Osteology
										 Skull, anterior view
										A supraorbital foramen occurs on the right, a supraorbital notch on the left. Note that within the notch there is a small superciliary canal which extends into the frontal bone. This canal gives passage to a small nutrient artery, an emissary vein, and a nerve filament. The deviation of the bony nasal septum is not unusual.

														 1
						.
					 Frontal bone (squamous part)  2
						.
					 Superciliary arch  3
						.
					 Supraorbital foramen  4
						.
					 Temporal fossa  5
						.
					 Orbital surface of frontal bone  6
						.
					 Frontomaxillary suture  7
						.
					 Frontal process of maxilla  8
						.
					 Nasomaxillary suture  9
						.
					 Orbital surface of maxilla  10
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  11
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  12
						.
					 Bony nasal septum  13
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  14
						.
					 Neck of condylar process of mandible  15
						.
					 Coronoid process of mandible  16
						.
					 Mastoid process  17
						.
					 Canine  18
						.
					 Angle of mandible  19
						.
					 Mental foramen  20
						.
					 Nasofrontal suture & Nasal bone  21
						.
					 Frontal incisura  22
						.
					 Zygomaticofrontal suture  23
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  24
						.
					 Optic foramen  25
						.
					 Orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid and Sphenozygomatic suture  26
						.
					 Inferior orbital fissure  27
						.
					 Zygomatic bone  28
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture & Zygomatic process of maxilla  29
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  30
						.
					 Styloid process (temporal bone)  31
						.
					 Intermaxillary suture  32
						.
					 Ramus of mandible  33
						.
					 Body of mandible  34
						.
					 Mental protuberance


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram of head and neck, left lateral view
										The head was turned to the right in this view of the living female subject so that the cervical vertebrae lie in various degrees of rotation. The lower vertebrae are more nearly in the anteroposterior position than the upper ones. The respiratory passages and oral cavity are outlined by their content of air, which produces a dark shadow in the view. Soft tissues are only faintly visible.

														 1
						.
					 Coronal suture  2
						.
					 SelIa turcica  3
						.
					 Frontal sinus  4
						.
					 Superior wall orbit (pointer indicates left orbit)  5
						.
					 Nasal bone  6
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus (in midline)  7
						.
					 Zygomatic bone (margin which borders left temporal fossa indicated by pointer)  8
						.
					 Maxillary sinus  9
						.
					 Hard palate  10
						.
					 Soft palate  11
						.
					 Body of hyoid bone  12
						.
					 Epiglottis (outlined by air in valleculae and in pharynx)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pharyngeal cavum Lower pointer: Laryngeal ventricle  14
						.
					 Trachea  15
						.
					 Body cervical vertebra VI  16
						.
					 Rib I  17
						.
					 Lambdoidal suture  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Petrosal part of temporal bone Lower pointer: Mastoid cells  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Condyloid process of mandible Lower pointer: Occipital condyle  20
						.
					 Posterior arch atlas  21
						.
					 Dens (crossed by anterior arch of atlas)  22
						.
					 Cavity between articular processes of right second and third cervical vertebra  23
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen (for cervical nerves IV & V)  24
						.
					 Area of overlapping of articular processes of fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae  25
						.
					 Clavicle


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram of skull, left lateral view
										The position of sutures on the left (near) surface of skull has been indicated by solid lines in the drawing.

														 1
						.
					 Coronal suture  2
						.
					 Frontal bone (squamous portion)  3
						.
					 Location of temporal line left  4
						.
					 Frontal sinus  5
						.
					 Superior wall of orbit (the two dotted lines above represent the floor of the left and right anterior cranial fossae) 6. Margin of left orbit (faintly visible in view)  7
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid (bordering left middle cranial fossa)  8
						.
					 Fossa of lacrimal sac (faintly visible)  9
						.
					 Sella turcica  10
						.
					 Sphenopalatine foramen (Pterygopalatine fossa visible slightly inferiorly)  11
						.
					 Zygomatic bone (faintly visible superimposed on maxillary sinus)  12
						.
					 Mental foramen  13
						.
					 Inner surface of cranial vault in midsagittal plane  14
						.
					 Parietal bone (grooves for middle meningeal artery visible anteriorly; channels for temporal posterior diploic vein visible posteriorly)  15
						.
					 Squamous suture  16
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  17
						.
					 Lambdoidal suture  18
						.
					 Mastoid cells (extending into temporal bone (squamous part)  19
						.
					 Location of external acoustic meatus  20
						.
					 Transverse sinus leading anteriorly into sigmoid sinus  21
						.
					 External occipital protuberance  22
						.
					 Mastoid process (occipital condyles visible slightly anteriorly)  23
						.
					 Zygomatic arch left (faintly visible)  24
						.
					 Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone  25
						.
					 Hard palate (inferior surface in midline)  26
						.
					 Mandibular canal


Osteology
										 Skull, right lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Parietal bone  2
						.
					 Superior temporal line  3
						.
					 Inferior temporal line  4
						.
					 Squamous suture  5
						.
					 Sphenosquamous suture  6
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  7
						.
					 Lambdoidal suture  8
						.
					 Occipital bone (squamous part)  9
						.
					 Intersutural bone  10
						.
					 Occipitomastoid suture  11
						.
					 External occipital protuberance (unusually prominent)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: External acoustic meatus (tympanic prominence visible in interior) Lower pointer: Condylar process of mandible  13
						.
					 Mastoid process  14
						.
					 Styloid process  15
						.
					 Occipital condyle  16
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Coronoid process of mandible Lower pointer: Ramus of mandible  18
						.
					 Coronal suture  19
						.
					 Frontal bone (squamous part)  20
						.
					 Sphenoparietal suture  21
						.
					 Sphenofrontal suture  22
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid  23
						.
					 Zygomaticofrontal suture  24
						.
					 Frontolacrimal suture  25
						.
					 Lacrimomaxillary suture  26
						.
					 Fossa of lacrimal sac  27
						.
					 Nasomaxillary suture  28
						.
					 Sphenozygomatic suture  29
						.
					 Zygomatic arch (pointer indicates zygomaticotemporal suture)  30
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture  31
						.
					 Zygomatic bone  32
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  33
						.
					 First molar  34
						.
					 Body of mandible (pointer near mental foramen)


Radiographs of the brain
										 Postero-anterior (P-A) pneumoencephalogram
										The subject has been placed in a prone position. The lateral ventricles are completely outlined by air. Some air is also contained within the third ventricle (3). The fourth ventricle (2) and the cerebral aqueduct are less distinct and are in part obscured by air in the frontal sinuses (11). Small collections of air (not drawn) can be seen within the subarachnoid spaces in many sulci of the brain. (These films have been reproduced through the courtesy of Dr. Howard L. Jones of the Palo Alto Hospital.)

														 1
						.
					 Calvaria  2
						.
					 Fourth ventricle  3
						.
					 Third ventricle (partially filled)  4
						.
					 Anterior horn lateral ventricle  5
						.
					 Central part lateral ventricle  6
						.
					 Posterior horn lateral ventricle  7
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle  8
						.
					 Temporal surface of frontal bone  9
						.
					 Orbital part of frontal bone  10
						.
					 Outline of petrosal part of temporal bone  11
						.
					 Frontal sinus  12
						.
					 Outline of Basilar part of occipital bone  13
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  14
						.
					 Bony nasal septum  15
						.
					 Nasal cavity  16
						.
					 Dens  17
						.
					 Ramus of mandible.


Radiographs of the brain
										 Antero-posterior (A-P) pneumoencephalogram
										This roentgenogram was made with the patient in a supine position. The anterior horns and central parts of the lateral ventricles have been visualized by their content of air. The third ventricle (2) and cerebral aqueduct (1) are also well filled. The cisterns of the lateral fossae (14) are clearly outlined by their content of air. The basal cisterns likewise contain quantities of air but the margins of these spaces are obscured. (These films have been reproduced through the courtesy of Dr. Howard L. Jones of the Palo Alto Hospital.)

														 1
						.
					 Cerebral aqueduct  2
						.
					 Third ventricle  3
						.
					 Anterior horn lateral ventricle right  4
						.
					 Calvaria  5
						.
					 Central part lateral ventricle  6
						.
					 Orbital part of frontal bone  7
						.
					 Outline of petrosal (pyramidal) part of temporal bone  8
						.
					 Frontal sinus  9
						.
					 Cribriform plate ethmoid bone  10
						.
					 Bony nasal septum  11
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  12
						.
					 Nasal cavity  13
						.
					 Foramen rotundum sphenoid bone  14
						.
					 Cistern of lateral cerebral fossa  15
						.
					 Mastoid part of temporal bone


Radiographs of the brain
										 Lateral pneumoencephalogram; lateral ventricles and third ventricle
										Air which was injected into the ventricles through the two trephine holes (15), partially fills each lateral ventricle (areas of overlapping indicated by dense stipple in drawing), the third ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct. The third ventricle is clearly visible only because it is somewhat dilated. The positions of its various recesses and borders, however, are not displaced appreciably. An oval area (8), of greater density than the surrounding outline of the third ventricle, may represent the massa intermedia. However, the position of this area is somewhat anterior to the usual location for this structure.

														 1
						.
					 Orbital part of frontal bone  2
						.
					 Cribriform plate ethmoid bone  3
						.
					 Sulcus of left middle meningeal artery  4
						.
					 Anterior horn lateral ventricle left  5
						.
					 Interventricular foramen  6
						.
					 Sulcus of middle meningeal artery (anterior branch)  7
						.
					 Sulcus middle meningeal artery (posterior branch)  8
						.
					 Area of opacity due to soft tissue, possibly the massa intermedia  9
						.
					 Third ventricle  10
						.
					 Central part of left lateral ventricle  11
						.
					 Area of overlapping air shadows of the right and left lateral ventricles  12
						.
					 Atrium of the lateral ventricle  13
						.
					 Posterior horn lateral ventricle left  14
						.
					 Posterior horn lateral ventricle right  15
						.
					 Trephine openings  16
						.
					 Lateral margin of orbit  17
						.
					 Hard palate  18
						.
					 Anterior wall of middle cranial fossa right  19
						.
					 Anterior wall of middle cranial fossa left  20
						.
					 Anterior clinoid process sphenoid bone  21
						.
					 Optic recess third ventricle (supraoptic recess)  22
						.
					 Posterior clinoid process sphenoid bone  23
						.
					 Sphenoidal sinus (anterior boundaries are not clearly defined)  24
						.
					 Infundibular recess third ventricle  25
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle right  26
						.
					 Pineal recess  27
						.
					 Cerebral aqueduct  28
						.
					 Suprapineal recess  29
						.
					 Margins of operative resection of occipital bone


Radiographs of the brain
										 Lateral pneumoencephalogram
										Air was injected into the lumbar subarachnoid space of this subject, a 1 year old child. The gas has entered the subarachnoid spaces surrounding the brain. The major subarachnoid cisterns are filled and, in addition, the sulci of the cerebral hemispheres in many places contain enough gas to render them visible.

														 1
						.
					 Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone  2
						.
					 Chiasmatic cistern  3
						.
					 Interpeduncular cistern  4
						.
					 Diaphragma sellae (upper pointer) & sella turcica (lower pointer)  5
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle (lower pointer indicates overlapping of the outlines of the right and left ventricles)  6
						.
					 Pontine cistern and pons  7
						.
					 Cerebral aqueduct  8
						.
					 Lateral part of pontine cistern  9
						.
					 Outline of petrosal part of temporal bone  10
						.
					 Fourth ventricle  11
						.
					 Anterior arch of atlas  12
						.
					 Medial aperture fourth ventricle (foramen Magendie)  13
						.
					 Cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna)  14
						.
					 Fastigium  15
						.
					 Orbital part of frontal bone  16
						.
					 Anterior horn of lateral ventricle  17
						.
					 Coronal Suture  18
						.
					 Trephine opening (note surgical clips)  19
						.
					 Third ventricle  20
						.
					 Interventricular foramen (of Monro)  21
						.
					 Central part lateral ventricle  22
						.
					 Cisterna venae magnae cerebri (cisterna ambiens)  23
						.
					 Atrium of lateral ventricle  24
						.
					 Posterior horn lateral ventricle


Radiographs of the brain
										 Right vertebral angiogram, arterial phase
										Diodrast was injected into the right vertebral artery of a living subject and films exposed during the phase of arterial filling. The vertebral artery is visible in relation to the axis and atlas (12), and as it passes through the foramen magnum. The posterior inferior cerebellar branch (11) is given off before the vertebral arteries unite to form the basilar artery (4). The basilar artery terminates by branching into the paired superior cerebellar arteries (2, 3) and the paired posterior cerebral arteries (7, 9). Branches of the latter which pass to the inferior surfaces of the temporal and occipital lobes are indistinct. (These films have been reproduced through the courtesy of Dr. Earl Miller of the University of California Hospital.)

														 1
						.
					 Dorsum sellae  2
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery left  3
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery right  4
						.
					 Basilar artery (obscured by the petrous parts of the temporal bones)  5
						.
					 Dens  6
						.
					 Parieto-occipital branch of posterior cerebral artery left  7
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery right  8
						.
					 Calcarine branch of posterior cerebral artery right  9
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery left  10
						.
					 Petrosal part of temporal bone left  11
						.
					 Posterior inferior cerebellar artery right  12
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  13
						.
					 Vertebral artery right


Radiographs of the brain
										 Left internal carotid angiogram, venous phase
										The procedure is the same as that of the previous view except that films were exposed as the opaque material passed into the venous side of the cerebral vascular system. (These films have been reproduced through the courtesy of Dr. Earl Miller of the University of California Hospital.)

														 1
						.
					 Superior cerebral vein left (one of a group of anterior veins entering the superior sagittal sinus)  2
						.
					 Terminal vein left (branches ramify upon caudate nucleus)  3
						.
					 Small anastomotic vein of Labbé  4
						.
					 Inferior cerebral vein (lower pointer indicates the middle cerebral vein, which lies along the lateral cerebral fissure and is continuous with the great anastomotic vein)  5
						.
					 Inferior cerebral vein (lateral occipital veins)  6
						.
					 Superior cerebral veins (from medial surface of left hemisphere)  7
						.
					 Superior cerebral veins (from lateral surface of left hemisphere)  8
						.
					 Superior sagittal sinus  9
						.
					 Great anastomotic vein of Trolard  10
						.
					 Internal cerebral vein left  11
						.
					 Great cerebral vein of Galen  12
						.
					 Basal veins  13
						.
					 Straight sinus  14
						.
					 Confluence of the sinuses  15
						.
					 Transverse sinus left (filling defect between pointers)  16
						.
					 Sigmoid part of transverse sinus right  17
						.
					 Sigmoid part of transverse sinus left  18
						.
					 Internal jugular vein left (filling defect from left sigmoid sinus to upper end of this vein)


Radiographs of the brain
										 Left internal carotid angiogram, arterial phase
										Diodrast was injected into the internal carotid artery of a living subject and films exposed during the phase of arterial filling. The carotid artery can be followed through the carotid canal of the temporal bone (below pointer 10), into its typical double bend in the region of the cavernous sinus (above pointer 10). The ophthalmic artery (9) and anterior choroidal artery (17) branch from the carotid before it divides into the middle (18) and anterior (3) cerebral arteries. Both anterior cerebral arteries are filled but the left one is more clearly outlined than the right. (These films have been reproduced through the courtesy of Dr. Earl Miller of the University of California Hospital.)

														 1
						.
					 Callosomarginal branch of anterior cerebral artery  2
						.
					 Frontopolar branch of anterior cerebral artery  3
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery left  4
						.
					 Striate arteries (pointer indicates one of several)  5
						.
					 Ascending frontoparietal branch of middle cerebral artery (the posterior branch of this vessel is the artery of the precentral sulcus)  6
						.
					 Orbitofrontal branch of middle cerebral artery  7
						.
					 Anterior temporal branch of middle cerebral artery  8
						.
					 Orbital branch of anterior cerebral artery left  9
						.
					 Ophthalmic artery left  10
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  11
						.
					 Middle medial frontal and posterior medial frontal branches of callosomarginal artery  12
						.
					 Pericallosal branch of anterior cerebral artery  13
						.
					 Anterior parietal branch of middle cerebral artery (artery of postcentral sulcus)  14
						.
					 Posterior parietal branch of middle cerebral artery  15
						.
					 Artery of angular gyrus  16
						.
					 Posterior temporal branch of middle cerebral artery  17
						.
					 Choroidal artery (anterior)  18
						.
					 Middle cerebral artery  19
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas


Frontal section of brain
										 Olfactory structures visible in frontal section through anterior perforated substance
										The plane of section is slightly oblique so that the right side is cut more posteriorly than the left. The view is from behind. The olfactory tracts can be traced posteriorly from the olfactory bulbs into the foreground of the view where the olfactory trigone is visible. The medial olfactory stria is more clearly seen on the left whereas the lateral olfactory stria can be traced on the right side across the anterior perforated substance into the limen insulae. The relations of the medial olfactory stria and the subcallosal gyrus (11) are shown. The anterior cerebral arteries are cut off from their origin from the middle cerebral arteries. The anterior communicating artery is visible and beyond this the two vessels course in the depths of the longitudinal fissure around the genu of the corpus callosum and reappear as cut ends in the upper part of the view.

														 1
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure  2
						.
					 Corona radiata  3
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  4
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus  5
						.
					 Anterior horn lateral ventricle  6
						.
					 Frontal part internal capsule  7
						.
					 Putamen  8
						.
					 External capsule  9
						.
					 Globus pallidus  10
						.
					 Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus  11
						.
					 Subcallosal gyrus  12
						.
					 Medial and intermediate stria of olfactory trigone  13
						.
					 Middle cerebral artery (within lateral fissure)  14
						.
					 Temporal lobe  15
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus  16
						.
					 Corpus callosum  17
						.
					 Claustrum  18
						.
					 Septum pellucidum  19
						.
					 Stria terminalis  20
						.
					 External medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus  21
						.
					 Anterior commissure  22
						.
					 Lamina terminalis  23
						.
					 Lateral olfactory stria and limen insulae  24
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  25
						.
					 Straight gyrus and olfactory tract


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Telencephalon.
										This section is 12 mm. above the level of the previous section.

														 1
						.
					 Cingulate sulcus  2
						.
					 Corpus callosum (near genu)  3
						.
					 Internal capsule (anterior limb)  4
						.
					 Septum pellucidum  5
						.
					 Cavity of septum pellucidum  6
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  7
						.
					 Semioval centrum  8
						.
					 Sulcus corpus callosum  9
						.
					 Anterior horn lateral ventricle  10
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus  11
						.
					 Putamen  12
						.
					 Corpus callosum (near rostrum)  13
						.
					 Temporal pole  14
						.
					 Straight gyrus


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Telencephalon.
										This section, 7 mm. above the previous level, illustrates the anterior limb of the internal capsule as it passes forward between the head of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.

														 1
						.
					 Occipital lobe  2
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus  3
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  4
						.
					 Internal capsule (posterior limb)  5
						.
					 Anterior horn lateral ventricle  6
						.
					 Septum pellucidum (a few fibers of column of fornix are included)  7
						.
					 Insula  8
						.
					 Claustrum  9
						.
					 External capsule  10
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus  11
						.
					 Posterior horn lateral ventricle  12
						.
					 Corona radiata  13
						.
					 Caudate nucleus (tail)  14
						.
					 Stria terminalis  15
						.
					 Globus pallidus and external medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus  16
						.
					 Putamen  17
						.
					 Subcallosal gyrus (peduncles corpus callosum)  18
						.
					 Internal capsule (anterior limb)  19
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Diencephalon and telencephalon; level of anterior commissure
										This section is 6 mm. above the level of the previous view. Relations of the anterior commissure (24) are visible. The frontal stalk of the thalamus (11) can be traced into the anterior limb of the internal capsule. The section passes just below the interventricular foramina (23).

														 1
						.
					 Corona radiata  2
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  3
						.
					 Corpus callosum  4
						.
					 Parietal stalk of thalamus  5
						.
					 Internal capsule (posterior limb)  6
						.
					 External capsule  7
						.
					 Putamen  8
						.
					 Globus pallidus  9
						.
					 Medullary laminae of lentiform nucleus  10
						.
					 Intralaminar nucleus of thalamus  11
						.
					 Frontal stalk of thalamus  12
						.
					 Claustrum  13
						.
					 Uncinate fasciculus  14
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus  15
						.
					 Calcarine fissure  16
						.
					 Posterior horn lateral ventricle  17
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus  18
						.
					 Caudate nucleus  19
						.
					 Lateral ventricle  20
						.
					 Anterior nucleus of thalamus  21
						.
					 Lateral nucleus of thalamus (ventral anterior nucleus)  22
						.
					 Medial nucleus and internal medullary lamina of thalamus  23
						.
					 Choroid plexus adjacent to interventricular foramen (of Monro)  24
						.
					 Anterior commissure  25
						.
					 Preoptic nucleus  26
						.
					 Anterior cerebral arteries and longitudinal fissure (cerebral)


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Diencephalon and telencephalon.
										The level of this section is 7 mm. above that of the last. The lentiform nucleus is sectioned through its mid-portion. Efferent fibers of the globus pallidus pass, as the ansa lenticularis, around the medial margin of the internal capsule.

														 1
						.
					 Caudate nucleus (tail)  2
						.
					 Posterior limb of internal capsule  3
						.
					 Dorsal lateral nucleus of thalamus  4
						.
					 Claustrum  5
						.
					 External capsule  6
						.
					 Putamen  7
						.
					 External medullary lamina and external division of globus pallidus  8
						.
					 Internal medullary lamina and internal division of globus pallidus  9
						.
					 Posterior part of anterior commissure  10
						.
					 Uncinate fasciculus  11
						.
					 Lamina terminalis and optic recess  12
						.
					 Lateral cerebral fissure  13
						.
					 Orbital gyri  14
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus and sulcus corpus callosum  15
						.
					 Stria terminalis  16
						.
					 Fornix (body)  17
						.
					 Lateral nucleus of thalamus  18
						.
					 Internal medullary lamina of thalamus  19
						.
					 Medial nucleus of thalamus  20
						.
					 Mamillothalamic fasciculus [Vicq d'Azyr]  21
						.
					 Frontal part internal capsule  22
						.
					 Ansa lenticularis  23
						.
					 Tectal part of column of fornix and hypothalamus  24
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  25
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  26
						.
					 Olfactory trigone  27
						.
					 Straight gyrus


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Diencephalon.
										A section 4 mm. in thickness has been removed. The tegmental fields (of Forel) are visible at this level.

														 1
						.
					 Caudate nucleus (tail)  2
						.
					 Circular sulcus  3
						.
					 Third ventricle  4
						.
					 Occipital part internal capsule (posterior limb)  5
						.
					 External medullary lamina (thalamus)  6
						.
					 Thalamic fasciculus (H1 field of Forel)  7
						.
					 Lenticular fasciculus (H2 field of Forel)  8
						.
					 Claustrum  9
						.
					 External capsule  10
						.
					 Lentiform nucleus and posterior part of anterior commissure (lower pointer)  11
						.
					 Hypothalamic nucleus  12
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance and striate arteries  13
						.
					 Optic chiasm  14
						.
					 Corpus callosum  15
						.
					 Lateral ventricle  16
						.
					 Fornix (body)  17
						.
					 Choroid plexus third ventricle and taenia thalami (lower pointer)  18
						.
					 Lateral nucleus of thalamus  19
						.
					 Internal medullary lamina of thalamus  20
						.
					 Medial nucleus of thalamus  21
						.
					 Tegmental field (H field of Forel)  22
						.
					 Mamillary body  23
						.
					 Tuber cinereum  24
						.
					 Amygdaloid nucleus  25
						.
					 Infundibulum (cut across)  26
						.
					 Internal carotid artery


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Diencephalon.
										This section is 5 mm. above the previous level. The medial lemnisci have now terminated within the ventral posterior lateral nuclei of the thalamus (5). On the left fibers from this nucleus are visible as they pass toward the internal capsule to form the parietal stalk or sensory radiation of the thalamus (5, upper pointer). The capsule of the red nucleus (6) consists largely of fibers which pass from the opposite dentate nucleus of the cerebellum by way of the brachium conjunctivum to the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus.

														 1
						.
					 Crura fornices  2
						.
					 Posterolateral nucleus of thalamus  3
						.
					 Lentiform nucleus  4
						.
					 Posterior commissure and pretectal region (lower pointer)  5
						.
					 Ventral posterior lateral nucleus and beginning of parietal stalk of thalamus (upper pointer)  6
						.
					 Capsule of red nucleus  7
						.
					 Optic tract (cut across)  8
						.
					 Sublenticular part of internal capsule  9
						.
					 Substantia nigra  10
						.
					 Interpeduncular fossa  11
						.
					 Fibrous area which includes uncinate fasciculus and inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus  12
						.
					 Amygdaloid nucleus  13
						.
					 Central part lateral ventricle  14
						.
					 Caudate nucleus (tail)  15
						.
					 Hippocampal commissure (lower pointer) and corpus callosum  16
						.
					 Centrum (median) of thalamus  17
						.
					 Lateral geniculate body and lateral zone of Wernicke (upper pointer)  18
						.
					 Red nucleus  19
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle  20
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  21
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  22
						.
					 Basilar artery  23
						.
					 Optic chiasm  24
						.
					 Olfactory tract  25
						.
					 Temporal pole


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Junction of mesencephalon and diencephalon.
										The plane of section is 7 mm. above that of the last view and is slightly oblique so that the plane on the left side is higher than the right. The cerebral peduncles (22) are prominent although a fragment of the pons is still present. Fibers of the brachium conjunctivum, after crossing the midline are seen approaching the lower end of the red nucleus (20). The pulvinar of the thalamus is cut and fibers pass from it through the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule (3) toward the cortex of the parietal and occipital lobes.

														 1
						.
					 Calcarine fissure  2
						.
					 Caudate nucleus (tail)  3
						.
					 Retrolenticular part of internal capsule (posterior stalk of thalamus)  4
						.
					 Pulvinar  5
						.
					 Superior colliculus  6
						.
					 Medial geniculate body and medial lemniscus  7
						.
					 Lateral geniculate body  8
						.
					 Hippocampal fimbria  9
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle  10
						.
					 Hippocampus  11
						.
					 Hippocampal fissure  12
						.
					 Hippocampal gyrus  13
						.
					 Corpus callosum (splenium)  14
						.
					 Central part lateral ventricle  15
						.
					 Fornix (crus)  16
						.
					 Pineal body  17
						.
					 Stratum zonale thalami  18
						.
					 Cerebral aqueduct and posterior commissure  19
						.
					 Medial longitudinal fasciculus (nucleus of oculomotor nerve lies above pointer)  20
						.
					 Red nucleus  21
						.
					 Substantia nigra  22
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  23
						.
					 Pons  24
						.
					 Posterior recess of interpeduncular fossa  25
						.
					 Basilar artery  26
						.
					 Straight gyrus


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Mesencephalon.
										This section is 5 mm. above the previous level. Within the tegmentum the massive decussation of the brachium conjunctivum (8) occupies a large area. The medial lemniscus (14) is more clearly seen on the right side. It lies close to the surface at this level and is crescent-shaped in cross section. The nucleus (13) of the trochlear nerve lies just above fibers of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (7). The cut passes through the inferior colliculi (11) which lie in the tectum of the mesencephalon. The lateral lemniscus (2, lower pointer) is lateral to and just beneath the nucleus of the inferior colliculus on either side. Some fibers of this bundle enter the colliculus; others ascend, as the inferior quadrigeminal brachium, to reach the medial geniculate body.

														 1
						.
					 Lingual gyrus  2
						.
					 Commissure of inferior colliculi (upper pointer) and lateral lemniscus (lower Pointer)  3
						.
					 Lateral ventricle  4
						.
					 "Alveus"  5
						.
					 Hippocampus  6
						.
					 Hippocampal gyrus  7
						.
					 Medial longitudinal fasciculus  8
						.
					 Decussation brachium conjunctivum (superior cerebellar peduncle)  9
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  10
						.
					 Arachnoid (within transverse fissure)  11
						.
					 Nucleus inferior colliculus  12
						.
					 Cerebral aqueduct  13
						.
					 Nucleus trochlear nerve  14
						.
					 Medial lemniscus  15
						.
					 Deep pontine fibers  16
						.
					 Longitudinal fasciculus  17
						.
					 Superficial pontine fibers  18
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery right  19
						.
					 Olfactory tract


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Pons.
										At this level and in the remaining views of this series another brain has been substituted for the specimen used thus far. The cut surfaces are unstained, inasmuch as there is sharper contrast between gray and white matter at higher levels of the brain stem and in the region of the basal ganglia.

														 1
						.
					 Lingual gyrus left  2
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  3
						.
					 Cerebral aqueduct and brachium conjunctivum (superior cerebellar peduncle)  4
						.
					 Lateral lemniscus  5
						.
					 Central tegmental tract  6
						.
					 Deep pontine fibers  7
						.
					 Longitudinal fasciculus  8
						.
					 Superficial pontine fibers  9
						.
					 Basilar artery  10
						.
					 Internal carotid artery left  11
						.
					 Olfactory tract  12
						.
					 Orbital gyri  13
						.
					 Lobule and ala central lobule  14
						.
					 Locus caeruleus  15
						.
					 Medial longitudinal fasciculus  16
						.
					 Medial lemniscus  17
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle)  18
						.
					 Fusiform gyrus  19
						.
					 Collateral fissure  20
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  21
						.
					 Uncus (hippocampal gyrus)  22
						.
					 Optic chiasm  23
						.
					 Straight gyrus  24
						.
					 Temporal pole


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Pons.
										A section 3.5 mm. thick has been removed. On the right side the cut passes through the fibers of the fifth nerve as they leave the pons. No cranial nerve nucleus, except the mesencephalic root of the fifth nerve, is present in this region of the brain stem. The nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (13) lies in the midst of the fibers of the lemniscus.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior medullary velum (lingula attached to its upper surface)  2
						.
					 Fourth ventricle  3
						.
					 Medial longitudinal fasciculus  4
						.
					 Raphe  5
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle)  6
						.
					 Deep pontine fibers  7
						.
					 Longitudinal fasciculus  8
						.
					 Superficial pontine fibers  9
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  10
						.
					 Brachium conjunctivum (superior cerebellar peduncle)  11
						.
					 Descending root (mesencephalic) of trigeminal nerve (V)  12
						.
					 Central tegmental tract  13
						.
					 Lateral lemniscus and nucleus  14
						.
					 Medial lemniscus  15
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  16
						.
					 Temporal lobe


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Pons.
										This section is 4 mm. above the last one. Fibers of the trigeminal nerve (4) pass obliquely medially through the brachium pontis. On the right side the motor nucleus (13) of this nerve is visible. The spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, which begins its descending course through the brain stem at this level, is not clearly seen here. The trapezoid body (5) is prominent. The superior olive (15) is still present and the lateral lemniscus (14) is larger at this level than in the previous section.

														 1
						.
					 Vermis  2
						.
					 Fourth ventricle  3
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle)  4
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V) (fibers within pons)  5
						.
					 Trapezoid body and medial lemniscus  6
						.
					 Deep pontine fibers  7
						.
					 Longitudinal fasciculus  8
						.
					 Superficial pontine fibers  9
						.
					 Optic chiasm  10
						.
					 Commissural fibers of cerebellum  11
						.
					 Brachium conjunctivum (superior cerebellar peduncle)  12
						.
					 Restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle)  13
						.
					 Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve  14
						.
					 Lateral lemniscus  15
						.
					 Superior olivary nucleus  16
						.
					 Central tegmental tract  17
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  18
						.
					 Pons  19
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  20
						.
					 Olfactory trigone


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Pons.
										A section 4 mm. thick has been removed. Within the tegmentum of the pons the abducens nucleus (17) and fibers of the abducens nerve (21) are visible. The peripheral part of the nerve, which leaves the brain stem just behind the pons, is not shown on this specimen. The nucleus of the facial nerve (17, lower pointer) is still present in this section and fibers of the nerve (18) lie just above the nucleus as they pass from the internal genu (16) toward their exit point. Transverse fibers of the trapezoid body (9) are visible as they pass through the medial lemniscus. The superior olive and beginnings of the lateral lemniscus lie lateral to this area. These structures are part of the central auditory pathway.

														 1
						.
					 Lingual gyrus  2
						.
					 Vermis  3
						.
					 Fastigial nucleus  4
						.
					 Brachium conjunctivum (superior cerebellar peduncle)  5
						.
					 Restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle)  6
						.
					 Vestibulocerebellar fibers (juxtarestiform body)  7
						.
					 Medial longitudinal fasciculus  8
						.
					 Spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus  9
						.
					 Trapezoid body  10
						.
					 Deep pontine fibers  11
						.
					 Longitudinal fasciculus (pontine pyramid)  12
						.
					 Superficial pontine fibers  13
						.
					 Globose nucleus  14
						.
					 Dentate nucleus  15
						.
					 Fourth ventricle  16
						.
					 Facial colliculus and genu (internal) roots of facial nerve  17
						.
					 Nucleus of abducens nerve and nucleus of facial nerve (lower pointer)  18
						.
					 Second part of roots of facial nerve (VII)  19
						.
					 Superior olivary nucleus (the lateral lemniscus is forming lateral to this nucleus)  20
						.
					 Central tegmental tract  21
						.
					 Root abducens nerve  22
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  23
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  24
						.
					 Uncus (hippocampal gyrus)


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Junction of medulla and pons.
										This section cuts across the mid-portion of the fourth ventricle and the nodulus at a level 3.5 mm. higher than the previous section. The cerebellar nuclei are prominent and the beginnings of the brachium conjunctivum (15) visible. The restiform bodies are extending upwards into the cerebellum and fibers of the juxtarestiform body are passing from the acoustic area (5) toward the cerebellum at (4).

														 1
						.
					 Lingual gyrus  2
						.
					 Nodulus  3
						.
					 Fourth ventricle  4
						.
					 Juxtarestiform tract  5
						.
					 Area acustica and medial longitudinal fasciculus  6
						.
					 Ventral cochlear nucleus  7
						.
					 Medial lemniscus  8
						.
					 Pontobulbar body  9
						.
					 Pyramid (medulla oblongata)  10
						.
					 Pons and foramen caecum  11
						.
					 Fusiform gyrus  12
						.
					 Uncus (hippocampal gyrus)  13
						.
					 Emboliform nucleus  14
						.
					 Fastigial nucleus  15
						.
					 Brachium conjunctivum (superior cerebellar peduncle)  16
						.
					 Dentate nucleus  17
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle)  18
						.
					 Restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle)  19
						.
					 Spinal trigeminal tract  20
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VII) vestibular part  21
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  22
						.
					 Quadrangular lobule  23
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  24
						.
					 Nucleus facial nerve  25
						.
					 Central tegmental tract (tegmental olivary tract)  26
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  27
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery (cut across)


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Medulla oblongata.
										At this level, 3 mm. above the preceding section, the cochlear nuclei are well defined on each side of their positions above and lateral to the restiform body. The incoming cochlear nerves (20), however, are partially hidden by the flocculi. The vestibular nerves (19) are also obscured by the flocculi but are well seen in the following view as they enter the brain stem. The region between the exit point of the facial nerve and that of the acoustic nerve is transversed by obliquely directed pontine fibers which enter a nuclear area known as the pontobulbar body (21). The medial lemniscus (9) is becoming triangular in shape as it approaches the pons.

														 1
						.
					 Dentate nucleus  2
						.
					 Medial longitudinal fasciculus  3
						.
					 Choroid plexus fourth ventricle  4
						.
					 Area acustica  5
						.
					 Restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle)  6
						.
					 Reticular gray matter  7
						.
					 Spinal trigeminal tract  8
						.
					 Inferior olivary nucleus  9
						.
					 Medial lemniscus  10
						.
					 Pyramid (medulla oblongata)  11
						.
					 Arcuate nuclei  12
						.
					 Emboliform nucleus  13
						.
					 Globose nucleus  14
						.
					 Nodulus  15
						.
					 Dorsal cochlear nucleus  16
						.
					 Floccular peduncle  17
						.
					 Ventral cochlear nucleus  18
						.
					 Flocculus  19
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) vestibular part  20
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) cochlear part  21
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) and "corpus pontobulbare"  22
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  23
						.
					 Optic chiasm


Exploration of the meninges and brain in situ
										 Rhomboid fossa
										The choroid plexus and tela chorioidea have been removed to expose the entire left half of the fourth ventricle. The inferior margin of the lateral recess of the ventricle is marked by the cut edge of the taenia ventriculi quarti (29) which can be traced laterally across several rootlets of the ninth and tenth nerves.

														 1
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Middle cranial fossa  3
						.
					 Branch of posterior cerebral artery  4
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV)  5
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery (cut across)  6
						.
					 Major portion of trigeminal nerve (V)  7
						.
					 Minor portion of trigeminal nerve (V)  8
						.
					 Internal auditory artery  9
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII)  10
						.
					 Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (cut across)  11
						.
					 Roots glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus (X), and accessory (XI)  12
						.
					 Spinal root of accessory nerve  13
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve root (XII) (other rootlets of this nerve also visible)  14
						.
					 Vertebral artery left  15
						.
					 Posterior cranial fossa  16
						.
					 Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries  17
						.
					 Spinal medulla  18
						.
					 Great cerebral vein (of Galen)  19
						.
					 Inferior colliculus  20
						.
					 Falx cerebri  21
						.
					 Straight sinus (opened)  22
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle) (cut across)  23
						.
					 Superior cerebellar peduncle (cut across)  24
						.
					 Superior part of rhomboid fossa  25
						.
					 Arbor vitae  26
						.
					 Inferior cerebellar peduncle(cut across)  27
						.
					 Nucleus dorsalis cochlear nerve  28
						.
					 Intermediate part of rhomboid fossa  29
						.
					 Lateral recess of rhomboid fossa and taenia fourth ventricle  30
						.
					 Inferior part of rhomboid fossa  31
						.
					 Falx cerebelli


Serial transverse sections of the brain stem
										 Medulla oblongata.
										The inferior olivary nucleus and medial accessory olive are prominent at this level, 4 mm. higher in the medulla. From these nuclei numerous olivocerebellar fibers pass as internal arcuate fibers to the restiform bodies which in this section are not completely organized. The hypoglossal nucleus (4) is still present, although not as clearly defined as before, and an emerging filament of the nerve is seen below the right olive.

														 1
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  2
						.
					 Uvula (vermis)  3
						.
					 Choroid plexus fourth ventricle and area acustica  4
						.
					 Nucleus hypoglossal nerve (XII).  5
						.
					 Tractus solitarius  6
						.
					 Spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus  7
						.
					 Inferior olivary nucleus  8
						.
					 Medial accessory olivary nucleus  9
						.
					 Pyramid (medulla oblongata)  10
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  11
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VII)  12
						.
					 Emboliform nucleus  13
						.
					 Hilus dentate nucleus  14
						.
					 Dentate nucleus  15
						.
					 Tonsil (ventral paraflocculus)  16
						.
					 Posterolateral fissure  17
						.
					 Taenia fourth ventricle and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (X) (dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve)  18
						.
					 Restiform body (inferior cerebellar peduncle )  19
						.
					 Ventral cochlear nucleus  20
						.
					 Position of nucleus ambiguous  21
						.
					 Medial lemniscus  22
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus (X)  23
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  24
						.
					 Middle cerebellar peduncle  25
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  26
						.
					 Pons  27
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)


Exploration of a brain cut in frontal section at the splenium of the corpus callosum
										 Hippocampal commissures; meninges within transverse fissure
										A block of tissue including the cingulum and hippocampal structures has been removed on the right side to expose the right pulvinar. Vessels and meninges remain in their normal position within the transverse fissure thus opened. The splenium and gyri cinguli are cut away. The central parts of the lateral ventricles and the forward course of the fornix with the hippocampal commissure interconnecting its two crura are now seen.

														 1
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  2
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  3
						.
					 Fornix (crus)  4
						.
					 Pulvinar  5
						.
					 Inferior colliculus  6
						.
					 Fusiform gyrus  7
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus  8
						.
					 Corpus callosum  9
						.
					 Hippocampal commissure  10
						.
					 Choroidal branch of posterior cerebral artery  11
						.
					 Meninges  12
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery  13
						.
					 Hippocampus  14
						.
					 Anterior medullary velum  15
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle) (cut across)


Exploration of a brain cut in frontal section at the splenium of the corpus callosum
										 Cingulum, fornix, pulvinar and choroidal arteries
										On the right side the cingulum is now exposed in its curved course around the splenium. On the left the occipital radiation of the corpus callosum and the hippocampal structures are divided and portions removed to display the crus of the fornix, the pulvinar of the thalamus and branches of the posterior cerebral artery within the area.

														 1
						.
					 External sagittal stratum (cut across)  2
						.
					 Tapetum  3
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  4
						.
					 Fornix (ems)  5
						.
					 Pulvinar  6
						.
					 Hippocampus (cut across)  7
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery (note its choroidal branches)  8
						.
					 Fourth ventricle  9
						.
					 Cingulum  10
						.
					 Occipital part of radiations of corpus callosum (cut across)  11
						.
					 Medial longitudinal stria  12
						.
					 Pineal body  13
						.
					 Cingulum  14
						.
					 Collateral fissure  15
						.
					 Inferior colliculus  16
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  17
						.
					 Dorsal part of pons (tegmentum of the pons)  18
						.
					 Inferior olivary nucleus


Exploration of those parts of the brain supplied by the posterior cerebral artery
										 Lentiform nucleus and inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus
										The temporopontine fibers of the internal capsule have now been cut away to reveal the gray matter of the lentiform nucleus directly above. The inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus is seen lateral to the nucleus.

														 1
						.
					 Parieto-occipital fissure  2
						.
					 Medial surface of frontal lobe  3
						.
					 Occipital part radiations of corpus callosum  4
						.
					 Cingulum (cut across)  5
						.
					 Corpus callosum (splenium)  6
						.
					 Pulvinar  7
						.
					 Mesencephalon (cut across)  8
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  9
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  10
						.
					 Optic chiasm  11
						.
					 Medullary substance of occipital lobe  12
						.
					 Tapetum  13
						.
					 External sagittal stratum  14
						.
					 Fornix (ems) (cut across)  15
						.
					 Caudate nucleus (tail) (cut across)  16
						.
					 Posterior thalamic radiation  17
						.
					 Lateral geniculate body (cut across)  18
						.
					 Temporopontine tract (cut across)  19
						.
					 Lentiform nucleus  20
						.
					 Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus  21
						.
					 Amygdaloid nucleus (dissected)  22
						.
					 Uncinate fasciculus


Sagittal sections of right foot
										 Section through lateral part of foot, viewed from lateral side
										The plane of section traverses the fibula, the lateral parts of the talus and calcaneus, the cuboid bone and the fourth metatarsal.

														 1
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  2
						.
					 Fibula  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior tibiofibular ligament Lower pointer: Posterior talofibular ligament  4
						.
					 Subtalar articulation  5
						.
					 Tarsal sinus  6
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  7
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (covered superficially by lateral part of plantar aponeurosis)  8
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  9
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid articulation (part of transverse tarsal joint)  10
						.
					 Cuboid bone  11
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon cut obliquely within tendon sheath)  12
						.
					 2nd plantar interosseus muscle  13
						.
					 4th dorsal interosseus muscle  14
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  15
						.
					 Interosseous membrane of leg  16
						.
					 Tibia  17
						.
					 Talocrural articulation (pointer on lateral malleolar surface of trochlea of talus)  18
						.
					 Trochlea of talus  19
						.
					 Left pointer: Intermediate root of inferior extensor retinaculum Right pointer: Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  20
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  21
						.
					 Lateral tarsal artery  22
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle (additional unlabeled part of muscle belly visible distally)  23
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  24
						.
					 Base of 3rd metatarsal bone  25
						.
					 3rd dorsal interosseus muscle  26
						.
					 4th metatarsal bone  27
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  28
						.
					 Base of proximal phalanx  29
						.
					 4th digit


Sagittal sections of right foot
										 Section through medial part of foot, viewed from lateral side
										The plane of section passes through the calcaneus posteriorly and the shaft of the second metatarsal anteriorly, displaying the medial part of the longitudinal arch of the foot.

														 1
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (sectioned nearly longitudinally)  2
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery (sectioned longitudinally)  3
						.
					 Tibial nerve  4
						.
					 Talocrural articulation  5
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon cut obliquely)  6
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  7
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  8
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (fibers pass obliquely laterally)  9
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  10
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  11
						.
					 Left pointer: Calcaneocuboid articulation Right pointer: Cuboid bone  12
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  14
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon of insertion, faintly visible)  15
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  16
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendons distal to attachment of quadratus plantae)  17
						.
					 Transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle  18
						.
					 Plantar ligament  19
						.
					 Tibia  20
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (sectioned longitudinally)  21
						.
					 Subtalar articulation  22
						.
					 Left pointer: Tarsal sinus Right pointer: Neck of talus  23
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  24
						.
					 Left pointer: Head of talus Right pointer: Talocalcaneonavicular articulation  25
						.
					 Navicular bone  26
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  27
						.
					 Intermediate cuneiform bone  28
						.
					 Base of 2nd metatarsal bone  29
						.
					 Plantar arch  30
						.
					 1st dorsal interosseus muscle (visible both above and below metatarsal)  31
						.
					 2nd dorsal interosseus muscle  32
						.
					 2nd metatarsophalangeal articulations


Cross sections of right foot
										 Horizontal section of lower part of leg through tibiofibular syndesmosis
										The specimen, cut across just above the ankle joint, is viewed from below so that the side-to-side relations of the structures that have been followed through the preceding sections of the foot remain unchanged.

														 1
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  2
						.
					 Anterior lateral malleolar artery  3
						.
					 Anterior tibiofibular ligament  4
						.
					 Interosseous tibiofibular ligament (continuous above with the interosseous membrane of leg)  5
						.
					 Fibula  6
						.
					 Posterior tibiofibular ligament  7
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon)  8
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  9
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  10
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  11
						.
					 Deep transverse septum  12
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  13
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  14
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  15
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum  16
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  17
						.
					 Tibia  18
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon within synovial sheath surrounded by flexor retinaculum)  19
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial plantar nerve Lower pointer: Lateral plantar nerve  21
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  22
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of lateral posterior tibial artery


Cross sections of right foot
										 Oblique section through ankle joint and subtalar joint
										The plane of this section passes obliquely upward and forward from the heel to transect the dorsum of the foot through the anterior part of the trochlea of the talus.

														 1
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  2
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendon within synovial sheath)  3
						.
					 Trochlea of talus (pointer on superior surface)  4
						.
					 Lateral malleolar surface of trochlea of talus  5
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  6
						.
					 Subtalar articular space  7
						.
					 Posterior talofibular ligament  8
						.
					 Fossa of lateral malleolus of fibula  9
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon within synovial sheath)  10
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon within synovial sheath)  11
						.
					 Calcaneofibular ligament  12
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  13
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon and muscle)  14
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon and muscle)  15
						.
					 Surface of medial malleolar trochlea of talus  16
						.
					 Deltoid ligament  17
						.
					 Medial malleolus  18
						.
					 Posterior tibiotalar part of deltoid ligament  19
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon within synovial sheath)  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendon within synovial sheath) Lower pointer: Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon within synovial sheath)  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial plantar nerve Lower pointer: Lateral plantar nerve  22
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  23
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle (origin)


Cross sections of right foot
										 Section through sustentaculum tali and tarsal sinus
										The plane of the cut is nearly vertical and is such that the anterior part of the ankle joint (2) is included in the section with the posterior part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint (17). The relation of the flexor tendons to the sustentaculum tali is illustrated. In the plane of section all of the long tendons are enclosed within synovial sheaths reinforced by fibrous sheaths.

														 1
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendon)  2
						.
					 Talocrural articular space  3
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  4
						.
					 Talus  5
						.
					 Branch of lateral tarsal artery  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intemediate root of inferior extensor retinaculum Lower pointer: Tarsal sinus  7
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior peroneal retinaculum Lower pointer: Peroneus longus muscle  9
						.
					 Calcaneus  10
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  11
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  12
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis (lateral and intermedial portions)  14
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  15
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon)  16
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  17
						.
					 Talocalcaneonavicular articular space (articulation between talus and middle surface of calcaneus)  18
						.
					 Tibiocalcaneal part of deltoid ligament  19
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon within synovial sheath)  20
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali  21
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendon within synovial sheath)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon within synovial sheath) Lower pointer: Medial plantar nerve (medial plantar artery lies slightly inferior to nerve and is small)  23
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  24
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  25
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  26
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery and vein


Cross sections of right foot
										 Section through region of mid-tarsal joint
										Included in the section are portions of the head of the talus (16), the navicular bone (18), the calcaneus (5) and the cuboid bone (7). The spheroidal shape of the talonavicular joint is evident in the section as is the saddle-shape of the calcaneocuboid joint.

														 1
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  2
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  3
						.
					 Lateral tarsal artery  4
						.
					 Bifurcate ligament  5
						.
					 Calcaneus  6
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Cuboid bone  8
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  9
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendinous sheath of peroneus longus and plantaris muscles Lower pointer: Peroneus longus muscle (sesamoid bone present in tendon)  11
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  12
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  13
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  14
						.
					 Talonavicular ligament  15
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon)  16
						.
					 Head of talus  17
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  18
						.
					 Navicular bone  19
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (upper pointer indicates sesamoid bone in tendon)  20
						.
					 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)  21
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  22
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendon in common sheath with tendon of flexor hallucis longus)  23
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  24
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve  25
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid plantar ligament  26
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  27
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  28
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  29
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  30
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery


Cross sections of right foot
										 Section through navicular, cuneiform and cuboid bones
										The section passes through the posterior parts of the three cuneiform bones, the anterior part of the navicular and cuboid bones, and through the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal. The tendon of insertion of the tibialis posterior has been split into several fascicles (18) passing to the cuneiforms and to the base of the first metatarsal. The peroneus longus tendon (8) lies more laterally than in the previous section and is in an osteofibrous tunnel bounded below by the anterior continuation of the long plantar ligament (not labeled).

														 1
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  2
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  3
						.
					 Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament  4
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  5
						.
					 Arcuate artery  6
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Cuboid bone  8
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon within fibro-osseous tunnel)  9
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle (tendon)  10
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  11
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (tendon)  12
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  14
						.
					 Navicular bone  15
						.
					 Intermediate cuneiform bone  16
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon)  17
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  18
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon of insertion split into several slips)  19
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  20
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  21
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  22
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  23
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve  24
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  25
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  26
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  27
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  28
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery and vein


Cross sections of right foot
										 Section of foot through tarsometatarsal joints, viewed from in front
										The plane of section passes through the bases of all of the metatarsals and portions of the three cuneiform bones. Several interosseous ligaments (6, 8, 18) are visible. The potential fascial spaces between layers of muscle in the central compartment of the foot have been emphasized by pulling the muscles slightly apart from each other.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intermediate cuneiform bone Lower pointer: 1st metatarsal bone  2
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons covered by fascia of dorsalis pedis)  3
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  4
						.
					 2nd metatarsal bone  5
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Metatarsal interosseous ligament  7
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  8
						.
					 Metatarsal interosseous ligament  9
						.
					 Interosseous muscle  10
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  11
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  12
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi muscle  13
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery and vein  14
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  15
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  16
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  17
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  18
						.
					 Cuneometatarsal interosseous ligament  19
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon inserting on 1st metatarsal)  20
						.
					 metatarsal bone  21
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon)  22
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  23
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  24
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  25
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  26
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve  27
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (origins of lumbrical muscles visible medial to pointer fibers of insertion of quadratus plantae faintly visible lateral to pointer)  28
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  29
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis


Cross sections of right foot
										 Section through proximal parts of metatarsal shafts, viewed from in front
										This section, cut 2 cm. posterior to the plane of the previous section, illustrates the layers of the muscle (19, 4, 14, 5) deep to the plantar aponeurosis (20) in the central part of the foot. The width of the fascial cleft located deep to the second layer of muscles (4) has been exaggerated by slight downward retraction of the layers superficial to it.

														 1
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis  2
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  3
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  4
						.
					 Right pointer: Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendon) Left pointer: 3rd lumbrical muscle  5
						.
					 Interosseous muscle (see previous view for identification of individual dorsal and plantar interossei)  6
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  8
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  9
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle (tendon)  10
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  11
						.
					 Deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis artery  12
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  13
						.
					 Plantar arch (partially cut away)  14
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  15
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  16
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  17
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  18
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve  19
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  20
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  21
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve


Cross sections of right foot
										 Section of foot through distal ends of metatarsals, viewed from in front
										The plane of this section is 6 mm. posterior to that of the section shown in the preceding view. The direction of view has been reversed for the present photograph so that the distal surface is illustrated in relation to the remainder of the foot. In the remaining sections of this series the distal surfaces are shown.

														 1
						.
					 Right pointer: Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendon to 2nd toe) Left pointer: Extensor digitorum brevis muscle (tendon to 2nd toe passing obliquely medially)  2
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendon to 3rd toe)  3
						.
					 Right pointer: 2nd dorsal interosseous muscIe Left pointer: 1st plantar interosseous muscle  4
						.
					 Transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle  5
						.
					 4th dorsal interosseus muscle  6
						.
					 3rd plantar interosseous muscle  7
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  8
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  9
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle (tendon)  10
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  11
						.
					 1st dorsal interosseus muscle  12
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  13
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  14
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  15
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  16
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  17
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum longus and brevis muscles (to 2nd toe) Right pointer: 1st lumbrical muscle  18
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum longus and brevis muscles (to 3rd toe) Right pointer: 2nd lumbrical muscle  19
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis (several thick tendon-like bundles of aponeurotic fibers visible in this plane)  20
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerve  21
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle et brevis (to 4th toe)  22
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (to 5th toe)


Cross sections of right foot
										 Section of distal part of foot, viewed from behind
										The plane of section passes through the sesamoid bones of the first metatarsophalangeal joint medially and the head of the fifth metatarsal laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Head of metatarsal bone I (note articular cartilage covering lower part of head)  2
						.
					 Collateral ligament for metatarsophalangeal articulation  3
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle (tendon approaching insertion)  4
						.
					 Sesamoid bone  5
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  6
						.
					 Adductor hallucis muscle (tendon of oblique head)  7
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerve  8
						.
					 Left pointer: 1st lumbrical muscle Right pointer: Flexor digitorum longus and brevis muscles (tendons cut off within fibrous sheath)  9
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerve  10
						.
					 Left pointer: 2nd lumbrical muscle Right pointer: Flexor digitorum longus and brevis muscles (tendons cutoff in sheath)  11
						.
					 Transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle  12
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus and brevis muscles (to 4th toe)  13
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  14
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle (tendon)  15
						.
					 Left pointer: 1st dorsal interosseus muscle Right pointer: 2nd metatarsal bone  16
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendon to 2nd toe)  17
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle (tendon to second toe)  18
						.
					 First dorsal interosseus muscle  19
						.
					 1st plantar interosseous muscle  20
						.
					 3rd dorsal interosseus muscle  21
						.
					 2nd plantar interosseous muscle  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: 3rd plantar interosseous muscle (approaching insertion) Lower pointer: Collateral ligament  23
						.
					 Head of 5th metatarsal bone (cut across within articular cavity)  24
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  25
						.
					 Sesamoid bone  26
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendon to 5th toe)  27
						.
					 4th dorsal interosseus muscle


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, viewed from above
										The joints of the first two toes have been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Collateral parts of extensor expansion  2
						.
					 Middle part of extensor expansion  3
						.
					 Deep transverse metatarsal ligament  4
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  5
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Metatarsophalanx articular capsule  7
						.
					 Interphalangeal articular space  8
						.
					 Extensor expansion (insertion of lumbrical)  9
						.
					 Collateral ligament (divided)  10
						.
					 Plantar ligament  11
						.
					 Collateral ligament (divided)  12
						.
					 Head of 1st metatarsal bone  13
						.
					 Body of 1st metatarsal bone


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Joints of foot opened and viewed from above
										The intertarsal, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints have been opened by incising the ligaments and capsules of these joints. The adjoining bones have been pulled apart to demonstrate the internal configuration of the various cavities. Interosseous ligaments between the bases of the metatarsals (10), between the cuneiform bones (13), and between the lateral cuneiform and the cuboid bone (3) have also been divided. The interior of the tarsometatarsal joint of the first toe is also illustrated in view 202-4.

														 1
						.
					 Intermetatarsal articulations (opened)  2
						.
					 Tarsometatarsal articulations (opened)  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cuneocuboid interosseous ligament (cut through) Lower pointer: Lateral cuneiform bone  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cuboid bone Lower pointer: Cuneocuboid articulation (opened)  5
						.
					 Cuboideonavicular articulation (opened)  6
						.
					 Articular surface of calcaneus for cuboid  7
						.
					 Tarsal sinus  8
						.
					 Calcaneus  9
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Metatarsal interosseous ligament Lower pointer: Base of second metatarsal bone  11
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intercuneiform articulation Lower pointer: Intermediate cuneiform bone  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intercuneiform interosseous ligament Lower pointer: Intercuneiform articulation  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cuneonavicular articular space Lower pointer: Navicular bone  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Talonavicular ligament (cut) Lower pointer: Talocalcaneonavicular articulation  16
						.
					 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament  17
						.
					 Articular surface of talus for navicular bone  18
						.
					 Trochlea of talus


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints, opened and viewed from above
										The talus has been removed from the specimen to reveal the articular surfaces of the calcaneus and the navicular bone together with the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (20).

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament  2
						.
					 Cuboid bone  3
						.
					 Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament  4
						.
					 Bifurcate ligament (calcaneocuboid ligament not clearly visible)  5
						.
					 Calcaneus (superior tubercle)  6
						.
					 Cervical ligament (cut off)  7
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum (upper pointer: intermediate root; lower pointer: medial root)  8
						.
					 Tarsal sinus  9
						.
					 Anterior talocalcaneal ligament  10
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum  11
						.
					 Calcaneofibular ligament  12
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus bone (in background)  13
						.
					 Calcaneal subtendinous bursa  14
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  15
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  16
						.
					 Navicular bone  17
						.
					 Talonavicular ligament (cut off)  18
						.
					 Navicular bone (articular surface for talus)  19
						.
					 Anterior articular surface of calcaneus for talus (not separate from middle articular surface (21) in this specimen)  20
						.
					 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)  21
						.
					 Medial articular surface of calcaneus for talus (also see 19)  22
						.
					 Talocalcaneonavicular articular capsule  23
						.
					 Ligament of tarsal canal (attached within calcaneal groove)  24
						.
					 Deltoid ligament (cut off)  25
						.
					 Posterior articular surface of calcaneus for talus  26
						.
					 Medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus (in background)  27
						.
					 Subtalar articular capsule  28
						.
					 Calcaneus


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Interior of ankle joint, anterior view
										The tibia and fibula have been detached from the tarsal bones. The foot has been placed in a position of partial extension.

														 1
						.
					 Inferior articular surface of tibia  2
						.
					 Talocrural articular capsule (cut edge)  3
						.
					 Malleolar articular surface  4
						.
					 Medial malleolus  5
						.
					 Deltoid ligament (divided)  6
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  7
						.
					 Neck of talus (pointer on cut margin of joint capsule)  8
						.
					 Head of talus (covered by ligaments)  9
						.
					 Talonavicular ligament  10
						.
					 Navicular bone (covered by ligaments)  11
						.
					 Interosseous tibiofibular ligament  12
						.
					 Anterior tibiofibular ligament (divided)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Malleolar articular surface Lower pointer: Transverse tibiofibular ligament  14
						.
					 Anterior talofibular ligament (divided)  15
						.
					 Superior surface of trochlea of talus  16
						.
					 Tarsal sinus  17
						.
					 Calcaneus (pointer on superior tubercle)  18
						.
					 Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Interior of ankle joint and subtalar joint in relation to deep ligaments, posterior view
										The joint capsules have been widely opened. All of the major ligaments of the ankle joint and subtalar joint have been kept intact for the purpose of this photograph. In the following views the bones have been separated by transection of the ligaments.

														 1
						.
					 Fibula  2
						.
					 Posterior tibiofibular ligament  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Transverse tibiofibular ligament Lower pointer: Lateral malleolar surface trochlea of talus  4
						.
					 Talocrural articular capsule (cut edge of capsule traceable as thin ridge of tissue around margin of opened joint cavity)  5
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  6
						.
					 Posterior talofibular ligament (note massive size and depth of ligament)  7
						.
					 Calcaneofibular ligament  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior articular surface of calcaneus for talus Lower pointer: Calcaneus  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral tubercle of posterior talar process Lower pointer: Subtalar articular capsule (posterior talocalcaneal ligament)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Groove for flexor hallucis longus tendon Lower pointer: Medial tubercle of posterior talar process  11
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  12
						.
					 Tibia  13
						.
					 Superior surface of trochlea of talus  14
						.
					 Malleolar groove (for tibialis posterior muscle)  15
						.
					 Medial malleolus  16
						.
					 Posterior tibiotalar part of deltoid ligament  17
						.
					 Tibiocalcaneal part of deltoid ligament  18
						.
					 Medial talocalcaneal ligament (fibers run horizontally)  19
						.
					 Groove for flexor hallucis longus tendon  20
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali  21
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone (tendon of tibialis posterior cut off at attachment)


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Interior of ankle joint and subtalar joint in relation to ligaments, posterior view
										The fascia posterior to the joints has been removed and the capsules have been partly opened to reveal parts of the talus and calcaneus within the joint cavities.

														 1
						.
					 Fibula  2
						.
					 Posterior tibiofibular ligament  3
						.
					 Trochlea of talus (exposed within talocrural joint)  4
						.
					 Talocrural articular capsule  5
						.
					 Groove for peroneal tendons  6
						.
					 Posterior talofibular ligament  7
						.
					 Subtalar articulation (opened)  8
						.
					 Posterior talocalcaneal ligament  9
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (cut off)  10
						.
					 Posterior surface of tibia  11
						.
					 Medial malleolus  12
						.
					 Groove for tibialis posterior muscle  13
						.
					 Posterior tibiotalar part of deltoid ligament  14
						.
					 Groove for flexor hallucis longus muscle  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tibiocalcaneal part of deltoid ligament Lower pointer: Sustentaculum tali


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Ligaments of ankle and subtalar joints, posterior view
										The capsules of the ankle and subtalar (talocalcaneal)joints remain intact. In addition, a layer of fascia (5) has been retained posteriorly. This layer continued laterally into the superior peroneal retinaculum and blended medially into the flexor retinaculum.

														 1
						.
					 Fibula  2
						.
					 Posterior tibiofibular ligament  3
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  4
						.
					 Superior peroneal retinaculum (divided)  5
						.
					 Fascia posterior to ankle joint (this layer blended with superior peroneal retinaculum)  6
						.
					 Calcaneofibular ligament  7
						.
					 Subtalar articular capsule  8
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum  9
						.
					 Calcaneus  10
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus bone  11
						.
					 Medial malleolus  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Groove for tendon of tibialis posterior muscle Lower pointer: Groove for tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle  13
						.
					 Talocrural articular capsule  14
						.
					 Deltoid ligament  15
						.
					 Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle  16
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (cut off at insertion into tuberosity of navicular)  17
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali  18
						.
					 Metatarsal bone


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Interior of ankle and mid-tarsal joints in relation to ligaments, lateral view
										The thin parts of the capsules of the ankles and mid-tarsal joints have been cut away to emphasize the position of the ligaments in relation to the bony and cartilaginous parts of these joints.

														 1
						.
					 Tibia  2
						.
					 Trochlea of talus (pointer on superior surface)  3
						.
					 Anterior talofibular ligament  4
						.
					 Cervical ligament  5
						.
					 Talonavicular ligament  6
						.
					 Calcaneonavicular ligament (part of bifurcate ligament)  7
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid ligament (part of bifurcate ligament)  8
						.
					 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament  9
						.
					 Fibula  10
						.
					 Anterior tibiofibular ligament  11
						.
					 Lateral process of talus  12
						.
					 Left pointer: Lateral talocalcaneal ligament Right pointer: Calcaneofibular ligament  13
						.
					 Calcaneus  14
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum (opened)  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Inferior extensor retinaculum (intermediate root) Right pointer: Tarsal sinus (leading into deeply placed tarsal canal)  16
						.
					 Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament  17
						.
					 Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Ligaments of ankle and foot, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Tibia  2
						.
					 Anterior tibiofibular ligament  3
						.
					 Talocrural articular capsule  4
						.
					 Anterior talofibular ligament  5
						.
					 Tarsal canal in depths of tarsal sinus (pointer on medial root of inferior extensor retinaculum)  6
						.
					 Head of talus  7
						.
					 Cervical ligament  8
						.
					 Talonavicular ligament  9
						.
					 Navicular bone (covered by ligaments)  10
						.
					 Bifurcate ligament (pointer on calcaneonavicular ligament; calcaneocuboid ligament not visible in dissection)  11
						.
					 Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament  12
						.
					 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament  13
						.
					 Fibula  14
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  15
						.
					 Subtalar articular capsule  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral talocalcaneal ligament Lower pointer: Calcaneofibular ligament  17
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  18
						.
					 Calcaneus  19
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus bone  20
						.
					 Medial processs (plantar aponeurosis cut across)  21
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum (opened)  22
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum (upper pointer, intermediate root; lower pointer, lateral root)  23
						.
					 Superior tubercle of calcaneus  24
						.
					 Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament  25
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  26
						.
					 Cuboid bone (covered by ligaments)  27
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon cut off at insertion)  28
						.
					 Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament  29
						.
					 Dorsal metatarsal ligament


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Ligaments of ankle and foot, dorsal view
										The bifurcate ligament is obscured in this photograph by bands of the dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament medial to the area indicated by pointer 5. It is visible in view 203-3.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal metatarsal ligament  2
						.
					 Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament  3
						.
					 Insertion of peroneus brevis muscle on tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament (also see no. 19) Lower pointer: Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament  5
						.
					 Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament  6
						.
					 Superior tubercle of calcaneus  7
						.
					 Cervical ligament  8
						.
					 Intermediate root of inferior extensor retinaculum  9
						.
					 Tarsal sinus  10
						.
					 Lateral root of inferior extensor retinaculum  11
						.
					 Anterior talofibular ligament  12
						.
					 Trochlea of talus (lateral border, covered by articular capsule)  13
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  14
						.
					 Anterior tibiofibular ligament  15
						.
					 Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments  16
						.
					 Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments  17
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon at insertion)  18
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone (covered by periosteum and ligaments)  19
						.
					 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament (also see no. 4)  20
						.
					 Navicular bone (covered by periosteum and ligaments)  21
						.
					 Talonavicular ligament  22
						.
					 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (upper part of spring ligament)  23
						.
					 Head of talus (covered by ligaments)  24
						.
					 Anterior tibiotalar part of deltoid ligament  25
						.
					 Deltoid ligament  26
						.
					 Trochlea of talus (covered by talocrural articular capsule)  27
						.
					 Medial malleolus  28
						.
					 Tibia


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Ligaments of ankle and foot, medial view
										The tendons of the peroneus longus and tibialis posterior muscles have been cut off at their insertions (1, 3, 7) to permit the deeper-lying ligaments to be brought to view. The groove marking the course of the peroneus longus tendon across the plantar part of the foot can be readily traced in the specimen (13). Facets on the calcaneus and cuboid bone are visible along the path occupied by this tendon.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior tibiotalar ligament Lower pointer: Tibionavicular ligament (part of deltoid ligament)  2
						.
					 Tibiocalcaneal ligament (part of deltoid ligament)  3
						.
					 Posterior tibiotalar ligament (part of deltoid ligament)  4
						.
					 Subtalar articular capsule  5
						.
					 Groove for flexor hallucis longus muscle  6
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  7
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  8
						.
					 Medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus  9
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali  10
						.
					 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)  11
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid plantar ligament  12
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  13
						.
					 Groove for peroneus longus tendon  14
						.
					 Plantar cuneonavicular ligament  15
						.
					 Tibia (pointer indicates remnant of superior extensor retinaculum)  16
						.
					 Medial malleolus  17
						.
					 Talocrural articular capsule  18
						.
					 Talonavicular ligament  19
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  20
						.
					 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament  21
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon of insertion)  22
						.
					 1st tarsometatarsal articular capsule  23
						.
					 metatarsal bone


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Ligaments of plantar aspect of foot, deep layer
										The tendons of the peroneus longus and tibialis posterior muscles have been cut off at their insertions (1, 3, 7) to permit the deeper-lying ligaments to be brought to view. The groove marking the course of the peroneus longus tendon across the plantar part of the foot can be readily traced in the specimen (13). Facets on the calcaneus and cuboid bone are visible along the path occupied by this tendon.

														 1
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (insertion on 1st metatarsal)  2
						.
					 Plantar tarsometatarsal ligament  3
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (part of insertion)  4
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  5
						.
					 Plantar cuneonavicular ligament  6
						.
					 Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament  7
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (principal insertion on navicular bone)  8
						.
					 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)  9
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali  10
						.
					 Medial malleolus  11
						.
					 Medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus  12
						.
					 Plantar metatarsal ligaments  13
						.
					 Groove for peroneus longus tendon  14
						.
					 Tuberosity of cuboid bone  15
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid plantar ligament  16
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  17
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum


Joints of left ankle and foot
										 Ligaments of planar aspect of foot
										In the dissection of the left foot shown in this photograph and in the subsequent views of this series the muscles, nerves and blood vessels have been entirely removed to illustrate the ligaments and joints of the ankle and foot. In connection with the study of these structures reference should also be made to view 198-4 which illustrates the ligaments on the dorsum of the foot and to view 202-4 in which the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe has been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Interosseous metatarsal space  2
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  3
						.
					 Area of origin of interosseous muscle  4
						.
					 Tendon of peroneus longus muscle  5
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone (covered by ligaments)  6
						.
					 Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament  7
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  8
						.
					 Tendon of tibialis posterior muscle  9
						.
					 Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament  10
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali (pointer indicates groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle)  11
						.
					 Medial malleolus (pointer indicates groove for tendon of tibialis posterior muscle)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus Lower pointer: Plantar aponeurosis  13
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  14
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  15
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (part of insertion)  16
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid plantar ligament (short plantar ligament)  17
						.
					 Cuboid bone (surface for tendon of peroneus longus)  18
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  19
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum  20
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus bone  21
						.
					 Superior peroneal retinaculum (pointer also indicates lateral malleolus)


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Nerve supply to dorsal interosseous muscles; interior of first metatarsophalangeal joint
										The plantar interossei have been detached and removed from the dissection to provide a better view of the dorsal interossei and their nerves. In addition, the capsule of the first metatarsophalangeal joint has been opened by a wide incision to expose the interior of the joint.

														 1
						.
					 Sesamoid bone  2
						.
					 1st metatarsophalangeal articular capsule (opened)  3
						.
					 Head of 1st metatarsal bone  4
						.
					 Plantar metatarsal artery  5
						.
					 Deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis artery (joining plantar arch)  6
						.
					 Perforating branch  7
						.
					 Tarsometatarsal articular capsule  8
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  9
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  10
						.
					 Tendon of tibialis posterior muscle (cut off)  11
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscles  12
						.
					 Branches of lateral plantar nerve to interosseous muscle  13
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  14
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  15
						.
					 Plantar arch  16
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve  17
						.
					 Tendon of peroneus longus muscle (exposed within opened tendon sheath)  18
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  19
						.
					 Sesamoid fibrocartilage in tendon of peroneus longus  20
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid plantar ligament


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Interosseous muscles and plantar arch, close-up plantar view
										Details of the dissection illustrated in the previous view are shown in this close-up photograph of the interossei, their nerves and the branches of the plantar arch related to them.

														 1
						.
					 Common digital artery  2
						.
					 Groove for flexor tendons of third toe  3
						.
					 Adductor hallucis muscle (cut off at insertion)  4
						.
					 1st and 2nd dorsal interosseous muscles (3rd and 4th dorsal interossei not labeled)  5
						.
					 Metatarsal plantar arteries  6
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  7
						.
					 Plantar venous arch  8
						.
					 Plantar arch  9
						.
					 1st tarsometatarsal articular capsule  10
						.
					 Area of origin of adductor hallucis muscle (oblique head)  11
						.
					 4th lumbrical muscle  12
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  13
						.
					 Plantar interosseous muscles  14
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle (nearly inseparable from flexor digiti minimi brevis)  15
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  16
						.
					 Plantar metatarsal artery  17
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar nerve to flexor digiti minimi brevis  18
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  19
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  20
						.
					 Tendon of peroneus longus muscle


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Interosseous muscles, general plantar view
										The adductor hallucis (1) has been cut close to its insertion on the base of the first phalanx of the great toe. The plantar arch and the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Adductor hallucis muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Metatarsal plantar arteries  3
						.
					 Plantar arch  4
						.
					 Area of origin of adductor hallucis muscle (oblique head)  5
						.
					 Tendon of peroneus longus muscle  6
						.
					 Tendon of tibialis posterior muscle  7
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali (pointer indicates groove for flexor digitorum longus muscle)  8
						.
					 Proper plantar digital artery  9
						.
					 Common plantar digital artery  10
						.
					 Interosseous muscle  11
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  12
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve  13
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  14
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid plantar ligament  15
						.
					 Area of origin of quadratus plantae. muscle from calcaneus


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Nerve supply to adductor hallucis muscle; plantar arterial arch, close-up view
										The adductor hallucis has been detached and elevated to reveal the positions of the plantar arterial and venous arches, the deep plantar nerve and the more medially placed interosseous muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Flexor tendons in digital sheath  2
						.
					 Tendinous sheath (opened)  3
						.
					 Transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle (detached at origin)  4
						.
					 Deep transverse metatarsal ligament (cut off)  5
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon cut off)  6
						.
					 Tendinous sheath (opened)  7
						.
					 Sesamoid bone  8
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle (cut off at insertion)  9
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle (cut off at insertion)  10
						.
					 Branch of deep plantar nerve to transverse head of adductor hallucis  11
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  12
						.
					 Branch of deep plantar nerve to oblique head of adductor hallucis  13
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Plantar venous arch Lower pointer: Plantar arch  15
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  16
						.
					 Area of origin of oblique head of adductor hallucis  17
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve (elevated)  18
						.
					 4th lumbrical muscle  19
						.
					 Interosseous muscle  20
						.
					 Metatarsal plantar arteries  21
						.
					 Branches of lateral plantar nerve to interosseous muscle  22
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  23
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Adductor hallucis muscle, general view
										The flexor tendons have been cut off and removed. The plantar interosseous fascia has been removed distally nearly as far as the heads of the metatarsals. The transverse and oblique heads of the adductor hallucis (3, 5) have been uncovered.

														 1
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon, cut off in digital sheath)  2
						.
					 Synovial sheath  3
						.
					 Transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle  4
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  5
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  6
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  7
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  8
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon of insertion)  9
						.
					 Groove for flexor digitorum longus muscle  10
						.
					 Groove for flexor hallucis longus muscle  11
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis (attachment to tuberosity of calcaneus)  12
						.
					 Flexor tendons (cut off in digital sheaths)  13
						.
					 4th lumbrical muscle  14
						.
					 Branch of deep plantar nerve to adductor hallucis  15
						.
					 Interosseous muscle  16
						.
					 Plantar metatarsal artery  17
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  18
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  19
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve  20
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon, covered by ligaments)  21
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle (cut off)  22
						.
					 Long plantar ligament  23
						.
					 Area of origin of abductor digiti minimi muscle