Radiography
										 Right shoulder of 16-year-old girl, A-P view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Sydney F. Thomas.

														 1
						.
					 Rib I  2
						.
					 Clavicle  3
						.
					 Spine of scapula  4
						.
					 Scapular notch  5
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  6
						.
					 Left pointer: Epiphyseal line Right pointer: Acromioclavicular joint  7
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  8
						.
					 Head of humerus  9
						.
					 Greater tubercle of humerus  10
						.
					 Lesser tubercle of humerus  11
						.
					 Epiphyseal line  12
						.
					 Glenoid cavity of scapula  13
						.
					 Body of humerus  14
						.
					 Vertebral margin of scapula


Osteology
										 Articulated right carpal bones, distal surfaces

														 1
						.
					 Tubercle of trapezium bone  2
						.
					 Articular surface for first metacarpal bone  3
						.
					 Trapezium bone  4
						.
					 Articular surfaces for second metacarpal bone  5
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  6
						.
					 Capitate bone  7
						.
					 Articular surface for third metacarpal bone  8
						.
					 Articular surface for fourth metacarpal bone  9
						.
					 Sulcus for tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle  10
						.
					 Carpal sulcus  11
						.
					 Hook of hamate bone  12
						.
					 Pisiform bone  13
						.
					 Lunate bone (in background)  14
						.
					 Triquetral bone  15
						.
					 Hamate bone  16
						.
					 Articular surface for fifth metacarpal bone


Osteology
										 Articulated right carpal bones, proximal and distal rows separated
										The bones have been divided at the mid-carpel joint and the proximal row turned dorsally.

														 1
						.
					 Hook of hamate bone  2
						.
					 Hamate bone  3
						.
					 Lunate bone  4
						.
					 Triquetral bone  5
						.
					 Pisiform bone  6
						.
					 Capitate bone  7
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  8
						.
					 Tubercle of trapezium bone  9
						.
					 Trapezium bone  10
						.
					 Scaphoid bone


Osteology
										 Articulated right carpal bones, proximal surfaces
										The eminentia carpi ulnaris is formed by 2 and 3. The eminentia carpi radialis is formed by 6 and 8.

														 1
						.
					 Carpal sulcus  2
						.
					 Hook of hamate bone  3
						.
					 Pisiform bone  4
						.
					 Triquetral bone  5
						.
					 Lunate bone  6
						.
					 Tubercle of trapezium bone  7
						.
					 Trapezium bone  8
						.
					 Tubercle of scaphoid bone  9
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  10
						.
					 Scaphoid bone  11
						.
					 Capitate bone


Osteology
										 Articulated right carpal bones, dorsal view

														 1
						.
					 Trapezium bone  2
						.
					 Articular surface for first metacarpal bone  3
						.
					 Nutritive foramina  4
						.
					 Scaphoid bone  5
						.
					 Articular surfaces for radius  6
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  7
						.
					 Capitate bone  8
						.
					 Hamate bone  9
						.
					 Triquetral bone  10
						.
					 Pisiform bone  11
						.
					 Lunate bone


Osteology
										 Articulated right carpal bones, volar view
										Nutrient foramina are visible on several of the rough non-articular surfaces of the bones.

														 1
						.
					 Capitate bone  2
						.
					 Hamulus of hamate bone  3
						.
					 Articular surface for fifth metacarpal bone  4
						.
					 Hamate bone  5
						.
					 Triquetral bone  6
						.
					 Pisiform bone  7
						.
					 Lunate bone  8
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  9
						.
					 Articular surface for first metacarpal bone  10
						.
					 Tuberculum of trapezium bone  11
						.
					 Groove for tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle  12
						.
					 Trapezium bone  13
						.
					 Tubercle of scaphoid bone  14
						.
					 Scaphoid bone


Osteology
										 Articulated bones of right hand, dorsal view
										I-V. Digits of the hand I. Thumb H. Index III. Long IV. Ring V. Little.

														 I-V
						.
					 Digits of the hand  I
						.
					 Thumb  II
						.
					 Index  III
						.
					 Long  IV
						.
					 Ring  V
						.
					 Little  1
						.
					 Distal phalanx  2
						.
					 Middle phalanx  3
						.
					 Proximal phalanx  4
						.
					 Middle phalanx  5
						.
					 Proximal phalanx  6
						.
					 Metacarpal II  7
						.
					 Nutritive foramen  8
						.
					 Interosseous metacarpal space  9
						.
					 Metacarpal I  10
						.
					 Styloid process of third metacarpal  11
						.
					 Trapezium bone  12
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  13
						.
					 Scaphoid bone  14
						.
					 Capitate bone  15
						.
					 Lunate bone  16
						.
					 Tuberosity of distal phalanx  17
						.
					 Body of phalanx  18
						.
					 Base of phalanx  19
						.
					 Joint of phalanx  20
						.
					 Body of phalanx  21
						.
					 Base of phalanx  22
						.
					 Head of metacarpal  23
						.
					 Body of metacarpal  24
						.
					 Base of metacarpal  25
						.
					 Hamate bone  26
						.
					 Triquetral bone  27
						.
					 Pisiform bone


Osteology
										 Articulated bones of right hand, volar view
										I-V. Digits of the hand I. Thumb II. Index III. Long IV. Ring V. Little

														 I-V
						.
					 Digits of the hand  I
						.
					 Thumb  II
						.
					 Index  III
						.
					 Long  IV
						.
					 Ring  V
						.
					 Little  1
						.
					 Third phalanx  2
						.
					 Nutritive foramen (arrows indicate direction of nutritive canals)  3
						.
					 Second phalanx  4
						.
					 First phalanx  5
						.
					 Metacarpal V  6
						.
					 Hamate bone  7
						.
					 Pisiform bone  8
						.
					 Triquetral bone  9
						.
					 Lunate bone  10
						.
					 Tuberosity of distal phalanx  11
						.
					 Body of third (distal) phalanx  12
						.
					 Base of third (distal) phalanx  13
						.
					 Phalangeal joint  14
						.
					 Body of second phalanx  15
						.
					 Base of second phalanx  16
						.
					 Second phalanx  17
						.
					 First phalanx  18
						.
					 Metacarpal I  19
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  20
						.
					 Trapezium bone  21
						.
					 Capitate bone  22
						.
					 Scaphoid bone


Osteology
										 Right radius and ulna, posterior view of distal parts

														 -
						.
					 Ulna  1
						.
					 Dorsal surface  2
						.
					 Head (pointer on groove for tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris muscle)  3
						.
					 Styloid process  4
						.
					 Articular circumference  -
						.
					 Radius  5
						.
					 Ulnar notch (of radius)  6
						.
					 Carpal articular surface  7
						.
					 Dorsal surface  8
						.
					 Groove for tendons of common extensor digitorum muscle and extensor indicis muscle  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Groove for tendon of extensor pollicis longus muscle Lower pointer: Dorsal tubercle  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Groove for tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle Lower pointer: Groove for tendon of extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  11
						.
					 Styloid process


Osteology
										 Right radius and ulna, anterior view of proximal parts

														 1
						.
					 Anterior margin  2
						.
					 Anterior surface  3
						.
					 Carpal articular surface  4
						.
					 Styloid process  5
						.
					 Anterior margin  6
						.
					 Anterior surface  7
						.
					 Articular circumference  8
						.
					 Styloid process  9
						.
					 Head


Osteology
										 Right radius and ulna, posterior view of proximal parts

														 1
						.
					 Olecranon  2
						.
					 Dorsal surface  3
						.
					 Semilunar notch  4
						.
					 Coronoid process (in background)  5
						.
					 Radial notch (of ulna)  6
						.
					 Articular circumference  7
						.
					 Fovea of head  8
						.
					 Head  9
						.
					 Neck  10
						.
					 Tuberosity


Osteology
										 Right radius and ulna, anterior view of proximal parts

														 1
						.
					 Radial notch (of ulna)  2
						.
					 Fovea of head  3
						.
					 Head  4
						.
					 Articular circumference  5
						.
					 Neck  6
						.
					 Tuberosity  7
						.
					 Olecranon  8
						.
					 Semilunar notch  9
						.
					 Coronoid process  10
						.
					 Tuberosity  11
						.
					 Body


Osteology
										 Right humerus, posterior view of distal part

														 1
						.
					 Body  2
						.
					 Medial margin  3
						.
					 Olecranon fossa  4
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  5
						.
					 Sulcus of ulnar nerve  6
						.
					 Posterior surface  7
						.
					 Lateral margin  8
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  9
						.
					 Capitulum (in background)  10
						.
					 Trochlea


Osteology
										 Right humerus, anterior view of distal part

														 1
						.
					 Body  2
						.
					 Anterolateral surface  3
						.
					 Lateral margin  4
						.
					 Radial fossa  5
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  6
						.
					 Capitulum  7
						.
					 Anterior border  8
						.
					 Anterior medial surface  9
						.
					 Medial margin  10
						.
					 Coronoid fossa  11
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  12
						.
					 Trochlea


Osteology
										 Right humerus, posterior view of proximal part
										Seceral nutrient foramina are visible.

														 1
						.
					 Head  2
						.
					 Anatomic neck  3
						.
					 Body  4
						.
					 Greater tubercle  5
						.
					 Remnant of epiphyseal line  6
						.
					 Surgical neck


Osteology
										 Right humerus, anterior view of proximal part
										Numerous nutrient foramina are visible in the region of the neck of the humerus.

														 1
						.
					 Anatomic neck  2
						.
					 Greater tubercle  3
						.
					 Intertubercular sulcus  4
						.
					 Greater tubercular crest  5
						.
					 Body  6
						.
					 Head  7
						.
					 Lesser tubercle  8
						.
					 Remnant of epiphyseal line  9
						.
					 Surgical neck  10
						.
					 Crest of lesser tubercle


Osteology
										 Right humerus, radius and ulna, posterior view

														 -
						.
					 Ulna  1
						.
					 Olecranon  2
						.
					 Crest of supinator muscle  3
						.
					 Body (pointer on medial surface)  4
						.
					 Dorsal margin  5
						.
					 Dorsal surface  6
						.
					 Interosseous crest  7
						.
					 Capitulum  8
						.
					 Styloid process  9
						.
					 Articular circumference  10
						.
					 Semilunar notch  -
						.
					 Radius  11
						.
					 Articular circumference  12
						.
					 Capitulum  13
						.
					 Neck  14
						.
					 Tuberosity  15
						.
					 Interosseous crest  16
						.
					 Body (pointer on dorsal surface)  17
						.
					 Dorsal margin  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal tubercle Lower pointer: Styloid process  -
						.
					 Humerus  19
						.
					 Head  20
						.
					 Medial margin  21
						.
					 Posterior surface  22
						.
					 Olecranon fossa  23
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  24
						.
					 Sulcus of ulnar nerve  25
						.
					 Anatomic neck  26
						.
					 Greater tubercle  27
						.
					 Remnant of epiphyseal line  28
						.
					 Surgical neck  29
						.
					 Body  30
						.
					 Deltoid tuberosity  31
						.
					 Sulcus of radial nerve  32
						.
					 Lateral margin  33
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  34
						.
					 Trochlea


Osteology
										 Right humerus, radius and ulna, anterior view

														 -
						.
					 Humerus  1
						.
					 Anatomic neck  2
						.
					 Greater tubercle  3
						.
					 Intertubercular sulcus  4
						.
					 Surgical neck  5
						.
					 Crest of greater tubercle  6
						.
					 Deltoid tuberosity  7
						.
					 Anterolateral surface  8
						.
					 Lateral margin  9
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Radial fossa Lower pointer: Capitulum  11
						.
					 Trochlea  12
						.
					 Head  13
						.
					 Lesser tubercle  14
						.
					 Crest of lesser tubercle  15
						.
					 Body of humerus (pointer on nutritive foramen)  16
						.
					 Anterior medial surface  17
						.
					 Medial margin  18
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  19
						.
					 Coronoid fossa  -
						.
					 Radius  20
						.
					 Articular circumference  21
						.
					 Head  22
						.
					 Neck  23
						.
					 Tuberosity  24
						.
					 Nutritive foramen  25
						.
					 Interosseous crest  26
						.
					 Anterior surface  27
						.
					 Body (pointer on anterior margin)  28
						.
					 Styloid process  29
						.
					 Carpal articular surface  -
						.
					 Ulna  30
						.
					 Olecranon  31
						.
					 Semilunar notch  32
						.
					 Coronoid process  33
						.
					 Tuberosity  34
						.
					 Nutritive foramen  35
						.
					 Interosseous crest  36
						.
					 Anterior surface  37
						.
					 Body (pointer on anterior margin)  38
						.
					 Capitulum  39
						.
					 Styloid process


Osteology
										 Right scapula, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Supraspinatus fossa  2
						.
					 Acromial angle  3
						.
					 Spine of scapula  4
						.
					 Spinoglenoid notch  5
						.
					 Infraspinatus fossa  6
						.
					 Dorsal surface  7
						.
					 Inferior angle  8
						.
					 Acromion  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial angle (superior angle) Lower pointer: Superior margin  10
						.
					 Coracoid process  11
						.
					 Supraglenoid tubercle  12
						.
					 Glenoid cavity  13
						.
					 Infraglenoid tubercle  14
						.
					 Margin of axilla


Osteology
										 Right scapula, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Acromion  2
						.
					 Medial angle (superior angle)  3
						.
					 Supraspinatus fossa  4
						.
					 Spine of scapula  5
						.
					 Trigone of spine  6
						.
					 Nutritive foramen  7
						.
					 Infraspinatus fossa  8
						.
					 Vertebral margin  9
						.
					 Inferior angle  10
						.
					 Coracoid process  11
						.
					 Angle of acromion  12
						.
					 Spinoglenoid notch  13
						.
					 Glenoid cavity (located at lateral angle)  14
						.
					 Neck of scapula  15
						.
					 Infraglenoid tubercle  16
						.
					 Groove for circumflex scapular artery  17
						.
					 Margin of axilla


Osteology
										 Right Scapula, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Acromion  2
						.
					 Coracoid process  3
						.
					 Scapular notch  4
						.
					 Glenoid cavity (located at lateral angle)  5
						.
					 Neck of scapula  6
						.
					 Infraglenoid tubercle  7
						.
					 Margin of axilla  8
						.
					 Muscular line  9
						.
					 Acromial articular surface  10
						.
					 Spine of scapula (in background)  11
						.
					 Supraspinatus fossa  12
						.
					 Superior margin  13
						.
					 Medial angle (superior angle)  14
						.
					 Subscapular fossa  15
						.
					 Vertebral margin  16
						.
					 Inferior angle


Osteology
										 Right Clavicle, inferior view

														 1
						.
					 Acromial articular surface  2
						.
					 Area for attachment of trapezoid ligament  3
						.
					 Groove on inferior surface for insertion of subclavius muscle  4
						.
					 Anterior border of shaft  5
						.
					 Costal tubercle (unnamed depression medial to pointer lies in area of attachment of costoclavicular ligament)  6
						.
					 Sternal extremity  7
						.
					 Acromial extremity  8
						.
					 Conoid tubercle  9
						.
					 Nutritive foramen  10
						.
					 Posterior border of shaft  11
						.
					 Posterior surface


Osteology
										 Right Clavicle, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Acromial extremity  2
						.
					 Conoid tubercle  3
						.
					 Shaft  4
						.
					 Sternal extremity  5
						.
					 Sternal articular surface


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Transverse section of hand near bases of fingers
										The capsules of the metacarpophalangeal joints are cut in this section, which passes across the heads of the second to fifth metacarpal bones.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle I  2
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle II  3
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle II  4
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle III  5
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle II  6
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath IV  7
						.
					 Proper palmar digital nerve of ulnar nerve  8
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle IV  9
						.
					 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament  10
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle IV  11
						.
					 Digital sesamoid bones  12
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  13
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle III (near insertion into extensor expansion)  14
						.
					 Extensor expansions  15
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons blending with capsules of metacarpophalangeal joints)  16
						.
					 Subcutaneous dorsal metacarpophalangeal bursae  17
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to index finger)  18
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to index finger)  19
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  20
						.
					 Digital sesamoid bone  21
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I (insertion)  22
						.
					 Metacarpal I (head)  23
						.
					 Collateral ligament of metacarpophalangeal joint III


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Transverse section of distal third of hand

														 1
						.
					 Right pointer: Palmar aponeurosis Left pointer: Transverse fascicle of palmar aponeurosis  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to fourth finger) Lower pointer: Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to fourth finger)  3
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle IV  4
						.
					 Right pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to fifth finger) Left pointer: Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to fifth finger)  5
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi muscle  6
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  7
						.
					 Hypothenar fascia  8
						.
					 Metacarpal V (head)  9
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia (continuous in this area with deep transverse metacarpal ligament)  10
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle III  11
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle IV  12
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous fascia  13
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendon to fourth finger)  14
						.
					 Dorsal subcutaneous cleft  15
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle II  16
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle III  17
						.
					 Dorsal subaponeurotic cleft  18
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (aberrant bundle)  19
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle II  20
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle I  21
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpophalangeal subcutaneous bursa  22
						.
					 Left pointer: Anterior common digital artery Right pointer: Common palmar digital nerve of median nerve  23
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to middle finger) Right pointer: Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to middle finger)  24
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle II  25
						.
					 Common palmar digital nerve of median nerve  26
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to index finger) Right pointer: Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to index finger)  27
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  28
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Transverse section of middle third of hand, partially dissected
										The flexor tendons and the interosseous, hypothenar and lumbrical muscles have been removed to a depth of 5 mm. from the surface of the section to illustrate synovial sheaths and fascial planes.

														 1
						.
					 Palmar aponeurosis  2
						.
					 Superficial fascia (lobules of fat removed to illustrate vertical septa)  3
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle III  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to fourth finger) Lower pointer: Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to fourth finger)  5
						.
					 Common palmar digital nerve of ulnar nerve  6
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle IV  7
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to fifth finger) Right pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (tendon to fifth finger)  8
						.
					 Proper palmar digital nerve of ulnar nerve  9
						.
					 Fascia of opponens digiti minimi muscle  10
						.
					 Abductor and flexor digiti minimi muscles  11
						.
					 Hypothenar fascia  12
						.
					 Metacarpal V  13
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle III  14
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle IV  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendon to fifth finger) Right pointer: Dorsal fascial of the hand  16
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia  17
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle II  18
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle III  19
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle II  20
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous fascia  21
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle I  22
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (tendon)  23
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles (tendons within synovial sheaths) Right pointer: Lumbrical muscle II  24
						.
					 Common palmar digital nerve of median nerve  25
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to index finger) Right pointer: Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to index finger)  26
						.
					 Proper palmar digital nerve of median nerve  27
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  28
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle  29
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Transverse section of proximal third of hand, partially dissected
										Interosseous and hypothenar muscles have been removed to a depth of 5 mm. on the proximal section to illustrate the interosseous and hypothenar fasciae and the various septa which extend to the metacarpal bones. The flexor tendons to the middle finger (15) have also been removed from the proximal section to display the synovial sheath which encloses them. The "mid-palmar space", a cleft-like region of delicate connective tissue deep to the flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles, has been spread open at 14. A single, dense, fibrous septum (2) extends from the palmar aponeurosis to the volar interosseous fascia lateral to the second lumbrical. This separates the flexor tendons and lumbrical of the index finger from the remaining tendons and lumbricals. The "mid-palmar space" is thus interrupted by this septum. A similar space, or cleft, lateral to this septum has been designated as the "thenar space". This cleft can be traced around the distal margin of the adductor pollicis to the area between the adductor and the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Other septa similar to the one described (2) appear more distally in the palm. These separate the remaining tendons and lumbricals from each other as they approach the fingers.

														 1
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon) Right pointer: Lumbrical muscle I  2
						.
					 Fibrous septum between palmar aponeurosis and anterior interosseous fascia (see text above)  3
						.
					 Palmar aponeurosis  4
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendons)  5
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle  6
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  7
						.
					 Metacarpal V  8
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons covered by dorsal fascial of the hand)  9
						.
					 Dorsal subaponeurotic cleft  10
						.
					 Hypothenar fascia  11
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous fascia  12
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia (note septa extending from this layer to metacarpals)  13
						.
					 Anterior common digital artery and nerve  14
						.
					 Mid-palmar space (cleft), exposed by anterior retraction of lumbrical muscle and synovial sheath  15
						.
					 Sheath of common tendon of flexor muscles (tendons removed)  16
						.
					 Superficial fascia (traversed by vertical fibrous septa between dermis and palmar aponeurosis)  17
						.
					 Adductor fascia  18
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle  19
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle (within synovial sheath)  20
						.
					 Phalanx I  21
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon)  22
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendons)  23
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscles  24
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscles  25
						.
					 Sesamoid bone  26
						.
					 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle (insertion)


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Transverse section of right wrist

														 1
						.
					 Palmaris longus muscle (insertion into partial aponeurosis)  2
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament  3
						.
					 Deep anterior branch ulnar artery  4
						.
					 Palmaris brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Hamulus of hamate bone  6
						.
					 Pisometacarpal ligament  7
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  8
						.
					 Metacarpal V  9
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendons in carpal canal invested by synovial sheath)  11
						.
					 Capitate bone  12
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons)  13
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendons in carpal canal invested by synovial sheath)  14
						.
					 Left pointer: Median nerve Right pointer: Flexor pollicis longus muscle (tendon in carpal canal invested by synovial sheath)  15
						.
					 Opponens pollicis muscle  16
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle  17
						.
					 Metacarpal I  18
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (tendon)  19
						.
					 Trapezium bone  20
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon)  21
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  22
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  23
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  24
						.
					 Metacarpal II  25
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  26
						.
					 Metacarpal III


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Transverse section of right wrist
										The synovial sheaths within the carpal canal are so closely applied to the tendons that the serous spaces are not visible. The sheath common to the flexor digitorum sublimis and flexor digitorum profundus has a broad mesotendon in the midpart of the carpal canal. The location of this mesotendon is marked by an asterisk on the drawing. Synovial spaces are present on both sides of the mesotendon but are more extensive medially.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament  2
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendons in carpal canal, invested by synovial sheath which forms the "ulnar bursa")  3
						.
					 Ulnar artery and nerve  4
						.
					 Pisiform bone  5
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  6
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendons in carpal canal, invested by synovial sheath which forms the "ulnar bursa")  7
						.
					 Sheath of common tendon of flexor muscles (blended with intercarpal ligaments)  8
						.
					 Triquetral bone  9
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon)  10
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle (tendon)  11
						.
					 Hamate bone  12
						.
					 Dorsal fascia of the hand  13
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons)  14
						.
					 Palmaris longus muscle (tendon)  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Median nerve Right pointer: Flexor pollicis longus muscle (invested by synovial sheath which forms "radial bursa")  16
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle  17
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle  18
						.
					 Trapezium bone  19
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (tendon)  20
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (tendon)  21
						.
					 Radial artery  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Scaphoid bone Lower pointer: Trapezoid bone  23
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon)  24
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon)  25
						.
					 Capitate bone  26
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon)


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Transverse section of distal part of right forearm

														 1
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis  2
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle  3
						.
					 Ulnar artery and nerve  4
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle  5
						.
					 Pronator quadratus muscle  6
						.
					 Ulna  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  8
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  9
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle (tendon)  10
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle  11
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle  12
						.
					 Antebrachial interosseous membrane  13
						.
					 Antibrachial fascia  14
						.
					 Palmaris longus muscle (tendon)  15
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon)  16
						.
					 Median nerve  17
						.
					 Radial artery  18
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle  19
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (tendon)  20
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  21
						.
					 Cephalic vein  22
						.
					 Radius  23
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  24
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  25
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon)  26
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon)  27
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Transverse section of distal part of right fourth finger and fingernail
										The eponychium (cuticle) has been partially scraped away to reveal the depth of the sulcus matricis unguis (1).

														 1
						.
					 Sulcus matricis of nail  2
						.
					 Body of nail  3
						.
					 Stratum corneum of nail (cut edge)  4
						.
					 Stratum germinativum of nail (cut edge)  5
						.
					 Matrix of nail  6
						.
					 Vallum of nail (lower pointer on cut edge)  7
						.
					 Lateral margin of nail  8
						.
					 Eponychium  9
						.
					 Phalanx III  10
						.
					 Periosteum  11
						.
					 Superficial fascia  12
						.
					 Corium (dermis)  13
						.
					 Epidermis (stratum germinativum)  14
						.
					 Epidermis (stratum corneum) (sulci and cristae skin are visible on cut edge of epidermis)


Sections of forearm and hand
										 Sagittal section of right middle finger, medial view

														 1
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon cut off in synovial sheath)  2
						.
					 Phalanx I  3
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (insertion of tendon into base of second phalanx)  4
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (insertion of tendon into shaft of second phalanx)  5
						.
					 Phalanx II  6
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (insertion of tendon into base of terminal phalanx)  7
						.
					 Digital joint (distal interphalangeal joint)  8
						.
					 Hidden margin of nail  9
						.
					 Vallum of nail  10
						.
					 Body of nail (stratum corneum)  11
						.
					 Body of nail (stratum germinativum)  12
						.
					 Free margin of nail  13
						.
					 Matrix of nail  14
						.
					 Phalanx I  15
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (insertion of tendon into third phalanx)  16
						.
					 Anterior accessory ligament  17
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon cut off in synovial sheath)  18
						.
					 Anterior accessory ligament  19
						.
					 Vinculum longum (cut off)  20
						.
					 Corium (dermis)  21
						.
					 Epidermis (stratum germinativum)  22
						.
					 Epidermis (stratum corneum)  23
						.
					 Tendon of digital sheath (internal surface)


Joints of right index finger
										 Proximal interphalangeal joint opened, medial view
										The ligaments and capsule of the joint have been cut. The extensor tendon and extensor expansion have also been transected to allow the proximal phalanx to be pulled away from the middle phalanx. The bones are in a position of flexion.

														 1
						.
					 Base of middle phalanx (covered by articular cartilage)  2
						.
					 Extensor expansion (divided)  3
						.
					 Phalangeal joint (covered by articular cartilage)  4
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendon of insertion divided)  5
						.
					 Joint capsule (cut)  6
						.
					 Collateral ligament (divided)  7
						.
					 Phalanx  8
						.
					 Synovial fold  9
						.
					 Anterior accessory ligament (divided)  10
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath


Joints of right index finger
										 Capsule and ligaments of proximal interphalangeal joint, medial view
										The extensor expansion (2) has been reflected dorsally to display the insertion of the central part of the extensor tendon (4) on the base of the middle phalanx.

														 1
						.
					 Phalanx I  2
						.
					 Extensor expansion (reflected dorsally)  3
						.
					 Joint capsule  4
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (insertion of central part of tendon into base of second phalanx)  5
						.
					 Phalanx II (covered by periosteum)  6
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath  7
						.
					 Collateral ligament  8
						.
					 Fascial band continuous between cruciate part of sheath ligament and extensor expansion opposite interphalangeal joint (divided and reflected dorsally)  9
						.
					 Anterior accessory ligament  10
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath (cruciate ligament)  11
						.
					 Articular branch of proper palmar digital artery  12
						.
					 Tendon of digital sheath  13
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath (annular ligament)


Joints of right index finger
										 Metacarpophalangeal joint opened, medial view
										The ligaments and capsule of the joint have been cut. The head of the metacarpal bone has been rotated medially and proximally.

														 1
						.
					 Metacarpophalangeal joint capsule  2
						.
					 Left pointer: Extensor indicis muscle (tendon of insertion) Right pointer: Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Head of metacarpal II (covered with articular cartilage)  4
						.
					 Collateral ligament (cut)  5
						.
					 Body of metacarpal II  6
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  7
						.
					 Synovial fold  8
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  9
						.
					 Insertion of extensor tendons on base of proximal phalanx  10
						.
					 Extensor expansion (reflected dorsally)  11
						.
					 Phalanx I  12
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath  13
						.
					 Base of phalanx (covered with articular cartilage)  14
						.
					 Collateral ligament (inner aspect of lateral ligament)  15
						.
					 Anterior accessory ligament (left pointer on cut edge, right pointer on articular surface of ligament)  16
						.
					 Tendon of digital sheath  17
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon)  18
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon)


Joints of right index finger
										 Capsule and ligaments of metacarpophalangeal joint, medial view
										The finger has been removed from the hand by transecting the shaft of the metacarpal bone (2). The first volar interosseous muscle (3) has been reflected dorsally with the extensor expansion of the medial side of the finger. Transverse fibers of the extensor expansion have been divided (4).

														 1
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (right pointer indicates insertion on base of proximal phalanx. Tendon of extensor digitorum contributes to this insertion)  2
						.
					 Metacarpal II  3
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle I (reflected dorsally)  4
						.
					 Transverse fibers of extensor expansion (divided)  5
						.
					 Extensor expansion (reflected)  6
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle and common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons of insertion fused)  7
						.
					 Phalanx I  8
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath II (pointer on cruciate ligament)  9
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath II (pointer on annular ligament)  10
						.
					 Metacarpophalangeal joint capsule  11
						.
					 Collateral ligament  12
						.
					 Anterior accessory ligament  13
						.
					 Tendon of digital sheath  14
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus muscles (tendons cut off)  15
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  16
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I


Dorsal aspect of left hand and fingers
										 Extensor tendons

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Insertion of extensor expansion into base of terminal phalanx Lower pointer: Collateral parts of extensor expansion (the lumbrical and interosseous muscles insert into these proximally (3) and the collateral parts of the tendon of the common extensor digitorum insert into these dorsally opposite the proximal interphalangeal joint)  2
						.
					 Central part of tendon of common extensor digitorum muscle (upper pointer indicates insertion on base of middle phalanx)  3
						.
					 Extensor expansion (insertion of lumbrical and interosseous muscles)  4
						.
					 Position of metacarpophalangeal joint (covered by transverse fibers of extensor expansion)  5
						.
					 Junctural tendon  6
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  7
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscles II-V  8
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi proper muscle (tendon of insertion)  9
						.
					 Body of nail  10
						.
					 Root of nail  11
						.
					 Lunula of nail  12
						.
					 Vallum of nail  13
						.
					 Position of distal interphalangeal joint  14
						.
					 Position of proximal interphalangeal joint  15
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath  16
						.
					 Extensor expansion of thumb  17
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (insertion)  18
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  19
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  20
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (tendon of insertion)  21
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons of insertion)


Joints of right wrist and hand
										 Frontal section, posterior view
										The joint spaces have been opened by flexion of the wrist and hand. The interosseous intercarpal ligaments have not been cut. The capitate and hamate bones are held together firmly by a strong interosseous ligament.

														 1
						.
					 Base of metacarpal II  2
						.
					 Intermetacarpal joint  3
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  4
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon cut obliquely)  5
						.
					 Capitate bone  6
						.
					 Synovial fold  7
						.
					 Collateral carpi radial ligament  8
						.
					 Scaphoid bone  9
						.
					 Interosseous intercarpal ligament  10
						.
					 Radiocarpal joint  11
						.
					 Radius  12
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (partially tendinous)  13
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  14
						.
					 Palmar metacarpal ligament  15
						.
					 Base of metacarpal V  16
						.
					 Carpometacarpal joint  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Synovial fold Lower pointer: Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon)  18
						.
					 Intercarpal joint  19
						.
					 Triquetral bone  20
						.
					 Lunate bone  21
						.
					 Collateral carpi ulnar ligament  22
						.
					 Distal radioulnar articular disc  23
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  24
						.
					 Head of ulna  25
						.
					 Distal radioulnar joint (lower pointer, sacciform recess)  26
						.
					 Pronator quadratus muscle


Joints of right wrist and hand
										 Articular cavities, anterior view
										The volar ligaments have been removed and the articular capsules have been incised to allow the carpal and metacarpal bones to be pulled apart. The interosseous ligament between the hamate and capitate has been cut. The interosseous ligaments of the bases of the metacarpals have also been incised.

														 1
						.
					 Palmar metacarpal ligaments  2
						.
					 Intermetacarpal joint  3
						.
					 Hamulus of hamate bone  4
						.
					 Interosseous intercarpal ligament  5
						.
					 Hamate bone  6
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon of insertion)  7
						.
					 Synovial fold  8
						.
					 Joint capsule of pisiform bone  9
						.
					 Joint of pisiform bone (cavity extends proximally nearly to articular disc, 13)  10
						.
					 Pisiform bone  11
						.
					 Intercarpal joint  12
						.
					 Triquetral bone  13
						.
					 Distal radioulnar articular disc (partially removed)  14
						.
					 Head of ulna  15
						.
					 Metacarpal II  16
						.
					 Metacarpophalangeal joints  17
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (insertion)  18
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  19
						.
					 Metacarpotrapezial joint  20
						.
					 Tubercle of trapezium bone  21
						.
					 Trapezium bone  22
						.
					 Capitate bone  23
						.
					 Scaphoid bone (pointer on tubercle)  24
						.
					 Lunate bone  25
						.
					 Radiocarpal joint  26
						.
					 Radius


Joints of right wrist and hand
										 Capsules and ligaments, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Metacarpal I  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion) Lower pointer: Anterior intercarpal ligament  3
						.
					 Capitate bone  4
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal ligament  5
						.
					 Metacarpal V  6
						.
					 Hamulus of hamate bone  7
						.
					 Pisometacarpal ligament  8
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon of insertion)  9
						.
					 Pisohamate ligament  10
						.
					 Pisiform bone  11
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon of insertion)  12
						.
					 Collateral carpal ulnar ligament  13
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  14
						.
					 Metacarpotrapezial joint capsule (pointer on anterior oblique ligament)  15
						.
					 Trapezium bone (left pointer on tubercle)  16
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament  17
						.
					 Collateral carpal radial ligament  18
						.
					 Radius  19
						.
					 Carpal radial ligament  20
						.
					 Anterior radial carpal ligament  21
						.
					 Anterior ulnar carpal ligament  22
						.
					 Distal radial ulnar joint capsule  23
						.
					 Ulna


Joints of right wrist and hand
										 Capsules and ligaments, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal intercarpal ligament  2
						.
					 Dorsal carpometacarpal ligament  3
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle  4
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  5
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  6
						.
					 Metacarpal I  7
						.
					 Carpometacarpal pollicis joint capsule (pointer of posterior oblique ligament)  8
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  9
						.
					 Trapezium bone  10
						.
					 Collateral carpal radial ligament  11
						.
					 Dorsal carpal arcuate ligament  12
						.
					 Styloid process of radius  13
						.
					 Metacarpal V  14
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal ligament  15
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon of insertion)  16
						.
					 Hamate bone  17
						.
					 Capitate bone  18
						.
					 Triquetral bone (covered by ligaments)  19
						.
					 Collateral carpal ulnar ligament (covered by synovial sheath of extensor carpi ulnaris)  20
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  21
						.
					 Distal radial-ulnar joint capsule  22
						.
					 Ulna  23
						.
					 Dorsal radial-carpal ligament  24
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament (osteofibrous canals opened)  25
						.
					 Dorsal tubercle of radius


Joints of right wrist and hand
										 Capsules and ligaments, medial view

														 1
						.
					 Ulna  2
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  3
						.
					 Collateral carpal ulnar ligament  4
						.
					 Triquetral bone (covered by ligaments)  5
						.
					 Dorsal intercarpal ligament (hamate bone underlies tip of pointer)  6
						.
					 Intercarpal articular capsule  7
						.
					 Carpal extensor muscle of ulna (tendon of insertion)  8
						.
					 Metacarpal V  9
						.
					 Pisometacarpal ligament  10
						.
					 Metacarpal I (in background)  11
						.
					 Articular capsule of carpometacarpal pollicis  12
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament (in background, cut across)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pisiform bone Lower pointer: Carpal flexor muscle of ulna (tendon of insertion)  14
						.
					 Radius  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Joints of right wrist and hand
										 Capsules and ligaments, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Metacarpal III  2
						.
					 Metacarpal II  3
						.
					 Metacarpophalangeal joint capsule  4
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (insertion)  5
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (insertion)  6
						.
					 Trapezoid bone  7
						.
					 Dorsal carpal joint ligament  8
						.
					 Dorsal radiocarpal ligament  9
						.
					 Scaphoid bone  10
						.
					 Dorsal tubercle of radius  11
						.
					 Radius  12
						.
					 Styloid process of radius  13
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon of insertion in background of view)  14
						.
					 Pisiform bone (in background)  15
						.
					 Collateral carpi radial ligament  16
						.
					 Position of tubercle of trapezium bone  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Carpometacarpal joint capsule of thumb (pointer on radial ligament) Lower pointer: Tubercle of trapezium bone  18
						.
					 Posterior oblique ligament of carpometacarpal joint of thumb  19
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  20
						.
					 Metacarpal I


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Relations of radial artery at wrist, lateral view of left hand

														 1
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  2
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  4
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament  6
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  8
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  9
						.
					 Metacarpal II  10
						.
					 Metacarpophalangeal joint I  11
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  12
						.
					 Metacarpal I  13
						.
					 Carpometacarpal joint capsule of thumb  14
						.
					 Radial artery  15
						.
					 Superficial anterior branch radial artery


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Compartments for extensor tendons deep to dorsal carpal ligament, lateral view of right hand
										The ligament has been cut to open the various compartments for the tendons. The synovial sheaths of the tendons have also been opened. The proximal and distal limits of these sheaths are not visible on all of the tendons. The smooth portions of the tendons are covered by synovial membrane reflected from the sheaths.

														 1
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons of insertion)  2
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Distal margin of synovial sheath of common extensor digitorum muscle (cut at line of reflection from tendons)  4
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament  5
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle (tendon of insertion)  6
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  7
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  8
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  9
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  10
						.
					 Radial artery  11
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon)  12
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon)  13
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon)  14
						.
					 Insertion of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle into base of third metacarpal bone  15
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery II  16
						.
					 Branches of dorsal metacarpal artery I  17
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  18
						.
					 Metacarpal I (covered by periosteum)


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Superficial branch of radial nerve at wrist, lateral view
										The specimen has been turned so that the lateral (radial) border of the wrist is in the foreground. The cephalic vein (3, 7) has been cut to display the course of the superficial branch of the radial nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve  2
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament  3
						.
					 Cephalic vein (distal portion)  4
						.
					 Articular branch of superficial branch of radial nerve  5
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  7
						.
					 Cephalic vein (proximal portion)  8
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  9
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon)  10
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (tendon)  11
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Radial artery and veins  13
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle  14
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon)  15
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis  16
						.
					 Superficial anterior branch radial artery  17
						.
					 Position of compartment deep to dorsal carpal ligament for abductor pollicis longus muscle and extensor pollicis brevis muscle  18
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (tendons of insertion, one of which joins abductor pollicis brevis muscle)  19
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Dorsal interosseous muscles
										The extensor tendons have been cut away and the dorsal interosseous fascia has been removed. A small part of the third dorsal interosseous muscle passes obliquely across the intermetacarpal space to insert on the shaft of the third metacarpal. The first dorsal interosseous muscle has a similar arrangement.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal carpal branch radial artery  2
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  4
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  5
						.
					 Branches of dorsal metacarpal artery I  6
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery II  7
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  8
						.
					 Metacarpal II  9
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle II  10
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendon to index finger)  11
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (tendon of insertion)  12
						.
					 Transverse fibers of extensor expansion  13
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons of insertion)  14
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery III  15
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle III (left pointer on muscle described in text above)  16
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle IV  17
						.
					 Metacarpal V  18
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  19
						.
					 Position of carpometacarpal articulation  20
						.
					 Left pointer: Dorsal carpal ligament Right pointer: Compartment for common extensor digitorum muscle and extensor indicis muscle  21
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon cut off within compartment)  22
						.
					 Compartment for extensor digiti minimi muscle


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Compartments for extensor tendons deep to dorsal carpal ligament
										The ligament has been cut to expose the tendons lying within the various compartments. The synovial sheaths of these tendons have been opened. The proximal and distal limits of these sheaths are not sharply defined on all of the tendons.

														 1
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  2
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon)  3
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon)  4
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon)  5
						.
					 Branches of dorsal metacarpal artery I  6
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  7
						.
					 Metacarpal II  8
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (tendon)  9
						.
					 Junctural tendon  10
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle IV  11
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons)  12
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon)  13
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament (cut to open compartments containing extensor tendons)  14
						.
					 Left pointer: Styloid process of ulna Right pointer: Extensor digiti minimi muscle (tendon)


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Extensor tendons, close-up view of right hand
										The investing layer of deep fascia has been removed from the back of the hand with the exception of two bands (4) which are distinctly heavier than the other areas of the fascia. The proximal one of these bands is continuous with the dorsal carpal ligament.

														 1
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  2
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament (compartments for extensor tendons visible deep to ligament)  3
						.
					 Articular branch of superficial branch of radial nerve (cut)  4
						.
					 Dorsal fascia of the hand  5
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  6
						.
					 Branch dorsal metacarpal artery I  7
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery II  8
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I (fascia removed)  9
						.
					 Metacarpal II (covered by periosteum)  10
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (tendon of insertion)  11
						.
					 Junctural tendon  12
						.
					 Dorsal digital artery  13
						.
					 Small junctural tendon from common extensor digitorum muscle to fifth finger (frequently a distinct tendon of the extensor digitorum passes to the fifth finger)  14
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons of insertion)  15
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle  16
						.
					 Sheath of common extensor digitorum muscle  17
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  18
						.
					 Dorsal hand branch of ulnar nerve  19
						.
					 Position of styloid process of ulna


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Superficial nerves and vessels of right hand, close-up view

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament  2
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve  3
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I (covered by dorsal interosseous fascia)  4
						.
					 Dorsal venous rete of hand  5
						.
					 Dorsal fascial of the hand  6
						.
					 Branch dorsal metacarpal artery I  7
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons covered by dorsal fascial of the hand)  8
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (tendon of insertion)  9
						.
					 Digital venous arch  10
						.
					 Dorsal digital arteries  11
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve  12
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle (tendon of insertion)  13
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery IV  14
						.
					 Superficial fascia  15
						.
					 Branch of dorsal hand branch of ulnar nerve


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve, medial view of right hand
										The specimen has been turned so that the medial border of the forearm and hand is in the foreground.

														 1
						.
					 Anconeus muscle  2
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  3
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle  4
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  5
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament  6
						.
					 Dorsal fascial of the hand  7
						.
					 Dorsal rete venosum of the hand  8
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve  9
						.
					 Left pointer: Abductor digiti minimi muscle Right pointer: Abductor pollicis brevis muscle (in background)  10
						.
					 Position of pisiform bone  11
						.
					 Dorsal hand branch of ulnar nerve  12
						.
					 Body of ulna  13
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle  14
						.
					 Basilic vein  15
						.
					 Middle antibrachal cutaneous nerve


Dorsal aspect of hand
										 Superficial nerves and vessels of right hand, general view
										The antibrachial fascia and the dorsal fascia of the hand have been removed. The dorsal carpal ligament remains in place.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  2
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle  3
						.
					 Cephalic vein  4
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  6
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Anastomosis between superficial branch of radial nerve and dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Position of compartment deep to dorsal carpal ligament for extensor pollicis longus muscle  9
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  10
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve  11
						.
					 Dorsal digital artery  12
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve  13
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous fascia  14
						.
					 Branches of dorsal hand branch of ulnar nerve  15
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament  16
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle  17
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Origins of deep layer of extensor muscles

														 1
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  2
						.
					 Supinator muscle (insertion)  3
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  4
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (area of origin)  5
						.
					 Radius  6
						.
					 Antebrachial interosseous membrane  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon)  8
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  9
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  10
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous nerve (terminal part)  11
						.
					 Compartment for common extensor digitorum muscle and extensor indicis muscle  12
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament  13
						.
					 Compartment for extensor digiti minimi muscle  14
						.
					 Compartment for extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  15
						.
					 Ulna  16
						.
					 Area of origin of extensor indicis muscle  17
						.
					 Area of origin of extensor pollicis longus muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Dorsal interosseous nerve
										The deep extensor muscles have been cut and reflected. The compartment for the common extensor tendons deep to the dorsal carpal ligament has been dissected to display the terminal articular branches of the dorsal interosseous nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (cut)  2
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (cut)  3
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon)  4
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon)  5
						.
					 Compartment for extensor pollicis longus muscle  6
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament (compartments for extensor tendons opened)  7
						.
					 Compartment for common extensor digitorum muscle and extensor indicis muscle  8
						.
					 Articular branches of dorsal interosseous (antebrachial) nerve  9
						.
					 Dorsal carpal branch of radial artery  10
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris. muscle (tendon of insertion)  11
						.
					 Compartment for extensor digiti minimi muscle  12
						.
					 Compartment for extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  13
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous nerve  14
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (cut)  15
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (cut and reflected)  16
						.
					 Ulna  17
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  18
						.
					 Antebrachial interosseous membrane


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to extensor pollicis brevis muscle

														 1
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to extensor pollicis brevis muscle)  2
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  3
						.
					 Branch anterior interosseous artery  4
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle  6
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle  7
						.
					 Ulna  8
						.
					 Intermuscular septum  9
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis proprius muscles
										The muscles have been dissected to demonstrate the intramuscular course of branches of the deep branch of the radial nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Supinator muscle  2
						.
					 Radius  3
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to abductor pollicis longus muscle)  5
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (dissected)  6
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (dissected)  8
						.
					 Left pointer: Muscular branch of radial nerve (to extensor indicis muscle) Right pointer: Extensor indicis muscle  9
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous (antibrachial) nerve (see 108-4)  10
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to extensor pollicis brevis muscle)  11
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to extensor pollicis longus muscle)  12
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  13
						.
					 Ulna  14
						.
					 Recurrent interosseous artery


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Relation of deep branch of radial nerve to deep extensor muscles

														 1
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  2
						.
					 Supinator muscle (superficial layer reflected)  3
						.
					 Radius  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to abductor pollicis longus muscle)  5
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  6
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon in compartment deep to dorsal carpal ligament)  8
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon in compartment deep to dorsal carpal ligament)  9
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  10
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle  11
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle cut off)  12
						.
					 Ulna  13
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  14
						.
					 Anconeus muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Deep layer of extensor muscles, general view

														 1
						.
					 Supinator muscle  2
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  3
						.
					 Radius  4
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles (tendons)  5
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  6
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Left pointer: Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon) Right pointer: Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon)  8
						.
					 Radial artery  9
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle  10
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery II  11
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscles  12
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendons, cut off)  13
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament (compartments for extensor tendons opened)  14
						.
					 Compartment for extensor digiti minimi muscle  15
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  16
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle  17
						.
					 Intermuscular septum  18
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  19
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to deep lamina of supinator muscle

														 1
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of humerus  2
						.
					 Cubital joint capsule (position of head of radius)  3
						.
					 Anconeus muscle (cut off)  4
						.
					 Muscular branches of radial nerve (to deep lamina of supinator muscle)  5
						.
					 Left pointer: Recurrent interosseous artery Right pointer: Dorsal interosseous artery  6
						.
					 Ulna  7
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  9
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  10
						.
					 Recurrent radial artery  11
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  12
						.
					 Supinator muscle (deep layer)  13
						.
					 Supinator muscle '(superficial layer, resected)  14
						.
					 Radius


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to supinator muscle
										The superficial lamina of the supinator has been detached from its origin and reflected upward.

														 1
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to supinator muscle)  2
						.
					 Recurrent radial artery  3
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  4
						.
					 Muscular branches of recurrent radial artery  5
						.
					 Supinator muscle (superficial belly , reflected from origin)  6
						.
					 Radius  7
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  8
						.
					 Recurrent interosseous artery  9
						.
					 Ulna  10
						.
					 Supinator muscle (origin of superficial lamina)  11
						.
					 Supinator muscle (deep lamina)  12
						.
					 Anconeus muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Recurrent radial artery
										Several branches of the artery have been cut off. These supplied the extensor muscles shown in previous views.

														 1
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  2
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (cut close to origin)  3
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  4
						.
					 Terminal superficial branch of recurrent radial artery  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Origin of extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle Lower painter: Origin of common extensor digitorum muscle  6
						.
					 Cubital joint capsule (position of head of radius)  7
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  8
						.
					 Muscular branch radial  9
						.
					 Radial artery  10
						.
					 Recurrent radial artery  11
						.
					 Ulnar vein  12
						.
					 Ulnar artery  13
						.
					 Supinator muscle (superficial belly)  14
						.
					 Supinator muscle (deep lamina)


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to anconeus muscle
										The anconeus (5) has been cut from its origin and reflected downward.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of humerus  2
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to anconeus muscle)  4
						.
					 Position of head of radius  5
						.
					 Anconeus muscle (reflected)  6
						.
					 Recurrent interosseous artery  7
						.
					 Ulna  8
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  9
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  10
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  11
						.
					 Recurrent radial artery  12
						.
					 Radial artery  13
						.
					 Supinator muscle (superficial layer)  14
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  15
						.
					 Supinator muscle (deep layer)


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Anconeus muscle
										A lateral expansion of the tendon of insertion of the triceps muscle which covered the anconeus has been partially cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of humerus  2
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Olecranon  4
						.
					 Anconeus muscle  5
						.
					 Recurrent interosseous artery  6
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  8
						.
					 Ulna (covered by periosteum)  9
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  10
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  11
						.
					 Branch of recurrent radial artery  12
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  13
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle
										The muscle has been detached and retracted dorsally. The specimen has been turned so that the radial border of the forearm lies in the foreground of the view.

														 1
						.
					 Median nerve  2
						.
					 Radial artery  3
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (divided but not reflected)  4
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (area of insertion)  5
						.
					 Radius  6
						.
					 Right pointer: Brachioradialis muscle (tendon of insertion) Left pointer: Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (dissected)  8
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  9
						.
					 Muscular branch radial artery  10
						.
					 Supinator muscle  11
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle)  12
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to extensor digitorum communis muscle
										The muscle has been retracted downward.

														 1
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  2
						.
					 Position of head of radius (covered by articular capsule)  3
						.
					 Supinator muscle  4
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (retracted)  5
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve (muscular branches)  6
						.
					 Branches of dorsal interosseous artery  7
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle  8
						.
					 Left pointer: Muscular branch of radial nerve (to extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle) Right pointer: Deep branch of radial nerve  9
						.
					 Radial artery  10
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle  11
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to extensor digiti quinti proprius muscle

														 1
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of humerus  2
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  3
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle (reflected downward)  4
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  5
						.
					 Cephalic vein  6
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  7
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  8
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  10
						.
					 Radial artery  11
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  12
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to extensor digiti minimi muscle)  13
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle  14
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
										The muscle has been cut from its origin and pulled downward. The brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus muscles have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  2
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of humerus  3
						.
					 Recurrent radial artery  4
						.
					 Anconeus muscle  5
						.
					 Recurrent interosseous artery  6
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle (retracted)  7
						.
					 Ulna  8
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle  9
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  10
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve (cut)  11
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (cut)  12
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  13
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  14
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle  15
						.
					 Muscular branches of radial nerve (to extensor carpi ulnaris muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to extensor carpi radialis longus muscle
										The brachioradialis muscle has been retracted upward and the extensor carpi radialis longus has been detached from its origin and reflected laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (area of origin)  2
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  3
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (area of origin)  4
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of humerus  5
						.
					 Muscular branches of radial nerve (to extensor carpi radialis longus muscle)  6
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (reflected laterally)  7
						.
					 Recurrent radial artery  8
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  9
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (retracted upward)  10
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  11
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  12
						.
					 Radial artery


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Nerve supply to brachioradialis muscle
										The muscle has been detached from its origin and retracted laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  2
						.
					 Radial nerve  3
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  4
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (retracted laterally from origin)  6
						.
					 Muscular branches of radial nerve (to brachioradialis muscle)  7
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  8
						.
					 Cephalic vein  9
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  10
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  11
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  12
						.
					 Deep branch of radial nerve  13
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  14
						.
					 Radial artery  15
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Extensor muscles separated

														 1
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  2
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  3
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  4
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis.m.  5
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  6
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  7
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  8
						.
					 Left pointer: Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon of insertion) Right pointer: Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  9
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  11
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  12
						.
					 Metacarpal II  13
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  14
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of humerus  15
						.
					 Olecranon  16
						.
					 Anconeus muscle  17
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  18
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle  19
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Relations of extensor muscles to ulnar border of forearm
										The specimen shown in the previous view has been turned medially so that the relation of the ulna (15) to the extensor muscles (above) and the flexor muscles (below) is visible.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  2
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of humerus  3
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  4
						.
					 Anconeus muscle  5
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle  6
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  7
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  8
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  9
						.
					 Olecranon  10
						.
					 Ulnar nerve (in sulcus of ulnar nerve)  11
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  12
						.
					 Middle antibrachial cutaneous nerve  13
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (ulnar head)  14
						.
					 Basilic vein  15
						.
					 Body of ulna  16
						.
					 Dorsal hand branch of ulnar nerve


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Superficial layer of extensor muscles, general view
										The antibrachial fascia has been removed and the brachial fascia cut away from the lower part of the arm.

														 1
						.
					 Brachial fascia  2
						.
					 Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  3
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  4
						.
					 Olecranon  5
						.
					 Anconeus muscle  6
						.
					 Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle  7
						.
					 Extensor digiti minimi muscle  8
						.
					 Tributary of basiic vein (communicates with dorsal interosseous veins)  9
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle  10
						.
					 Styloid process of ulna  11
						.
					 Dorsal hand branch of ulnar nerve  12
						.
					 Cephalic vein  13
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  14
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  15
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  16
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle  17
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  18
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  19
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  20
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament


Dorsal aspect of right forearm
										 Superficial vessels and nerves; antibrachial fascia
										The skin has been removed except at the borders of the forearm and hand. The proximal third of the forearm is not shown.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  2
						.
					 Antibrachial fascia  3
						.
					 Cephalic vein (and tributary veins)  4
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  5
						.
					 Dorsal venous rete of the hand  6
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal veins  7
						.
					 Digital venous arch  8
						.
					 Dorsal hand branch of ulnar nerve  9
						.
					 Location of styloid process of ulna  10
						.
					 Skin and superficial fascia at margin of dissection


Lateral aspect of right hand
										 Insertion and of second lumbrical and second dorsal interosseous muscles on lateral side of middle finger
										The index finger has been removed by transecting the second metacarpal bone and the muscles, vessels and nerves of the finger. The second lumbrical and second dorsal interosseous muscles can be traced to their insertions on the middle finger. The latter muscle inserts partly into the extensor expansion (2) and partly into the base of the first phalanx. Fascia (18) of the lumbrical muscle has been incised and reflected to demonstrate the "lumbrical canal."

														 1
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath  2
						.
					 Left pointer: Extensor expansion Right pointer: Location of metacarpophalangeal joint  3
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle II (left pointer, insertion into extensor expansion; right pointer, insertion into base of proximal phalanx)  4
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle II  5
						.
					 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament  6
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery II  7
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle I  8
						.
					 Metacarpal II (transected)  9
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendon to index finger, transected)  10
						.
					 Branch dorsal metacarpal artery I (dorsal digital artery)  11
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  12
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (transverse head)  13
						.
					 Superficial palmar arch  14
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (cut) Middle pointer: Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (cut) Right pointer: Lumbrical muscle I  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Anterior common digital artery Right pointer: Common palmar digital nerve of median nerve  16
						.
					 Fascial septa which extended from palmar aponeurosis (removed) to anterior interosseous fascia and, indirectly, to metacarpal bones  17
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia  18
						.
					 Fascial extension around lumbrical muscle II (incised and reflected to expose "lumbrical canal")


Lateral aspect of right hand
										 Nerve and blood supply to first dorsal interosseous muscle
										The muscle has been detached from its origin on the first metacarpal bone and dissected. The course of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve toward its point of entry into this muscle is shown in 105-1.

														 1
						.
					 Common extensor digitorum muscle (tendon to index finger)  2
						.
					 Extensor indicis muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery II  4
						.
					 Metacarpal II  5
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle II (dorsal interosseous fascia removed)  6
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery III  7
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal artery I (displaced)  8
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  9
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Radial artery  11
						.
					 Metacarpotrapezial joint capsule  12
						.
					 Radial artery continuing into deep palmar arch  13
						.
					 Dorsal digital arteries  14
						.
					 Muscular branch radial artery (to dorsal interosseous muscle I)  15
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to dorsal interosseous muscle I)  16
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I (dissected)  17
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  18
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  19
						.
					 Extensor expansion of thumb  20
						.
					 Distal continuation of tendon of of extensor pollicis longus muscle


Lateral aspect of right hand
										 Relations of first dorsal interosseous, first lumbrical and adductor pollicis muscles
										The fascia has been removed from the muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Position of metacarpophalangeal joint of index finger  2
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  3
						.
					 Branch dorsal metacarpal artery I (dorsal digital artery)  4
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve  5
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  6
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (transverse head)  7
						.
					 Branch dorsal metacarpal artery I (dorsal digital artery)  8
						.
					 Tributary to cephalic vein  9
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle  10
						.
					 Metacarpal I  11
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  12
						.
					 Extensor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  13
						.
					 Position of metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb  14
						.
					 Extensor expansion  15
						.
					 Proper palmar digital nerve of median nerve  16
						.
					 Proper palmar digital artery


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Branches of deep volar arch
										Nutrient, perforating and muscular branches of the deep volar arch have been exposed by removing parts of the dorsal interosseous muscles. Other branches of the arch have been shown in previous views.

														 1
						.
					 Deep palmar arch  2
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal artery (cutoff)  3
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep palmar arch (to dorsal interosseous muscle II)  4
						.
					 Left pointer: Princeps pollicis artery Right pointer: Digital branch of radial artery  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep palmar arch (to dorsal interosseus muscle I)  6
						.
					 Perforating branch  7
						.
					 Articular branch of deep palmar arch  8
						.
					 Metacarpotrapezial joint capsule  9
						.
					 Tubercle of trapezium bone  10
						.
					 Radial artery  11
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  12
						.
					 Anterior carpal branch radial artery  13
						.
					 Radius  14
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Distal radioulnar joint capsule Right pointer: Ulna  16
						.
					 Anterior radiocarpal ligament  17
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (insertion)  18
						.
					 Right pointer: Pisohamate ligament Left pointer: Pisometacarpal ligament  19
						.
					 Articular branches of ulnar artery  20
						.
					 Recurrent carpal branch of deep palmar arch  21
						.
					 Perforating branches  22
						.
					 Deep anterior branch ulnar artery (cut off)  23
						.
					 Nutrient branches of deep palmar arch to metacarpals  24
						.
					 Metacarpal V  25
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscles II-IV (partially resected)


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Dorsal interosseous muscles
										The volar interossei have been removed but the areas of origin (4) and tendons of insertion (7) of these muscles are indicated.

														 1
						.
					 Deep palmar arch  2
						.
					 Muscular branches of ulnar nerve (to dorsal interossei)  3
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscles I-IV  4
						.
					 Areas of origin of anterior interosseous muscles  5
						.
					 Area of origin of adductor pollicis muscle (transverse head)  6
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  7
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscles (tendons of insertion)  8
						.
					 Lumbrical muscles II-IV  9
						.
					 Muscle with morphological similarity to anterior interossei (see 105-3)  10
						.
					 Metacarpal I  11
						.
					 Princeps pollicis artery  12
						.
					 Radial artery  13
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  14
						.
					 Superficial anterior branch radial artery  15
						.
					 Tubercle of trapezium bone  16
						.
					 Hamulus of hamate bone  17
						.
					 Left pointer: Deep branch of ulnar nerve Right pointer: Articular branch of deep branch of ulnar nerve  18
						.
					 Deep anterior branch ulnar artery (cut off)  19
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal artery


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Volar and dorsal interosseous muscles
										The adductor pollicis muscle has been removed. The volar interosseous fascia and transverse capsular ligaments have been cut away to display the interosseous muscles. The first dorsal interosseous muscle has been detached from its origin on the first metacarpal bone. An independent, small muscle (8) remains attached to the first metacarpal. This corresponds in origin and insertion with the regular volar interosseous muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  2
						.
					 Head of metacarpal II  3
						.
					 Metacarpophalangeal joint capsule  4
						.
					 Articular branches of deep branch of ulnar nerve  5
						.
					 Dorsal interosseus muscle II  6
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle I  7
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  8
						.
					 Muscle with origin and insertion corresponding to that of other anterior interossei  9
						.
					 Metacarpal I  10
						.
					 Princeps pollicis artery  11
						.
					 Radial artery  12
						.
					 Area of insertion of flexor carpi radialis muscle  13
						.
					 Metacarpotrapezial joint capsule  14
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament (cut)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Area of origin of flexor pollicis brevis muscle (deep head) Lower pointer: Origin of adductor pollicis muscle (oblique head)  16
						.
					 Hamulus of hamate bone  17
						.
					 Deep branch of ulnar nerve (branches to interosseous muscles visible but not labeled)  18
						.
					 Deep palmar arch  19
						.
					 Deep anterior branch ulnar artery (cut off)  20
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal artery  21
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle III  22
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle II  23
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle IV  24
						.
					 Left pointer: Anterior interosseous muscle III Right pointer: Articular branch of deep branch of ulnar nerve  25
						.
					 Anterior accessory ligament


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Nerve supply to oblique head of adductor pollicis and deep head of flexor pollicis brevis muscles
										The transverse head (22) of the adductor pollicis has been cut close to its origin from the shaft of the third metacarpal bone. The oblique head (6) has been divided and dissected to show the course of branches from the deep ramus of the ulnar nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament  2
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  3
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle I  4
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia  5
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  6
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (oblique head, divided)  7
						.
					 Muscle fascicle with origin from shaft of first metacarpal and insertion on base of first phalanx (independent of deep head of flexor pollicis brevis and comparable to anterior interosseous muscles; frequently referred to as first anterior interosseous muscle)  8
						.
					 Princeps pollicis artery  9
						.
					 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle (deep head, dissected)  10
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to dorsal interosseous muscle I)  11
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to oblique head of adductor pollicis muscle and deep part of flexor pollicis brevis muscle)  12
						.
					 Metacarpotrapezial joint capsule  13
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament  14
						.
					 Anterior carpal rete  15
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon of insertion)  16
						.
					 Pisiform bone (covered by ligament)  17
						.
					 Muscular branch ulnar artery  18
						.
					 Pisometacarpal ligament  19
						.
					 Branch perforans (from recurrent carpal branch of deep anterior arch)  20
						.
					 Deep branch of ulnar nerve  21
						.
					 Deep palmar arch  22
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (transverse head, near origin)  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal interosseous muscle III Lower pointer: Anterior interosseous muscle II  24
						.
					 Metacarpal V  25
						.
					 Anterior accessory ligament  26
						.
					 Digital fibrous sheath (transected, flexor tendons removed)


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Nerve supply to transverse head of adductor pollicis muscle
										The muscle has been cut and dissected to show the intramuscular course of branches of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Muscular branches of ulnar nerve (upper pointer, to dorsal interosseous muscle I; lower pointer, to flexor pollicis brevis muscle)  2
						.
					 Muscular branches of ulnar nerve (to adductor pollicis muscle)  3
						.
					 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament  4
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (transverse head)  5
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  6
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  7
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle (area of insertion)  8
						.
					 Metacarpal I  9
						.
					 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle (deep head)  10
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (oblique head)  11
						.
					 Radiocarpal ligament (pointer on capitate bone covered by ligament)  12
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  13
						.
					 Pisiform bone  14
						.
					 Deep branch of ulnar nerve  15
						.
					 Deep palmar arch  16
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle (dissected and retracted medially)  17
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal arteries  18
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle III  19
						.
					 Anterior interosseous muscle II  20
						.
					 Left pointer: Dorsal interosseous muscle IV Right pointer: Anterior interosseous muscle III


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Thenar muscles; deep volar arch; deep branch of ulnar nerve
										The volar interosseous fascia has been partially cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Tendon of digital sheath II  2
						.
					 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament  3
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to lumbrical muscle II)  4
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle II  5
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia (partially resected)  6
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle III  7
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle IV  8
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  9
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle I  11
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle (insertion)  12
						.
					 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle (area of insertion of superficial head)  13
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (transverse head)  14
						.
					 Opponens pollicis muscle  15
						.
					 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle (deep head)  16
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (oblique head)  17
						.
					 Metacarpotrapezial joint capsule  18
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament  19
						.
					 Volar carpal rete  20
						.
					 Superficial anterior branch radial artery  21
						.
					 Ulnar artery  22
						.
					 Muscular branch ulnar artery (in position usually occupied by deep anterior branch ulnar artery)  23
						.
					 Deep branch of ulnar nerve  24
						.
					 Muscular branches of ulnar nerve (to opponens digiti minimi muscle)  25
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle (retracted medially)  26
						.
					 Deep anterior branch ulnar artery (anomalous origin more distal than usual see 22 above)  27
						.
					 Fascia separating hypothenar from interosseous muscles  28
						.
					 Left pointer: Deep palmar arch Right pointer: Deep anterior venous arch  29
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal artery IV  30
						.
					 Interosseous muscles


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Thenar muscles
										The second metacarpal bone has been transected and the index finger removed. The tendon of the flexor pollicis longus muscle (9) has been cut off. The abductor pollicis brevis (10) has been partially resected. The remaining thenar muscles have been separated. The palmar aponeurosis has been cut away and the flexor tendons have been removed from the carpal canal (16).

														 1
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (oblique head)  2
						.
					 Anterior common digital artery  3
						.
					 Metacarpal II (cut)  4
						.
					 Anterior radial index artery  5
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (transverse head)  6
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscle  7
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle II  8
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath  9
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle (divided and partially removed)  11
						.
					 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle (left pointer superficial head; right pointer deep head)  12
						.
					 Opponens pollicis muscle  13
						.
					 Groove for tendon of flexor pollicis longus muscle  14
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  15
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  16
						.
					 Carpal tunnel  17
						.
					 Anterior carpal ligament  18
						.
					 Ulnar artery and nerve  19
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament  20
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi muscle  21
						.
					 Left pointer: Deep branch of ulnar nerve Right pointer: Deep anterior branch ulnar artery  22
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia  23
						.
					 Anterior common digital artery  24
						.
					 Fascial septum between palmar aponeurosis and anterior interosseous fascia  25
						.
					 Transverse fascicle of palmar aponeurosis


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Nerve supply to third and fourth lumbrical muscles and opponens digiti quinti muscle
										The flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles have been retracted distally. The opponens digiti quinti muscle has been dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Sheath of common tendon of flexor muscles (opened, tendons and lumbrical muscles reflected distally)  2
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle III  3
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle IV  4
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (tendon to fifth finger)  5
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I (cut off)  6
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle  7
						.
					 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle (deep head)  8
						.
					 Metacarpotrapezial joint capsule  9
						.
					 Transverse carpal ligament  10
						.
					 Carpal tunnel  11
						.
					 Branches of of ulnar nerve  12
						.
					 Ulnar artery  13
						.
					 Muscular branch ulnar artery (in position usually occupied by deep anterior branch ulnar artery)  14
						.
					 Deep branch of ulnar nerve  15
						.
					 Flexor and abductor digiti minimi muscles (area of origin)  16
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to opponens digiti minimi muscle)  17
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle  18
						.
					 Deep anterior branch ulnar artery (aberrant origin more distal than usual)  19
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia  20
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to Iumbrical muscle III)  21
						.
					 Proper palmar digital artery  22
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to lumbrical muscle IV)  23
						.
					 Flexor and abductor digiti minimi muscles (area of insertion)  24
						.
					 Tendon of digital sheath V (opened)


Volar aspect of right hand
										 Nerve supply to second lumbrical muscle, close-up view
										The flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles of the third, fourth and fifth fingers have been retracted medially. The second lumbrical muscle (5) has been dissected. Its nerve (4) in this instance is a branch of the deep volar branch of the ulnar nerve which reaches the muscle after passing through the adductor pollicis muscle. Usually the second lumbrical receives its nerve supply from the median nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle I  2
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to index finger)  3
						.
					 Deep transverse metacarpal ligament  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to lumbrical muscle II)  5
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle II  6
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to third finger)  7
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle III (retracted medially)  8
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (tendon to fourth finger)  9
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle IV (upper pointer on accessory muscular slip to ulnar side of fourth finger)  10
						.
					 Adductor pollicis muscle (transverse head)  11
						.
					 Groove for tendon of flexor pollicis longus muscle  12
						.
					 Muscular branches of median nerve (to lumbrical muscle I)  13
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to flexor pollicis brevis muscle)  14
						.
					 Fascia over adductor pollicis muscle (partially resected)  15
						.
					 Branches of anterior metacarpal artery III  16
						.
					 Anterior interosseous fascia  17
						.
					 Ulnar artery  18
						.
					 Deep anterior branch ulnar artery  19
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal artery IV  20
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to lumbrical muscle III)  21
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle  22
						.
					 Proper palmar digital artery