Dissection of nasal fossae, nasal pharynx, and palate
										 Right lateral wall of nasal fossa, nasal pharynx and mouth
										The nasal septum has been removed and the right sphenoid sinus (15) opened. The view is from the left.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior ethmoidal foramen  2
						.
					 Olfactory bulb  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenoethmoidal recess Lower pointer: Olfactory sulcus  4
						.
					 Nasal ridge  5
						.
					 Atrium middle nasal meatus  6
						.
					 Superior nasal concha and superior nasal meatus  7
						.
					 Middle nasal concha and middle nasal meatus  8
						.
					 Rim of vestibule  9
						.
					 Vestibule nasi and vibrissae (hair)  10
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha and inferior nasal meatus  11
						.
					 Nasopalatine nerve (cut off)  12
						.
					 Ostium of parotid duct  13
						.
					 Right pointer: Submandibular duct Left pointer: Sublingual gland  14
						.
					 Hypophysis  15
						.
					 Aperture of sphenoid sinus right  16
						.
					 Supreme nasal concha and supreme nasal meatus  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenoid sinus left Lower pointer: Vidian nerve (of pterygoid canal)  18
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  19
						.
					 Nasopharyngeal meatus  20
						.
					 Mucosa pharynx and pharyngeal tonsil (sectioned)  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pharyngeal recess Lower pointer: Torus tubarius  22
						.
					 Bony pharyngeal auditory tube  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior lip bony pharyngeal auditory tube Lower pointer: Levator cushion (prominence overlying levator veli palatini muscle)  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior lip bony pharyngeal auditory tube Lower pointer: Salpingopharyngeal fold  25
						.
					 Nasal part pharynx  26
						.
					 Palatine velum (fibers of levator veli palatini muscle visible on cut edge)  27
						.
					 Branches of posterior palatine nerve  28
						.
					 Left pointer: Anterior palatine nerve Right pointer: Hard palate  29
						.
					 Uvula  30
						.
					 Palatopharyngeal arch  31
						.
					 Lingual nerve  32
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)


Dissection of nasal fossae, nasal pharynx, and palate
										 Relation of nasal septum to sphenoid sinus and hypophysis; right palatine nerves; palatine arches, left lateral view
										The cartilage and bones of the nasal septum have been cut away so that the mucous membrane which covered the right side of the septum is exposed. The sphenoid sinus has been widely opened and a window cut in its bony roof to expose the hypophysis. The left internal carotid artery has been retracted posteriorly.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial wall of orbit Lower pointer: Anterior ethmoidal foramen  2
						.
					 Bony roof of ethmoidal cell  3
						.
					 Olfactory bulb (visible through window in ethmoidal air cell)  4
						.
					 Olfactory nerve (I) (enclosed in fibrous sheaths; upper pointer indicates filaments which pass to left lateral wall, lower pointer those which pass to right side of septum)  5
						.
					 Margin of septal cartilage  6
						.
					 Mucosal membrane septi (attached surface)  7
						.
					 Nasopalatine nerve left (cut away centrally)  8
						.
					 Terminal branches of nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery (posterior septal artery) entering incisive canal  9
						.
					 Incisive canal  10
						.
					 Anterior palatine nerve emerging from greater palatine foramen  11
						.
					 Ostium of parotid duct  12
						.
					 Optic nerve (II) (cut off in optic canal)  13
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (retracted posteriorly)  14
						.
					 Hypophysis  15
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  16
						.
					 Rostrum of sphenoid  17
						.
					 Posterior nasal septal arteries right  18
						.
					 Nasopalatine nerve right  19
						.
					 Pharyngeal tonsil  20
						.
					 Nasal septum  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Torus tubarius Lower pointer: Pharyngeal recess  22
						.
					 Posterior palatine nerve  23
						.
					 Middle palatine nerve  24
						.
					 Soft palate (pointer on fibers of uvular muscle)  25
						.
					 Pharyngopalatine muscle (in palatopharyngeal arch)  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Palatine tonsil Lower pointer: Glossopalatine muscle (in palatoglossal arch)


Dissection of nasal fossae, nasal pharynx, and palate
										 Blood vessels and nerves of nasal septum, left lateral view
										The lateral wall of the nasal fossa has been resected and the palate cut to the left of the midline. The septal mucous membrane has been dissected to reveal the olfactory nerves (1) and branches of the sphenopalatine and ethmoidal nerves and blood vessels. The tongue has been pulled to the left and inferiorly. The relation of the lingual nerve to the submaxillary duct (9) is shown.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior ethmoidal nerve and artery entering anterior ethmoidal foramen from orbit Lower pointer: Olfactory nerve (I) in respiratory region  2
						.
					 Anterior ethmoidal nerve (companion artery uninjected)  3
						.
					 Septal cartilage  4
						.
					 Posterior septal arteries  5
						.
					 Hard palate  6
						.
					 Papilla and ostium of parotid duct  7
						.
					 Oral mucosa  8
						.
					 Sublingual gland  9
						.
					 Submandibular duct  10
						.
					 Tongue (retracted inferiorly and to the left)  11
						.
					 Optic nerve (II) (cut off in optic canal)  12
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  13
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  14
						.
					 Sphenopalatine artery (cut off at sphenopalatine foramen)  15
						.
					 Position of sphenopalatine foramen  16
						.
					 Internal carotid nerve  17
						.
					 Torus tubarius  18
						.
					 Nasopalatine nerve  19
						.
					 Nasal part pharynx  20
						.
					 Uvula (palatine)  21
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  22
						.
					 Palatine tonsil  23
						.
					 Lingual nerve  24
						.
					 Epiglottis


Dissection of nasal fossae, nasal pharynx, and palate
										 Blood vessels and nerves of lateral wall of left nasal fossa, lateral view
										The inferior nasal meatus has been opened and the mucosa removed from the lateral surface of the inferior concha. The oral part of the pharynx has been cut open but the nasal part remains unopened medial to the pharyngopalatine muscle (20).

														 1
						.
					 Medial wall of orbit  2
						.
					 Middle nasal concha (mucosal surface at anterior tip)  3
						.
					 Maxillary sinus (unusually small)  4
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha (mucosa removed to reveal artery)  5
						.
					 Mucosal membrane nasal septum  6
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine maxilla  7
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla  8
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  9
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior nasal septal artery (passing medially through sphenopalatine foramen) Lower pointer: Sphenopalatine artery (cut off)  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pterygoid canal (Vidian) Lower pointer: Pharyngeal branch of sphenopalatine artery  12
						.
					 Outer surface of mucosa of middle nasal meatus  13
						.
					 Cartilaginous part auditory tube  14
						.
					 Posterior inferior nasal branches of sphenopalatine ganglion  15
						.
					 Posterior lateral nasal artery  16
						.
					 Bony pharyngeal auditory tube  17
						.
					 Levator veli palatini muscle  18
						.
					 Anterior palatine nerve  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle (cut off) Lower pointer: Pterygoid hamulus  20
						.
					 Pharyngopalatine muscle  21
						.
					 Glossopalatine muscle (cut through)  22
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  23
						.
					 Palatine tonsil  24
						.
					 Epiglottis  25
						.
					 Laryngeal part of pharynx


Dissection of nasal fossae, nasal pharynx, and palate
										 Relations of nasal passages, maxillary sinus, palate and sphenopalatine ganglion, left lateral view
										The zygomatic bone has been completely removed and the lateral bony walls of the maxillary sinus (20) and inferior nasal meatus (21) have been cut away. The sinus is unusually small. The connections of the sphenopalatine ganglion (17) have been dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Tendon of lateral rectus muscle  2
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle  3
						.
					 Infraorbital nerve and artery within infraorbital canal (note branch of artery to inferior oblique muscle)  4
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  5
						.
					 Mucosa of nasal septum  6
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  7
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha (anterior tip resected)  8
						.
					 Hard palate  9
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine maxillae  10
						.
					 Muscles of upper lip (sectioned in midline)  11
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla (edentulous)  12
						.
					 Levator palpebrae superioris muscle and superior rectus muscle  13
						.
					 Sheath of optic nerve  14
						.
					 Ophthalmic nerve (V)  15
						.
					 Inferior rectus muscle  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenoid sinus (cut open) Lower pointer: Vidian nerve of pterygoid canal (bony canal opened)  17
						.
					 Sphenopalatine ganglion  18
						.
					 Terminal portion of internal maxillary artery (cut off)  19
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar nerve  20
						.
					 Mucosal membrane maxillary sinus  21
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar artery and mucosal membrane inferior nasal meatus  22
						.
					 Branches of anterior palatine nerve  23
						.
					 Greater palatine artery  24
						.
					 Remnant of lateral plate of pterygoid process  25
						.
					 Tunica palatine mucosa  26
						.
					 Tongue


Dissection of nose
										 Cartilage of nasal septum
										The mucous membrane which lines the lateral wall of the nasal fossa has been exposed by removal of the nasal bone and much of the frontal process of the maxilla. The original margin of these bones are still evident at 6. The nasal bone overlapped the lateral nasal cartilage (3) to a considerable extent. The bony nasolacrimal canal (21) has been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Nasal bone  2
						.
					 Cut margin of bony nasal wall  3
						.
					 Remnant of lateral nasal cartilage beneath nasal bone  4
						.
					 External nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve  5
						.
					 Nasal mucosal membrane (periosteal surface)  6
						.
					 Line of bony nasal margin prior to dissection  7
						.
					 Middle nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve  8
						.
					 Septal cartilage  9
						.
					 Mucosal membrane of nasal septum (dissected)  10
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha (area of articulation with lateral bony wall)  11
						.
					 Greater alar cartilage (lateral crus cut off)  12
						.
					 Medial crus of greater alar cartilage  13
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine maxilla  14
						.
					 Artery of nasal septum  15
						.
					 Depressor septi nasi muscle (cut off)  16
						.
					 Superior labial branches of infraorbital nerve and orbicularis oris muscle  17
						.
					 Inferior tarsus  18
						.
					 Eyeball  19
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of eye  20
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle  21
						.
					 Periosteum lining nasolacrimal canal  22
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture  23
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  24
						.
					 Zygomatic bone (cut across)  25
						.
					 Anterior superior alveolar artery  26
						.
					 Nasal incisure (maxilla)  27
						.
					 Internal nasal branch of infraorbital nerve  28
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  29
						.
					 Superior labial artery


Dissection of nose
										 Vestibule
										The lateral wall of the nose has been cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Nasal bone  2
						.
					 External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve  3
						.
					 Lateral nasal cartilage (cut away)  4
						.
					 Nasal septum  5
						.
					 Greater alar cartilage (lateral crus cut away)  6
						.
					 Nasal mucosal membrane  7
						.
					 Apex nasi  8
						.
					 Hair  9
						.
					 Vestibule (of nose)  10
						.
					 Cut edge of skin of mobile nasal septum  11
						.
					 Artery of nasal septum  12
						.
					 Depressor septi nasi muscle (lateral fibers form alar part nasalis muscle, not a separate muscle in this case)  13
						.
					 Superior labial branches infraorbital nerve (cut ofl)  14
						.
					 Labial gland  15
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle  16
						.
					 Frontal process of maxilla  17
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle  18
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  19
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture  20
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle  21
						.
					 Branches of infraorbital nerve emerging from infraorbital foramen  22
						.
					 Transverse part of nasalis muscle (cut off)  23
						.
					 Canine fossa  24
						.
					 Remnant of angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  25
						.
					 Internal nasal branch infraorbital nerve (cut off)  26
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle (cut off)  27
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  28
						.
					 Superior labial artery


Dissection of nose
										 Nasal exoskeleton, anterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Nasal bone  2
						.
					 Nasomaxillary suture  3
						.
					 Transverse part of nasalis muscle  4
						.
					 External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve  5
						.
					 Lateral nasal cartilage  6
						.
					 Septal cartilage (covered by membrane)  7
						.
					 Deep vein  8
						.
					 Lesser alar cartilage and membranous portion of nasal wall  9
						.
					 Lateral crus of greater alar cartilage  10
						.
					 Apex of nose  11
						.
					 Ala nasi  12
						.
					 Naris  13
						.
					 Remnants of levator labii superioris muscle  14
						.
					 Artery of nasal septum  15
						.
					 Medial palpebral ligament  16
						.
					 Frontal process of maxilla  17
						.
					 Artery of periosteum  18
						.
					 Orbital septum  19
						.
					 Inferior palpebral branches of infraorbital nerve  20
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle (cut off)  21
						.
					 External nasal branch of infraorbital nerve  22
						.
					 Internal nasal branch of infraorbital nerve  23
						.
					 Buccal branch of facial nerve (joining infraorbital plexus)  24
						.
					 Superior labial branches infraorbital nerve


Dissection of nose
										 External nasal nerve; arteries of nose, left anterolateral view
										The transverse part of the nasal muscle has been removed. Two branches (6,8) of the external nasal nerve are visible. These emerge through the membrane which covers the junction of the nasal bone and lateral nasal cartilage. A filament of the external nasal branch (10) of the infraorbital nerve crosses the external nasal nerves superficially. No communication was found between the nerves.

														 1
						.
					 Branch infratrochlear nerve  2
						.
					 Procerus muscle  3
						.
					 Dorsal nasal artery  4
						.
					 Periosteum of nasal bone  5
						.
					 Angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  6
						.
					 External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve (medial branch)  7
						.
					 Transverse part of nasalis muscle  8
						.
					 External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve (lateral branch)  9
						.
					 Perichondrium of lateral nasal cartilage  10
						.
					 External nasal branch of infraorbital nerve  11
						.
					 Apex of nose  12
						.
					 Naris  13
						.
					 Ala nasi  14
						.
					 Infratrochlear nerve  15
						.
					 Middle palpebral artery  16
						.
					 Frontal artery  17
						.
					 Orbicularis oculi muscle (cut across)  18
						.
					 Superior tarsus  19
						.
					 Medial palpebral ligament  20
						.
					 Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi muscle  21
						.
					 Angularis artery and vein  22
						.
					 Orbital part orbicularis oculi muscle  23
						.
					 Nasal branch of angular artery  24
						.
					 Alar branch of angular artery  25
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle


Dissection of nose
										 Superficial nerves and blood vessels; transverse nasal muscle, left anterolateral view
										The skin and subcutaneous connective tissue have been removed. The external nasal nerve is obscured by the transverse nasal muscle and a fascial plane which extends from this muscle toward the apex of the nose.

														 1
						.
					 Branches of supratrochlear nerve left  2
						.
					 Branch supratrochlear nerve right  3
						.
					 Procerus muscle and base of nose  4
						.
					 Angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  5
						.
					 Transverse part of nasalis muscle  6
						.
					 External nasal branch infraorbital nerve  7
						.
					 Nasal insertion of angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  8
						.
					 Orbital part orbicularis oculi muscle  9
						.
					 Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi muscle  10
						.
					 Branches of supratrochlear nerve  11
						.
					 Branches of infratrochlear nerve  12
						.
					 Skin of margin of eyelid  13
						.
					 Angular artery  14
						.
					 Nasal branch of angular artery  15
						.
					 Branches of infraorbital nerve  16
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle


Oral cavity
										 Roof of oral cavity, inferior view
										The palatine arches (13,14) have been cut across and the tongue, mandible and associated structures have been removed. The left upper lip and buccal wall have been cut away. The teeth are numbered in the drawing in the conventional fashion. The third molar teeth were not present.

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisor  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Molar I  7
						.
					 Molar II  8
						.
					 Upper lip  9
						.
					 Angle of mouth  10
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (at labial commissure)  11
						.
					 Hard palate  12
						.
					 Gingiva  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Glossopalatine muscle (cut off) Lower pointer: Palatoglossal arch  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Palatopharyngeal arch Lower pointer: Palatopharyngeal muscle  15
						.
					 Incisive papilla  16
						.
					 Transverse palatine fold  17
						.
					 Palatine raphe  18
						.
					 Palatine fovea  19
						.
					 Soft palate  20
						.
					 Uvula  21
						.
					 Palatine tonsil (atrophic)


Oral cavity
										 Faucial isthmus and soft palate, anterior view
										The subject is a young, adult male.

														 1
						.
					 Velum palatinum (soft palate)  2
						.
					 Papilla and ostium of parotid duct  3
						.
					 Tonsillar sinus  4
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  5
						.
					 Uvula  6
						.
					 Dorsum of tongue  7
						.
					 Median sulcus of tongue  8
						.
					 Fungiform papilla  9
						.
					 Apex of tongue  10
						.
					 Medial incisor (superior)  11
						.
					 Palatopharyngeal arch (lateral boundary of faucial isthmus)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Palatoglossal arch (lateral boundary of faucial isthmus) Lower pointer: Palatine tonsil  13
						.
					 Vallate papilla  14
						.
					 Lateral margin of tongue


Oral cavity
										 Inferior surface of tongue and floor of mouth
										The subject is young, adult male. The mouth has been opened widely and the tongue elevated. The entire inferior dental arch is visible.

														 1
						.
					 Apex of tongue (above pointer)  2
						.
					 Lateral margin of tongue  3
						.
					 Inferior surface of tongue  4
						.
					 Frenulum of tongue  5
						.
					 Fimbriated fold (of tongue)  6
						.
					 Lingual vein (visible beneath mucosa)  7
						.
					 Lower lip  8
						.
					 Sublingual caruncle (openings of submandibular duct)  9
						.
					 Sublingual fold  10
						.
					 Gingiva  11
						.
					 Openings of minor sublingual duct


Dissection of oral region
										 Intrinsic muscles of tongue; deep lingual artery, left lateral view
										The tongue has been dissected and elevated.

														 1
						.
					 Nasal mucosal membrane and hard palate  2
						.
					 Dorsum of tongue  3
						.
					 Transverse palatine fold  4
						.
					 Gingiva  5
						.
					 Apex of tongue  6
						.
					 Branches of lingual nerve (cut off)  7
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  8
						.
					 Mental spine (genial tubercle)  9
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle right  10
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle (cut across at raphe)  11
						.
					 Greater palatine artery  12
						.
					 Levator veli palatini muscle (cut off)  13
						.
					 Tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle (cut off)  14
						.
					 Tunica of lingual mucosa  15
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  16
						.
					 Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue  17
						.
					 Hyoglossus muscle (cut across)  18
						.
					 Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue  19
						.
					 Deep lingual artery  20
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle  21
						.
					 Branches of hypoglossal nerve (cut off)  22
						.
					 Lesser horn hyoid bone  23
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone


Dissection of oral region
										 Genoglossus muscle; lingual artery; glossopharyngeal nerve, left lateral view
										The lingual and hypoglossal nerves have been partially removed and the hyoglossus muscle cut through to expose the lingual artery (22) and its major branches. Periosteum has been stripped from the hyoid bone and the left lamina of the thyroid cartilage has been resected. The styloglossus muscle has been divided to expose the stylopharyngeus muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Nasal mucosal membrane (periosteal surface)  2
						.
					 Medial incisor  3
						.
					 Fimbriated fold (of tongue)  4
						.
					 Cut ends of lingual nerve  5
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  6
						.
					 Hyoglossus muscle (partially resected) and deep lingual artery  7
						.
					 Sublingual artery (cut off)  8
						.
					 Branches of hypoglossal nerve (cut off)  9
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle (fibers separated)  10
						.
					 Position of epiglottal cartilage (beneath membrane)  11
						.
					 Lamina right thyroid cartilage  12
						.
					 Palatine nerves anterior and medial  13
						.
					 Levator veli palatini muscle  14
						.
					 Tensor veli palatini muscle  15
						.
					 Lymphatic vessel draining soft palate  16
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  17
						.
					 Ascending palatine artery  18
						.
					 Stylopharyngeus muscle  19
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle (cut across, fibers separated to expose branch of hypoglossal nerve entering inferior part of muscle)  20
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  21
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (cut off)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lingual artery Lower pointer: Hyoid branch of lingual artery (cut off)  23
						.
					 External carotid artery (pointer opposite origin of superior laryngeal artery)  24
						.
					 Upper pointers: Branches of dorsal tongue lingual artery Lower pointer: Lesser horn hyoid bone  25
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior laryngeal artery Lower pointer: Superior laryngeal nerve  27
						.
					 Piriform recess (outer surface of mucosa)  28
						.
					 Medial laryngeal gland


Dissection of oral region
										 Nerve supply to geniohyoid and hyoglossus muscles, left lateral view
										The lingual and hypoglossal nerves have been elevated.

														 1
						.
					 Mucosa of hard palate  2
						.
					 Transverse palatine fold  3
						.
					 Tongue  4
						.
					 Medial incisor  5
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  6
						.
					 Sublingual artery  7
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle (fascicles separated to expose nerves)  8
						.
					 Hyoid bone  9
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  10
						.
					 Anterior palatine nerve  11
						.
					 Lingual nerve  12
						.
					 Buccopharyngeal fascia  13
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle  14
						.
					 Ascending palatine artery  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior facial vein Lower pointer: External maxillary artery  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: External carotid artery Lower pointer: Lingual artery  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hyoglossus muscle Lower pointer: Muscular branches of hypoglossal nerve  18
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  19
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve  20
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cut end of stylohyoid muscle Lower pointer: Piriform recess (outer surface of mucosa)


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Lamina terminalis
										The rostral lamina (8) of the corpus callosum has been cut back to the midline and medial parts of the hemisphere removed to expose the lamina terminalis (9). The lamina terminalis is easily separated from the callosal fibers and it can be seen to extend anteriorly within the septum pellucidum. The longitudinal fibers seen in the previous stage can also be followed forward. The column of the fornix is removed.

														 1
						.
					 Frontal part internal capsule  2
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  3
						.
					 Fiber bundles within septum pellucidum  4
						.
					 Subcallosal gyrus (pedunculus corporis callosi)  5
						.
					 Interventricular foramen (of Monro)  6
						.
					 Choroid plexus  7
						.
					 Corpus callosum (ventricular surface)  8
						.
					 Rostral lamina of corpus callosum (cut across)  9
						.
					 Lamina terminalis  10
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery right  11
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  12
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  13
						.
					 Anterior commissure (cut across)  14
						.
					 Tuber cinereum  15
						.
					 Thalamus  16
						.
					 Remnant of Fornix (column)  17
						.
					 Mamillary body  18
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Longitudinal fibers within septum pellucidum
										The body and crus of the fornix have been removed from the specimen and the column of the fornix (12) turned out from its normal position. A system of fibers is exposed which courses longitudinally above the fornix in the septum pellucidum. By dissecting the septum pellucidum (8) anteriorly these can be traced into the region of the lamina terminalis. Posteriorly the fibers appear to blend with the occipital radiation of the corpus callosum. No connection with the hippocampal structures could be found.

														 1
						.
					 Corpus callosum  2
						.
					 Corona radiata  3
						.
					 Septum pellucidum (ependymal membrane removed)  4
						.
					 Dentate fascia  5
						.
					 "Alveus"  6
						.
					 Tapetum viewed through posterior horn of lateral ventricle  7
						.
					 Collateral fissure  8
						.
					 Septum pellucidum (thick portion in paraterminal area dissected free and lifted up)  9
						.
					 Radiation of rostral lamina of corpus callosum  10
						.
					 Anterior commissure (cut across)  11
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  12
						.
					 Fornix (column) (cut across and turned laterally)  13
						.
					 Mamillary body  14
						.
					 Thalamus  15
						.
					 Fibers within septum pellucidum (described above)  16
						.
					 Stria medullaris thalami  17
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  18
						.
					 Corpus callosum (splenium)  19
						.
					 Arachnoid (within transverse fissure which is now opened widely)


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Cavity of third ventricle; continuity of choroid plexus of third and lateral ventricles
										The cavity of the third ventricle has been exposed from the right side by the resection fo the remaining thalamic structures. No massa intermedia is present in this specimen. The brain is tilted somewhat so that the view is toward the midline from below. The choroid plexus of the third ventricle is pulled away from its attachement along the left thalamus. The left interventricular foramen is visible.

														 1
						.
					 Septum pellucidum  2
						.
					 Corpus callosum (ventricular surface)  3
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  4
						.
					 Corona radiata (cut across)  5
						.
					 Choroid plexus third ventricle  6
						.
					 Fornix (body)  7
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  8
						.
					 Area of hippocampal commissure  9
						.
					 Choroidal branch of posterior cerebral artery  10
						.
					 Fornix (crus) (cut across)  11
						.
					 Anterior commissure (cut across)  12
						.
					 Parolfactory area (dissected)  13
						.
					 Interventricular foramen right (exposed by removal of the thalamus)  14
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  15
						.
					 Interventricular foramen left  16
						.
					 Fornix (column)  17
						.
					 Hypothalamus (medial surface)  18
						.
					 Mamillary body  19
						.
					 Thalamus (medial surface)  20
						.
					 Hypothalamic sulcus  21
						.
					 Stria medullaris thalami  22
						.
					 Transverse cerebral fissure (exposed by separation of choroid plexus of third ventricle from thalamus)  23
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  24
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  25
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery (cut across)  26
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV) (displaced)


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Interventricular foramen and column of fornix
										The mammillothalamic tract is cut back and the column of the fornix exposed in its course around the interventricular foramen (3) and down to the mammillary body.

														 1
						.
					 Septum pellucidum (ventricular surface)  2
						.
					 Corpus callosum (ventricular surface)  3
						.
					 Interventricular foramen  4
						.
					 Medial nucleus of thalamus (dissected)  5
						.
					 Fornix (body)  6
						.
					 Choroidal vessels and meninges along roof of third ventricle (exposed in next view)  7
						.
					 Corpus callosum (splenium)  8
						.
					 Radiation of rostral lamina of corpus callosum (medial to position of head of caudate nucleus)  9
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  10
						.
					 Free part of column of fornix  11
						.
					 Anterior commissure (cut across)  12
						.
					 Tectal part of column of fornix  13
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  14
						.
					 Mamillothalamic tract (cut across)  15
						.
					 Mamillary body  16
						.
					 Interpeduncular fossa  17
						.
					 Habenular nucleus  18
						.
					 Substantia nigra (cut across)  19
						.
					 Pons


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Relations of hippocampal structures near splenium of corpus callosum
										The meninges have been removed from the inferior surfaces of the fornix, dentate fascia, hippocampal commissure and splenium of the corpus callosum nearly to the midline. The relations of structures in this transitional area are visualized. In this region the fornix and hippocampal commissure remain inferior to the corpus callosum, whereas the dentate fascia passes around behind the splenium, as the fasciola cinerea, to be continuous on the superior surface of the corpus callosum with the induseum griseum and longitudinal striae.

														 1
						.
					 Corpus callosum (ventricular surface)  2
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  3
						.
					 Corona radiata (dissected)  4
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  5
						.
					 Fornix (body)  6
						.
					 Posterior thick portion of septum pellucidum (area occupied by hippocampal commissure)  7
						.
					 Fornix (crus) (cut across)  8
						.
					 Dentate fascia  9
						.
					 Hippocampus (cut across)  10
						.
					 Posterior horn lateral ventricle  11
						.
					 Collateral fissure  12
						.
					 Fusiform gyrus (cut across)  13
						.
					 Mamillothalamic tract  14
						.
					 Medial nucleus of thalamus (dissected)  15
						.
					 Meninges and choroidal vessels in region of roof of third ventricle  16
						.
					 Substantia nigra (cut across)  17
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  18
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  19
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV)  20
						.
					 Corpus callosum (splenium)  21
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery (cut across)  22
						.
					 Limbic lobe  23
						.
					 Hippocampal gyrus(separated from Limbic lobe by anterior extension of calcarine fissure)  24
						.
					 Cerebellum (cut across)  25
						.
					 Medial surface of opposite hemisphere visible through widely opened transverse fissure


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Relations of choroid plexus and fornix to transverse fissure
										The stria terminalis, lamina affixa and ependymal surface of the caudate nucleus have been cut away. All of the structures which form the floor of the central part of the lateral ventricle are thus removed. The cerebral peduncle is further cut back.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior nucleus of thalamus  2
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  3
						.
					 Internal capsule (cut across at junction with corona radiata)  4
						.
					 Corpus callosum forming roof of lateral ventricle  5
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  6
						.
					 Fornix (body) (choroid plexus attaches to head of fornix along lateral margin of fornix)  7
						.
					 Choroidal vein (uninjected)  8
						.
					 Choroidal branch of posterior cerebral artery  9
						.
					 Fornix (crus)  10
						.
					 Dentate fascia (hippocampus)  11
						.
					 Hippocampal gyrus  12
						.
					 Anterior commissure  13
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  14
						.
					 Mamillothalamic tract  15
						.
					 Mamillary body  16
						.
					 Medial nucleus of thalamus (dissected)  17
						.
					 Cut surface of thalamus  18
						.
					 Substantia nigra  19
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  20
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle (cut across)  21
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV)  22
						.
					 Pons


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Transverse fissure and lateral ventricle exposed by removal of thalamus
										The thalamus has now been cut away so that only its most medial and anterior portions remain. The lamina affixa (6), which covered the upper lateral part of the thalamus, is partially removed so that in effect the choroidal fissure (8) is opened from below and one looks directly into the medial part of the body of the lateral ventricle which is collapsed. The roof of the ventricle, formed by the corpus callosum, is seen at (7).

														 1
						.
					 Frontal part corona radiata  2
						.
					 Ependymal membrane of superior surface of caudate nucleus  3
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  4
						.
					 Internal capsule (cut across at junction with corona radiata)  5
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus  6
						.
					 Lamina affixa (partially cut away)  7
						.
					 Corpus callosum (inferior surface visible through body of lateral ventricle)  8
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle (attached to head of fornix)  9
						.
					 Choroid plexus inferior horn of lateral ventricle  10
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  11
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  12
						.
					 Anterior commissure  13
						.
					 Stria terminalis (note continuity with parolfactory area)  14
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  15
						.
					 Mamillothalamic tract (Vicq d'Azyr)  16
						.
					 Mamillary body  17
						.
					 Fornix (body)  18
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  19
						.
					 Dentate fascia (hippocampus)


Dissection of oral region
										 Lingual and hypoglossal nerves; submaxillary duct, left lateral view
										The internal pterygoid, mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscles have been removed. The alveolar process of the maxilla has also been cut away, and nerves and vessels exposed in the palate. The sublingual gland has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Hard palate  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Greater palatine artery and mucosa of palate Lower pointer: Transverse palatine fold (sectioned)  3
						.
					 Lateral lingual margin  4
						.
					 Apex of tongue  5
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  6
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Platysma  8
						.
					 Digastric muscle right  9
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle left (transected at raphe and along attachment to hyoid bone)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Body of hyoid bone Lower pointer: Thyroglossal duct (fibrous remnant)  11
						.
					 Anterior palatine nerve within pterygopalatine canal  12
						.
					 Tensor veli palatini muscle  13
						.
					 Cut edge of buccinator muscle near pterygomandibular raphe  14
						.
					 Dorsum of tongue  15
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  16
						.
					 Ascending palatine artery  17
						.
					 Minor sublingual duct  18
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle  19
						.
					 Lingual nerve  20
						.
					 External maxillary artery (note plexus of nerves derived from superior cervical ganglion)  21
						.
					 Submandibular duct  22
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lingual artery Lower pointer: Hyoglossus muscle  24
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  25
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery (in this case the artery arises from the external carotid rather than the superior thyroid artery)  26
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle (cut off)  27
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  28
						.
					 Piriform recess (outer aspect of mucosa)  29
						.
					 Left lamina thyroid cartilage


Dissection of oral region
										 Relation of sublingual gland to tongue, left lateral view
										The mylohyoid and digastric muscles have been reflected inferiorly to demonstrate the relations of the tongue, sublingual gland, lingual and hypoglossal nerves, and geniohyoid muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Superior labial artery (cut off)  2
						.
					 Dorsum linguae  3
						.
					 Fimbriated fold (of tongue)  4
						.
					 Sublingual fold  5
						.
					 Sublingual gland  6
						.
					 Sublingual lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels  7
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  8
						.
					 Submental artery  9
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  10
						.
					 Parotid duct  11
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  12
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (cut across)  13
						.
					 Lingual nerve  14
						.
					 Stylohyoid ligament  15
						.
					 Mylohyoid nerve  16
						.
					 Submandibular ganglion  17
						.
					 External maxillary artery (cut off)  18
						.
					 Tendon of digastric muscle  19
						.
					 Submandibular duct  20
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  21
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle


Dissection of oral region
										 Oral cavity opened; nerves to mylohyoid and digastric muscles, left lateral view
										The left half of the mandible has been removed, and the lower lip and much of the cheek resected. The mylohyoid muscle lies approximately in its normal position. The anterior belly of the digastric muscle has been turned inferiorly and opened to expose its nerve and arterial supply.

														 1
						.
					 Labial glands  2
						.
					 Medial incisor (sectioned vertically, pointer on pulp cavity)  3
						.
					 Plica fimbriata  4
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle (sectioned)  5
						.
					 Sublingual fold  6
						.
					 Sublingual gland  7
						.
					 Mandible  8
						.
					 Tendon of geniohyoid muscle  9
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  10
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  11
						.
					 Parotid duct (at entrance to oral cavity)  12
						.
					 Buccal mucosa  13
						.
					 Lingual nerve (note close relation to buccal wall and tongue)  14
						.
					 Tongue  15
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Submental artery Lower pointer: Mylohyoid nerve  17
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle (cut across)  18
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage


Dissection of oral region
										 Lingual nerve; submaxillary ganglion and plexus, left lateral view
										The mylohyoid muscle has been retracted inferiorly and the lingual nerve freed of its connective tissue.

														 1
						.
					 Buccinator muscle and gingiva  2
						.
					 Sublingual gland  3
						.
					 Sublingual nerve (plexiform)  4
						.
					 Mandible (cut across)  5
						.
					 Submandibular gland (deep lobule)  6
						.
					 Tendon of digastric muscle  7
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle (retracted inferiorly)  8
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  9
						.
					 Lingual nerve  10
						.
					 Mylohyoid nerve  11
						.
					 Branches of lingual nerve  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal pterygoid muscle (pointer on area of insertion on angle of mandible) Lower pointer: Muscular branch of external maxillary artery  13
						.
					 External maxillary artery  14
						.
					 Submandibular ganglion  15
						.
					 Submandibular duct  16
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle  17
						.
					 Submental artery  18
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  19
						.
					 External carotid artery  20
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  21
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve


Dissection of oral region
										 Mylohyoid muscle and nerve; internal pterygoid muscle, left anterolateral view
										Part of the mandible has been removed. A remnant of the angle (18) and ramus of the mandible has been retracted laterally. The buccinator muscle remains intact. This part of the jaw was edentulous so that the gingival tissue (6) appears intact.

														 1
						.
					 Buccal nerve  2
						.
					 Body maxilla  3
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  4
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  5
						.
					 Branches of buccal nerve  6
						.
					 Gingiva  7
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle (detached from mylohyoid line mandible)  8
						.
					 Submental artery  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Mental nerve (approaching mental foramen) Lower pointer: Mandible (cut across)  10
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  11
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle  12
						.
					 Inferior alveolar artery (cut off)  13
						.
					 Inferior alveolar nerve (cut off)  14
						.
					 Sphenomandibular ligament (two distinct bands in this specimen)  15
						.
					 Mylohyoid nerve (note relation to lingula of mandible near upper pointer)  16
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  17
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  18
						.
					 Angle of mandible (retracted laterally)  19
						.
					 External maxillary artery (cut off)  20
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  21
						.
					 Submandibular duct  22
						.
					 Submandibular lymph node  23
						.
					 Bifurcation of common carotid artery


Dissection of oral region
										 Nerves and blood vessels to upper teeth, left lateral view
										The soft tissues have been removed from the maxilla, which in turn has been cut away to reveal the roots of the upper teeth. The buccal wall (24) and a portion of the masseter muscle (23) have been retained. The orbital contents have been removed and the mucosa of the maxillary sinus exposed. The superior alveolar nerves and arteries have been dissected. The course of some of the nerve filaments is indicated by interrupted lines in the drawing. These filaments are not clearly visible in the view but their position has been verified in the dissection. A dense network of venules was present in each peridental membrane. This has been preserved only over the root of the second premolar tooth (8).

														 1
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  2
						.
					 Anterior superior alveolar branches infraorbital nerve  3
						.
					 Infraorbital artery  4
						.
					 Anterior superior alveolar arteries  5
						.
					 Superior dental plexus  6
						.
					 Naris  7
						.
					 Root of canine  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Septal branch of superior labial artery Lower pointer: Alveolar periosteum (dense plexus of venules injected)  9
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla (bone surface intact in stippled area)  10
						.
					 Gingiva  11
						.
					 Upper lip  12
						.
					 Infraorbital sulcus  13
						.
					 Pterygopalatine fossa (internal maxillary artery and pterygoid plexus of veins visible but not drawn)  14
						.
					 Mucosa of maxillary sinus  15
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar nerve  16
						.
					 Infratemporal surface of maxilla  17
						.
					 Buccal branch of superior posterior alveolar nerve  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior posterior alveolar artery Lower pointer: Buccal branch of above artery  19
						.
					 Periosteum (detached from maxilla)  20
						.
					 Superior dental branches of superior dental plexus  21
						.
					 Buccal nerve  22
						.
					 Superior gingival artery and nerve  23
						.
					 Masseter muscle (partially resected)  24
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (cut across)  25
						.
					 Parotid duct  26
						.
					 Upper molar I (below normal position see note with previous view)


Dissection of oral region
										 Nerves and blood vessels to lower teeth, left lateral view
										The soft tissues have been cut away to expose the left half of the body of the mandible. The bone has been ground away to reveal the dental roots together with their nerves and vessels. Nearly all of the numerous veins which accompanied the inferior alveolar artery in the mandibular canal has been cut away. The late results of dental extraction are of interest in this specimen in which the lower first molar had been removed at some time during life. Complete healing of the alveolar bone and some hollowing of the alveolar margin has occurred. The upper first-molar (7) has descended into the gap created by the extraction, and the lower second molar (10) has become tilted anteriorly. Two nerve filaments and small blood vessels extended into the area of the extraction.

														 1
						.
					 Canine  2
						.
					 Gingiva  3
						.
					 Vascular plexus in alveolar periosteum (injected with blue latex)  4
						.
					 Cut section of lower lip near midline  5
						.
					 Inferior dental branches inferior dental plexus  6
						.
					 Mental nerve and artery emerging from mental foramen (cut open)  7
						.
					 Upper molar I (protruding below normal position see note above)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Masseter muscle (central portion) Lower pointer: Buccinator muscle  9
						.
					 Parotid duct  10
						.
					 Dens molaris inferior II (tilted anteriorly as result of extraction of first molar)  11
						.
					 Inferior alveolar nerve within mandibular canal  12
						.
					 Gingiva and alveolar part of mandible (at former site of molar I)  13
						.
					 Inferior alveolar artery  14
						.
					 Margin of dissected area of mandible (note thickness of compact bone)  15
						.
					 Anterior facial vein (cut off)  16
						.
					 External maxillary artery (covered by plexus of small veins; cut end obscured by fat)


Dissection of oral region
										 Left mandibular canal; inferior alveolar nerve and artery, lateral view
										The muscles of expression have been completely removed from the left half of the face. The lips, mucosa of the oral cavity with its associated glands, and the buccinator muscle (20) have been preserved. The ramus of the mandible, masseter and temporal muscles, and zygomatic arch have been cut away. The contents of the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae are visible. The body of the mandible has been partially cut away (22) in order to demonstrate the course of the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve (21). Numerous small veins filled with blue latex surrounded the inferior alveolar artery and nerve and were removed.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Infraorbital margin Lower pointer: Infraorbital foramen  2
						.
					 Nasal mucosal membrane (lateral wall)  3
						.
					 Septal cartilage  4
						.
					 Internal nasal branch of infraorbital nerve  5
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle (cut ends of fibers)  6
						.
					 Superior labial branch of infraorbital nerve  7
						.
					 Upper lip  8
						.
					 Superior labial artery  9
						.
					 Labial glands  10
						.
					 Mental nerve  11
						.
					 Temporalis muscle (fibers of origin in temporal fossa)  12
						.
					 Maxillary nerve (in pterygopalatine fossa)  13
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle (superior fascicle)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Deep anterior temporal artery Lower pointer: Superior posterior alveolar artery  15
						.
					 Buccal artery  16
						.
					 Buccal nerve  17
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle (inferior fascicle)  18
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenomandibular ligament Middle pointer: Inferior alveolar artery (course within mandibular canal obscured by inferior alveolar nerve) Lower pointer: Inferior alveolaris nerve  20
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  21
						.
					 Inferior alveolar nerve within mandibular canal  22
						.
					 Mandible (lateral portion cut away to display contents of mandibular canal)  23
						.
					 External maxillary artery (cut off)  24
						.
					 Lymph node


Left infraorbital, labial and buccal regions
										 Mental nerve; marginal mandibular branches of facial nerve; labial glands, anterolateral view
										The quadratus labii inferioris, the inferior part of the orbicularis oris and part of the mental muscle have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Labial gland Lower pointer: Oral mucosa (lamina propria)  2
						.
					 Labial commissure  3
						.
					 Lower lip  4
						.
					 Labial glands  5
						.
					 Inferior labial artery (cut off)  6
						.
					 Midline section through muscles of mental region  7
						.
					 Mentalis muscle (area of origin from mandible)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior labial branches of mental nerve Lower pointer: Mentalis branch of mental nerve  9
						.
					 Mentum  10
						.
					 Superior labial artery  11
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  12
						.
					 Parotid duct (cut off)  13
						.
					 Zygomaticus muscle (cut across)  14
						.
					 Buccal nerve  15
						.
					 External maxillary artery  16
						.
					 Inferior labial artery and buccinator muscle  17
						.
					 Mandible  18
						.
					 Filaments of marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve  19
						.
					 Mental foramen  20
						.
					 Origin of depressor labii inferioris muscle  21
						.
					 Digastric muscle and hyoid bone


Left infraorbital, labial and buccal regions
										 Orbicularis oris muscle; labial arteries, anterior view
										The quadratus labii superioris, zygomaticus, risorius and triangularis muscles have been resected. The labial arteries(3,18) have been exposed by removal of portions of the deeper muscle tissue.

														 1
						.
					 Fibers of depressor septi nasi muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle (superior portion)  3
						.
					 Superior labial artery  4
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle (inferior portion)  5
						.
					 Mentalis muscle  6
						.
					 Internal nasal branch of infraorbital nerve  7
						.
					 Zygomatic bone  8
						.
					 Buccal branch facial nerve (cut off)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Buccal fat pad Lower pointer: Buccinator muscle  10
						.
					 Parotid duct (cut off)  11
						.
					 Superior labial branches infraorbital nerve  12
						.
					 Branches of buccinator nerve  13
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (inferior part)  14
						.
					 External maxillary artery  15
						.
					 Labial commissure  16
						.
					 Mandible  17
						.
					 Labial gland  18
						.
					 Inferior labial artery  19
						.
					 Marginal mandibular branch facial nerve  20
						.
					 Depressor labii inferioris muscle


Left infraorbital, labial and buccal regions
										 Branches of infraorbital nerve, anterolateral view
										The quadratus labii superioris muscle has been almost completely removed and the periosteum has been scraped from exposed bony surfaces.

														 1
						.
					 External nasal branch anterior ethmoidal nerve  2
						.
					 Nasomaxillary suture  3
						.
					 Frontal process of maxilla  4
						.
					 External nasal branch anterior ethmoidal nerve  5
						.
					 Lateral nasal cartilage  6
						.
					 Greater alar cartilage  7
						.
					 Lesser alar cartilage  8
						.
					 Angular head of levator labii superioris muscle (cut off)  9
						.
					 Ala nasi  10
						.
					 Naris  11
						.
					 External nasal branches infraorbital nerve  12
						.
					 Artery of nasal septum  13
						.
					 Skin of philtrum  14
						.
					 Depressor septi nasi muscle  15
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle  16
						.
					 Superior labial branches Infraorbital nerve  17
						.
					 Inferior palpebra  18
						.
					 Orbicularis oculi muscle (cut off)  19
						.
					 Orbital branch of angular artery  20
						.
					 Orbital septum  21
						.
					 Artery which was situated in periosteum  22
						.
					 Inferior palpebral branches of infraorbital nerve  23
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle (cut off)  24
						.
					 Infraorbital artery  25
						.
					 Internal nasal branch of infraorbital nerve  26
						.
					 Anastomosis of buccal branches of facial nerve (cut off) with infraorbital nerve  27
						.
					 Caninus muscle  28
						.
					 Buccinator muscle


Left infraorbital, labial and buccal regions
										 Relation of infraorbital plexus of nerves to quadratus labii superioris muscle, anterolateral view
										The orbicularis oculi muscle has been reflected superiorly. The zygomatic head (16) of the quadratus labii superioris muscle has been cut off and its infraorbital head turned superomedially (5). The zygomatic muscle has been removed. The angular artery has been transected.

														 1
						.
					 Orbicularis oculi muscle (reflected superiorly)  2
						.
					 Angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  3
						.
					 Inferior palpebral branches of infraorbital nerve  4
						.
					 Branch of facial nerve to angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  5
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle (reflected)  6
						.
					 Superior labial branches Infraorbital nerve  7
						.
					 Muscular branch of angular artery  8
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle  9
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle  10
						.
					 Upper lip  11
						.
					 Cut fibers of zygomaticus muscle and infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle  12
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  13
						.
					 Orbital branch of angular artery  14
						.
					 Branch of facial nerve to orbicularis oculi muscle  15
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture  16
						.
					 Zygomatic head of levator labii superioris muscle  17
						.
					 Buccal branches of facial nerve  18
						.
					 Masseter muscle  19
						.
					 Parotid duct (cut off)  20
						.
					 Anterior facial vein  21
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  22
						.
					 Angular artery (cut off)  23
						.
					 Superior labial artery


Left infraorbital, labial and buccal regions
										 Nerves and muscles of upper lip
										A portion of the quadratus labii superioris muscle has been reflected superiorly (12).

														 1
						.
					 Angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  2
						.
					 Naris  3
						.
					 Ala nasi  4
						.
					 Septal branch of angular artery  5
						.
					 Filament of internal nasal branch of infraorbital nerve  6
						.
					 Artery of nasal septum (branch of superior labial artery)  7
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle  8
						.
					 Upper lip  9
						.
					 Superior labial branches infraorbital nerve  10
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle  11
						.
					 Angular artery  12
						.
					 Part of levator labii superioris muscle which inserted into skin of upper lip (reflected superiorly)  13
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle  14
						.
					 Zygomaticus muscle  15
						.
					 Superior labial artery and labial glands  16
						.
					 Angle of mouth


Left infraorbital, labial and buccal regions
										 Superficial nerves, blood vessels and muscles, anterolateral view
										The skin and subcutaneous connective tissue have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Filament of inferior palpebral branch of infraorbital nerve  2
						.
					 Angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  3
						.
					 Alar branch of angular artery  4
						.
					 Orbital part orbicularis oculi muscle  5
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle  6
						.
					 Zygomatic head of levator labii superioris muscle  7
						.
					 Angular artery  8
						.
					 Communication between facial and infraorbital nerves  9
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle  10
						.
					 Cutaneous nerve filaments from infraorbital plexus  11
						.
					 Superior labial branch of infraorbital nerve  12
						.
					 Labial glands  13
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle (superior part)  14
						.
					 Superior labial artery  15
						.
					 Upper lip  16
						.
					 Lower lip  17
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle (inferior part)  18
						.
					 Risorius muscle  19
						.
					 Zygomatic branches of facial nerve (several cutaneous filaments appear to be branches of the facial nerve although these are presumed to contain sensory fibers which reach the central nervous system through the trigeminal nerve)  20
						.
					 Accessory parotid gland  21
						.
					 Parotid-rnasseteric fascia  22
						.
					 Masseter muscle  23
						.
					 Buccal branch facial nerve (VII)  24
						.
					 Parotid duct (enclosed by sheath of connective tissue and plexus of veins)  25
						.
					 Zygomaticus muscle  26
						.
					 Anterior facial vein (incompletely filled with latex)  27
						.
					 External maxillary artery  28
						.
					 Filament of cutaneous colli nerve  29
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  30
						.
					 Platysma


Dissection of pharynx from left lateral approach
										 Interior of auditory tube
										The levator veli palatini muscle has been partially resected and the auditory tube opened.

														 1
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  2
						.
					 Inferior rectus muscle  3
						.
					 Maxillary nerve (V)  4
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  5
						.
					 Sphenopalatine ganglion  6
						.
					 Internal maxillary artery (cut across near termination)  7
						.
					 Maxillary sinus  8
						.
					 Mucosa of inferior nasal meatus  9
						.
					 Descending palatine artery  10
						.
					 Tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle (cut off)  11
						.
					 Bursa tensor veli palatini muscle  12
						.
					 Dorsum of tongue  13
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (upper pointer, pterygopharyngeus muscle; lower pointer, buccopharyngeus muscle)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal carotid artery Lower pointer: Oculomotor nerve (III)  15
						.
					 Tegmen tympani  16
						.
					 Chorda tympani  17
						.
					 Promontorium tympani and tympanic plexus  18
						.
					 Tensor tympani muscle  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Bony part auditory tube (dark area on medial wall indicates position of carotid canal) Lower pointer: Isthmus auditory tube  20
						.
					 Lateral plate I cartilaginous auditory tube  21
						.
					 Scaphoid fossa sphenoid bone (site of origin of tensor veli palatini muscle)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cartilaginous part auditory tube Lower pointer: Bony pharyngeal auditory tube  23
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch ascending pharyngeal artery  24
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Alar fascia Lower pointer: Internal carotid artery  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pharyngobasilar fascia Lower pointer: Cut end of levator veli palatini muscle  27
						.
					 Styloid process  28
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  29
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)


Dissection of pharynx from left lateral approach
										 Auditory tube; levator veli palatini muscle, lateral view
										The tensor veli palatini muscle (8) has been reflected anteriorly to expose the levator veli palatini muscle (20) as well as the cartilaginous and membranous parts of the auditory tube(5,6). The bursa between the tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle and the pterygoid hamulus is visible at 9.

														 1
						.
					 Maxillary nerve (V) (wall of foramen rotundum cut away)  2
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  3
						.
					 Sphenopalatine ganglion  4
						.
					 Pterygoid fossa  5
						.
					 Cartilaginous part auditory tube (lateral plate)  6
						.
					 Membranous plate of auditory tube  7
						.
					 Descending palatine artery  8
						.
					 Tensor veli palatini muscle (reflected anteriorly)  9
						.
					 Bursa tensor veli palatini muscle  10
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle (cut off)  11
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  12
						.
					 Major superficial petrosal nerve  13
						.
					 Tympanic cavity  14
						.
					 Mandibular nerve (V) and foramen ovale  15
						.
					 Otic ganglion  16
						.
					 Chorda tympani  17
						.
					 Origin of tensor veli palatini muscle  18
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) (facial canal opened)  19
						.
					 Alar fascia  20
						.
					 Levator veli palatini muscle  21
						.
					 Occipital artery  22
						.
					 Ascending palatine artery  23
						.
					 Styloid process  24
						.
					 Stylopharyngeus muscle  25
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  26
						.
					 Internal carotid artery and hypoglossal nerve (XII)


Dissection of left infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
										 Nerve supply to internal pterygoid muscle; mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, lateral view
										In an earlier dissection (65-6) a small branch appeared which passed from the lingual nerve into the internal pterygoid muscle. The major nerve supply (10) to this muscle has now been exposed. Bone has been cut away to show the semilunar ganglion and the mandibular nerve as it passes through the foramen ovale (13).

														 1
						.
					 Maxillary nerve (V) passing through foramen rotundum  2
						.
					 Infraorbital artery  3
						.
					 Mucosa of sphenoid sinus exposed by grinding away sphenoid bone  4
						.
					 Pterygopalatine fossa (pointer indicates general area of fossa)  5
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar artery  6
						.
					 Buccinator nerve  7
						.
					 Posterior deep temporal nerve (the anterior deep temporal nerve leaves the buccinator nerve slightly to the left of the pointer but is displaced downward and not clearly visible)  8
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process (partially resected)  9
						.
					 Remnant of origin of external pterygoid muscle  10
						.
					 Internal pterygoid nerve  11
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  12
						.
					 Buccal mucosa (cross section)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Semilunar ganglion (trigeminal) Lower pointer: Mandibular nerve in foramen ovale  14
						.
					 Petrotympanic fissure  15
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery (foramen spinosum cut open at upper pointer)  16
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  17
						.
					 Masseteric nerve  18
						.
					 Styloid process  19
						.
					 Tensor veli palatini muscle  20
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior alveolar nerve Lower pointer: Lingual nerve  22
						.
					 External carotid artery  23
						.
					 Remnant of sympathetic plexus on external carotid artery  24
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Styloglossus muscle Lower pointer: Stylomandibular ligament  26
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle


Dissection of left infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
										 Cavity of temporomandibular articulation, inferolateral view
										The inferior cavity of the temporomandibular joint has been fully exposed by removal of mandible. The joint cavity on the inferior surface of the articular disk is indicated by stipple in the drawing (3) but is not clearly visible in the view. It is not coextensive with the superior joint space which overlaps the lower cavity anteriorly but does not descend as far as posterior to the condyle of the mandible. The relation of the masseteric nerve (4) to the joint capsule is shown.

														 1
						.
					 Right pointer: Mandibular fossa (superior articular cavity) Left pointer: Tubercle of articulation  2
						.
					 Articular disc of mandible  3
						.
					 Inferior cavity of temporomandibular joint  4
						.
					 Masseteric nerve  5
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid (cut through)  6
						.
					 Anterior deep temporal nerve  7
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve (note communications between this nerve and the internal maxillary plexus)  8
						.
					 Remnant of pterygoid venous plexus  9
						.
					 Buccal nerve  10
						.
					 External pterygoid nerve  11
						.
					 Lingual nerve  12
						.
					 Deep posterior temporal artery  13
						.
					 Internal maxillary artery  14
						.
					 Internal maxillary nerve plexus  15
						.
					 Inferior alveolar nerve  16
						.
					 Mylohyoid nerve  17
						.
					 Area of insertion of internal pterygoid muscle  18
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  19
						.
					 Cartilaginous acoustic meatus  20
						.
					 Ceruminous gland  21
						.
					 Mastoid cells  22
						.
					 Auricular branch vagus nerve  23
						.
					 Joint capsule of mandible  24
						.
					 Deep auricular artery  25
						.
					 Styloid process  26
						.
					 Stylomastoid artery  27
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  28
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  29
						.
					 Transverse facial artery and superior deep cervical lymph node  30
						.
					 Tendon of sternocleidomastoid muscle  31
						.
					 Sphenomandibular ligament  32
						.
					 Posterior auricular artery  33
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  34
						.
					 External carotid artery


Dissection of left infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
										 Internal pterygoid muscle, lateral view
										The pterygoid plexus of veins and origins of the external pterygoid muscle have been removed, and the bony wall of the cranial vault resected. Branches of the mandibular nerve have been exposed in their course through the infratemporal fossa. The maxillary nerve (1) is visible as it passes through the foramen rotundum into the pterygopalatine fossa.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Maxillary nerve (V) within cavernous sinus Lower pointer: Maxillary nerve (V) within Pterygopalatine fossa  2
						.
					 Sphenoid bone (cut across at junction of great wing and body)  3
						.
					 Infraorbital artery  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Buccal nerve Lower pointer: External pterygoid nerve  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Deep anterior temporal artery Lower pointer: Internal maxillary artery  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior posterior alveolar nerves Lower pointer: Superior posterior alveolar artery  7
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  8
						.
					 Internal maxillary nerve plexus  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Middle meningeal artery Lower pointer: Anterior tympanic artery  10
						.
					 Internal pterygoid nerve  11
						.
					 Lingual nerve  12
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  13
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (cut across)  14
						.
					 Tongue  15
						.
					 Zygomatic process of temporal bone  16
						.
					 Articular disc of mandible  17
						.
					 Cartilaginous acoustic meatus  18
						.
					 Joint capsule of mandible  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Auriculotemporal nerve Lower pointer: Sphenomandibular ligament (cut off)  20
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) at exit from stylomastoid foramen  21
						.
					 Mastoid cells  22
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  23
						.
					 Digastric branch of facial nerve  24
						.
					 Styloid process  25
						.
					 Internal maxillary artery  26
						.
					 External carotid artery  27
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  28
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior alveolar nerve Lower pointer: Mylohyoid nerve  29
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle (cut off)  30
						.
					 Internal jugular vein


Dissection of left infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
										 Internal maxillary artery and plexus of nerves; deep part of pterygoid plexus of veins, lateral view
										The external pterygoid muscle has been removed except for short remnants of its origins (4,13). The mandible has been removed although its articular disk has been retained.

														 1
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery in middle cranial fossa (also see 12)  2
						.
					 Anterior deep temporal nerve  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior deep temporal nerve Lower pointer: Masseteric nerve  4
						.
					 Upper area of origin of external pterygoid muscle  5
						.
					 Maxillary nerve  6
						.
					 Deep anterior temporal artery  7
						.
					 Internal maxillary artery  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Buccal artery Lower pointer: Buccal nerve  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Buccal branch of superior posterior alveolar nerve Lower pointer: Superior posterior alveolar artery  10
						.
					 Pterygoid venous plexus  11
						.
					 Internal maxillary nerve plexus  12
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery  13
						.
					 Lower area of origin of external pterygoid muscle  14
						.
					 Pterygoid branch of internal maxillary artery  15
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  16
						.
					 Lingual nerve  17
						.
					 Zygomatic process of temporal bone  18
						.
					 Upper cavity of temporomandibular joint (pointer on articular disc)  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Joint capsule of mandible Lower pointer: Lower cavity of temporomandibular joint  20
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Styloid process of temporal bone Lower pointer: Deep auricular artery  22
						.
					 Anastomotic branch of auriculotemporal nerve with facial nerve  23
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superficial temporal artery Lower pointer: Transverse facial artery  25
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Deep posterior temporal artery Lower pointer: Inferior alveolar artery  27
						.
					 Inferior alveolar nerve  28
						.
					 External carotid artery  29
						.
					 Mylohyoid nerve  30
						.
					 Area of insertion of internal pterygoid muscle on medial aspect of angle of mandible


Dissection of left infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
										 Nerve supply to external pterygoid muscle; temporomandibular articulation, anterolateral view
										The superior fascicle of the external pterygoid muscle has been divided at its origin and lifted to expose the nerve supply to both parts of the muscle. The temporomandibular joint has been opened and the head of the mandible pulled inferiorly to expose the articular disk. The bony walls of the orbit and middle cranial fossa have been resected. More of the mandible has been removed. The mylohyoid branch (36) of the inferior alveolar nerve is shown in relation to the lingula (17) of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament.

														 1
						.
					 Cut edge of bony wall of middle cranial fossa  2
						.
					 Periorbita  3
						.
					 Dura mater and middle meningeal artery (anterior branch)  4
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle (superior fascicle, retracted)  5
						.
					 Pterygopalatine fossa  6
						.
					 Masseteric nerve  7
						.
					 Infraorbital artery and maxillary nerve (in background)  8
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar nerves  9
						.
					 Deep anterior temporal artery (cut off)  10
						.
					 Branch of buccinator nerve to temporalis muscle  11
						.
					 Maxilla  12
						.
					 Buccal nerve  13
						.
					 Remnant of pterygoid venous plexus  14
						.
					 Branches of buccinator nerve to external pterygoid muscle  15
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle (inferior fascicle)  16
						.
					 Molar glands  17
						.
					 Lingula of mandible  18
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  19
						.
					 Lingual nerve  20
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  21
						.
					 Temporal fossa  22
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone  23
						.
					 Superior cavity of temporomandibular joint  24
						.
					 Ext acoustic meatus  25
						.
					 Articular disc  26
						.
					 Inferior cavity of temporomandibular joint and capitulum (condyloid process) of mandible  27
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  28
						.
					 Styloid process temporal bone (in background)  29
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  30
						.
					 Posterior auricular artery  31
						.
					 Deep cervical lymph node (superior)  32
						.
					 Neck (condyloid process) of mandible (cut across)  33
						.
					 Inferior alveolar artery (cut off)  34
						.
					 Posterior facial vein  35
						.
					 Sphenomandibular ligament (the two bands were separated by veins and areolar connective tissue)  36
						.
					 Mylohyoid nerve (inferior alveolar nerve cut away)  37
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  38
						.
					 Ramus of mandible


Dissection of left infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
										 External pterygoid muscle, lateral view
										The pterygoid plexus of veins has been resected.

														 1
						.
					 Origin of temporalis muscle  2
						.
					 Zygomatic bone  3
						.
					 Anterior deep temporal nerve (cut across)  4
						.
					 Maxillary nerve (V) in depths of pterygopalatine fossa  5
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle (superior fascicle)  6
						.
					 Deep anterior temporal artery (cut across)  7
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar nerve  8
						.
					 Internal maxillary artery  9
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar artery  10
						.
					 Buccinator nerve  11
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle (inferior fascicle)  12
						.
					 Buccal artery  13
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  14
						.
					 Tendon of temporalis muscle  15
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  16
						.
					 Mandible  17
						.
					 Posterior deep temporal nerve (cut across)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Zygomatic process (cut across) Lower pointer: Joint capsule of mandible  19
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  20
						.
					 Masseteric nerve  21
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  22
						.
					 Deep posterior temporal artery (cut off)  23
						.
					 Anastomotic branch auriculotemporal nerve with facial nerve  24
						.
					 Temporofacial division of facial nerve (VII)  25
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery (cut across)  26
						.
					 Cervicofacial division of facial nerve (VII)  27
						.
					 Parotid branches of transverse facial artery  28
						.
					 Posterior facial vein (cut across)  29
						.
					 Sphenomandibular ligament  30
						.
					 Inferior alveolar artery  31
						.
					 Inferior alveolar nerve  32
						.
					 Lingual nerve  33
						.
					 Compact bone surrounding mandibular canal  34
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  35
						.
					 Superior deep cervical lymph nodes


Dissection of left infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
										 Blood vessels and nerves related to external pterygoid muscle, lateral view
										Most of the temporal muscle has been cut away but short strands in the area of its origin (14) and a remnant of its tendon of insertion (13) remain. In addition, the ramus of the mandible has been partially cut away to reveal the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve as well as the pterygoid plexus of veins.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomaticotemporal branch zygomatic nerve  2
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle (superior fascicle)  3
						.
					 Zygomaticofacial branch of zygomatic nerve  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Maxillary nerve (V) in depths of pterygopalatine fossa Lower pointer: Infraorbital artery  5
						.
					 Deep anterior temporal artery (cut off)  6
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar artery  7
						.
					 Buccal nerve and buccal artery  8
						.
					 Buccal branch of superior posterior alveolar artery (uninjected)  9
						.
					 Buccal filament from plexus of nerves surrounding alveolar artery  10
						.
					 Canine fossa  11
						.
					 Molar glands  12
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  13
						.
					 Tendon of temporalis muscle (cut off)  14
						.
					 Temporal fossa  15
						.
					 Anterior deep temporal nerve  16
						.
					 Posterior deep temporal nerve  17
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone (cut off)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Auriculotemporal nerve Lower pointer: Temporomandibular ligament  19
						.
					 Masseteric nerve  20
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle (inferior fascicle)  21
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  22
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  23
						.
					 Transverse facial artery  24
						.
					 Pterygoid venous plexus  25
						.
					 Sphenomandibular ligament  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior alveolar artery Lower pointer: Inferior alveolar nerve  27
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  28
						.
					 Mandibular canal (cortical bone which forms wall of canal intact in area indicated by pointer)


Dissection of left temporal region
										 Posterior deep temporal nerve and artery; capsule of temporomandibular joint, lateral view
										The temporal muscle (1) has been reflected anteriorly. Its tendon of insertion (7) remains in situ, although the coronoid process to which it attached has been cut away (20).

														 1
						.
					 Posterior border of temporalis muscle turned anteriorly  2
						.
					 Branch posterior deep temporal nerve (cut off)  3
						.
					 Posterior deep temporal nerve  4
						.
					 Masseteric nerve  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Masseteric artery Lower pointer: Deep posterior temporal artery  6
						.
					 Zygomatic arch (divided)  7
						.
					 Tendon of temporalis muscle (note impression produced by coronoid process of mandible)  8
						.
					 Buccal nerve  9
						.
					 Temporal fossa  10
						.
					 Middle temporal artery  11
						.
					 Cartilaginous external acoustic meatus  12
						.
					 Zygomatic arch (cut across)  13
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery (cut off)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Joint capsule of mandible Lower pointer: Temporomandibular ligament  15
						.
					 Branches of auriculotemporal nerve  16
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  17
						.
					 Parotid gland (deep lobe)  18
						.
					 Transverse facial artery (cut off)  19
						.
					 Posterior facial vein  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ramus of mandible Lower pointer: Coronoid process (cut across)


Dissection of left temporal region
										 Distribution of nerves and blood vessels to temporal muscle, anterolateral view
										More of the zygomatic arch has been cut away. The temporal muscle (19) has been detached from its extensive origin (11) and reflected laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomaticotemporal branches of zygomatic nerve  2
						.
					 Orbital margin  3
						.
					 Cut surface of zygomatic bone  4
						.
					 Deep anterior temporal artery  5
						.
					 Zygomaticofacial branch zygomatic nerve  6
						.
					 Anterior deep temporal nerve  7
						.
					 Filaments from buccinator nerve anastomosing with branches of anterior deep temporal nerve  8
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  9
						.
					 Molar glands  10
						.
					 Parotid duct  11
						.
					 Origin of temporalis muscle  12
						.
					 Infratemporal crest and masseteric nerve (emerging beneath ligamentous band along bone)  13
						.
					 Middle temporal artery  14
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone (cut across)  15
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  16
						.
					 Joint capsule of mandible  17
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve and superficial temporal artery  18
						.
					 Deep posterior temporal artery  19
						.
					 Temporalis muscle (reflected laterally)


Dissection of left temporal region
										 Anterior deep temporal artery, anterolateral view
										The coronoid process of the mandible (17) has been cut away. The temporal muscle has been detached from its origin and reflected posterolaterally. Fat within the anterior part of the temporal fossa has been removed. The buccal fat pad seen previously was continuous with this fat.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomaticotemporal branch zygomatic nerve  2
						.
					 Anterior deep temporal nerve  3
						.
					 Fascia covering inferior oblique muscle  4
						.
					 Artery and nerve emerging from zygomaticofacial foramen  5
						.
					 Zygomatic branch of deep anterior temporal artery  6
						.
					 Deep anterior temporal artery  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior posterior alveolar artery Lower pointer: Communication between above two arteries  8
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle  9
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle (covered by fascia)  10
						.
					 Branch of deep anterior temporal artery to superior posterior alveolar artery and buccal artery  11
						.
					 Molar glands  12
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  13
						.
					 Temporalis muscle (area of origin)  14
						.
					 Temporalis muscle (reflected)  15
						.
					 Branch anterior deep temporal nerve  16
						.
					 Ramus of mandible  17
						.
					 Cut surface of coronoid process of mandible  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Band of fascia continuous from deep surface of temporalis muscle inferiorly into fascia which covers buccinator muscle Lower pointer: Buccal nerve


Dissection of left temporal region
										 Tendon of temporal muscle, lateral view
										A branch of the masseteric nerve (6) is visible as it passes into the unnamed layer of muscle (4) described previously (64-4). Fatty connective tissue has been removed from the space between this muscle and the tendon of the temporal muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Branch anterior deep temporal nerve supplying superficial parts of temporalis muscle  2
						.
					 Nerve and artery in zygomaticofacial foramen  3
						.
					 Cut surface of zygomatic bone  4
						.
					 Remnant of temporal fascia  5
						.
					 Branch masseteric artery  6
						.
					 Masseteric nerve and artery  7
						.
					 Tendon of masseter muscle  8
						.
					 Coronoid process of mandible  9
						.
					 Parotid duct (cut off)  10
						.
					 Buccal nerve  11
						.
					 Temporalis muscle  12
						.
					 Tendon of temporalis muscle  13
						.
					 Middle temporal artery  14
						.
					 Zygomatic arch (partially removed)  15
						.
					 Joint capsule of mandible  16
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  17
						.
					 Branches of facial nerve  18
						.
					 Parotid gland (reflected)  19
						.
					 Ramus of mandible


Dissection of left temporal region
										 Temporal muscle, lateral view
										The zygomatic arch has been resected to reveal a separate layer of muscle (8) which arises from the inner surface of the arch and inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible. This muscle fascicle is supplied by a branch of masseteric nerve (12). A delicate sheet of muscle fibres related to the temporal fascia covers the main mass of the temporal muscle and is supplied by a branch (6) of the anterior deep temporal nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Coronal suture  2
						.
					 Frontal bone  3
						.
					 Temporal line  4
						.
					 Temporalis muscle  5
						.
					 Zygomaticotemporal branches of zygomatic nerve  6
						.
					 Nerve filament to superficial fascicle of temporalis muscle  7
						.
					 Remnant of temporal fascia which was attached to zygomatic arch  8
						.
					 Muscle origin from zygomatic arch (bone resected)  9
						.
					 Zygomaticofacial branch zygomatic nerve  10
						.
					 Malar surface zygomatic bone  11
						.
					 Position of coronoid process of mandible  12
						.
					 Masseteric nerve  13
						.
					 Tendon of masseter muscle  14
						.
					 Branches of facial nerve (reflected with parotid gland)  15
						.
					 Parietal bone  16
						.
					 Occipitalis muscle (cut across)  17
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone (cut across)  18
						.
					 Origin of posterior auricular muscle  19
						.
					 Occipital branch of posterior auricular nerve  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Middle temporal artery Lower pointer: Superficial temporal artery  21
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  22
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve (cut across)  23
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  24
						.
					 Parotid gland (reflected posteriorly)  25
						.
					 Parotid duct  26
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle and great auricular nerve


Dissection of left temporal region
										 Deep relations of temporal fascia, lateral view
										The temporal fascia (4), except at the borders of the temporal fossa, has been removed. The fascia consists of several distinct laminae with intervening fatty and vascular tissue above the zygomatic arch (at lower edge of view). These laminae blend as they pass up over the temporal muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Branches of supraorbital nerve  2
						.
					 Frontalis muscle  3
						.
					 Frontal branch of superficial temporal artery  4
						.
					 Temporal fascia (cut edge)  5
						.
					 Supraorbital margin  6
						.
					 Zygomatico-orbital artery  7
						.
					 Fat beneath orbicularis oculi muscle  8
						.
					 Zygomaticotemporal branches of zygomatic nerve (note communications with branches of facial nerve)  9
						.
					 Temporal branches of facial nerve  10
						.
					 Superior temporal line  11
						.
					 Galea aponeurotica (cut edge)  12
						.
					 Position of coronal suture  13
						.
					 Temporalis muscle  14
						.
					 Deep lamina of temporal fascia  15
						.
					 Middle temporal vein  16
						.
					 Auricle  17
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  18
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery (cut off)


Dissection of left temporal region
										 Temporal fascia, lateral view
										The anterior and superior auricular muscles have been cut away, and the galea aponeurotica and other parts of the frontal and occipital muscles also removed. The superficial temporal vessels and auriculotemporal nerve have been severed.

														 1
						.
					 Branches of supraorbital nerve  2
						.
					 Frontal branch of superficial temporal artery  3
						.
					 Frontalis muscle  4
						.
					 Layer of fascia beneath galea aponeurotica  5
						.
					 Temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve  6
						.
					 Zygomatico-orbital artery  7
						.
					 Orbicularis oculi muscle  8
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  9
						.
					 Galea aponeurotica  10
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  11
						.
					 Temporal fascia (covering temporalis muscle)  12
						.
					 Occipitalis muscle (cut across)  13
						.
					 Auricle  14
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  15
						.
					 Superficial temporal vein  16
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery


Dissection of left buccal region
										 Relations of buccinator muscle and nerve, lateral view
										The masseter muscle, coronoid process of the mandible and buccal fat pad has been removed so that the buccinator muscle and associated structures are visible.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomatic bone (cut across)  2
						.
					 Infraorbital nerve (cut off near infraorbital foramen)  3
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris (cut off)  4
						.
					 Periosteum covering alveolar process of maxilla  5
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (superior part)  6
						.
					 Superior labial artery  7
						.
					 Labial commissure  8
						.
					 Labial glands  9
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (inferior part)  10
						.
					 Inferior labial artery  11
						.
					 Marginal mandibular branches facial nerve (terminal filaments)  12
						.
					 Depressor labii inferioris muscle  13
						.
					 Temporalis muscle  14
						.
					 Superior posterior alveolar artery  15
						.
					 Communicating branch between deep anterior temporal artery and superior posterior alveolar artery  16
						.
					 Transverse facial artery (cut off)  17
						.
					 Cut surface of mandible (coronoid process removed)  18
						.
					 Buccal nerve  19
						.
					 Parotid duct (cut off)  20
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  21
						.
					 Superior deep cervical lymph nodes  22
						.
					 Angle of mandible  23
						.
					 External maxillary artery  24
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  25
						.
					 Submandibular branches of submandibular ganglion


Dissection of left buccal region
										 Buccinator muscle; buccal and molar glands; parotid duct; lateral view
										The masseter muscle has been cut away and the buccal fat pad (12) partially removed. Branches of the facial nerve (1,9) which entered the infraorbital plexus have been retracted upward. Other branches (18) which communicated with the buccinator nerve have been cut away. The insertions of canine and zygomatic muscles (6) have been elevated. The lumen of the parotid duct is visible as a small aperture on the cut end of the mass of connective and vascular tissue which surrounds the duct(15).

														 1
						.
					 Anastomosis of infraorbital branches of facial nerve with infraorbital nerve  2
						.
					 Infraorbital nerve  3
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle  4
						.
					 Superior labial branches infraorbital nerve  5
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Zygomaticus muscle (cut off) Lower pointer: Inferior labial artery  7
						.
					 Angle of the mouth  8
						.
					 External maxillary artery  9
						.
					 Buccal branch facial nerve (retracted upward)  10
						.
					 Tendon of masseter muscle  11
						.
					 Tendon of temporalis muscle inserting on coronoid process of mandible  12
						.
					 Buccal fat pad  13
						.
					 Fascia enclosing fat pad  14
						.
					 Molar glands  15
						.
					 Parotid duct (note that the cut end of the duct itself, which is visible just above the pointer, is small in comparison to its surrounding sheath)  16
						.
					 Buccinator muscle and buccal glands  17
						.
					 Buccal nerve  18
						.
					 Cut ends of anastomotic branches of facial nerve  19
						.
					 Insertion of masseter muscle  20
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (inferior part)  21
						.
					 Marginal mandibular branches facial nerve  22
						.
					 Deep facial lymph node


Dissection of left parotideomasseteric region
										 Distribution of nerves and blood vessels within masseter muscle, anterolateral view
										The left masseter muscle has been detached both from the origin and insertion, and reflected posteriorly. Branches of the masseteric nerve have been exposed by separation of fascicles of the muscle. Masseteric veins, and arteries are also visible within the depths of the muscle tissue. A layer of muscle (2), which arises from the deep surface of the zygomatic arch, is closely related to the deep part of the masseter muscle (15). This layer is usually described with the temporal muscle although it is supplied by the masseteric nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomatic muscle  2
						.
					 Muscular fascicle arising from temporal surface of zygomatic arch and inserting on coronoid process of mandible  3
						.
					 Zygomatic head of levator labii superioris muscle  4
						.
					 Tendon of masseter muscle (cut across)  5
						.
					 Coronoid process mandible (cut muscle fibers are of masseter muscle)  6
						.
					 Masseteric nerve (emerging from mandibular incisure)  7
						.
					 Buccal fat pad (partially cut away)  8
						.
					 Tendon of temporalis muscle  9
						.
					 Fascia covering buccinator nerve  10
						.
					 Parotid duct (cut off)  11
						.
					 Buccinator nerve  12
						.
					 Angle of mandible and external maxillary artery  13
						.
					 Masseteric branch of external maxillary artery  14
						.
					 Auricle  15
						.
					 Deep portion of masseter muscle (cut across near origin from zygomatic arch)  16
						.
					 Anterior margin of masseter muscle (reflected)  17
						.
					 Branch of mandible  18
						.
					 Deep portion of masseter muscle cut away from insertion into ramus of mandible  19
						.
					 Superficial portion of masseter muscle cut away from insertion into body of mandible  20
						.
					 Parotid gland  21
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  22
						.
					 Posterior facial vein (cut off)


Dissection of left parotideomasseteric region
										 Left masseter muscle, lateral view
										The parotid duct (10) has been cut where it passes around the anterior margin of the masseter muscle. Terminal branches of the facial nerve have been severed and retracted anteriorly, and the parotid gland has been retracted posteriorly. The superficial (7) and deep (6) parts of the masseter muscle are clearly distinguishable at their origin from the zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone and zygomaticotemporal suture  2
						.
					 Zygomaticofacial branch zygomatic nerve  3
						.
					 Origin of zygomaticus muscle  4
						.
					 Malar surface zygomatic bone  5
						.
					 Zygomatic head of levator labii superioris muscle  6
						.
					 Deep portion of masseter muscle  7
						.
					 Superficial portion of masseter muscle  8
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle  9
						.
					 Deep facial vein communicating with pterygoid venous plexus  10
						.
					 Parotid duct (note veins and connective tissue surrounding cut end of duct)  11
						.
					 Buccinator muscle  12
						.
					 Anterior facial vein  13
						.
					 Buccal nerve  14
						.
					 Deep facial lymph node  15
						.
					 External maxillary artery  16
						.
					 Buccal branches of facial nerve (retracted away from masseter muscle)  17
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  18
						.
					 Tragus  19
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  20
						.
					 Temporal branches of facial nerve (cut across)  21
						.
					 Accessory parotid gland (retracted)  22
						.
					 Parotid duct (retracted)  23
						.
					 Veins and fascia along original course of parotid duct  24
						.
					 Parotid gland  25
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  26
						.
					 Buccal fat pad  27
						.
					 Inferior extremity of parotid gland  28
						.
					 Posterior facial vein


Dissection of left parotideomasseteric region
										 Deep relations of facial nerve
										The superficial lobe of the parotid gland has been entirely removed and the facial nerved raised slightly away from the deep hole of the gland.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone (cut off)  2
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery (cut off)  3
						.
					 Articular capsule of mandible  4
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  5
						.
					 Anterior auricular lymph node  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Zygomatic branches of facial nerve Lower pointer: Temporal branch facial nerve  7
						.
					 Posterior facial vein  8
						.
					 Buccal branches of facial nerve  9
						.
					 Parotid gland (deep lobe)  10
						.
					 Parotid duct (inferior division)  11
						.
					 Marginal mandibular branches facial nerve  12
						.
					 Superficial branch facial nerve  13
						.
					 Cut section of skin of external acoustic meatus (note ceruminous gland in subcutaneous tissue)  14
						.
					 Posterior auricular nerve  15
						.
					 Auricular branch vagus nerve  16
						.
					 Filament from temporal branch of facial nerve which passed through parotid gland toward occipital region)  17
						.
					 Position of styloid process temporal bone  18
						.
					 Anastomotic branch auriculotemporal nerve with facial nerve  19
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) at exit from stylomastoid foramen  20
						.
					 Tendon of sternocleidomastoid muscle  21
						.
					 Superior (temporofacial) division of facial nerve (VII)  22
						.
					 Inferior (cervicofacial) division of facial nerve (VII)  23
						.
					 Posterior auricular artery  24
						.
					 Deep lobe and duct of parotid gland  25
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior belly of digastric muscle Lower pointer: Superior deep cervical lymph node