General orientation views of dissection
										 Deep facial dissections; masseter muscle reflected, anterolateral view
										The orbicularis oculi muscle has been removed except for remnants of its origins medially. The tarsal plate (4) of the upper eyelid has been exposed together with the corrugator supercilii muscle (2) and nerves emerging through the orbital septum. The skeleton of the nose has been exposed. In the oral region muscle fibers have been retracted to demonstrate the labial arteries (12,15). The masseter muscle has been freed from its zygomatic origin as well as its mandibular insertion and then reflected posteriorly. The masseteric nerve and vessels can thus be traced through the depths of the muscle from their entry point near its posterosuperior border. Close-up views which illustrate more details of this dissection are to be found as follows

														 1
						.
					 Muscle frontalis  2
						.
					 Muscle corrugator supercilii  3
						.
					 Supratrochlear nerve  4
						.
					 Superior tarsus  5
						.
					 Muscle procerus  6
						.
					 Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi muscle  7
						.
					 Angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  8
						.
					 Nasal branch of angular artery  9
						.
					 Greater alar cartilage  10
						.
					 Branches of infraorbital nerve and facial nerve (infraorbital plexus)  11
						.
					 Muscle orbicularis otis  12
						.
					 Superior labial artery  13
						.
					 External maxillary artery  14
						.
					 Depressor labii inferioris muscle  15
						.
					 Inferior labial artery  16
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris (reflected downward from labial commissure)  17
						.
					 Muscle temporalis  18
						.
					 Zygomatico-orbital artery  19
						.
					 Auricle  20
						.
					 Zygomatic arch and zygomatic muscle (cut off)  21
						.
					 Head of zygomatic levator labii superioris muscle  22
						.
					 Coronoid process of mandible (cut ends of fibers of insertion of masseter muscle cover the bone)  23
						.
					 Muscle masseter (reflected posteriorly)  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Body adiposum buccae Lower pointer: Parotid duct (cut off)  25
						.
					 Buccal nerve  26
						.
					 Muscle buccinator  27
						.
					 Deep facial lymph nodes and lymph vessels  28
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  29
						.
					 Submandibular gland


General orientation views of dissection
										 Parotid gland; distribution of facial nerve, lateral view
										The parotideomasseteric fascia has been cut away to reveal the parotid gland and various branches of the facial nerve. In the temporal region the auricular muscles, orbicularis oculi muscle, galea aponeurotica and underlying temporal fascia have been resected but superficial branches of nerves and arteries have been preserved. The course of the external maxillary artery and anterior facial vein is displayed. The latter consists of several small vessels superiorly. In the cervical region the platysma has been extensively cut away and the external layer of deep cervical fascia removed. Close-up views which illustrate more details of this dissection are to be found as follows

														 1
						.
					 Temporal fascia  2
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  3
						.
					 Temporal branches of facial nerve  4
						.
					 Orbicularis oculi muscle (partially removed)  5
						.
					 Zygomatic branches of facial nerve  6
						.
					 Zygomaticus muscle (cut across and reflected superiorly)  7
						.
					 Infraorbital branches of facial nerve  8
						.
					 Levator labii superioris muscle  9
						.
					 Buccal branches of facial nerve  10
						.
					 Anterior facial vein  11
						.
					 External maxillary artery  12
						.
					 Marginal mandibular branches of facial nerve  13
						.
					 Platysma (cut across and reflected)  14
						.
					 Mentalis muscle  15
						.
					 Fascia enclosing submandibular gland  16
						.
					 Branch colli facial nerve  17
						.
					 Occipitalis muscle  18
						.
					 Posterior auricular muscle  19
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  20
						.
					 Parotid gland  21
						.
					 Greater auricular nerve  22
						.
					 Masseter muscle  23
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  24
						.
					 Accessory nerve (branch to trapezius muscle)  25
						.
					 Cutaneus colli nerve  26
						.
					 External jugular vein  27
						.
					 Superficial cervical lymph glands


General orientation views of dissection
										 Superficial structures of head and neck, posterior view
										Close-up views which illustrate more details of this dissection are to be found as follows

														 1
						.
					 Galea aponeurotica  2
						.
					 Occipital artery (lateral branches)  3
						.
					 Superior auricular muscle  4
						.
					 Occipitalis muscle  5
						.
					 Posterior auricular muscle  6
						.
					 Posterior auricular lymph nodes  7
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (covered by supeficial fascia)  8
						.
					 Cutaneous filaments of lesser occipital nerve and greater auricular nerve  9
						.
					 Platysma  10
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (covered by superficial fascia)  11
						.
					 Superficial fascia  12
						.
					 Posterior supraclavicular nerves  13
						.
					 Galea aponeurotica virtually absent in this area  14
						.
					 Occipital artery (medial branch)  15
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  16
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  17
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  18
						.
					 Posterior cervical triangle  19
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of posterior branch cervical nerve V


General orientation views of dissection
										 Superficial structures of head and neck; lateral view
										The skin has been removed and the subcutaneous connective tissue dissected to display nerves, blood vessels and the facial musculature. Close-up views of selected areas of this dissection are to be found as follows

														 1
						.
					 Parietal branch superficial temporal artery  2
						.
					 Branch of supraorbital nerve  3
						.
					 Frontalis muscle  4
						.
					 Branch frontal superficial temporal artery  5
						.
					 Anterior auricular muscle  6
						.
					 Zygomaticotemporal branch zygomatic nerve  7
						.
					 Orbicularis oculi muscle  8
						.
					 Zygomatico-orbital artery  9
						.
					 Zygomatic branches facial nerve  10
						.
					 Angular head levator labii superioris muscle  11
						.
					 Accessory parotid gland  12
						.
					 Buccal branch facial nerve  13
						.
					 Infraorbital head levator labii superioris muscle  14
						.
					 Zygomaticus muscle  15
						.
					 External maxillary artery  16
						.
					 Risorius muscle  17
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle  18
						.
					 Depressor anguli oris muscle  19
						.
					 Depressor labii inferioris muscle  20
						.
					 Mentalis muscle  21
						.
					 Platysma  22
						.
					 Galea aponeurotica  23
						.
					 Occipital artery  24
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  25
						.
					 Occipital muscle  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Auricularis superior muscle Lower pointer: Superficial temporal branches of auriculotemporal nerve  27
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  28
						.
					 Posterior auricular muscle  29
						.
					 Posterior auricular lymph nodes  30
						.
					 Parotid fascia  31
						.
					 Sterniocleidomastoid muscle (covered by superficial fascia)  32
						.
					 Branches lesser occipital nerve  33
						.
					 Branches of greater auricular nerve  34
						.
					 Greater auricular it  35
						.
					 Posterior cervical triangle  36
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (covered by superficial fascia)  37
						.
					 External jugular vein  38
						.
					 Acromion  39
						.
					 Deltoid muscle


Osteology
										 Right lower incisor, canine and first premolar teeth, anteroposterior roentgenogram

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisors (left and right)  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Lingual cusp  7
						.
					 Buccal (facial) cusp  8
						.
					 Crown  9
						.
					 Neck  10
						.
					 Root  11
						.
					 Substantia adamantina (enamel)  12
						.
					 Substantia eburnea (dentine)  13
						.
					 Cavity  14
						.
					 Alveolar border  15
						.
					 Interalveolar septa  16
						.
					 Root canal  17
						.
					 Apex of root


Osteology
										 Right lower molar and premolar teeth, lateromedial roentgenogram

														 1
						.
					 Distolingual cusp  2
						.
					 Mesiolingual cusp  3
						.
					 Mesiobuccal (mesiofacial) cusp  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Molar I  7
						.
					 Molar II  8
						.
					 Molar III (dens serotinus)  9
						.
					 Distobuccal (distofacial) cusp  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Substantia adamantina (enamel) Lower pointer: Substantia eburnea (dentine)  11
						.
					 Cavity  12
						.
					 Root canal  13
						.
					 Mandibular canal  14
						.
					 Crown  15
						.
					 Neck  16
						.
					 Root  17
						.
					 Body of mandible  18
						.
					 Mental foramen


Osteology
										 Right upper premolar, canine and incisor teeth, anterosposterior roentgenogram

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisor  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Facial (buccal) cusp  7
						.
					 Lingual cusp  8
						.
					 Medial border of right maxilla  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Alveolus Lower pointer: Root  10
						.
					 Interalveolar septa  11
						.
					 Root canal  12
						.
					 Tooth neck  13
						.
					 Substentia eburnea (dentine)  14
						.
					 Crown  15
						.
					 Cavity  16
						.
					 Substantia adamantina (enamel)


Osteology
										 Right upper molar and premolar teeth, lateromedial roentgenogram

														 1
						.
					 Maxillary sinus (Highmore)  2
						.
					 Roots molar III (serotini) (incompletely formed)  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Molar I  7
						.
					 Molar II  8
						.
					 Molar III (serotinus incompletely erupted)  9
						.
					 Anterior surface of maxilla  10
						.
					 Anterior wall of maxillary sinus  11
						.
					 Palatine process of maxilla  12
						.
					 Root of canine  13
						.
					 Alveolus  14
						.
					 Interalveolar septa  15
						.
					 Root canal  16
						.
					 Alveolar border  17
						.
					 Cavity  18
						.
					 Substantia ebumea (dentine)  19
						.
					 Substantia adamantina (enamel)  20
						.
					 Floor of maxillary sinus (note close proximity to dental alveoli)


Osteology
										 Permanent right upper and lower teeth, lingual surfaces
										A. Superior teeth  B. Inferior teeth

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisor  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Molar I  7
						.
					 Molar II  8
						.
					 Molar III (dens serotinus)


Osteology
										 Permanent right upper and lower teeth, facial surfaces
										A. Superior teeth. B. Inferior teeth.

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisor  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Molar I  7
						.
					 Molar II  8
						.
					 Molar III  9
						.
					 Surface of mastication  10
						.
					 Crown  11
						.
					 Neck  12
						.
					 Root  13
						.
					 Apex of root  14
						.
					 Enamel  15
						.
					 Bony substance


Osteology
										 Deciduous and permanent dentition at six years
										Parts of the maxilla and mandible have been cut away to reveal the roots of the deciduous teeth and the nonerupted permanent teeth in various stages of development. The maxillary sinus has been opened. The permanent upper lateral incisor lies deep to the neighboring teeth and is not visible in the preparation.

														 1
						.
					 Maxillary sinus (opened)  2
						.
					 Molar II (permanent)  3
						.
					 Premolar II (permanent )  4
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla  5
						.
					 Molar I (permanent)  6
						.
					 Molar II (deciduous)  7
						.
					 Molar I (deciduous)  8
						.
					 Molar II (permanent)  9
						.
					 Molar I (permanent)  10
						.
					 Molar II (deciduous)  11
						.
					 Premolar II (permanent)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Molar I (deciduous) Lower pointer: Premolar I (permanent)  13
						.
					 Mental foramen  14
						.
					 Piriform aperature  15
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  16
						.
					 Canine (permanent)  17
						.
					 Medial incisor (permanent)  18
						.
					 Premolar I (permanent)  19
						.
					 Alveolar border  20
						.
					 Canine (deciduous)  21
						.
					 Medial incisor (deciduous)  22
						.
					 Lateral incisor (deciduous)  23
						.
					 Medial and lateral incisors (deciduous)  24
						.
					 Canine (deciduous)  25
						.
					 Medial incisor (permanent)  26
						.
					 Lateral incisor (permanent)  27
						.
					 Canine (permanent)


Osteology
										 Dental alveoli of maxilla, inferior view
										The third molar teeth are absent bilaterally.

														 1
						.
					 Alveoli for incisor  2
						.
					 Alveolus for canine  3
						.
					 Alveoli for premolars  4
						.
					 Alveoli for molars  5
						.
					 Horizontal plate palatine bone  6
						.
					 Choanae  7
						.
					 Lateral plateofpterygoid process  8
						.
					 Mandibular fossa  9
						.
					 Carotid canal  10
						.
					 Jugular fossa  11
						.
					 Intermaxillary suture  12
						.
					 Incisive canal  13
						.
					 Incisive foramen  14
						.
					 Palatine process of maxilla  15
						.
					 Median palatine suture  16
						.
					 Alveolar border  17
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  18
						.
					 Interalveolar septa  19
						.
					 Zygomatic process of maxilla  20
						.
					 Zygomatic bone  21
						.
					 Maxillary tubercle  22
						.
					 Vomer  23
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone  24
						.
					 Basal part occipital bone  25
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  26
						.
					 Occipital condyle & foramen magnum  27
						.
					 Mastoid process


Osteology
										 Dental alveoli of mandible, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Alveoli for incisors  2
						.
					 Alveolus for canine  3
						.
					 Alveoli for premolars  4
						.
					 Alveoli for molars  5
						.
					 Mental protuberance  6
						.
					 Mental tubercle  7
						.
					 Alveolar border  8
						.
					 Interalveolar septa  9
						.
					 Body of mandible  10
						.
					 Oblique line  11
						.
					 Buccal crest  12
						.
					 Angle of mandible  13
						.
					 Coronoid process  14
						.
					 Mandibular incisure  15
						.
					 Condyloid process  16
						.
					 Mental spine  17
						.
					 Alveolar part


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, mandible, posteroanterior oblique view
										Detailed roentgenographic views of the teeth are to be found in 47-6 and 47-7.

														 1
						.
					 Coronoid process  2
						.
					 Interalveolar septum  3
						.
					 Alveolar part of mandible  4
						.
					 Body of mandible  5
						.
					 Base of mandible  6
						.
					 Ramus of mandible  7
						.
					 Angle of mandible  8
						.
					 Mandibular canal  9
						.
					 Mandibular incisure  10
						.
					 Condyloid process of mandible


Osteology
										 Mandible and permanent teeth, superior view
										The occlusal surfaces of some teeth of this specimen show evidence of abrasive wear.

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisor  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Molar I  7
						.
					 Molar II  8
						.
					 Molar III (dens serotinus)  9
						.
					 Buccinator crest  10
						.
					 Coronoid process  11
						.
					 Angle of mandible  12
						.
					 Lingual surface  13
						.
					 Labial surface  14
						.
					 Surface contactus medialis (mesial surface)  15
						.
					 Surface contactus lateralis (distal surface)  16
						.
					 Surface contactus anterior (mesial surface)  17
						.
					 Surface contactus posterior (distal surface)  18
						.
					 Buccal surface  19
						.
					 Capitulum  20
						.
					 Pterygoid fovea  21
						.
					 Mandibular incisure  22
						.
					 Lingual surface  23
						.
					 Surface of mastication (occlusal surface)  24
						.
					 Mental spine  25
						.
					 Sublingual fovea


Osteology
										 Mandible, inferior view

														 1
						.
					 Mental protuberance  2
						.
					 Digastric fossa  3
						.
					 Sublingual fovea  4
						.
					 Body of mandible  5
						.
					 Angle of mandible  6
						.
					 Mental tubercle  7
						.
					 Mental spines (upper pointer indicates spine for origin of geniohyoid muscle, lower pointer that for origin of genioglossus muscle)  8
						.
					 Submandibular fovea  9
						.
					 Mylohyoid line  10
						.
					 Mylohyoid sulcus  11
						.
					 Capitulum  12
						.
					 Condyloid process  13
						.
					 Mandibular foramen  14
						.
					 Lingula of mandible


Osteology
										 Mandible, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Condyloid process  2
						.
					 Lingula of mandible  3
						.
					 Mandibular foramen  4
						.
					 Mylohyoid sulcus  5
						.
					 Angle of mandible  6
						.
					 Body of mandible  7
						.
					 Submandibular fovea  8
						.
					 Mylohyoid line  9
						.
					 Mental spine  10
						.
					 Sublingual fovea  11
						.
					 Capitulum  12
						.
					 Neck  13
						.
					 Alveolar part  14
						.
					 Coronoid process  15
						.
					 Ramus of mandible


Osteology
										 Mandible, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Mandibular incisure  2
						.
					 Ramus of mandible  3
						.
					 Buccinator crest  4
						.
					 Alveolar part  5
						.
					 Mental foramen  6
						.
					 Sulcus for external maxillary artery  7
						.
					 Body of mandible  8
						.
					 Mental protuberance  9
						.
					 Condyloid process  10
						.
					 Coronoid process  11
						.
					 Oblique line  12
						.
					 Alveolar ridge  13
						.
					 Angle of mandible  14
						.
					 Base of mandible


Osteology
										 Left maxilla and permanent teeth, inferior view
										The third molar (dens serotinus) is absent in this specimen. The central incisor (1) has a deeper lingual fossa than is commonly encountered. The contact surfaces of the teeth (19, 20, 26) are labeled in accordance with modern dental terminology as well as with the conventional BNA names. In the modern system the contact surfaces are named mesial or distal with reference to the midline of the dental arch.

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisor  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Molar I  7
						.
					 Molar II  8
						.
					 Lingual surface  9
						.
					 Incisive bone  10
						.
					 Incisive foramen (completed by opposite maxilla)  11
						.
					 Incisive suture  12
						.
					 Alveolar process  13
						.
					 Palatine process  14
						.
					 Articular surface for opposite maxilla  15
						.
					 Articular surface for horizontal plate of palatine bone  16
						.
					 Palatine spine  17
						.
					 Palatine sulcus  18
						.
					 Labial surface  19
						.
					 Lateral surface (distal surface)  20
						.
					 Anterior surface (mesial surface)  21
						.
					 Buccal surface  22
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  23
						.
					 Canine fossa  24
						.
					 Zygomatic process  25
						.
					 Infratemporal surface  26
						.
					 Posterior surface (distal surface)  27
						.
					 Masticatory surface  28
						.
					 Maxillary tubercle


Osteology
										 Left maxilla, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Body maxilla  2
						.
					 Orbital surface  3
						.
					 Palatine process  4
						.
					 Frontal process (articular surface for frontal bone)  5
						.
					 Articular surface for nasal bone  6
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  7
						.
					 Infraorbital sulcus  8
						.
					 Anterior margin of inferior orbital fissure  9
						.
					 Zygomatic process  10
						.
					 Articular surface for zygomatic bone  11
						.
					 Infraorbital canal  12
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  13
						.
					 Lacrimal incisure  14
						.
					 Lacrimal sulcus  15
						.
					 Anterior lacrimal crest  16
						.
					 Anterior surface (note Alveolar ridge)


Osteology
										 Left  maxilla, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Frontal process  2
						.
					 Infraorbital sulcus  3
						.
					 Anterior margin of inferior orbital fissure  4
						.
					 Zygomatic process  5
						.
					 Infratemporal surface  6
						.
					 Maxillary tubercle  7
						.
					 Alveolar process  8
						.
					 Molar II  9
						.
					 Inferior margin of inferior orbital fissure  10
						.
					 Alveolar foramen  11
						.
					 Body maxilla  12
						.
					 Palatine process  13
						.
					 Medial incisor


Osteology
										 Left maxilla, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Frontal process  2
						.
					 Groove for artery in periosteum  3
						.
					 Anterior surface  4
						.
					 Nasal incisure  5
						.
					 Nasal crest  6
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  7
						.
					 Alveolar ridge  8
						.
					 Orbital surface  9
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  10
						.
					 Zygomatic process  11
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen & Infraorbital suture  12
						.
					 Canine fossa  13
						.
					 Alveolar process


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, left maxilla, mediolateral view
										The third molar is not present in this specimen. Detailed roentgenographic views of the teeth are to be found in 47-4 ff.

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisor  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 Premolar I  5
						.
					 Premolar II  6
						.
					 Molar I  7
						.
					 Molar II  8
						.
					 Orbital surface  9
						.
					 Maxillary sinus (occupies entire body of maxilla)  10
						.
					 Infratemporal surface  11
						.
					 Zygomatic process (in background)  12
						.
					 Canal for superior posterior alveolar artery (in background)  13
						.
					 Palatine process (in foreground)  14
						.
					 Frontal process (note canal for small artery)  15
						.
					 Infraorbital sulcus  16
						.
					 Canal for superior anterior alveolar artery  17
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  18
						.
					 Alveolar process


Osteology
										 Left maxilla, medial view

														 1
						.
					 Articular surface for frontal bone  2
						.
					 Lacrimal margin  3
						.
					 Lacrimal sulcus  4
						.
					 Maxillary sinus, visible through maxillary hiatus  5
						.
					 Articular surface for orbital process palatine bone  6
						.
					 Body of maxilla  7
						.
					 Articular surface for perpendicular part palatine bone  8
						.
					 Articular surface for pyramidal process palatine bone  9
						.
					 Pterygopalatine sulcus  10
						.
					 Articular surface for horizontal process palatine bone  11
						.
					 Alveolar process  12
						.
					 Palatine process  13
						.
					 Frontal process  14
						.
					 Crista ethmoidalis (faintly visible)  15
						.
					 Conchal crest  16
						.
					 Nasal surface  17
						.
					 Nasal incisure  18
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  19
						.
					 Articular surface for right maxilla  20
						.
					 Incisive canal


Osteology
										 Left maxilla, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Frontal process  2
						.
					 Anterior lacrimal crest  3
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  4
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  5
						.
					 Anterior surface  6
						.
					 Nasal incisure  7
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  8
						.
					 Canine fossa  9
						.
					 Alveolar ridge  10
						.
					 Alveolar process  11
						.
					 Articular surface for frontal bone  12
						.
					 Lacrimal margin  13
						.
					 Lacrimal incisure  14
						.
					 Orbital surface  15
						.
					 Infraorbital sulcus  16
						.
					 Body of maxilla  17
						.
					 Zygomatic process  18
						.
					 Infratemporal surface  19
						.
					 Maxillary tubercle


Osteology
										 Right zygomatic bone, medial view

														 1
						.
					 Frontosphenoidal process (pointer on articular surface for zygomatic process of frontal bone)  2
						.
					 Orbital border  3
						.
					 Orbital surface  4
						.
					 Zygomatico-orbital foramen  5
						.
					 Infraorbital process  6
						.
					 Articular surface for maxilla  7
						.
					 Maxillary border  8
						.
					 Masseteric border  9
						.
					 Temporal process  10
						.
					 Articular surface for greater wing sphenoid bone  11
						.
					 Marginal process  12
						.
					 Zygomaticotemporal foramen & temporal surface  13
						.
					 Temporal border  14
						.
					 Articular surface for zygomatic process temporal bone


Osteology
										 Right zygomatic bone, superolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Articular surface for zygomatic process of frontal bone  2
						.
					 Frontosphenoidal process  3
						.
					 Marginal process  4
						.
					 Articular surface for zygomatic process temporal bone  5
						.
					 Malar surface  6
						.
					 Zygomaticofacial foramen  7
						.
					 Masseteric border  8
						.
					 Articular surface for greater wing sphenoid bone  9
						.
					 Orbital surface  10
						.
					 Zygomaticoorbital foramen  11
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  12
						.
					 Infraorbital process  13
						.
					 Maxillary border  14
						.
					 Malar tubercle


Osteology
										 Right palate bone, lateral view
										The maxillary process (12) of this specimen is unusually well developed.

														 1
						.
					 Sphenopalatine incisure  2
						.
					 Sphenoid process  3
						.
					 Perpendicular part  4
						.
					 Pterygopalatine sulcus  5
						.
					 Posterior nasal spine  6
						.
					 Horizontal plate  7
						.
					 Surface forming part of pterygoid fossa  8
						.
					 Pyramidal process (articular surface for pterygoid process sphenoid bone)  9
						.
					 Area of orbital process forming part of the orbital floor  10
						.
					 Orbital process  11
						.
					 Maxillary surface  12
						.
					 Maxillary process


Osteology
										 Right palate bone, anterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Orbital process  2
						.
					 Perpendicular part  3
						.
					 Opening of small canal leading inferiorly to lesser palatine foramen  4
						.
					 Pterygopalatine sulcus  5
						.
					 Pyramidal process  6
						.
					 Palatine canal  7
						.
					 Greater palatine foramen  8
						.
					 Articular surface for maxilla  9
						.
					 Sphenoid process  10
						.
					 Maxillary surface  11
						.
					 Nasal surface  12
						.
					 Nasal crest  13
						.
					 Horizontal plate


Osteology
										 Right palate bone, posteromedial view
										The orbital process (8) of this specimen is attenuated and presents a rough articular surface superiorly.

														 1
						.
					 Ethmoidal crest  2
						.
					 Sphenopalatine incisure  3
						.
					 Perpendicular part (nasal surface)  4
						.
					 Maxillary process  5
						.
					 Nasal crest  6
						.
					 Posterior nasal spine  7
						.
					 Lesser palatine foramen  8
						.
					 Orbital process  9
						.
					 Sphenoid process  10
						.
					 Crista conchalis  11
						.
					 Articular surface for medial plate of pterygoid process  12
						.
					 Articular surface for lateral plate of pterygoid process  13
						.
					 Horizontal plate (nasal surface)  14
						.
					 Palatine surface  15
						.
					 Surface facing pterygoid fossa  16
						.
					 Pyramidal process


Osteology
										 Vomer, left lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Anterior border for articulation with perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and cartilagenous nasal septum  2
						.
					 Superior border for articulation with sphenoid ridge  3
						.
					 Ala of vomer  4
						.
					 Posterior (free) border  5
						.
					 Sulcus for nasopalatine nerve & sphenopalatine artery  6
						.
					 Inferior border for articulation with maxilla and palate


Osteology
										 Inferior nasal conchae, medial and lateral views
										A. Inferior nasal concha right, medial aspect B. Inferior nasal concha left, lateral aspect.

														 1
						.
					 Ethmoidal process  2
						.
					 Lacrimal process  3
						.
					 Anterior free border  4
						.
					 Inferior free border  5
						.
					 Posterior free border  6
						.
					 Maxillary process


Osteology
										 Lacrimal bones, medial and lateral views
										A. Lacrimal bone left, medial surface.B. Lacrimal bone right, lateral (orbital) surface.

														 1
						.
					 Margin for articulation with orbital part of frontal bone  2
						.
					 Margin for articulation with lamina papyracea ethmoid bone  3
						.
					 Margin for articulation with maxilla  4
						.
					 Lacrimal sulcus  5
						.
					 Posterior lacrimal crest  6
						.
					 Margin for articulation with frontal process of maxilla  7
						.
					 Fossa of lacrimal sac  8
						.
					 Hamulus of lacrimal bone  9
						.
					 Conchal process for articulation with inferior nasal concha


Osteology
										 Nasal bones, anterior and posterior views
										A. Nasal bone right, anterior surface B. Nasal bone left, posterior surface.

														 1
						.
					 Superior margin for articulation with nasal part of frontal bone  2
						.
					 Lateral margin for articulation with frontal process of maxilla  3
						.
					 Nasal foramina  4
						.
					 Medial borders for articulation with each other  5
						.
					 Ethmoidal sulcus  6
						.
					 Inferior borders for articulation with lateral nasal cartilage


Osteology
										 Ethmoid bone, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Articular surface for sphenoidal crest  2
						.
					 Crista galli  3
						.
					 Ethmoidal labyrinth  4
						.
					 Cribriform plate  5
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells  6
						.
					 Lamina papyracea  7
						.
					 Perpendicular plate  8
						.
					 Superior nasal meatus  9
						.
					 Uncinate process  10
						.
					 Middle nasal meatus  11
						.
					 Superior nasal concha  12
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  13
						.
					 Articular surface for vomer


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, ethmoid bone, anteroposterior view
										The ethmoidal labyrinths (6) consist of numerous air cells separated by thin bony walls, and are connected at their superior margins by the cribriform plate (2). The superior surface of the cribriform plate lies in the anterior cranial fossa while its inferior surface forms the roof of the nasal fossae.

														 1
						.
					 Crista galli  1
						.
					 Crista galli  2
						.
					 Alar process  2
						.
					 Cribriform plate  3
						.
					 Sulci for anterior ethmoidal vessels and nerves  3
						.
					 Superior nasal concha (in depths of view)  4
						.
					 Cribriform plate  4
						.
					 Perpendicular plate (somewhat deflected)  5
						.
					 Lamina papyracea  5
						.
					 Uncinate process  6
						.
					 Uncinate process  6
						.
					 Ethmoidal labyrinth  7
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  7
						.
					 Ethmoidal bulla  8
						.
					 Ethmoidal labyrinth  8
						.
					 Middle nasal meatus  9
						.
					 Articular border for frontal spine  9
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  10
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells  11
						.
					 Perpendicular plate  12
						.
					 Middle nasal meatus


Osteology
										 Ethmoid bone, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Crista galli  2
						.
					 Alar process  3
						.
					 Sulci for anterior ethmoidal vessels and nerves  4
						.
					 Cribriform plate  5
						.
					 Lamina papyracea  6
						.
					 Uncinate process  7
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  8
						.
					 Ethmoidal labyrinth  9
						.
					 Articular border for frontal spine  10
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells  11
						.
					 Perpendicular plate  12
						.
					 Middle nasal meatus


Osteology
										 Ethmoid bone, lateral view
										The ethmoidal labyrinth occupies nearly all of the view. The anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina, not distinguishable in this specimen, are shown in 38-2.

														 1
						.
					 Articular surface for frontal bone  2
						.
					 Articular surface for sphenoidal crest  3
						.
					 Articular surface for body of sphenoid  4
						.
					 Lamina papyracea  5
						.
					 Articular surface for orbital process palatine bone  6
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  7
						.
					 Crista galli  8
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells  9
						.
					 Articular surface for maxilla  10
						.
					 Uncinate process


Osteology
										 Ethmoid bone, inferior view
										The perpendicular lamina is deviated to the right of the midline. This is a common condition.

														 1
						.
					 Articular border of perpendicular plate for septal cartilage  2
						.
					 Articular border for vomer  3
						.
					 Alas processes  4
						.
					 Ethmoidal labyrinth  5
						.
					 Crista galli (in background)  6
						.
					 Cribriform plate  7
						.
					 Perpendicular plate  8
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  9
						.
					 Uncinate process


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, ethmoid bone, superoinferior view

														 1
						.
					 Ethmoidal labyrinth  2
						.
					 Crista galli  3
						.
					 Ethmoidal bulla  4
						.
					 Paper lamina  5
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  6
						.
					 Cribriform plate  7
						.
					 Perpendicular plate


Osteology
										 Ethmoid bone, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Alar process  2
						.
					 Crista galli  3
						.
					 Cribriform plate  4
						.
					 Grooves for anterior ethmoidal vessels and nerves (ethmoidal foramina not visible in this specimen)  5
						.
					 Ethmoidal labyrinth (entire area below pointers)  6
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells (anterior)  7
						.
					 Articular surface for frontal bone  8
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells (posterior)  9
						.
					 Articular surface for sphenoidal spine  10
						.
					 Lamina papyracea


Osteology
										 Sphenoid bone, posterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Parietal angle  2
						.
					 Lesser wing  3
						.
					 Optic foramen  4
						.
					 Tuberculum sellae  5
						.
					 Anterior clinoid process  6
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  7
						.
					 Sulcus for recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal artery  8
						.
					 Parietal angle  9
						.
					 Temporal surface  10
						.
					 Zygomatic margin  11
						.
					 Cerebral surface  12
						.
					 Foramen rotundum  13
						.
					 Squamous margin  14
						.
					 Foramen ovale  15
						.
					 Angular spine  16
						.
					 Pterygoid process  17
						.
					 Greater wing  18
						.
					 Posterior clinoid process  19
						.
					 Dorsum sellae  20
						.
					 Sella turcica  21
						.
					 Clivus  22
						.
					 Sulcus for abducens nerve  23
						.
					 Body  24
						.
					 Carotid sulcus  25
						.
					 Lingula  26
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  27
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process


Osteology
										 Sphenoid bone, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Cerebral surface  2
						.
					 Squamous margin  3
						.
					 Foramen rotundum  4
						.
					 Carotid sulcus  5
						.
					 Angular spine  6
						.
					 Scaphoid fossa  7
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  8
						.
					 Pterygoid fossa  9
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  10
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus  11
						.
					 Body (cut away from basal part occipital bone)  12
						.
					 Pterygoid process  13
						.
					 Parietal angle  14
						.
					 Lesser wing  15
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  16
						.
					 Dorsum sellae  17
						.
					 Posterior clinoid process  18
						.
					 Optic foramen  19
						.
					 Greater wing  20
						.
					 Lingula  21
						.
					 Sulcus of auditory tube  22
						.
					 Pterygoid canal  23
						.
					 Pterygoid fissure


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, sphenoid bone, anteroposterior view

														 1
						.
					 Greater wing  2
						.
					 Temporal surface  3
						.
					 Orbital surface  4
						.
					 Squamous margin  5
						.
					 Sphenoidal sinus  6
						.
					 Body  7
						.
					 Pterygoid process  8
						.
					 Dorsum sellae  9
						.
					 Optic foramen  10
						.
					 Superior Orbital fissure  11
						.
					 Lesser wing  12
						.
					 Zygomatic margin  13
						.
					 Foramen rotundum  14
						.
					 Pterygoid canal  15
						.
					 Angular spine


Osteology
										 Sphenoid bone, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Greater wing  2
						.
					 Lesser wing  3
						.
					 Frontal margin  4
						.
					 Orbital surface  5
						.
					 Zygomatic margin  6
						.
					 Aperture of sphenoidal sinus  7
						.
					 Sphenoidal crest  8
						.
					 Foramen rotundum  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenomaxillary surface Lower pointer: Rostrum of sphenoid  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial plate of pterygoid process Lower pointer: Pterygopalatine sulcus  11
						.
					 Articular surface for pyramidal process of palatine bone  12
						.
					 Pterygoid fissure  13
						.
					 Groove (often a foramen) for recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal artery  14
						.
					 Location of optic foramen  15
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  16
						.
					 Temporal fossa  17
						.
					 Articular surface for ethmoid bone  18
						.
					 Sphenoidal concha  19
						.
					 Infratemporal fossa  20
						.
					 Pterygoid canal  21
						.
					 Processus vaginalis  22
						.
					 Angular spine  23
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  24
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, sphenoid bone, inferosuperior view

														 1
						.
					 Parietal angle (articular surface for parietal bone)  2
						.
					 Greater wing  3
						.
					 Foramen rotundum  4
						.
					 Squamous margin  5
						.
					 Foramen ovale (incomplete medially)  6
						.
					 Foramen spinosum (incomplete medially)  7
						.
					 Angular spine  8
						.
					 Posterior wall of sella turcica  9
						.
					 Body  10
						.
					 Zygomatic margin  11
						.
					 Orbital surface  12
						.
					 Rostrum of sphenoid  13
						.
					 Sphenoidal sinus (smaller than usual)  14
						.
					 Optic foramen  15
						.
					 Lesser wing  16
						.
					 Anterior clinoid process  17
						.
					 Dorsum sellae & posterior clinoid process  18
						.
					 Pterygoid process


Osteology
										 Sphenoid bone, inferior view

														 1
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Foramen rotundum Lower pointer: Sphenomaxillary surface  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenoidal concha Lower pointer: Articular surface for vomer  4
						.
					 Articular surface for pyramidal process of palatine bone  5
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  6
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  7
						.
					 Processus vaginalis  8
						.
					 Basopharyngeal canal  9
						.
					 Body  10
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus  11
						.
					 Articular surface for orbital process of palatine bone  12
						.
					 Articular surface for ethmoid bone  13
						.
					 Tip of sphenoid  14
						.
					 Sphenoidal crest  15
						.
					 Sphenoidal sinus  16
						.
					 Optic foramen  17
						.
					 Lateral spine  18
						.
					 Lesser wing  19
						.
					 Orbital surface  20
						.
					 Greater wing  21
						.
					 Zygomatic margin  22
						.
					 Facies temporalis  23
						.
					 Squamous margin  24
						.
					 Crista infratemporalis  25
						.
					 Infratemporal surface  26
						.
					 Pharyngeal canal  27
						.
					 Foramen ovale  28
						.
					 Foramen spinosum  29
						.
					 Angular spine


Osteology
										 Sphenoid bone, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Parietal angle  2
						.
					 Greater wing  3
						.
					 Sphenoidal jugum  4
						.
					 Optic foramen & chiasmatic sulcus  5
						.
					 Anterior clinoid process  6
						.
					 Foramen rotundum  7
						.
					 Tuberculum sellae  8
						.
					 SeIla turcica  9
						.
					 Dorsum sellae  10
						.
					 Angular spine  11
						.
					 Body  12
						.
					 Lesser wing  13
						.
					 Sphenoidal crest  14
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  15
						.
					 Posterior clinoid process  16
						.
					 Foramen ovale  17
						.
					 Foramen spinosum  18
						.
					 Lingula of sphenoid  19
						.
					 Carotid sulcus  20
						.
					 Clivus  21
						.
					 Sulcus for abducens nerve


Osteology
										 Occipital bone, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Superior angle  2
						.
					 Lambdoidal margin  3
						.
					 Jugular process  4
						.
					 Hypoglossal canal  5
						.
					 Jugular tubercle  6
						.
					 Clivus  7
						.
					 Basilar part (cut away from body of sphenoid bone)  8
						.
					 Inferior petrosal sulcus  9
						.
					 Foramen for inferior petrosal sinus  10
						.
					 Intrajugular process  11
						.
					 Occipital condyle  12
						.
					 Squamous part of occipital bone  13
						.
					 Lateral angle  14
						.
					 Foramen magnum  15
						.
					 Tubercle for attachment of alar ligament  16
						.
					 Condyloid canal  17
						.
					 Transverse sulcus  18
						.
					 Jugular incisure


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, occipital bone, internal view
										Numerous channels for diploic veins (4) are visible close to the dense bone which bounds the foramen magnum (8) posteriorly and laterally. These channels are continuous upward into the squamous part of the bone near the midline. Less prominent bilateral channels are present near the mastoid border of the bone.

														 1
						.
					 Squamous part of occipital bone  2
						.
					 Lambdoidal margin  3
						.
					 Transverse sulcus  4
						.
					 Channels within bone for occipital diploic veins  5
						.
					 Mastoid margin  6
						.
					 Occipital condyle  7
						.
					 Basilar part  8
						.
					 Foramen magnum  9
						.
					 Jugular tubercle  10
						.
					 Jugular incisure  11
						.
					 Hypoglossal canal


Osteology
										 Occipital bone, internal view

														 1
						.
					 Superior angle  2
						.
					 Sagittal sulcus  3
						.
					 Internal occipital protuberance (summit of cruciate eminence)  4
						.
					 Transverse sulcus  5
						.
					 Internal occipital crest (lower part of cruciate eminence)  6
						.
					 Foramen magnum  7
						.
					 Transverse sulcus  8
						.
					 Jugular process  9
						.
					 Jugular incisure  10
						.
					 Tubercle for attachment of alar ligament  11
						.
					 Jugular tubercle  12
						.
					 Clivus  13
						.
					 Basilar part  14
						.
					 Superior occipital fossa  15
						.
					 Lambdoidal margin  16
						.
					 Inferior occipital fossa  17
						.
					 Lateral angle  18
						.
					 Mastoid margin  19
						.
					 Condyloid canal  20
						.
					 Lateral part  21
						.
					 Intrajugular process  22
						.
					 Inferior petrous sulcus


Osteology
										 Occipital bone, external view

														 1
						.
					 Lambdoidal margin  2
						.
					 Supreme nuchal line  3
						.
					 Superior nuchal line  4
						.
					 External occipital crest  5
						.
					 Inferior nuchal line  6
						.
					 Foramen magnum (occipital bone)  7
						.
					 Condyloid fossa  8
						.
					 Jugular tubercle  9
						.
					 Tubercle for attachment of alar ligament  10
						.
					 Occipital condyle  11
						.
					 Pharyngeal tubercle  12
						.
					 Basilar part  13
						.
					 Occipital plane  14
						.
					 External occipital protuberance  15
						.
					 Lateral angle  16
						.
					 Nuchal plane  17
						.
					 Mastoid margin  18
						.
					 Condyloid canal  19
						.
					 Jugular process  20
						.
					 Lateral part


Osteology
										 Left temporal bone, inferior view; middle and inner ear cavities dissected
										The petrous and tympanic parts of the bone have been ground away from below to expose the tympanic cavity (middle ear), which occupies the central area of the view, and the osseous labyrinth (inner ear), medial to the tympanic cavity. The cochlea has been opened parallel to the modiolus (6) to expose its basal, middle, and apical turns.

														 1
						.
					 Carotid canal  2
						.
					 Helicotrema  3
						.
					 Wall of modiolus  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Scala vestibuli Lower pointer: Scala tympani  5
						.
					 Spiral canal of modiolus  6
						.
					 Base of modiolus  7
						.
					 Internal acoustic meatus (pointer on transverse crest)  8
						.
					 Lamina bony spiral  9
						.
					 Spherical recess of vestibule (rough white area in view is macula cribrosa superior)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior bony ampulla (deep in vestibule) Lower pointer: Eliptical recess of vestibule  11
						.
					 Opening of common crus  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: posterior bony ampulla Lower pointer: Posterior semicircular canal  13
						.
					 Mandibular fossa  14
						.
					 Semicanal of auditory tube  15
						.
					 Tensor tympani muscle  16
						.
					 Petrotympanic fissure (pointer indicates site of emergence of chorda tympani)  17
						.
					 Cut edge of tympanic part  18
						.
					 Cochleariform process  19
						.
					 Epitympanic recess (deep part of cavity)  20
						.
					 Position of oval window (obscured by promontorium)  21
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  22
						.
					 Prominence of facial canal  23
						.
					 Promontorium (note promontory sulcus for tympanic plexus)  24
						.
					 Round window (cut open)  25
						.
					 Pyramidal eminence  26
						.
					 Tympanic sinus  27
						.
					 Canal for stapedius muscle  28
						.
					 Facial canal


Osteology
										 Left temporal bone, inferior view

														 1
						.
					 Temporal surface  2
						.
					 Sphenoidal margin  3
						.
					 Petrotympanic fissure  4
						.
					 Petrosal part  5
						.
					 Pyramidal apex  6
						.
					 Inferior pyramidal surface  7
						.
					 Carotid canal  8
						.
					 External opening cochlear canal  9
						.
					 Petrosal fossa  10
						.
					 Tympanic canaliculus  11
						.
					 Jugular fossa  12
						.
					 Sheath of styloid process  13
						.
					 Styloid process  14
						.
					 Stylomastoid foramen  15
						.
					 Sulcus occipital artery  16
						.
					 Occipital margin  17
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  18
						.
					 Articular surface for zygomatic bone  19
						.
					 Zygomatic process  20
						.
					 Articular tubercle  21
						.
					 Mandibular fossa  22
						.
					 Tympanic part  23
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  24
						.
					 Tympanomastoid fissure  25
						.
					 Mastoid process  26
						.
					 Mastoid incisure  27
						.
					 Mastoid part


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, right temporal bone; ear ossicles in situ
										The temporal bone was decalcified after removal of the ear ossicles. These ossicles were then replaced in their normal positions. The view is from above. The ossicles are shown in detail in 62-6 ff.

														 1
						.
					 Carotid canal  2
						.
					 Petrosal part  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cochlea Lower pointer: Vestibulum  4
						.
					 Internal acoustic meatus  5
						.
					 Semicircular canal superior  6
						.
					 Semicircular canal posterior  7
						.
					 Stylomastoid foramen  8
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tympanic cave Lower pointer: Manubrium of malleus  10
						.
					 Capitulum of malleus  11
						.
					 Body incus  12
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  13
						.
					 Stapes (base of stapes lies in fenestra vestibuli medial to pointer)


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, right temporal bone, superior view
										The contours of the bony labyrinth are visible because of the air which fills the labyrinth and contrasts with the surrounding petrous bone.

														 1
						.
					 Petrosal part  2
						.
					 Carotid canal (partially beneath cochlea)  3
						.
					 Cochlea  4
						.
					 Borders of internal acoustic meatus  5
						.
					 Common crus semicircular canal  6
						.
					 Semicircular canal superior (note ampulla near junction of anterior crus with vestibule)  7
						.
					 Crus simplex semicircular canal  8
						.
					 Semicircular canal posterior (ampulla is visible at inferior termination of canal in vestibule)  9
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  10
						.
					 Tympanic part  11
						.
					 Vestibulum  12
						.
					 Malleus (faintly visible within middle ear cavity)  13
						.
					 Incus (faintly visible)  14
						.
					 External acoustic meatus (beneath squama)  15
						.
					 Facial canal  16
						.
					 Stylomastoid foramen (in background)  17
						.
					 Semicircular canal lateral (ampulla difficult to distinguish at anterior termination of canal)  18
						.
					 Mastoid process


Osteology
										 Left temporal bone, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Zygomatic process  2
						.
					 Parietal margin  3
						.
					 Cerebral surface  4
						.
					 Tegmen tympani  5
						.
					 Remnant of petrosquamous fissure  6
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  7
						.
					 Sulcus for middle meningeal artery  8
						.
					 Hiatus facial canal  9
						.
					 Petrosal part  10
						.
					 Trigeminal impression  11
						.
					 Posterior pyramidal surface  12
						.
					 Superior pyramidal angle  13
						.
					 Location of internal acoustic meatus  14
						.
					 Anterior pyramidal surface  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Arcuate eminence Lower pointer: Superior petrosal sulcus  16
						.
					 Intrajugular process  17
						.
					 Sigmoid sulcus  18
						.
					 Occipital margin  19
						.
					 Mastoid part


Osteology
										 Left temporal bone, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  2
						.
					 Mastoid foramen  3
						.
					 Mastoid part  4
						.
					 Mastoid process  5
						.
					 Tubercle of articulation  6
						.
					 Sheath of styloid process  7
						.
					 Styloid process  8
						.
					 Occipital margin  9
						.
					 Superior pyramidal angle  10
						.
					 Posterior pyramidal surface  11
						.
					 Petrosal part  12
						.
					 External opening of vestibular aqueduct  13
						.
					 Subarcuate fossa  14
						.
					 Internal acoustic meatus  15
						.
					 External opening cochlear canal  16
						.
					 Posterior pyramidal angle  17
						.
					 Pyramidal apex  18
						.
					 Inferior pyramidal surface  19
						.
					 Intrajugular process  20
						.
					 Jugular fossa  21
						.
					 Carotid canal


Osteology
										 Left temporal bone, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Parietal incisure  2
						.
					 Sigmoid sulcus  3
						.
					 Arcuate eminence  4
						.
					 Hiatus facial canal  5
						.
					 Geniculum of facial canal (within hiatus)  6
						.
					 Sulcus greater (superficial) petrosal nerve  7
						.
					 Sulcus lesser petrosal (superficial) nerve  8
						.
					 Anterior pyramidal surface  9
						.
					 Pyramidal apex  10
						.
					 Carotid canal  11
						.
					 Canal for Tensor tympani  12
						.
					 Sheath of styloid process  13
						.
					 Styloid process  14
						.
					 Parietal margin  15
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  16
						.
					 Tegmen tympani  17
						.
					 Zygomatic process  18
						.
					 Sphenoidal margin  19
						.
					 Petrosquamous fissure (nearly obliterated)


Osteology
										 Left temporal bone; close-up view of fundus of internal auditory meatus
										The crista transversa (11) divides the fundus into a superior and inferior fossa. The apex of the petrous pyramid is to the right of the view.

														 1
						.
					 Superior petrous sulcus  2
						.
					 Subarcuate fossa  3
						.
					 Superior vestibular area  4
						.
					 Inferior vestibular area  5
						.
					 Foramen singulare (faintly visible)  6
						.
					 External opening of vestibular aqueduct  7
						.
					 External opening cochlear canal  8
						.
					 Arcuate eminence  9
						.
					 Superior pyramidal angle  10
						.
					 Area facial nerve  11
						.
					 Crista transversa  12
						.
					 Cochlear area  13
						.
					 Margin of internal acoustic meatus  14
						.
					 Posterior pyramidal angle  15
						.
					 Inferior pyramidal surface


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 The posterior perforated substance and oculomotor nerves
										The posterior cerebral arteries, together with most of the branches which entered the interpeduncular fossa, are divided and retracted toward the medulla. The fossa, particularly its posterior recess, is well exposed. The line along which the filaments of the third nerve leave the brain stem appears on each side of the fossa. Note the "posterior perforated substance," an appearance created by pulling out numerous small arteries from the tegmentum in the depths of the fossa.

														 1
						.
					 Olfactory tract  2
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  3
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  4
						.
					 Mamillary body  5
						.
					 Optic tract  6
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  7
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  8
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery (divided)  9
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  10
						.
					 Pons  11
						.
					 Orbital branch of anterior cerebral artery  12
						.
					 Infundibulum  13
						.
					 Uncus  14
						.
					 Interpeduncular fossa (the posterior perforated substance forms the surface within the fossa)  15
						.
					 Medial central branch of posterior cerebral artery  16
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery (cut across and retracted)  17
						.
					 Basilar artery


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Arteries of interpeduncular fossa
										The numerous branches of the posterior cerebral arteries are illustrated in this close-up view as they enter the posterior perforated substance in the depths of the interpeduncular fossa. A piece of arachnoid membrane covers the left third nerve and cerebral peduncle (right side of view). The space seen between this membrane and the brain represents a portion of the interpeduncular cistern.

														 1
						.
					 Olfactory tract right  2
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  3
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  4
						.
					 Optic tract  5
						.
					 Interpeduncular fossa  6
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  7
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  8
						.
					 Pons  9
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  10
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  11
						.
					 Optic chiasm  12
						.
					 Infundibulum  13
						.
					 Tuber cinereum  14
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  15
						.
					 Mamillary body  16
						.
					 Medial central branch of posterior cerebral artery  17
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery  18
						.
					 Hippocampal gyrus  19
						.
					 Basilar artery


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Relations of tip of inferior horn of lateral ventricle
										The medial portion of the right temporal lobe, including the uncus and part of the hippocampal structures, has been cut away. The inferior horn of the lateral ventricle is thus opened and the choroid plexus exposed. The arachnoid membrane is intact in several areas.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian)  2
						.
					 Middle cerebral artery  3
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut across)  4
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  5
						.
					 Choroidal artery (anterior)  6
						.
					 Amygdaloid nucleus (partially removed)  7
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  8
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle  9
						.
					 Hippocampus (cut across)  10
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery  11
						.
					 Hippocampal gyrus  12
						.
					 Collateral fissure  13
						.
					 Internal auditory artery  14
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII)  15
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves  16
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  17
						.
					 Olfactory tract  18
						.
					 Straight gyrus  19
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  20
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery  21
						.
					 Infundibulum  22
						.
					 Pituitary  23
						.
					 Uncus (hippocampal gyrus)  24
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  25
						.
					 Basilar artery  26
						.
					 Pons  27
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  28
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  29
						.
					 Medulla oblongata (pyramid)


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Arteries of basal surface of brain
										The vertebral and internal carotid arteries are visible as they reach the basal surface of the brain to enter into the formation of the arterial circle of Willis. A portion of the right temporal lobe has been cut away to reveal the middle cerebral artery with some of its branches deep in the lateral fissure. The optic chiasm is partially removed to display the anterior communicating artery. The internal auditory arteries are not clearly demonstrated in this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  2
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery  3
						.
					 Middle cerebral artery  4
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut across)  5
						.
					 Choroidal artery (anterior)  6
						.
					 Posterior communicating artery  7
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery  8
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery (double on right, single vessel on left)  9
						.
					 Branch to pons from basilar artery  10
						.
					 Basilar artery  11
						.
					 Anterior inferior cerebellar artery  12
						.
					 Vertebral artery  13
						.
					 Anterior spinal artery  14
						.
					 Olfactory tract left  15
						.
					 Straight gyrus  16
						.
					 Optic chiasm and optic tract  17
						.
					 Infundibulum and infundibular recess third ventricle  18
						.
					 Tuber cinereum  19
						.
					 Uncus  20
						.
					 Mamillary body  21
						.
					 Fissura collateralis  22
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  23
						.
					 Arachnoid (in situ)  24
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  25
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV)  26
						.
					 Fusiform gyrus  27
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  28
						.
					 Pons  29
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  30
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  31
						.
					 Middle cerebellar peduncle  32
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  33
						.
					 Flocculus  34
						.
					 Medulla oblongata  35
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) and vagus (X); Choroid plexus fourth ventricle


Exploration of the meninges and brain in situ
										 Posterior cranial fossa, basilar and vertebral arteries, petrosal sinuses and basilar plexus of veins
										The left half of the brain stem has been removed and the basilar part of the pons cut away on the right to reveal the course of the basilar artery (19). The inferior petrosal sinus and basilar plexus have not been opened but their positions under the dura are identified by the blue color of the latex with which they are filled.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery left (cut across)  2
						.
					 Falx cerebri (upper pointer) and olfactory tract  3
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  4
						.
					 Internal carotid artery left (cut across)  5
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III) within cavernous sinus  6
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV) within cavernous sinus  7
						.
					 Ophthalmic nerve (VI) within cavernous sinus  8
						.
					 Cavernous sinus  9
						.
					 Semilunar ganglion (trigeminal) and trigeminal nerve (V)  10
						.
					 Middle cranial fossa (dura removed)  11
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) and Vestibulocochlear (VIII) entering internal acoustic meatus  12
						.
					 Superior petrosal sinus (opened)  13
						.
					 Transverse sinus  14
						.
					 Position of sigmoid portion of transverse sinus (unopened)  15
						.
					 Posterior cranial fossa  16
						.
					 Cerebral aqueduct  17
						.
					 Arteries within interpeduncular fossa  18
						.
					 Superior cerebellar arteries  19
						.
					 Basilar artery  20
						.
					 Straight sinus  21
						.
					 Cerebellar lingula  22
						.
					 Basilar part of pons (cut away)  23
						.
					 Basilar plexus (upper pointer) and abducens nerve (VI)  24
						.
					 Internal auditory artery  25
						.
					 Anterior inferior cerebellar artery  26
						.
					 Choroid plexus fourth ventricle  27
						.
					 Vertebral artery right  28
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X) and inferior petrosal sinus (upper pointer indicates position of this sinus beneath the dura)  29
						.
					 Roots hypoglossal nerve (XII)  30
						.
					 Medulla oblongata (cut across to midline)


Exploration of the meninges and brain in situ
										 Middle cranial fossa, middle meningeal vessels and cavernous sinus
										The dura mater has been partly stripped away from the middle fossa to open the cavernous sinus and a large sinus lateral to it (11, lower pointer). This latter receives the middle and several inferior cerebral veins (11) anteriorly and communicates posteriorly with the superior petrosal sinus (9). It also communicates with the cavernous sinus and middle meningeal veins.

														 1
						.
					 Temporalis muscle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery (anterior branch)  3
						.
					 Ophthalmic nerve (VI) (within cavernous sinus)  4
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery (posterior branch)  5
						.
					 Cavernous sinus  6
						.
					 Semilunar ganglion (trigeminal)  7
						.
					 Tegmen tympani (a small dural sinus lies over the tegmen)  8
						.
					 Arcuate eminence  9
						.
					 Superior petrosal sinus  10
						.
					 Lesser wing sphenoid bone (covered with dura)  11
						.
					 Inferior cerebral vein and venous sinus connecting posteriorly with superior petrosal sinus  12
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  13
						.
					 Anterior clinoid process  14
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  15
						.
					 Posterior communicating artery  16
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III) (lower pointer indicates the part of the nerve within the interpeduncular cistern, upper pointer indicates the portion within the cavernous sinus)  17
						.
					 Margin of tentorium cerebelli  18
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  19
						.
					 Substantia nigra  20
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV) (upper pointer indicates the nerve within the cavernous sinus, lower pointer indicates the nerve within the subarachnoid space)  21
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  22
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery (cut across)  23
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  24
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  25
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle) (cut across)  26
						.
					 Roots glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus (X)


Exploration of the meninges and brain in situ
										 Close-up view of relation of internal cerebral veins to pineal body
										The arachnoid has been removed from the pineal body and nearby vessels. In this specimen the pineal body is curved upward around the splenium of the corpus callosum and the internal cerebral veins life along its lateral borders. The great cerebral vein (of Galen), which is formed by the confluence of the internal cerebral veins along the upper surface of the pineal body is unusually short here. The subarachnoid space between the cerebellum and the cerebral veins is somewhat comma-shaped and is known as the cisterna venae magnae cerebri (cisterna ambiens).

														 1
						.
					 Corpus callosum (trunk)  2
						.
					 Medial longitudinal stria  3
						.
					 Inferior surface of right fornix  4
						.
					 Internal cerebral vein left  5
						.
					 Massa intermedia  6
						.
					 Interventricular foramen (of Monro)  7
						.
					 Free part of column of fornix  8
						.
					 Branch posterior cerebral artery (lateral central branch)  9
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV)  10
						.
					 Falx cerebri  11
						.
					 Great cerebral vein (of Galen)  12
						.
					 Straight sinus (opened)  13
						.
					 Branch of superior cerebellar artery and layer of arachnoid membrane which bounds the cisterna venae magnae cerebri laterally  14
						.
					 Pineal body  15
						.
					 Superior cerebellar vein  16
						.
					 Inferior colliculus  17
						.
					 Cerebellum


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram, left temporal bone, mediolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  2
						.
					 Mastoid foramen  3
						.
					 Mastoid cells  4
						.
					 Sigmoid sulcus  5
						.
					 Tympanic antrum (in mid-part specimen)  6
						.
					 Semicircular canal superior  7
						.
					 Vestibules  8
						.
					 Cochlea  9
						.
					 Styloid process  10
						.
					 Sulcus for posterior branch of middle meningeal artery  11
						.
					 Zygomatic process (in background)  12
						.
					 External acoustic meatus (in background)  13
						.
					 Mandibular fossa (on inferior surface of bone)  14
						.
					 Petrosal part


Osteology
										 Left temporal bone, medial view
										The petrous part of the bone projects into the foreground. The squamous part lies above and to its right, the mastoid portion to the left.

														 1
						.
					 Parietal margin  2
						.
					 Parietal incisura  3
						.
					 Sigmoid sulcus  4
						.
					 Mastoid foramen  5
						.
					 Occipital margin  6
						.
					 Superior petrous sulcus & subarcuate fossa  7
						.
					 Aperture of external vestibular aqueduct  8
						.
					 Posterior pyramidal surface  9
						.
					 External aperture cochlear canaliculi  10
						.
					 Internal acoustic meatus  11
						.
					 Posterior pyramidal angle  12
						.
					 Inferior pyramidal surface  13
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  14
						.
					 Cerebral surface  15
						.
					 Groove for posterior branch of middle meningeal artery  16
						.
					 Arcuate eminence  17
						.
					 Tegmen tympani  18
						.
					 Zygomatic process  19
						.
					 Sphenoidal margin  20
						.
					 Ant. pyramidal surface  21
						.
					 Pyramidal apex  22
						.
					 Styloid process


Osteology
										 Left temporal bone, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  2
						.
					 Temporal surface  3
						.
					 Posterior root of zygomatic process  4
						.
					 Zygomatic process  5
						.
					 Anterior root of zygomatic process and articular tubercle  6
						.
					 Mandibular fossa  7
						.
					 Middle root of zygomatic process  8
						.
					 Petrotympanic fissure  9
						.
					 Tympanic part  10
						.
					 Sheath of styloid process  11
						.
					 Styloid process  12
						.
					 Parietal margin  13
						.
					 Parietal incisura (note sutural bone)  14
						.
					 Temporal line  15
						.
					 Sulcus middle temporal artery  16
						.
					 Suprameatal spine and mastoid fossa  17
						.
					 Mastoid foramen  18
						.
					 Tympanomastoid fissure  19
						.
					 Mastoid part  20
						.
					 Sulcus for occipital artery  21
						.
					 Mastoid incisura  22
						.
					 Mastoid process  23
						.
					 External acoustic meatus


Osteology
										 Left parietal bone, internal surface

														 1
						.
					 Sagittal margin  2
						.
					 Parietal foramen  3
						.
					 Sagittal sulcus  4
						.
					 Occipital angle  5
						.
					 Occipital margin  6
						.
					 Transverse sulcus  7
						.
					 Mastoid angle  8
						.
					 Squamous margin  9
						.
					 Frontal angle  10
						.
					 Frontal margin  11
						.
					 Arterial sulci  12
						.
					 Sphenoidal angle


Osteology
										 Left parietal bone, external surface
										The superior and inferior temporal lines of this specimen are indistinct but these are visible in the lateral view of the skull (35-1).

														 1
						.
					 Frontal angle  2
						.
					 Frontal margin  3
						.
					 Sphenoidal angle  4
						.
					 Squamous margin  5
						.
					 Mastoid angle  6
						.
					 Sagittal margin  7
						.
					 Parietal foramen  8
						.
					 Occipital angle  9
						.
					 Parietal tuber  10
						.
					 Occipital margin


Osteology
										 Frontal bone, inferior view

														 1
						.
					 Frontal tuber  2
						.
					 Supraorbital foramen  3
						.
					 Frontal sinus  4
						.
					 Fossa of lacrimal gland  5
						.
					 Zygomatic process  6
						.
					 Temporal line & temporal surface  7
						.
					 Articular surface for greater wing sphenoid bone  8
						.
					 Surface facing middle cranial fossa  9
						.
					 Area which forms roof over ethmoidal cells  10
						.
					 Posterior ethmoidal foramen  11
						.
					 Ethmoidal incisure  12
						.
					 Frontal bone (squamous part)  13
						.
					 Parietal margin  14
						.
					 Glabella  15
						.
					 Nasal margin  16
						.
					 Frontal spine  17
						.
					 Area forming part of roof of nasal fossa  18
						.
					 Canal opening into diploic space  19
						.
					 Supraorbital margin  20
						.
					 Trochlear pit  21
						.
					 Anterior-ethmoidal foramen  22
						.
					 Orbital surface


Osteology
										 Frontal bone, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Parietal margin  2
						.
					 Cerebral surface  3
						.
					 Sagittal sulcus  4
						.
					 Groove for branch of middle meningeal artery  5
						.
					 Orbital part (note digital impressions)  6
						.
					 Zygomatic process  7
						.
					 Frontal crest  8
						.
					 Foramen caecum  9
						.
					 Ostium of Frontal sinus  10
						.
					 Frontal spine  11
						.
					 Nasal part  12
						.
					 Articular surface for lesser wing sphenoid bone  13
						.
					 Articular surface for greater wing sphenoid bone


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram of frontal bone, anteroposterior view

														 1
						.
					 Frontal bone (squamous part)  2
						.
					 Frontal sinus  3
						.
					 Zygomatic process  4
						.
					 Orbital part  5
						.
					 Nasal part  6
						.
					 Channels for frontal diploic vein  7
						.
					 Frontal crest


Osteology
										 Frontal bone, anterior view
										A supraorbital notch (14) is present on the left side. A single internal opening on the right leads to two external foramina, supraorbital (5) and frontal (6).

														 1
						.
					 Frontal bone (squamous part)  2
						.
					 Glabella  3
						.
					 Superciliary arch  4
						.
					 Zygomatic process  5
						.
					 Supraorbital foramen  6
						.
					 Frontal foramen  7
						.
					 Remnant of frontal suture (metopic suture)  8
						.
					 Nasal part  9
						.
					 Frontal spine  10
						.
					 Parietal margin  11
						.
					 Frontal surface  12
						.
					 Frontal tuber  13
						.
					 Temporal line  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Supraorbital incisure Lower pointer: Supraorbital margin  15
						.
					 Nasal margin


Osteology
										 Right temporal, infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae, inferolateral view
										The sphenopalatine foramen (21) is visible in the medial wall of the pterygopalatine fossa (22).

														 1
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenosquamous suture Lower pointer: Temporal fossa  3
						.
					 Infratemporal crest sphenoid bone  4
						.
					 Infratemporal fossa  5
						.
					 Foramen ovale  6
						.
					 Foramen spinosum  7
						.
					 Foramen of Vesalius  8
						.
					 Angular spine sphenoid bone  9
						.
					 Petrosal part of temporal bone (apex pyramidis)  10
						.
					 Foramen lacerum  11
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  12
						.
					 Vomer  13
						.
					 Pyramidal process palatine bone  14
						.
					 Basal part occipital bone  15
						.
					 Pterygoid hàmulus sphenoid bone  16
						.
					 Orbit  17
						.
					 Surface malaris zygomatic bone  18
						.
					 Inferior orbital fissure  19
						.
					 Zygomatic process of maxilla  20
						.
					 Infratemporal surface of maxilla  21
						.
					 Sphenopalatine foramen  22
						.
					 Pterygopalatine fossa  23
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla  24
						.
					 First molar


Osteology
										 Right temporal fossa and mandible viewed from above
										The relations of the coronoid process of the mandible to the zygomatic arch and temporal fossa are illustrated.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomatic process of frontal bone & zygomaticofrontal suture  2
						.
					 Temporal line  3
						.
					 Frontal bone (squamous part)  4
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla  5
						.
					 Third molar  6
						.
					 Coronal suture  7
						.
					 Parietal bone  8
						.
					 Orbit  9
						.
					 Zygomaticofacial foramen  10
						.
					 Frontosphenoidal process of zygomatic bone  11
						.
					 Body of mandible  12
						.
					 Temporal process of zygomatic bone & zygomaticotemporal suture  13
						.
					 Coronoid process  14
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone  15
						.
					 Squamous suture & temporal bone (squamous part)  16
						.
					 Angle of mandible


Osteology
										 Hard palate, inferior surface
										Note the presence of a third molar tooth (9) on the right only. This tooth is incompletely erupted and shows no signs of wear on its occlusal surface whereas the remaining teet are considerably worn. The posterior tips of the conchae are visible through the choanae, and a  part of the cribriform plate appears in the roof of the nasal fossa.

														 1
						.
					 Medial incisor  2
						.
					 Lateral incisor  3
						.
					 Canine  4
						.
					 First premolar  5
						.
					 Second pre-molar  6
						.
					 First molar  7
						.
					 Second molar  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Palatine sulcus Lower pointer: Greater palatine foramen  9
						.
					 Third molar (serotinus)  10
						.
					 Inferior orbital fissure  11
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid  12
						.
					 Suture between pyramidal process of palate bone and pterygoid process of sphenoid bone  13
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  14
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  15
						.
					 Sphenoid process palatine bone  16
						.
					 Incisive foramen  17
						.
					 Palatine process of maxilla  18
						.
					 Median palatine suture  19
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla  20
						.
					 Zygomatic process of maxilla  21
						.
					 Transverse palatine suture  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Horizontal plate palatine bone Lower pointer: Median palatine suture  23
						.
					 Pyramidal process palatine bone  24
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus  25
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  26
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  27
						.
					 Vomer


Osteology
										 Lateral wall of left nasal fossa dissected
										The left middle and superior conchae have been cut away and ethmoidal air cells widely opened. A window has been cut through the inferior concha to reveal the position of the nasal opening of the nasolacrimal canal (24). The specimen is viewed from the right side.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior ethmoidal foramen  2
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells (posterior)  3
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus left  4
						.
					 Line of attachment of superior nasal concha  5
						.
					 Superior nasal meatus  6
						.
					 Sphenopalatine foramen  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Line of attachment of middle nasal concha Lower pointer: Middle nasal meatus  8
						.
					 Maxillary sinus  9
						.
					 Ethmoidal process inferior nasal conchae  10
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  11
						.
					 Perpendicular part palatine bone  12
						.
					 Palatomaxillary suture  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Position of greater palatine foramen Lower pointer: Horizontal plate palatine bone  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Orbital part of frontal bone Lower pointer: Anterior ethmoidal foramen  15
						.
					 Frontal sinus  16
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells (anterior)  17
						.
					 Opening of frontonasal duct into frontal recess of middle nasal meatus  18
						.
					 Hiatus semilunaris  19
						.
					 Ethmoidal bulla  20
						.
					 Ethmoidal infundibulum  21
						.
					 Uncinate process ethmoid bone  22
						.
					 Lacrimal bone  23
						.
					 Lacrimal process inferior nasal conchae  24
						.
					 Nasal opening of nasolacrimal canal visible through window cut in inferior concha)  25
						.
					 Inferior nasal meatus  26
						.
					 Palatine process of maxilla


Osteology
										 Lateral wall of right nasal fossa
										The osseous septum has been cut away from the specimen seen in view 37-7 to reveal the bones which together form the right lateral wall of the nasal fossa. The right sphenoid sinus (15) is visible through a window cut in the septum which separates the two sinuses.

														 1
						.
					 Nasal bone  2
						.
					 Frontal process of maxilla  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lacrimal bone Lower pointer: Lacrimoconchal suture  4
						.
					 Lacrimal process inferior nasal conchae  5
						.
					 Openings of maxillary sinus  6
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  7
						.
					 Inferior nasal meatus  8
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  9
						.
					 Incisive canal (for communicating branch between posterior nasal septal artery and greater palatine artery)  10
						.
					 Cribriform plate éthmoid bone (above left nasal fossa)  11
						.
					 Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone (cut away)  12
						.
					 Superior nasal concha  13
						.
					 Sphenoethmoidal recess  14
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus left  15
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus right (sphenoidal septal sinuses partially cut away)  16
						.
					 Sella turcica  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior nasal meatus Lower pointer: Middle nasal concha  18
						.
					 Nasopharyngeal meatus  19
						.
					 Perpendicular part of palatine bone  20
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  21
						.
					 Palatomaxillary suture  22
						.
					 Nasomaxillary crest  23
						.
					 Palatine process of maxilla  24
						.
					 Incisive canal (for nasopalatine nerve)


Osteology
										 Bony nasal septum, left lateral view
										The skull has been cut in a parasagittal plane a few millimeters to the left of the midline.

														 1
						.
					 Nasal bone  2
						.
					 Nasomaxillary suture  3
						.
					 Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone  4
						.
					 Cleft to accommodate sphenoid process cartilaginous septum  5
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  6
						.
					 Superior opening of incisive canal  7
						.
					 Anterior nasal spine  8
						.
					 Dental alveolus  9
						.
					 Cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone  10
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Aperture of sphenoid sinus (margin partially cut away) Lower pointer: Tip of sphenoid (note small sutural bone beyond pointer)  12
						.
					 Body sphenoid bone  13
						.
					 Vomer (pointer on groove for nasopalatine nerve)  14
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  15
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  16
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus  17
						.
					 Nasal crest  18
						.
					 Hard palate  19
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla


Osteology
										 Nasal fossae, posterior view through choanae

														 1
						.
					 Pterygoid process sphenoid bone  2
						.
					 Pharyngeal canal  3
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  4
						.
					 Cribriform plate (faintly shown)  5
						.
					 Pterygoid fossa  6
						.
					 Bony nasal septum (vomer)  7
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  8
						.
					 Nasofrontal suture & nasal bone (in depths of view)  9
						.
					 Pyramidal process palatine bone  10
						.
					 Lesser palatine foramen  11
						.
					 Greater palatine foramen  12
						.
					 Median palatine suture  13
						.
					 Body sphenoid bone  14
						.
					 Ala of vomer  15
						.
					 Sphenoid process palatine bone  16
						.
					 Superior nasal concha & superior nasal meatus  17
						.
					 Ethmoidal bulla  18
						.
					 Infundibulum of ethmoid bone & uncinate process  19
						.
					 Middle nasal concha & middle nasal meatus  20
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha &Inferior nasal meatus  21
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus  22
						.
					 Horizontal plate palatine bone  23
						.
					 Transverse palatine suture  24
						.
					 Palatine process of maxilla


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram of paranasal sinuses, anterior view
										This view of the sinuses of a normal adult woman was made with a 23 degree upward inclination from the anteroposterior axis. An area of calcification is present in the falx cerebri (1).

														 1
						.
					 Calcification in falx cerebri  2
						.
					 Frontal sinus  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nasal septum Lower pointer: Nasal cavity  4
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  5
						.
					 Maxillary sinus  6
						.
					 Sphenoidal sinus  7
						.
					 Coronoid process of mandible  8
						.
					 Mandibular articulation (pointer on articular cavity)  9
						.
					 Capitulum (condyloid process) mandible  10
						.
					 Orbit  11
						.
					 Area occupied by ethmoidal cells  12
						.
					 Zygomatic arch  13
						.
					 Body of mandible  14
						.
					 Anterior arch atlas  15
						.
					 Dens


Osteology
										 Nasal fossae and orbits, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Orbital part of frontal bone  2
						.
					 Frontomaxillary suture  3
						.
					 Nasomaxillary suture  4
						.
					 Zygomaticofrontal suture  5
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid  6
						.
					 Orbital surface of zygomatic bone  7
						.
					 Sphenozygomatic suture  8
						.
					 Inferior orbital fissure  9
						.
					 Zygomatic bone  10
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  11
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture  12
						.
					 Body maxillae  13
						.
					 Nasofrontal suture  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nasal bone Lower pointer: Internasal suture  15
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  16
						.
					 Middle nasal concha & middle nasal meatus  17
						.
					 Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone  18
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha & inferior nasal meatus  19
						.
					 Vomer & anterior nasal spine  20
						.
					 Piriformis aperture  21
						.
					 Intermaxillary suture


Osteology
										 Nasolacrimal canals, anterosuperior view

														 1
						.
					 Nasolacrimal canal  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lacrimal incisura (maxilla) Lower pointer: Anterior lacrimal crest  3
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture  4
						.
					 Grooves and openings for nutrient arteries  5
						.
					 Nasomaxillary suture  6
						.
					 Anterior surface of maxilla  7
						.
					 Frontal suture (metopic suture)  8
						.
					 Superciliary arch  9
						.
					 Orbit  10
						.
					 Lacrimal bone  11
						.
					 Nasion  12
						.
					 Internasal suture & nasal bone  13
						.
					 Frontal process of maxilla  14
						.
					 Piriform aperture


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram of left orbit and optic canal
										This is an anterior view with an upward and medial angulation in line with the axis of the optic canal. The posterior portion of the skull has been cut away to avoid conflicting shadows. The relation of the anterior clinoid process (11) to the optic canal (10) is shown.

														 1
						.
					 Frontal sinus (ethmofrontal)  2
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells (along medial wall of orbit)  3
						.
					 Sphenoidal sinus (in bâckground)  4
						.
					 Borders of Nasolacrimal canal (in foreground)  5
						.
					 Supraorbital margin  6
						.
					 Temporal line of frontal bone  7
						.
					 Zygomaticofrontal suture  8
						.
					 Outline of posterior opening of optic canal  9
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  10
						.
					 Outline of optic foramen (anterior opening of optic canal)  11
						.
					 Anterior clinoid process (lower pointer indicates tip of this process)  12
						.
					 Zygomatic bone  13
						.
					 Anterior limit of inferior orbital fissure  14
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  15
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen (maxillary sinus underlies floor of orbit in this region)


Osteology
										 Right orbit, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Supraorbital margin  2
						.
					 Orbital surface of frontal bone  3
						.
					 Sphenofrontal suture  4
						.
					 Zygomaticofrontal suture  5
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optic foramen Lower pointer: Lateral rectus spine  7
						.
					 Lower root of Lesser wing sphenoid bone  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Orbital tubercle of zygomatic bone Lower pointer: Body sphenoid bone  9
						.
					 Orbital process palatine bone  10
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid  11
						.
					 Sphenozygomatic suture  12
						.
					 Inferior orbital fissure  13
						.
					 Zygomatic bone  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ethmoidomaxillary suture Lower pointer: Orbital surface of maxilla  15
						.
					 Infraorbital sulcus  16
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture  17
						.
					 Supraorbital foramen  18
						.
					 Nasal part of frontal bone  19
						.
					 Anterior ethmoidal foramen  20
						.
					 Nasofrontal suture  21
						.
					 Frontomaxillary suture  22
						.
					 Posterior ethmoidal foramen  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Orbital plate of ethmoid Lower pointer: Lacrimoethmoidal suture  24
						.
					 Lacrimomaxillary suture  25
						.
					 Fossa of lacrimal sac  26
						.
					 Anterior lacrimal crest  27
						.
					 Posterior lacrimal crest  28
						.
					 Frontal process of maxilla  29
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  30
						.
					 Upper pointer: Infraorbital suture Lower pointer: Infraorbital foramen


Osteology
										 Interior of base of skull; middle cranial fossa

														 1
						.
					 Orbital part of frontal bone &sphenofrontal suture  2
						.
					 Lesser wing sphenoid bone  3
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid  4
						.
					 Optic foramen  5
						.
					 Superior orbital fissure  6
						.
					 Anterior clinoid process  7
						.
					 Foramen rotundum  8
						.
					 Sphenoid body bone  9
						.
					 Posterior clinoid process  10
						.
					 Foramen lacerum  11
						.
					 Carotid canal  12
						.
					 Petrosal part of temporal bone  13
						.
					 Temporal fossa  14
						.
					 Zygomatic arch  15
						.
					 Sphenosquamous suture  16
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  17
						.
					 Foramen of Vesalius  18
						.
					 Foramen ovale  19
						.
					 Foramen spinosum  20
						.
					 Hiatus facial canal


Osteology
										 Interior of base of skull; cribriform plate
										cribriform plate

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ethmoidal fissure Lower pointer: Groove for anterior ethmoidal artery & nerve  2
						.
					 Orbital part of frontal bone  3
						.
					 Cribriform plate  4
						.
					 Frontoethmoidal suture  5
						.
					 Posterior etlunoidal foramen  6
						.
					 Sphenofrontal suture  7
						.
					 Frontal suture (metopic suture) & foramen caecum  8
						.
					 Crista galli  9
						.
					 Crista of sphenoid bone


Osteology
										 Interior of base of skull

														 1
						.
					 Crista gall & lamina cribrosa ethmoid bone  2
						.
					 Orbital part of frontal bone & sphenofrontal suture  3
						.
					 Lesser wing sphenoid bone  4
						.
					 Greater wing sphenoid bone  5
						.
					 Sphenosquamous suture  6
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  7
						.
					 Carotid canal & foramen lacerum  8
						.
					 Petrosquamous fissure  9
						.
					 Petrosal part of temporal bone  10
						.
					 Squamous suture  11
						.
					 Occipitomastoid suture  12
						.
					 Mastoid part of temporal bone  13
						.
					 Occipital bone (squamous part)  14
						.
					 Parietal bone  15
						.
					 Lambdoidal suture  16
						.
					 Foramen magnum  17
						.
					 Internal occipital crest (cruciate eminence)  18
						.
					 Anterior cranial fossa  19
						.
					 Optic foramen & anterior clinoid process  20
						.
					 Sella turcica & posterior clinoid process  21
						.
					 Foramen ovale  22
						.
					 Foramen spinosum  23
						.
					 Middle cranial fossa  24
						.
					 Clivus  25
						.
					 Condyloid canal  26
						.
					 Posterior cranial fossa  27
						.
					 Intersutural bone


Osteology
										 Skull, midsagittal section

														 1
						.
					 Parietal bone  2
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid & sphenoparietal suture  3
						.
					 Squamous suture &temporal bone (squamous part)  4
						.
					 Occipital bone (squamous part)  5
						.
					 Lambdoidal suture  6
						.
					 Sulcus for posterior branch of middle meningeal artery  7
						.
					 Petrosal part of temporal bone & internal acoustic meatus  8
						.
					 Occipitomastoid suture  9
						.
					 Sigmoid sulcus  10
						.
					 Foramen magnum (lateral margin)  11
						.
					 Hypoglossal canal  12
						.
					 Occipital condyle  13
						.
					 Basi occiput  14
						.
					 Pterygoid process sphenoid bone and choana  15
						.
					 Mandibular foramen  16
						.
					 Horizontal plate palatine bone  17
						.
					 Mylohyoid sulcus  18
						.
					 Mandible  19
						.
					 Mylohyoid line  20
						.
					 Coronal suture  21
						.
					 Frontal bone (squamous part)  22
						.
					 Sulcus for anterior branch of middle meningeal artery  23
						.
					 Frontal sinus  24
						.
					 Nasion  25
						.
					 Nasal bone  26
						.
					 Crista gall & lamina cribrosa  27
						.
					 Superior nasal concha (visible through opening in nasal septum)  28
						.
					 Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone (partially cut away posteriorly)  29
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  30
						.
					 Vomer  31
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  32
						.
					 Nasal incisura  33
						.
					 Palatine process of maxilla  34
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla


Osteology
										 Skull, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Alveolar process of maxilla  2
						.
					 Supraorbital margin  3
						.
					 Zygomatic arch  4
						.
					 Parietal bone  5
						.
					 Nasal bone  6
						.
					 Frontal process of maxilla  7
						.
					 Tuber of frontal bone  8
						.
					 Squamous part of frontal bone  9
						.
					 Coronal suture  10
						.
					 Sagittal suture  11
						.
					 Parietal foramen  12
						.
					 Lambdoidal suture and occipital bone (squamous part)


Osteology
										 Skull, posterior view
										A large sutural bone is present near the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures.

														 1
						.
					 Parietal foramen  2
						.
					 Intersutural bone  3
						.
					 Lambdoidal suture  4
						.
					 Occipital bone (squamous part)  5
						.
					 Parietomastoid suture  6
						.
					 Occipitomastoid suture  7
						.
					 Superior nuchal line  8
						.
					 Mandibular foramen  9
						.
					 Sagittal suture  10
						.
					 Parietal bone  11
						.
					 Mastoid part of temporal bone  12
						.
					 Mastoid foramen  13
						.
					 Mastoid process  14
						.
					 Mastoid incisura  15
						.
					 External occipital protuberance (unusually prominent)  16
						.
					 Angle of mandible


Osteology
										 Skull, inferior close-up view, area of petrous part of temporal bone

														 1
						.
					 Sphenoid process palatine bone  2
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  3
						.
					 Pterygoid fossa  4
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  5
						.
					 Ala of vomer  6
						.
					 Sphenooccipital fissure  7
						.
					 Foramen lacerum  8
						.
					 Lingula of sphenoid  9
						.
					 Basal part occipital bone  10
						.
					 Inferior surface of temporal bone  11
						.
					 Petro-occipital fissure  12
						.
					 Occipital condyle  13
						.
					 Foramen magnum  14
						.
					 Mandibular foramen  15
						.
					 Infratemporal surface of sphenoid bone  16
						.
					 Sphenosquamous suture  17
						.
					 Angle of mandible  18
						.
					 Foramen ovale  19
						.
					 Foramen spinosum  20
						.
					 Petrotympanic fissure  21
						.
					 Styloid process  22
						.
					 Carotid canal  23
						.
					 Tympanic canaliculus  24
						.
					 Mastoid canaliculus (partially obscured by posterior wall of jugular fossa)  25
						.
					 Canaliculus chordae tympani  26
						.
					 Stylomastoid foramen  27
						.
					 Jugular fossa  28
						.
					 External aperture of cochlear canaliculi


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram of skull, inferosuperior view
										In this specimen one of the depressions (18) in the parietal bone which accommodates arachnoidal granulations (see Section I, 1-3) is unusually prominent as an area of rarification in the bone.

														 1
						.
					 Frontal sinus  2
						.
					 Inferior orbital fissure  3
						.
					 Maxillary sinus (posterior portion)  4
						.
					 Wall of cranial vault separating middle cranial fossa (below) from infratemporal fossa (above)  5
						.
					 Lesser wing of sphenoid bone (note continuation medially into anterior clinoid process)  6
						.
					 Position of mandibular fossa  7
						.
					 Posterior margin of petrosal part of temporal bone  8
						.
					 Mastoid process  9
						.
					 Occipitomastoid suture  10
						.
					 Nasolacrimal canal  11
						.
					 Anterior surface of maxilla (pointer near Infraorbital foramen)  12
						.
					 Lateral wall of cranial vault (anterior cranial fossa lies medial to this)  13
						.
					 Zygomatic arch  14
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus (ethmoidal cells visible anteriorly)  15
						.
					 Carotid canal  16
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  17
						.
					 Foramen magnum occipital (junction of coronal suture and sagittal suture visible in background)  18
						.
					 Depression in parietal bone for arachnoidal granulations  19
						.
					 Sagittal suture


Osteology
										 Skull and mandible, inferior view
										The anteroposterior diameter of the foramen magnum is unusually large in this skull. The view of the occipital bone (41-2) demonstrates the more common shape of this opening.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomaticomaxillary suture  2
						.
					 Mandible  3
						.
					 Greater palatine foramen  4
						.
					 Zygomatic arch  5
						.
					 Posterior border of vomer bone  6
						.
					 Foramen ovale  7
						.
					 Foramen spinosum  8
						.
					 Petrosal part of temporal bone  9
						.
					 Styloid process  10
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  11
						.
					 Stylomastoid foramen  12
						.
					 Mastoid process  13
						.
					 Occipitomastoid suture  14
						.
					 Nasal bone  15
						.
					 Infraorbital foramen  16
						.
					 Body of maxilla  17
						.
					 Median palatine suture & Palatine process of maxilla  18
						.
					 Horizontal plate & Sphenoid.process palatine bone  19
						.
					 Coronoid process  20
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus  21
						.
					 Lateral plate of pterygoid process  22
						.
					 Medial plate of pterygoid process  23
						.
					 Body sphenoid bone  24
						.
					 Foramen lacerum (lingula of sphenoid bone seen crossing this opening)  25
						.
					 Basal part occipital bone  26
						.
					 Petrooccipital fissure  27
						.
					 Carotid canal  28
						.
					 Jugular fossa  29
						.
					 Occipital condyle  30
						.
					 Sagittal suture (visible through foramen magnum)  31
						.
					 Mastoid foramen  32
						.
					 External occipital crest (unusually prominent)


Osteology
										 Roentgenogram of skull, anteroposterior view

														 1
						.
					 Sagittal suture (in background of view)  2
						.
					 Frontal sinus  3
						.
					 Zygomatic process of frontal bone  4
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells (sella turcica and clinoid processes lie posterior to this area)  5
						.
					 Borders of petrosal part of temporal bone  6
						.
					 Zygomatic arch  7
						.
					 Mandibular articulation  8
						.
					 Mastoid process  9
						.
					 Ramus of mandible  10
						.
					 Temporal fossa  11
						.
					 Orbit  12
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Bony nasal septum Lower pointer: Hard palate  14
						.
					 Maxillary sinus (in foreground)  15
						.
					 Lingula of mandible  16
						.
					 Mandibular canal