Dissection of left parotideomasseteric region
										 Facial nerve within parotid gland
										The superficial lobe of the parotid gland has been reflected posteriorly. The main parotid duct (of Stenson) is out of view anteriorly. Its two principal branches (6,7) drain various parts of the gland. The superior branch connects with the deep lobe (16), while the inferior branch ramifies within the superficial lobe and also receives a tributary from the deep lobe. The isthmus through which the inferior duct passes was necessarily cut away in reflecting the superficial part of the gland. Cut ends of the inferior duct are visible at 20.

														 1
						.
					 Zygomatic arch (cut away)  2
						.
					 Muscle fibers which originated from zygomatic arch  3
						.
					 Zygomatic branches of facial nerve  4
						.
					 Buccal branches of facial nerve  5
						.
					 Accessory parotid gland  6
						.
					 Duct draining deep lobule of parotid gland  7
						.
					 Duct from superficial lobe of parotid gland  8
						.
					 Masseter muscle  9
						.
					 Posterior facial vein  10
						.
					 Superficial branch facial nerve  11
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery (cut off)  12
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  13
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  14
						.
					 Temporal branches of facial nerve  15
						.
					 Posterior auricular nerve  16
						.
					 Deep lobe of parotid gland (retromandibular process)  17
						.
					 Superficial lobe of parotid gland (reflected)  18
						.
					 Superior (temporofacial) division of facial nerve (VII)  19
						.
					 Inferior (cervicofacial) division of facial nerve (VII)  20
						.
					 Cut ends of inferior division of parotid duct (in this area the duct passed through the isthmus which connected the deep and superficial parts of the gland)  21
						.
					 Marginal mandibular branch facial nerve (VII)  22
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (reflected posteriorly)  23
						.
					 Parotid branch superficial temporal artery  24
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  25
						.
					 Superior deep cervical lymph nodes


Dissection of left parotideomasseteric region
										 Parotid gland and branches of facial nerve, lateral view
										The skin and subcutaneous tissues have been removed and the parotideomasseteric fascia cut away. The orbicularis oculi muscle (2) has been reflected anteriorly from the temporal region and the risorius muscle reflected inferiorly in the masseteric region.

														 1
						.
					 Frontalis muscle  2
						.
					 Orbicularis oculi muscle  3
						.
					 Palpebral branch inferior Infraorbital nerve  4
						.
					 Transverse part of nasalis muscle  5
						.
					 Angular head of levator labii superioris muscle  6
						.
					 Nasal branch of angular artery  7
						.
					 Angular artery  8
						.
					 Ala nasi (note insertion of fibers of angular head of levator labii superioris muscle)  9
						.
					 Infraorbital head of levator labii superioris muscle  10
						.
					 Zygomatic head of levator labii superioris muscle  11
						.
					 Zygomaticus muscle  12
						.
					 Orbicularis oris muscle  13
						.
					 External maxillary artery and depressor anguli oris (triangularis) muscle  14
						.
					 Depressor labii inferioris muscle  15
						.
					 Temporalis fascia  16
						.
					 Zygomaticotemporal branch zygomatic nerve and zygomatico-orbital artery  17
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  18
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  19
						.
					 Temporal branch facial nerve  20
						.
					 Superficial temporal vein (not injected)  21
						.
					 Position of zygomatic arch  22
						.
					 Zygomatic branches facial nerve  23
						.
					 Parotid gland  24
						.
					 Accessory parotid gland  25
						.
					 Buccal branch facial nerve  26
						.
					 Parotid duct  27
						.
					 Remnant of parotideomasseteric fascia  28
						.
					 Buccal branch facial nerve  29
						.
					 Masseter muscle  30
						.
					 Anterior facial vein  31
						.
					 Buccinator muscle


Ear ossicles
										 Right malleus, incus and stapes
										artery Malleus (posterior aspect) B. Incus (anterior aspect) C. Stapes (superior aspect)

														 A
						.
					 Malleus (posterior aspect)  B
						.
					 Incus (anterior aspect)  C
						.
					 Stapes (superior aspect)  1
						.
					 Capitulum of malleus  2
						.
					 Anterior process of malleus  3
						.
					 Manubrium of malleus  4
						.
					 Articular surface for incus  5
						.
					 Neck of malleus  6
						.
					 Lateral process of malleus  7
						.
					 Articular surface for malleus  8
						.
					 Short crus incus  9
						.
					 Long crus of incus  10
						.
					 Lenticular process of incus  11
						.
					 Capitulum of stapes  12
						.
					 Anterior crus of stapes  13
						.
					 Base of stapes  14
						.
					 Tubercle for insertion of stapedius muscle  15
						.
					 Posterior crus of stapes


Ear ossicles
										 Right ossicles articulated, lateral view

														 A
						.
					 Malleus  B
						.
					 Incus  C
						.
					 Stapes  1
						.
					 Capitulum of malleus  2
						.
					 Neck of malleus  3
						.
					 Lateral process of malleus  4
						.
					 Anterior process of malleus  5
						.
					 Manubrium of malleus  6
						.
					 Anterior crus of stapes  7
						.
					 Base of stapes  8
						.
					 Body of incus  9
						.
					 Short crus of incus  10
						.
					 Incus-malleolar articulation  11
						.
					 Long crus of incus  12
						.
					 Capitulum of stapes


Ear ossicles
										 Right ossicles articulated, lateral view

														 A
						.
					 Malleus  B
						.
					 Incus  C
						.
					 Stapes  1
						.
					 Incus-malleolar articulation  2
						.
					 Body incus  3
						.
					 Short crus incus  4
						.
					 Long crus of incus  5
						.
					 Lenticular process of incus (forming, together with the stapes, the Incus-stapes articulation)  6
						.
					 Capitulum of stapes  7
						.
					 Posterior crus of stapes  8
						.
					 Capitulum of malleus  9
						.
					 Neck of malleus  10
						.
					 Anterior process of malleus  11
						.
					 Lateral process of malleus  12
						.
					 Manubrium of malleus  13
						.
					 Anterior crus of stapes  14
						.
					 Base of stapes


Dissection of left ear from posterior aspect
										 Relation of facial nerve and stapedius muscle to tympanic cavity and labyrinth
										The semicircular canals have been cut away and the vestibule opened to show the footplate of the stapes (4) lying in the fenestra vestibuli. The facial nerve (7), together with branches of the stylomastoid artery and veins, is visible within the opened facial canal. The stapedius muscle and its nerve have been dissected and are illustrated to the drawing at 11. The muscle appears light in the view because of tendinous fibres on its surface. The tympanic branch (22) of the glossopharyngeal nerve (25) can be traced into the posterior part of the tympanic cavity.

														 1
						.
					 Greater superficial petrosal nerve  2
						.
					 Geniculate ganglion  3
						.
					 Vestibule  4
						.
					 Base of stapes in fenestra vestibuli  5
						.
					 Capitulum of malleus  6
						.
					 Body of incus  7
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior crus of stapes Lower pointer: Capitulum of stapes  9
						.
					 Pyramidal eminence  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Manubrium of malleus Lower pointer: Tympanic membrane  11
						.
					 Stapedius nerve and muscle  12
						.
					 Tympanic sinus  13
						.
					 Mastoid cell  14
						.
					 Position of stylomastoid foramen  15
						.
					 Alar fascia  16
						.
					 Upper and lower divisions of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (vestibular part)  17
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (cochlear part)  18
						.
					 Internal acoustic meatus  19
						.
					 Base of modiolus  20
						.
					 Veins surrounding internal carotid artery within carotid canal  21
						.
					 Osseous spiral lamina in basal turn of cochlea  22
						.
					 Tympanic nerve  23
						.
					 Mastoid cell  24
						.
					 Veins within petro-occipital fissure  25
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  26
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  27
						.
					 Anastomotic branch glossopharyngeal nerve with auricular brancjes of vagus nerve


Dissection of left ear from posterior aspect
										 Tympanic cavity and labyrinth, posterosuperior view
										The relationship between the posterior semicircular canal, which was seen in the previous view, and other structures of the inner and middle ear is displayed. The superior semicircular canal is not directly visible but lies in the plane of the ridge of bone (16, upper pointer) which has been left in the dissected area. The tegmen tympani has been cut away to expose the ear ossicles within the tympanic cavity.

														 1
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery (cut off)  2
						.
					 Geniculate ganglion  3
						.
					 Malleus  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Incus Lower pointer: Mastoid cells  5
						.
					 Lateral semicircular canal (opened)  6
						.
					 Auricle  7
						.
					 Posterior pyramidal surface  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Trochlear nerve (IV) Lower pointer: Oculomotor nerve (III)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hypophysis Lower pointer: Internal carotid artery  10
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  11
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  12
						.
					 Position of cochlea  13
						.
					 Internal acoustic meatus  14
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  15
						.
					 Right pointer: Facial nerve (VII) Left pointer: Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (vestibular part)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Bone supporting superior semicircular canal Lower pointer: Posterior semicircular canal (opened)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve Lower pointer: Accessory nerve (XI)  18
						.
					 Atlas articular surface (superior)


Dissection of left ear from posterior aspect
										 Posterior semicircular canal; jugular foramen

														 1
						.
					 Arcuate eminence  2
						.
					 Attached edge of tentorium cerebelli  3
						.
					 Left pointer: Posterior semicircular canal Right pointer: Opening of crus simplex superior semicircular canal  4
						.
					 Common crus  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vestibule (part of membrane of utricle visible within) Lower pointer: Posterior osseous ampulla  6
						.
					 Transverse sinus (sigmoid part)  7
						.
					 Jugular ganglion of vagus nerve (X)  8
						.
					 Transverse sinus entering jugular foramen  9
						.
					 Condyloid emissary  10
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  11
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  12
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (cochlear part)  13
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (vestibular part)  14
						.
					 Vestibular ganglion (seen through window cut in internal acoustic meatus)  15
						.
					 Cochlear canaliculus (cut open)  16
						.
					 Inferior petrosal sinus  17
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  18
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  19
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  20
						.
					 Bony margin of foramen magnum


Dissection of left ear from posterior aspect
										 Posterior surface of petrous part of temporal bone
										The dura mater has been removed from the posterior surface of the temporal bone except along the venous sinuses. The endolymphatic sac was not identified although fibrous tissue which protrudes from the vestibular aqueduct (6) indicates the usual location of the sac.

														 1
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery within middle cranial fossa  2
						.
					 Arcuate eminence  3
						.
					 Superior petrosal sinus  4
						.
					 Internal acoustic meatus  5
						.
					 Transverse sinus  6
						.
					 Fibrous tissue protruding from external aperture of vestibular aqueduct  7
						.
					 Transverse sinus (sigmoid portion)  8
						.
					 Jugular ganglion of vagus nerve  9
						.
					 Mastoid emissary  10
						.
					 Basilar plexus  11
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V) entering Meckel's cave  12
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  13
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  14
						.
					 Nervous intermedius of (VII)  15
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (upper pointer, cochlear part; lower pointer, vestibular part)  16
						.
					 Inferior petrosal sinus  17
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  18
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  19
						.
					 Bulbar root of accessory nerve (XI)  20
						.
					 Spinal root of accessory nerve (XI)  21
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII )  22
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Occipital sinus Lower pointer: Vertebral artery


Dissection of left ear from superior aspect
										 Cochlea; ear ossicles in situ, anterosuperior view
										The facial nerve and canal have been cut away. The upper margin of the fenestra vestibuli has been removed so that the entire staples is visible.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior crus of stapes  2
						.
					 Anterior crus of stapes  3
						.
					 Right pointer: Base of stapes Left pointer: Syndesmosis tympanostapedia  4
						.
					 Vestibule  5
						.
					 Tympanic nerve  6
						.
					 Scala tympani (middle turn)  7
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (cochlear part) entering base of modiolus  8
						.
					 Basal turn of cochlea  9
						.
					 Scala vestibuli (middle turn)  10
						.
					 Osseous spiral lamina  11
						.
					 Position of helicotrema  12
						.
					 Tensor tympani muscle  13
						.
					 Internal carotid plexus  14
						.
					 Nerve to tensor tympani muscle  15
						.
					 Auditory tube (cartilaginous part)  16
						.
					 Otic ganglion  17
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  18
						.
					 Stapedius muscle  19
						.
					 Facial canal (opened)  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pyramidal eminence Lower pointer: Capitulum of stapes  21
						.
					 Short crus of incus  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Long crus of incus Lower pointer: Tympanic membrane  23
						.
					 Body of incus  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Manubrium of malleus Lower pointer: Capitulum of malleus  25
						.
					 Left pointer: Cochleariform process Right pointer: Tendon of tensor tympani muscle  26
						.
					 Chorda tympani in petrotympanic fissure  27
						.
					 Capitulum (condyloid process) of mandible


Dissection of left ear from superior aspect
										 Tympanic membrane

														 1
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  2
						.
					 Capitulum of stapes  3
						.
					 Vestibule (opened)  4
						.
					 Superior pyramidal angle  5
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (vestibular part)  6
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (cochlear part)  7
						.
					 Osseous spiral lamina  8
						.
					 Modiolus: Upper pointer indicates scala vestibuli of middle turn; lower pointer indicates scala tympani of apical turn)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendon of tensor tympani muscle Lower pointer: Manubrium of malleus  10
						.
					 Major superficial petrosal nerve  11
						.
					 Minor superficial petrosal nerve  12
						.
					 Internal carotid artery within carotid canal  13
						.
					 Outer surface of auditory tube (Eustachian)  14
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery and mandibular nerve  15
						.
					 Incus  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Incus-malleolar articulation Lower pointer: Malleus  17
						.
					 Flaccid part of tympanic membrane  18
						.
					 Anterior malleolar fold  19
						.
					 Pars tensa tympanic membrane  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Limbus (border) of tympanic membrane Lower pointer: Jugular walls of tympanum  21
						.
					 Chorda tympani  22
						.
					 Capitulum condyloid process of mandible


Dissection of left ear from superior aspect
										 Relations of tympanic cavity, facial canal and vestibule
										The lateral semicircular canal has been cut away and the vestibule widely opened. The facial canal has been opened and it course above the posterior part of the tympanic cavity shown.

														 1
						.
					 Stapedius nerve and muscle  2
						.
					 Tympanic sinus  3
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) (within facial canal)  4
						.
					 Vestibule  5
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (vestibular part) (superior and inferior branches)  6
						.
					 Internal acoustic meatus  7
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (cochlear part)  8
						.
					 Modiolus  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Central end of facial nerve (Vll) (cut off) Lower pointer: Geniculate ganglion  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendon of tensor tympani muscle Lower pointer: Tympanic membrane  11
						.
					 Major superficial petrosal nerve  12
						.
					 Minor superficial petrosal nerve  13
						.
					 Chorda tympani  14
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  15
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery  16
						.
					 Otic ganglion  17
						.
					 Mandibular nerve (V)  18
						.
					 Tympanic antrum  19
						.
					 Short crus of incus  20
						.
					 External acoustic meatus (note transition from thick to thin skin at junction of cartilaginous and bony parts of wall of meatus)  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Manubrium of malleus Lower pointer: Capitulum of malleus  22
						.
					 Veins of external auditory meatus tributary to posterior facial vein  23
						.
					 Articular disc  24
						.
					 Capitulum (condylar process) of mandible  25
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle


Dissection of left ear from superior aspect
										 Tympanic membrane and chorda tympani, anterosuperior view
										The sloping lateral wall of the tympanic cavity has been exposed. The anterior malleolar fold of mucous membrane has been removed to reveal the chorda tympani. The external auditory meatus has been opened and the condyle of the mandible exposed by cutting away the articular cartilage above it. Anteriorly, the floor of the middle cranial fossa has been removed to expose the internal carotid artery, auditory tube and otic ganglion.

														 1
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (vestibular part)  2
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  3
						.
					 Cochlea  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendon of tensor tympani muscle Lower pointer: Tympanic membrane  5
						.
					 Greater superficial petrosal nerve  6
						.
					 Lesser superficial petrosal nerve (note connection with otic ganglion)  7
						.
					 Tensor tympani muscle  8
						.
					 Internal carotid plexus  9
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (within carotid canal)  10
						.
					 Nerve to tensor tympani muscle (from otic ganglion)  11
						.
					 Deep petrosal nerve  12
						.
					 Otic ganglion (two small separate ganglionic masses present)  13
						.
					 Plexus of small nerve filaments covering medial surface of mandibular nerve (connections undetermined)  14
						.
					 Mandibular nerve (V)  15
						.
					 Tympanic antrum  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral semicircular canal Lower pointer: Vestibule (utricle and saccule removed)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Short crus incus Lower pointer: Capitulum mallei  18
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  19
						.
					 Sensory nerve to skin of meatus (branch of auriculotemporal nerve)  20
						.
					 Flaccida part of tympanic membrane  21
						.
					 Anterior process malleus  22
						.
					 Chorda tympani  23
						.
					 Articular disc of mandible (cut through)  24
						.
					 Capitulum (head) of mandible  25
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery  26
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle  27
						.
					 Masseteric nerve


Dissection of left ear from superior aspect
										 Relation of ear to temporomandibular joint, anterosuperior view
										The temporal bone has been cut away to expose the external auditory meatus (16), with its periosteal lining intact, and the articular cartilage which lines the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone (19).

														 1
						.
					 Subarcuate fossa (occupied by vein)  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior semicircular canal Lower pointer: Utricle  3
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (cochlear part)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Facial nerve (VII) (within facial canal) Lower pointer: Geniculate ganglion  5
						.
					 Cochlea  6
						.
					 Left pointer: Tendon of tensor tympani muscle Right pointer: Capitulum of malleus  7
						.
					 Anterior malleolar fold (covering anterior process malleus)  8
						.
					 Greater superficial petrosal nerve  9
						.
					 Lessor superficial petrosal nerve  10
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery  11
						.
					 Cut bone of floor of skull (greater wing of sphenoid bone)  12
						.
					 Lateral semicircular canal  13
						.
					 Tympanic antrum  14
						.
					 Posterior ligament of incus  15
						.
					 Flaccid part of tympanic membrane  16
						.
					 External acoustic meatus (periosteal lining intact)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Scutum of temporal bone (squamous part) which fills notch (of Rivinus) between superior ends of tympanic annulus Lower pointer: Lateral margin of tympanic cavity  18
						.
					 Cut edge of calvaria  19
						.
					 Articular cartilage lining mandibular fossa


Dissection of left ear from superior aspect
										 Tympanic cavity and labyrinth, superolateral view

														 1
						.
					 Dissected area on posterior aspect of petrous part of temporal bone  2
						.
					 Common crus  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subarcuate fossa Lower pointer: Vestibule (membrane of utricle visible)  4
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  5
						.
					 Upper (utriculoampullar) division of vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  6
						.
					 Cochlea (pointer on modiolus)  7
						.
					 Geniculate ganglion  8
						.
					 Greater superficial petrosal nerve  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendon of tensor tympani muscle Lower pointer: Position of anterior process of malleus  10
						.
					 Lessor superficial petrosal nerve  11
						.
					 Communicating branch between above nerve (10) and plexus along middle meningeal artery  12
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery (cut off)  13
						.
					 Semilunar ganglion (reflected laterally)  14
						.
					 Lateral semicircular canal  15
						.
					 Superior semicircular canal  16
						.
					 Tympanic antrum  17
						.
					 Posterior ligament of incus  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Long crus of incus Lower pointer: Body incus  19
						.
					 Fold of incus  20
						.
					 Capitulum of malleus  21
						.
					 Lateral margin of tympanic cavity  22
						.
					 Mastoid cells


Dissection of left ear from superior aspect
										 Tympanic cavity and inner ear in relation to external ear, superolateral view
										Part of the petrous portion of the temporal bone has been ground away to demonstrate the internal auditory meatus, cochlea, semicircular canals and tympanic cavity. The posterior semicircular canal is obscured by a thin layer of bone but this has been transilluminated to show its position (15). The superior semicircular canal lies within the vertical edge of bone at 14.

														 1
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Oculomotor nerve (III) Lower pointer: Trochlear nerve (IV)  3
						.
					 Periorbita (bony lateral wall of orbit removed)  4
						.
					 Semilunar ganglion (trigeminal)  5
						.
					 Temporalis muscle  6
						.
					 Greater superficial petrosal nerve  7
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery (cut off) and Lessor superficial petrosal nerve  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cochlea Lower pointer: Geniculate ganglion facial nerve  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Malleus Lower pointer: Incus  10
						.
					 Lateral wall of tympanic cavity above tympanic membrane  11
						.
					 Tympanic antrum (opened from above)  12
						.
					 Anterior margin of foramen magnum (in background of view)  13
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) within internal acoustic meatus  14
						.
					 Ridge of bone supporting superior semicircular canal (not visible)  15
						.
					 Position of posterior semicircular canal (exposed and illuminated posteriorly)  16
						.
					 Lateral semicircular canal (note short segment of lateral semicircular duct lying within canal)  17
						.
					 Auricle


Dissection of left ear from superior aspect
										 Anterior surface of petrous part of temporal bone
										The dura mater has been removed except in areas adjacent to blood vessels. Dark patches visible in the bone are caused by underlying air cells (11).

														 1
						.
					 Sigmoid part of transverse sinus  2
						.
					 Cut edges of tentorium enclosing superior petrosal sinus  3
						.
					 Area from which bone has been cut away  4
						.
					 Arcuate eminence  5
						.
					 Position of hiatus facial canal (note branch of middle meningeal artery entering hiatus)  6
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery  7
						.
					 Cut edge of calvaria  8
						.
					 Posterior branch of middle meningeal artery  9
						.
					 Tegmen tympani  10
						.
					 Position of Petrosquamous fissure  11
						.
					 Mastoid cell (visible beneath surface of bone)


Contents of left jugular foramen
										 Superolateral view
										The jugular foramen has been opened by cutting away its lateral wall. The internal jugular vein has been removed and its main tributaries, the sigmoid sinus (23) and the inferior petrosal sinus (12), cut off to expose the glossopharyngeal (13), vagus (24) and accessory (22) nerves which descend through the foramen. The dense fibrous tissue which surrounded these structures has been cleared away. The left cerebellar hemisphere has been partially removed.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optic tract Lower pointer: Base of peduncle  2
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  3
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery  4
						.
					 Clivus  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pons Lower pointer: Trigeminal nerve (V)  6
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  7
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus  8
						.
					 Internal carotid plexus  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Geniculate ganglion facial nerve (VII) Lower pointer: Vidian nerve (of pterygoid canal)  10
						.
					 Deep petrosal nerve  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cochlea (cut across) Lower pointer: Rectus capitis anterior muscle  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior petrosal sinus Lower pointer: Internal carotid nerve  13
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  14
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  15
						.
					 Cerebellum  16
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  17
						.
					 Dentate nucleus  18
						.
					 Cerebellar tonsil right  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Brachium of pons (cut across) Lower pointer: Medulla oblongata  20
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  21
						.
					 Roots of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves  22
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  23
						.
					 Transverse sinus (sigmoid part)  24
						.
					 Jugular ganglion of vagus nerve  25
						.
					 Medial wall of jugular foramen  26
						.
					 Mastoid cells  27
						.
					 Right pointer: Auricular branch vagus nerve (note communicating branch from glossopharyngeal nerve) Left pointer: Tympanic nerve  28
						.
					 Petrosal ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve (superior ganglion absent in this specimen)  29
						.
					 Nodose ganglion of vagus nerve  30
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  31
						.
					 Rectus capitis lateralis muscle


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Left lateral semicircular canal; facial canal; stapedius muscle; tympanic and tubal air cells
										The labyrinthine wall of the tympanic cavity has been cut away to show the relations of the facial nerve in its course through the facial canal. The geniculate ganglion has been exposed. The bone of the external auditory meatus has been ground away to reveal the extent of tympanic and tubal air cells along the floor (paries jugularis) of the tympanic cavity.

														 1
						.
					 Semicircular canal (lateral) (note delicate lateral semicircular duct within canal)  2
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) in facial canal  3
						.
					 Geniculate ganglion (at geniculum facial nerve)  4
						.
					 Lessor superficial petrosal nerve (part of the course of this nerve is obscured by the semicanal for the tensor tympani muscle)  5
						.
					 Major superficial petrosal nerve  6
						.
					 Tensor tympani muscle and nerve supply from otic ganglion  7
						.
					 Semilunar ganglion  8
						.
					 Otic ganglion (most of its connections cut away)  9
						.
					 Lateral plate (cartilaginous) auditory tube  10
						.
					 Medial plate auditory tube  11
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  12
						.
					 Ascending pharyngeal artery  13
						.
					 Tympanic antrum  14
						.
					 Stapes  15
						.
					 Stapedius muscle and its nerve supply  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subiculum of promontory Lower pointer: Fenestrated cochlear fossa  17
						.
					 Tympanic plexus (superior and inferior caroticotympanic branches which pass anteriorly to reach carotid canal were not identified)  18
						.
					 Tympanic cells  19
						.
					 Tubal branches tympanic plexus  20
						.
					 Stylomastoid foramen (cut open)  21
						.
					 Right pointer: Tubal air cells Left pointer: Junction of bony part with cartilaginous part auditory tube  22
						.
					 Sheath for styloid process  23
						.
					 Rectus capitis lateralis muscle  24
						.
					 Internal jugular vein


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Medial wall of left tympanic cavity
										The malleus and incus have been removed and the lateral walls of the auditory tube opened to illustrate structures related to the medial wall (paries labyrinthica) of the tympanic cavity.

														 1
						.
					 Tensor tympani muscle (within semicircular canal)  2
						.
					 Major superficial petrosal nerve  3
						.
					 Carotid wall (dark color due to blue latex within veins in carotid canal)  4
						.
					 Semilunar ganglion  5
						.
					 Minor portion trigeminal nerve (V) (cut off)  6
						.
					 Bony part auditory tube (isthmus)  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Foramen ovale (opened) Lower pointer: Otic ganglion  8
						.
					 Lateral plate (cartilaginous) auditory tube  9
						.
					 Mucosa of auditory tube (cut open)  10
						.
					 Cartilaginous part auditory tube (opened)  11
						.
					 Tendon of origin of Tensor veli palatini muscle  12
						.
					 Levator veli palatini muscle  13
						.
					 Tegmen tympani  14
						.
					 Tympanic antrum  15
						.
					 Promontory semicircular canal  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Prominence of facial canal Lower pointer: Cochlearform process (with tendon of tensor tympani muscle cut across)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Fenestrated vestibular fossa Lower pointer: Capitulum of stapes  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendon of stapedius muscle emerging from pyramidal eminence Lower pointer: Tympanic sinus  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Promontory Lower pointer: Fenestrated cochlear fossa  20
						.
					 Chorda tympani  21
						.
					 Tympanic plexus  22
						.
					 Tympanic cells  23
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  24
						.
					 Tubal branch of tympanic plexus  25
						.
					 Stylomastoid artery  26
						.
					 Styloid process  27
						.
					 Internal jugular vein


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Left tympanic cavity, lateral view
										The tympanic membrane has been removed and more of the mastoid and petrous of the temporal bone resected. The facial nerve (17) and chorda tympani (7,16,18) have been exposed. The continuity of the tympanic antrum (14) with the mastoid air cells is visible.

														 1
						.
					 Base of peduncle (in background)  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior ligament of malleus Lower pointer: Capitulum of malleus  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Process of anterior malleus (covered by anterior malleolar plica) Lower pointer: Lateral process malleus (the superior recess, Prussak's space, is located just above this process and is closed laterally by a thin downward extension of squamous bone known as the scutum)  4
						.
					 Petrotympanic fissure  5
						.
					 Manubrium of malleus  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Mandibular nerve (V) Lower pointer: Middle meningeal artery  7
						.
					 Chorda tympani (passing inferiorly to join lingual nerve)  8
						.
					 Tensor veli palatini muscle  9
						.
					 Lingual nerve  10
						.
					 Alar fascia  11
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle  12
						.
					 Arcuate eminence  13
						.
					 Epitympanic recess  14
						.
					 Tympanic antrum  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Body incus Right pointer: Posterior ligament of incus  16
						.
					 Left pointer: Chorda tympani within tympanic cavity Right pointer: Tendon of stapedius muscle  17
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) within facial canal  18
						.
					 Chorda tympani within canaliculus  19
						.
					 Left pointer: Anterior crus of stapes Right pointer: Tympanic sinus  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Fenestrated cochlear fossa (separated from tympanic sinus above by promontory) Lower pointer: Promontory (tympanic plexus visible beneath mucosa)  21
						.
					 Tympanic cells of jugular wall of tympanic cavity  22
						.
					 Position of stylomastoid foramen (opened)  23
						.
					 Mastoid process (dissected)


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Left tympanic membrane, anteroinferior view
										The anterior wall of the external auditory canal has been removed to reveal the tympanic membrane through which the manubrium of the malleus is visible. Due to the direction of view, however, the manubrium does not present the anterosuperior inclination customarily seen in otoscopic examination.

														 1
						.
					 Cut edge of bony roof of external auditory canal  2
						.
					 Flaccid part of tympanic membrane  3
						.
					 Lateral process malleus (forming malleolar prominence)  4
						.
					 Manubrium of malleus (visible as malleolar stria)  5
						.
					 Pars tensa tympanic membrane  6
						.
					 Petrotympanic fissure  7
						.
					 External surface of tympanic annulus seen at 3 in previous view  8
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  9
						.
					 Sphenosquamous suture  10
						.
					 Limbus tympanic membrane  11
						.
					 Annulus fibrocartilaginous tympanic membrane  12
						.
					 Cut edge of osseous floor of auditory canal  13
						.
					 Angular spine  14
						.
					 Tympanic part temporal bone  15
						.
					 Alar fascia  16
						.
					 Styloid process  17
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part) forming roof of external acoustic meatus  18
						.
					 Mastoid cells  19
						.
					 Skin lining external acoustic meatus  20
						.
					 Tympanomastoid suture  21
						.
					 Cut edge of tympanic part of temporal bone  22
						.
					 Lateral margin of tympanic part of temporal bone  23
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Petrotympanic fissure; relation of cartilaginous part of left external auditory meatus to tympanic part of temporal bone
										The capsule of the temporomandibular articulation has been removed. The tympanic ring produces a noticeable bulge of the bone lateral to the petrotympanic fissure. The squamous part of the temporal bone has been cut away and the cerebral hemisphere removed. The brain stem is visible in the background.

														 1
						.
					 Tympanosquamous fissure  2
						.
					 Petrotympanic fissure  3
						.
					 Elevation at site of tympanic annulus  4
						.
					 Temporal bone (squamous part)  5
						.
					 Middle meningeal artery within foramen spinosum  6
						.
					 Sphenosquamous suture  7
						.
					 Mandibular nerve (V) in foramen ovale  8
						.
					 Masseteric nerve  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Angular spine Lower pointer: Alar fascia  10
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  11
						.
					 Internal maxillary nerve plexus  12
						.
					 Internal maxillary artery  13
						.
					 Lingual nerve  14
						.
					 Inferior alveolar nerve  15
						.
					 Ceruminous gland  16
						.
					 Mastoid cells  17
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cartilaginous acoustic meatus Lower pointer: Incisure of external cartilaginous acoustic meatus  19
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) at exit from stylomastoid foramen  20
						.
					 Styloid process  21
						.
					 Posterior auricular nerve (displaced)  22
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  23
						.
					 Lymph node  24
						.
					 Digastric muscle  25
						.
					 Posterior auricular artery


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Relation of left mastoid air cells to external auditory meatus
										The auricle has been cut away and the mastoid air cells opened. In this specimen pneumatization extended well above the petrosquamous fissure (12).

														 1
						.
					 Temporal fossa  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Auricular cartilage (cut across) Lower pointer: Skin of external acoustic meatus  3
						.
					 Zygomatic process temporal bone (cut across)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: External acoustic meatus Lower pointer: Cartilaginous acoustic meatus (covered by membrane)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Masseteric nerve Lower pointer: Articular disc of mandible  6
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pterygoid venous plexus Lower pointer: Middle meningeal artery  8
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  9
						.
					 Internal maxillary artery  10
						.
					 Middle temporal artery  11
						.
					 Dura mater exposed in dissected area of temporal bone  12
						.
					 Petrosquamous fissure  13
						.
					 Mastoid cells (opened)  14
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle (cut away)  15
						.
					 Auricular branch vagus nerve (cut off)  16
						.
					 Posterior auricular nerve  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anastomotic branch auriculotemporal nerve with facial nerve Lower pointer: Facial nerve  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Mastoid process Lower pointer: Tendon of sternocleidomastoid muscle


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Mammillothalamic tract; medial forebrain bundle; substantia nigra
										The major part of the thalamus has been removed and the lateral hypothalamic area exposed. The cerebral peduncle is further cut back in order to expose the substantia nigra. Lateral to the mammillary body a bundle of delicate fibers is seen as it courses longitudinally. These fibers constitute the medial forebrain bundle which arises in basal olfactory structures such as the anterior perforated substance and passes through the hypothalamic region into the tegmentum of the mesencephalon.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  2
						.
					 Mamillothalamic tract (Vicq d'Azyr)  3
						.
					 Medial forebrain bundle  4
						.
					 Thalamus (dissected)  5
						.
					 Mamillary body  6
						.
					 Substantia nigra (cut across)  7
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  9
						.
					 Optic chiasm  10
						.
					 Infundibulum  11
						.
					 Tuber cinereum  12
						.
					 Optic tract  13
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  14
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  15
						.
					 Interpeduncular fossa  16
						.
					 Basilar artery  17
						.
					 Pons


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Ependymal lining of lateral ventricle; lateral aspect of thalamus
										The caudate nucleus has been scraped away from the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricle which covers its upper and medial aspects. This membrane remains intact and the outlines of small uninjected veins may be traced within it. These are tributaries of the terminal vein. Between the position occupied by the caudate nucleus and the internal capsule is a ridge which consists of fibers of the superior occipitofrontal fasciculus. The cavity of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle is further exposed. The thalamus has been uncovered by scraping away its external medullary lamina.

														 1
						.
					 Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus  2
						.
					 Internal capsule (cut across)  3
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus  4
						.
					 Central sulcus (Rolandic)  5
						.
					 Thalamic branch of posterior cerebral artery  6
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  7
						.
					 Hippocampus (cut across)  8
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle  9
						.
					 Ventricular ependyma covering superior and medial surfaces of caudate nucleus  10
						.
					 Frontal stalk of thalamus  11
						.
					 Optic chiasm  12
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  13
						.
					 Thalamus  14
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle (cut across)  15
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  16
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery  17
						.
					 Lateral geniculate body (cut across)  18
						.
					 Basilar artery  19
						.
					 Hippocampal gyrus


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Tail of the caudate nucleus and retrolenticular part of the internal capsule
										Those fibers of the internal capsule have been removed which pass from the thalamic region to form the superior occipitofrontal fasciculus (see 6-6). The body and tail of the caudate nucleus have thus been brought into view lying above and medial to the course of the internal capsule. The massive radiation of fibers (9) from the posterior thalamic structures forms the bulk of the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule.

														 1
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus (covered by a few fibers of the anterior limb of the internal capsule)  2
						.
					 Frontal part of operculum  3
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus  4
						.
					 Internal capsule (cut across at junction with corona radiata)  5
						.
					 Caudate nucleus  6
						.
					 External medullary lamina (thalamus)  7
						.
					 Central sulcus (Rolandic)  8
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle (cut across)  9
						.
					 Posterior stalk of thalamus  10
						.
					 External sagittal stratum  11
						.
					 Hippocampal gyrus and caudate nucleus (tail)  12
						.
					 Radiation of rostral lamina of corpus callosum  13
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery (cut across)  14
						.
					 Anterior commissure  15
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  16
						.
					 Pons  17
						.
					 Optic tract (cut across and elevated)  18
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery  19
						.
					 Superior cerebellar artery  20
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle) (cut across)


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Caudate nucleus and lateral border of thalamus
										The internal capsule has been removed to demonstrate the head of the caudate nucleus and the external medullary lamina of the thalamus. The latter consists largely of fibers passing from the thalamic nuclei into the internal capsule. Note

														 1
						.
					 Frontal part corona radiata  2
						.
					 Head of caudate nucleus (partially removed)  3
						.
					 Internal capsule (cut across at junction with corona radiata)  4
						.
					 Frontal stalk of the thalamus (broken ends of fibers which passed into anterior limb of internal capsule)  5
						.
					 Anterior commissure  6
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  7
						.
					 Ansa lenticularis  8
						.
					 Parietal stalk of thalamus (broken ends of fibers which passed through posterior limb of internal capsule)  9
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle (cut across)  10
						.
					 Lateral geniculate body  11
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle  12
						.
					 Inferior temporal gyrus (cut across)  13
						.
					 Longitudinal, fissure (cerebral)  14
						.
					 Orbital gyrus  15
						.
					 Straight gyrus  16
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  17
						.
					 Tuber cinereum  18
						.
					 Uncus  19
						.
					 Brachium pontis (middle cerebellar peduncle)  20
						.
					 Cerebellum and horizontal cerebellar sulcus


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Anterior limb of internal capsule, anterior commissure and parolfactory area
										The head of the caudate nucleus has been scraped away to reveal more clearly the fibers of the anterior limb of the internal capsule. These pass forward in discret bundles through the confluent parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen, the whole being named the "corpus striatum." Relations of the anterior commissure, anterior perforated substance and parolfactory area (now partly exposed by dissection) may also be seen.

														 1
						.
					 Radiation of rostral lamina of corpus callosum  2
						.
					 Space left by removal of head of caudate nucleus  3
						.
					 Frontal part internal capsule  4
						.
					 Parolfactory area (dissected)  5
						.
					 Subcallosal gyrus (dissected from within)  6
						.
					 Anterior commissure  7
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  8
						.
					 Ansa lenticularis  9
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  10
						.
					 Straight gyrus left  11
						.
					 Orbital branch of anterior cerebral artery  12
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery  13
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  14
						.
					 Olfactory tract  15
						.
					 Optic chiasm  16
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  17
						.
					 Infundibulum  18
						.
					 Interpeduncular fossa


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 General view of cerebral peduncle and internal capsule
										This view illustrates the general relations of the internal capsule to surface landmarks visible from the inferior aspect of the brain. The middle cerebral artery is extensively cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Medullary substance of inferior frontal gyrus  2
						.
					 Medullary substance of straight gyrus  3
						.
					 Frontal part corona radiata  4
						.
					 Radiation of rostral lamina of corpus callosum  5
						.
					 Frontal part internal capsule  6
						.
					 Anterior commissure  7
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance with diagonal band of Broca (cut across)  8
						.
					 Sulcus centralis and artery of central sulcus  9
						.
					 Optic tract (divided)  10
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  11
						.
					 Choroid plexus lateral ventricle  12
						.
					 Longitudinal fissure (cerebral)  13
						.
					 Straight gyrus left  14
						.
					 Olfactory sulcus  15
						.
					 Temporal pole  16
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery (cut across)  17
						.
					 Optic chiasm  18
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  19
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  20
						.
					 Basilar artery  21
						.
					 Pons


Exploration of the brain from its basal aspect
										 Internal capsule
										The entire lentiform nucleus has been resected to expose the lateral surface of the internal capsule together with two small arterial branches which originated from the anterior choroidal artery. Fibers of the cerebral peduncle which connected with the temporal lobe via the sublenticular part of the internal capsule are visible at 5. The main trunk of the middle cerebral artery is retracted laterally. The course of the recurrent branch (7) of the anterior cerebral artery can be followed to the anterior limb of the internal capsule.

														 1
						.
					 Superior longitudinal fasciculus  2
						.
					 External capsule  3
						.
					 Anterior commissure  4
						.
					 Internal capsule and capsular branch of anterior choroidal artery  5
						.
					 Sublenticular part of internal capsule (temporopontine fibers)  6
						.
					 External sagittal stratum (cut across)  7
						.
					 Recurrent artery of Heubner  8
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  9
						.
					 Anterior cerebral artery  10
						.
					 Anterior perforated substance  11
						.
					 Infundibulum  12
						.
					 Tuber cinereum  13
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  14
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle (pointer at line of attachment of optic tract)  15
						.
					 Basilar artery  16
						.
					 Optic tract (retracted) (Note: the small artery seen earlier to perforate the optic tract is now visible passing into the region of the lateral geniculate body)


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Right auricular cartilage, lateral surface
										The perichondrium has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Helix  2
						.
					 Triangular fossa  3
						.
					 Scapha  4
						.
					 Cymba conchae  5
						.
					 Anthelix  6
						.
					 Cavum conchae  7
						.
					 Antitragicus muscle  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Antitragicohelical fissure Lower pointer: Tail of helix  9
						.
					 Crura anthelicis  10
						.
					 Superficial temporal vein  11
						.
					 Superficial temporal artery  12
						.
					 Helical spine  13
						.
					 Helicis minor muscle  14
						.
					 Tragicus muscle  15
						.
					 Crus helicis  16
						.
					 Tragus  17
						.
					 Skin of external acoustic meatus  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cartilaginous acoustic meatus Lower pointer: Cartilaginous isthmus  19
						.
					 Antitragus  20
						.
					 Parotid gland  21
						.
					 Greater auricular nerve


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Right auricular cartilage, medial surface
										The cartilage has been retracted anterolaterally after removal of its perichondrium.

														 1
						.
					 Temporal fascia  2
						.
					 Superior auricular muscle  3
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  4
						.
					 Tragal plate  5
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  6
						.
					 Occipital branch posterior auricular artery  7
						.
					 Cartilaginous acoustic meatus  8
						.
					 Terminal incisure (pointer on cartilaginous isthmus)  9
						.
					 Posterior auricular nerve  10
						.
					 Parotid gland  11
						.
					 Superficial temporal vein and auriculotemporal nerve  12
						.
					 Eminence of triangular fossa  13
						.
					 Sulcus of upper crus of anthelix  14
						.
					 Transverse sulcus of anthelix  15
						.
					 Conchal eminence  16
						.
					 Scaphoid eminence  17
						.
					 Posterior auricular muscle and posterior auricular ligament (cut off)  18
						.
					 Posterior auricular branch auricular artery  19
						.
					 Fossa of anthelix  20
						.
					 Transverse auricular muscle  21
						.
					 Antitragicohelical fissure  22
						.
					 Tail of helix


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Relation of right auricular cartilage to external auditory meatus; terminal branches of great auricular nerve
										The posterior auricular muscle has been cut and the auricular cartilage retracted laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  2
						.
					 Posterior auricular muscle (cut across)  3
						.
					 Auricular branch vagus nerve  4
						.
					 Aberrant slip of posterior auricular muscle  5
						.
					 Occipital branch of posterior auricular nerve  6
						.
					 Posterior auricular nerve  7
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (superficial fascia reflected)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior auricular muscle Lower pointer: Temporal fascia  9
						.
					 Helix  10
						.
					 Tragal plate  11
						.
					 External acoustic meatus (opened posteriorly)  12
						.
					 Conchal eminence  13
						.
					 Posterior branch greater auricular nerve  14
						.
					 Cartilaginous acoustic meatus  15
						.
					 Communication between posterior auricular nerve and greater auricular nerve  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Antitragicohelical fissure Lower pointer: Tail of helix  17
						.
					 Branch facial nerve (to intrinsic muscles of auricle)  18
						.
					 Parotid gland  19
						.
					 Greater auricular nerve


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Superficial structures of right auricle, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Occipitalis muscle  2
						.
					 Subcutaneous tissue of scalp  3
						.
					 Posterior auricular muscle  4
						.
					 Aberrant slip of posterior auricular muscle  5
						.
					 Posterior auricular nerve (note branch to muscle (4))  6
						.
					 Superficial fascia  7
						.
					 Posterior auricular lymph nodes  8
						.
					 Superior auricular muscle  9
						.
					 Helix  10
						.
					 Branch of lesser occipital nerve  11
						.
					 Cornchal eminence  12
						.
					 Sulcus of crura of helix  13
						.
					 Auricular branch of posterior auricular artery  14
						.
					 Auricular branch vagus nerve  15
						.
					 Lobule


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Superficial structures of right auricle, lateral view
										The skin has been removed from the auricle to demonstrate the subcutaneous vessels and nerves. The perichondrium remains intact.

														 1
						.
					 Lesser occipital nerve  2
						.
					 Helix  3
						.
					 Triangular fossa  4
						.
					 Scaphoid fossa  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cymba conchae Lower pointer: Crus of helix  6
						.
					 Anthelix  7
						.
					 Cavum conchae  8
						.
					 Posterior auricular sulcus  9
						.
					 Antitragus  10
						.
					 Tail of helix  11
						.
					 Superficial fascia covering sternocleidomastoid muscle  12
						.
					 Superficial temporal vein  13
						.
					 Auriculotemporal nerve  14
						.
					 Superior auricular muscle  15
						.
					 Crura of anthelix  16
						.
					 Anterior auricular branch of superficial temporal artery  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Helicis minor muscle Lower pointer: Anterior incisura  18
						.
					 Tragicus muscle  19
						.
					 Anterior auricular nerves  20
						.
					 Tragus  21
						.
					 Intertragic incisure  22
						.
					 Anterior auricular lymph nodes  23
						.
					 Greater auricular nerve (anterior branch)  24
						.
					 Lobule


Dissection of ear from lateral aspect
										 Surface of right auricle, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Triangular fossa  2
						.
					 Occipitalis muscle  3
						.
					 Helix (pointer at site of Darwinian tubercle, not present in this specimen)  4
						.
					 Scaphoid fossa  5
						.
					 Cymba conchae  6
						.
					 Anthelix  7
						.
					 Cavum conchae  8
						.
					 Posterior auricular sulcus  9
						.
					 Posterior auricular vein  10
						.
					 Crura of anthelix  11
						.
					 Crus of helix  12
						.
					 Anterior incisure  13
						.
					 Supratragic tubercle  14
						.
					 External acoustic meatus  15
						.
					 Tragus  16
						.
					 Intertragic incisure  17
						.
					 Antitragus  18
						.
					 Lobule


Fundus of left eye
										 Optic papilla, central retinary artery and vein, anterior view
										The view, which was made with a retinal camera, shows the fundus of the left eye of a young man in light complexion. Retinal arteries appear narrow and paler than corresponding veins and have a longitudinal light streak not found in the veins. (This photograph was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Homer Brugge.)

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior temporal retinal artery Lower pointer: Superior temporal retinal vein  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior nasal retinal vein Lower pointer: Superior retinal nasal artery  3
						.
					 Medial retinal artery  4
						.
					 Optic papilla  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior nasal retinal vein Lower pointer: Inferior nasal retinal artery  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior temporal retinal vein Lower pointer: Inferior temporal retinal artery  7
						.
					 Nerve fibers visible in retina  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior macular artery Lower pointer: Superior macular vein  9
						.
					 Optic disc  10
						.
					 Sclera visible as narrow white zone surrounding optic papilla  11
						.
					 Narrow band of stratum pigmentosum  12
						.
					 Macula lutea (fovea centralis not visible in this instance; whitish halo around macula is common)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior macular vein Lower pointer: Inferior macular artery


Microradiograph of eye; central optic pathways and related structures
										 Relations of optic pathways at base of brain.
										In this specimen, selected from a series of brain dissections included in Section I of the Atlas, the brain is photographed from its inferior aspect. The anterior part of the right temporal lobe has been removed so that the middle cerebral artery (6), the anterior choroidal artery (18), the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle (10), and the optic tract (19) life exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Meninges related to temporal pole  2
						.
					 Orbitofrontal branch of middle cerebral artery  3
						.
					 Anterior temporal artery  4
						.
					 Insula  5
						.
					 Frontal part of operculum  6
						.
					 Medial cerebral artery  7
						.
					 Striate artery  8
						.
					 Artery of precentral sulcus  9
						.
					 Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus (cut obliquely)  10
						.
					 Inferior horn of lateral ventricle  11
						.
					 Tapetum  12
						.
					 Medial temporal gyrus  13
						.
					 Inferior temporal gyrus  14
						.
					 Inferior temporal sulcus  15
						.
					 Fusiform gyrus  16
						.
					 Orbital branch of anterior cerebral artery  17
						.
					 Olfactory tract  18
						.
					 Anterior choroid artery  19
						.
					 Optic tract  20
						.
					 Mamillary body  21
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  22
						.
					 Hippocampus (cut across)  23
						.
					 Pons  24
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V)  25
						.
					 Collateral fissure  26
						.
					 Basilar artery  27
						.
					 Olive  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Microradiograph of eye; central optic pathways and related structures
										 Relations of optic pathways at base of brain.
										The vessels shown in the preceding view have been trimmed away and the left half of the optic chiasm has been removed to reveal the infundibulum of the hypophysis (15) extending downward through the opening in the diaphragm of the sella turcica (3). The recesses of the third ventricle that are closely related to the optic chiasm are indicated at 14 and 16. The tentorium has been cut and reflected to reveal the course of the trochlear nerve as it passes anteriorly around the mesencephalon.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optic nerve (II) Lower pointer: Anterior clinoid process (covered by dura)  2
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  3
						.
					 Diaphragma sellae  4
						.
					 Posterior communicating artery  5
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  6
						.
					 Location of sinus cavernosus (covered by dura)  7
						.
					 Cerebral tentorium (reflected)  8
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV)  9
						.
					 Trigeminal nerve (V) (beneath arachnoid membrane)  10
						.
					 Superior cerebellar vein  11
						.
					 Branch of superior cerebellar artery  12
						.
					 Right anterior cerebral artery  13
						.
					 Anterior commissure  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optic chiasm (cut across in midline) Lower pointer: Optic recess  15
						.
					 Left pointer: Infundibulum Right pointer: Triangular recess  16
						.
					 Infundibular recess  17
						.
					 Mamillary body (cut across)  18
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  19
						.
					 Third ventricle  20
						.
					 Nucleus ruber  21
						.
					 Arterial branch which entered brain stem through posterior perforated substance in interpeduncular fossa  22
						.
					 Position of medial lemniscus  23
						.
					 Brachium quadrigeminum inferius (cut across)  24
						.
					 Superior colliculus  25
						.
					 Left internal cerebral vein  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Microradiograph of eye; central optic pathways and related structures
										 Relations of optic pathways at base of brain.
										The specimen shown in the preceding photograph has been reoriented for this view so that the left orbit extends above and to the left of the area included in the photograph. The brain stem has been cut across through the rostral part of the mesencephalon. The left optic tract has been removed and the optic chiasm has been lifted slightly out of its normal position. The components of the arterial circle of Willis that are related to the optic pathways (i.e., internal carotid artery (6), anterior cerebral artery (5), anterior communicating artery (between 5 and 19, unlabeled), posterior communicating artery (8) and posterior cerebral artery (11)) remain in position.

														 1
						.
					 Olfactory tract (cut across)  2
						.
					 Inferior cerebral vein  3
						.
					 Ala parva ossis sphenoidalis (covered by dura)  4
						.
					 Medial cerebral artery (cut across)  5
						.
					 Left anterior cerebral artery  6
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  7
						.
					 Chiasmatic cistern  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior choroid artery (cut across) Lower pointer: Posterior communicating artery  9
						.
					 Optic tract (cut across and elevated)  10
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  11
						.
					 Posterior cerebral artery  12
						.
					 Central ramus of posterior cerebral artery  13
						.
					 Tributaries of the basal vein which passed into tip of inferior horn of lateral ventricle  14
						.
					 Substantia nigra  15
						.
					 Nucleus ruber  16
						.
					 Basal vein  17
						.
					 Cerebellar tentorium  18
						.
					 Continuation of main trunk of posterior cerebral artery  19
						.
					 Right anterior cerebral artery (anterior communicating artery partly obscured by optic chiasm)  20
						.
					 Falx cerebri  21
						.
					 Cingulate gyrus  22
						.
					 Pericallosal branch of anterior cerebral artery  23
						.
					 Anterior commissure  24
						.
					 Pars libera columnae fornicis  25
						.
					 Ventricular surface of hypothalamus  26
						.
					 Mamillary body (cut across)  27
						.
					 Intermediate mass  28
						.
					 Cerebral peduncle  29
						.
					 Internal cerebral veins  30
						.
					 Aditus ad aqueductum cerebri  31
						.
					 Posterior commissure  32
						.
					 Splenium corporis callosi  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Microradiograph of eye; central optic pathways and related structures
										 Relations of optic pathways at base of brain.
										In this specimen the left hemisphere has been removed and the upper part of the brain stem has been cut through in such a way that parts of the thalamus, the subthalamus, the hypothalamus and the internal capsule have been preserved in relation to the optic pathways. The anterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery are shown in situ.

														 1
						.
					 Stratum zonale thalami  2
						.
					 Lateral nucleus of thalamus  3
						.
					 Internal cerebral veins  4
						.
					 Medial nucleus of thalamus  5
						.
					 Massa intermedia (cut through)  6
						.
					 Subthalamic nucleus (cut across)  7
						.
					 Septum pellucidum  8
						.
					 Third ventricle (pointer on right hypothalamus)  9
						.
					 Hypothalamus (cut through)  10
						.
					 Anterior commissure (cut across)  11
						.
					 Lamina terminalis  12
						.
					 Corpus callosum  13
						.
					 Anterior communicating artery  14
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  15
						.
					 Superior frontal gyrus (on medial surface of right hemisphere)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral ventricular choroid plexus Lower pointer: Ramus choroideus ventriculi lateralis  17
						.
					 Lateral geniculate body  18
						.
					 Hippocampus  19
						.
					 Medullary substance of temporal lobe  20
						.
					 Internal capsule (near the point at which it is continuous with the cerebral peduncle)  21
						.
					 Optic tract  22
						.
					 Medial margin of the cerebral tentorium and bifurcation of internal carotid artery into anterior and middle cerebral arteries (lower pointer)  23
						.
					 Medical cranial fossa  24
						.
					 Optic chiasm  25
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  26
						.
					 Recurrent branch of anterior cerebral artery (artery of Heubner)  27
						.
					 Inferior cerebral veins  28
						.
					 Olfactory tract (cut across)  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Microradiograph of eye; central optic pathways and related structures
										 Optic nerves, interpedicular cistern, brain stem and tentorium cerebelli, viewed from above
										The cerebral hemispheres have been entirely removed from the specimen shown in the previous view. The optic nerves have been divided anterior to the chiasm. The brain stem has been transected slightly above the level of the tentorial notch.

														 1
						.
					 Lamina cribrosa (pointer indicates fascicles of olfactory nerve)  2
						.
					 Falx cerebri (cut across)  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior clinoid process Lower pointer: Internal carotid artery (entering subarachnoid space)  4
						.
					 Right pointer: Anterior cerebral artery (cut off) Left pointer: Medial cerebral artery (cut off)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior communicating artery Lower pointer: Posterior cerebral artery (cut off)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Interpeduncular fossa Lower pointer: Cerebral peduncle  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nucleus ruber Lower pointer: Colliculus inferior  8
						.
					 Superior petrosal sinus (blue latex visible through dura; note that this sinus and the one on the opposite side indicate the line of attachment of tentorium to upper border of petrous portion of temporal bone)  9
						.
					 Inferior cerebral veins (cut off)  10
						.
					 Great cerebral vein (formed by confluence of paired internal cerebral veins)  11
						.
					 Inferior sagittal sinus (cut across)  12
						.
					 Cerebellar tentorium  13
						.
					 Lens  14
						.
					 Retina  15
						.
					 Optic nerve  16
						.
					 Infundibulum (cut across)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsum sellae Lower pointer: Oculomotor nerve  18
						.
					 Medial cranial fossa  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Substantia nigra Lower pointer: Cerebral aqueduct  20
						.
					 Petrosal part of the temporal bone (covered by dura; pointer indicates eminentia arcuata)  21
						.
					 Margin of the tentorial incisure  22
						.
					 Transverse sinus  23
						.
					 Superior sagittal sinus (cut across)  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Microradiograph of eye; central optic pathways and related structures
										 Optic pathways dissected in situ, viewed from above
										The visual pathways have been exposed bilaterally from the eyes to the calcarine cortex. The brain stem has been transected horizontally at the level of the optic tracts. The cerebral hemispheres have been dissected somewhat differently on the two sides. The optic radiation (10) has been preserved on the left side but has been divided on the right to expose the underlying inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. Within the right orbit the sheath of the optic nerve has been opened to expose the optic nerve. The sheath remains intact in the left orbit.

														 1
						.
					 Olfactory tract  2
						.
					 External vagina of optic nerve  3
						.
					 Anulus tendineus communis  4
						.
					 Vein cerebri media superficialis  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal carotid artery Lower pointer: Anterior cerebral artery (cut off)  6
						.
					 Medial cerebral artery (within lateral cerebral sulcus)  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optical tract Lower pointer: Cerebral peduncle  8
						.
					 Lateral ventricular choroid plexus  9
						.
					 Lateral geniculate body (partially resected on right side)  10
						.
					 Optic radiation  11
						.
					 Pulvinar  12
						.
					 Lateral ventricle  13
						.
					 Splenium corporis callosi  14
						.
					 Oblique superior trochlear muscle  15
						.
					 Ocular bulb  16
						.
					 Optic nerve (exposed within sheath)  17
						.
					 Optic canal (partially opened to expose nerve)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optic chiasm Lower pointer: Medial cranial fossa (uncus and medial part of temporal lobe removed)  19
						.
					 Tertiary ventricle (opened from supraoptic recess at upper pointer to communication with cerebral aqueduct posteriorly)  20
						.
					 Optic tract  21
						.
					 Hippocampus  22
						.
					 Nucleus ruber  23
						.
					 Inferior sagittal sinus (cut across)  24
						.
					 Calcarine sulcus (exposed by removal of cuneus on left; sectioned horizontally on right)  25
						.
					 Superior sagittal sinus  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Microradiograph of eye; central optic pathways and related structures
										 Microradiography of limbic region of eye, viewed from in front
										This micrograph was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. H.H. Pattee and Dr. L.K. Garron who prepared and radiographed the specimen. Reference to be made to their article entitled "Stereomicroradiography of the limbal region of human eye" in X-Ray Microscopy and Microradiography, Academic Press, 1957. Thorotrast was injected into the canal of Schlemm (1) under low pressure. The thorium filled the canal and passed into the vascular network of the sclera (2) and the superficial vascular network of the corne al margin. The specimen was frozen in liquid nitrogen and lyophilized prior to radiography.

														 1
						.
					 Canal of Schlemm  2
						.
					 Sclera  3
						.
					 Cornea  4
						.
					 Superficial vascular network of cornea


Dissection of eye
										 Ciliary body and iris, posterior view
										The lens has been removed to expose the iris and pupil. Remains of the vitreous body are visible at the periphery of the view (posterior to the ora serrata). The delicate hyloid membrane (8) is visible as a thin layer which covers the outer margin of the corona ciliaris but has been cut away medially. The cut edge is indicated by a white line in the drawing and the membrane is drawn only  in a small area at the right (9).

														 1
						.
					 Optic (visual) part of retina  2
						.
					 Ora serrata  3
						.
					 Orbiculus ciliaris  4
						.
					 Corona ciliaris  5
						.
					 Pupil (posterior surface of cornea visible in background)  6
						.
					 Ciliary process  7
						.
					 Plica ciliaris  8
						.
					 Cut edge of hyaloid membrane  9
						.
					 Hyaloid membrane (drawn only in area within heavy lines)  10
						.
					 Posterior surface of iris


Dissection of eye
										 Ciliary body, ciliary zonule and lens, posterior view
										Remnants of the vitreous body appear in the periphery of the view as transparent gelatinous masses. The iris has been removed and the specimen transilluminated.

														 1
						.
					 Orbiculus ciliaris  2
						.
					 Ciliary processes  3
						.
					 Plica ciliaris  4
						.
					 Posterior surface of lens  5
						.
					 Corona ciliaris  6
						.
					 Zonula ciliaris (note zonular fibers, some of which pass to posterior surface of lens, others to anterior surface)


Dissection of eye
										 Iris, lens and ciliary zonule, anterior view
										The cornea and anterior part of the sclera have been cut away and the iris reflected to display the anterior surface of the lens (3) and the zonular fibers (5) which attach to the anterior and posterior surface of the lens at its lateral margin. The pectinate ligament is visible along the lower margin of the iris (10). The specimen is transilluminated.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior surface of iris (stratum pigmentum visible)  2
						.
					 Cut edge of sclera  3
						.
					 Anterior surface of lens  4
						.
					 Ciliary process  5
						.
					 Zonular fibers (of zonula ciliaris)  6
						.
					 Ciliary muscle (meridional fibers)  7
						.
					 Pupillary-iris margin  8
						.
					 Annulus iris minor  9
						.
					 Annulus iris major  10
						.
					 Pectinate ligament of iris


Dissection of eye
										 Right cornea, anterior view
										The eyelids have been widely opened.

														 1
						.
					 Tunica bulbar conjunctiva  2
						.
					 Annulus conjunctiva (at limbus of cornea)  3
						.
					 Anterior surface of iris (visible through cornea)  4
						.
					 Pupil (visible through cornea)  5
						.
					 Vascular loop at margin of conjunctiva  6
						.
					 Annulus iris minor (visible through cornea)  7
						.
					 Annulus iris major (visible through cornea)  8
						.
					 Pupillary-iris margin (note: ciliary margin of iris obscured by annulus conjunctiva (2))  9
						.
					 Inferior palpebra


Dissection of eye
										 Ciliary body, ciliary zonule and lens of the left eye, horizontal section

														 1
						.
					 Cornea  2
						.
					 Anterior chamber of eye  3
						.
					 Pupillary sphincter muscle  4
						.
					 Anterior surface of iris  5
						.
					 Zonular space  6
						.
					 Limbus of cornea  7
						.
					 Right pointer: Posterior chamber of eye Left pointer: Angle of iris  8
						.
					 Angular space of iris  9
						.
					 Scleral spur  10
						.
					 Ciliary muscle (circular fibers)  11
						.
					 Ciliary muscle (circular fibers)  12
						.
					 Ciliary process  13
						.
					 Zonula ciliaris (pointer on zonular fibers)  14
						.
					 Orbiculus ciliaris  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ora serrata Lower pointer: Optic (visual) part of retina  16
						.
					 Iris-pupillary margin  17
						.
					 Capsule of lens  18
						.
					 Nucleus of lens  19
						.
					 Substantia corticalis of lens


Dissection of eye
										 Horizontal section of left eye
										The plane of section extends through fovea centralis(12). The vitreous body remains within the eye. Delicate strands visible within its substance are remnants of the hyaloid membrane. The lace-like appearance of the periphery of the retina is the result of microcystoid degeneration of the retina

														 1
						.
					 Cornea  2
						.
					 Anterior chamber of eye  3
						.
					 Iris  4
						.
					 Angle of iris  5
						.
					 Ciliary muscle  6
						.
					 Ciliary processes (of corona ciliaris)  7
						.
					 Orbiculus ciliaris  8
						.
					 Ora serrata  9
						.
					 Sclera  10
						.
					 Choroid  11
						.
					 Retina  12
						.
					 Fovea centralis  13
						.
					 Cribriform plate of sclera  14
						.
					 Sheath of optic nerve  15
						.
					 Subarachnoid space  16
						.
					 Iris-pupillary margin  17
						.
					 Posterior chamber of eye  18
						.
					 Zonula ciliaris [Zinn]  19
						.
					 Crystalline lens  20
						.
					 Optic (visual) part of retina  21
						.
					 Optic disc  22
						.
					 Central artery of retina  23
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)


Dissection of eye
										 Interior of left eye cut in frontal plane
										The eye has been cut across in a plane several millimeters posterior to its equator. The medial margins of the sclera lie in the center of the view with the anterior segment of the eye to the left.

														 1
						.
					 Optic (visual) part of retina  2
						.
					 Orbiculus ciliaris  3
						.
					 Corona ciliaris  4
						.
					 Lateral margin of sclera  5
						.
					 Crystalline lens  6
						.
					 Ciliary process  7
						.
					 Ora serrata  8
						.
					 Retina  9
						.
					 Choroid  10
						.
					 Sclera  11
						.
					 Papilla of optic nerve and hollowed area for papilla  12
						.
					 Macula lutea  13
						.
					 Fovea centralis  14
						.
					 Vorticose vein passing through sclera


Dissection of eye
										 Vascular tunic of right eye
										The sclera and cornea have been cut away on the medial side of a right eye to display the anterior chamber (7), iris(6), ciliary body(10) and outer surface of the choroid. Although none of the vessels has been injected, the branches of the superior and inferior medial vorticose veins (13,18) are clearly visible. The long posterior ciliary artery (17) was cut across in the resection of the sclera but its course can be traced nearly to the ciliary body. The distribution of the short posterior ciliary arteries is represented by the vessel at 14.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sclera Lower pointer: Choroid  2
						.
					 Insertion of tendon of superior rectus muscle  3
						.
					 Bulbar conjunctiva  4
						.
					 Scleral sulcus  5
						.
					 Pectinate ligament of iridocorneal angle (detached from inner surface of cornea)  6
						.
					 Anterior surface of iris  7
						.
					 Anterior chamber of eye  8
						.
					 Pupil  9
						.
					 Cornea  10
						.
					 Ciliary muscle (meridional fibers)  11
						.
					 Corneo-scleral border (rim)  12
						.
					 Short diary nerves  13
						.
					 Vorticose vein  14
						.
					 Posterior ciliary artery (short)  15
						.
					 Sheath of optic nerve  16
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  17
						.
					 Posterior ciliary artery (long)  18
						.
					 Vorticose vein


Insertion of extraocular muscles
										 Left eye, posterior view
										The fascia has been removed from the muscles and the eye, and the muscles retracted and stretched.

														 1
						.
					 Tendon of superior rectus muscle  2
						.
					 Sclera  3
						.
					 Sheath of optic nerve  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior ciliary artery (long) Lower pointer: Position of macula lutea of retina (marked by *)  5
						.
					 Tendon of lateral rectus muscle  6
						.
					 Short ciliary nerves  7
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle  8
						.
					 Tendon of superior oblique muscle  9
						.
					 Superior vorticose veins  10
						.
					 Posterior ciliary arteries (short)  11
						.
					 Medial rectus muscle  12
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  13
						.
					 Inferior vorticose veins  14
						.
					 Tendon of Inferior rectus muscle


Insertion of extraocular muscles
										 Left eye, anterior view
										The muscles have been elevated and stretched.

														 1
						.
					 Tendon of superior rectus muscle  2
						.
					 Tendon of superior oblique muscle (portion of tendon which originally passed through trochlea turned upward)  3
						.
					 Tendon of medial rectus muscle  4
						.
					 Cornea  5
						.
					 Sclera (conjunctiva and bulbar fascia removed)  6
						.
					 Tendon of Inferior rectus muscle  7
						.
					 Anterior ciliary artery  8
						.
					 Annulus conjunctivae overlying limbus corneae  9
						.
					 Tendon of lateral rectus muscle  10
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle


Apex of orbit
										 Sheath of optic nerve, annular tendon, oculomotor foramen
										The optic nerve and its sheath has been cut across close to the optic foramen. The annular tendon (8) is fused medially and superiorly with the sheath. It is separated from the sheath inferiorly and laterally to form the oculomotor foramen for the entry of the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve (17), the oculomotor nerve (11,17,23,24) and the abducens nerve (19) into the central part of the orbit from the superior orbital fissure. The opthalmic artery (18), in its passage through the optic canal an foramen, is embedded in the sheath of the optic nerve. The superior ophthalmic vein has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Frontal nerve  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior rectus muscle Lower pointer: Subarachnoid space  3
						.
					 Levator palpebrae superioris muscle  4
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  5
						.
					 Sheath of optic nerve  6
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV)  7
						.
					 Superior oblique muscle  8
						.
					 Common annular tendon  9
						.
					 Oculomotor foramen  10
						.
					 Periorbita  11
						.
					 Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (III) (branch to medial rectus muscle)  12
						.
					 Medial rectus muscle  13
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells (mucosa abnormally thickened)  14
						.
					 Greater wing of sphenoid (cut across)  15
						.
					 Recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal artery  16
						.
					 Lacrimal nerve  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior branch of oculomotor nerve (III) Lower pointer: Nasociliary nerve  18
						.
					 Ophthalmic artery  19
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  20
						.
					 Ciliary ganglion  21
						.
					 Lateral rectus muscle  22
						.
					 Temporalis muscle  23
						.
					 Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (III) (branch to inferior oblique muscle)  24
						.
					 Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (III) (branch to Inferior rectus muscle)  25
						.
					 Inferior rectus muscle  26
						.
					 Orbital muscle (muscle of Müller)


Apex of orbit
										 Relations of nerves, arteries and extraocular muscles, anterior view
										The orbit has been sectioned in a frontal plane posterior to the eye. Fat, areolar connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels have been removed to demonstrate the fascia covering the extraordinary muscles and the eye. The fascia of the rectus muscles is thin posteriorly but becomes thick as the muscles approach the eye. It blends with the fascia of the bulb (Tenon's capsule) and, in addition, forms weblike folds (1) which extend between neighboring rectus muscles. The suspensory ligament of the eye has been described with the previous view.

														 1
						.
					 Frontal nerve  2
						.
					 Superior wall orbit  3
						.
					 Levator palpebrae superioris muscle  4
						.
					 Nasociliary nerve  5
						.
					 Ophthalmic artery (passes inferior to optic nerve in this specimen)  6
						.
					 Optic nerve (II) (within sheath of optic nerve)  7
						.
					 Superior oblique muscle  8
						.
					 Olfactory bulb  9
						.
					 Left pointer: Medial rectus muscle Right pointer: Muscular branch of oculomotor nerve (III)  10
						.
					 Ethmoidal cells (mucosa abnormally thickened)  11
						.
					 Periorbita  12
						.
					 Lacrimal nerve  13
						.
					 Superior rectus muscle  14
						.
					 Lacrimal artery  15
						.
					 Lateral rectus muscle  16
						.
					 Superior branch of oculomotor nerve (III)  17
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  18
						.
					 Posterior ciliary artery (long)  19
						.
					 Ciliary ganglion  20
						.
					 Short ciliary nerves  21
						.
					 Branch of oculomotor nerve (III) to inferior oblique muscle  22
						.
					 Branch of oculomotor nerve to inferior rectus muscle  23
						.
					 Inferior rectus muscle  24
						.
					 Infraorbital artery and nerve in infraorbital sulcus  25
						.
					 Orbital muscle (muscle of Müller) within Inferior orbital fissure  26
						.
					 Maxillary sinus


Orbital fascia
										 Fascia related to left eyeball, posterior view
										The orbit has been sectioned in a frontal plane posterior to the eye. Fat, areolar connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels have been removed to demonstrate the fascia covering the extraordinary muscles and the eye. The fascia of the rectus muscles is thin posteriorly but becomes thick as the muscles approach the eye. It blends with the fascia of the bulb (Tenon's capsule) and, in addition, forms weblike folds (1) which extend between neighboring rectus muscles. The suspensory ligament of the eye has been described with the previous view.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior rectus muscle (retracted superiorly) Lower pointer: Weblike fold of fascia between superior and lateral rectus muscles  2
						.
					 Lacrimal nerve  3
						.
					 Lateral rectus muscle (retracted laterally)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sheath of optic nerve Lower pointer: Optic nerve  5
						.
					 Subarachnoid space (spatium intervaginalium)  6
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle  7
						.
					 Bulbar fascia  8
						.
					 Temporalis muscle  9
						.
					 Inferior rectus muscle (retracted inferiorly)  10
						.
					 Maxillary sinus  11
						.
					 Levator palpebrae superioris muscle (retracted superiorly)  12
						.
					 Anterior cranial fossa  13
						.
					 Frontal sinus  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior oblique muscle Lower pointer: Infratrochlear nerve  15
						.
					 Cribriform plate ethmoid bone  16
						.
					 Medial rectus muscle  17
						.
					 Nasal septum (cut through)  18
						.
					 Medial check ligament  19
						.
					 Ethmoidal cell (fossa for lacrimal sac lies anterior to this air cell)  20
						.
					 Common nasal meatus  21
						.
					 Middle nasal concha  22
						.
					 Middle nasal meatus  23
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  24
						.
					 Opening of nasolacrimal duct into Inferior nasal meatus


Orbital fascia
										 Fascia related to left eyeball, anterior view
										The eyelids have been removed, and the bulbar conjunctiva and underlying bulbar fascia have been cut away except for narrow bands (16). The fascia surrounding the extraocular muscles has been cleared of areolar connective tissue and cut away in places to expose the tendons of the rectus muscles and the belly  of the inferior oblique muscle. This fascia is attached to the walls of the orbit to form the medial (5) and lateral (18) check ligaments. The part of the fascia which passes beneath the eye and merges with the check ligaments is the suspensory ligament of the eye (Lockwood).

														 1
						.
					 Right pointer: Frontal artery Left pointer: Supratrochlear nerve  2
						.
					 Infratrochlear nerve  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior oblique muscle (covered by fascia) Lower pointer: Superior oblique muscle (in background)  4
						.
					 Middle palpebral artery (cut off)  5
						.
					 Medial check ligament  6
						.
					 Tendon of medial rectus muscle  7
						.
					 Medial palpebral ligament  8
						.
					 Lacrimal duct  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cornea Lower pointer: Sclera  10
						.
					 Tendon of inferior rectus muscle  11
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  12
						.
					 Supraorbital margin  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Fascia above Ievator palpebrae superioris muscle Lower pointer: Aponeurosis of levator palpebrae superioris (cut off)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Fascia between levator palpebrae superioris and rectus superior muscles Lower pointer: Tendon of superior rectus muscle  15
						.
					 Superior tarsalis muscle (muscle of Müller) (cut across)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lacrimal gland Lower pointer: Conjunctiva and bulbar fascia  17
						.
					 Tendon of lateral rectus muscle  18
						.
					 Lateral check ligament (attached to orbital tubercle of zygomatic bone)  19
						.
					 Annulus conjunctivae overlapping limbus corneae  20
						.
					 Inferior part of muscle fascia which forms suspensory ligament of eye  21
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle


Dissection of left orbit from a lateral approach
										 Structures related to medial orbital wall; nerve supply to medial and inferior rectus muscles
										The eye and optic nerves have been removed to display the medial rectus muscle, the superior oblique muscle and its trochlea, as well as related blood vessels and nerves. The lacrimal canaliculi(8) are cut across at the point at which they penetrate the lacrimal fascia. Short ends of muscle fibres (9) indicate the attachment of the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle (Horner's muscle). The attachment of the medial check ligament (7) to the posterior lacrimal crest is shown, although the relation of this fascial band to the medial rectus muscle has been disturbed.

														 1
						.
					 Tendon of superior oblique muscle  2
						.
					 Supratrochlear nerve (cut off within orbit but shown here in relation to trochlea and its anastomosis with the infratrochlear nerve)  3
						.
					 Superior oblique muscle  4
						.
					 Infratrochlear nerve (palpebral branches visible posterior to pointer)  5
						.
					 Dorsal nasal artery  6
						.
					 Anterior ethmoidal nerve  7
						.
					 Medial check ligament (attached to posterior lacrimal crest)  8
						.
					 Lacrimal duct (cut off)  9
						.
					 Lacrirnal part orbicularis oculi muscle (attached to lacrimal fascia)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial wall of orbit Lower pointer: Inferior wall of orbit  11
						.
					 Inferior rectus muscle  12
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle  13
						.
					 Infraorbital sulcus  14
						.
					 Nasociliary nerve  15
						.
					 Superior oblique muscle  16
						.
					 Medial rectus muscle  17
						.
					 Position of common annular tendon (cut through)  18
						.
					 Optic nerve (II)  19
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III) (branches of inferior division of nerve enter medial and inferior rectus muscles)  20
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ophthalmic nerve (VI) Lower pointer: Semilunar ganglion (trigeminal)  22
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  23
						.
					 Maxillary nerve (V)  24
						.
					 Deep petrosal nerves (usually described as a single nerve, here two filaments join the greater superficial petrosal nerve)  25
						.
					 Vidian nerve (of pterygoid canal)  26
						.
					 Sphenopalatine ganglion


Dissection of left orbit from a lateral approach
										 Eye sectioned vertically, optic nerve and papilla
										The eye has been sectioned in a parasagittal plane and the optic sheath partially resected. The inferior division of the oculomotor nerve(17) has been preserved. Other nerves which enter the orbit have been transected. The left internal carotid artery is visible withing the cavernous sinus.

														 1
						.
					 Fascial and smooth muscle parts of the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior rectus muscle (cut off) Lower pointer: Ciliary body (distorted)  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Interior surface of sclera Lower pointer: Lens  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Papilla optic nerve Lower pointer: Cornea (distorted)  5
						.
					 Medial rectus muscle  6
						.
					 Inferior rectus muscle  7
						.
					 Fascia of inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles which contributes to formation of suspensory ligament of eye  8
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle (cut off)  9
						.
					 Infraorbital margin  10
						.
					 Infraorbital nerve (within infraorbital canal)  11
						.
					 Maxillary sinus  12
						.
					 Levator palpebrae superioris muscle and nasociliary nerve  13
						.
					 Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery (within optic canal)  14
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  15
						.
					 Ophthalmic nerve  16
						.
					 Cavernous sinus  17
						.
					 Right pointer: Abducens nerve (VI) (cut off) Left pointer: Inferior branch oculomotor nerve (III)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pterygopalatine fossa Lower pointer: Vidian nerve (of pterygoid canal)  19
						.
					 Descending palatine artery


Dissection of left orbit from a lateral approach
										 General view of orbit, eye and optic pathway to lateral geniculate body
										The eye has been sectioned in a sagittal plane and the sheath of the optic nerve cut away. The optic nerve (7) and the opthalmic artery(10) are visible passing through the optic canal which has been opened by removal of the anterior clinoid process. The sphenoid sinus extended into this process and has been cut open inferior to the opthalmic artery. The dissection of areas in the lower part of the view is shown in detail elsewhere.

														 1
						.
					 Falx cerebri  2
						.
					 Optic chiasm  3
						.
					 Sphenoidal border  4
						.
					 Olfactory tracts  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Lower pointer: Superior rectus muscle  6
						.
					 Supraorbital margin (cut across)  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial rectus muscle Lower pointer: Optic nerve (II)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sclera (internal surface) Lower pointer: Cornea (somewhat distorted)  9
						.
					 Crystalline lens  10
						.
					 Ophthalmic artery  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior rectus muscle Lower pointer: Inferior oblique muscle (cut off)  12
						.
					 Infraorbital nerve  13
						.
					 Maxillary sinus (opened)  14
						.
					 Internal carotid artery right  15
						.
					 Third ventricle (opened)  16
						.
					 Inferior colliculus  17
						.
					 Lateral geniculate body  18
						.
					 Optic tract  19
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  20
						.
					 Internal carotid artery left  21
						.
					 Semilunar ganglion (trigeminal)  22
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI)  23
						.
					 Major superficial petrosal nerve  24
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus (opened)  25
						.
					 Sphenopalatine ganglion  26
						.
					 Upper pointer: Auditory tube (Eustachian) (opened) Lower pointer: Levator veli palatini muscle  27
						.
					 Internal maxillary artery (pterygopalatine portion, cut off)  28
						.
					 Facial nerve emerging from stylomastoid foramen


Dissection of left orbit from a lateral approach
										 Eye and sheath of optic nerve; ophthalmic artery and ciliary ganglion
										The superior rectus muscle has been cut from its origin and elevated. More of the annular tendon has been resected and the frontal and trochlear nerves have been severed. The inferior oblique muscle has been cut and turned inferiorly to show its nerve and arterial supply.

														 1
						.
					 Insertion of levator palpebrae superioris muscle: Upper pointer: Tarsalis muscle (the aponeurosis of the levator muscle to which this attaches is visible as a thin lamina just above the pointer) Lower pointer: Thick fascial layer extending from inferior surface of levator muscle to fornix of conjunctiva  2
						.
					 Tendon of superior rectus muscle  3
						.
					 Eyeball  4
						.
					 Nasofrontal vein (cut off)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nasociliary nerve Lower pointer: Ophthalmic artery  6
						.
					 Insertion of lateral rectus muscle  7
						.
					 Sheath of optic nerve  8
						.
					 Insertion of inferior oblique muscle  9
						.
					 Muscular branch of ophthalmic artery  10
						.
					 Tendon of inferior rectus muscle  11
						.
					 Inferior oblique muscle (cut and deflected inferiorly)  12
						.
					 Left pointer: Muscular branch of Oculomotor nerve Right pointer: Levator palpebrae superioris muscle  13
						.
					 Superior rectus muscle and muscular branch of oculomotor nerve (III)  14
						.
					 Left pointer: Common annular tendon Right pointer: Bony roof of optic canal (cut across)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optic nerve (II) (within cranial cavity) Lower pointer: Sheath of optic nerve (within optic canal)  16
						.
					 Oculomotor nerve (III)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Long roots of diary ganglion Lower pointer: Ophthalmic nerve (frontal and lacrimal branches cut away)  18
						.
					 Abducens nerve (VI) (cut off)  19
						.
					 Right pointer: Short branches of ciliary ganglion Left pointer: Central retinal artery (this artery enters optic sheath and is not related to muscular artery (9) which descends medial to the sheath)  20
						.
					 Maxillary nerve (foramen rotundum cut away)  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Branch of inferior division of oculomotor nerve Lower pointer: Inferior rectus muscle  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenopalatine nerves Lower pointer: Sphenopalatine artery


Dissection of left orbit from a lateral approach
										 Nerve supply to a superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles
										The muscles have been elevated. Branches of the superior division of the oculomotor nerve(16) enter the superior rectus muscle. Branches of the nerve also pass through the muscle or along its medial border to reach the inferior surface of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle(12).

														 1
						.
					 Supraorbital nerve  2
						.
					 Branches of oculomotor nerve (III) entering levator palpebrae superioris muscle  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior rectus muscle Lower pointer: Fascia extending between borders of superior and lateral rectus muscles  4
						.
					 Sheath of optic nerve  5
						.
					 Posterior ciliary arteries (long and short)  6
						.
					 Insertion of inferior oblique muscle  7
						.
					 Insertion of lateral rectus muscle  8
						.
					 Short ciliary nerves  9
						.
					 Inferior rectus muscle  10
						.
					 Branch of oculomotor nerve to inferior oblique muscle  11
						.
					 Mucoperiosteum of maxillary sinus  12
						.
					 Levator palpebrae superioris muscle  13
						.
					 Olfactory tracts  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Optic nerve (ll) Lower pointer: Sheath of optic nerve (in optic canal)  15
						.
					 Trochlear nerve (IV)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior branch oculomotor nerve (III) Lower pointer: Inferior branch oculomotor nerve (llI)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Frontal nerve Lower pointer: Lacrimal nerve (cut off)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nasociliary nerve Lower pointer: Abducens nerve (cut off)  19
						.
					 Right pointer: Common annular tendon (divided) Left pointer: Ophthalmic artery  20
						.
					 Ciliary ganglion  21
						.
					 Muscular branch of ophthalmic artery  22
						.
					 Maxillary nerve  23
						.
					 Sphenopalatine ganglion  24
						.
					 Infraorbital sulcus