Osteology
										 Articulated bones of left foot, superior aspect

														 1
						.
					 Middle 2nd phalanx  2
						.
					 Head of 5th phalanx  3
						.
					 Body of 5th phalanx  4
						.
					 Base of 5th phalanx  5
						.
					 Head of 5th metatarsal bone  6
						.
					 Body of 5th metatarsal bone  7
						.
					 Base of 5th metatarsal bone  8
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  9
						.
					 Cuboid bone  10
						.
					 Tarsal sinus  11
						.
					 Lateral process of talus bone  12
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus bone  13
						.
					 Calcaneus  14
						.
					 Distal 1st phalanx  15
						.
					 Proximal 1st phalanx  16
						.
					 1st metatarsal bone  17
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  18
						.
					 Intermediate cuneiform bone  19
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  20
						.
					 Navicular bone  21
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  22
						.
					 Head of talus  23
						.
					 Neck of talus  24
						.
					 Surface of medial malleolar trochlea of talus  25
						.
					 Trochlea of talus (pointer on facies superior)  26
						.
					 Posterior process of talus (pointer on lateral tubercle)


Osteology
										 Right tibia and fibula, posterior view of lower parts

														 1
						.
					 Body of tibia (Posterior surface)  2
						.
					 Malleolar groove (groove for tibialis posterior)  3
						.
					 Medial malleolus  4
						.
					 Inferior articular surface  5
						.
					 Malleolar articular surface  6
						.
					 Posterior surface of fibula  7
						.
					 Posterior border of fibula  8
						.
					 Lateral surface of fibula  9
						.
					 Fibular notch  10
						.
					 Fossa of lateral malleolus  11
						.
					 Lateral malleolus


Osteology
										 Right tibia and fibula, anterior views of lower parts

														 1
						.
					 Interosseous border of fibula  2
						.
					 Anterior surface  3
						.
					 Anterior border of fibula  4
						.
					 Lateral surface  5
						.
					 Subcutaneous surface  6
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  7
						.
					 Malleolar articular surface  8
						.
					 Body of tibia  9
						.
					 Medial malleolus  10
						.
					 Malleolar articular surface  11
						.
					 Articular surface inferior


Osteology
										 Right tibia and fibula, proximal ends viewed from above

														 1
						.
					 Body of tibia  2
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  3
						.
					 Anterior intercondylar area  4
						.
					 Medial condyle (pointer on superior articular surface)  5
						.
					 Medial intercondylar tubercle  6
						.
					 Intercondylar eminence  7
						.
					 Posterior intercondylar area  8
						.
					 Lateral intercondylar tubercle  9
						.
					 Area occupied in life by infrapatellar bursa  10
						.
					 Lateral condyle (pointer on superior articular surface)  11
						.
					 Head of fibula  12
						.
					 Apex of fibula


Osteology
										 Right tibia and fibula, posterior view of upper parts

														 1
						.
					 Lateral intercondylar tubercle  2
						.
					 Intercondylar eminence  3
						.
					 Medial intercondylar tubercle  4
						.
					 Posterior intercondylar area  5
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia (pointer indicates superior articular surface)  6
						.
					 Epiphysial line  7
						.
					 Soleal line  8
						.
					 Posterior surface  9
						.
					 Nutrient foramen  10
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia (pointer on superior articular surface)  11
						.
					 Articular surface of fibula  12
						.
					 Apex of fibula  13
						.
					 Head of fibula  14
						.
					 Articular surface of head of fibula  15
						.
					 Body of fibula  16
						.
					 Posterior surface


Osteology
										 Right tibia and fibula, anterior view of upper parts

														 1
						.
					 Intercondylar eminence  2
						.
					 Lateral condyle  3
						.
					 Articular surface of head of fibula  4
						.
					 Apex of fibula  5
						.
					 Head of fibula  6
						.
					 Lateral surface  7
						.
					 Interosseous border  8
						.
					 Anterior surface  9
						.
					 Anterior border  10
						.
					 Medial condyle  11
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  12
						.
					 Lateral surface  13
						.
					 Medial surface  14
						.
					 Anterior border


Osteology
										 Right patella, posterior part

														 1
						.
					 Base of patella  2
						.
					 Articular surface (medial surface)  3
						.
					 Apex of patella (area of attachment of ligamentum patellae)  4
						.
					 Articular surface (lateral surface)  5
						.
					 Lateral margin


Osteology
										 Right patella, anterior aspect

														 1
						.
					 Base of patella  2
						.
					 Anterior surface  3
						.
					 Lateral margin  4
						.
					 Apex of patella


Osteology
										 Right femur, posterior view of distal part

														 1
						.
					 Medial supracondylar line (continuous superiorly with medial lip of linea aspera)  2
						.
					 Intercondylar line  3
						.
					 Adductor tubercle  4
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  5
						.
					 Medial condyle  6
						.
					 Lateral supracondylar line (continuous superiorly with lateral lip of linea aspera)  7
						.
					 Popliteal surface  8
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  9
						.
					 Lateral condyle  10
						.
					 Intercondylar fossa (note nutrient foramen)


Osteology
										 Radiograph of proximal end of right femur, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Head of femur  2
						.
					 Neck of femur  3
						.
					 Greater trochanter  4
						.
					 Intertrochanteric crest (in background)  5
						.
					 Body of femur  6
						.
					 Fovea of head of femur  7
						.
					 Epiphysial line  8
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  9
						.
					 Compact substance  10
						.
					 Medullary cavity


Osteology
										 Right femur, posterior view of proximal part

														 1
						.
					 Fovea of head of femur  2
						.
					 Head of femur  3
						.
					 Epiphysial line  4
						.
					 Neck of femur  5
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  6
						.
					 Pectineal line  7
						.
					 Greater trochanter  8
						.
					 Trochanteric fossa  9
						.
					 Quadrate tubercle  10
						.
					 Intertrochanteric crest  11
						.
					 Gluteal tuberosity


Osteology
										 Right femur, anterior view of proximal part

														 1
						.
					 Head of femur  2
						.
					 Epiphysial line  3
						.
					 Neck of femur  4
						.
					 Greater trochanter  5
						.
					 Cervical tubercle  6
						.
					 Intertrochanteric line  7
						.
					 Body of femur  8
						.
					 Fovea of head of femur  9
						.
					 Lesser trochanter


Osteology
										 Right femur, tibia and fibula, posterior view

														 -
						.
					 Femur  1
						.
					 Greater trochanter  2
						.
					 Head of femur  3
						.
					 Neck of femur  4
						.
					 Intertrochanteric crest  5
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  6
						.
					 Pectineal line  7
						.
					 Gluteal tuberosity  8
						.
					 Medial lip of linea aspera  9
						.
					 Lateral lip of linea aspera  10
						.
					 Popliteal surface  11
						.
					 Adductor tubercle  12
						.
					 Medial condyle  13
						.
					 Intercondylar fossa  14
						.
					 Lateral condyle  15
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  -
						.
					 Tibia  16
						.
					 Lateral condyle  17
						.
					 Intercondylar eminence  18
						.
					 Medial condyle  19
						.
					 Soleal line  20
						.
					 Nutrient foramen  21
						.
					 Posterior surface  22
						.
					 Medial malleolus  -
						.
					 Fibula  23
						.
					 Apex of fibula  24
						.
					 Head of fibula  25
						.
					 Posterior surface  26
						.
					 Medial crest  27
						.
					 Posterior border  28
						.
					 Lateral malleolus


Osteology
										 Right femur, tibia and fibula, anterior view

														 -
						.
					 Femur  1
						.
					 Head of femur  2
						.
					 Epiphysial line  3
						.
					 Neck of femur  4
						.
					 Greater trochanter  5
						.
					 Intertrochanteric line  6
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  7
						.
					 Body of femur  8
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  9
						.
					 Lateral condyle  10
						.
					 Patellar surface  11
						.
					 Medial condyle  12
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  -
						.
					 Fibula  13
						.
					 Head of fibula  14
						.
					 Lateral surface  15
						.
					 Anterior border  16
						.
					 Anterior surface  17
						.
					 Interosseous border  18
						.
					 Medial surface  19
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  -
						.
					 Tibia  20
						.
					 Lateral condyle  21
						.
					 Medial condyle  22
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  23
						.
					 Lateral surface  24
						.
					 Anterior border  25
						.
					 Medial surface  26
						.
					 Medial malleolus


Osteology
										 Radiograph of right coxal bone, lateral view
										Strong bony trabeculae are visible passing medially and upward from the acetabulum (15) and from the region of the ischial tuberosity (11) toward the auricular surface of the ilium (3) which articulates with the sacrum.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac crest  2
						.
					 Iliac fossa  3
						.
					 Auricular surface for sacrum  4
						.
					 Accessory articular surface for sacrum  5
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  7
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  8
						.
					 Acetabular margin  9
						.
					 Ischial spine  10
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch  11
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  12
						.
					 Ischial ramus  13
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  14
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Acetabular lunate surface Lower pointer: Acetabular fossa  16
						.
					 Iliopubic (pectineal) eminence  17
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  18
						.
					 Obturator foramen  19
						.
					 Body of pubis  20
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  21
						.
					 Area of union of ischial and pubic rami


Osteology
										 Left coxal bone, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Iliac tuberosity  2
						.
					 Nutrient foramen  3
						.
					 Accessory articular surface  4
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Auricular surface  6
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  7
						.
					 Arcuate line  8
						.
					 Ischial spine  9
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  10
						.
					 Pecten pubis  11
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  12
						.
					 Pubic crest  13
						.
					 Symphyseal surface  14
						.
					 Body of pubis  15
						.
					 Iliac fossa  16
						.
					 Internal lip of iliac crest  17
						.
					 Intermediate line of iliac crest  18
						.
					 External lip of iliac crest  19
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  20
						.
					 Body of ilium  21
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  22
						.
					 Iliopubic (pectineal) eminence  23
						.
					 Body of ischium (pointer on acetabulum)  24
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  25
						.
					 Obturator foramen  26
						.
					 Ischial ramus


Osteology
										 Left coxal bone, medial view

														 1
						.
					 Iliac tuberosity  2
						.
					 Accessory surface of sacroiliac articulation  3
						.
					 Auricular surface  4
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  6
						.
					 Body of ischium  7
						.
					 Ischial spine  8
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch  9
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  10
						.
					 Ischial ramus  11
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  12
						.
					 Iliac fossa  13
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  14
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  15
						.
					 Body of ilium  16
						.
					 Iliopubic (pectineal) eminence  17
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  18
						.
					 Body of pubis  19
						.
					 Symphyseal surface  20
						.
					 Obturator foramen


Osteology
										 Left coxal bone, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Tubercle of iliac crest  2
						.
					 Internal lip of iliac crest  3
						.
					 Intermediate line of iliac crest  4
						.
					 External lip of iliac crest  5
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Body of ilium (pointer on inferior gluteal line)  7
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  8
						.
					 Acetabulum (pointer on margin)  9
						.
					 Iliopubic (pectineal) eminence  10
						.
					 Pecten pubis  11
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  12
						.
					 Body of pubis  13
						.
					 Obturator groove  14
						.
					 Obturator foramen  15
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  16
						.
					 Acetabular notch  17
						.
					 Iliac fossa  18
						.
					 Anterior gluteal line  19
						.
					 Posterior gluteal line  20
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  21
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  22
						.
					 Acetabular fossa  23
						.
					 Ischial spine  24
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch  25
						.
					 Acetabular lunate surface  26
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  27
						.
					 Ischial ramus


Osteology
										 Coccyx, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Coccygeal cornu (horn)  2
						.
					 Proximal piece (pointer on transverse process)  3
						.
					 Middle piece  4
						.
					 Terminal piece


Osteology
										 Coccyx, anterior view
										This specimen consists of three segments, the terminal one of which comprises two small terminal pieces fused together.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse process  2
						.
					 Coccygeal cornu (horn)  3
						.
					 Articular surface for sacrum


Osteology
										 Sacrum, viewed from above

														 1
						.
					 Lateral sacral crest  2
						.
					 Arch  3
						.
					 Median sacral crest  4
						.
					 Sacral canal  5
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  6
						.
					 Superior articular process  7
						.
					 Mamillary process  8
						.
					 Lateral part  9
						.
					 Body  10
						.
					 Promontory


Osteology
										 Sacrum, left lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Base of sacrum  2
						.
					 Promontory  3
						.
					 Lateral part  4
						.
					 Articular surface  5
						.
					 Pelvic surface  6
						.
					 Apex  7
						.
					 Superior articular process  8
						.
					 Median sacral crest  9
						.
					 Sacral tuberosity (note accessory articular facet on posterior part of tuberosity)  10
						.
					 Lateral sacral crest


Osteology
										 Sacrum, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Base  2
						.
					 Mamillary process  3
						.
					 Lateral part  4
						.
					 Articular surface  5
						.
					 Posterior sacral foramen (pelvic sacral foramen in background)  6
						.
					 Intermediate sacral crest  7
						.
					 Sacral cornu (horn)  8
						.
					 Apex  9
						.
					 Sacral canal  10
						.
					 Superior articular process  11
						.
					 Sacral tuberosity  12
						.
					 Accessory articular facet (of sacroiliac joint)  13
						.
					 Median sacral crest  14
						.
					 Lateral sacral crest  15
						.
					 Sacral hiatus


Osteology
										 Radiograph of sacrum, anteroposterior view

														 1
						.
					 Base of sacrum  2
						.
					 Transverse line (remnant of intervertebral disc S. I-II; note similar transverse lines at lower levels of sacrum)  3
						.
					 Lateral part  4
						.
					 Sacral hiatus (pointers indicate margins)  5
						.
					 Apex of sacrum  6
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen (pointers indicate upper and lower walls of foramen)  7
						.
					 Articular surface (note dense bone underlying the articular surface for the ilium as well as heavy bony trabeculae passing medially and upward toward base)  8
						.
					 Middle sacral crest (in background)  9
						.
					 Pelvic sacral foramen (dorsal sacral foramen visible in background)


Osteology
										 Sacrum, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Base of sacrum (pointer on Promontory)  2
						.
					 Superior articular process  3
						.
					 Lateral part  4
						.
					 Pelvic sacral foramen  5
						.
					 Transverse line (note lack of fusion between first and second sacral bodies in this young specimen)  6
						.
					 Apex of sacrum


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, posteroinferior view
										The configuration of the male pelvic outlet is shown in this view and should be compared with that of the female pelvis in 154-1.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  2
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Wing (ala) of ilium (gluteal surface)  4
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Acetabulum  6
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  7
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  8
						.
					 Body pubic bone  9
						.
					 Position of pubis symphysis  10
						.
					 Superior articular process of sacrum  11
						.
					 Intermediate sacral crest  12
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  13
						.
					 Sacral hiatus  14
						.
					 Sacral promontory  15
						.
					 Coccyx (upper pointer indicates coccygeal horn)  16
						.
					 Great sciatic notch  17
						.
					 Ischial spine  18
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, anterosuperior view

														 1
						.
					 Lateral part sacrum  2
						.
					 Ilium  3
						.
					 Internal lip of iliac crest  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intermediate line of iliac crest Lower pointer: External lip of iliac crest  5
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  7
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  8
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  9
						.
					 Superior articular process sacrum  10
						.
					 Median sacral crest  11
						.
					 Sacral canal  12
						.
					 Base of sacrum  13
						.
					 Linea arcuata (part of terminal line which marks superior pelvic aperture)  14
						.
					 Ischial spine  15
						.
					 Coccyx  16
						.
					 Body pubic bone


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, anteroinferior view
										The specimen is viewed from in front and slightly below in order that details of the obturator foramina may be seen.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac crest  2
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Wing (ala) of ilium (pointer indicates iliac fossa)  4
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Arcuate line of ilium  6
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  7
						.
					 Pecten pubic bone  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior ramus pubic bone Lower pointer: Pubic tubercle  9
						.
					 Body pubic bone  10
						.
					 Inferior ramus pubic bone  11
						.
					 Lateral part sacrum  12
						.
					 Pelvic sacral foramen  13
						.
					 Transverse line  14
						.
					 Base of sacrum  15
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint  16
						.
					 Body ilium  17
						.
					 Acetabulum  18
						.
					 Ischial spine  19
						.
					 Body ischium  20
						.
					 Obturator foramen  21
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  22
						.
					 Ramus of ischium


Dissection of muscles of male perineum and pelvic diaphragm
										 Pelvic diaphragm viewed from above
										The specimen shown in the previous view has been turned so that the pelvic diaphragm is seen from above and in front. The obturator fascia (14) has been preserved above the diaphragm on both sides and the superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm (24) has been retained on the left side.

														 1
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. IV (pointer also indicates anterior longitudinal ligament)  2
						.
					 Transverse process vertebra L. IV  3
						.
					 Iliolumbar ligament  4
						.
					 Iliac crest  5
						.
					 Ventral sacroiliac ligament (lower pointer also indicates position of sacroiliac joint)  6
						.
					 Ala of ilium  7
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  8
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  9
						.
					 Iliococcygeus muscle  10
						.
					 Pubococcygeus muscle  11
						.
					 Puborectalis muscle (9-11 make up the levator ani muscle)  12
						.
					 Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle  13
						.
					 Joint capsule of coccyx  14
						.
					 Obturator fascia (obturator internus muscle visible through fascia)  15
						.
					 Rectum (cut across at perineal flexure)  16
						.
					 Prostate  17
						.
					 Puboprostatic muscle  18
						.
					 Urethra  19
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  20
						.
					 Nutritive foramen  21
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut off)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intervertebral disc L. V - S. I Lower pointer: Coccyx  23
						.
					 Greater sciatic foramen  24
						.
					 Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm (Levator ani muscle visible beneath fascia)  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Linea terminalis Lower pointer: Line of attachment of fascia of psoas major muscle  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator fascia Lower pointer: Obturator canal  27
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  28
						.
					 Pectineal ligament  29
						.
					 Lacunar ligament  30
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  31
						.
					 Pubic symphysis


Dissection of muscles of male perineum and pelvis diaphragm
										 Levator ani muscle viewed from below
										The urogenital diaphragm has been entirely removed and the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm has been cut away. Part of the obturator fascia (4) remains on the left side of the specimen. A gap in the levator ani muscle on the left side is bridged by fascia.

														 1
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Membranous part of urethra Lower pointer: Apex of prostate  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial margin of levator ani muscle Lower pointer: Prostatic fascia  4
						.
					 Obturator fascia (partially removed)  5
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  6
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  7
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  8
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  9
						.
					 Anus  10
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  11
						.
					 Coccyx  12
						.
					 Puboprostatic muscle  13
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  14
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  15
						.
					 Obturator canal  16
						.
					 Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle  17
						.
					 Puborectalis muscle  18
						.
					 Pubococcygeus muscle  19
						.
					 Iliococcygeus muscle (17-19 are part of the levator ani muscle)  20
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine (in background)


Dissection of muscles of male perineum and pelvic diaphragm
										 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
										The muscular tissue within the urogenital diaphragm has been removed to bring the thin superior fascia of the diaphragm into view. This fascia is intact on the right side of the dissection and has been cut through on the left where it is seen to be closely related to the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm. It is also continuous with obturator fascia laterally on each side. The medial borders of the levator ani muscles are visible lateral to the prostate gland. Some of the fibers of these muscles converge posteriorly toward the central tendon of the perineum and the wall of the anal canal, whereas other fibers appear to spread out superficially at the sides of the anus. Although fibers of the small rectourethral muscle are not distinctly shown, these pass from the anterior wall of the rectum toward the urethra and are cut across in the central part of the dissection between anus and prostate (17).

														 1
						.
					 Left pointer: Prostate Right pointer: Membranous part of urethra  2
						.
					 Prostatic fascia  3
						.
					 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (continuous medially as a thin, semitransparent layer across puborectalis part of levator ani muscle)  4
						.
					 Puborectalis muscle  5
						.
					 Obturator fascia  6
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  7
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  8
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  9
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  10
						.
					 Coccyx  11
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis (cut off)  12
						.
					 Transverse perineal ligament  13
						.
					 Cut margin of superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (fascia removed medially)  14
						.
					 Inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm (pointer indicates area of fusion with superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm)  15
						.
					 Obturator fascia  16
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  17
						.
					 Area occupied by fibers of rectourethralis muscle (not clearly defined)  18
						.
					 Anus  19
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle


Dissection of muscles of male perineum and pelvic diaphragm
										 Muscles of urogenital diaphragm
										The inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm has been removed to reveal the sphincter of the urethra within the deep perineal space. There was no evident deep transverse perineal muscle on either side of this specimen. The bulbourethral gland has been excised. Muscle fibers (4, lower pointer) that are directed posteriorly toward the central point of the perineum were found to be continuous with fibers of the superficial transverse perineal muscle on the left.

														 1
						.
					 Penis (sectioned)  2
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal nerve of the penis Lower pointer: Dorsal artery of penis  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphincter muscle of urethra Lower pointer: Muscle fibers within urogenital diaphragm that pass medially towards central tendinous point of perineum  5
						.
					 Penis artery  6
						.
					 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  7
						.
					 Obturator fascia  8
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  9
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  10
						.
					 Fibers of levator ani muscle passing to tissue alongside anus  11
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  12
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament  13
						.
					 Transverse perineal ligament  14
						.
					 Membranous part of urethra (cut off at lower surface of urogenital diaphragm)  15
						.
					 Obturator membrane  16
						.
					 Posterior border of obturator foramen  17
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  18
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  19
						.
					 Anus  20
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  21
						.
					 Coccyx


Dissection of muscles of male perineum and pelvic diaphragm
										 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane)
										The penis has been transected opposite the pubic symphysis. The inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm has been preserved and the dorsal nerves, arteries, and vein of the penis are visible in relation to the anterior border of the diaphragm.

														 1
						.
					 Body of penis (covered by penile fascia)  2
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis (pointer indicates cut end of urethra)  3
						.
					 Corpora cavernosa penis (joined by septum penis)  4
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal nerve of the penis Lower pointer: Dorsal artery of penis  6
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  7
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  8
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  9
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  10
						.
					 Anus  11
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  12
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  13
						.
					 Transverse perineal ligament  14
						.
					 Urethra (cut off at junction of membranous and spongy parts)  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Sphincter muscle of urethra (visible through thin part of perineal membrane) Right pointer: Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  16
						.
					 Posterior border of urogenital diaphragm  17
						.
					 Fibers of levator ani that insert in tissue alongside anus


Dissection of muscles of male perineum and pelvic diaphragm
										 Root of penis; inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
										The muscles of the superficial perineal space have been cut away to expose the crura (4) and bulb (5) of the penis in relation to the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.

														 1
						.
					 Body of penis  2
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle (cut off)  3
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  4
						.
					 Crus of penis (small, not clearly outlined)  5
						.
					 Bulb of penis  6
						.
					 Left pointer: Muscle fibers emerging from deep compartment of perineum to join superficial transverse perineal muscle Right pointer: Central tendon of perineum  7
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  8
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  9
						.
					 Fibers of puborectalis muscle (Levator ani muscle) that terminated in connective tissue of ischiorectal fossa  10
						.
					 Left pointer: External anal sphincter muscle Right pointer: Anus  11
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  12
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  13
						.
					 Obturator membrane  14
						.
					 Joint capsule of coccyx  15
						.
					 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  16
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  17
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  18
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  19
						.
					 Coccyx


Dissection of muscles of male perineum and pelvic diaphragm
										 Muscles of superficial space of perineum
										In this dissection of a young male subject the blood vessels and nerves have been sacrificed in order to demonstrate the arrangement of muscles related to the pelvic outlet. The muscles that lie within the superficial perineal space have been exposed. The ischiorectal fossae have been dissected to demonstrate muscles of the pelvic diaphragm. Several muscles on the left side of this specimen are considerably larger than the corresponding muscles on the right. These are the bulbospongiosus (1), superficial transverse perineal muscle (15) and subcutaneous part of the sphincter ani externus muscle (18). Also it should be noted that the puborectalis muscle (6) on each side extends into the subcutaneous connective tissue of the ischiorectal fossa alongside the anus.

														 1
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  2
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  3
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Crus of penis Lower pointer: Ischiocavernosus muscle  5
						.
					 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  6
						.
					 Fibers of puborectalis muscle that extend into subcutaneous connective tissue of ischiorectal fossa  7
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  8
						.
					 Obturator fascia  9
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  10
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  11
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  12
						.
					 Obturator canal  13
						.
					 Obturator membrane  14
						.
					 Joint capsule of coccyx  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm Lower pointer: Superficial transverse perineal muscle (note asymmetry on two sides)  16
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  17
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  18
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle (subcutaneous part) Note asymmetry ot this muscle on the two sides  19
						.
					 Anus  20
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  21
						.
					 Coccyx


Dissection of anal triangle and ischiorectal fossae
										 Course of internal pudendal artery and pudendal nerve in pudendal canal; muscles of pelvic diaphragm
										The sacrotuberous ligament has been cut away on the left to expose the course of the internal pudendal artery and the pudendal nerve as these structures pass posterior to the ischial spine (8) to enter the pudendal canal (15). The lunate fascia has been reflected to open the entire length of the pudendal canal which extends anteriorly to the posterior border of the urogenital diaphragm. The latter is obscured by the muscles that occupy the superficial perineal space.

														 1
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia  2
						.
					 Erector spinae muscle  3
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  4
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  5
						.
					 Piriform muscle  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sacrotuberous ligament (cut off) Lower pointer: Coccygeus muscle  7
						.
					 Inferior gluteal nerve  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal pudendal artery (crossing ischial spine) Middle pointer: Dorsal nerve of the penis Lower pointer: Perineal nerve  9
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sciatic nerve Lower pointer: Quadratus femoris muscle  11
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  12
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  13
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament (cut off)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior rectal nerve Lower pointer: Inferior rectal artery  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Obturator fascia Right pointer: Lunate fascia covering pudendal canal (reflected to open canal)  16
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anus Lower pointer: External anal sphincter muscle  18
						.
					 Superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Coccyx (end piece) Lower pointer: Anococcygeal nerve  20
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  21
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  22
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  23
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle  24
						.
					 Lunate fascia at posterior border of urogenital diaphragm  25
						.
					 Perineal artery  26
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  27
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  28
						.
					 Penis


Dissection of anal triangle and ischiorectal fossae
										 Posterior recesses of ischiorectal fossae; sacrotuberous ligaments
										Both gluteus maximus muscles have been cut off close to their origins from the sacrotuberous ligaments, coccyx and sacrum. In the left ischiorectal fossa the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm has been resected. On the right the inferior rectal vessels and nerves have been cut off but the fascia has been left intact. Blending with the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm on the right is the lunate fascia which covers the pudendal canal (21).

														 1
						.
					 Coccyx (terminal piece)  2
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (fibers cut off at origin from sacrotuberous ligament)  3
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  4
						.
					 Piriform muscle  5
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  6
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Infrapiriform foramen (part of greater sciatic foramen through which inferior gluteal vessels and nerves emerge) Lower pointer: Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerves  9
						.
					 Inferior rectal artery  10
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  11
						.
					 Lunate fascia (covering pudendal canal and obscuring obturator fascia)  12
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  13
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  14
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle (visible through deep perineal fascia)  15
						.
					 Posterior scrotal nerve (exposed by removal of membranous layer of superficial perineal fascia to the left of midline)  16
						.
					 Perineal branch of inferior rectal nerve  17
						.
					 Bulb of penis  18
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  19
						.
					 Middle cluneal nerve  20
						.
					 Inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm  21
						.
					 Lunate fascia covering pudendal canal  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anus Lower pointer: External anal sphincter muscle  23
						.
					 Posterior margin of urogenital triangle (membranous layer of superficial perineal fascia intact to right of midline in this area)


Dissection of anal triangle and ischiorectal fossae
										 Close-up view of anus and nerves, vessels and fascia of ischiorectal fossae
										The specimen shown in the preceding view is seen here in a close-up photograph to illustrate the details of structures within the ischiorectal fossae. Lobules of fat have been cleared from the ischiorectal fossae leaving in place an irregular layer of fascia with crescentic bands that partially subdivide the area. This fascia, which lies external to the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm and medial to the obturator fascia, is known as the lunate fascia (7). Its continuity with the membranous layer of superficial fascia in the urogenital triangle can be readily traced.

														 1
						.
					 Periosteum overlying coccyx  2
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  3
						.
					 Middle cluneal nerves  4
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  5
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa (pointer indicates inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm)  6
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerves  7
						.
					 Lunate fascia  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anus Lower pointer: External anal sphincter muscle  9
						.
					 posterior perineal branches femoral cutaneous nerve  10
						.
					 Fascia lata  11
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa (pointer indicates posterior recess deep to sacrotuberous ligament)  12
						.
					 Branch of inferior rectal artery  13
						.
					 Fibrous tissue superficial to tuber ischiadicum  14
						.
					 Branches of transverse perineal artery (passing parallel to posterior border of urogenital triangle)  15
						.
					 Branches of posterior scrotal nerves  16
						.
					 Supeficial perineal fascia (Colles' fascia) covering bulb of penis


Dissection of anal triangle and ischiorectal fossae
										 General view of male perineum and ischiorectal fossae
										The membranous layer of superficial fossae (Colles' fascia) has been preserved in the urogenital triangle. In the anal triangle the ischiorectal fossae (10) have been dissected and the anal sphincter has been exposed. The irregular lunate fascia (12) has been preserved in the fossae and it is apparent that there is a continuity between this layer and Colles' fascia anteriorly. The left thigh has been sectioned slightly below the level of the trochanters of the femur.

														 1
						.
					 Medial cluneal nerves  2
						.
					 Coccyx (covered by periosteum and ligaments)  3
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  4
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (portion arising from sacrotuberous ligament)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anus Lower pointer: External anal sphincter muscle  6
						.
					 Inferior cluneal nerves  7
						.
					 Posterior perineal branches femoral cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Fascia lata  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superficial perineal fascia (Colles' fascia) Lower pointer: Scrotum  10
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa (pointer indicates posterior recess of fossa)  11
						.
					 Left pointer: Inferior rectal nerves Right pointer: Inferior rectal artery  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lunate fascia Lower pointer: Posterior border of urogenital triangle  13
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  14
						.
					 Posterior scrotal nerves  15
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  16
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  17
						.
					 adductor magnus muscle  18
						.
					 Gracilis muscle


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Close-up view of vessels and nerves anterior to coccyx
										The lower part of the dissection illustrated in the previous view is shown in this photograph. A plexus formed by the right lateral sacral artery (7) and the middle sacral artery (20) lies anterior to the coccyx. At the level of the end piece of the coccyx the glomus coccygeum (24) is visible. The sympathetic trunks converge behind the artery slightly below the glomus. No ganglion impar is present, however.

														 1
						.
					 Dural filum terminale (right coccygeal nerve fused to posterior aspect of filum and not visible in view)  2
						.
					 Vertebral canal (pointer indicates interior surface of superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament covering sacral hiatus)  3
						.
					 Sacral nerve V  4
						.
					 Rami communicantes  5
						.
					 Sacral nerve IV  6
						.
					 Nerve to Levator ani muscle and coccygeus muscle  7
						.
					 Branch of lateral sacral artery  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sacral nerve V (visible through opening in tendon of coccygeus muscle) Lower pointer: Branch of lateral sacral artery  9
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  10
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  11
						.
					 Anal canal (remnant cut across close to pelvic diaphragm)  12
						.
					 Internal vertebral venous plexus  13
						.
					 Sacral nerve V  14
						.
					 Coccygeal nerve  15
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk (a ganglion lies just above pointer)  16
						.
					 Sacral nerve IV  17
						.
					 Coccyx (body partially removed)  18
						.
					 Sacral nerve V  19
						.
					 Periosteum on anterior surface of coccyx  20
						.
					 Middle sacral artery  21
						.
					 Sympathetic trunks  22
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle (cut off)  23
						.
					 Ganglion of sympathetic trunk  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Coccygeal glomus Lower pointer: Periosteum covering end piece of coccyx (fibers transversely banded):  25
						.
					 Coccyx (end piece)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Lumbosacral part of vertebral canal, opened and viewed from in front
										The vertebral canal has been opened by grinding away parts of the bodies of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx. Areolar connective tissue has been removed from the canal and many of the veins that formed the internal vertebral plexus have also been cut away. A fibrous band (7) extending from the dura to the posterior longitudinal ligament at the upper part of the sacral canal has been cut off. The intervertebral foramina have been opened on the left side. The left coccygeal nerve (36) is faintly visible, whereas the right coccygeal nerve is fused with the filum durae matris spinalis and therefore is not visible.

														 1
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. III-IV (pointer on anulus fibrosus)  2
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  3
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. III (partly resected)  4
						.
					 Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus  5
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. IV-V (pointer on nucleus pulposus)  6
						.
					 Spinal dura mater  7
						.
					 Fibrous attachment of dura to posterior longitudinal ligament (cut off)  8
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sacrum (corpus, resected) Lower pointer: Remnant of intervertebral disc S. I-lI  10
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  11
						.
					 Lateral sacral arteries  12
						.
					 Femoral nerve  13
						.
					 Sacral plexus  14
						.
					 External iliac artery  15
						.
					 Obturator nerve  16
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle (posterior border of pelvic diaphragm)  17
						.
					 Piriform muscle  18
						.
					 Internal vertebral venous plexus  19
						.
					 Transverse process vertebrae L. IV  20
						.
					 Ligamentum flavum  21
						.
					 Pedicle of arch of vertebra L. V (cut across)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Spinal ganglion lumbar nerve V Lower pointer: Spinal branch iliolumbar artery  23
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  24
						.
					 Obturator nerve  25
						.
					 Femoral nerve  26
						.
					 Ala of sacrum  27
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  28
						.
					 Sacral nerve I (in anterior (pelvic) sacral foramen)  29
						.
					 Dural filum spinal cord (coccygeal nerves fused with this at lower level)  30
						.
					 Sacral nerve II  31
						.
					 Sacral canal (lined by periosteum)  32
						.
					 Sacral nerve III  33
						.
					 Sacral nerve IV  34
						.
					 Sacral nerve V  35
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  36
						.
					 Coccygeal nerve  37
						.
					 Coccyx (covered by periosteum)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Piriformis muscle and nerve supply, medial view
										The right sacral plexus has been resected to permit a view of the piriformis muscle. The nerves to this muscle (19), derived from the first and second sacral nerves and given off from the adjacent part of the sacral plexus, have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral sacral artery (branch of iliolumbar artery)  2
						.
					 Lumbar branch iliolumbar artery  3
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior gluteal artery Lower pointer: Body of ilium  5
						.
					 Iliolumbar artery (iliac branch of)  6
						.
					 Obturator nerve  7
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator artery (entering obturator canal) Lower pointer: Pubic branch of obturator artery  9
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  10
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  11
						.
					 Ischium  12
						.
					 Superior gluteal vein  13
						.
					 Sacral nerve I (emerging from anterior (pelvic) sacral foramen)  14
						.
					 Ramus communicans  15
						.
					 Sacral nerve II  16
						.
					 Sacrum (body cut through to expose sacral canal)  17
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  18
						.
					 Sacrum  19
						.
					 Nerve to piriform muscle  20
						.
					 Piriform muscle  21
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  22
						.
					 Greater sciatic foramen (piriform muscle passing through)  23
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  24
						.
					 Coccyx  25
						.
					 Ischial spine  26
						.
					 Nerve to obturator internus muscle


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Obturator internus muscle and nerve supply, medial view
										The pelvic diaphragm has been removed from the specimen and the obturator fascia has been stripped away.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac branch of iliolumbar artery  2
						.
					 Iliac crest  3
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  4
						.
					 Obturator nerve  5
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  6
						.
					 Obturator artery  7
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  8
						.
					 Pubic symphysis (sectioned)  9
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament  10
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  11
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  12
						.
					 Ramus communicans (to sacral nerve I)  13
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  14
						.
					 Sacral nerve I (ventral ramus)  15
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk (pointer on ganglion)  16
						.
					 Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramen (pointer indicates opening within sacral canal exposed by cutting through sacrum)  17
						.
					 Rami communicantes  18
						.
					 Left pointer: Sacral nerve II Right pointer: Sacral nerve III  19
						.
					 Sacrum  20
						.
					 Piriform muscle  21
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  22
						.
					 Sacral nerve IV  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior rectal nerve Lower pointer: Pudendal nerve  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Branch of sacral nerve III to posterior femoral cutaneous nerve Lower pointer: Sciatic nerve  25
						.
					 Nerve to obturator internus muscle (indicated in two places)  26
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  27
						.
					 Location of ischial spine  28
						.
					 Coccyx  29
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  30
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament (cut off at attachment)  31
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Sacral plexus and pelvic diaphragm, medial view with blood vessels removed
										The arteries and veins have been removed from the central area of dissection to expose the sacral plexus as it passes through the greater sciatic foramen.

														 1
						.
					 Iliolumbar artery  2
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  3
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  4
						.
					 Obturator nerve  5
						.
					 Femoral nerve  6
						.
					 Linea terminalis  7
						.
					 Ductus deferens (cut off)  8
						.
					 External iliac artery and vein (passing downward deep to inguinal ligament)  9
						.
					 Obturator artery  10
						.
					 Pubic symphysis (sectioned)  11
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (covered by obturator fascia)  12
						.
					 Tendinous arch pelvic fascia  13
						.
					 Urethra (opened)  14
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm (dissected)  15
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  16
						.
					 Lateral sacral artery  17
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery  18
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk (pointer on ganglion)  19
						.
					 Left pointer: Greater sciatic foramen Right pointer: Sciatic nerve  20
						.
					 Sacrum (partially resected)  21
						.
					 Sacral nerve III (ventral ramus)  22
						.
					 Piriformis muscle  23
						.
					 Sacral nerve IV  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior gluteal artery Lower pointer: Internal pudendal artery  25
						.
					 Nerve to Levator ani muscle  26
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  27
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  28
						.
					 Anal canal


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Nerve supply to levator ani and coccygeus muscles, medial view
										The prostate has been removed. The superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm has been dissected to expose the branches from the third and fourth sacral nerves that supply the muscles of the right half of the diaphragm. Note that one nerve (25) passes into the coccygeus muscle and emerges inferiorly on the medial side of the levator ani.

														 1
						.
					 Left pointer: Lateral umbilical ligament (cut off) Right pointer: Superior vesical artery (cut off)  2
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  3
						.
					 Femoral nerve  4
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator artery Lower pointer: Obturator nerve  6
						.
					 External iliac artery and vein  7
						.
					 Lacunar ligament  8
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  9
						.
					 Obturator fascia (obturator internus visible deep to fascia)  10
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  11
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (puborectalis muscle, covered by fascia)  12
						.
					 Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia  13
						.
					 Internal iliac artery  14
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Superior gluteal artery Right pointer: Lateral sacral artery  16
						.
					 Sacral nerve I  17
						.
					 Left pointer: Internal pudendal artery Right pointer: Inferior gluteal artery  18
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  19
						.
					 Sacral nerve II  20
						.
					 Sacrum (cut away near midline)  21
						.
					 Sacral nerve III  22
						.
					 Piriform muscle  23
						.
					 Sacrum (dorsal surface)  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pudendal nerve Lower pointer: Sciatic nerve  25
						.
					 Nerve to Levator ani muscle and coccygeus muscle (this branch penetrates muscle, reappearing on the inner surface of the muscle nearly opposite the anal canal)  26
						.
					 Nerve to Levator ani muscle  27
						.
					 Coccyx  28
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  29
						.
					 Location of ischial spine  30
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  31
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (pointer on iliococcygeus muscle)  32
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (pointer on pubococcygeus muscle)  33
						.
					 Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle (not clearly defined in this specimen)  34
						.
					 Anal canal  35
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm  36
						.
					 Urethra


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Blood vessels and nerves of right lateral pelvic wall
										Visceral branches of vessels and nerves have been cut away. The prostate and seminal vesicles have been retained in situ. The view is from the left and slightly anterior.

														 1
						.
					 Common iliac artery  2
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  3
						.
					 Internal iliac artery  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal iliac vein (pointer at origin of superior gluteal vein) Lower pointer: Superior gluteal artery  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior gluteal artery Lower pointer: Internal pudendal artery  6
						.
					 External iliac artery and vein  7
						.
					 Obturator vein  8
						.
					 Lateral umbilical ligament  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator artery Lower pointer: Obturator nerve  10
						.
					 Inferior epigastric artery  11
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  12
						.
					 Pubic symphysis (sectioned)  13
						.
					 Internal urethral opening  14
						.
					 Prostate  15
						.
					 Spinal branch iliolumbar artery  16
						.
					 Lateral sacral artery  17
						.
					 Sacral nerve I (ventral ramus)  18
						.
					 Pelvic surface of sacrum  19
						.
					 Right sympathetic trunk  20
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  21
						.
					 Lateral sacral veins  22
						.
					 Sacral nerve II (ventral ramus)  23
						.
					 Sacral nerve III  24
						.
					 Inferior gluteal vein  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pelvic splanchnic nerve (cut off) Lower pointer: Pudendal nerve  26
						.
					 Sacral nerve IV (ventral ramus)  27
						.
					 Fascia of piriform muscle (mostly removed)  28
						.
					 Pelvic splanchnic nerve (cut off)  29
						.
					 Nerve to Levator ani muscle  30
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  31
						.
					 Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm (at posterior border of pelvic diaphragm)  32
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  33
						.
					 Anal canal


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Posterior pelvic wall viewed from in front and to the left
										The specimen is the same as that shown in view 172-2 but in this instance it is viewed in such a way that the structures associated with the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity are visible. The rectum has been resected and the bladder has been pulled forward with the reflected anterior abdominal wall.

														 1
						.
					 Promontory  2
						.
					 Common iliac artery  3
						.
					 Superior hypogastric plexus  4
						.
					 Ureter  5
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  6
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  7
						.
					 Genitofemoral nerve (femoral)  8
						.
					 Genitofemoral nerve (genital branch)  9
						.
					 Internal iliac artery  10
						.
					 External iliac artery and vein  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ganglion of sympathetic trunk Lower pointer: Lateral sacral artery  12
						.
					 Vesicular arteries (note several vessels which pass to bladder ureter ductus deferens and prostate)  13
						.
					 Testicular artery and vein  14
						.
					 Lateral umbilical ligament  15
						.
					 Transversalis fascia (covering transversus muscle)  16
						.
					 Ductus deferens  17
						.
					 Urinary bladder  18
						.
					 Pubic symphysis (sectioned)  19
						.
					 Obturator nerve  20
						.
					 Femoral nerve  21
						.
					 Ala of sacrum  22
						.
					 Iliolumbar artery and vein  23
						.
					 Sacral nerve I (ventral ramus, emerging through anterior sacral foramen)  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ramus communicans Lower pointer: Sympathetic trunk (pointer on ganglion)  25
						.
					 Pelvic surface of sacrum  26
						.
					 Sacral nerve II (ventral ramus)  27
						.
					 Piriform muscle (area of origin)  28
						.
					 Sacral nerve III (ventral ramus)  29
						.
					 Sacral nerve IV (ventral ramus)  30
						.
					 Portion of sacral venous plexus  31
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle (cut off)  32
						.
					 Piriform muscle right  33
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  34
						.
					 Ductus deferens  35
						.
					 Prostate


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Pelvic plexus of right side, medial view
										The pelvic plexus on the right side of the specimen has been freed of connective tissue. The superior hypogastric plexus is visible entering from above. Extending to the pelvic plexus from the sacral part of the sympathetic trunk is one sacral splanchnic nerve (18). The pelvic splanchnic nerves (19, 20) from the 3rd and 4th sacral nerves carry parasympathetic fibers to the plexus. Branches of the pelvic plexus to the ureter, ductus deferens, bladder, prostate and rectum are visible.

														 1
						.
					 Common iliac artery  2
						.
					 Superior hypogastric plexus  3
						.
					 Ureter right  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal iliac artery Lower pointer: Nerve to ureter from superior hypogastric plexus  5
						.
					 External iliac artery and vein  6
						.
					 Left pointer: Deferential plexus Right pointer: Ductus deferens  7
						.
					 Lateral umbilical ligament  8
						.
					 Urinary bladder  9
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  10
						.
					 Prostate  11
						.
					 Anal canal  12
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  13
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  14
						.
					 Internal iliac vein  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Sacral nerve I Right pointer: Sympathetic trunk (pointer on ganglion)  16
						.
					 Sacral nerve II  17
						.
					 Sacral nerve I right (in background)  18
						.
					 Sacral splanchnic nerve (sympathetic)  19
						.
					 Pelvic splanchnic nerve (parasympathetic)  20
						.
					 Pelvic splanchnic nerve (parasympathetic)  21
						.
					 Pelvic ganglion (in pelvic plexus)  22
						.
					 Rectal branch of pelvic plexus  23
						.
					 Filament of prostatic plexus  24
						.
					 Left pointer: Vesical plexus Right pointer: Seminal vesicle


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 General view of interior of right pelvic wall with peritoneum and pelvic fascia removed
										The pelvic peritoneum has been entirely removed. The pelvic fascia has been teased away from the structures within the right side of the pelvic cavity so that the interrelations of the ureter, ductus deferens, lateral umbilical ligament, lymphatics, blood vessels and nerves may be examined.

														 1
						.
					 Right common iliac artery  2
						.
					 Ureter right  3
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  4
						.
					 Left pointer: External iliac artery Right pointer: Internal iliac artery  5
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  6
						.
					 Lateral umbilical ligament  7
						.
					 External iliac lymph nodes  8
						.
					 External iliac vein  9
						.
					 Umbilical prevesical fascia (related to lateral umbilical ligament)  10
						.
					 Urinary bladder  11
						.
					 Left pointer: Deferential plexus Right pointer: artery of ductus deferens  12
						.
					 Obturator artery (in background)  13
						.
					 Inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus)  14
						.
					 Ductus deferens  15
						.
					 Parietal pelvic fascia (partially removed from pelvic plexus)  16
						.
					 Prostate  17
						.
					 Superior hypogastric plexus  18
						.
					 Common iliac artery and vein  19
						.
					 Left pointer: Middle sacral artery Right pointer: Promontory  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right internal iliac vein Lower pointer: Superior gluteal artery  21
						.
					 Femoral nerve  22
						.
					 Lateral sacral artery  23
						.
					 Iliolumbar vein  24
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  25
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  26
						.
					 Sacral nerve I  27
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior gluteal artery Lower pointer: Internal pudendal artery  28
						.
					 Sacral splanchnic nerve (from sacral sympathetic trunk)  29
						.
					 Upper pointer: Piriform muscle Lower pointer: Pelvic splanchnic nerve (parasympathetic)  30
						.
					 Rectum  31
						.
					 Seminal vesicle


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Anal canal opened, close-up anterolateral view
										This view is a close-up of the lower part of the dissection illustrated in the preceding photograph and is centered on the anal canal. The canal has been opened by an incision placed laterally through the wall of the canal and connected above with an anterior midline incision through the wall of the rectum. The wall of the anal canal posterior to the incision has been retracted. The mucosa of the anal canal has not been stretched sufficiently to reveal the pectinate line formed by the anal valves at the lower ends of the anal columns. The position of this line is indicated in the drawing at 17.

														 1
						.
					 Circular layer of muscular tunic of rectum  2
						.
					 Prostate  3
						.
					 Vesical sphincter muscle  4
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra (dissected)  5
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm (pointers on superior and inferior fascial layers)  6
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra  7
						.
					 Bulb of penis (dissected)  8
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  9
						.
					 Longitudinal layer of muscular tunic of rectum  10
						.
					 Mucosal tunic of rectum (pointer at level of perineal flexure)  11
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (divided near its insertion into wall of anal canal)  12
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  13
						.
					 Aponeurosis of insertion of Levator ani muscle  14
						.
					 Anal sinus  15
						.
					 Internal anal sphincter muscle  16
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle (superficial part)  17
						.
					 Level of pectinate line (not visible unless mucosa stretched)  18
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle (subcutaneous part)  19
						.
					 Hemorrhoidal venous plexus (section passes through thrombus)  20
						.
					 Anal columns  21
						.
					 Anal verge  22
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle (divided see labels numbered 12, 16, 18)  23
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle (sectioned along midline)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal opened in situ, left anterolateral view
										A longitudinal incision has been made through the anterior wall of the sigmoid colon and rectum to demonstrate the features of the lumen of this part of the intestine. At the perineal flexure of the rectum a short transverse cut has been made to connect with a laterally placed longitudinal incision into the anal canal. The specimen is viewed from in front and to the left.

														 1
						.
					 External iliac artery  2
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  3
						.
					 External iliac lymph node  4
						.
					 Ureter right  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral umbilical ligament Lower pointer: Ductus deferens  6
						.
					 Urinary bladder (opened)  7
						.
					 Rectus abdominis muscle right (reflected downward and to the right)  8
						.
					 Pubic symphysis (sectioned)  9
						.
					 Prostate  10
						.
					 Internal iliac artery  11
						.
					 Internal iliac vein  12
						.
					 Sigmoid colon (opened)  13
						.
					 Left internal iliac artery  14
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  15
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  16
						.
					 Piriform muscle  17
						.
					 Ductus deferens left (cut off)  18
						.
					 Pelvic plexus  19
						.
					 Rectum (opened note outer longitudinal and inner circular layers of smooth muscle visible in cut section of wall)  20
						.
					 Plicae transversales of rectum (middle and lower)  21
						.
					 Left pointer: Ureter left (cut off) Right pointer: Seminal vesicle  22
						.
					 Anal canal


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Prostatic utricle and ejaculatory duct in relation to seminal colliculus, left anterolateral view
										The prostate has been sectioned in a sagittal plane, the cut passing slightly to the left of the midline posterior to the ejaculatory duct. The prostatic utricle (8) has been opened to demonstrate its size and relations to the seminal colliculus (15) onto the summit of which it opens, and to the ejaculatory duct (12) which courses parallel and slightly lateral to it to open on the side of the colliculus.

														 1
						.
					 Diverticulum of ductus deferens  2
						.
					 Ampulla of ductus deferens (opened)  3
						.
					 Ductus deferens right  4
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  5
						.
					 Middle lobe of prostate (sectioned in midline)  6
						.
					 Vesical sphincter muscle  7
						.
					 Internal urethral opening  8
						.
					 Prostatic utricle (opened)  9
						.
					 Prostatic sinus  10
						.
					 Seminal vesicle (opened)  11
						.
					 Excretory duct  12
						.
					 Ejaculatory duct  13
						.
					 Glandular substance of prostate (sectioned near median plane)  14
						.
					 Opening of ejaculatory duct at seminal colliculus  15
						.
					 Seminal colliculus  16
						.
					 Urethral crest


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Interior of seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and ampulla of ductus deferens
										The prostate shown in the preceding view has been removed from the body for separate dissection. The median lobe (7) has been removed to the left of the midline to gain access to the left ejaculatory duct. The ejaculatory duct has been opened and incisions have been continued to open the left seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens. An aberrant diverticulum (2) of the ampulla of the ductus deferens is present on the left. Approximately 2 mm. of the terminal, blind extremity of this diverticulum was cut off. The diverticulum communicates with the ampulla posteromedially near the beginning of the ejaculatory duct.

														 1
						.
					 Ductus deferens left  2
						.
					 Aberrant diverticulum from ductus deferens  3
						.
					 Ampulla of ductus deferens (opened)  4
						.
					 Ductus deferens right  5
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  6
						.
					 Ampulla of ductus deferens  7
						.
					 Middle lobe of prostate (resected to left of midline)  8
						.
					 Internal urethral opening  9
						.
					 Vesical sphincter muscle  10
						.
					 Seminal vesicle (opened)  11
						.
					 Ejaculatory duct (upper pointer indicates confluence of excretory duct of seminal vesicle with ductus deferens, lower pointer indicates opening of ejaculatory duct at seminal colliculus)  12
						.
					 Left lobe of prostate  13
						.
					 Isthmus of prostate (sectioned)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Prostatic utricle (opened) Lower pointer: Seminal colliculus  15
						.
					 Prostatic sinus  16
						.
					 Urethral crest


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Prostate and sphincter of bladder, viewed from above
										All of the bladder has been taken away with the exception of the right half of the sphincter (9), which has been preserved to illustrate the intimate relation of the bladder musculature to the base of the prostate. The prostatic part of the urethra has been opened by means of an anterior midline incision.

														 1
						.
					 Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm  2
						.
					 Ductus deferens  3
						.
					 Inferior vesical artery  4
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  5
						.
					 Ampulla of ductus deferens  6
						.
					 Obturator fascia  7
						.
					 Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia  8
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (visible through opening in fascia)  9
						.
					 Vesical sphincter muscle (preserved on right side of specimen)  10
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament  11
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle (in background)  12
						.
					 Ductus deferens (cut off)  13
						.
					 Aberrant vesicle from ductus deferens (blind terminal part cut off approximately 2 mm. from its tip)  14
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  15
						.
					 Base of prostate (pointer on middle lobe)  16
						.
					 Left lobe of prostate  17
						.
					 Internal urethral opening (opened, pointer on mucosa)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Seminal colliculus (lying in opened prostatic part of urethra) Lower pointer: Prostatic sinus  19
						.
					 Urethral crest  20
						.
					 Membranous part of urethra


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Interior of prostatic urethra; seminal colliculus, anterior view
										A midline incision has been made beginning at the internal urethral orifice and extending downward through the isthmus of the prostate to open the prostatic and membranous parts of the urethra. The left lobe of the prostate has been pulled aside to provide adequate exposure of the urethral lumen.

														 1
						.
					 Pubovesicalis muscle (also see view 170-7)  2
						.
					 Vesical sphincter muscle  3
						.
					 Uvula of bladder  4
						.
					 Internal urethral opening  5
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament (pubovesical part)  6
						.
					 Prostate (sectioned in midline)  7
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament  8
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra (cut ends separated, posterior part elevated)  9
						.
					 Interpubic disc  10
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  11
						.
					 Rectum  12
						.
					 Left lobe of prostate  13
						.
					 Isthmus of prostate (sectioned)  14
						.
					 Openings of ejaculatory ducts (opening on seminal colliculus)  15
						.
					 Prostatic utricle (opening on summit of seminal colliculus)  16
						.
					 Prostatic part of urethra (pointer indicates prostatic sinus)  17
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (medial margin)  18
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm (upper and lower pointers indicate superior and inferior fasciae of diaphragm)  19
						.
					 Bulb of penis (sectioned in midline)  20
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 External muscles and ligaments at neck of bladder; tendinous arch of pelvic fascia, viewed from above
										The bladder and prostate have been pulled to the left to expose bands of smooth muscle alongside the neck of the bladder which form the m. pubovesicalis (24) and which continue anteriorly into the medial puboprostatic ligament (26). Laterally, the thickened part of the pelvic fascia known as the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia (25) is seen to be attached to the prostate and neck of the bladder by the lateral puboprostatic ligament (16, upper pointer). The lateral ligament of the bladder, consisting of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle associated with the pelvic plexus and hyogastric vessels, has been removed from the specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Ureter (retracted)  2
						.
					 Ductus deferens  3
						.
					 Coccyx (covered by fascia)  4
						.
					 Ampulla of ductus deferens  5
						.
					 Prostatic venous plexus, prostatic vein (uninjected and cut off)  6
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  7
						.
					 Ductus deferens  8
						.
					 Inferior vesical artery  9
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (covered by superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm)  10
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (covered by obturator fascia)  11
						.
					 Obturator vein  12
						.
					 External iliac vein  13
						.
					 Obturator artery  14
						.
					 Lateral umbilical ligament  15
						.
					 Obturator nerve  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral puboprostatic ligament Lower pointer: Obturator canal  17
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus (pointer on pectineal ligament)  18
						.
					 Pubic branch of obturator artery  19
						.
					 Body of urinary bladder  20
						.
					 Superior vesical artery  21
						.
					 Longitudinal muscle of ureter extending into pubovesicalis muscle  22
						.
					 Superior vesical artery (branch communicating with artery of penis shown in 170-2, label no. 9)  23
						.
					 Cervix of bladder  24
						.
					 Pubovesicalis muscle  25
						.
					 Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia  26
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament  27
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  28
						.
					 Interpubic disc  29
						.
					 Body of pubic bone


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Trigone of bladder dissected
										The mucosa has been removed from the left half of the trigone to reveal the very delicate muscle fibers that continue from the longitudinal muscle of the left ureter into the trigone, extending toward the opposite ureter and also toward the urethral orifice. A heavy, sling-like layer of muscle, identified here as the m. pubovesicalis (19), lies alongside the neck of the bladder. Posteriorly its fibers appear continuous with the outer longitudinal layer of muscle of the bladder and with fibers extending upward on the ureter from this layer. Anteriorly it encircles the neck of the bladder and sends some fibers into the puboprostatic ligament.

														 1
						.
					 Ductus deferens  2
						.
					 Ureter left  3
						.
					 Right pointer: Uterine opening Left pointer: Interureteric fold (dissected to show muscle fibers continuous with longitudinal muscle of ureter)  4
						.
					 Right pointer: Fundus of bladder Left pointer: Uterine opening  5
						.
					 Ductus deferens  6
						.
					 Deferential plexus  7
						.
					 Apex of bladder  8
						.
					 Body of bladder  9
						.
					 Retropubic space  10
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  11
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  12
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  13
						.
					 Dorsal artery of penis  14
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra  15
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  16
						.
					 Rectum  17
						.
					 Prostate  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Trigone of urinary bladder (dissected) Lower pointer: Internal urethral opening  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cervix of bladder Lower pointer: Pubovesicalis muscle  20
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (cut off)  21
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm (dissected; pointers indicate superior and inferior fasciae)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Membranous part of urethra Lower pointer: Spongy part of urethra  23
						.
					 Bulb of penis (sectioned in midline)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Interior of bladder
										A large opening has been made in the left wall of the bladder to afford a view of the interior, particularly the area of the trigone.

														 1
						.
					 Left ureteric opening  2
						.
					 Fundus of bladder (mucosal tunic intact)  3
						.
					 Right pointer: Interureteric fold Left pointer: Trigone of urinary bladder (pointer indicates central part of trigone)  4
						.
					 Right utereric opening  5
						.
					 Right pointer: Apex of bladder Left pointer: Umbilicovesical fascia  6
						.
					 Umbilical prevesical fascia  7
						.
					 Internal urethral opening  8
						.
					 Retropubic space  9
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament  10
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Transverse perineal ligament Lower pointer: Dorsal vein of the penis (passing inward to prostatic plexus)  12
						.
					 Ureter left (cut off)  13
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  14
						.
					 Rectum  15
						.
					 Prostate (pointer on base)  16
						.
					 Pubovesicalis muscle  17
						.
					 Muscular tunic of bladder  18
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (medial border of puborectalis muscle)  19
						.
					 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  20
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra (remnant surrounding wall of membranous part of urethra) 21. Spongy part of urethra (opened)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Left anterolateral view of pelvic organs in situ, peritoneum partially removed
										The pelvic peritoneum remains in place to the right of the midline. The anterior abdominal wall has been folded downward.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac lymph node  2
						.
					 Sigmoid colon (cut off)  3
						.
					 Ureter  4
						.
					 Psoas major muscle (covered by psoas fascia)  5
						.
					 Iliacus muscle (covered by iliac fascia)  6
						.
					 Transversus abdominis muscle (origin)  7
						.
					 Internal oblique muscle (cut off at origin)  8
						.
					 Cut margin of peritoneum  9
						.
					 Testicular artery  10
						.
					 Position of ureter (covered by peritoneum)  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Apex of urinary bladder Lower pointer: Median umbilical ligament  12
						.
					 Body of urinary bladder (pointer on cut margin of peritoneum)  13
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ductus deferens (cut off) Lower pointer: Ureter (cut off)  15
						.
					 Superior rectal vein  16
						.
					 Superior rectal artery  17
						.
					 Common iliac artery (pointer at bifurcation into internal and external iliac arteries)  18
						.
					 Common iliac vein (pointer at origin of external iliac vein)  19
						.
					 Femoral nerve (cut off)  20
						.
					 Iliolumbar vein  21
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  22
						.
					 Parietal pelvic fascia  23
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  24
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery (cut off)  25
						.
					 Sacral lymph nodes  26
						.
					 Piriform muscle  27
						.
					 Sacral flexure of rectum  28
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  29
						.
					 Rectum  30
						.
					 Coccyx  31
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  32
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  33
						.
					 Base of prostate  34
						.
					 Perineal flexure of rectum


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Pelvic peritoneal cavity
										This view of the pelvic part of the peritoneal cavity in a male subject is inserted to accompany the views of dissections for the purpose of showing the relations of organs in an intact body.

														 1
						.
					 Ileum (retracted upward)  2
						.
					 Promontory  3
						.
					 Vermiform appendix (folded sharply upon itself)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pararectal fossa Lower pointer: Sacral flexure of rectum  5
						.
					 Location of right ureter beneath peritoneum  6
						.
					 Medial umbilical fold  7
						.
					 Urinary bladder  8
						.
					 Descending colon  9
						.
					 Sigmoid colon  10
						.
					 Area of transition from descending colon to sigmoid colon  11
						.
					 Lateral umbilical fold  12
						.
					 Median umbilical fold


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Relations of bladder, prostate, seminal vesicle and rectovesical septum and pelvic peritoneum
										The bladder, prostate and seminal vesicle have been pulled forward and slightly upward. The rectovesical septum (19) may be seen extending upward from the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm between the prostate and rectum to fuse with the under surface of the peritoneum near the bottom of the rectovesical pouch.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral umbilical ligament (cut off close to origin from internal iliac artery)  2
						.
					 Sigmoid colon  3
						.
					 Ureter (straightened by slight upward traction)  4
						.
					 External iliac artery (covered by peritoneum)  5
						.
					 Ductus deferens  6
						.
					 Body of urinary bladder  7
						.
					 Apex of urinary bladder  8
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  9
						.
					 Glans penis  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cervix of bladder Lower pointer: Puboprostatic ligament  11
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  12
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery (cut off)  13
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut off)  14
						.
					 Branch of inferior rectal artery  15
						.
					 Pararectal fossa (peritoneum intact)  16
						.
					 Rectum  17
						.
					 Rectovesical space  18
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  19
						.
					 Rectovesical septum  20
						.
					 Prostate  21
						.
					 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  22
						.
					 Urethra (opened)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Prostate gland; puboprostatic ligament; rectovesical septum
										The prostate and rectum have been separated slightly to expose the fascial layers between them. The rectovesical septum (19) has been left against the posterior surface of prostate and seminal vesicle. A thinner layer of this septum, more closely related to the rectal wall, is seen spanning the space separating the rectum and prostate.

														 1
						.
					 Outer longitudinal muscle of bladder extending onto ureter  2
						.
					 Body of urinary bladder  3
						.
					 Retropubic space  4
						.
					 Prostatic venous plexus  5
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  6
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament  7
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  8
						.
					 Dorsal artery of penis  9
						.
					 Branch of artery of penis which penetrates urogenital diaphragm and joins a right vesicular artery faintly visible in area above puboprostatic ligament  10
						.
					 Ureter  11
						.
					 Ductus deferens  12
						.
					 Sigmoid colon  13
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  14
						.
					 Parietal peritoneum (lining pelvic cavity)  15
						.
					 Nerve to Levator ani muscle  16
						.
					 Rectum  17
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  18
						.
					 Perineal branch of sacral nerve IV  19
						.
					 Rectovesical septum (two layers visible)  20
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (cut off and reflected away from its attachment to rectal wall)  21
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  22
						.
					 Prostate  23
						.
					 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  24
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra (dissected)  25
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra (opened)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Contents of pelvic cavity with pelvic peritoneum removed; blood supply of lower sigmoid colon and rectum
										The peritoneum of the left side of the pelvic cavity has been resected. Nerves and blood vessels have also been removed on the left to display the pelvic organs in situ. The distribution of the superior rectal artery and vein is demonstrated.

														 1
						.
					 Ureter right  2
						.
					 Psoas major muscle (covered by fascia)  3
						.
					 Sigmoid colon (cut off and retracted anteriorly)  4
						.
					 Ductus deferens (approaching deep inguinal ring)  5
						.
					 Umbilical prevesical fascia  6
						.
					 Urinary bladder  7
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  8
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament  9
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum of penis  10
						.
					 Internal iliac artery  11
						.
					 Ureter left  12
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  13
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  14
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery  15
						.
					 Superior rectal artery and vein  16
						.
					 Rectum (pointer indicates sacral flexure)  17
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut off)  18
						.
					 Ampulla of ductus deferens  19
						.
					 Seminal vesicle  20
						.
					 Rectovesical septum  21
						.
					 Coccyx (terminal part)  22
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (cut off)  23
						.
					 Rectum (pointer on perineal flexure)  24
						.
					 Prostate  25
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm (dissected)  26
						.
					 Urethra (opened)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Pelvic organs in situ, close-up lateral view
										Attention is focused in this close-up photograph on the central part of the specimen that is shown in the preceding view. Of particular interest is the relation of the pelvic plexus (20) to the ureter (17), bladder (10), prostate (25) and rectum (22).

														 1
						.
					 Ductus deferens  2
						.
					 Obturator artery  3
						.
					 External iliac lymph node  4
						.
					 Obturator nerve  5
						.
					 Lateral umbilical ligament  6
						.
					 External iliac vein  7
						.
					 Parietal peritoneum (external aspect)  8
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence (preserved for orientation)  9
						.
					 Iliopectineal arch  10
						.
					 Urinary bladder  11
						.
					 Superior vesical artery  12
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (cut off)  13
						.
					 Vesical venous plexus  14
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  15
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament  16
						.
					 Inferior vesical artery  17
						.
					 Ureter (note associated plexus of nerves and continuation of external layer of muscle of bladder onto lower part of ureter)  18
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  19
						.
					 Sciatic nerve (retracted)  20
						.
					 Pelvic plexus (note pelvic ganglia within plexus)  21
						.
					 Prostatic vein  22
						.
					 Rectum  23
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  24
						.
					 Nerve to Levator ani muscle  25
						.
					 Prostate (covered by prostatic fascia)  26
						.
					 Medial border of Levator ani muscle  27
						.
					 Right pointer: Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm Left pointer: Membranous part of urethra (surrounded by sphincter of urethra)  28
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra (opened)  29
						.
					 Transverse perineal ligament  30
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  31
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament (cut in midline)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 General view of pelvic contents with hip bone removed
										The left coxal bone has been removed from the specimen. The pelvic peritoneum has been retained and the structures that lie external and below the peritoneum have been exposed in situ by removing pelvic fascia. A close-up view of the central part of the dissected area is shown in the following view.

														 1
						.
					 Obturator nerve  2
						.
					 External iliac artery and vein  3
						.
					 Ureter right (in background)  4
						.
					 Right pointer: Obturator artery Left pointer: External iliac lymph node  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Iliopectineal arch Lower pointer: Remnant of iliopubic eminence (retained for orientation)  6
						.
					 Ductus deferens  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Urinary bladder Lower pointer: Superior vesical artery  8
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  9
						.
					 Glans penis  10
						.
					 Iliac lymph node  11
						.
					 Band of iliopsoas fascia retained In situ  12
						.
					 Femoral nerve (cut off)  13
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  14
						.
					 Interosseous sacroiliac ligament  15
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery  16
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  17
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  18
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut across near origin)  19
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  20
						.
					 Pelvic ganglion (one of several)  21
						.
					 Pelvic plexus  22
						.
					 Rectum (covered by fascia)  23
						.
					 Coccyx (terminal segment)  24
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (cut across)  25
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  26
						.
					 Prostate  27
						.
					 Puboprostatic ligament  28
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm (dissected nearly to midline)  29
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra (opened)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Close-up view of ureterovesical junction
										The central area of the specimen shown in the previous photograph is viewed here to display in more detail the structures that lie immediately adjacent to the ureterovesical junction. The smooth muscle and fibrous tissue that surrounds the pelvic plexus and forms the lateral ligament of the bladder has been preserved. Areolar tissue has been removed from other parts of the specimen.

														 1
						.
					 External iliac lymph node  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ductus deferens Lower pointer: Parietal peritoneum (external aspect)  3
						.
					 Obturator nerve  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator artery (cut off) Lower pointer: Superior vesical artery  5
						.
					 Urinary bladder  6
						.
					 Ilium (cut away)  7
						.
					 Middle vesical artery  8
						.
					 Inferior vesical artery  9
						.
					 Vesical veins (cut off)  10
						.
					 Ureter  11
						.
					 Pelvic ganglion  12
						.
					 Strands of superior hypogastric plexus (embedded in fibrous tissue and smooth muscle of pelvic fascia)  13
						.
					 Sciatic nerve (retracted)  14
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  15
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  16
						.
					 Smooth muscle and fibrous tissue of lateral ligament of bladder  17
						.
					 Ureterovesical junction  18
						.
					 Inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus)  19
						.
					 Parietal pelvic fascia (overlying rectum)  20
						.
					 Vein draining prostatic plexus  21
						.
					 Vein draining vesical plexus


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 General view of pelvic contents in situ, pelvic diaphragm reflected
										The opening into the pelvis has been somewhat enlarged by the removal of more of the pubic and ischial bones and a small part of the body of the ilium. The obturator fascia has been cut away and the pelvic diaphragm has been split and reflected. Areolar connective tissue has been stripped from the underlying vessels and nerves.

														 1
						.
					 Periosteum of ilium  2
						.
					 Body of ilium (partially removed)  3
						.
					 Obturator artery (source of two vesical branches)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Parietal peritoneum (external aspect) Lower pointer: Ductus deferens  5
						.
					 Obturator nerve  6
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (cut off)  7
						.
					 Femoral nerve (cut off)  8
						.
					 Femoral artery and vein (cut off)  9
						.
					 Urinary bladder (external surface)  10
						.
					 Superior vesical artery  11
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  12
						.
					 Transversalis fascia  13
						.
					 Pubic symphysis (left pubic bone cut away)  14
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  15
						.
					 Glans penis (dissected)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ureter Lower pointer: Pelvic ganglion (note parts of pelvic plexus associated with ureter)  17
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  18
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  19
						.
					 Piriform muscle  20
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle (reflected)  21
						.
					 Filaments of pelvic plexus  22
						.
					 Parietal pelvic fascia  23
						.
					 Vesical veins  24
						.
					 Branch of sacral nerve IV to levator ani muscle  25
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (reflected)  26
						.
					 Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm  27
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  28
						.
					 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  29
						.
					 Urethra (opened)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Sphincter ani externus, close-up lateral view
										The divisions of the sphincter ani externus are not as distinct in this specimen as they are in the preparation shown in view 159-6. The relation of parts of the levator ani muscle to the sphincter ani externus is illustrated here and is also shown in 171-4 after the wall of the anal canal has been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Iliococcygeus muscle  2
						.
					 Pubococcygeus muscle  3
						.
					 Puborectalis muscle (1-3 are parts of the levator ani muscle)  4
						.
					 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal pudendal artery (cutoff) Lower pointer: Pudendal nerve (cut off)  6
						.
					 Urethra (opened)  7
						.
					 Bulb of penis (dissected)  8
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle (cut along midline)  9
						.
					 Coccyx (terminal segment)  10
						.
					 Perineal branch of sacral nerve IV  11
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  12
						.
					 Branch of inferior rectal nerve (cut off)  13
						.
					 Area of insertion of Levator ani muscle into wall of anal canal  14
						.
					 Deep part  15
						.
					 Superficial part  16
						.
					 Subcutaneous part (14-16 refer to the external anal sphincter muscle)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Relation of pelvic diaphragm to urogenital diaphragm and sphincter ani externus muscle
										The internal pudendal artery has been divided and removed. The urogenital diaphragm has been retracted downward to expose the anterior border of the levator ani muscle. The manner in which the fibers or origin of the levator ani muscle blend with the obturator fascia (4) along the lateral pelvic wall may be observed in this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle  2
						.
					 Acetabulum  3
						.
					 Acetabular labrum  4
						.
					 Obturator fascia  5
						.
					 Obturator nerve  6
						.
					 Periosteum  7
						.
					 Body of pubic bone (dissected)  8
						.
					 Sacrospinous ligament  9
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery (cut off)  10
						.
					 Ischial spine  11
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  12
						.
					 Perineal branch of sacral nerve IV  13
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  14
						.
					 Coccyx  15
						.
					 Iliococcygeus muscle  16
						.
					 Pubococcygeus muscle  17
						.
					 Puborectalis muscle (15-17 make up the levator ani muscle)  18
						.
					 Deep part  19
						.
					 Superficial part  20
						.
					 Subcutaneous part (18-20 are part of the external anal sphincter)  21
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  22
						.
					 Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (pulled downward)  23
						.
					 Urethra (opened)


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Pelvic diaphragm, close-up view of left side
										The specimen shown in the previous view is seen here in a close-up photograph of the lower area of the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Right pointer: Levator ani muscle Left pointer: Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle  2
						.
					 Obturator fascia  3
						.
					 Acetabulum  4
						.
					 Obturator nerve, artery, and vein  5
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (fibers of origin of muscle lodged in cleft between obturator fascia (2) and periosteum (6)  6
						.
					 Periosteum  7
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  8
						.
					 Sacrospinous ligament  9
						.
					 Pudendal nerve (also see no. 20)  10
						.
					 Ischial spine  11
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  12
						.
					 Coccyx  13
						.
					 Sacral nerve IV (perineal branch)  14
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior rectal nerve Lower pointer: Inferior rectal artery  16
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  17
						.
					 Perineal artery  18
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  19
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  20
						.
					 Right pointer: Pudendal nerve (also see no. 9) Left pointer: Urogenital diaphragm (partially dissected)  21
						.
					 Bulb of penis (dissected)  22
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra (opened)  23
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  24
						.
					 Dorsal artery of penis  25
						.
					 Dorsal nerve of the penis


Dissection of male pelvis from a lateral approach
										 Left lateral view of pelvis with pelvic diaphragm exposed
										The specimen utilized for the dissection of the perineum has been turned to expose its left side. The musculature of the hip has been resected and parts of the ischium and pubis have been removed. The obturator membrane and obturator internus muscle have been excised. The inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm (anal fascia) has been removed so that the levator ani muscle (30) is visible. A portion of the urogenital diaphragm (31) has been retained for purposes of orientation and the internal pudendal artery (28) remains approximately in its original position. The pudendal nerve (22) has been divided and that part of the nerve which extended from the ischial spine to the urogenital diaphragm has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Tubercle of iliac crest  2
						.
					 Iliac crest  3
						.
					 Ala of ilium  4
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Reflected head origin of rectus femoris muscle Lower pointer: Acetabulum  6
						.
					 Origin of rectus femoris muscle  7
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Femoral nerve (cut across)  9
						.
					 Iliopectineal arch  10
						.
					 Obturator nerve (cut off)  11
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (cut across)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator fascia Lower pointer: Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle  13
						.
					 Body of pubic bone (partially removed)  14
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  15
						.
					 Crus of penis  16
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  17
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery  18
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  19
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut across)  20
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  21
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  22
						.
					 Pudendal nerve (cut off)  23
						.
					 Ischial spine  24
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  25
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerve  26
						.
					 Coccyx  27
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  28
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  29
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  30
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  31
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm  32
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  33
						.
					 Bulb of penis  34
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra (opened)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Deep perineal space (continued).
										The bulbourethral gland has been excised and the muscles of the deep perineal space have been dissected to expose their nerve supply. The superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm lies in the background of the dissected area.

														 1
						.
					 Crus of penis (cut off)  2
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  3
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra (opened)  4
						.
					 Junction of membranous and spongy parts of urethra  5
						.
					 Bulb of penis  6
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle (cut along midline raphe)  7
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  8
						.
					 Deep transverse perineal muscle (partially resected and elevated)  9
						.
					 Perineal membrane (posterior border)  10
						.
					 Deep transverse perineal muscle (portion that lay superior to bulbourethral gland)  11
						.
					 Superficial transverse perineal muscle  12
						.
					 Left pointer: Nerve to deep transverse perineal muscle and sphincter muscle of urethra Right pointer: Internal pudendal artery (cut off within deep compartment)  13
						.
					 Dorsal nerve of the penis  14
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis (note its passage between arcuate pubic ligament and transverse perineal ligament)  15
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament  16
						.
					 Transverse perineal ligament  17
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra (middle pointer indicates fibers encircling membranous part of urethra)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal pudendal vein Lower pointer: Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  19
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  20
						.
					 Perineal artery  21
						.
					 Levator ani muscle