Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Relations of left sternocleidomastoid muscle, internal jugular vein, cervical plexus and cervical spine
										The fascia has been removed from the upper part of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which has been pulled somewhat anteriorly. The bodies of the upper cervical vertebrae have been exposed to the left of the midline. The levator scapulae muscle has been cut from its origins and retracted medially and inferiorly to expose the cervical plexus.

														 1
						.
					 Internal jugular vein (pointer at inferior margin of jugular foramen)  2
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  3
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  4
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of longissimus capitis muscle (divided by occipital artery)  5
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle (cut across)  6
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve I  7
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  8
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle (cut across; a similar, more inferior origin is visible medial to the third cervical nerve (24))  9
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  10
						.
					 Ascending cervical artery  11
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Greater auricular nerve and superficial cutaneous nerve Lower pointer: Supraclavicular nerves  13
						.
					 Posterior cervical triangle  14
						.
					 External jugular vein (cut across)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Foramen magnum (anterior margin) Lower pointer: Dens (axis)  16
						.
					 Right alar ligament  17
						.
					 Joint cavity between dens and transverse ligament of atlas  18
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  19
						.
					 Cervical nerve III  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Arch of axis Lower pointer: Roots of cervical nerve III  21
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle  22
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Basivertebral vein (cut off at junction with longitudinal vertebral sinus) Lower pointer: Body cervical vertebra llI  24
						.
					 Cervical nerve III  25
						.
					 Intervertebral joint (between articular processes of C. III- IV)  26
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve V  27
						.
					 Annulus fibrosus intervertebral disc (C. IV-V)  28
						.
					 Articular surface superior cervical vertebra VI  29
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle (also see 8 above)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Joint cavity between transverse ligament and dens
										The left half of the transverse ligament (21) has been divided and the cruciate ligament (15) has been reflected to the right.

														 1
						.
					 Clivus  2
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hypoglossal canal (opened) Lower pointer: Hypoglossal nerve (Xll)  4
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  5
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital joint cavity  6
						.
					 Vertebral artery  7
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve I  8
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  9
						.
					 Atlantoaxial joint cavity  10
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve II  11
						.
					 Dura mater  12
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament  13
						.
					 Roots of hypoglossal nerve (XII)  14
						.
					 Tectorial membrane (cut edge)  15
						.
					 Cruciate ligament atlas (divided, lower part retracted)  16
						.
					 Fibrous tissue and blood vessels in anterior part of foramen magnum (ligamentum apicis dentis not well defined)  17
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  18
						.
					 Alar ligament (divided on left)  19
						.
					 Dens axis (joint cavity between dens and transverse ligament opened)  20
						.
					 Tectorial membrane (cut across)  21
						.
					 Transverse ligament atlas (divided)  22
						.
					 Atlantoaxial joint capsule (opened)  23
						.
					 Body of axis


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Relations of internal jugular vein, hypoglossal, accessory and vagus nerves to atlantooccipital joint; atlantoepistrophic joint
										The contents of the jugular foramen (1,3,4) and hypoglossal canal (2) have been partially exposed without disturbing their relations. The capsule of the atlantoepistrophic joint (22) has been partially resected. The opposing articular surfaces of this joint are incongruous as compared to those of the atlantooccipital joint (6). A dense plexus of blood vessels (16) occupies the area between the dens and the margin of the foramen magnum. The apical ligament of the dens was not well defined.

														 1
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  2
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (within hypoglossal canal the nerve is obscured by fibrous tissue and veins)  3
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  4
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  5
						.
					 Occipital condyle (cut across)  6
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital articulation (opened)  7
						.
					 Superior articular facet atlas (articular cartilage removed)  8
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  9
						.
					 Transverse process atlas  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch of cervical nerve I Lower pointer: Groove in atlas for vertebral artery  11
						.
					 Spinal ganglion cervical nerve II  12
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve II  13
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve II  14
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament (cut across)  15
						.
					 Cruciate ligament atlas (cut across)  16
						.
					 Plexus of veins (ligamentum apicis dentis absent)  17
						.
					 Dens axis (covered by ligaments)  18
						.
					 Alar ligament (cut across)  19
						.
					 Transverse ligament atlas (part of cruciate ligament)  20
						.
					 Tectorial membrane (cut across)  21
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital joint cavity  22
						.
					 Atlantoepistrophical joint capsule  23
						.
					 Arch of axis (cut across)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Cruciate ligament; alar ligaments
										The posterior longitudinal ligament and tectorial membrane have been resected. The posterior vertebral venous plexus has been removed from the left side of the dissection. The jugular foramen (4) and the hypoglossal canal (5) have been cut open.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior semicircular canal  2
						.
					 Inferior petrosal sinus  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Lower pointer: Vagus nerve (X)  4
						.
					 Superior jugular venous bulb (jugular foramen opened, vein emptied of latex, and its anterior wall dissected to show artery to jugular ganglion of vagus nerve)  5
						.
					 Roots of hypoglossal nerve (XII) (hypoglossal canal opened to reveal veins and fibrous tissue enclosing nerve)  6
						.
					 Occipital bone (cut across)  7
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia (exposed by removal of rectus capitis lateralis muscle)  8
						.
					 Atlantooccipital cavity of articulation  9
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch of cervical nerve I Lower pointer: Groove in atlas for vertebral artery  11
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  12
						.
					 Spinal ganglion cervical nerve II  13
						.
					 Tendinous slip of longissimus cervicis muscle (cut across)  14
						.
					 Arch of axis (cut across)  15
						.
					 Joint capsule  16
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve III  17
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  18
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  19
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  20
						.
					 Clivus  21
						.
					 Dura mater encephali (cut edge)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior longitudinal ligament Lower pointer: Cruciate ligament atias  23
						.
					 Alar ligament (cut across on left)  24
						.
					 Position of dens (axis)  25
						.
					 Cut edge of tectorial membrane  26
						.
					 Transverse ligament atlas (part of cruciate ligament)  27
						.
					 Dura mater


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Tectorial membrane; atlantooccipital joint
										More of the occipital bone has been removed and the suboccipital muscles have been almost completely cut away on the left side. The capsule of the left atlantooccipital joint has been opened. Synovial folds extend into the joint cavity (4). The dura mater (15) has been reflected laterally. The part of the posterior longitudinal ligament (18) to the right of the midline has been preserved. On the left side this ligament has been cut away to expose the tectorial membrane (20).

														 1
						.
					 Left pointer: Posterior semicircular canal (opened) Right pointer: Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  2
						.
					 Left pointer: Transverse sinus (sigmoid portion) Right pointer: Internal jugular vein (in jugular foramen)  3
						.
					 Condyloid emissary within condyloid canal  4
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital articulation  5
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital joint capsule  6
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  7
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  8
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  9
						.
					 Posterior vertebral venous plexus  10
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve II  11
						.
					 Arch of axis  12
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve III  13
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  14
						.
					 Petrosal part of temporal bone  15
						.
					 Dura mater (reflected)  16
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  17
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  18
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament (left half resected, cut end visible at upper pointer)  19
						.
					 Roots of hypoglossal nerve (XII)  20
						.
					 Tectorial membrane  21
						.
					 Roots of cervical nerve II  22
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  23
						.
					 Spinal branch vertebral artery  24
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle  25
						.
					 Longitudinal vertebral sinus


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Posterior longitudinal ligament
										The posterior part of the occipital bone has been cut away to open the foramen magnum and the arches of the cervical vertebrae have been resected. The brain and spinal cord have been removed. The dura mater has been retained in the right half of the posterior cranial fossa and vertebral canal. Details of the relations of meninges and central nervous system in this area are to be found in Section I, reel 32-4 ff.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Lower pointer: Inferior petrosal sinus  2
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  3
						.
					 Vagus. nerve (X)  4
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI) (spinal root)  5
						.
					 Transverse sinus (sigmoid portion)  6
						.
					 Vertebral artery  7
						.
					 Posterior vertebral venous plexus  8
						.
					 Superior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  9
						.
					 Muscular branch occipital artery  10
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  11
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  12
						.
					 Arch of axis (cut across)  13
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle  14
						.
					 Dura mater (over clivus)  15
						.
					 Roots of hypoglossal nerve (XII)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior longitudinal ligament Lower pointer: Position of dens (axis)  17
						.
					 Margin of foramen magnum (cut across)  18
						.
					 Vertebral artery and ventral roots of cervical nerve I  19
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve I  20
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas (cut across)  21
						.
					 Posterior vertebral venous plexus  22
						.
					 Longitudinal vertebral sinus  23
						.
					 Dura mater  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Roots cervical nerve II Lower pointer: Roots cervical nerve III  25
						.
					 Arch of cervical vertebra III (cut across)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Ligamenta flava
										The arches of the third, fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae have been divided. The cavities of the superior and inferior (12) intervertebral joints of the third cervical vertebrae have been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Superior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Major posterior rectus capitis muscle (cut across)  3
						.
					 Condyloid emissary  4
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital joint capsule  5
						.
					 Vertebral artery and vein  6
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  7
						.
					 Transverse process atlas  8
						.
					 Styloid process  9
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve II (note relation to vertebral artery)  10
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  11
						.
					 Arch axis  12
						.
					 Articular cavity  13
						.
					 Joint capsule  14
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  15
						.
					 Minor posterior rectus capitis muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Border of foramen magnum  17
						.
					 Dura mater  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posteror tubercle atlas Lower pointer: Ligamentum flavum  19
						.
					 Spinous process axis  20
						.
					 Cut margins of arch of cervical vertebra III (resected)  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ligamentum flavum Lower pointer: Interspinalis muscle  22
						.
					 Dura mater (epidural space absent at this level)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Intervertebral joints; vertebral arches and ligaments

														 1
						.
					 Superior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Major posterior rectus capitis muscle (cut across)  3
						.
					 Branch vertebral artery  4
						.
					 Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior arch atlas Lower pointer: Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  6
						.
					 Posterior cervical plexus (deep portion)  7
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  8
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  9
						.
					 Ligamentum flavum  10
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve V  11
						.
					 Intervertebral joint capsule (C. IV-V)  12
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  13
						.
					 Rotator brevis muscle  14
						.
					 Posterior scalene muscle  15
						.
					 Minor posterior rectus capitis muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Major posterior rectus capitis muscle (cut across)  17
						.
					 Interspinalis muscles  18
						.
					 Arch of cervical vertebra IV  19
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  20
						.
					 Spinous process cervical vertebra VII (vertebra prominens)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Nerve supply to left suboccipital muscles, posterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Superior oblique capitis muscle  2
						.
					 Mastoid cells (dissected)  3
						.
					 Occipital artery  4
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle (cut across)  5
						.
					 Muscular branch occipital artery  6
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  7
						.
					 Digastric muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Posterior cervical plexus (of Cruveilhier)  9
						.
					 Transverse process atlas  10
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle  11
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  12
						.
					 Intertransverse muscle (posterior)  13
						.
					 Intervertebral joint capsule (C. II-III)  14
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  15
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve IV  16
						.
					 Occipital bone  17
						.
					 Minor posterior rectus capitis muscle  18
						.
					 Major posterior rectus capitis muscle  19
						.
					 Nuchal ligament  20
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve I  21
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  22
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  23
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  24
						.
					 Spinous process axis  25
						.
					 Arch of axis  26
						.
					 Semispinalis cervicis muscle  27
						.
					 Multifidus muscle


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Suboccipital muscles; semispinalis cervicis muscle; nerve supply to semispinalis capitis muscle
										The semispinalis capitis muscle has been reflected laterally. Dense fibrous connective tissue and fat have been removed from beneath the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Area of insertion of semispinalis capitis muscle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Insertion of splenius capitis muscle (cut across)  3
						.
					 Occipital artery  4
						.
					 Obliquus capitis superior muscle  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of occipital artery  6
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle (reflected laterally)  7
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve (reflected with above muscle)  8
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve II (note muscular branches)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior branch cervical nerve III (note muscular branches) Lower pointer: Third occipital nerve (reflected with muscle)  10
						.
					 Posterior muscular branch of cervical nerve IV  11
						.
					 Posterior cutaneous branch of cervical nerve IV  12
						.
					 Tendon of origin of semispinalis capitis muscle (from transverse process thoracic vertebra II)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: External intercostal muscle Lower pointer: Rib II  14
						.
					 Minor posterior rectus capitis muscle  15
						.
					 Posterior muscular branch of cervical nerve I  16
						.
					 Major posterior rectus capitis muscle  17
						.
					 Nuchal ligament  18
						.
					 Obliquus capitis inferior muscle  19
						.
					 Spinous process of axis  20
						.
					 Posterior vertebral venous plexus  21
						.
					 Interspinalis muscles  22
						.
					 Semispinalis cervicis muscle  23
						.
					 Spinous process cervical vertebra VI  24
						.
					 Trapezius muscle


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Nerve supply to longissimus capitis muscle
										The muscle (9) has been reflected laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Insertion of splenius capitis muscle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Occipital artery  3
						.
					 Deep cervical lymph node (superior)  4
						.
					 Obliquus capitis superior muscle  5
						.
					 Insertion of longissimus capitis muscle on mastoid process  6
						.
					 Aberrant muscular slip from longissimus muscle to semispinalis capitis muscle  7
						.
					 Descending branch occipital artery (cut across)  8
						.
					 Posterior muscular branches of cervical nerve II  9
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  10
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle (in background, mandible removed)  11
						.
					 Posterior muscular branch of cervical nerve III  12
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  13
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  14
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  15
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle  16
						.
					 Nuchal ligament


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Semispinalis capitis and cervicis muscles
										The splenius muscles have been cut away and the fascia completely removed from the semispinalis muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Occipital bone  2
						.
					 Remnant of insertion of splenius capitis muscle  3
						.
					 Occipital artery  4
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  5
						.
					 Mastoid process (partially removed laterally)  6
						.
					 Nuchal ligament  7
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle  8
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  9
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  10
						.
					 Tendon of origin of levator scapulae muscle (cut across)  11
						.
					 Longissimus cervicis muscle  12
						.
					 Posterior scalene muscle  13
						.
					 Rib I  14
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  15
						.
					 Iliocostalis cervicis muscle  16
						.
					 Rib II  17
						.
					 Greater occipital  18
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  19
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  20
						.
					 Aponeurosis of origin of splenius capitis muscle  21
						.
					 Spinous process cervical vertebra VI  22
						.
					 Interspinalis muscle  23
						.
					 Semispinalis cervicis muscle  24
						.
					 Trapezius muscle


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Nerve supply to left splenius capitis and cervicis muscles
										The muscles have been cut from their spinal origins (the splenius capitis muscle also cut near its cranial insertion) and reflected laterally. A portion of the fascia which covered the deep surface of the splenius capitis muscle has been preserved. The fascia (15) of the semispinalis capitis muscle (16) has been retained only in a small area.

														 1
						.
					 Occipital artery  2
						.
					 Mastoid process  3
						.
					 Superior oblique capitis muscle  4
						.
					 Suboccipital lymph node  5
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle (reflected)  6
						.
					 Aberrant muscular slip from longissimus capitis muscle to semispinalis capitis muscle  7
						.
					 Descending branch occipital artery  8
						.
					 Muscular branch of posterior branch cervical nerve II  9
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  10
						.
					 Splenius cervicis muscle (reflected)  11
						.
					 Muscular branch of posterior branch cervical nerve IV  12
						.
					 Longissimus cervicis muscle  13
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  14
						.
					 Third occipital nerve right  15
						.
					 Fascia of semispinalis capitis muscle  16
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle  17
						.
					 Third occipital nerve left  18
						.
					 Trapezius muscle right  19
						.
					 Nuchal ligament  20
						.
					 Aponeurosis of origin of splenius capitis muscle (cut across)  21
						.
					 Muscular branches of posterior branch cervical nerve III  22
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of posterior branch cervical nerve IV


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Left splenius capitis and cervicis muscles; origin of levator scapulae muscle
										The left rhomboid muscles have been removed and the serratus posterior superior muscle (5) reflected laterally. The left scapula has been pulled laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Fascia covering semispinalis capitis muscle Lower pointer: Greater occipital nerve  2
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  3
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  4
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  5
						.
					 Posterior superior serratus muscle (reflected laterally)  6
						.
					 Nerve supply to posterior superior serratus muscle  7
						.
					 Rib II  8
						.
					 Area of insertion of levator scapulae muscle  9
						.
					 Splenius cervicis muscle  10
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut across)  11
						.
					 Iliocostalis cervicis muscle  12
						.
					 Longissimus capitis muscle  13
						.
					 Dorsalis muscle  14
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  15
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  16
						.
					 Nuchal ligament  17
						.
					 Band of lumbodorsal fascia (removed elsewhere)  18
						.
					 Spinous process thoracic vertebrae II  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Spine of scapula Lower pointer: Deltoid muscle  20
						.
					 Trapezius muscle


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Splenius capitis and levator scapulae muscles
										The left trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles have been removed. The rhomboideus major and minor muscles have been divided. The fascia of the splenius capitis muscle has been cut away with the exception of a band (6) which has been retained across the inferior part of the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  2
						.
					 Tendon of origin of trapezius muscle left  3
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  4
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  5
						.
					 Nuchal ligament  6
						.
					 Fascia of splenius capitis muscle  7
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut across near origin)  8
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  9
						.
					 Supraspinatus fascia  10
						.
					 Posterior superior serratus muscle  11
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle (aponeurosis of origin)  12
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of trapezius muscle into spine of scapula  13
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut across near insertion)  14
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle  15
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  16
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  17
						.
					 Spinous process cervical vertebra VII  18
						.
					 Spine of scapula


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Fascia colli; cervical part of trapezius muscle
										The dissected area to the left of the midline has not been altered from the previous view. On the right side the skin and tela subcutanea have been removed and the fascia cut away from the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Occipitalis muscle  2
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  3
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  4
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  5
						.
					 Posterior auricular lymph nodes  6
						.
					 Occipital lymph nodes  7
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (covered by superficial fascia)  8
						.
					 Medial branches of posterior rami of cervical nerve IV  9
						.
					 Third occipital nerve right  10
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (pointer near origin from superior nuchal line)  11
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (pointer near insertion into superior nuchal line)  12
						.
					 Aberrant muscular slip (unidentified)  13
						.
					 Posterior cervical triangle  14
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (origin from nuchal ligament)  15
						.
					 Spinous process cervical vertebra VII  16
						.
					 Cutaneus branches of posterior branches cervical nerve VII


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Superficial structures; fascia colli
										The skin has been removed and superficial nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic structures dissected on the left side.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse nuchal muscle  2
						.
					 Posterior auricular lymph nodes  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior auricular muscle Lower pointer: Lesser occipital nerve  4
						.
					 Auricle  5
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (covered by superficial fascia)  6
						.
					 Posterior cervical triangle  7
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (covered by superficial fascia)  8
						.
					 Cutaneous filaments of cervical plexus  9
						.
					 Greater auricular nerve  10
						.
					 Platysma  11
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (near insertion)  12
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  13
						.
					 Occipital artery and major occipital nerve  14
						.
					 Cutaneous filament of third occipital nerve  15
						.
					 Occipital lymph nodes  16
						.
					 Cutaneous filament of posterior branch cervical nerve III  17
						.
					 Subcutaneous vein  18
						.
					 Superficial fascia (sectioned)  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial branches of posterior cervical nerve IV Lower pointer: Cutaneous branch of superficial cervical artery


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Vertebral artery; gray communicating rami of cervical sympathetic trunk, left anterolateral view
										The longus colli, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis and some of the intertransverse muscles have been cut away. In addition, the transverse processes of the atlas, epistropheus and fifth cervical vertebra have been cut so that the course of the vertebral artery (17) is visible. The artery did not pass through the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra in this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Nasal cavity (for details refer to reel 72-3)  2
						.
					 Area of insertion of longus capitis muscle  3
						.
					 Nasal part pharynx (for details refer to reel 78-5)  4
						.
					 Longus colli muscle (transected close to insertion on anterior tubercle atlas)  5
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  6
						.
					 Lingual nerve  7
						.
					 Areas of insertion of Iongus colli muscle on bodies of cervical vertebraes III-V  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Position of intervertebral disc uniting cervical vertebrae IV-V Lower pointer: Body of cervical vertebra V  9
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  10
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII) near hypoglossal canal  11
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital articulation  12
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve I (branch communicating with hypoglossal nerve cut away)  13
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  14
						.
					 Articulation of atlas-axis  15
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve II  16
						.
					 Gray rami communicantes  17
						.
					 Vertebral artery  18
						.
					 Cervical nerve III  19
						.
					 Intertransverse muscle (anterior)  20
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve IV  21
						.
					 Intertransverse muscle (posterior)  22
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve IV  23
						.
					 Gray rami communicans  24
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  25
						.
					 Anterior tubercle cervical vertebra V  26
						.
					 Cervical nerve VI


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Prevertebral muscles (continued), left anterolateral view
										The longus capitis muscle has been resected close to its origins (15) from the transverse processes of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae and also close to its insertion (1) into the occipital bone.

														 1
						.
					 Area of insertion of longus capitis muscle  2
						.
					 Nasal cavity (for details refer to reel 78-4)  3
						.
					 Nasal part pharynx  4
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  5
						.
					 Larynx  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal carotid artery (within carotid canal) Lower pointer: Jugular foramen (opened)  7
						.
					 Lateral rectus capitis muscle  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Lower pointer: Anterior rectus capitis muscle  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane Lower pointer: Anterior arch atlas (covered by connective tissue)  10
						.
					 Transverse process atlas  11
						.
					 Articulation of atlas and axis (pointers on capsule)  12
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve II  13
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  14
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  15
						.
					 Origins of longus capitis muscle  16
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve III  17
						.
					 Anterior intertransverse muscle  18
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  19
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament (partially covered by prevertebral fascia)  20
						.
					 Middle cervical ganglion  21
						.
					 Transverse process cervical vertebra VII


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Cervical sympathetic trunk; vagus nerve; prevertebral muscles, anterior view
										The tongue has been removed and the pharynx and palate have been sectioned near the midline. The prevertebral fascia has been cut away to the left of the midline.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenoid ridge Lower pointer: Nasal part pharynx  2
						.
					 Soft palate (cut in midline)  3
						.
					 Palatine tonsil  4
						.
					 Uvula  5
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  6
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (cut in midline)  8
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage (cut across)  9
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vagus nerve (X) Lower pointer: Common carotid artery  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal carotid artery (in carotid canal) Lower pointer: Jugular foramen (opened)  12
						.
					 Lateral rectus capitis muscle  13
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  14
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nodose ganglion Lower pointer: Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  16
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  17
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  18
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve  19
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  20
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  21
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  22
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  23
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  24
						.
					 Epiglottis  25
						.
					 Origins of anterior scalene muscle  26
						.
					 Cervical nerve VI  27
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  28
						.
					 Posterior scalene muscle  29
						.
					 Cervical nerve VIII  30
						.
					 Inferior cervical ganglion  31
						.
					 Costocervical trunk


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx; relation to oral cavity, oral and laryngeal parts of pharynx, left lateral view
										The left wall of the pharynx has been resected in such a way that the soft palate and left pharyngopalatine arch (20) are preserved. The left glossopalatine arch (15) has been divided and the ends separated. The lateral (attached) surface of the left palatine tonsil (23) is exposed. The hyoid bone has been resected to the midline and the epiglottic cartilage exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue  2
						.
					 Mandible  3
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  4
						.
					 Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue  5
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle (cut across at midline raphe)  6
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (cut across)  8
						.
					 Lingual tonsil (surface)  9
						.
					 Vallecula epiglottica left  10
						.
					 Quadrangular membrane  11
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage (cut across)  12
						.
					 Vocal cord and arytenoid cartilage  13
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Levator veli palatini muscle (cut off) Lower pointer: Styloid process  15
						.
					 Palatoglossal arch (divided) containing fibers of glossopalatine muscle  16
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  17
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  18
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  19
						.
					 Left pointer: Supratonsillar fossa Right pointer: Pharyngopalatine muscle  20
						.
					 Palatopharyngeal arch (mucosal surface)  21
						.
					 Uvula  22
						.
					 Palatine tonsil right in tonsillar fossa  23
						.
					 Palatine tonsil left  24
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Epiglottis Lower pointer: Aryepiglottic fold  26
						.
					 Laryngeal part of pharynx  27
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  28
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  29
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  30
						.
					 Esophagus (opened)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx; vocal cord and vocal muscle; lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles; left lateral view
										The external part of the thyroarytenoid muscle has been removed and the internal part (vocal muscle) retained.

														 1
						.
					 Lesser horn hyoid bone  2
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  3
						.
					 Epiglottal cartilage  4
						.
					 Thyrohyoid ligament  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thyroepiglotticus muscle (cut across) Lower pointer: Aryepiglotticus muscle  6
						.
					 Quadrangular membrane  7
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage (cut across)  8
						.
					 Laryngeal ventricle (opened)  9
						.
					 Vocal cord  10
						.
					 Vocalis muscle  11
						.
					 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle  12
						.
					 Conus elasticus  13
						.
					 Arch of cricoid cartilage  14
						.
					 Lateral suspensory ligament of thyroid gland (cut off)  15
						.
					 Trachea  16
						.
					 Aryepiglottic fold  17
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage (cut across)  18
						.
					 Piriform recess (opened)  19
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  20
						.
					 Arytenoid cartilage  21
						.
					 Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch inferior laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  23
						.
					 Posterior branch inferior laryngeal nerve  24
						.
					 Articular surface of thyroid  25
						.
					 Cervical nerve VI  26
						.
					 Vertebral artery  27
						.
					 Branches of recurrent esophageal nerve  28
						.
					 Esophagus


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx; relation to tongue, pharynx and hyoid bone, left anterolateral view
										The external part of the thyroarytenoid muscle has been cut away to expose the vocal muscle (8) and the vocal cord (7). The wall of the appendix of the ventricle, which was opened in the previous view, has been removed. The intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue have been dissected and are considered in detail in reel 70-3.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsum of tongue  2
						.
					 Mandible (cut across)  3
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  4
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  5
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Quadrangular membrane Lower pointer: Ventricular fold  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Laryngeal ventricle Lower pointer: Vocal cord  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thyroid cartilage Lower pointer: Vocalis muscle  9
						.
					 Conus elasticus  10
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  11
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  12
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  13
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  14
						.
					 Hyoglossus muscle (cut off)  15
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle (chondropharyngeus)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Greater horn hyoid bone Lower pointer: Triticeal cartilage  17
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  18
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  19
						.
					 Lesser horn hyoid bone  20
						.
					 Piriform recess (opened)  21
						.
					 Arytenoid cartilage  22
						.
					 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle  23
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx; laryngeal ventricle and piriform recess of pharynx opened, left anterolateral view
										The left half of the thyroid cartilage has been removed with the exception of its superior horn (15) which remains attached to the hyoid bone by the lateral hyothyroid ligament.

														 1
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  2
						.
					 Epiglottic cartilage (covered by fibrous tissue)  3
						.
					 Remnant of thyroglossal duct (cut off)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Middle laryngeal gland Lower pointer: Appendix laryngeal ventricle (opened)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Elastic laryngeal membrane (quadrangular membrane) Lower pointer: Stem of epiglottis  6
						.
					 Ventricular fold (ventricle opened)  7
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  8
						.
					 Thyroarytenoid muscle (a few fibers pass superiorly as the thyroepiglotticus muscle )  9
						.
					 Aberrant fibers of cricoepiglottic muscle  10
						.
					 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Area of attachment of deep fibers of cricothyroid muscle Lower pointer: Articular surface of thyroid  12
						.
					 Arch of cricoid cartilage  13
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone  14
						.
					 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament (enlargement marks position of triticeal cartilage)  15
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage (cut across)  16
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (reflected posteriorly)  17
						.
					 Tunica of pharyngeal mucosa (external aspect)  18
						.
					 Piriform recess (opened)  19
						.
					 Anastomotic branch superior laryngeal nerve (cut off) with inferior laryngeal nerve  20
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  21
						.
					 Arytenoid cartilage  22
						.
					 Anterior branch inferior laryngeal nerve  23
						.
					 Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle  24
						.
					 Posterior branch inferior laryngeal nerve  25
						.
					 Inferior laryngeal nerve


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx; thyroarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles; anastomosis of superior and inferior laryngeal nerves, left anterolateral view
										The left lamina of the thyroid cartilage has been cut and reflected posteriorly. The left cricothyroid joint (23) has been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Hyoglossus muscle  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior laryngeal artery Lower pointer: Branches of superior laryngeal nerve to epiglottis and vestibule of larynx  3
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle (cut across)  4
						.
					 Hyoid bone (thick layer of fibrous tissue removed to expose bone)  5
						.
					 Fat  6
						.
					 Middle laryngeal gland  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Appendix laryngeal ventricle (outer surface of mucosa) Lower pointer: Thyroepiglotticus muscle  8
						.
					 Left lamina thyroid cartilage (cut across)  9
						.
					 Thyroarytenoid muscle  10
						.
					 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle  11
						.
					 Cricoarytenoid ligament  12
						.
					 Prelaryngeal lymph node  13
						.
					 Cricothyroid muscle (cut across)  14
						.
					 Trachea  15
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve  16
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (reflected posteriorly)  17
						.
					 Common carotid artery  18
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  19
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Mucosa of piriform recess (outer surface) Lower pointer: Aryepiglotticus muscle  21
						.
					 Anastomotic branch superior laryngeal nerve with inferior laryngeal nerve  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left lamina thyroid cartilage (cut across and reflected posteriorly) Lower pointer: Anterior branch inferior laryngeal nerve  23
						.
					 Cricothyroid articulation (cut open)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx; nerve supply to cricothyroid muscle, left anterolateral view
										The left inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx has been reflected from its origin.

														 1
						.
					 Sublingual gland (mandible removed)  2
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle  3
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle (turned inferiorly to expose nerve supply)  4
						.
					 Left cartilaginous plate of thyroid  5
						.
					 Oblique line of thyroid cartilage (covered by tendinous band for attachment of muscles)  6
						.
					 Prelaryngeal lymph node  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Straight part of cricothyroid muscle Lower pointer: Oblique part of cricothyroid muscle  8
						.
					 Clavicle right  9
						.
					 Mylohyoid nerve  10
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior laryngeal artery Lower pointer: External carotid artery  12
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal branch superior laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Superior horn thyroid cartilage  14
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  15
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  16
						.
					 Thyrohyoid membrane  17
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery  18
						.
					 External branch of superior laryngeal nerve  19
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (reflected)  20
						.
					 Common carotid artery  21
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  22
						.
					 Inferior horn thyroid cartilage  23
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Trachea


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx, left lateral view
										The origin of the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx from the thyroid and cricoid cartilages and from an intervening tendinous arch has been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  2
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (covered by fibrous tissue)  3
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle (reflected)  4
						.
					 Anterior jugular vein  5
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  6
						.
					 Fibers of origin of thyrohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Cricothyroid branch superior thyroid artery  8
						.
					 Prelaryngeal lymph node  9
						.
					 Cricothyroid muscle  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendinous arch for origin of inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle Lower pointer: Cricoid cartilage  11
						.
					 Tracheal cartilage  12
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  13
						.
					 Superior laryngeal artery (originates from external carotid artery)  14
						.
					 Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve  15
						.
					 Thyrohyoid branch hypoglossal nerve  16
						.
					 External carotid artery  17
						.
					 Thyrohyoid membrane  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior thyroid artery Lower pointer: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve  19
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  20
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  21
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  22
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut across)  23
						.
					 Anterior branch superior thyroid artery  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Esophageal branch inferior thyroid artery Lower pointer: Glandular branch inferior thyroid artery  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle Lower pointer: Inferior laryngeal nerve


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Relations of larynx, anterolateral view
										The infrahyoid muscles have been cut away. The left lobe of the thyroid gland has been removed. The left common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve have been retracted laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (cut across)  3
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle (divided and elevated)  4
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  5
						.
					 Cut ends of fibers of thyrohyoid muscle  6
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut across)  7
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  8
						.
					 Cricothyroid muscle  9
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage  10
						.
					 Anterior branch superior thyroid artery  11
						.
					 Trachea  12
						.
					 Right lobe thyroid gland  13
						.
					 Isthmus of thyroid gland (cut across)  14
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk right (duplicated)  15
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Anterior jugular vein  17
						.
					 Thymus  18
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve  19
						.
					 Common carotid artery (retracted laterally)  20
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery  21
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X) (retracted laterally)  22
						.
					 Internal jugular vein (retracted laterally)  23
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  24
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  25
						.
					 Middle cervical ganglion  26
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk  27
						.
					 Middle cardiac nerve  28
						.
					 Inferior cervical ganglion  29
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  30
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  31
						.
					 Upper pointer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Paratracheal lymph node  32
						.
					 Termination of lymphatic ducts in internal jugular vein  33
						.
					 Subclavian vein  34
						.
					 Fascia extending into mediastinum from carotid sheath


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Right phrenic nerve; innominate artery and branches, anterior view
										The innominate veins have been cut off close to the superior vena cava and the right subclavian and first part of the right axillary vein removed.

														 1
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  2
						.
					 Common carotid artery and vagus nerve (X)  3
						.
					 Posterior cervical triangle  4
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superficial cervical artery Lower pointer: Brachial plexus (pointer on superior trunk; roots lie medial, divisions lie lateral to pointer)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Phrenic nerve Lower pointer: Anterior scalene muscle  7
						.
					 Clavicle and subclavius muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Transversa colli artery Lower pointer: Transverse scapular artery  9
						.
					 Brachial plexus (pointer on proximal portion of medial cord)  10
						.
					 Axillary artery (first portion)  11
						.
					 Axillary vein (cut off)  12
						.
					 Brachiocephalic vein right  13
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  14
						.
					 Axilla  15
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  16
						.
					 Rib II  17
						.
					 Vertebral artery left  18
						.
					 Ansa subclavia  19
						.
					 Trachea  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vertebral artery right Lower pointer: Subclavian artery right  21
						.
					 Common carotid artery left  22
						.
					 Middle right cardiac nerve  23
						.
					 Brachiocephalic artery  24
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node  25
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  26
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch of vagus nerve  27
						.
					 Brachiocephalic vein left (cut off)  28
						.
					 Pleura (of left lung)  29
						.
					 Ascending aorta  30
						.
					 Pleura (of right lung)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Lymphatic ducts of right side of neck; thymus; innominate artery and veins, anterior view
										The superior mediastinal space has been opened by removal of the manubrium and upper part of the body of the sternum, and parts of the first and second costal cartilages.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thyroid cartilage (left lamina resected) Lower pointer: Cricoid cartilage  2
						.
					 Common carotid artery  3
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  4
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  5
						.
					 External jugular vein (cut across)  6
						.
					 Trapezius muscle and clavicle (cut off)  7
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  8
						.
					 Right lymphatic duct  9
						.
					 Subclavian artery right  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Axillary artery Lower pointer: Axillary vein  11
						.
					 Subclavian trunk  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Bronchiomediastinal trunk right Lower pointer: Brachiocephalic vein right  13
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior vena cava Lower pointer: Costal pleura right  15
						.
					 Internal mammary lymph nodes  16
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  17
						.
					 Vocal ligament  18
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  19
						.
					 Trachea  20
						.
					 Inferior cervical ganglion  21
						.
					 Subclavian artery left  22
						.
					 Common carotid artery  23
						.
					 Brachiocephalic vein left  24
						.
					 Brachiocephalic artery  25
						.
					 Thymus  26
						.
					 Costal pleura  27
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  28
						.
					 Ascending aorta (covered by fibrous layer of pericardium)  29
						.
					 Rib II


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Relations of cupula of pleura, left anterolateral view
										A portion of the left innominate vein has been resected. Fascia which covered the pleura (24) has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  2
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  3
						.
					 Inferior thyroid artery  4
						.
					 Cricothyroid muscle(partially resected)  5
						.
					 Esophagus  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vertebral artery Lower pointer: Inferior cervical ganglion  7
						.
					 Trachea  8
						.
					 Isthmus of thyroid gland  9
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein  10
						.
					 Thoracic duct (cut across and reflected anteriorly)  11
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut across)  12
						.
					 Common carotid artery left  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pretracheal lymph node Lower pointer: Suprasternal lymph node  14
						.
					 Thymus  15
						.
					 Cervical nerve VI  16
						.
					 Middle cervical ganglion  17
						.
					 (Gray) rami communicantes (to cervical nerve VII, VIII)  18
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  19
						.
					 Vertebral vein  20
						.
					 Transverse superficial artery  21
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk  22
						.
					 Subclavian artery  23
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle (cut across)  24
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  25
						.
					 Internal thoracic (mammary) artery  26
						.
					 Brachiocephalic vein left (cut off)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Relations of inferior cervical ganglion, anterior view
										The left common carotid artery and left internal jugular vein have been resected.

														 1
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  2
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage  3
						.
					 Vertebral artery  4
						.
					 Inferior laryngeal nerve  5
						.
					 Trachea  6
						.
					 Suprasternal space  7
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  8
						.
					 Middle cervical ganglion  9
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sympathetic trunk Lower pointer: Vertebral vein  11
						.
					 Ascending cervical artery  12
						.
					 Inferior cervical ganglion  13
						.
					 Phrenic nerve (displaced posterior to brachiocephalic vein)  14
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk  15
						.
					 Thoracic duct  16
						.
					 Internal jugular vein (cut off)  17
						.
					 Deep cervical vein  18
						.
					 Common carotid artery  19
						.
					 Subclavian vein  20
						.
					 Brachiocephalic vein left  21
						.
					 Thymus


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Thoracic duct; structures related to cupula of pleura, left anterolateral view
										The internal jugular vein has been cut off and the left innominate vein retracted anteromedially.

														 1
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage  2
						.
					 Trachea  3
						.
					 Isthmus of thyroid gland (cut across)  4
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein right  5
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle  6
						.
					 Sternal extremity of clavicle (covered by joint capsule)  7
						.
					 Thymus  8
						.
					 Articular surface of manubrium of sternum for left clavicle  9
						.
					 Manubrium of sternum  10
						.
					 Common carotid artery  11
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  12
						.
					 Ascending cervical artery  13
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  14
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  15
						.
					 Inferior cervical ganglion  16
						.
					 Vertebral vein  17
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk  18
						.
					 Thoracic duct  19
						.
					 Subclavian artery  20
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  21
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  22
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  23
						.
					 Internal thoracic (mammary) artery (note internal mammary nerve plexus)  24
						.
					 Anterior and posterior bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks  25
						.
					 Left internal mammary lymphatic vessels  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anonymous vein left (retracted anteromedially) Lower pointer: Costoclavicular ligament


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Fascial relations at apex of parietal pleura, left lateral view
										The subclavian vein has been retracted anteriorly and areolar connective tissue has been removed posterior to the vein. The fascia (24) which extends medially from the anterior border of the anterior scalene muscle toward the internal mammary artery (23) covers the cupula of the pleura.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral suspensory ligament of thyroid gland (cut off)  2
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  3
						.
					 Phrenic nerve (split into several trunks)  4
						.
					 Trachea  5
						.
					 Anterior branch superior thyroid artery  6
						.
					 Principal termination of lymphatic trunks in internal jugular vein  7
						.
					 Secondary termination of lymphatic trunks in subclavian vein  8
						.
					 Subclavian vein (retracted anteriorly)  9
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein (cut off)  10
						.
					 Thymus  11
						.
					 Brachiocephalic vein left  12
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (cut across)  13
						.
					 Ascending cervical artery  14
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  15
						.
					 Vertebral vein  16
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  17
						.
					 Brachial plexus (anterior and posterior divisions of superior trunk)  18
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk  19
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  20
						.
					 Subclavian artery  21
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  22
						.
					 Vertebral vein  23
						.
					 Internal thoracic (mammary) artery  24
						.
					 Fascia covering cupula pleurae  25
						.
					 Rib I  26
						.
					 Costoclavicular ligament


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Left common carotid artery, vagus nerve and thoracic duct, anterior view
										The left lobe of the thyroid gland has been removed, most of the carotid sheath has been cut away and the internal jugular vein has been retracted laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Hyoid bone (covered by fibrous tissue)  2
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut across) Lower pointer: External jugular vein  4
						.
					 Internal jugular vein (within carotid sheath)  5
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage  6
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Trachea (pointer on first tracheal ring)  8
						.
					 Right lobe of thyroid gland  9
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve left  10
						.
					 Lymph vessels  11
						.
					 Tendon of origin of sternocleidomastoid muscle  12
						.
					 Common carotid artery (pointer at bifurcation)  13
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle (cut and reflected)  14
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery  15
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  16
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  17
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Middle cervical ganglion Lower pointer: Ascending cervical artery  19
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  20
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  21
						.
					 Inferior cervical ganglion  22
						.
					 Brachial plexus (cut across distal to trunks)  23
						.
					 Subclavian artery  24
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  25
						.
					 Thoracic duct  26
						.
					 Subclavian vein  27
						.
					 Lower part of carotid sheath  28
						.
					 Thymus


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Relation of subclavian artery and vein to scalene muscles and brachial plexus, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal jugular vein Lower pointer: Common carotid artery  2
						.
					 Ansa hypoglossi  3
						.
					 Ascending cervical artery  4
						.
					 Anterior branch superior thyroid artery  5
						.
					 Thyroid gland  6
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  7
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  8
						.
					 Lymphatic trunks terminating in internal jugular vein  9
						.
					 Trachea  10
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein left  11
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sternoclavicular joint capsule Lower pointer: Costoclavicular ligament  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nerves to levator scapulae muscle Lower pointer: Levator scapulae muscle  14
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery (posterior end displaced)  15
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior scalene muscle Lower pointer: Transversa colli artery  17
						.
					 Long thoracic nerve (plexiform)  18
						.
					 Brachial plexus (pointer on divisions of superior trunk)  19
						.
					 Brachial plexus (pointer on divisions of middle trunk)  20
						.
					 Brachial plexus (pointer on divisions of inferior trunk)  21
						.
					 Subclavian artery  22
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  23
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle (pointer near origin of muscle from first rib)  24
						.
					 Subclavian vein


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Levator scapulae and scalene muscles, lateral view
										The prevertebral fascia has been removed and the clavicle partially resected.

														 1
						.
					 Mandible and inferior alveolar nerve  2
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  3
						.
					 Hyoid bone (covered by fibrous tissue)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Common carotid artery Lower pointer: Internal jugular vein  5
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle  6
						.
					 Ansa hypoglossi  7
						.
					 Thyroid gland  8
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  9
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Transverse scapular artery Lower pointer: Phrenic nerve  11
						.
					 Brachial plexus (upper trunk)  12
						.
					 Sternoclavicular articular disc (clavicle removed)  13
						.
					 Subclavian vein  14
						.
					 Acromion  15
						.
					 Glenohumeral joint  16
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  17
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  18
						.
					 Greater auricular nerve  19
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI) (cut across)  20
						.
					 Superficial cutaneous nerve (cut off)  21
						.
					 Supraclavicular nerves (cut off)  22
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  23
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  24
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  25
						.
					 Fascicle of levator scapulae muscle which joins serratus anterior muscle  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior scalene muscle Lower pointer: transverse colli artery  27
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  28
						.
					 Clavicle  29
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle  30
						.
					 Subclavian artery  31
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Relations of thyroid gland to larynx and trachea, anterior view
										The isthmus (13) of the thyroid gland has been divided and the left lobe retracted laterally. The fascial attachment (9) of the gland to the upper part of the trachea is shown.

														 1
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle right (cut across)  2
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  3
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle right  4
						.
					 Aberrant muscular slip of cricothyroid muscle  5
						.
					 Prelaryngeal lymph node  6
						.
					 Cricothyroid muscles  7
						.
					 Arch of cricoid cartilage  8
						.
					 Branch of superior thyroid artery  9
						.
					 Lateral suspensory ligament of thyroid gland  10
						.
					 Trachea  11
						.
					 Right lobe of thyroid gland  12
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  13
						.
					 Isthmus of thyroid gland (divided)  14
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein right and tributaries  15
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein left  17
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle  18
						.
					 Cricothyroid branch superior thyroid artery  19
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut across)  20
						.
					 Posterior branch superior thyroid artery  21
						.
					 Anterior branch superior thyroid artery  22
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (m. cricopharyngeus)  23
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  24
						.
					 Left lobe of thyroid gland (posteromedial surface)  25
						.
					 Inferior thyroid artery  26
						.
					 Common carotid artery  27
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  28
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  29
						.
					 Branch from ansa hypoglossi to sternohyoid muscle  30
						.
					 Termination of lymphatic trunks in internal jugular vein  31
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle and sternohyoid muscle


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Thyroid gland retracted anteriorly; recurrent laryngeal nerve, left anterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Remnant of thyroglossal duct (cut off)  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cricothyroid branch superior thyroid artery Lower pointer: Superior thyroid vein  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thyrohyoid muscle Lower pointer: Sternothyroid muscle (cut off)  5
						.
					 Anterior branch superior thyroid artery  6
						.
					 Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland  7
						.
					 Left lobe of thyroid gland (retracted anteriorly)  8
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  9
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic trunk right (duplicated)  10
						.
					 Trachea (pointer on annular ligament)  11
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut across)  12
						.
					 Sternoclavicular ligament  13
						.
					 Common carotid artery  14
						.
					 Filament of superior thyroid nerve plexus  15
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery  16
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior thyroid artery Lower pointer: Filament of inferior thyroid nerve plexus  18
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Muscular branch of superior thyroid artery Lower pointer: Fascial layer which covered posterior surface of of thyroid gland  20
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  21
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  22
						.
					 Esophagus  23
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  24
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  25
						.
					 Chain of lymph nodes along recurrent nerve  26
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  27
						.
					 Subclavian vein


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Thyroid and parathyroid glands, posterior view
										A right superior parathyroid gland was not identified.

														 1
						.
					 Pyramidal lobe  2
						.
					 Posterior branch superior thyroid artery  3
						.
					 Left lobe  4
						.
					 Superior parathyroid gland left  5
						.
					 Inferior parathyroid gland left  6
						.
					 Middle thyroid vein  7
						.
					 Inferior thyroid artery left  8
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein left  9
						.
					 Superior thyroid vein right  10
						.
					 Posterior branch superior thyroid artery  11
						.
					 Anterior branch superior thyroid artery  12
						.
					 Right lobe  13
						.
					 Isthmus  14
						.
					 Inferior thyroid artery right  15
						.
					 Artery to inferior parathyroid gland right  16
						.
					 Inferior parathyroid gland right  17
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein right


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Thyroid gland, anterior view
										Localized enlargements at the sites of valves occur at several places along the thyroid veins.

														 1
						.
					 Superior thyroid vein right  2
						.
					 Anterior branch of superior thyroid artery  3
						.
					 Right lobe  4
						.
					 Inferior thyroid artery right  5
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein right  6
						.
					 Pyramidal lobe  7
						.
					 Superior thyroid vein left  8
						.
					 Anterior branch superior thyroid artery  9
						.
					 Left lobe  10
						.
					 Isthmus (covered by vein)  11
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein left


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Infrahyoid region, anterosuperior close-up view

														 1
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle right (cut across)  2
						.
					 Cricothyroid muscle  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Prelaryngeal lymph node Lower pointer: Cricoid cartilage (covered by perichondrium)  4
						.
					 Internal jugular vein right  5
						.
					 Branch anterior superior thyroid artery  6
						.
					 Right lobe of thyroid gland  7
						.
					 Branch of ansa hypoglossi to sternohyoid muscle  8
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk right (duplicated)  9
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein right  10
						.
					 Trachea  11
						.
					 Inferior thyroid vein left  12
						.
					 Pretracheal lymph node  13
						.
					 Anterior jugular vein (cut off)  14
						.
					 Sternoclavicular ligament  15
						.
					 Suprasternal space  16
						.
					 Manubrium of sternum  17
						.
					 Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland  18
						.
					 Internal jugular vein left  19
						.
					 Left lobe of thyroid gland  20
						.
					 Muscle fascicle from sternothyroid muscle to carotid sheath  21
						.
					 Branch of ansa hypoglossi to sternohyoid muscle and sternothyroid muscle  22
						.
					 Termination of lymphatic trunks in internal jugular vein  23
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  24
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut off and reflected anteriorly)  25
						.
					 Subclavian vein  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lymphatic trunk from anterior mediastinal lymph nodes Lower pointer: Internal mammary lymphatic trunk  27
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (lower pointer indicates clavicular origin)  28
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sternoclavicular ligament Lower pointer: Sternoclavicular articular disc  29
						.
					 Costoclavicular ligament  30
						.
					 Sternoclavicular joint (medial cavity)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Relations of thyroid gland, anterior view
										The sternocleidomastoid and infrahyoid muscles of the right side have been partially cut away. The left clavicle has been removed. The left subclavian artery, the trunks of the brachial plexus and the junction of the subclavian vein with the internal jugular vein are visible.

														 1
						.
					 Superficial fascia (external layer)  2
						.
					 External jugular vein  3
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut across)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superficial fascia (middle layer) Lower pointer: Sternohyoid muscle and omohyoid muscle (cut across)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Remnant of thyroglossal duct Lower pointer: Thyroid cartilage  6
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut across)  7
						.
					 Internal jugular vein right  8
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle (cut across)  9
						.
					 Right and left lobe of thyroid gland  10
						.
					 Clavicle  11
						.
					 Right lymphatic duct  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Trachea Lower pointer: Inferior thyroid vein right  13
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle  14
						.
					 Upper pointers: Sternothyroid muscles (cut across) Lower pointers: Sternohyoid muscles (cut across)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Mandible Lower pointer: Anterior belly digastric. muscle  16
						.
					 Common carotid artery (pointer at bifurcation)  17
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  18
						.
					 Cervical nerve III  19
						.
					 Cervical nerve IV  20
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle  21
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  22
						.
					 Ansa hypoglossi  23
						.
					 Cricothyroid muscle  24
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  25
						.
					 Upper trunk of brachial plexus  26
						.
					 Middle trunk of brachial plexus  27
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  28
						.
					 Subclavian artery  29
						.
					 Upper pointer: Axillary lymph node (subclavian node) Lower pointer: Tributary to subclavian trunk  30
						.
					 Subclavian vein  31
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lymphatic trunk from anterior mediastinal lymph nodes Lower pointer: Internal mammary lymphatic trunk  32
						.
					 Clavicular origin of sternohyoid muscle (clavicle removed)  33
						.
					 Costoclavicular ligament (cut across)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Left lobe of thyroid gland in situ, anterior view
										The sternothyroid muscle has been divided and reflected to expose the isthmus and left lobe of the thyroid gland. A thin layer of fascia (pretracheal fascia) is adherent to the gland.

														 1
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle  2
						.
					 Mandible  3
						.
					 Submental lymph node  4
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (covered by fibrous tissue)  5
						.
					 Levator muscle of thyroid gland  6
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  7
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle right  8
						.
					 Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland  9
						.
					 Prelaryngeal lymph node  10
						.
					 Left lobe of thyroid gland  11
						.
					 Isthmus of thyroid gland  12
						.
					 Middle layer of superficial fascia  13
						.
					 Sternal origin of sternocleidomastoid muscle  14
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  15
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  16
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  17
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery  18
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle (cut off)  19
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (cut off)  20
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle  21
						.
					 Ansa hypoglossi  22
						.
					 Insertion of sternothyroid muscle (cut across)  23
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  24
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  25
						.
					 Fascicle of sternothyroid muscle attaching to carotid sheath  26
						.
					 Jugular trunk  27
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (cut across near origin)  28
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (cut across)  29
						.
					 Clavicle


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Nerve supply to sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (cut across near insertion)  2
						.
					 Anterior jugular vein  3
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage (covered by membrane)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Levator muscle of thyroid gland Lower pointer: Fibrous-remnant of thyroglossal duct  5
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle  6
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  7
						.
					 Prelaryngeal lymph nodes  8
						.
					 Branch of superficial cutaneous nerve (displaced inward at termination)  9
						.
					 Isthmus of thyroid gland  10
						.
					 Middle layer of superficial fascia  11
						.
					 Anterior jugular veins (connected by jugular venous arch)  12
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery  13
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle  14
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  15
						.
					 Cricothyroid branch superior thyroid artery  16
						.
					 Position of oblique line thyroid cartilage  17
						.
					 Ansa hypoglossi  18
						.
					 Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland  19
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle  20
						.
					 Aberrant muscle fascicle attaching to carotid sheath  21
						.
					 Nerves to sternothyroid muscle  22
						.
					 Site of entry into internal jugular vein of jugular, subclavius and anterior mediastinal trunks  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nerves entering sternohyoid muscle Lower pointer: Sternohyoid muscle (divided and reflected anteriorly)  24
						.
					 Sternoclavicular ligament and clavicle


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Deep layers of infrahyoid muscles, anterior view
										The bellies of the left sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles have been removed. The left sternoclavicular joint has been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle  2
						.
					 Platysma  3
						.
					 External jugular vein  4
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  5
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle  6
						.
					 Anterior supraclavicular nerves  7
						.
					 Deltopectoral triangle  8
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle  9
						.
					 Pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland  10
						.
					 Suprasternal space  11
						.
					 External maxillary artery  12
						.
					 Mandible  13
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  14
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  15
						.
					 Common carotid artery (within carotid sheath)  16
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  17
						.
					 Left pointer: Sternohyoid muscle (cut off) Right pointer: Omohyoid muscle (cut off)  18
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle  19
						.
					 Ansa hypoglossi  20
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle  21
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia covering scalene muscles  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Jugular trunk Lower pointer: Lymphatic trunk from inferior deep cervical lymph nodes  23
						.
					 Clavicle  24
						.
					 Subclavius muscle  25
						.
					 Axillary artery and vein  26
						.
					 Sternoclavicular ligament  27
						.
					 Sternoclavicular joint (medial and lateral cavities)  28
						.
					 Interclavicular ligament (partially removed)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Thyrohyoid muscle, anterior view
										The sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles (5) have been detached from the hyoid bone and turned inferiorly. The thin fascia of the thyrohyoid muscle (9) has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Body of mandible  2
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  3
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle  4
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (covered by fibrous tissue)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Omohyoid muscle (cut-off) Lower pointer: Sternohyoid muscle (cut-off)  6
						.
					 Anterior jugular vein  7
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage (covered by fascia)  8
						.
					 Fibrous remnant of thyroglossal duct (note accompanying Ievator glandulae thyroideae muscle)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thyrohyoid muscle left Lower pointer: Cricothyroid branch superior thyroid artery  10
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle right  11
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle right  12
						.
					 Prelaryngeal lymph nodes and medial superior thyroid lymphatic vessels  13
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (reflected inferiorly)  14
						.
					 Veins of submandibular gland  15
						.
					 Bifurcation of common carotid artery (covered by carotid sheath)  16
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  17
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery  18
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  19
						.
					 Cervical nerve IV  20
						.
					 Left pointer: Hyoid branch lingual artery Right pointer: Thyrohyoid branch hypoglossal nerve  21
						.
					 Branch of descending branch hypoglossal nerve to sternohyoid muscle and superior belly omohyoid muscle  22
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid branch superior thyroid artery  23
						.
					 Anterior branch of superior thyroid artery  24
						.
					 Ansa hypoglossi  25
						.
					 Superior belly omohyoid muscle (reflected inferiorly)  26
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes; lymphathic vessels entering left internal jugular vein, anterolateral view
										The middle layer of cervical fascia has been removed and the omohyoid muscle retracted superiorly. The thoracic duct is not visible.

														 1
						.
					 Superior belly omohyoid muscle  2
						.
					 Ansa hypoglossi  3
						.
					 Lymph node of chain posterior to internal jugular vein  4
						.
					 Branch of superior thyroid artery to sternothyroid muscle  5
						.
					 Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes  6
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle  7
						.
					 Aberrant slip of sternothyroid muscle attached superiorly to carotid sheath  8
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  9
						.
					 Jugular trunk left  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sternohyoid muscle Lower pointer: Nerve entering sternohyoid muscle  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Site of entry of lymphatic trunks into internal jugular vein Lower pointer: Lymphatic trunk from anterior mediastinal lymph nodes  12
						.
					 Nerve to inferior belly omohyoid muscle  13
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  14
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  15
						.
					 Inferior deep cervical lymph node  16
						.
					 Inferior belly omohyoid muscle  17
						.
					 External jugular vein  18
						.
					 Superficial transverse vein  19
						.
					 Clavicle  20
						.
					 Left pointer: Subclavian trunk Right pointer: Transverse scapular artery


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Close-up view of clavicular attachment of middle layer of cervical fascia; inferior deep cervical lymphatics, anterosuperior view
										The left clavicle crosses the lower part of the view. The sling-like thickening of fascia (5) which invests the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid muscle has been divided to expose the tendon. The lympathic structures visible at 11 lie in a natural opening in the fascia.

														 1
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  2
						.
					 Nerve to inferior belly omohyoid muscle  3
						.
					 Superior belly omohyoid muscle  4
						.
					 Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes and lymph vessels  5
						.
					 Superficial fascia (middle layer)  6
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  7
						.
					 External jugular vein (cut off)  8
						.
					 Superficial transverse vein  9
						.
					 Inferior belly omohyoid muscle  10
						.
					 External jugular vein near junction with transverse scapular vein (covered by fascia)  11
						.
					 Inferior deep cervical lymph node  12
						.
					 Clavicle  13
						.
					 Superficial fascia (middle layer, near clavicular attachment)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Infrahyoid muscles, anterior view
										The middle layer of cervical fascia has been partially removed from the left side to expose the sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles. On the right side the middle layer of cervical fascia (7) has been reflected to expose a thin, intrinsic fascia over the sternohyoid muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle left  2
						.
					 Platysma  3
						.
					 Submental lymph node  4
						.
					 Superficial fascia (external layer)  5
						.
					 External jugular vein  6
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  7
						.
					 Superficial fascia (middle layer)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intrinsic fascia of sternohyoid muscle Lower pointer: Sternohyoid muscle  9
						.
					 Supraclavicular nerves  10
						.
					 Clavicle right  11
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle  12
						.
					 External maxillary artery  13
						.
					 Body of mandible  14
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  15
						.
					 Submandibular gland  16
						.
					 Hyoid bone (covered by dense fibrous tissue)  17
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  18
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  19
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (reflected)  20
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  21
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle  22
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle  23
						.
					 Superficial fascia (middle layer)  24
						.
					 Clavicle left  25
						.
					 Sternoclavicular ligament  26
						.
					 Manubrium of sternum


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Contents of left posterior cervical triangle; superficial cervical lymphatics, lateral view
										The external layer of cervical fascia has been removed from the left side of the neck except from the lower part of the posterior triangle. In this region the lamina of this fascia which passes deep to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles remains in place. This layer has openings for lymphatic vessels (20) and veins, but can be traced superiorly to the midpart of the view where it becomes continuous with the prevertibral fascia (13). The left shoulder occupies the midforeground of the view.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Parotid gland Lower pointer: Parotid-masseteric fascia  2
						.
					 Cervical branch of facial nerve  3
						.
					 Mandibular marginal branch of facial nerve  4
						.
					 Anastomosis of cervical cutaneus nerve with facial nerve  5
						.
					 Platysma (reflected anteriorly)  6
						.
					 External jugular vein  7
						.
					 Cutaneus colli nerve  8
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  9
						.
					 Anterior supraclavicular nerves  10
						.
					 Medial supraclavicular nerves  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Clavicle (acromial end) Lower pointer: Deltoid muscle  12
						.
					 Great auricular nerve  13
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  14
						.
					 Minor occipital nerve  15
						.
					 Borders of posterior cervical triangle  16
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  17
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  18
						.
					 Posterior supraclavicular nerves  19
						.
					 Superficial cervical lymph glands  20
						.
					 Superficial lymphatic vessel passing through cervical fascia  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Suprasternal space, anterior view
										The sternal and clavicular origins of the sternocleidomastoid muscles are visible. The pectoral fascia has been removed bilaterally and the external layer of cervical fascia cut away to the right of the midline. On the left the cervical fascia covers the sternocleidomastoid muscle and extends partially across the suprasternal space.

														 1
						.
					 Fascia colli (middle layer over infrahyoid muscles)  2
						.
					 Right external jugular vein  3
						.
					 Terminal branch of cutaneus colli nerve  4
						.
					 Anterior jugular vein  5
						.
					 Clavicula  6
						.
					 Clavicular origin of sternocleidomastoid muscle  7
						.
					 Clavicular part of pectoralis major muscle  8
						.
					 Sternal origin of sternocleidomastoid muscle  9
						.
					 Sternocostal part of pectoralis major muscle  10
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  11
						.
					 Fascia colli (external layer, cut in a manner to show its continuity around the medial border of ther sternocleidomastoid muscle with the deep lamina of this fascia, as well as its extension  12
						.
					 Tendinous medial border of sternocleidomastoid muscle  13
						.
					 Fat and fascia in depths of suprasternal space (of Burns)  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Dissection of oral region
										 Relation of sublingual gland to tongue, left lateral view
										The mylohyoid and digastric muscles have been reflected inferiorly to demonstrate the relations of the tongue, sublingual gland, lingual and hypoglossal nerves, and geniohyoid muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Superior labial artery (cut off)  2
						.
					 Dorsum linguae  3
						.
					 Fimbriated fold (of tongue)  4
						.
					 Sublingual fold  5
						.
					 Sublingual gland  6
						.
					 Sublingual lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels  7
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  8
						.
					 Submental artery  9
						.
					 Anterior belly digastric muscle  10
						.
					 Parotid duct  11
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  12
						.
					 Buccinator muscle (cut across)  13
						.
					 Lingual nerve  14
						.
					 Stylohyoid ligament  15
						.
					 Mylohyoid nerve  16
						.
					 Submandibular ganglion  17
						.
					 External maxillary artery (cut off)  18
						.
					 Tendon of digastric muscle  19
						.
					 Submandibular duct  20
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  21
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle


Dissection of left submaxillary (submandibular) gland and related structures
										 Medial relations of submaxillary duct, anterolateral view
										The submaxillary gland has been resected although the principal branches of its duct (4), as well as nerves and blood vessels, remain in situ. Structures which lie medial to the gland are visible through their fascial coverings.

														 1
						.
					 Body of mandible  2
						.
					 Submandibular lymph node  3
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle (posterior border)  4
						.
					 Submandibular duct  5
						.
					 Fascial sling for tendon of digastric muscle (continuous with the fascia which surrounded submandibular gland)  6
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Superior laryngeal artery  8
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (covered by fascia)  9
						.
					 Thyrohyoid branch of hypoglossal nerve  10
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle  11
						.
					 External maxillary artery  12
						.
					 Submandibular branches of submandibular ganglion  13
						.
					 Common facial vein  14
						.
					 Glandular branch external maxillary artery (note accompanying plexus of veins)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Artery to lymph node Lower pointer: Superior deep cervical lymph node  16
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  17
						.
					 Common carotid artery (covered by carotid sheath)  18
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  19
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  20
						.
					 Superior thyroid artery


Dissection of left submaxillary (submandibular) gland and related structures
										 Intrinsic nerves and blood vessels, inferolateral view
										The lobules of the gland have been separated and some of them removed. The submaxillary duct has not been exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Platysma (cut off)  2
						.
					 Body of mandible and submandibular lymph node  3
						.
					 Fascia covering anterior belly digastric muscle  4
						.
					 Fascia which extends medial to submandibular gland (continuous with external layer of cervical fascia)  5
						.
					 Hyoid bone  6
						.
					 Thyrohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Masseteric branch of external maxillary artery  8
						.
					 External maxillary artery  9
						.
					 Lymph vessel and submandibular lymph node  10
						.
					 Submental vein (cut off)  11
						.
					 Submandibular branches of submandibular ganglion  12
						.
					 Glandular branch external maxillary artery  13
						.
					 Submandibular gland  14
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  15
						.
					 Superior deep cervical lymph node  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Carotid sheath covering external carotid artery Lower pointer: Superior thyroid artery


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Membranous layer of superficial fascia in urogenital triangle
										The specimen shown in view 165-2 is further explored in this preparation and in subsequent dissections of this series. The subcutaneous fat has been removed from the ischiorectal fossa. On the right side of the specimen an opening (6) has been made in the membranous layer of superficial fascia to expose some of the branches of the posterior scrotal artery and nerve. The scrotum has been retracted upward.

														 1
						.
					 Body of penis  2
						.
					 Dartos fascia (covering right testis)  3
						.
					 Femoral artery and vein  4
						.
					 Posterior scrotal nerves  5
						.
					 Posterior scrotal branch internal pudendal artery  6
						.
					 Margin of window cut through membranous layer of superficial fascia  7
						.
					 Perineal branch posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Perineal branch posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Gracilis muscle Lower pointer: Adductor longus muscle  10
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  11
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  12
						.
					 Anus  13
						.
					 Dartos fascia covering scrotal septum (spread out in retracting testicles)  14
						.
					 Terminal filament of posterior scrotal nerve  15
						.
					 Position of left testis (retracted with scrotum)  16
						.
					 Great saphenous vein  17
						.
					 Fascia lata  18
						.
					 Superficial perineal fascia (membranous layer)  19
						.
					 Perineal branch posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  20
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  21
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerve  22
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Sagittal section of left testis, viewed from medial side
										The testis has been cut in a sagittal plane. The plane of section does not include the entire length of the epididymis due to the fact that the body of the epididymis curves away from the sectioned surface.

														 1
						.
					 Head of epididymis  2
						.
					 Efferent ductule of testis (one or two other efferent ductules are indistinctly visible in the image)  3
						.
					 Mediastinum testis (rete testis not grossly visible)  4
						.
					 Body of epididymis  5
						.
					 Connective tissue  6
						.
					 Ductus deferens (cut across, note thick muscular tunic, thin mucosal tunic and small lumen)  7
						.
					 Tail of epididymis  8
						.
					 Septa of testis  9
						.
					 Lobule of testis  10
						.
					 Tunica albuginea  11
						.
					 Tunica vaginalis testis (visceral layer)  12
						.
					 Anterior margin of testis  13
						.
					 Inferior extremity of testis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Epididymis dissected, posterior view
										The nerves and vessels have been removed from the specimen shown in the previous view. The epididymis has been teased apart to some extent.

														 1
						.
					 Ductus deferens  2
						.
					 Medial surface of testis (covered by visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis testis)  3
						.
					 Cut margin of tunica vaginalis testis  4
						.
					 Posterior margin testis (tunica albuginea)  5
						.
					 Superior extremity of testis  6
						.
					 Superior aberrant ductule  7
						.
					 Head of epididymis  8
						.
					 Efferent ductules  9
						.
					 Lobules of epididymis (coni epididymidis)  10
						.
					 Aberrant ductules  11
						.
					 Body of epididymis  12
						.
					 Epididymal duct  13
						.
					 Tail of epididymis (teased apart and stretched upward toward ductus deferens with which it is continuous)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Close-up view of posterior aspect of testis and epididymis
										The testis has been rotated to expose its posterior aspect. The ductus deferens (2) has been dissected and displaced to the side for better exposure of underlying structures. The numerous testicular veins and veins of the epididymis have been cut off and the pampiniform plexus of veins has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Testicular plexus  2
						.
					 Ductus deferens  3
						.
					 Medial surface of testis (testis has been rotated to demonstrate its posterior aspect)  4
						.
					 Testicular artery  5
						.
					 artery of ductus deferens  6
						.
					 Tail of epididymis (ductus epididymidis dissected and teased apart)  7
						.
					 Thigh (background)  8
						.
					 Head of epididymis  9
						.
					 Efferent ductule of testis  10
						.
					 Parietal layer tunicae vaginalis testis (in background)  11
						.
					 Posterior margin testis (dissected)  12
						.
					 Testicular veins (cut off)  13
						.
					 Body of epididymis  14
						.
					 Fascial coverings of spermatic cord


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Contents of spermatic cord
										The various structures which pass within the spermatic cord to the right testis have been dissected and separated. The testicle has been rotated to expose its posterior aspect. The coverings of the cord (5) have been incised and reflected. Connective tissue has been removed from the ductus deferens (4) and its associated vessels and nerves. The pampiniform plexus of veins (2) has been cut off at a high level so that the testicular plexus of nerves (3), the testicular (internal spermatic) artery (1), and the ductus deferens (4) with its artery (12) might be displayed.

														 1
						.
					 Testicular artery  2
						.
					 Pampiniform plexus (cut away between level of pointer and testis)  3
						.
					 Testicular plexus  4
						.
					 Ductus deferens  5
						.
					 Fascial coverings of spermatic cord (reflected)  6
						.
					 Head of epididymis  7
						.
					 Testis (rotated to expose posterior aspect)  8
						.
					 Body of epididymis  9
						.
					 Tail of epididymis  10
						.
					 Femoral artery and vein  11
						.
					 Superficial inguinal ring  12
						.
					 Artery of ductus deferens  13
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  14
						.
					 Pubis  15
						.
					 Glans penis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Testis and epididymis viewed from above
										The line along which the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis testis reflects onto the epididymis and testis to become the visceral layer may be traced in this view of the testis seen from above.

														 1
						.
					 Spermatic cord  2
						.
					 External spermatic fascia (reflected)  3
						.
					 Tunica vaginalis testis (parietal layer)  4
						.
					 Line of reflection of parietal lamina of tunica vaginalis testis onto testis and epididymis as visceral layer  5
						.
					 Body of epididymis  6
						.
					 Head of epididymis  7
						.
					 Lateral surface of testis  8
						.
					 Testis (covered by visceral layer tunicae vaginalis testis)  9
						.
					 Appendix testis  10
						.
					 Medial surface of testis  11
						.
					 Superior extremity of testis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Testis and epididymis, close-up anterior view
										The right half of the scrotal sac has been opened and the testis and spermatic cord have been elevated. The layers of the spermatic cord have been incised and reflected to reveal the testis and epididymis.

														 1
						.
					 Fascia of scrotal wall  2
						.
					 External spermatic fascia  3
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  4
						.
					 Connective tissue surrounding ductus deferens, vessels and nerves of testis  5
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sinus of epididymidis Lower pointer: Body of epididymis  7
						.
					 Tunica vaginalis testis (lamina parietalis)  8
						.
					 Deep (Buck's) fascia of penis (covering body of penis)  9
						.
					 Superficial penile fascia  10
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  11
						.
					 Glans penis  12
						.
					 Appendix testis (elevated)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Head of epididymis Lower pointer: Superior ligament of the epididymidis  14
						.
					 Anterior margin of testis  15
						.
					 Lateral surface of testis (covered by visceral layer of tunica vaginalis testis)  16
						.
					 Inferior extremity of testis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Tela subcutanea; deep membranous layer of superficial fascia, anteroinferior view
										The skin has been removed from the abdominal wall, the external genitalia and the perineum. The tela subcutanea has been dissected to expose the deeply placed membranous layer of superficial fascia which over the lower part of the abdominal wall is known as Scarpa's fascia (1) and over the penis, scrotum and perineum has been called Colles' fascia (19). In the scrotum this layer is blended into the tunica dartos.

														 1
						.
					 Membranous layer of superficial fascia (Scarpa's fascia)  2
						.
					 Position of left testis in elevated scrotum (testis atrophic)  3
						.
					 Urethral surface of penis (covered by superficial penile fascia)  4
						.
					 Raphe penis (skin removed)  5
						.
					 Glans penis  6
						.
					 Neck of penis  7
						.
					 Position of right testis in elevated scrotum  8
						.
					 Skin of right thigh  9
						.
					 Subcutaneous fat in perineum  10
						.
					 Skin of perineum  11
						.
					 Position of anus (not visible)  12
						.
					 Incomplete fibrous lamina in tela subcutanea  13
						.
					 Ilioinguinal nerve  14
						.
					 Line of fusion of Scarpa's fascia to fascia of thigh below and parallel to inguinal ligament  15
						.
					 External pudendal arteries  16
						.
					 External pudendal vein  17
						.
					 Fascia lata  18
						.
					 Great saphenous vein  19
						.
					 Membranous layer of superficial fascia overlying root of penis (Colles' fascia)  20
						.
					 Gracilis muscle (cut across in transecting thigh)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Penis and scrotum, anterior view
										The subject is a young adult.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsum of penis  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Neck of penis Lower pointer: Head of penis  3
						.
					 Glans penis  4
						.
					 External urethral opening  5
						.
					 Raphe of scrotum  6
						.
					 Scrotum (pointer indicates location of left testis)