Dissection of thoracic and lumbosacral regions of back from a posterior approach
										 Left serratus posterior inferior muscle
										The field of view extends from the level of the eighth rib downward nearly to the iliac crest. The left latissimus dorsi has been removed. The fascia which covered the serratus posterior inferior has been resected.

														 1
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  2
						.
					 Rib VIII  3
						.
					 Erector spinae muscle (covered by thoracolumbar fascia)  4
						.
					 Serratus posterior inferior muscle  5
						.
					 Rib XI  6
						.
					 Rib XII  7
						.
					 External oblique muscle (cut off)  8
						.
					 Internal oblique muscle  9
						.
					 Posterior branches of thoracic nerves VII and VIII (medial cutaneous branches)  10
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  11
						.
					 Posterior branches of thoracic nerves IX and X (lateral cutaneous branches)  12
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra L. II  13
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia


Dissection of thoracic and lumbosacral regions of back from a posterior approach
										 Nerve supply to serratus posterior superior muscle
										The serratus posterior superior has been reflected laterally to expose branches of the first three intercostal nerves entering the deep surface of the muscle. The fourth intercostal nerve also sends a branch to the muscle, not shown in this view.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse colli artery  2
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  3
						.
					 Serratus posterior superior muscle (reflected)  4
						.
					 Medial margin of scapula  5
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut off)  6
						.
					 Posterior scalene muscle  7
						.
					 Branches of thoracic nerve I, II and III (to serratus posterior superior muscle)  8
						.
					 Rib II  9
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  10
						.
					 Iliocostalis muscle


Dissection of thoracic and lumbosacral regions of back from a posterior approach
										 Left serratus posterior superior in relation to splenius and erector spinae muscles
										The left shoulder girdle has been freed by removal of the trapezius, latissimus dorsi and rhomboid muscles and has been pulled away from the thoracic wall. The serratus anterior muscles (10) remains intact. The rather thick, elastic layer of fascia (11) between this muscle and the rib cage has been partially resected to reveal the serratus posterior superior muscle (5).

														 1
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  2
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  3
						.
					 Dorsal scapular nerve  4
						.
					 Transverse colli artery  5
						.
					 Serratus posterior superior muscle  6
						.
					 Rib III  7
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  8
						.
					 Medial margin of scapula  9
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle (cut off)  10
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (elevated)  11
						.
					 Fascial layer between serratus anterior and thoracic wall  12
						.
					 Iliocostalis muscle  13
						.
					 Longissimus thoracis muscle  14
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  15
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia  16
						.
					 Fascia infraspinata  17
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Dissection of thoracic and lumbosacral regions of back from a posterior approach
										 Left levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles; nerve supply to rhomboid major
										The fascia covering the levator scapulae and the rhomboid muscles has been removed. The parallel fascicles of the rhomboideus major have been freed of connective tissue and separated to reveal the course of the dorsal scapular nerve and branches of the transverse cervical artery.

														 1
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (reflected laterally)  2
						.
					 Transverse colli vein  3
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  4
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  5
						.
					 Transverse colli artery (divided)  6
						.
					 Insertion of trapezius on spine of scapula  7
						.
					 Medial margin of scapula  8
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  9
						.
					 Teres major muscle  10
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle  11
						.
					 Dorsal scapular nerve  12
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle  13
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  14
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia


Dissection of thoracic and lumbosacral regions of back from a posterior approach
										 Fascia of rhomboid muscles; nerve supply to trapezius muscle
										The external layer of muscles of the back and left shoulder has been exposed bilaterally. The left trapezius has been reflected laterally from its spinal origin to reveal the layer of fascia between it and the deeper-lying rhomboid muscles. The accessory nerve has been dissected along the deep surface of the trapezius.

														 1
						.
					 Origins of trapezius muscle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Cervical surface of superficial fascia  3
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  4
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (reflected laterally)  5
						.
					 Acromion  6
						.
					 Branch of transverse colli artery to trapezius (divided in reflecting trapezius)  7
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  8
						.
					 Lateral brachial cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve  10
						.
					 Teres major muscle  11
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  12
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra C. VII  13
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  14
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle  15
						.
					 Erector spinae muscle (beneath thoracolumbar fascia)  16
						.
					 Triangle of auscultation  17
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Dissection of thoracic and lumbosacral regions of back from a posterior approach
										 Superficial structures and external layer of muscles of lumbosacral region of back
										The lower part of the specimen is shown in view 212-1 is shown in more detail in this close-up photograph.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch, intercostal nerve VII (posterior branch)  2
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch of dorsal branch thoracic nerve XI  3
						.
					 Superficial fascia  4
						.
					 Superior cluneal nerves  5
						.
					 Middle cluneal nerves  6
						.
					 Coccyx (covered by ligaments)  7
						.
					 Middle cutaneous branch of dorsal branch thoracic nerve X  8
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  9
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia (overlying erector spinae muscle)  10
						.
					 External oblique muscle  11
						.
					 Lumbar triangle (Petit's triangle)  12
						.
					 Iliac crest  13
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle


Dissection of thoracic and lumbosacral regions of back from a posterior approach
										 Superficial structures and external muscles of thoracic region of back
										On the lower half of the specimen the tela subcutanea has been dissected to expose cutaneous nerves and vessels. To the right of the midline the trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles have been exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Cervical surface of superficial fascia (nuchal fascia)  2
						.
					 Medial dorsal cutaneous branch thoracic nerve III  3
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve  4
						.
					 Triangle of auscultation  5
						.
					 Fascia covering latissimus dorsi muscle  6
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve V (posterior branch)  7
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra C. VII  8
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  9
						.
					 Spine of scapula  10
						.
					 Acromion  11
						.
					 Fascia infraspinata  12
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  13
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  14
						.
					 Teres major muscle  15
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Dissection of thoracic and lumbosacral regions of back from a posterior approach
										 Superficial structures and external layer of muscles of back, general view
										The skin has been removed form the entire back. On the left half of the body the cutaneous nerves and vessels have been dissected and the deep fascia has been preserved. On the right the external layer of muscles related to the shoulder girdle has been exposed. The following close-up photographs of the thoracic and lumbosacral areas show more details of the cutaneous branches of nerves and arteries.

														 1
						.
					 Superficial fascia cervical surface  2
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra Th. II  3
						.
					 Lateral brachial cutaneous nerve  4
						.
					 Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve  5
						.
					 Brachial fascia  6
						.
					 Dorsal cutaneous branch thoracic nerve V  7
						.
					 Posterior branch of lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve V  8
						.
					 Fascia covering latissimus dorsi muscle  9
						.
					 Superior cluneal nerves  10
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  11
						.
					 Acromion  12
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  13
						.
					 Fascia infraspinata  14
						.
					 Teres major muscle  15
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  16
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia  17
						.
					 External oblique muscle  18
						.
					 Iliac crest


Arteries of vertebral column of one
										 Year-old infant - Arteries of lumbar part of vertibral canal, posterior view
										The pedicles of the lumbar vertebrae have been transformed to permit the removal of the vertebral arches. The ramification of the spinal branches (6) of the lumbar arteries is similar to that in the thoracic region (211-4) in that transversely directed vessels arch across the posterior surface of the vertebral body, sending nutrient branches into the center of ossification and connecting with similar vessels of the opposite side. Ascending and descending communications with neighboring segmental arteries are consistently present. Great variation in the presence and size of radicular arteries is evident in the lumbar region also. The large radicular artery (5) that continues into the anterior spinal artery is the only sizeable vessel of this sort in the field of view.

														 1
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. XII - L. I  2
						.
					 Spinal branch lumbar artery I (transverse branch)  3
						.
					 Artery to posterior part of epidural space and lamina of vertebra  4
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen (opened)  5
						.
					 Radicular branch of spinal branch lumbar artery III  6
						.
					 Spinal branch lumbar artery  7
						.
					 Dorsal branch lumbar artery  8
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. II  9
						.
					 Line of junction of ossification centers of body and neural arch  10
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra) L. II


Arteries of vertebral column of one
										 Year-old infant - Arteries of lumbosacral part of vertebral column, left posterolateral view
										The specimen shown in the preceding view has been turned to expose its left posterolateral aspect. Ossified portions of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum were not sufficiently dry at the time of the photograph to appear as distinctly white as do the centers of ossification elsewhere.

														 1
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. XII - L. I  2
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. I  3
						.
					 Transverse process of vertebra L. II  4
						.
					 Lumbar artery III  5
						.
					 Spinal branch lumbar artery III  6
						.
					 Dorsal branch lumbar artery III  7
						.
					 Arch of vertebra L. V  8
						.
					 Ilium (fragmented)  9
						.
					 Dorsal branch lateral sacral artery  10
						.
					 Lateral sacral artery  11
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  12
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra L. 1  13
						.
					 Vertebral canal  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior articular process vertebra L. III Lower pointer: Inferior articular process vertebra L. II  15
						.
					 Sacrum (pointer indicates arch of first sacral vertebra)


Arteries of vertebral column of one
										 Year-old infant - Arteries of lumbosacral part of vertebral column, left anterolateral view
										The abdominal aorta and the middle sacral artery have been cut away. The spinal branch of the iliolumbar artery, the upper lateral sacral artery and the superior gluteal artery arise by a common stem from the internal iliac artery in this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Subcostal artery  2
						.
					 Ossification center for body of twelfth thoracic vertebra  3
						.
					 Lumbar arteries I (arising from a common stem)  4
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. II- III  5
						.
					 Lumbar arteries IV  6
						.
					 Ossification center for body of fifth lumbar vertebra  7
						.
					 Ilium  8
						.
					 Spinal branch iliolumbar artery (anomalous origin from superior gluteal artery)  9
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery  10
						.
					 Lateral sacral artery  11
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  12
						.
					 Transverse process  13
						.
					 Dorsal branch lumbar artery III  14
						.
					 Sacrum


Arteries of vertebral column of one
										 Year-old infant - Arteries within cervical part of vertebral canal of mid thoracic region, posterior view
										The pedicles of the thoracic vertebrae have been cut across to open the vertebral canal and the intervertebral foamina. The posterior intercostal arteries (3) give off spinal and dorsal branches opposite the intervertebral foramina. Variations in the manner of origin of those branches from different intercostal arteries are evident. In this preparation the course and distribution  of the spinal branches of several intercostal arteries may be traced except for branches that were distributed to the laminae which have been cut away. The arteries to the bodies of the vertebrae communicate superiorly and inferiorly with neighboring vessels and across the midline with their fellows of the opposite side.

														 1
						.
					 Junction between ossification centers of body and neural arch  2
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen (opened)  3
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery VI  4
						.
					 Dorsal branch posterior intercostal artery VI  5
						.
					 Spinal branch posterior intercostal artery VI  6
						.
					 Radicular branch of spinal branch posterior intercostal artery  7
						.
					 Branch of spinal branch to vertebral body  8
						.
					 Spinal branch posterior intercostal artery VII (inferior branch passing downward to communicate with a superior branch from the eighth intercostal artery)  9
						.
					 Radicular branch of posterior intercostal artery VIII (note variation in size of this and the radicular branch at level of sixth vertebra)  10
						.
					 Spinal branch posterior intercostal artery VIII (branch arching upward to communicate with seventh intercostal artery medial to pedicle of vertebra)  11
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. IV - V  12
						.
					 Body of vertebra Th. V (pointer on nutrient foramen)  13
						.
					 Communicating arch between opposite spinal branches of intercostal arteries  14
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra) Th. VI  15
						.
					 Anterior spinal artery


Arteries of vertebral column of one
										 Year-old infant - Arteries within cervical part of vertebral canal, posterior view
										The vertebral arches have been trimmed away to reveal the vertebral canal in the cervical region. On the right side of the specimen the pedicles of the fourth and fifth vertebrae have been cut across so that the right vertebral artery (10) is visible with three of its segmental spinal branches. The atlas has been entirely removed from the specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Dens (axis) (two ossification centers visible)  2
						.
					 Ossification center for body of axis  3
						.
					 Arch of axis  4
						.
					 Area of fusion of ossification centers for body and neural arch of third cervical vertebra  5
						.
					 External vertebral venous plexus (injected)  6
						.
					 Superior articular surface vertebra C. V  7
						.
					 Spinal branch vertebral artery (radicular branch which followed roots of seventh cervical nerve)  8
						.
					 Intervertebral disc C. V - VI  9
						.
					 Unossified cartilage of bodies of vertebra C. V and C. VI  10
						.
					 Vertebral artery  11
						.
					 Superior articular process vertebra C. III  12
						.
					 Spinal branch vertebral artery (dorsal branch to vertebral arch)  13
						.
					 Spinal branch vertebral artery (ventral branch to vertebral body)


Arteries of vertebral column of one
										 Year-old infant - Arteries of cervicothoracic part of vertebral column, right posterolateral view
										The specimen illustrated in the previous photograph has been rotated to expose its posterolateral aspect. The distribution of the dorsal rami of the deep cervical and intercostal arteries may be traced.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  2
						.
					 Axis  3
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra C. VII  4
						.
					 Lamina (arch of vertebra) Th. V  5
						.
					 Vertebral artery  6
						.
					 Occipital artery  7
						.
					 Descending branch occipital artery  8
						.
					 Deep cervical artery  9
						.
					 Supreme intercostal artery  10
						.
					 Rib II  11
						.
					 Dorsal branch posterior intercostal artery III  12
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery IV  13
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  14
						.
					 Transverse process of vertebra Th. VI


Arteries of vertebral column of one
										 Year-old infant - Arteries of cervicothoracic part of vertebral column, right anterolateral view
										The arterial system of a one-year-old infant was injected with red acrylic plastic following which the soft tissues were corroded with potassium hydroxide. The specimen has been prepared to illustrate the arteries of the vertebral column and the relation of these vessels to the posterior portions of the ribs. Ossification of the vertebral bodies and neutral arches is incomplete. This preparation was made by Dr. Donald L. Stilwell, who kindly granted permission for those photographs to be recorded. The present view and the succeeding ones of this series illustrate various aspects of the vessels that supply the vertebral column.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse process of atlas  2
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  3
						.
					 Occipital artery  4
						.
					 Deep cervical artery  5
						.
					 Rib I  6
						.
					 Dorsal branch of posterior intercostal artery  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior intercostal artery II Lower pointer: Collateral branch posterior intercostal artery  8
						.
					 Dens (axis)  9
						.
					 Body of axis  10
						.
					 Vertebral artery (passing upward into transverse foramen)  11
						.
					 Body of vertebra C. VII (pointer on ossification center)  12
						.
					 Costocervical trunk  13
						.
					 Supreme intercostal artery  14
						.
					 Posterior intercostal arteries (from aorta)  15
						.
					 Body of vertebra Th. VI


Radiography
										 Anteroposterior radiograph of female pelvis
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Grant Melvin Stevens of the Palo Alto Clinic.

														 1
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. IV  2
						.
					 Spinous process  3
						.
					 Transverse process  4
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint  5
						.
					 Ilium  6
						.
					 Lateral part sacrum  7
						.
					 Pelvic sacral foramen  8
						.
					 Acetabulum  9
						.
					 Ischium  10
						.
					 Pubic bone  11
						.
					 Pubic symphysis


Radiography
										 Radiograph of lumbar part of vertebral column, right lateral view
										The vertebral column is viewed from in front and to the right so that the intervertebral articular cavities (3) of the left side may be seen in profile. Details of the articulations on the right side are obscured by the overlapping shadows of hte spinous processes, pedicles and laminae of the arches. This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Overlapping shadows of spinous processes and arches (area indicated extends vertically throughout film)  2
						.
					 Superior articular process vertebra L. III  3
						.
					 Intervertebral articular cavity  4
						.
					 Inferior articular process vertebra L. II  5
						.
					 Intermediate sacral crest  6
						.
					 Ilium  7
						.
					 Rib XII  8
						.
					 Transverse process of vertebra L. III (in background)  9
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. III  10
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. IIl-IV  11
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra) L. IV (in background)  12
						.
					 Iliac crest  13
						.
					 Lateral part sacrum


Radiography
										 Radiograph of lumbar part of vertebral column, right lateral view
										The right iliac crest has not been included in the drawing. It is visible in the foreground of the view parallel to and below the left iliac crest (13). This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Superior articular process vertebra L. II  2
						.
					 Inferior articular process vertebra L. I  3
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra) L. II  4
						.
					 Intervertebral articular cavity L. Il-III  5
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra L. III  6
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  7
						.
					 Superior articular process of sacrum  8
						.
					 Median sacral crest  9
						.
					 Sacral canal  10
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. I  11
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. II-III  12
						.
					 Residual droplet of radio-opaque material from previous myelographic examination  13
						.
					 Iliac crest (in background)  14
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine (in background)  15
						.
					 Promontory


Radiography
										 Radiograph of lumbar part of vertebral column, anteroposterior view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra Th. XII (in background)  2
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra) L. I (in background)  3
						.
					 Intervertebral articular cavity L. III-IV  4
						.
					 Transverse process of vertebra L. IV  5
						.
					 Iliac crest  6
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  7
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  8
						.
					 Promontory (indistinct in film)  9
						.
					 Body of vertebra Th. XII (pointers indicate upper and lower borders)  10
						.
					 Rib XII  11
						.
					 Left pointer: Inferior articular process vertebra L. II Right pointer: Superior articular process vertebra L. III  12
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. III-IV  13
						.
					 Psoas major muscle (faint linear shadow of lateral border of muscle)  14
						.
					 Lateral part sacrum  15
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint


Radiography
										 Radiograph of thoracic part of vertebral column, anteroposterior view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Body of vertebra Th. I  2
						.
					 Rib I  3
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra Th. V (located posterior to body of sixth thoracic vertebra)  4
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra) Th. VIII  5
						.
					 Diaphragm  6
						.
					 Body of vertebra Th. XII  7
						.
					 Transverse process of vertebra L. II  8
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. I - II  9
						.
					 Clavicle  10
						.
					 Left border of heart  11
						.
					 Diaphragm  12
						.
					 Rib XII


Radiography
										 Radiograph of neck, left lateral view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior arch of atlas  2
						.
					 Dens (axis)  3
						.
					 Transverse foramen axis  4
						.
					 Body of axis  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior articular process vertebra C. III Lower pointer: Inferior articular process vertebra C. III  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Transverse foramen vertebra C. V Lower pointer: Transverse process vertebra C. V  7
						.
					 Superior articular facet of atlas  8
						.
					 Occipital bone  9
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  10
						.
					 Spinous process axis  11
						.
					 Vertebral foramen (pointers indicate anterior and posterior borders of foramen of vertebra C. IV, outline of vertebral canal visible above and below this level)  12
						.
					 Lamina (arch of vertebra) C. V  13
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra C. VII (vertebra prominens)


Radiography
										 Radiograph of head and neck, left oblique view
										The head is turned to the right in this view of a living female subject and as a result the cervical vertebrae lie in various degrees of rotation. The lower vertebrae are more nearly in the anteroposterior position than the upper ones. The respiratory passages and the oral cavity are outlined by their content of air, which produces a dark shadow in the view. Soft tissues are only faintly visible. This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Charles E. Duisenberg.

														 1
						.
					 Coronal suture  2
						.
					 Sella turcica  3
						.
					 Frontal sinus  4
						.
					 Superior wall of orbit (pointer indicates left orbit)  5
						.
					 Nasal bone  6
						.
					 Sphenoidal sinus (in midline)  7
						.
					 Zygomatic bone (margin bordering left temporal fossa indicated by pointer)  8
						.
					 Maxillary sinus  9
						.
					 Hard palate  10
						.
					 Soft palate  11
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  12
						.
					 Epiglottis (outlined by air in valleculae and in pharynx)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pharyngeal cavity Lower pointer: Ventricle of larynx  14
						.
					 Trachea  15
						.
					 Body of vertebra C. VI  16
						.
					 Rib I  17
						.
					 Lambdoid suture  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Petrosal part temporal bone Lower pointer: Mastoid cell  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Neck of mandible Lower pointer: Occipital condyle  20
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  21
						.
					 Dens (axis) (crossed by anterior arch of atlas)  22
						.
					 Cavity between articular processes of right second and third cervical vertebrae  23
						.
					 Intervertebral foramina (for cervical nerves lV and V)  24
						.
					 Area of overlapping of articular processes of fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae  25
						.
					 Clavicle


Radiography
										 Anteroposterior radiograph of dens and atlantoaxial joints
										This film was made of an edentulous subject with the mouth opened widely to permit an unobstructed view of the upper cervical vertebrae. The film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas (pointers indicate upper and lower margins of arch)  2
						.
					 Transverse process of atlas  3
						.
					 Mandible  4
						.
					 Body of axis (pointer indicates lower border of body)  5
						.
					 Body of vertebra C. III (pointers indicate upper and lower borders)  6
						.
					 Dens (axis)  7
						.
					 Lateral mass of atlas (upper pointer, superior articular facet; lower pointer, inferior articular facet)  8
						.
					 Transverse foramen of atlas  9
						.
					 Lateral atlantoaxial joint  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Transverse foramen of axis Lower pointer: Transverse process of axis  11
						.
					 Superior articular process vertebra C. III  12
						.
					 Inferior articular process of axis


Radiography
										 Radiograph of neck, anteroposterior view
										The head has been extended. As a result the superimposed shadow of the base of the skull has obscured the upper three cervical vertebrae. Structural details of the transverse processes and articular processes of the cervical vertebrae are indistinct because of the overlapping of multiple shadows. The cavities of the larynx and trachea are outlined by their content of air. The conus elasticus of the larynx is indicated at 5. This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Mastoid process  2
						.
					 Angle of mandible  3
						.
					 Area of overlapping shadows of articular processes and transverse processes  4
						.
					 Body of vertebra C. V (pointers indicate upper and lower borders of body)  5
						.
					 Trachea (pointer indicates wall of air-filled conus elasticus)  6
						.
					 Transverse foramen  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Spinous process vertebra C. Vll Lower pointer: Lamina (arch of vertebra) C. VII  8
						.
					 Transverse process vertebra T. I  9
						.
					 Rib I  10
						.
					 Left pointer: Rib II Right pointer: Clavicle (in foreground)


Osteology
										 Representative thoracic and lumbar vertebrae viewed from below

														 1
						.
					 Spinous process  2
						.
					 Lamina (arch of vertebra)  3
						.
					 Transverse process  4
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra)  5
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  6
						.
					 Body of vertebra  7
						.
					 Inferior articular process  8
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  9
						.
					 Inferior costal facet  10
						.
					 Mamillary process  11
						.
					 Accessory process  12
						.
					 Transverse process  13
						.
					 Inferior articular process


Osteology
										 Representative thoracic and lumbar vertebrae viewed from above

														 1
						.
					 Transverse process  2
						.
					 Lamina (arch of vertebra)  3
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra)  4
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  5
						.
					 Body of vertebra  6
						.
					 Spinous process  7
						.
					 Superior articular process  8
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  9
						.
					 Superior costal facet  10
						.
					 Superior articular process  11
						.
					 Mamillary process  12
						.
					 Accessory process  13
						.
					 Transverse process


Osteology
										 Representative thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, left posterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Superior articular process (pointer on articular surface)  2
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  3
						.
					 Transverse process  4
						.
					 Body of vertebra  5
						.
					 Lamina (arch of vertebra)  6
						.
					 Spinous process  7
						.
					 Mamillary process  8
						.
					 Area for attachment of ligamentum flavum  9
						.
					 Superior costal facet  10
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  11
						.
					 Inferior vertebral incisure  12
						.
					 Superior vertebral incisure  13
						.
					 Mamillary process  14
						.
					 Accessory process  15
						.
					 Transverse process


Osteology
										 Representative thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, left anterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Superior articular process  2
						.
					 Inferior articular process (pointer on articular surface)  3
						.
					 Body of vertebra  4
						.
					 Superior costal facet  5
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra)  6
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  7
						.
					 Transverse process  8
						.
					 Spinous process  9
						.
					 Superior vertebral incisure  10
						.
					 Inferior vertebral incisure


Osteology
										 Articulated lumbar vertebrae, left posterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Body of vertebra  2
						.
					 Lamina (arch of vertebra)  3
						.
					 Mamillary process  4
						.
					 Transverse process  5
						.
					 Accessory process  6
						.
					 Vertebral canal  7
						.
					 Area of attachment of ligamentum flavum  8
						.
					 Spinous process  9
						.
					 Superior articular process  10
						.
					 Inferior articular process


Osteology
										 Articulated lumbar vertebrae, left anterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Body of vertebra  2
						.
					 Space occupied in life by intervertebral disc  3
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra)  4
						.
					 Inferior vertebral incisure  5
						.
					 Superior vertebral incisure (together 4 and 5 make up the intervertebral foramen)  6
						.
					 Spinous process (in background)  7
						.
					 Mamillary process  8
						.
					 Transverse process  9
						.
					 Accessory process  10
						.
					 Superior articular process  11
						.
					 Inferior articular process (pointer on articular surface)


Osteology
										 Articulated thoracic vertebrae, left posterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Superior articular process (pointer on articular surface)  2
						.
					 Vertebral canal  3
						.
					 Lamina (arch of vertebra)  4
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  5
						.
					 Inferior costal facet  6
						.
					 Superior costal facet  7
						.
					 Transverse process  8
						.
					 Spinous process  9
						.
					 Pedicle (arch of vertebra)  10
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  11
						.
					 Superior articular process  12
						.
					 Inferior articular process  13
						.
					 Mamillary process  14
						.
					 Accessory process  15
						.
					 Transverse process


Osteology
										 Articulated thoracic vertebrae, left anterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Transverse costal facet  2
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  3
						.
					 Body of vertebra  4
						.
					 Superior articular process  5
						.
					 Inferior articular process  6
						.
					 Spinous process  7
						.
					 Superior costal facet  8
						.
					 Transverse process  9
						.
					 Mamillary process  10
						.
					 Transverse process  11
						.
					 Inferior articular process


Osteology
										 Fifth cervical vertebra, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Spinous process  2
						.
					 Arch of vertebra  3
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  4
						.
					 Inferior articular process  5
						.
					 Superior articular surface  6
						.
					 Superior articular process  7
						.
					 Posterior tubercle  8
						.
					 Groove for cervical nerve V  9
						.
					 Anterior tubercle  10
						.
					 Body of vertebra  11
						.
					 Epiphysis  12
						.
					 Superior vertebral incisure  13
						.
					 Transverse foramen


Osteology
										 Axis, posterolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Dens (axis)  2
						.
					 Posterior articular surface  3
						.
					 Superior articular surface  4
						.
					 Transverse foramen  5
						.
					 Transverse process  6
						.
					 Inferior articular process  7
						.
					 Arch  8
						.
					 Body  9
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  10
						.
					 Spinous process


Osteology
										 Axis, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Spinous process  2
						.
					 Arch  3
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  4
						.
					 Groove for cervical nerve II  5
						.
					 Superior articular surface  6
						.
					 Transverse process  7
						.
					 Dens  8
						.
					 Anterior articular surface  9
						.
					 Body


Osteology
										 Atlas, posteroinferior view

														 1
						.
					 Posterior tubercle  2
						.
					 Posterior arch  3
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  4
						.
					 Transverse foramen  5
						.
					 Transverse process  6
						.
					 Inferior articular facet  7
						.
					 Articular facet for dens  8
						.
					 Anterior arch  9
						.
					 Tubercle for attachment of transverse ligament of atlas  10
						.
					 Lateral mass


Osteology
										 Atlas, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Posterior tubercle  2
						.
					 Vertebral foramen  3
						.
					 Posterior arch  4
						.
					 Superior articular facet  5
						.
					 Transverse process  6
						.
					 Lateral mass  7
						.
					 Tubercle for attachment of transverse ligament of atlas  8
						.
					 Anterior arch  9
						.
					 Articular facet for dens  10
						.
					 Anterior tubercle  11
						.
					 Groove for vertebral artery  12
						.
					 Transverse foramen


Osteology
										 Occipital bone, external view

														 1
						.
					 Lambdoid margin  2
						.
					 Supreme nuchal line  3
						.
					 Superior nuchal line  4
						.
					 External occipital crest  5
						.
					 Inferior nuchal line  6
						.
					 Foramen magnum  7
						.
					 Condylar fossa  8
						.
					 Jugular tubercle  9
						.
					 Tubercle for attachment of alar ligament  10
						.
					 Occipital condyle  11
						.
					 Pharyngeal tubercle  12
						.
					 Basilar part  13
						.
					 Occipital plane  14
						.
					 External occipital protuberance  15
						.
					 Lateral angle  16
						.
					 Nuchal plane  17
						.
					 Mastoid margin  18
						.
					 Condylar canal  19
						.
					 Jugular process  20
						.
					 Lateral part


Osteology
										 Articulated cervical vertebrae, posterolateral view
										Roman numerals designate the individual vertebrae in order.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse process of atlas  2
						.
					 Superior articular surface axis  3
						.
					 Transverse foramen  4
						.
					 Superior articular process  5
						.
					 Inferior articular process  6
						.
					 Posterior tubercle  7
						.
					 Anterior tubercle  8
						.
					 Transverse process  9
						.
					 Vertebra prominens  10
						.
					 Arch of vertebra  11
						.
					 Dens (axis)  12
						.
					 Superior articular facet of atlas  13
						.
					 Vertebral canal  14
						.
					 Spinous process


Osteology
										 Articulated cervical vertebrae, anterolateral view
										Roman numerals designate the individual vertebrae in order.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior tubercle of atlas  2
						.
					 Body of vertebra  3
						.
					 Epiphysis  4
						.
					 Transverse process  5
						.
					 Carotid tubercle  6
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  7
						.
					 Superior articular process  8
						.
					 Inferior articular process  9
						.
					 Anterior tubercle  10
						.
					 Posterior tubercle  11
						.
					 Sulcus of cervical nerve VI  12
						.
					 Vertebra prominens VII


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Relations of insula, internal capsule and lateral fissure
										The specimen is tilted to the right and the relations of the insula, lateral fissure, internal capsule, body of the lateral ventricle and corpus callosum are seen close-up.

														 1
						.
					 Inferior frontal gyrus  2
						.
					 Frontal branch of orbitofrontal artery  3
						.
					 Meninges of frontal lobe  4
						.
					 Medullary substance of insula  5
						.
					 Insula  6
						.
					 Posterior temporal branch of middle cerebral artery  7
						.
					 Superior temporal gyrus  8
						.
					 Great anastomotic vein  9
						.
					 Artery of central sulcus  10
						.
					 Transverse temporal gyrus (of Heschl)  11
						.
					 Medial temporal gyrus  12
						.
					 Anterior parietal artery  13
						.
					 Posterior parietal artery  14
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery right  15
						.
					 Cingulum (cut off)  16
						.
					 Corpus callosum (cut edge)  17
						.
					 Cavum of septum pellucidum  18
						.
					 Septum pellucidum  19
						.
					 Caudate nucleus  20
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  21
						.
					 Internal capsule  22
						.
					 Anterior tubercle of thalamus  23
						.
					 Fornix (body)  24
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  25
						.
					 Lamina affixa  26
						.
					 Sulcus circularis  27
						.
					 Occipital part internal capsule  28
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus (cut off)


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Caudate nucleus; lamina affixa; medullary substance of insula
										The cortex of the upper half of the insula has been scraped away to reveal the underlying medullary substance. The ependymal layer which covered the caudate nucleus has been removed. Much of the choroid plexus in the central part of the lateral ventricle has been cut away to expose its attachment to the lips (taeniae) of the choroidal fissure (cleft between fornix and lamina affixa). Note the choroidal artery (a branch of the a. cerebri posterior) passing anteriorly in this region.

														 1
						.
					 Medullary substance projecting into superior frontal gyrus  2
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus (ependyma removed)  3
						.
					 Medullary substance of insula  4
						.
					 Internal capsule  5
						.
					 Anterior tubercle of thalamus  6
						.
					 Great anastomotic vein (cut end)  7
						.
					 Lamina affixa  8
						.
					 Choroidal fissure (cleft between taenia chorioidea and head of fornix)  9
						.
					 Fornix (crus)  10
						.
					 Cut end of superior longitudinal fasciculus  11
						.
					 Hippocampus  12
						.
					 Calcar avis  13
						.
					 Occipital part radiations of corpus callosum  14
						.
					 Lingual gyrus (cut across)  15
						.
					 Cingulum (divided)  16
						.
					 Precentral gyrus  17
						.
					 Central sulcus  18
						.
					 Branch of posterior cerebral artery in parieto-occipital fissure  19
						.
					 Interparietal sulcus


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Close-up view; relations of posterior horn of lateral ventricle
										Detailed relationships in the region of the splenium of the corpus callosum, the junction of the body and posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and the occipital lobe are illustrated. Boundaries of the opened ventricle are clearly visible in the upper central part of the view. The line of Gennari appears in the cut section of the lingual gyrus (29).

														 1
						.
					 Anterior parietal branch of middle cerebral artery  2
						.
					 Posterior parietal branch of middle cerebral artery  3
						.
					 Sulcus circularis  4
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus (cut across)  5
						.
					 Cut edge of corpus callosum lateral to splenium  6
						.
					 Bulbus posterior horn of lateral ventricle  7
						.
					 Tapetum (cut across)  8
						.
					 Medullary substance of superior temporal gyrus  9
						.
					 Occipitothalamic radiations (Gratiolet) (Note: This stratum includes not only the geniculocalcarine tract but also a system of fibers, the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, which can be traced forward toward the frontal lobe in a path lateral to the lentiform nucleus)  10
						.
					 Cut section of the forward continuation of the lingual gyrus which becomes continuous in this region with the hippocampal gyrus  11
						.
					 Gray matter lying in the deepest part of the calcarine fissure  12
						.
					 Dissected portion of angular gyrus of inferior parietal lobule  13
						.
					 Medullary substance of superior occipital gyrus  14
						.
					 Internal capsule  15
						.
					 Stria terminalis  16
						.
					 Lamina affixa  17
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  18
						.
					 Fornix (crus)  19
						.
					 Subparietal sulcus (continuous anteriorly with cingulate sulcus)  20
						.
					 Medial longitudinal stria  21
						.
					 Lateral longitudinal stria  22
						.
					 Cingulum (cut across)  23
						.
					 Limbic lobe (downward continuation around splenium of cingulate gyrus previously seen)  24
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery in depths of calcarine fissure  25
						.
					 Superior surface of cerebellum facing transverse cerebral fissure (meninges and branches of superior cerebellar artery are visible on surface)  26
						.
					 Calcarine fissure  27
						.
					 Convolution of lower part of lingual gyrus exposed in depths of a minor sulcus  28
						.
					 Parieto-occipital fissure right  29
						.
					 Cut section of visual cortex in lingual gyrus (note line of Gennari, hence the name striate cortex often applied to the visual cortex)  30
						.
					 Surface of lingual gyrus in depths of calcarine fissure


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Close-up view of anterior part of lateral ventricle and interventricular foramen
										Close-up view of central area of preceding stage of dissection seen from a more lateral angle. Details of the medial wall of the lateral ventricle and of the interventricular foramen are now evident. Note the small cavity of the septum pellucidum which has been cut open just beneath the corpus callosum. The ependymal lining of the ventricle is intact.

														 1
						.
					 Medullary substance of superior frontal gyrus  2
						.
					 Medullary substance of inferior frontal gyrus  3
						.
					 Junction of fibers from internal capsule and corpus callosum to form corona radiata (seen in cross section)  4
						.
					 Anterior horn lateral ventricle  5
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  6
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus  7
						.
					 Frontal branch of middle cerebral artery  8
						.
					 Area of fibers derived from medullary substance of insula, external capsule and internal capsule (fibers course in various directions)  9
						.
					 Emerging fibers of internal capsule  10
						.
					 Insula  11
						.
					 Artery of precentral sulcus  12
						.
					 Artery of central sulcus  13
						.
					 Transverse temporal gyrus  14
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across)  15
						.
					 Medullary substance of cingulate gyrus  16
						.
					 Genu corpus callosum  17
						.
					 Cingulum (cut across)  18
						.
					 Cut edge of corpus callosum  19
						.
					 Cavum septum pellucidum  20
						.
					 Cingulate sulcus  21
						.
					 Septum pellucidum  22
						.
					 Interventricular foramen (of Monro)  23
						.
					 Fornix  24
						.
					 Choroid plexus in lateral ventricle  25
						.
					 Anterior thalamic tubercle  26
						.
					 Lamina affixa  27
						.
					 Caudate nucleus (tail)  28
						.
					 Stria terminalis


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Lateral ventricle
										A large window has been cut in the corpus callosum to provide a view of the lateral ventricle. The contours and boundaries of the anterior horn, body and atrium of the lateral ventricle are shown in relation to structures seen in earlier stages of the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Medullary substance of superior frontal gyrus  2
						.
					 Cut ends of superior longitudinal fasciculus  3
						.
					 Anterior horn lateral ventricle  4
						.
					 Temporal part of operculum  5
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus  6
						.
					 Insula  7
						.
					 Internal capsule emerging to join corona radiate  8
						.
					 Caudate nucleus (tail)  9
						.
					 Artery of central sulcus  10
						.
					 Transverse temporal gyrus  11
						.
					 Lamina affixa overlying thalamus  12
						.
					 Choroid plexus lying in atrium of lateral ventricle  13
						.
					 Cut edge of tapetum  14
						.
					 Occipital part radiations of corpus callosum  15
						.
					 Angular gyrus (dissected)  16
						.
					 Meninges and vessels in depths of parieto-occipital fissure  17
						.
					 Lingual gyrus (cut across)  18
						.
					 Calcarine fissure  19
						.
					 Medullary substance of cuneus  20
						.
					 Frontal pole  21
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral vein displaced downward in this area)  22
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across)  23
						.
					 Cut edge of frontal part radiations of corpus callosum  24
						.
					 Ventricular surface of rostral corpus callosum  25
						.
					 Central sulcus  26
						.
					 Position of interventricular foramen (not visible in view)  27
						.
					 Anterior thalamic tubercle  28
						.
					 Corpus callosum (trunk)  29
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  30
						.
					 Upper surface of fornix (body)  31
						.
					 Cut edge of corpus callosum  32
						.
					 Cingulum (cut across)  33
						.
					 Superior surface of cerebellum (in transverse cerebral fissure)  34
						.
					 Parieto-occipital fissure


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Close-up view of lateral fissure and insula
										Further details in the region of the lateral fissure are shown in this close-up of the central area of the previous view. Note the several transverse temporal gyri, of which the anterior one (11) (Heschl's gyrus) is the most prominent. The superior longitudinal fasciculus which lies directly above the insula was of necessity cut away extensively to expose the underlying structures. The medial and lateral longitudinal striae (fiber tracts of the olfactory system) are clearly visible for most of their course across the upper surface of the corpus callosum.

														 1
						.
					 Surface of medial frontal gyrus  2
						.
					 Meninges and vessels of inferior frontal sulcus projecting from dissected margins of medial frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus  3
						.
					 Medullary substance of inferior frontal gyrus  4
						.
					 Sulcus circularis in depths of lateral fissure  5
						.
					 Frontal branch of middle cerebral artery  6
						.
					 Short insular gyrus  7
						.
					 Posterior temporal branch of middle cerebral artery  8
						.
					 Artery of precentral sulcus  9
						.
					 Cut end of great anastomotic vein (in edge of meninges)  10
						.
					 Artery of central sulcus  11
						.
					 Transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl)  12
						.
					 Transverse temporal sulcus  13
						.
					 Anterior and posterior parietal branches of middle cerebral artery  14
						.
					 Artery of angular gyrus (terminal branch of middle cerebral artery)  15
						.
					 Most posterior of transverse temporal gyri  16
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across)  17
						.
					 Cingulum (cut across)  18
						.
					 Frontal part corona radiata  19
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus  20
						.
					 Cingulate sulcus  21
						.
					 Lateral longitudinal stria  22
						.
					 Medial longitudinal stria  23
						.
					 Corpus callosum (trunk)  24
						.
					 Parietal part corona radiata  25
						.
					 Sulcus circularis


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Lateral fissure and insula
										The lateral fissure has now been extensively exposed from above by the removal of the frontal and parietal opercula. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (4) has been cut away to reveal the insula. The principal cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery lie within the lateral fissure. The portion of the temporal lobe facing the fissure displays transversely oriented gyri (of Heschl) wherein the fibers of the central auditory pathway terminate.

														 1
						.
					 Medullary substance of superior frontal gyrus  2
						.
					 Superior cerebral vein is in superior frontal sulcus  3
						.
					 Cingulum (cut off)  4
						.
					 Anterior continuation of superior longitudinal fasciculus  5
						.
					 Frontal branches of orbitofrontal artery  6
						.
					 Insula  7
						.
					 Artery of precentral sulcus  8
						.
					 Artery of central sulcus (Note cut end of great anastomotic vein in meninges close to cut end of this artery)  9
						.
					 Transverse temporal gyrus (of Heschl)  10
						.
					 Sulcus circularis Note: this sulcus surrounds the insula in the depths of the lateral fissure  11
						.
					 Anterior and posterior parietal arteries  12
						.
					 Posterior portion of superior longitudinal fasciculus (cut off)  13
						.
					 Geniculocalcarine tract and inferior longitudinal fasciculus joining occipital part internal capsule  14
						.
					 Occipital part internal capsule and occipital part of radiations of corpus callosum  15
						.
					 Branch of posterior cerebral artery in depths of parieto-occipital fissure  16
						.
					 Branch of posterior cerebral artery in calcarine fissure (exposed by removing cuneus)  17
						.
					 Medullary substance of cuneus  18
						.
					 Frontal pole  19
						.
					 Superior frontal gyrus  20
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across)  21
						.
					 Central sulcus (Rolandic)  22
						.
					 Corona radiata  23
						.
					 Medial and lateral longitudinal striae


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Relation of left facial nerve to parotid gland
										The sternocleidomastoid muscle (3) has been cut off close to its insertion and its tendon reflected laterally from the mastoid process (4) of the temporal bone. The posterior facial vein (7) has been cut off and the parotid gland dissected to expose the facial nerve as it passes between the deep (9) and superficial (10) lobes of the gland.

														 1
						.
					 Stylomastoid foramen (opened)  2
						.
					 Mastoid incisure  3
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (tendon of insertion stripped from mastoid process)  4
						.
					 Mastoid process  5
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  6
						.
					 Superior (temporofacial) division of facial nerve (VII)  7
						.
					 Posterior facial vein  8
						.
					 Inferior (cervicofacial) division of facial nerve (VII)  9
						.
					 Parotid gland (deep lobe)  10
						.
					 Parotid gland (superficial lobe)  11
						.
					 External carotid artery  12
						.
					 Stylohyoid ligament  13
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle (cut across)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (cut across) Lower pointer: External maxillary artery  15
						.
					 Superficial fascia (external layer)  16
						.
					 Submandibular gland  17
						.
					 Mandibular nerve  18
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle  19
						.
					 Styloid process temporal bone  20
						.
					 Salpingopharyngeus muscle  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ascending palatine artery Lower pointer: Stylomandibular ligament  22
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (pointer near origins of muscle from pterygomandibular raphe)  23
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle  24
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  25
						.
					 Stylopharyngeus muscle (cut across)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Musculature of soft palate
										The mucous membrane has been removed from the left half of the soft palate and pharyngeal wall.

														 1
						.
					 Ascending pharyngeal artery  2
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut off)  3
						.
					 Cartilaginous auditory tube  4
						.
					 Levator veli palatini muscle  5
						.
					 Mandibular nerve  6
						.
					 Ascending palatine artery  7
						.
					 Tensor veli palatini muscle  8
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus  9
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  10
						.
					 Parotid gland  11
						.
					 Posterior auricular artery  12
						.
					 Palatopharyngeus muscle  13
						.
					 Stylopharyngeus muscle  14
						.
					 Stylohyoid ligament  15
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Digastric muscle (cut across)  17
						.
					 External maxillary artery  18
						.
					 Occipital artery  19
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone  20
						.
					 Lingual artery  21
						.
					 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament  22
						.
					 External carotid artery  23
						.
					 Nasal septum  24
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  25
						.
					 Torus tubarius  26
						.
					 Salpingopharyngeal fold  27
						.
					 Velum of palate  28
						.
					 Uvular muscle  29
						.
					 Uvula  30
						.
					 Body of tongue  31
						.
					 Vallate papilla  32
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sulcus terminalis Lower pointer: Foramen caecum  33
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  34
						.
					 Lingual tonsil  35
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  36
						.
					 Upper pointer: Epiglottic vallecula Lower pointer: Median glossoepiglottic fold  37
						.
					 Epiglottis


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in jugular foramen; origin of tympanic nerve; posterior wall of pharynx
										The temporal bone has been dissected to expose the tympanic canaliculus (canal of Jacobson) (2) and the facial canal (1). Veins and fibrous tissue have been removed to reveal the glossopharyngeal nerve (4) in the anterior part of the jugular foramen. The apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone, the left half of the occipital bone and part of the body of the sphenoid bone have been ground away. This was done without disturbing the soft tissues of the carotid canal (14), petrooccipital fissure (15) or the thick fibrous tissue which underlies the base of the skull (17). The longus capitis and rectus capitis anterior muscles have been partially resected.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Facial nerve (VII) within facial canal Lower pointer: Stapedius muscle  2
						.
					 Tympanic nerve within tympanic canaliculus  3
						.
					 Auricular branch vagus nerve  4
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Styloid process temporal bone (covered by periosteum) Lower pointer: Internal jugular vein (cut off)  6
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle (cut across)  7
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  9
						.
					 Occipital artery  10
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  11
						.
					 Internal carotid artery left  12
						.
					 Internal carotid artery left (cut across in cavernous sinus)  13
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus (opened)  14
						.
					 Periosteal lining of carotid canal  15
						.
					 Veins and connective tissue of petro-occipital fissure (bone removed)  16
						.
					 Basal part occipital bone (sectioned in midline)  17
						.
					 Periosteum (reinforced by anterior atlanto-occipital membrane and pharyngobasilar fascia)  18
						.
					 Jugular ganglion of vagus nerve (X)  19
						.
					 Accessory nerve (Xl)  20
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  21
						.
					 Anterior rectus capitis muscle (cut across)  22
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle (cut across)  23
						.
					 Dens (axis)  24
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal[ constrictor muscle  25
						.
					 Nodose ganglion of vagus nerve (X)  26
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Joint cavity between transverse ligament and dens
										The left half of the transverse ligament (21) has been divided and the cruciate ligament (15) has been reflected to the right.

														 1
						.
					 Clivus  2
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hypoglossal canal (opened) Lower pointer: Hypoglossal nerve (Xll)  4
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  5
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital joint cavity  6
						.
					 Vertebral artery  7
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve I  8
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  9
						.
					 Atlantoaxial joint cavity  10
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve II  11
						.
					 Dura mater  12
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament  13
						.
					 Roots of hypoglossal nerve (XII)  14
						.
					 Tectorial membrane (cut edge)  15
						.
					 Cruciate ligament atlas (divided, lower part retracted)  16
						.
					 Fibrous tissue and blood vessels in anterior part of foramen magnum (ligamentum apicis dentis not well defined)  17
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  18
						.
					 Alar ligament (divided on left)  19
						.
					 Dens axis (joint cavity between dens and transverse ligament opened)  20
						.
					 Tectorial membrane (cut across)  21
						.
					 Transverse ligament atlas (divided)  22
						.
					 Atlantoaxial joint capsule (opened)  23
						.
					 Body of axis


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Relations of internal jugular vein, hypoglossal, accessory and vagus nerves to atlantooccipital joint; atlantoepistrophic joint
										The contents of the jugular foramen (1,3,4) and hypoglossal canal (2) have been partially exposed without disturbing their relations. The capsule of the atlantoepistrophic joint (22) has been partially resected. The opposing articular surfaces of this joint are incongruous as compared to those of the atlantooccipital joint (6). A dense plexus of blood vessels (16) occupies the area between the dens and the margin of the foramen magnum. The apical ligament of the dens was not well defined.

														 1
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  2
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (within hypoglossal canal the nerve is obscured by fibrous tissue and veins)  3
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  4
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  5
						.
					 Occipital condyle (cut across)  6
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital articulation (opened)  7
						.
					 Superior articular facet atlas (articular cartilage removed)  8
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  9
						.
					 Transverse process atlas  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch of cervical nerve I Lower pointer: Groove in atlas for vertebral artery  11
						.
					 Spinal ganglion cervical nerve II  12
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve II  13
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve II  14
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament (cut across)  15
						.
					 Cruciate ligament atlas (cut across)  16
						.
					 Plexus of veins (ligamentum apicis dentis absent)  17
						.
					 Dens axis (covered by ligaments)  18
						.
					 Alar ligament (cut across)  19
						.
					 Transverse ligament atlas (part of cruciate ligament)  20
						.
					 Tectorial membrane (cut across)  21
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital joint cavity  22
						.
					 Atlantoepistrophical joint capsule  23
						.
					 Arch of axis (cut across)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Cruciate ligament; alar ligaments
										The posterior longitudinal ligament and tectorial membrane have been resected. The posterior vertebral venous plexus has been removed from the left side of the dissection. The jugular foramen (4) and the hypoglossal canal (5) have been cut open.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior semicircular canal  2
						.
					 Inferior petrosal sinus  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Lower pointer: Vagus nerve (X)  4
						.
					 Superior jugular venous bulb (jugular foramen opened, vein emptied of latex, and its anterior wall dissected to show artery to jugular ganglion of vagus nerve)  5
						.
					 Roots of hypoglossal nerve (XII) (hypoglossal canal opened to reveal veins and fibrous tissue enclosing nerve)  6
						.
					 Occipital bone (cut across)  7
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia (exposed by removal of rectus capitis lateralis muscle)  8
						.
					 Atlantooccipital cavity of articulation  9
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch of cervical nerve I Lower pointer: Groove in atlas for vertebral artery  11
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  12
						.
					 Spinal ganglion cervical nerve II  13
						.
					 Tendinous slip of longissimus cervicis muscle (cut across)  14
						.
					 Arch of axis (cut across)  15
						.
					 Joint capsule  16
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve III  17
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  18
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  19
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  20
						.
					 Clivus  21
						.
					 Dura mater encephali (cut edge)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior longitudinal ligament Lower pointer: Cruciate ligament atias  23
						.
					 Alar ligament (cut across on left)  24
						.
					 Position of dens (axis)  25
						.
					 Cut edge of tectorial membrane  26
						.
					 Transverse ligament atlas (part of cruciate ligament)  27
						.
					 Dura mater


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Tectorial membrane; atlantooccipital joint
										More of the occipital bone has been removed and the suboccipital muscles have been almost completely cut away on the left side. The capsule of the left atlantooccipital joint has been opened. Synovial folds extend into the joint cavity (4). The dura mater (15) has been reflected laterally. The part of the posterior longitudinal ligament (18) to the right of the midline has been preserved. On the left side this ligament has been cut away to expose the tectorial membrane (20).

														 1
						.
					 Left pointer: Posterior semicircular canal (opened) Right pointer: Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  2
						.
					 Left pointer: Transverse sinus (sigmoid portion) Right pointer: Internal jugular vein (in jugular foramen)  3
						.
					 Condyloid emissary within condyloid canal  4
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital articulation  5
						.
					 Atlanto-occipital joint capsule  6
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  7
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas  8
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  9
						.
					 Posterior vertebral venous plexus  10
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve II  11
						.
					 Arch of axis  12
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve III  13
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  14
						.
					 Petrosal part of temporal bone  15
						.
					 Dura mater (reflected)  16
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  17
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  18
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament (left half resected, cut end visible at upper pointer)  19
						.
					 Roots of hypoglossal nerve (XII)  20
						.
					 Tectorial membrane  21
						.
					 Roots of cervical nerve II  22
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  23
						.
					 Spinal branch vertebral artery  24
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle  25
						.
					 Longitudinal vertebral sinus


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Posterior longitudinal ligament
										The posterior part of the occipital bone has been cut away to open the foramen magnum and the arches of the cervical vertebrae have been resected. The brain and spinal cord have been removed. The dura mater has been retained in the right half of the posterior cranial fossa and vertebral canal. Details of the relations of meninges and central nervous system in this area are to be found in Section I, reel 32-4 ff.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Lower pointer: Inferior petrosal sinus  2
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  3
						.
					 Vagus. nerve (X)  4
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI) (spinal root)  5
						.
					 Transverse sinus (sigmoid portion)  6
						.
					 Vertebral artery  7
						.
					 Posterior vertebral venous plexus  8
						.
					 Superior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  9
						.
					 Muscular branch occipital artery  10
						.
					 Inferior oblique capitis muscle (cut across)  11
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  12
						.
					 Arch of axis (cut across)  13
						.
					 Semispinalis capitis muscle  14
						.
					 Dura mater (over clivus)  15
						.
					 Roots of hypoglossal nerve (XII)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior longitudinal ligament Lower pointer: Position of dens (axis)  17
						.
					 Margin of foramen magnum (cut across)  18
						.
					 Vertebral artery and ventral roots of cervical nerve I  19
						.
					 Posterior branch cervical nerve I  20
						.
					 Posterior arch of atlas (cut across)  21
						.
					 Posterior vertebral venous plexus  22
						.
					 Longitudinal vertebral sinus  23
						.
					 Dura mater  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Roots cervical nerve II Lower pointer: Roots cervical nerve III  25
						.
					 Arch of cervical vertebra III (cut across)


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Superior longitudinal fasciculus
										Parts of the left hemisphere adjacent to the central sulcus are further resected nearly to the lateral fissure. The arched course of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (9) can be seen lateral to the corona radiata (7). Posteriorly, as this fasciculus curves sharply downward into the temporal lobe, another wide band of fibers emerges (11) from under its cover and courses toward the occipital lobe. This latter consists in part of the visual radiation (geniculocalcarine tract) and in part of fibers of the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus. These systems of fibers join the occipital radiations of the internal capsule and corpus callosum.

														 1
						.
					 Cortical branch of anterior cerebral artery  2
						.
					 Medullary substance of superior frontal gyrus  3
						.
					 Frontal branch of middle cerebral artery  4
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across)  5
						.
					 Cingulum (cut off)  6
						.
					 Artery of precentral sulcus within precentral sulcus  7
						.
					 Corona radiata (area of junction of radiations of corpus callosum and internal capsule)  8
						.
					 Artery of central sulcus in lower part of central sulcus  9
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus  10
						.
					 Lateral and medial longitudinal striae  11
						.
					 Parts of geniculocalcarine tract (optic radiations), inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, occipital part internal capsule and occipital part of radiations of corpus callosum  12
						.
					 Branch of posterior cerebral artery lying within parieto-occipital fissure  13
						.
					 Branch of posterior cerebral artery lying within calcarine fissure  14
						.
					 Cortical veins ramifying in transverse occipital sulcus  15
						.
					 Frontal pole  16
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (at this point a large cerebral vein is displaced downward in the specimen)  17
						.
					 Medial frontal gyrus  18
						.
					 Precentral gyrus  19
						.
					 Central sulcus (Rolandic)  20
						.
					 Corpus callosum (splenium)  21
						.
					 Parieto-occipital fissure right


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Corpus callosum and corona radiata
										The area of the dissection has been generally widened. The cingulum (3) has been divided and its central portion taken away. Between the cut ends of the cingulum the upper surface of the corpus callosum is exposed and the continuity of its fibers into the corona radiata (6) clearly seen. The medial and lateral longitudinal striae, portions of the olfactory system, are visible as small longitudinal bands lying on the corpus callosum. In the occipital region the cuneus, which lies above the calcarine fissure, has been partly removed so that the calcarine fissure and branches of the posterior cerebral artery are exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Frontal branch of middle cerebral artery  2
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across)  3
						.
					 Cingulum (central portion removed from field)  4
						.
					 Great anastomotic vein overlying central sulcus  5
						.
					 Central sulcus in depths of dissected area  6
						.
					 Radiations corpus callosum  7
						.
					 Lateral longitudinal stria  8
						.
					 Medial longitudinal stria  9
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across approximately at the region where it becomes continuous with the Limbic lobe, which leads in turn to the hippocampal gyrus)  10
						.
					 Branch of posterior cerebral artery in calcarine fissure  11
						.
					 Medullary substance extending into cuneus  12
						.
					 Superior frontal sulcus  13
						.
					 Central sulcus  14
						.
					 Postcentral gyrus  15
						.
					 Interparietal sulcus


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Cingulum
										The cortex of the gyrus cinguli has now been scraped away to display the medullary substance which includes the cingulum, a large bundle of association fibers running longitudinally. The upper surface of the corpus callosum is partly exposed, its vessels and meninges remaining intact. Portions of the corona radiata are visible as cut ends of fibers projecting upward.

														 1
						.
					 Medullary substance of superior frontal gyrus  2
						.
					 Surface of cingulate gyrus facing cingulate sulcus  3
						.
					 Superior cerebral vein overlying central sulcus  4
						.
					 Central sulcus in depths of dissection  5
						.
					 Area of corona radiata  6
						.
					 Cingulum  7
						.
					 Corpus callosum  8
						.
					 Posterior parietal branch of middle cerebral artery  9
						.
					 Parieto-occipital branch of posterior cerebral artery (enclosed within the meninges of the parieto-occipital fissure)  10
						.
					 Superior cerebral vein within longitudinal fissure  11
						.
					 Superior frontal sulcus  12
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across)  13
						.
					 Precentral gyrus  14
						.
					 Central sulcus (Rolandic)  15
						.
					 Postcentral gyrus  16
						.
					 Superior parietal lobule  17
						.
					 Interparietal sulcus


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 Gyrus cinguli; medullary substance of superior frontal gyrus
										Medial portions of the left hemisphere have been removed to reveal systems of fibers in the medullary substance. In addition to short association fibers (arcuate fibers) the broken ends of longer association fibers and projection fibers are seen extending upward into the field of dissection. The sulcus cinguli (6), which contains a branch of the anterior cerebral artery, has been exposed to its depth by the removal of part of the left superior frontal gyrus, the medial portions of the precentral and postcentral gyri and the paracentral lobule (of the medial aspect of the hemisphere). The upper surface of the gyrus cinguli is thus exposed. Further posteriorly resection of the superior parietal lobule and precuneus has exposed the depths of the left parieto-occipital fissure and its contained branches of the posterior cerebral artery. The dissected area extends laterally to the interparietal sulcus and superior frontal sulcus. Comparison should be made with the intact right hemisphere.

														 1
						.
					 Branch anterior cerebral artery  2
						.
					 Branch middle cerebral artery  3
						.
					 Projection fibers extending into superior frontal gyrus  4
						.
					 Superior frontal sulcus  5
						.
					 Upper surface of cingulate gyrus  6
						.
					 Deep margin of cingulate sulcus  7
						.
					 Great anastomotic vein of Trolard continuing into one of the superior cerebral veins which follows the central sulcus  8
						.
					 Postcentral gyrus  9
						.
					 Central sulcus (in depths of dissection on left side)  10
						.
					 Broken fibers forming part of corona radiata  11
						.
					 Interparietal sulcus  12
						.
					 Surface of cingulate gyrus in depths of subparietal sulcus  13
						.
					 Surface of cuneus in depths of parieto-occipital fissure  14
						.
					 Branch posterior cerebral artery (in depths of parieto-occipital fissure)  15
						.
					 Branch posterior cerebral artery  16
						.
					 Occipital pole  17
						.
					 Frontal pole  18
						.
					 Superior frontal gyrus  19
						.
					 Callosomarginal branch of anterior cerebral artery (in depths of cingulate sulcus)  20
						.
					 Marginal part of cingulate sulcus  21
						.
					 Superior parietal lobule  22
						.
					 Parieto-occipital fissure  23
						.
					 Superior occipital gyri


Exploration of the brain from its superior aspect
										 General surface view
										The meninges and vessels have been removed from the right hemisphere to demonstrate the configuration of cortical gyri and sulci to better advantage. On the left side the arachnoid membrane is intact except near the midline. Many branches of the middle cerebral artery  ramify over the lateral surface of the left hemisphere and those of the posterior cerebral artery are seen posteriorly. Several branches of the anterior cerebral artery are visible medially and anteriorly (2). The larger superior cerebral veins which have been cut off at points of entry into venous lacunae of the dura were filled with blue latex by retrograde injection.

														 1
						.
					 Frontal pole  2
						.
					 Branch anterior cerebral artery  3
						.
					 Great anastomotic vein of Trolard (passing downward across lateral aspect of hemisphere)  4
						.
					 Superior cerebral vein  5
						.
					 Branch middle cerebral artery (posterior parietal artery)  6
						.
					 Branch posterior cerebral artery  7
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  8
						.
					 Medial frontal gyrus (superior part)  9
						.
					 Superior frontal sulcus  10
						.
					 Superior frontal gyrus  11
						.
					 Precentral sulcus  12
						.
					 Precentral gyrus  13
						.
					 Central sulcus (of Rolando)  14
						.
					 Postcentral gyrus  15
						.
					 Postcentral sulcus  16
						.
					 Supramarginal gyrus  17
						.
					 Lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian)  18
						.
					 Interparietal sulcus  19
						.
					 Superior parietal lobule  20
						.
					 Inferior parietal lobule  21
						.
					 Parieto-occipital fissure (extending downward on medial side of hemisphere)  22
						.
					 Superior occipital gyri  23
						.
					 Occipital pole


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Course of anterior cerebral arteries around genu of corpus callosum
										The corpus callosum has been cut away to expose its genu. The cingulum and gyrus cinguli have been dissected so that the course of the anterior cerebral arteries may be followed in the longitudinal fissure.

														 1
						.
					 Branch of anterior cerebral artery within cingulate sulcus  2
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus (cut across)  3
						.
					 Frontal part corona radiata  4
						.
					 Cingulum (cut across)  5
						.
					 Genu of corpus callosum  6
						.
					 Broken ends of fibers of the superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  7
						.
					 Frontal part internal capsule (cut across)  8
						.
					 Corpus callosum  9
						.
					 Septum pellucidum  10
						.
					 Longitudinal fibers within septum pellucidum  11
						.
					 Medial surface frontal lobe  12
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery right  13
						.
					 Straight gyrus  14
						.
					 Rostral lamina of corpus callosum (cut across)  15
						.
					 Olfactory tract  16
						.
					 Lamina terminalis  17
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  18
						.
					 Anterior commissure (cut across)  19
						.
					 Hypothalamus


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Corpus callosum
										The radiating fibers of the corpus callosum have been exposed by removal of the ependymal lining of the roof of the lateral ventricle. The junction of callosal fibers with those of the internal capsule (4) to form the corona radiata is seen from below.

														 1
						.
					 Medullary substance of inferior frontal gyrus (cut across)  2
						.
					 Frontal part of operculum  3
						.
					 Radiations of corpus callosum  4
						.
					 Fibers of internal capsule at junction with corona radiata  5
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus  6
						.
					 Central sulcus (Rolandic)  7
						.
					 Superior temporal gyrus (cut across)  8
						.
					 Posterior horn lateral ventricle  9
						.
					 Collateral fissure  10
						.
					 Fusiform gyrus  11
						.
					 Straight gyrus  12
						.
					 Rostral lamina of corpus callosum  13
						.
					 Lamina terminalis  14
						.
					 Septum pellucidum  15
						.
					 Interventricular foramen  16
						.
					 Hypothalamus  17
						.
					 Thalamus  18
						.
					 Left body of fornix (inferior surface)  19
						.
					 Pons  20
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle (cut across)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Left splenius capitis and cervicis muscles; origin of levator scapulae muscle
										The left rhomboid muscles have been removed and the serratus posterior superior muscle (5) reflected laterally. The left scapula has been pulled laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Fascia covering semispinalis capitis muscle Lower pointer: Greater occipital nerve  2
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  3
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  4
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  5
						.
					 Posterior superior serratus muscle (reflected laterally)  6
						.
					 Nerve supply to posterior superior serratus muscle  7
						.
					 Rib II  8
						.
					 Area of insertion of levator scapulae muscle  9
						.
					 Splenius cervicis muscle  10
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut across)  11
						.
					 Iliocostalis cervicis muscle  12
						.
					 Longissimus capitis muscle  13
						.
					 Dorsalis muscle  14
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  15
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  16
						.
					 Nuchal ligament  17
						.
					 Band of lumbodorsal fascia (removed elsewhere)  18
						.
					 Spinous process thoracic vertebrae II  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Spine of scapula Lower pointer: Deltoid muscle  20
						.
					 Trapezius muscle


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Splenius capitis and levator scapulae muscles
										The left trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles have been removed. The rhomboideus major and minor muscles have been divided. The fascia of the splenius capitis muscle has been cut away with the exception of a band (6) which has been retained across the inferior part of the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  2
						.
					 Tendon of origin of trapezius muscle left  3
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  4
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  5
						.
					 Nuchal ligament  6
						.
					 Fascia of splenius capitis muscle  7
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut across near origin)  8
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  9
						.
					 Supraspinatus fascia  10
						.
					 Posterior superior serratus muscle  11
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle (aponeurosis of origin)  12
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of trapezius muscle into spine of scapula  13
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut across near insertion)  14
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle  15
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  16
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  17
						.
					 Spinous process cervical vertebra VII  18
						.
					 Spine of scapula


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Fascia colli; cervical part of trapezius muscle
										The dissected area to the left of the midline has not been altered from the previous view. On the right side the skin and tela subcutanea have been removed and the fascia cut away from the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Occipitalis muscle  2
						.
					 Greater occipital nerve  3
						.
					 Third occipital nerve  4
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  5
						.
					 Posterior auricular lymph nodes  6
						.
					 Occipital lymph nodes  7
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (covered by superficial fascia)  8
						.
					 Medial branches of posterior rami of cervical nerve IV  9
						.
					 Third occipital nerve right  10
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (pointer near origin from superior nuchal line)  11
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (pointer near insertion into superior nuchal line)  12
						.
					 Aberrant muscular slip (unidentified)  13
						.
					 Posterior cervical triangle  14
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (origin from nuchal ligament)  15
						.
					 Spinous process cervical vertebra VII  16
						.
					 Cutaneus branches of posterior branches cervical nerve VII


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Prevertebral muscles (continued), left anterolateral view
										The longus capitis muscle has been resected close to its origins (15) from the transverse processes of the third to the sixth cervical vertebrae and also close to its insertion (1) into the occipital bone.

														 1
						.
					 Area of insertion of longus capitis muscle  2
						.
					 Nasal cavity (for details refer to reel 78-4)  3
						.
					 Nasal part pharynx  4
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  5
						.
					 Larynx  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal carotid artery (within carotid canal) Lower pointer: Jugular foramen (opened)  7
						.
					 Lateral rectus capitis muscle  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Lower pointer: Anterior rectus capitis muscle  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane Lower pointer: Anterior arch atlas (covered by connective tissue)  10
						.
					 Transverse process atlas  11
						.
					 Articulation of atlas and axis (pointers on capsule)  12
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve II  13
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  14
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  15
						.
					 Origins of longus capitis muscle  16
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve III  17
						.
					 Anterior intertransverse muscle  18
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  19
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament (partially covered by prevertebral fascia)  20
						.
					 Middle cervical ganglion  21
						.
					 Transverse process cervical vertebra VII


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Cervical sympathetic trunk; vagus nerve; prevertebral muscles, anterior view
										The tongue has been removed and the pharynx and palate have been sectioned near the midline. The prevertebral fascia has been cut away to the left of the midline.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenoid ridge Lower pointer: Nasal part pharynx  2
						.
					 Soft palate (cut in midline)  3
						.
					 Palatine tonsil  4
						.
					 Uvula  5
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  6
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (cut in midline)  8
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage (cut across)  9
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vagus nerve (X) Lower pointer: Common carotid artery  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal carotid artery (in carotid canal) Lower pointer: Jugular foramen (opened)  12
						.
					 Lateral rectus capitis muscle  13
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  14
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nodose ganglion Lower pointer: Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  16
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  17
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  18
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve  19
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  20
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  21
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  22
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  23
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  24
						.
					 Epiglottis  25
						.
					 Origins of anterior scalene muscle  26
						.
					 Cervical nerve VI  27
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  28
						.
					 Posterior scalene muscle  29
						.
					 Cervical nerve VIII  30
						.
					 Inferior cervical ganglion  31
						.
					 Costocervical trunk


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx; relation to oral cavity, oral and laryngeal parts of pharynx, left lateral view
										The left wall of the pharynx has been resected in such a way that the soft palate and left pharyngopalatine arch (20) are preserved. The left glossopalatine arch (15) has been divided and the ends separated. The lateral (attached) surface of the left palatine tonsil (23) is exposed. The hyoid bone has been resected to the midline and the epiglottic cartilage exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue  2
						.
					 Mandible  3
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  4
						.
					 Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue  5
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle (cut across at midline raphe)  6
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  7
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (cut across)  8
						.
					 Lingual tonsil (surface)  9
						.
					 Vallecula epiglottica left  10
						.
					 Quadrangular membrane  11
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage (cut across)  12
						.
					 Vocal cord and arytenoid cartilage  13
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Levator veli palatini muscle (cut off) Lower pointer: Styloid process  15
						.
					 Palatoglossal arch (divided) containing fibers of glossopalatine muscle  16
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  17
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  18
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  19
						.
					 Left pointer: Supratonsillar fossa Right pointer: Pharyngopalatine muscle  20
						.
					 Palatopharyngeal arch (mucosal surface)  21
						.
					 Uvula  22
						.
					 Palatine tonsil right in tonsillar fossa  23
						.
					 Palatine tonsil left  24
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Epiglottis Lower pointer: Aryepiglottic fold  26
						.
					 Laryngeal part of pharynx  27
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  28
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  29
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  30
						.
					 Esophagus (opened)


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Larynx; relation to tongue, pharynx and hyoid bone, left anterolateral view
										The external part of the thyroarytenoid muscle has been cut away to expose the vocal muscle (8) and the vocal cord (7). The wall of the appendix of the ventricle, which was opened in the previous view, has been removed. The intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue have been dissected and are considered in detail in reel 70-3.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsum of tongue  2
						.
					 Mandible (cut across)  3
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  4
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  5
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Quadrangular membrane Lower pointer: Ventricular fold  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Laryngeal ventricle Lower pointer: Vocal cord  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thyroid cartilage Lower pointer: Vocalis muscle  9
						.
					 Conus elasticus  10
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  11
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  12
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  13
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  14
						.
					 Hyoglossus muscle (cut off)  15
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle (chondropharyngeus)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Greater horn hyoid bone Lower pointer: Triticeal cartilage  17
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  18
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  19
						.
					 Lesser horn hyoid bone  20
						.
					 Piriform recess (opened)  21
						.
					 Arytenoid cartilage  22
						.
					 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle  23
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage


Dissection of anterior and lateral regions of neck
										 Superficial nerves and blood vessels; platysma, anterolateral view
										The skin and subcutaneous connective tissue have been removed except for a narrow vertical band which remains in the midline.

														 1
						.
					 Ocular orbicular muscle  2
						.
					 Nasal apex  3
						.
					 Superior labial quadratic muscle  4
						.
					 Zygomatic muscle  5
						.
					 External maxillary artery  6
						.
					 Rima oris  7
						.
					 Triangular muscle  8
						.
					 Inferior labial quadratic muscle  9
						.
					 Transversus menti muscle  10
						.
					 Remnant of skin  11
						.
					 Auricula  12
						.
					 Parotid-masseteric fascia  13
						.
					 Accessory parotid gland  14
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (covered by fascia colli)  15
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) (buccal branch)  16
						.
					 Cutaneous nerve filaments  17
						.
					 Risorius muscle  18
						.
					 Auricularis magnus nerve (covered by fascia)  19
						.
					 External jugular vein (covered by fascia)  20
						.
					 Subcutaneous veins  21
						.
					 Fascia colli covering posterior cervical triangle  22
						.
					 Branch of cutaneous colli nerve  23
						.
					 Platysma  24
						.
					 Medial supraclavicular nerve  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Dissection of nasal fossae, nasal pharynx, and palate
										 Nasal septum and left nasal fossa; branches of sphenopalatine ganglion, left superolateral view
										The left orbit has been removed except for the remnant of the medial orbital margin (frontal process of maxilla) which has been preserved for purposes of orientation. The nasolacrimal duct (9) has been opened. The left maxillary sinus has been resected except for its floor (14). The mucosa of the lateral wall of the left nasal fossa (4) and the nasal conchae (13,19) have been partially removed to expose the nasal fossa. Part of the mucosa of the septum and floor of the nasal fossa has been removed. A window has been cut through the hard palate and the anterior palatine nerve and major palatine artery dissected. The left ethmoidal air cells have been removed and the left sphenoid sinus opened.

														 1
						.
					 Crista galli  2
						.
					 Anterior ethmoidal artery  3
						.
					 Frontal sinus  4
						.
					 Edge of nasal mucosal membrane (of lateral wall)  5
						.
					 Perpendicular lamina of ethmoid bone  6
						.
					 Nasal mucosal membrane (of septum; epithelium removed to expose underlying venous plexus)  7
						.
					 Nasal septal cartilage  8
						.
					 Area of septum in which cartilage and bone were deficient, probably as a result of surgery  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Infraorbital margo Lower pointer: Nasolacrimal duct (opened)  10
						.
					 Nasal vestibule  11
						.
					 Incisive canal  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nasopalatine nerve and posterior septal nasal artery Lower pointer: Cut edge of palatum durum  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Communicating nasal meatus Lower pointer: Inferior nasal concha  14
						.
					 Maxillary sinus [Highmore]  15
						.
					 Cribrosal lamina of ethmoid bone  16
						.
					 Right optical nerve (II)  17
						.
					 Posterior ethmoid artery  18
						.
					 Left sphenoidal sinus  19
						.
					 Left pointer: Medial nasal concha Right pointer: Posterior nasal septal artery  20
						.
					 Rami nasales posteriores superiores [laterales] ganglii sphenopalatini  21
						.
					 Maxillary nerve (turned postero-inferiorly to expose sphenopalatine ganglion)  22
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch of sphenopalatine ganglion  23
						.
					 Left pointer: Sphenopalatine ganglion Right pointer: Pterygopalatine canal nerve [Vidius]  24
						.
					 Sphenopalatine nerves  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior lateral nasal artery Lower pointer: Sphenopalatine artery  26
						.
					 Posterior palatine nerve  27
						.
					 Palatine levator veli muscle  28
						.
					 Palatine tensor veli muscle  29
						.
					 Major palatine artery (bony pterygopalatine canal removed)  30
						.
					 Posterior superior alveolar nerves  31
						.
					 Anterior palatine nerve  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Dissection of nasal fossae, nasal pharynx, and palate
										 Right lateral wall of nasal fossa and nasal pharynx dissected; relations of palatine tonsil
										Portions of the conchae have been cut away to expose the openings of the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct. The pterygopalatine canal (20) has been opened and the cartilage of the auditory tube exposed. The muscles of the palate have been dissected and the palatine tonsil removed. Structures which lie lateral and anterior to the tonsil have been dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Left pointer: Ethmoidal cell (opened) Right pointer: Olfactory bulb left  2
						.
					 Superior nasal concha (partially resected)  3
						.
					 Nasal septum (cut edge)  4
						.
					 Ethmoidal infundibulum  5
						.
					 Hiatus semilunaris  6
						.
					 Ethmoidal bulla  7
						.
					 Middle nasal concha (partially resected)  8
						.
					 Middle nasal meatus  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lacrimal fold Lower pointer: Ostium of nasolacrimal duct  10
						.
					 Vestibule nasi and vibrissae (hair)  11
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha (partially resected)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hard palate Lower pointer: Anterior palatine nerve  13
						.
					 Gingiva  14
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optic nerve (II) left Lower pointer: Hypophysis  16
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus left  17
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus right (pointer on ostium)  18
						.
					 Openings of ethmoidal cells (posterior)  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior superior nasal branch of sphenopalatine ganglion Lower pointer: Posterior nasal septal artery  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenopalatine foramen Lower pointer: Window cut in bone to expose pterygopalatine canal  21
						.
					 Tunica mucosa pharynx  22
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch of sphenopalatine ganglion  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior lateral nasal artery Lower pointer: Posterior inferior (lateral) nasal branch of sphenopalatine ganglion  24
						.
					 Greater palatine artery in the pterygopalatine canal  25
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cartilaginous auditory tube Lower pointer: Mucosa  26
						.
					 Palatine tensor veli muscle  27
						.
					 Palatine levator veli muscle  28
						.
					 Salpingopharyngeal muscle (note palatine branch of ascending palatine artery passing downward near pointer)  29
						.
					 Superior constrictor pharyngis muscle  30
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  31
						.
					 Uvula  32
						.
					 Upper pointer: Glossopalatine muscle Lower pointer: Site of palatine tonsilla (resected)  33
						.
					 Internal pterygoid muscle  34
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle (cut across)  35
						.
					 Submaxillary gland  36
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal muscle (IX)  37
						.
					 Hypoglossus nerve (XII)  38
						.
					 Left pointer: Lingual nerve Right pointer: Submaxillary ganglion  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]