3
						.
					 Upper lobe  4
						.
					 Hilus of lung  5
						.
					 Impression of medial surface of heart  6
						.
					 Anterior margin  7
						.
					 Middle lobe (horizontal fissure which separates upper and middle lobes, not visible at anterior margin of this specimen)  8
						.
					 Oblique fissure  9
						.
					 Inferior margin  10
						.
					 Diaphragmatic surface  11
						.
					 Base of lung  12
						.
					 Apex of lung  13
						.
					 Right main bronchus  14
						.
					 Branch of right pulmonary artery  15
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  16
						.
					 Lower lobe  17
						.
					 Costal surface  18
						.
					 Vertebral part medial surface  19
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament (cut edge)


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of left atrium and left ventricle viewed from left
										This fresh specimen has been opened by a vertical incision which extends from a point near the apex upward along the left border of the heart to separate the anterior and posterior cusps of the mitral valve. The cut continues upward to open the left atrium along its left border. Fascicles of the left branch of the A-V bundle are clearly visible as delicate white strands in the endocardium of the septal wall (5) of the left ventricle.

														 1
						.
					 Left auricle  2
						.
					 Position of anulus fibrosus (indicated by dotted line in drawing)  3
						.
					 Anterior cusp mitral valve  4
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle (divided by incision)  5
						.
					 Muscular part interventricular septum (pointer indicates location of left crus atrioventricular bundle)  6
						.
					 Left ventricle (cavity)  7
						.
					 Valve of foramen ovale  8
						.
					 Interatrial septum  9
						.
					 Area of entrance of right superior pulmonary vein  10
						.
					 Fat in coronary sulcus (sectioned)  11
						.
					 Posterior cusp of mitral valve  12
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  13
						.
					 Posterior papillary muscle  14
						.
					 Cut edge of myocardium  15
						.
					 Apex of heart


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of left ventricle.
										The anterior cusp of the mitral valve has been freed of its chordal attachments and retracted upward. By this means the posterior cusp of the valve (7), the valvular ostium (6) and the interior of the left atrium have been brought to view.

														 1
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening  2
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  3
						.
					 Muscular part interventricular septum  4
						.
					 Anterior cusp of mitral valve (retracted)  5
						.
					 Cut edge of wall of left ventricle  6
						.
					 Left atrioventricular opening (left atrium visible in background)  7
						.
					 Posterior cusp of mitral valve  8
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  9
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  10
						.
					 Left ventricle  11
						.
					 Posterior papillary muscle


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of left ventricle.
										Most of the interventricular septum has been resected from the specimen shown in the preceding view. The part of the septum which remains runs vertically through the center of the photograph.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior wall of right ventricle (retracted)  2
						.
					 Anterior cusp tricuspid valve  3
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava (viewed through right atrioventricular opening)  4
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  5
						.
					 Chorda tendinea  6
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  7
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve  8
						.
					 Membranous part interventricular septum  9
						.
					 Atrioventricular septum  10
						.
					 Posterior semilunar cusp (aortic valve)  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anulus fibrosus (sectioned) Lower pointer: Cut wall of conus arteriosus  12
						.
					 Anterior cusp of mitral valve  13
						.
					 Muscular part interventricular septum  14
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  15
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  16
						.
					 Left ventricle  17
						.
					 Chordae tendineae (of posterior cusp of mitral valve)  18
						.
					 Posterior papillary muscles


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of right and left ventricles, anterior view
										Two incisions have been made in this specimen. The initial cut through the anterior wall of the heart has opened the right ventricle and conus arteriosus and has produced a large flap (3) which is retracted. The second cut (10) has been made through the interventricular septum and has been extended upwards to include the anterior wall of the aorta. The septum has been retracted to expose the interior of the left ventricle (17).

														 1
						.
					 Superior vena cava  2
						.
					 Fat in coronary sulcus (sectioned)  3
						.
					 Flap of anterior wall of right ventricle (retracted)  4
						.
					 Anterior cusp tricuspid valve  5
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening  6
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  7
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  8
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve  9
						.
					 Right ventricle  10
						.
					 Interventricular septum (cut through)  11
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  12
						.
					 Ascending aorta (opened)  13
						.
					 Aortic valve  14
						.
					 Valve of pulmonary trunk  15
						.
					 Conus arteriosus (interior)  16
						.
					 Anterior cusp of mitral valve  17
						.
					 Left ventricle left  18
						.
					 Papillary muscles  19
						.
					 Position of anterior interventricular sulcus  20
						.
					 Left ventricle (external surface)


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of left auricle viewed through left atrium
										The specimen has been rotated so that the interior of the left auricle is visible.

														 1
						.
					 Left auricle (interior)  2
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins (opening into left atrium)  3
						.
					 Left atrioventricular opening  4
						.
					 Fat in coronary sulcus  5
						.
					 Reflected flap of atrial wall  6
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein  7
						.
					 Line of reflection of serous pericardium  8
						.
					 Interatrial septum  9
						.
					 Anterior cusp of mitral valve


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Mitral valve viewed through left atrium
										The specimen shown in the previous view has been turned so that the view is directed downward through the ostium of the mitral valve (1).

														 1
						.
					 Left atrioventricular opening  2
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins (upper vein obscured)  3
						.
					 Fat in posterior part of coronary sulcus  4
						.
					 Reflected flap of posterior atrial wall  5
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  6
						.
					 Inferior vena cava (at point of entrance into right atrium)  7
						.
					 Line of reflection of serous pericardium  8
						.
					 Anterior cusp of mitral valve  9
						.
					 Fat in coronary sulcus overlying coronary sinus  10
						.
					 Posterior cusp of mitral valve


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of left atrium, posterior view
										The left atrium has been opened by means of a U-shaped incision through its posterior wall. The left surface of the interatrial septum (13) appears opposite this incision.

														 1
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk (cut across at bifurcation into right and left branches)  2
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins (cut at entry into left atrium)  3
						.
					 Left auricle  4
						.
					 Fat in posterior part of coronary sulcus  5
						.
					 Left atrioventricular opening  6
						.
					 Reflected flap of posterior atrial wall  7
						.
					 Line of reflection of serous pericardium  8
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  9
						.
					 Superior vena cava  10
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  11
						.
					 Right atrium  12
						.
					 Valve of foramen ovale (falx septi)  13
						.
					 Interatrial septum  14
						.
					 Inferior vena cava


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of right ventricle viewed through ostium of tricuspid valve
										The walls of the open right atrium have been stretched apart. The fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve (indicated by dotted line in the drawing) is held in an open position to expose the cavity of the right ventricle. The conus arteriosus leads out of the upper left part of the ventricular cavity and is not visible.

														 1
						.
					 Trabeculae carnae  2
						.
					 Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band, along the surface of which the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle is visible as a narrow white streak)  3
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  4
						.
					 Location of atrioventricular node (subendocardial)  5
						.
					 Coronary sinus (opening into right atrium)  6
						.
					 Valve of coronary sinus  7
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava  8
						.
					 Endocardium of anterior wall of right atrium  9
						.
					 Anulus fibrosus  10
						.
					 Anterior cusp tricuspid valve  11
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  12
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  13
						.
					 Right ventricle  14
						.
					 Posterior papillary muscle  15
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Tricuspid valve viewed from below
										The ventricular aspect of the tricuspid valve is displayed by viewing the heart from a position near its apex. The interior of the right atrium is visible through the ostium of the valve.

														 1
						.
					 Myocardium of anterior wall of right ventricle (cut and elevated)  2
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve  3
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  4
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  5
						.
					 Epicardium of right ventricle  6
						.
					 Posterior papillary muscle  7
						.
					 Trabeculae carnae  8
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle (attached to reflected flap of ventricular wall)  9
						.
					 Left pointer: Fossa ovalis Right pointer: Border of fossa ovalis  10
						.
					 Right auricle  11
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening (arrow on drawing indicates interior of right atrium beyond opening)  12
						.
					 Anterior cusp tricuspid valve  13
						.
					 Supraventricular crest  14
						.
					 Area in which right branch of A-V bundle descends into right ventricle (covered by endocardium)  15
						.
					 Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)  16
						.
					 Septal papillary muscles


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Tricuspid valve, anterior view
										An elongated opening has been made in the anterior wall of the right ventricle and conus arteriosus. The flap formed by the incision has been retracted downward. The right atrium is visible in the upper left portion of the specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Fat in coronary sulcus  2
						.
					 Trabeculae carnae (cut across in dissection)  3
						.
					 Anterior cusp tricuspid valve  4
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  5
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve  6
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  7
						.
					 Ascending aorta  8
						.
					 Right auricle  9
						.
					 Conus arteriosus  10
						.
					 Supraventricular crest  11
						.
					 Septal papillary muscles  12
						.
					 Endocardial surface of reflected ventricular wall  13
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of right ventricle, anterior view
										The right ventricle, conus arteriosus and pulmonary trunk have been opened. The part of the ventricular wall which gives attachment to the anterior papillary muscle (7) has been reflected. The right atrium remains open from a previous dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Ascending aorta  2
						.
					 Superior vena cava  3
						.
					 Right auricle  4
						.
					 Right atrium (opened)  5
						.
					 Anterior cusp tricuspid valve  6
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening  7
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  8
						.
					 Trabeculae carnae  9
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve  10
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  11
						.
					 Cut edge of myocardium of right ventricle  12
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  13
						.
					 Right semilunar cusp  14
						.
					 Semilunar valves  15
						.
					 Valve of left pulmonary trunk Anterior semilunar cusp  16
						.
					 Conus arteriosus (cut margins retracted)  17
						.
					 Supraventricular crest  18
						.
					 Septal papillary muscle  19
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  20
						.
					 Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)  21
						.
					 Position of anterior interventricular sulcus  22
						.
					 Left ventricle


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Tricuspid valve viewed through right atrium
										The view is directed into the cavity of the right ventricle through the opened right atrium and the ostium (2) of the tricuspid valve.

														 1
						.
					 Right auricle  2
						.
					 Margins of right atrioventricular opening  3
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins (cut across)  4
						.
					 Pectinate muscles  5
						.
					 Anterior cusp tricuspid valve  6
						.
					 Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)  7
						.
					 Crista terminalis (in reflected part of atrial wall)  8
						.
					 Papillary muscles  9
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve  10
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  11
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  12
						.
					 External surface of right atrium  13
						.
					 Inferior vena cava (cut off)


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Coronary sinus, external and internal aspects
										The right atrial wall has been cut and reflected in such a way that the cut section of the wall is seen in relation to the coronary sinus (5). The view into the atrium is from the right side. The heart is in a position with its apex directly downward.

														 1
						.
					 Pectinate muscles in reflected part of atrial wall  2
						.
					 Sinus of vena cava  3
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  4
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava  5
						.
					 Coronary sinus (covered by muscle fibers continuous with atrial myocardium)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Valve of coronary sinus Lower pointer: Latex cast in opening of coronary sinus  7
						.
					 Left ventricle (myocardium exposed)  8
						.
					 Posterior interventricular sulcus  9
						.
					 Middle cardiac vein  10
						.
					 Interatrial septum  11
						.
					 Fossa ovalis  12
						.
					 Border of fossa ovalis  13
						.
					 Position of atrioventricular node (covered by endocardium)  14
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  15
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening  16
						.
					 Anterior cusp tricuspid valve  17
						.
					 Myocardium right atrium  18
						.
					 Coronary sulcus  19
						.
					 Right coronary artery  20
						.
					 Right ventricle (myocardium exposed)


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Interior of right atrium, posterior wall
										An opening has been made in the anterosuperior part of the wall of the right atrium. Parts of the wall have been reflected to reveal the interior of this chamber. The heart has been positioned with its apex directed downward.

														 1
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  2
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  3
						.
					 Intervenous tubercle  4
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  5
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava  6
						.
					 Valve of coronary sinus  7
						.
					 Pectinate muscles (in reflected part of atrial wall)  8
						.
					 Position of atrioventricular node (covered by endocardium)  9
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening  10
						.
					 Crista terminalis  11
						.
					 Superior vena cava  12
						.
					 Pericardium (cut along line of reflection onto heart)  13
						.
					 Crista terminalis (cut across, also see 10)  14
						.
					 Border of fossa ovalis  15
						.
					 Fossa ovalis  16
						.
					 Right auricle  17
						.
					 Fat overlying coronary sulcus  18
						.
					 Right ventricle


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Ventricular myocardium, posterior view of deep layer
										The superficial layer of myocardium (3) has been removed from the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle. The deep layer of myocardium (4), thus exposed, has been traced toward the right side of the heart. Along the posterior interventricular sulcus some of the fibers of this layer have been cut across to split open the interventricular septum into which much of the deep layer appears to turn.

														 1
						.
					 Left fibrous trigone  2
						.
					 Left atrioventricular opening  3
						.
					 Superficial layer of myocardium (lower pointer indicates cut edge of this layer)  4
						.
					 Deep layer of myocardium  5
						.
					 Ascending aorta  6
						.
					 Right fibrous trigone  7
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening  8
						.
					 Membranous part interventricular septum (in depths of dissection)  9
						.
					 Muscular part interventricular septum (split open)  10
						.
					 Right ventricle (superficial layer of myocardium intact)  11
						.
					 Cut ends of fibers of deep layer of myocardium  12
						.
					 Notch at apex of heart  13
						.
					 Apex of heart


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Ventricular myocardium; cardiac valves and ostia, basal view
										The atria have been cut off close to their attachments to the atrioventricular valve rings.

														 1
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  2
						.
					 Right semilunar cusp  3
						.
					 Anterior semilunar cusp  4
						.
					 Left semilunar cusp (together 2-4 make up the pulmonary valve  5
						.
					 Nodule of valve  6
						.
					 Left coronary artery (at origin from aortic sinus)  7
						.
					 Ascending aorta  8
						.
					 Left fibrous trigone  9
						.
					 Left ventricle  10
						.
					 Left atrioventricular opening  11
						.
					 Anterior cusp of mitral valve  12
						.
					 Posterior cusp of mitral valve  13
						.
					 Myocardium left atrium (cut across)  14
						.
					 Right fibrous trigone  15
						.
					 Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)  16
						.
					 Posterior interventricular sulcus  17
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening  18
						.
					 Conus arteriosus  19
						.
					 Left semilunar cusp (aortic)  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right semilunar cusp Lower pointer: posterior semilunar cusp (of aortic valve)  21
						.
					 Right coronary artery (at origin from aortic sinus)  22
						.
					 Atrioventricular septum  23
						.
					 Anterior semilunar cusp (pulmonary)  24
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  25
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve  26
						.
					 Right ventricle  27
						.
					 Myocardium right atrium (cut across)


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Ventricular myocardium, apical view

														 1
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  2
						.
					 Conus arteriosus  3
						.
					 Anterior interventricular sulcus  4
						.
					 Right ventricle  5
						.
					 Vortex of myocardium of right ventricle  6
						.
					 Vortex ofmyocardium of left ventricle  7
						.
					 Openings in myocardium for septal branches of coronary vessels  8
						.
					 Left ventricle


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Ventricular myocardium, posterior view of superficial layer

														 1
						.
					 Grooves for ventricular branches of right coronary artery  2
						.
					 Left ventricle  3
						.
					 Apex of heart  4
						.
					 Notch at apex of heart  5
						.
					 Ascending aorta  6
						.
					 Right atrioventricular opening  7
						.
					 Posterior interventricular sulcus  8
						.
					 Right ventricle  9
						.
					 Openings in myocardium for septal branches of coronary vessels


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Ventricular myocardium, anterior view of superficial layer

														 1
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  2
						.
					 Conus arteriosus  3
						.
					 Right ventricle  4
						.
					 Sulcus which accommodated marginal branch of right coronary artery  5
						.
					 Openings in myocardium for septal branches of coronary vessels  6
						.
					 Notch at apex of heart  7
						.
					 Anterior interventricular sulcus  8
						.
					 Left ventricle  9
						.
					 Apex of heart


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Atrial myocardium, basal view
										The epicardium has been removed from all parts of the atria with the exception of the left auricle.

														 1
						.
					 Ligamentum arteriosum  2
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  3
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  4
						.
					 Left auricle (epicardium intact)  5
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein  6
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein  7
						.
					 Left atrium  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right superior pulmonary vein (note tributary joining vein close to atrial wall) Lower pointer: Right inferior pulmonary vein  9
						.
					 Left ventricle (epicardium intact)  10
						.
					 Posterior interventricular sulcus (pointer on middle cardiac vein)  11
						.
					 Right ventricle  12
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  13
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  14
						.
					 Ascending aorta  15
						.
					 Superior vena cava  16
						.
					 Right auricle  17
						.
					 Sino-atrial node  18
						.
					 Right atrium  19
						.
					 Interatrial groove


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Basal surface of heart, epicardium intact

														 1
						.
					 Ascending aorta  2
						.
					 Branch right pulmonary artery  3
						.
					 Line of reflection of pericardium  4
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  5
						.
					 Ligamentum arteriosum (cut off)  6
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  7
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Pericardial reflections at margins of oblique sinus (an intermediate line of reflection, indicated at lower pointer, subdivides the oblique sinus in this specimen)  9
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins  10
						.
					 Left atrium  11
						.
					 Fat in coronary sulcus  12
						.
					 Left ventricle  13
						.
					 Superior vena cava  14
						.
					 Right auricle  15
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  16
						.
					 Right atrium  17
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  18
						.
					 Right ventricle  19
						.
					 Posterior interventricular sulcus


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Coronary angiogram
										The heart is viewed from in front. Thorotrast has been injected into the right (5) and left (13) coronary arteries by means of a cannula inserted through the aorta. The vessels have been ligated close to their origins. In the drawing, vessels in the foreground of the view have been indicated by solid lines, while those in the background have been shown by broken lines.

														 1
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  2
						.
					 Ascending aorta  3
						.
					 Superior vena cava  4
						.
					 Right auricle  5
						.
					 Right coronary artery (pointer near origin of artery from aorta)  6
						.
					 Artery to sinoatrial node  7
						.
					 Right atrium  8
						.
					 Marginal branch of right coronary artery  9
						.
					 Right ventricle  10
						.
					 Posterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery (anomalous see text above)  11
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  12
						.
					 Left auricle  13
						.
					 Left coronary artery (pointer near origin of artery from aorta)  14
						.
					 Circumflex branch of left coronary artery  15
						.
					 Interventricular septal branch of left coronary artery (note other smaller septal branches below this one)  16
						.
					 Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery  17
						.
					 Ventricular branch of 16  18
						.
					 Ventricular branch of circumflex branch  19
						.
					 Apex of heart


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Coronary vessels, posterior view
										The specimen shown in the previous view has been dissected to demonstrate the distribution of the coronary arteries and cardiac veins on the posteroinferior aspect of the heart.

														 1
						.
					 Fragment of aorta at point of attachment of ligamentum arteriosum  2
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  3
						.
					 Left auricle  4
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins (superior vein partially hidden)  5
						.
					 Left oblique atrial vein  6
						.
					 Ventricular branches of circumflex branch of left coronary artery  7
						.
					 Great cardiac vein  8
						.
					 Coronary sinus (covered by thin layer of muscle continuous with atrial myocardium)  9
						.
					 Left ventricle  10
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  11
						.
					 Pericardial reflection at margin of oblique sinus  12
						.
					 Left atrium  13
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  14
						.
					 Atrial branch of left coronary artery  15
						.
					 Right atrium  16
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  17
						.
					 Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus)  18
						.
					 Margin of dissected. area  19
						.
					 Right ventricle  20
						.
					 Middle cardiac vein (in posterior interventricular sulcus)  21
						.
					 Posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Posterior surface of heart, epicardium intact

														 1
						.
					 Right pulmonary vein  2
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  3
						.
					 Left atrium (pointers terminate on pericardial reflections which form boundaries of oblique sinus of pericardial cavity)  4
						.
					 Fragment of aorta preserved at attachment of ligamentum arteriosum  5
						.
					 Ligamentum arteriosum  6
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  7
						.
					 Left pulmonary vein  8
						.
					 Pericardium (parietal side)  9
						.
					 Coronary sinus  10
						.
					 Left ventricle  11
						.
					 Right auricle (interior, visible through right atrium)  12
						.
					 Crista terminalis  13
						.
					 Right atrium  14
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  15
						.
					 Coronary sulcus  16
						.
					 Right ventricle  17
						.
					 Middle cardiac vein (overlying posterior interventricular sulcus)


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Coronary vessels viewed from left side
										The epicardium has been dissected to expose portions of the left coronary artery and the great cardiac vein. The pulmonary trunk has been opened and the left auricle has been retracted.

														 1
						.
					 Ascending aorta  2
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk (opened)  3
						.
					 Right semilunar cusp pulmonary trunk  4
						.
					 Filament of cardiac plexus  5
						.
					 Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery  6
						.
					 Left ventricle  7
						.
					 Apex of heart  8
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  9
						.
					 Left atrium  10
						.
					 Left auricle (retracted)  11
						.
					 Circumflex branch of left coronary artery  12
						.
					 Great cardiac vein  13
						.
					 Ventricular branch of left coronary artery


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Left surface of heart, epicardium intact

														 1
						.
					 Aorta  2
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery (cut off at origin from pulmonary trunk)  3
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  4
						.
					 Left auricle  5
						.
					 Left coronary artery (ventricular branch)  6
						.
					 Left ventricle  7
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Left atrium  9
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins (cut off at entrance to left atrium)  10
						.
					 Fat in coronary sulcus  11
						.
					 Tributary to great cardiac vein  12
						.
					 Apex of heart


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Coronary arteries, anterior view
										The heart is positioned to display its anterosuperior surface. The epicardium has been removed to expose the right coronary artery (6) and the anterior interventricular branch (13) of the left coronary artery. The previous view illustrates the specimen before dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Superior vena cava  2
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  3
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein  4
						.
					 Right auricle  5
						.
					 Right atrium  6
						.
					 Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus)  7
						.
					 Ventricular branch of right coronary artery  8
						.
					 Right ventricle  9
						.
					 Ascending aorta  10
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  11
						.
					 Epicardium at margin of dissected area  12
						.
					 Epicardial fat at margin of dissected area  13
						.
					 Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery  14
						.
					 Anterior interventricular sulcus  15
						.
					 Tributary to great cardiac vein  16
						.
					 Left ventricle  17
						.
					 Apex of heart


Detailed dissection of heart
										 Anterior surface of heart, epicardium intact
										This specimen, from a young woman, displays an abundance of fat in the epicardium.

														 1
						.
					 Right auricle  2
						.
					 Right atrium  3
						.
					 Fat covering coronary sulcus  4
						.
					 Right ventricle  5
						.
					 Right margin  6
						.
					 Notch at apex of heart  7
						.
					 Superior vena cava  8
						.
					 Aorta  9
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  10
						.
					 Left auricle  11
						.
					 Conus arteriosus  12
						.
					 Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery (covered by fat)  13
						.
					 Left ventricle  14
						.
					 Apex of heart


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Lines of reflection of serous pericardium onto heart and great vessels
										The heart has been removed except for small margins of the left atrium at the points of entrance of the pulmonary veins (3, 10). The lines along which the serous layer of pericardium reflects onto the heart and its great vessels are visible and are indicated in the drawing at various points (2). A dotted, double-pointed arrow indicates the location of the transverse sinus of the pericardium. A series of small arrows indicates the boundaries of the oblique sinus.

														 1
						.
					 Superior vena cava  2
						.
					 Cut edge of serous pericardium along line of reflection onto heart and great vessels  3
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins (entering left atrium)  4
						.
					 Right phrenic nerve  5
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  6
						.
					 Ascending aorta (covered by serous pericardium)  7
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  8
						.
					 Transverse pericardial sinus  9
						.
					 Left fold of vena cava  10
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins (entering left atrium)  11
						.
					 Oblique pericardial sinus  12
						.
					 Serous pericardium


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Interatrial wall sectioned; sinuses of pericardium
										The interatrial wall has been cut vertically to show the relation of the fossa ovalis to the left atrium. The remains of both ventricles and part of the posterior wall of the left atrium have been removed so that the oblique sinus of the pericardial cavity may be visualized.

														 1
						.
					 Right phrenic nerve  2
						.
					 Aortic arch  3
						.
					 Superior vena cava  4
						.
					 Red latex cast in right superior pulmonary vein  5
						.
					 Valve of foramen ovale (falx septi, in left atrium)  6
						.
					 Border of fossa ovalis (sectioned vertically)  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Fossa ovalis (sectioned vertically) Lower pointer: Interatrial septum  8
						.
					 Right atrium  9
						.
					 Latex cast in inferior vena cava  10
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  11
						.
					 Left phrenic nerve  12
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  13
						.
					 Transverse pericardial sinus  14
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein (covered by serous layer of pericardium)  15
						.
					 Left atrium (remnant of posterior wall)  16
						.
					 Latex cast in left inferior pulmonary vein  17
						.
					 Oblique pericardial sinus  18
						.
					 Diaphragmatic part of pericardium


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Interior of left atrium and left ventricle.
										The latex cast has been cut away to display the cavity of the left atrium and the posterior cusp of the mitral valve with its associated chordae tendineae.

														 1
						.
					 Superior vena cava  2
						.
					 Ascending aorta  3
						.
					 Transverse pericardial sinus (indicated on drawing by double pointed arrow)  4
						.
					 Wall of left atrium (cut)  5
						.
					 Fossa ovalis  6
						.
					 Latex cast in coronary sinus  7
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava  8
						.
					 Right ventricle  9
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  10
						.
					 Red latex cast in left auricle  11
						.
					 Latex cast protruding from left pulmonary veins  12
						.
					 Left atrium  13
						.
					 Pericardium  14
						.
					 Posterior cusp of mitral valve  15
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  16
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  17
						.
					 Posterior papillary muscle  18
						.
					 Left ventricle


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Latex cast of cavities of left atrium and left ventricle; transverse sinus of pericardium
										The aorta and pulmonary trunk have been cut off to expose the transverse sinus of the pericardial cavity (3) and the left atrium. The anterior wall of the left atrium and the anterior cusp of the mitral valve have been resected to uncover the red latex cast which fills the left atrium and is continuous through the atrioventricular ostium with the cast of the left ventricle.

														 1
						.
					 Superior vena cava  2
						.
					 Ascending aorta  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Transverse pericardial sinus Lower pointer: Wall of left atrium (cut across)  4
						.
					 Sinus of vena cava  5
						.
					 Membranous part interventricular septum  6
						.
					 Muscular part interventricular septum  7
						.
					 Blue latex within coronary sinus  8
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  9
						.
					 Left auricle  10
						.
					 Red latex cast in left atrium (position of anterior segment of fibrous mitral valve ring indicated on drawing by dotted line below pointer)  11
						.
					 Latex cast within left atrioventricular opening  12
						.
					 Latex cast within left ventricle  13
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Interior of left ventricle.
										The latex cast within the left ventricle has been partially removed to expose the anterior cusp of the mitral valve together with its chordae tendineae and related papillary muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Superior vena cava  2
						.
					 Ascending aorta  3
						.
					 Aortic valve (pointer on left semilunar cusp)  4
						.
					 Membranous part interventricular septum  5
						.
					 Right atrium (pointer indicates area of sinus venarum cavarum)  6
						.
					 Latex cast within inferior vena cava  7
						.
					 Muscular part of interventricular septum  8
						.
					 Right ventricle  9
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  10
						.
					 Left auricle (opened to expose latex cast)  11
						.
					 Anterior cusp of mitral valve  12
						.
					 Chordae tendineae  13
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  14
						.
					 Latex cast within cavity of left ventricle


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Conduction system of heart.
										The camera angle has been adjusted to provide a cross-sectional view of the interventricular septum (19). This septum has been retracted slightly away from the left ventricle and has been cut in such a way that the course of the atrioventricular bundle (6) can be traced from its origin in the A-V node (5) to its division into right and left branches (17, 18) at the junction of the membranous and muscular parts of the interventricular septum. The parts of the conduction system have been colored white to provide better photographic contrast.

														 1
						.
					 Superior vena cava  2
						.
					 Cut edge of wall of right atrium (note sinusoidal spaces filled with latex and continuous with cavity of atrium)  3
						.
					 Fossa ovalis  4
						.
					 Border of fossa ovalis  5
						.
					 Atrioventricular node (colored white)  6
						.
					 Trunk of atrioventricular bundle (colored white)  7
						.
					 Coronary sinus  8
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  9
						.
					 Posterior cusp tricuspid valve  10
						.
					 Myocardium of right ventricle  11
						.
					 Right ventricle  12
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  13
						.
					 Left auricle  14
						.
					 Left coronary artery  15
						.
					 Aortic valve (left semilunar cusp)  16
						.
					 Membranous part interventricular septum (partially resected to display A-V bundle)  17
						.
					 Left crus atrioventricular bundle (colored white)  18
						.
					 Right crus atrioventricular bundle (colored white)  19
						.
					 Muscular part interventricular septum  20
						.
					 Latex cast in cavity of left ventricle


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Interatrial cleavage plane
										An incision has been made in the epicardium (6) bordering the right atrium. The superior vena cava and upper part of the right atrium have been reflected anteriorly and to the left to display the plane of cleavage between the myocardial layers of the right and left atria. In the upper part of the area of contact of the atria there is no interconnection of the two myocardial layers. In the lower part (9), which overlies the point of entrance of the lower right pulmonary vein into the left atrium, there is considerable interweaving of muscle fibers of the two atria. The proximity of this cleavage plane to the fossa ovalis can be readily visualized, although the fossa ovalis is partially obscured in this view.

														 1
						.
					 Azygos vein (divided)  2
						.
					 Right main bronchus  3
						.
					 Tracheobronchial lymph node  4
						.
					 Cardiac plexus  5
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  6
						.
					 Incision in epicardium to display interatrial cleavage plane  7
						.
					 Myocardium of left atrium (overlying upper right pulmonary vein)  8
						.
					 Nerve filament of cardiac plexus  9
						.
					 Area of intermingling atrial muscle fasciculi  10
						.
					 Sino-atrial node  11
						.
					 Fossa ovalis  12
						.
					 Wall of right atrium  13
						.
					 Pericardium  14
						.
					 Right phrenic nerve  15
						.
					 Ascending aorta  16
						.
					 Superior vena cava (retracted)  17
						.
					 Left coronary artery  18
						.
					 Latex cast within left ventricle  19
						.
					 Interventricular septum  20
						.
					 Border of fossa ovalis  21
						.
					 Right ventricle  22
						.
					 Latex cast within inferior vena cava


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Latex cast of cavity of left ventricle and origin of aorta
										The opening into the left ventricle, which was shown in the previous view, has been extended to include the root of the ascending aorta and to expose the aortic semilunar valves.

														 1
						.
					 Reflection of pericardium onto aorta  2
						.
					 Filaments of cardiac plexus  3
						.
					 Trachea  4
						.
					 Superior vena cava  5
						.
					 Ascending aorta  6
						.
					 Right coronary artery  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Aortic valve (right semilunar cusp) Lower pointer: Aortic sinus (filled with latex cast)  8
						.
					 Right crus atrioventricular bundle  9
						.
					 Right atrium  10
						.
					 Crista terminalis  11
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava  12
						.
					 Right ventricle  13
						.
					 Left phrenic nerve  14
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  15
						.
					 Left coronary artery  16
						.
					 Aortic valve (left semilunar cusp)  17
						.
					 Interventricular septum (cut away)  18
						.
					 Myocardium of left ventricle (cut across)  19
						.
					 Latex cast of cavity of left ventricle


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Latex cast of cavity of left ventricle; septal branch of left coronary artery
										The wall of the left ventricle has been resected to expose the red latex cast which fills the ventricle. The myocardium at one point near the apex measures only 1 mm. in thickness. The conus arteriosus has been removed to demonstrate the origin of the ascending aorta and a large septal branch (11) of the left coronary artery.

														 1
						.
					 Ascending aorta  2
						.
					 Superior vena cava  3
						.
					 Right coronary artery  4
						.
					 Right atrium  5
						.
					 Right crus atrioventricular bundle  6
						.
					 Crista terminalis  7
						.
					 Right ventricle  8
						.
					 Sternum (cut across)  9
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  10
						.
					 Left coronary artery  11
						.
					 Septal branch of left coronary artery  12
						.
					 Pericardium (cut edge)  13
						.
					 Interventricular septum (dissected)  14
						.
					 Latex cast within left ventricle  15
						.
					 Myocardium of left ventricle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Notch at apex of heart


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Conduction system of heart.
										The sinoatrial node (4) has been exposed by removal of the epicardium near the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium. The atrioventricular node (16) has been exposed by the removal of endocardium and some atrial myocardium just above the entrance of the coronary sinus into the right atrium. The atrioventricular bundle has been dissected in its course into the membranous atrioventricular septum, and its right branch (15) has been uncovered by the removal of endocardium and a portion of the myocardium of the muscular interventricular septum. A segment of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve has also been cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Ascending aorta  2
						.
					 Reflection of pericardium onto superior vena cava  3
						.
					 Right coronary artery (cut off)  4
						.
					 Sinoatrial node  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Interventricular septum (membranous part) Lower pointer: Right fibrous trigone (exposed by removal of atrial myocardium)  6
						.
					 Border of fossa ovalis  7
						.
					 Fossa ovalis  8
						.
					 Myocardium of right atrium (left pointer indicates position of a delicate tendon which extends from the right fibrous trigone toward the border of fossa ovalis)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Latex cast in coronary sinus Lower pointer: Valve of coronary sinus  10
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava  11
						.
					 Latex cast in inferior vena cava  12
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  13
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  14
						.
					 Valve of pulmonary trunk (pointer on left semilunar cusp)  15
						.
					 Right crus atrioventricular bundle  16
						.
					 Atrioventricular node (no distinct boundary found between node and myocardium inferior to it)  17
						.
					 Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)  18
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  19
						.
					 Right ventricle


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Interior of right atrium and right ventricle
										The latex cast has been removed from the specimen shown in the previous view.

														 1
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  2
						.
					 Trachea  3
						.
					 Sino-atrial node  4
						.
					 Border of fossa ovalis  5
						.
					 Fossa ovalis  6
						.
					 Crista terminalis  7
						.
					 Valve of inferior vena cava  8
						.
					 Latex cast cut across at junction of vena cava inferior with vena caval sinus  9
						.
					 Right ventricle  10
						.
					 Inferior cardiac branch of vagus nerve  11
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  12
						.
					 Anterior semilunar cusp, (cut across)  13
						.
					 Left semilunar cusp  14
						.
					 Right semilunar cusp (cut across) (11-13 make up the pulmonary valve)  15
						.
					 Supraventricular crest  16
						.
					 Septal (medial) cusp of tricuspid valve  17
						.
					 Latex cast in coronary sinus  18
						.
					 Anterior papillary muscle  19
						.
					 Posterior papillary muscle


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Latex cast of cavities of right atrium and right ventricle
										The anterior walls of the right atrium, right ventricle, conus arteriosus and pulmonary trunk have been cut away to reveal a blue latex cast which fills the interior of these chambers. Impressions in the cast produced by muscle trabeculae are clearly visible. Casts of several anterior cardiac veins (9) have been dissected free in removing the wall of the heart and are visible attached at their points of entry into the right atrium.

														 1
						.
					 Superior extent of pericardial cavity  2
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  3
						.
					 Superior vena cava  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right auricle (epicardium and myocardium intact) Lower pointer: Latex cast of right auricle  5
						.
					 Right coronary artery (cut off)  6
						.
					 Margin of right atrioventricular opening  7
						.
					 Cast of right atrium  8
						.
					 Cast of right atrioventricular opening  9
						.
					 Anterior cardiac veins  10
						.
					 Myocardium of right ventricle  11
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  12
						.
					 Ascending aorta  13
						.
					 Latex cast of sinus of anterior cusp of pulmonary valve  14
						.
					 Pericardium  15
						.
					 Latex cast of conus arteriosus  16
						.
					 Anterior interventricular sulcus  17
						.
					 Left ventricle  18
						.
					 Latex cast of right ventricle


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Ascending aorta; aortic arch and branches
										The branches of the aortic arch have been exposed by removing the overlying brachiocephalic vein. The superior extent of the pericardial sac in this specimen is indicated at 8. The entire ascending aorta is thus seen to lie within the pericardial cavity. The pleural coverings of the superior mediastinum have been reflected laterally on both sides to provide better exposure of the structures within the area.

														 1
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve (upper branch)  2
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk  3
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  4
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve (lower branch)  5
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  6
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  7
						.
					 Pericardial branch of thyrocervical trunk  8
						.
					 Superior extent of pericardial cavity  9
						.
					 Superior vena cava (cut off)  10
						.
					 Ascending aorta (covered by serous layer of pericardium)  11
						.
					 Pericardium  12
						.
					 Left phrenic nerve  13
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Esophagus  15
						.
					 Left subclavian vein  16
						.
					 Thoracic duct  17
						.
					 Common carotid artery  18
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve Lower pointer: Vagus nerve  20
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura (reflected)  21
						.
					 Lung  22
						.
					 Conus arteriosus


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Heart and great vessels
										The thymus has been removed and structures deeper in the superior mediastinal region have been freed of their connective tissue coverings. The pericardial sac has been opened more widely.

														 1
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  2
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk  3
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  4
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve  5
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left brachiocephalic vein Lower pointer: Right internal thoracic vein (cut off)  7
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  8
						.
					 Superior vena cava  9
						.
					 Pericardium (reflected)  10
						.
					 Right auricle  11
						.
					 Right ventricle  12
						.
					 Pericardium  13
						.
					 Body of sternum (cut across)  14
						.
					 Trachea  15
						.
					 Common carotid artery  16
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein (cut off)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal thoracic vein Lower pointer: Internal thoracic artery  18
						.
					 Thymic vein  19
						.
					 Ascending aorta (covered by serous layer of pericardium)  20
						.
					 Pericardiacophrenic vein  21
						.
					 Conus arteriosus  22
						.
					 Left ventricle  23
						.
					 Apex of heart


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Heart exposed within pericardial activity
										The anterior wall of the pericardial sac has been incised and the cut edges have been reflected. The epicardium remains intact.

														 1
						.
					 Thymus  2
						.
					 Superior vena cava  3
						.
					 Pericardium (reflected flaps)  4
						.
					 Right auricle  5
						.
					 Right ventricle  6
						.
					 Diaphragm  7
						.
					 Right margin of heart  8
						.
					 Fatty lobule  9
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  10
						.
					 Conus arteriosus  11
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura  12
						.
					 Left ventricle  13
						.
					 Anterior interventricular sulcus  14
						.
					 Arcuate margin of heart  15
						.
					 Pericardial cavity


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Thymus and related structures, close-up view
										The upper portion of the specimen from the preceding view is shown here to illustrate in more detail the relations of the thymus to nearby mediastinal structures.

														 1
						.
					 Superior trunk brachial plexus  2
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  3
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vagus nerve Lower pointer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve  5
						.
					 Fibrous remnant of cervical portion of thymus  6
						.
					 Right subclavian artery  7
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura (cut and reflected)  8
						.
					 Cardiac plexus  9
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein  10
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery (displaced posteriorly)  11
						.
					 Fascia enclosing thymus  12
						.
					 Pericardiacophrenic artery  13
						.
					 Superior vena cava  14
						.
					 Left internal jugular vein  15
						.
					 Left common carotid artery  16
						.
					 Vagus nerve  17
						.
					 Thoracic duct  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subclavian artery Lower pointer: Subclavian vein  19
						.
					 Rib I  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left brachiocephalic vein Lower pointer: Internal thoracic vein  21
						.
					 Thymus (right lobe)  22
						.
					 Thymic branch internal thoracic artery  23
						.
					 Thymus (left lobe)  24
						.
					 Superior sternopericardial ligament  25
						.
					 Pericardium


Dissection of pericardium and heart in situ
										 Thymus and pericardium; superior sternopericardial ligament
										The internal thoracic arteries have been cut off (6, 21). The pleura has been cut away from the pericardium and the fascia which covered the thymus has been partially removed. A portion of this fascia (9) fuses firmly with the pericardium to form one of the sternopericardial ligaments. The sternal attachment of this ligament was in the area of origin of the sternothyroid muscles and was detached in the preparation of the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  2
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  3
						.
					 Right recurrent laryngeal nerve  4
						.
					 Pleura (cut to display apex of lung)  5
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Phrenic nerve Lower pointer: Internal thoracic artery (displaced posteriorly)  7
						.
					 Pericardiacophrenic artery  8
						.
					 Superior vena cava  9
						.
					 Superior sternopericardial ligament  10
						.
					 Right lung  11
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura (cut and reflected from pericardium)  12
						.
					 Body of sternum (cut across)  13
						.
					 Diaphragm  14
						.
					 Thyroid gland  15
						.
					 Common carotid arteries  16
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  17
						.
					 Thoracic duct  18
						.
					 Right subclavian artery  19
						.
					 Left brachiocephalic vein  20
						.
					 Rib I  21
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery  22
						.
					 Thymus (right lobe)  23
						.
					 Thymus (left lobe)  24
						.
					 Pericardium  25
						.
					 Left lung  26
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura (cut and reflected)  27
						.
					 Fibrous bands attaching pericardium to costal cartilages


Thoracic viscera in situ
										 Radiograph of thorax, anteroposterior view
										The subject is a young female. The film was made during full inspiration.

														 1
						.
					 Body of vertebra Th. I (outlines of lower vertebrae not included in drawing but are clearly visible in stereoscopic view)  2
						.
					 Clavicle  3
						.
					 Rib I (anterior part)  4
						.
					 Trachea (radiolucent)  5
						.
					 Mammary body  6
						.
					 Right margin of heart  7
						.
					 Diaphragm (right dome)  8
						.
					 Aortic arch  9
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  10
						.
					 Left main bronchus (faintly visible as translucent band)  11
						.
					 Heart  12
						.
					 Left ventricle  13
						.
					 Apex of heart  14
						.
					 Diaphragm (left dome)


Thoracic viscera in situ
										 Anterior view of thoracic contents, rib cage removed
										Both upper limbs have been detached. The upper nine ribs have been removed bilaterally with the exception of the first rib on the left. The manubrium and most of the body of the sternum have also been removed. The pleural cavities have been opened. On the right the apex of the lung is visible within the cupula of the pleura.

														 1
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  2
						.
					 Vagus nerve  3
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein (cut off)  4
						.
					 Fascia surrounding thymus  5
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  6
						.
					 Pleura (cut along costomediastinal reflections)  7
						.
					 Middle lobe right lung  8
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  9
						.
					 Pleural fold  10
						.
					 Xiphoid process  11
						.
					 Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle (lamina posterior)  12
						.
					 Linea alba  13
						.
					 Rectus abdominis muscle  14
						.
					 Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle (lamina anterior)  15
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  16
						.
					 Left internal jugular vein  17
						.
					 Thyroid gland  18
						.
					 Trachea  19
						.
					 Thymus  20
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  21
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery  22
						.
					 Pericardium (covered by mediastinal pleura)  23
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal cavity  24
						.
					 Costal cartilage VI  25
						.
					 Diaphragm (covered by diaphragmatic pleura)  26
						.
					 Pleura (cut along costodiaphragmatic reflection)


Thoracic viscera in situ
										 Anterior view of thoracic contents, rib cage intact

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Phrenic nerve Lower pointer: Anterior scalene muscle  2
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung (in cupula pleurae, which has been opened)  3
						.
					 Subclavian artery  4
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery  5
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  6
						.
					 Horizontal fissure right lung  7
						.
					 Middle lobe right lung  8
						.
					 Oblique fissure  9
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  10
						.
					 Diaphragmatic pleura  11
						.
					 Xiphoid process  12
						.
					 Sheath rectus abdominis muscle (posterior surface)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Rectus abdominis muscle (cut off) Lower pointer: Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle (anterior surface)  14
						.
					 Vagus nerve  15
						.
					 Trachea  16
						.
					 Left internal jugular vein  17
						.
					 Thymus  18
						.
					 Sternoclavicular joint  19
						.
					 Manubrium of sternum  20
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  21
						.
					 Anterior mediastinum  22
						.
					 Oblique fissure  23
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung  24
						.
					 Cut edge of costal pleura at line of reflection onto mediastinum (upper pointer) and diaphragm (lower pointer)


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 Anterior thoracic wall, internal aspect
										All of the thoracic viscera have been removed except those structures which pass through the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet). The pleura and the endothoracic fascia have been excised anteriorly.

														 1
						.
					 Vertebra Th. III (pointer on posterior longitudinal ligament)  2
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  3
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  4
						.
					 Intercostal nerve  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Esophagus (cut off) Lower pointer: Trachea (cut off)  6
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  7
						.
					 Aortic arch  8
						.
					 Costal cartilage II  9
						.
					 Body of sternum (covered by sternal membrane)  10
						.
					 Upper pointers: Internal thoracic veins Lower pointer: Internal thoracic artery  11
						.
					 Anterior intercostal branch internal thoracic artery  12
						.
					 Sternal branches internal thoracic artery  13
						.
					 Costal pleura  14
						.
					 Sternal part of diaphragm  15
						.
					 Pericardium  16
						.
					 Rib II  17
						.
					 Right subclavian vein  18
						.
					 Rib I  19
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle  20
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  21
						.
					 Superior vena cava (cut off)  22
						.
					 Ascending aorta  23
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off)  24
						.
					 Vertical fascial bands related to transversus thoracis muscle  25
						.
					 Right internal thoracic artery  26
						.
					 Left internal thoracic vein  27
						.
					 Innermost intercostal muscle  28
						.
					 Transversus thoracis muscle  29
						.
					 Diaphragm


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 Seventh intercostal space.
										The ribs above the eighth on the left side have been cut off along the mid-axillary line. The intercostal muscles of the seventh space have been retained and have been separated into their three layers (17, 18, 19). The middle layer, the internal intercostal muscle, becomes membranous in its posterior portion. The transition from muscle to membrane occurs just anterior to the cut end of the seventh rib (16). The membrane has been incompletely preserved in the seventh interspace. In the sixth interspace the membrane is clearly visible (14). The intercostal vessels and nerve have been separated slightly.

														 1
						.
					 Rib VIII  2
						.
					 Costal groove VII  3
						.
					 Posterior intercostal vein  4
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery (a piece of this vessel several cms. in length has been removed laterally)  5
						.
					 Intercostal nerve VII  6
						.
					 Endothoracic fascia  7
						.
					 Costal pleura  8
						.
					 Diaphragm  9
						.
					 Posterior intercostal vein VI (cut off)  10
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery VI (cut off)  11
						.
					 Intercostal nerve VI (cut off)  12
						.
					 Costal pleura  13
						.
					 Innermost intercostal muscle  14
						.
					 Internal intercostal membrane  15
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  16
						.
					 Rib VII (cut off)  17
						.
					 External intercostal muscle (reflected laterally)  18
						.
					 Innermost intercostal muscle (reflected inward)  19
						.
					 Internal intercostal muscle  20
						.
					 Muscular branch of intercostal nerve  21
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve VII


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 Vessels and nerves of first and second left intercostal spaces; Internal thoracic vessels; sternal lymph nodes; sternocostal joint
										The costal part of the parietal pleura has been exposed in the anterior portions of the first and second intercostal spaces.

														 1
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Manubrium of sternum  3
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  4
						.
					 Anterior cutaneous branch intercostal nerve I  5
						.
					 Sternocostal ligament (pointer crosses sternal angle)  6
						.
					 Perforating branch internal thoracic artery  7
						.
					 Sternocostal joint III  8
						.
					 Sternocostal ligament (a delicate band in this specimen)  9
						.
					 Thyroid gland (right lobe)  10
						.
					 Trachea  11
						.
					 Left pointer: Thymus Right pointer: Common carotid artery  12
						.
					 Carotid sheath  13
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  14
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle (cut off)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal thoracic artery (pointer near origin) Lower pointer: Costoclavicular ligament (cut off)  16
						.
					 Position of sternocostal joint I  17
						.
					 Costal pleura  18
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  19
						.
					 Sternal lymph nodes  20
						.
					 Internal intercostal muscle  21
						.
					 Intercostal nerve II  22
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  23
						.
					 Rib III  24
						.
					 Anterior intercostal branch internal thoracic artery  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Costochondral junction Lower pointer: Costal cartilage III (note that a portion of the cartilage has been removed to allow the sternocostal joint to be opened)


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 Intercostal muscles, anterior view
										The external intercostal muscles have been removed from the first and second interspaces anteriorly to expose the internal intercostal muscles. A third, innermost layer of muscle has not been shown in this dissection. For a view of this layer reference should be made to 115-7.

														 1
						.
					 Clavicle  2
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  3
						.
					 Mammary body  4
						.
					 External abdominal oblique muscle  5
						.
					 Rectus abdominis muscle  6
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  7
						.
					 Trachea  8
						.
					 Internal jugular vein (at junction with subclavian vein)  9
						.
					 Common carotid artery  10
						.
					 Rib II  11
						.
					 Sternum  12
						.
					 Internal intercostal muscle  13
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  14
						.
					 External intercostal membrane  15
						.
					 Costochondral junction  16
						.
					 Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle  17
						.
					 Linea alba


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 First and second left intercostal spaces, close-up view of nerves to external intercostal muscle
										The external intercostal muscle has been reflected in the first intercostal space to expose the internal intercostal muscle. The intrinsic muscle fascia has been removed. In the second interspace the external intercostal has been dissected to illustrate a portion of its nerve supply.

														 1
						.
					 External intercostal muscle (reflected upward)  2
						.
					 Internal intercostal muscle  3
						.
					 Rib II  4
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  5
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve II  6
						.
					 Nerve to external intercostal muscle  7
						.
					 Internal intercostal muscle  8
						.
					 Branch of posterior intercostal artery


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 External intercostal muscles viewed from left
										The left upper limb has been detached from the specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Rib I  2
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  3
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle (cut across near origin)  4
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (abdominal part, cut off near origin)  5
						.
					 External abdominal oblique muscle (cut off)  6
						.
					 Rib VIII (pointer on costochondral junction)  7
						.
					 Posterior scalene muscle  8
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (upper part, cut across)  9
						.
					 Trapezius muscle right  10
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle middle part, cut across)  11
						.
					 Rib VI  12
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (lower part, cut across)  13
						.
					 Serratus posterior inferior muscle (cut across at insertions)  14
						.
					 Erector spinae muscle  15
						.
					 Rib XII


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 Pectoral muscles
										The left pectoralis major (9) has been reflected. Its clavicular (2), sternocostal (3) and abdominal (4) origins have been preserved. The pectoralis minor (10) is covered by a layer of the clavipectoral fascia.

														 1
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  2
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle (cut across)  3
						.
					 Sternocostal part of pectoralis major muscle (cut across)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Abdominal part pectoralis major muscle (cut across) Lower pointer: Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle  5
						.
					 Supraclavicular nerves  6
						.
					 Axillary vein  7
						.
					 Anterior thoracic nerve  8
						.
					 Remnant of pectoral fascia  9
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (reflected laterally)  10
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  11
						.
					 Rib II  12
						.
					 Body of sternum  13
						.
					 Pectoral fascia (at former position of lateral border of pectoralis major)  14
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  15
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve VII


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 External layer of muscles in inframammary region
										The fascia has been removed from the latissimus dorsi (3), serratus anterior (4) and external oblique (9) muscles on the right side. Cutaneous nerves and vessels have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Thoracoepigastric vein  2
						.
					 Superficial fascia of breast  3
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  4
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (lowest digitations)  5
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve VIII (posterior branch)  6
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve VIII (anterior branch)  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nipple (mammary papilla) Lower pointer: Areola  8
						.
					 Mammary body  9
						.
					 External abdominal oblique muscle


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 Sagittal section of right breast
										The breast of a 20 year old woman has been sectioned in a sagittal plane which passes through the nipple. The specimen is unfixed and, as a result of this, the lactiferous ducts are not clearly visible in the photograph. (Later examination of the specimen after it had been fixed following photography revealed the presence of six lactiferous ducts close to the plane of section. There were no obvious lactiferous sinuses along these ducts.)

														 1
						.
					 Pectoral fascia  2
						.
					 Mammary gland lobules  3
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (cut across)  4
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle (cut across)  5
						.
					 Mammary body (gland lobules not distinguishable)  6
						.
					 Suspensory ligaments of breast  7
						.
					 Skin (cut section)  8
						.
					 Lobule of fat  9
						.
					 Nipple (mammary papilla)  10
						.
					 Area occupied by lactiferous duct (see note above)


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 Right breast dissected in situ

														 1
						.
					 Axillary fascia  2
						.
					 Lateral thoracic artery and vein  3
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  4
						.
					 Thoracoepigastric vein  5
						.
					 Nipple (mammary papilla)  6
						.
					 Areola  7
						.
					 Superficial fascia  8
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve VI  9
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  10
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  11
						.
					 Mammary branch internal thoracic artery  12
						.
					 Anterior cutaneous branch intercostal nerve II  13
						.
					 Body of sternum  14
						.
					 Mammary body  15
						.
					 Cutaneous ligaments (this and other suspensory bands of the breast were divided in removing the skin)  16
						.
					 Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle


Dissection of breast and anterolateral thoracic wall
										 Superficial vessels and nerves; breast; pectoral fascia and muscles
										The fascia remains intact on the left side of the specimen. On the right side the fascia has been cut away except in the area occupied by the mammary gland.

														 1
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  2
						.
					 Clavicle  3
						.
					 Deltopectoral triangle  4
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  5
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  6
						.
					 Cephalic vein  7
						.
					 Axilla  8
						.
					 Nipple (mammary papilla)  9
						.
					 Subcutaneous fat of breast  10
						.
					 Mammary body  11
						.
					 External abdominal oblique muscle  12
						.
					 Rectus abdominis muscle (covered by sheath of rectus abdominis muscle)  13
						.
					 Superficial cervical fascia  14
						.
					 Middle supraclavicular nerves  15
						.
					 Anterior supraclavicular nerve  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sternal angle Lower pointer: Anterior cutaneous branch intercostal nerve II  17
						.
					 Pectoral fascia  18
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve IV  19
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  20
						.
					 Superficial fascia


Mammary gland
										 Left breast of a young woman

														 1
						.
					 Areola  2
						.
					 Anterior axillary fold  3
						.
					 Brachium  4
						.
					 Mammary body  5
						.
					 Areolar glands  6
						.
					 Nipple (mammary papilla)


Osteology
										 Head and neck of right sixth rib, medial view

														 1
						.
					 Head of rib  2
						.
					 Articular surface of head of rib  3
						.
					 Crest of head of rib  4
						.
					 Costal crest  5
						.
					 Neck of rib  6
						.
					 Articular surface costal tubercle  7
						.
					 Angle of rib  8
						.
					 Costal groove  9
						.
					 Body of rib


Osteology
										 First, third and eighth ribs of right side viewed from below
										The epiphysis of the first rib is missing.

														 1
						.
					 Head of rib  2
						.
					 Epiphyseal line  3
						.
					 Neck of rib  4
						.
					 Epiphysis  5
						.
					 Costal crest  6
						.
					 Articular surface costal tubercle  7
						.
					 Costal tubercle  8
						.
					 Angle of rib  9
						.
					 Costal groove  10
						.
					 Body of rib


Osteology
										 First, third, and eighth ribs of right side viewed from above
										The tubercle for the scalenus anterior muscle and the groove for the subclavian artery are not clearly demarcated on the first rib. The relations of this muscle and artery to the rib are shown in 127-3.

														 1
						.
					 Costal tubercle  2
						.
					 Neck of rib  3
						.
					 Head of rib  4
						.
					 Epiphyseal line  5
						.
					 Costal crest  6
						.
					 Angle of rib  7
						.
					 Body of rib


Osteology
										 Sternum, right anterolateral view
										artery Manubrium of sternum B. Body of sternum  C. Xiphoid process

														 1
						.
					 Jugular notch  2
						.
					 Clavicular notch  3
						.
					 Costal notch I  4
						.
					 Costal notch II  5
						.
					 Costal notch III  6
						.
					 Costal notch IV  7
						.
					 Costal notch V  8
						.
					 Costal notch VI  9
						.
					 Costal notch VII  10
						.
					 Sternal angle


Osteology
										 Representative thoracic and lumbar vertebrae viewed from above

														 1
						.
					 Spinous process  2
						.
					 Lamina of vertebral arch  3
						.
					 Transverse process  4
						.
					 Pedicle of vertebral arch  5
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  6
						.
					 Body of vertebra  7
						.
					 Inferior articular process  8
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  9
						.
					 Inferior costal facet  10
						.
					 Mamillary process  11
						.
					 Accessory process  12
						.
					 Transverse process  13
						.
					 Inferior articular process


Osteology
										 Representative thoracic and lumbar vertebrae viewed from above

														 1
						.
					 Transverse process  2
						.
					 Lamina of vertebral arch  3
						.
					 Pedicle of vertebral arch  4
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  5
						.
					 Body of vertebra  6
						.
					 Spinous process  7
						.
					 Superior articular process  8
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  9
						.
					 Superior costal facet  10
						.
					 Superior articular process  11
						.
					 Mamillary process  12
						.
					 Accessory process  13
						.
					 Transverse process


Osteology
										 Representative thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, left posterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Superior articular process (pointer on articular surface)  2
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  3
						.
					 Transverse process  4
						.
					 Body of vertebra  5
						.
					 Lamina of vertebral arch  6
						.
					 Spinous process  7
						.
					 Mamillary process  8
						.
					 Area for attachment of ligamentum flavum  9
						.
					 Superior costal facet  10
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  11
						.
					 Inferior vertebral notch  12
						.
					 Superior vertebral notch  13
						.
					 Mamillary process  14
						.
					 Accessory process  15
						.
					 Transverse process


Osteology
										 Representative thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, left anterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Superior articular process  2
						.
					 Inferior articular process (pointer on articular surface)  3
						.
					 Body of vertebra  4
						.
					 Superior costal facet  5
						.
					 Pedicle of vertebral arch  6
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  7
						.
					 Transverse process  8
						.
					 Spinous process  9
						.
					 Superior vertebral notch  10
						.
					 Inferior vertebral notch


Osteology
										 Articulated thoracic vertebrae, left posterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Superior articular process (pointer on articular surface)  2
						.
					 Vertebral canal  3
						.
					 Lamina of vertebral arch  4
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  5
						.
					 Inferior costal facet  6
						.
					 Superior costal facet  7
						.
					 Transverse process  8
						.
					 Spinous process  9
						.
					 Pedicle of vertebral arch  10
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  11
						.
					 Superior articular process  12
						.
					 Inferior articular process  13
						.
					 Mamillary process  14
						.
					 Accessory process  15
						.
					 Transverse process


Osteology
										 Articulated thoracic vertebrae, left anterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  2
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  3
						.
					 Body of vertebra  4
						.
					 Superior articular process  5
						.
					 Inferior articular process  6
						.
					 Spinous process  7
						.
					 Superior costal facet  8
						.
					 Transverse process  9
						.
					 Mamillary process  10
						.
					 Transverse process  11
						.
					 Inferior articular process


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Interosseous membrane
										The specimen has been rotated somewhat medially.

														 1
						.
					 Osteofibrous compartment for abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles  2
						.
					 Ulna  3
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  4
						.
					 Antebrachial interosseous membrane  5
						.
					 Radius  6
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  7
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  8
						.
					 Supinator muscle (deep part)  9
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Bursa bicipitoradialis  11
						.
					 Cubital joint capsule  12
						.
					 Brachialis muscle (insertion)  13
						.
					 Dorsal recurrent ulnar artery  14
						.
					 Ulnar artery  15
						.
					 Pronator quadratus muscle (remnant of distal part of muscle)  16
						.
					 Distal radioulnar joint capsule


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Nerve supply to pronator quadratus muscle
										The muscle has been reflected medially from its insertion.

														 1
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  2
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve  3
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  4
						.
					 Radius  5
						.
					 Area of insertion of pronator quadratus muscle  6
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament (pointer on compartment for abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles)  7
						.
					 Anterior carpal branch radial artery  8
						.
					 Radial artery  9
						.
					 Superficial anterior branch radial artery  10
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon)  11
						.
					 Carpal sulcus (pointer on anterior radiocarpal ligament)  12
						.
					 Pronator quadratus muscle (reflected medially)  13
						.
					 Antebrachial interosseous membrane  14
						.
					 Ulna  15
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (area of origin)


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Pronator quadratus muscle; close-up view

														 1
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle (area of origin)  2
						.
					 Right pointer: Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon) Left pointer: Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon)  3
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (tendon)  4
						.
					 Radius  5
						.
					 Branch radial artery  6
						.
					 Pronator quadratus muscle  7
						.
					 Radial artery  8
						.
					 Anterior carpal branch radial artery  9
						.
					 Superficial anterior branch radial artery  10
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  11
						.
					 Radial carpal eminence  12
						.
					 Carpal sulcus (pointer on sheath of common tendon of flexor muscles)  13
						.
					 Ulnar carpal eminence  14
						.
					 Ulnar artery  15
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (insertion)  16
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  17
						.
					 Antebrachial interosseous membrane  18
						.
					 Ulna  19
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve  20
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery and vein  21
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (area of origin)