Dissection of knee
										 Capsule, ligaments and arteries of right knee, anterior view
										The superficial structures and the muscles have been cut away to reveal the fibrous reinforcements of the anterior aspect of the right knee.

														 1
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  2
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  3
						.
					 Lateral patellar retinaculum  4
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia  5
						.
					 Head of fibula  6
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  7
						.
					 Body of fibula  8
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  9
						.
					 Interosseous membrane of leg  10
						.
					 Quadriceps tendon  11
						.
					 Patella  12
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of femur  13
						.
					 Patellar ligament  14
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  15
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  16
						.
					 Crural fascia  17
						.
					 Anterior border of tibia


Dissection of knee
										 Superficial vessels and nerves of left knee; patellar retinaculum;  medial view
										The tela subcutanea has been dissected to display the superficial blood vessels and nerves on the medial aspect of the knee. The great saphenous vein (9) has been divided and removed to permit better exposure of the branches of the saphenous nerve. The fascia lata (11) has been retained in the area immediately anterior to the medial intermuscular septum. Elsewhere the fascia has been cut away to expose underlying muscles and tendons that pass medial to the knee joint.

														 1
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  2
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (retracted)  3
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  4
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  5
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  6
						.
					 Position of medial epicondyle  7
						.
					 Saphenous branch of descending genicular artery  8
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  9
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  10
						.
					 Medial femoral intermuscular septum  11
						.
					 Fascia lata  12
						.
					 Saphenous branch of descending genicular artery  13
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle  14
						.
					 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve  15
						.
					 Patella  16
						.
					 Medial patellar retinaculum  17
						.
					 Patellar ligament


Dissection of knee
										 Superficial vessels and nerves of left knee; patellar retinaculum; iliotibial tract,  lateral view
										The lateral patellar retinaculum (4) and the lower part of the iliotibial tract (2) reinforce the knee joint laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Quadriceps femoris muscle (tendon of insertion)  2
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  3
						.
					 Patella  4
						.
					 Lateral patellar retinaculum  5
						.
					 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve  6
						.
					 Patellar ligament  7
						.
					 Perforating veins  8
						.
					 Crural fascia  9
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (in background)  10
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle  11
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous sural nerve  12
						.
					 Common peroneal nerve  13
						.
					 Location of head of fibula  14
						.
					 Cutaneous branches of common peroneal nerve


Dissection of knee
										 Superficial vessels and nerves of left knee, anterior view
										The specimen shown in view 185-3 is seen in this close-up photograph illustrating the superficial structures in the region of the left knee joint.

														 1
						.
					 Cutaneous branches of anterior femoral nerve  2
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  3
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  4
						.
					 Saphenous branch of descending genicular artery  5
						.
					 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve  6
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  7
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of sartorius muscle  8
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  9
						.
					 Fascia lata  10
						.
					 Patella  11
						.
					 Insertion of patellar ligament on tibial tuberosity


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Quadriceps femoris muscle (continued).
										The quadriceps tendon has been elevated to display the fascicles of the articularis genus (3) in relation to the suprapatellar bursa (5).

														 1
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle (elevated)  2
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (tendon, cut off)  3
						.
					 Articularis genus muscle  4
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle (insertion)  5
						.
					 Suprapatellar bursa (unopened)  6
						.
					 Patella  7
						.
					 Patellar ligament  8
						.
					 Body of femur  9
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  10
						.
					 Articular capsule genus (pointer indicates position of collateral ligament of tibia)


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Quadriceps femoris muscle (continued).
										The rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles have been cut away to reveal the vastus intermedius.

														 1
						.
					 Location of Intertrochanteric line  2
						.
					 Body of femur  3
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle  4
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  5
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of upper part of vastus lateralis muscle  6
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  7
						.
					 Patellar ligament  8
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  9
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  10
						.
					 Tendon of rectus femoris muscle  11
						.
					 Patella  12
						.
					 Medial epicondyle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Quadriceps femoris muscle (continued).
										The specimen has been turned to expose the posterior aspect of the quadriceps in relation to the femur. The adductor muscles and hamstrings have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  2
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  3
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (near insertion on lesser trochanter)  4
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle  5
						.
					 Medial lip of linea aspera  6
						.
					 Popliteal surface  7
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  8
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  9
						.
					 Greater trochanter  10
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  11
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  12
						.
					 Lateral lip of linea aspera  13
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  14
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (cut off close to insertion)


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Quadriceps femoris muscle (continued).
										The rectus femoris has been divided near its origin (8) and again close to the point at which its tendon fuses with the vastus muscles (5). The muscle belly has been removed to reveal the vastus intermedius.

														 1
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  2
						.
					 Gluteus minimus muscle  3
						.
					 Hip articular capsule  4
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle (retracted laterally)  5
						.
					 Rectus lemons muscle (tendon of insertion)  6
						.
					 Patella  7
						.
					 Patellar ligament  8
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (tendon of origin)  9
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  10
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  11
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  12
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle  13
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Quadriceps femoris muscle.
										The components of the right  quadriceps femoris have been separated from each other to show their relations in a specimen from which most of the other muscles of the thigh have been removed. In the following views of this sequence the major features of this muscle complex are illustrated.

														 1
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  2
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  3
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  4
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  5
						.
					 Patella  6
						.
					 Patellar ligament  7
						.
					 Femoral artery  8
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  9
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  10
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle  11
						.
					 Medial epicondyle  12
						.
					 Medial patellar retinaculum


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to Obturator externus muscle
										The obturator externus has been reflected downward from its origin.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac lymph node  2
						.
					 External iliac vein  3
						.
					 Superior ramus of pubic bone  4
						.
					 Obturator artery and vein (emerging through obturator canal)  5
						.
					 Obturator nerve  6
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  7
						.
					 Muscular branch of obturator nerve (to obturator externus muscle)  8
						.
					 Area of origin of obturator externus muscle  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator nerve Lower pointer: Obturator artery  10
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  11
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (origin)  12
						.
					 Obturator membrane  13
						.
					 Hip articular capsule  14
						.
					 Medial femoral circumflex artery  15
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle (origin)  16
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle (reflected downward)


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Obturator externus muscle
										A portion of the adductor minimus (4) has been removed from the dissection to permit full visualization of the extensive area of origin of the obturator externus from the pubis and ischium.

														 1
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (origin)  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch of obturator nerve Lower pointer: Obturator canal  3
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle (cut off)  4
						.
					 Adductor minimus muscle (two pointers indicate origin and insertion of excised part of adductor minimus)  5
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  6
						.
					 Posterior branch of obturator nerve  7
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  8
						.
					 Adductor minimus muscle  9
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle (insertion)  10
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (insertion)  11
						.
					 Femoral nerve  12
						.
					 Femoral artery  13
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  14
						.
					 Hip articular capsule  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Acetabular branch of medial circumflex femoral artery Lower pointer: Deep branch of medial circumflex femoral artery  16
						.
					 Greater trochanter  17
						.
					 Lateral femoral circumflex artery  18
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  19
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Posterior branch of obturator nerve; innervation of adductor magnus by obturator nerve
										The adductor brevis has been divided and removed to reveal the posterior branch of the obturator nerve passing into the adductor magnus. Branches of the sciatic nerve that enter the adductor magnus on its posterior aspect are visible in the dissection shown in view 184-4.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior branch of obturator nerve  2
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (cut off at origin)  3
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle (origin)  4
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle (origin)  5
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  6
						.
					 Posterior branch of obturator nerve  7
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (upper pointer indicates adductor minimus)  8
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (insertion)  9
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle (insertion)  10
						.
					 Deep femoral artery  11
						.
					 Femoral nerve  12
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  13
						.
					 Greater trochanter  14
						.
					 Lateral femoral circumflex artery  15
						.
					 Lesser trochanter (tendon of iliopsoas visible)  16
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to vastus intermedius muscle)  17
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle  18
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  19
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to adductor brevis muscle; medial femoral circumflex artery
										The pectineus and adductor longus muscles have been removed from the specimen. The anterior (3) and posterior (7) branches of the obturator nerve have been exposed as they emerge from the obturator canal to pass in front of and behind the adductor brevis. Branches of the anterior branch that supply the adductor brevis have been traced into this muscle.

														 1
						.
					 External iliac artery  2
						.
					 External iliac vein  3
						.
					 Anterior branch of obturator nerve  4
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (cut off at origin)  5
						.
					 Body of pubis (pointer indicates attachment of rectus abdominis)  6
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  7
						.
					 Left pointer: Superficial branch of medial circumflex artery (divided) Right pointer: Posterior branch of obturator nerve  8
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle  9
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (near insertion)  10
						.
					 Deep femoral artery  11
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  12
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  13
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (cut off)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial femoral circumflex artery Lower pointer: Deep branch of medial femoral circumflex artery  15
						.
					 Hip articular capsule  16
						.
					 Greater trochanter  17
						.
					 Descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery  18
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  19
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle  20
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to upper part of vastus medialis muscle)


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to left vastus medialis, anteromedial view
										The vastus medialis has been dissected to permit exposure of the branch of the femoral nerve (6) that enters the midportion of the muscle. In the following view (188-2) another nerve is visible supplying the proximal part of the muscle belly.

														 1
						.
					 Femoral artery  2
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  3
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  4
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle (cut off)  5
						.
					 Descending genicular artery (muscular branch)  6
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to vastus medialis muscle)  7
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle  8
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (cut off)


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Deep femoral artery and perforating arteries of left thigh viewed from medial side
										The specimen has been turned in such a way that the medial aspect of the upper part of the left thigh may be visualized. The adductor longus has been removed from the dissection except for a short segment of it has been removed from the dissection except for a short segment of it that has been retained close to its femoral insertion (6). By reflecting this remnant of the adductor longus the deep femoral artery has been exposed. Perforating branches (4) from the artery pass through the openings in the insertion of the adductor brevis and adductor magnus.

														 1
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  2
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  3
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle  4
						.
					 Perforating artery  5
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  6
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle (cut off near insertion)  7
						.
					 Femoral artery  8
						.
					 Tensor fascia lata muscle  9
						.
					 Deep femoral artery  10
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to vastus medialis muscle)  11
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  12
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to gracilis muscle, anterior view
										The adductor longus has been cut away. The gracilis has been turned medially and dissected to reveal branches of the obturator nerve that penetrate the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  2
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle (tendon of origin)  3
						.
					 Anterior branch of obturator nerve (to gracilis muscle)  4
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  5
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Posterior branch of obturator nerve  7
						.
					 Deep femoral artery (muscular branches)  8
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  9
						.
					 Femoral nerve  10
						.
					 Femoral artery  11
						.
					 Lateral femoral circumflex artery  12
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  13
						.
					 Deep femoral artery  14
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to adductor longus muscle, anterior view
										The adductor longus has been reflected medially and dissected to reveal branches of the obturator nerve entering the posterior aspect of the muscle belly.

														 1
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  2
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  3
						.
					 Anterior branch of obturator nerve (upper pointer, branches to gracilis muscle; lower pointer, branches to adductor longus muscle)  4
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle (reflected medially)  6
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  7
						.
					 Deep femoral artery (muscular branch)  8
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  9
						.
					 Femoral artery  10
						.
					 Femoral nerve  11
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  12
						.
					 Medial femoral circumflex artery  13
						.
					 Lateral femoral circumflex artery  14
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  15
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to lower part of sartorius; saphenous nerve; adductor canal and adductor hiatus, medial view
										The lower part of the thigh is viewed from the medial side to visualize the nerves which enter the sartorius. This muscle has been divided and reflected posteriorly.

														 1
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  2
						.
					 Muscular branch femoral nerve (to sartorius muscle)  3
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  4
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (cut off and reflected)  5
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  6
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  7
						.
					 Descending genicular artery (saphenous branch)  8
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  9
						.
					 Popliteal artery (in background)  10
						.
					 Femoral artery (within opened adductor canal)  11
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  12
						.
					 Fascia bridging across hiatus adductorius  13
						.
					 Margin of hiatus adductorius  14
						.
					 Tendon of adductor magnus muscle  15
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle  16
						.
					 Patella  17
						.
					 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to vastus lateralis muscle
										The rectus femoris (10) has been cut off close to its origin. The vastus lateralis has been dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  2
						.
					 Femoral artery  3
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to vastus intermedius)  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to vastus medialis)  5
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  6
						.
					 Femoral vein (cut off)  7
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (cut off and reflected medially)  8
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  9
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  10
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (cut off)  11
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery Lower pointer: Transverse branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery  13
						.
					 Descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery  14
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to vastus lateralis muscle)  15
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  16
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle  17
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to rectus femoris muscle
										The rectus femoris (15) has been turned laterally to display its nerve supply and the arteries from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery that enter the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  2
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Femoral artery Lower pointer: Deep femoral artery  4
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to sartorius muscle)  6
						.
					 Cutaneous branches of anterior femoral nerve  7
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to vastus medialis muscle)  8
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  9
						.
					 Femoral nerve  10
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  11
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to rectus femoris muscle)  12
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to vastus intermedius muscle)  13
						.
					 Transverse branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery  14
						.
					 Descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery  15
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (reflected and dissected)  16
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle  17
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Adductor longus and pectineus muscles
										The femoral artery and nerve have been retracted laterally to reveal the insertions of the pectineus and adductor longus. The deep femoral artery has also been partially exposed. Only the distal parts of the deep femoral veins have been preserved in the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 External iliac lymph node  2
						.
					 Peritoneum  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: External iliac vein Lower pointer: Inguinal ligament  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pectineus muscle Lower pointer: Branch of femoral nerve to pectineus  5
						.
					 Location of pubic symphysis  6
						.
					 Deep femoral artery  7
						.
					 Perforating artery  8
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  9
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  10
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (divided and partially excised)  11
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  12
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  13
						.
					 Femoral artery (retracted laterally)  14
						.
					 Medial femoral circumflex artery  15
						.
					 Femoral nerve  16
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Nerve supply to sartorius and pectineus muscles; branches of femoral artery
										The sartorius muscle has been divided close to its origin. The muscle belly has been pulled medially toward the pubis to reveal the course of branches of the femoral nerve into the upper part of the muscle. View 187-4 illustrates the nerves in the lower part of the sartorius. The nerve to the pectineus (7) passes medially behind the femoral vessels to enter the muscle. In this dissection the femoral vein and most of its branches within the femoral triangle have been resected.

														 1
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  2
						.
					 External iliac artery  3
						.
					 Femoral artery  4
						.
					 Femoral vein (cut off)  5
						.
					 Peritoneum  6
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  7
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to Pectineus muscle)  8
						.
					 Anterior branch of obturator nerve (descending in front of adductor brevis)  9
						.
					 Muscular branch femoral nerve (to sartorius muscle)  10
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (reflected; also see no. 15)  11
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  12
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to Vastus medialis muscle)  13
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  14
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to sartorius muscle)  15
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (origin)  16
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  17
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  18
						.
					 Muscular branch femoral nerve  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral femoral circumflex artery Lower pointer: Transverse branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery  20
						.
					 Descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery  21
						.
					 Deep femoral artery  22
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (reflected)  23
						.
					 Vastus intermedius muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Anterior branches of obturator nerve and vessels in relation to adductor longus
										The pectineus has been elevated and the gracilis muscle has been turned posteriorly. The anterior branches (1) of the obturator nerve, artery and vein are shown in relation to the adductor longus (3).

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch of obturator nerve Lower pointer: Anterior branch of obturator artery  2
						.
					 Adductor brevis muscle  3
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  4
						.
					 Femoral artery (pointer at upper end of adductor canal)  5
						.
					 Branch of obturator nerve to gracilis muscle  6
						.
					 Gracilis muscle (reflected medially)  7
						.
					 Cutaneous branches of anterior femoral nerve  8
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of obturator nerve  9
						.
					 Location of pubic bone (pointer on overlying reflex inguinal ligament)  10
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  11
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (elevated)  12
						.
					 Femoral vein  13
						.
					 Femoral artery  14
						.
					 Femoral nerve  15
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  16
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  17
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  18
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Interior of femoral vein, opened to illustrate valves
										The femoral vein has been opened by a longitudinal incision. The latex cast within the vessel has been cut away to expose the two paired valves (3).

														 1
						.
					 Latex cast (cut across)  2
						.
					 Commissure of valve  3
						.
					 Valve  4
						.
					 Opening of tributary into femoral vein  5
						.
					 Position of valve sinus (collapsed)


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Femoral vessels and nerve in femoral triangle; deep inguinal lymphatics, anterior view of left thigh

														 1
						.
					 Deep circumflex iliac artery  2
						.
					 Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve  3
						.
					 Iliac lymph node  4
						.
					 Inferior epigastric artery (cut off)  5
						.
					 Left pointer: Inguinal ligament Right pointer: Femoral sheath enclosing femoral canal (note lymphatic vessels entering femoral canal)  6
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  7
						.
					 Deep inguinal lymph node  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pectineus muscle Lower pointer: Anterior branch of obturator nerve  9
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  10
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve Lower pointer: Femoral nerve  12
						.
					 Superficial circumflex iliac artery  13
						.
					 Lymph duct  14
						.
					 Femoral artery and vein  15
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  16
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  17
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Femoral sheath; vascual and muscular spaces deep to inguinal ligament, viewed from below
										The structures that pass into the femoral triangle from above are shown in cross-section in this discussion. The specimen was prepared by dis-articulating the right thigh at the hip joint. The obturator externus and pectineus muscles have been completely removed. In the region immediately anterior to the acetabulum the iliopsoas muscle, femoral nerve and femoral vessels have been cut off inferior to the inguinal ligament (14). The structures lying within the spaces deep to the inguinal ligament can thus be identified. The iliopsoas muscle (3) and the femoral nerve (2) occupy the muscular space, separated by the slanting iliopectineal arch (1), from the femoral vessels (13) and femoral canal (15) located in the vascular space.

														 1
						.
					 Iliopectineal arch (iliopectineal ligament)  2
						.
					 Femoral nerve  3
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  4
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine (origin of rectus femoris muscle)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Femoral sheath (posterior lamina; note attachment of this layer to iliopubic eminence) Lower pointer: Location of iliopubic (pectineal) eminence  6
						.
					 Gluteus minimus muscle  7
						.
					 Acetabulum  8
						.
					 Acetabular margin  9
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (cut off)  10
						.
					 Aponeurosis of External oblique muscle  11
						.
					 Fascia lata (cut across and elevated)  12
						.
					 Femoral sheath (anterior lamina)  13
						.
					 Femoral artery and vein (within femoral canal)  14
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  15
						.
					 Femoral canal (cut across at its apex canal widens medially within femoral sheath as it approaches level of inguinal ligament)  16
						.
					 Round ligament of uterus (emerging through superficial inguinal ring)  17
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  18
						.
					 Location of femoral ring (obscured by medial wall of femoral sheath)  19
						.
					 Pectineal ligament (ligament of Cooper)  20
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  21
						.
					 Obturator artery and vein  22
						.
					 Obturator nerve  23
						.
					 Obturator membrane  24
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  25
						.
					 Ischium


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Femoral sheath
										Below the inguinal ligament the femoral sheath (13) has been exposed by removing the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, the cribiform fascia and part of the fascia lata which bounds the saphenous opening. The inferior part of the falciform margin of this opening has been retained (17).

														 1
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  2
						.
					 Location of femoral canal (note lymphatic vessels penetrating femoral sheath in this area) 3. Intercrural fibers  4
						.
					 Superficial inguinal ring (left pointer, medial crus; right pointer, lateral crus)  5
						.
					 Ilioinguinal nerve (cut off)  6
						.
					 Spermatic cord (external spermatic fascia removed cremasteric fascia exposed)  7
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (covered by fascia)  8
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle (covered by fascia lata)  9
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  10
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (covered by iliopsoas fascia)  11
						.
					 Cutaneous branches of anterior femoral nerve  12
						.
					 Superficial circumflex iliac artery  13
						.
					 Femoral sheath  14
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (covered by fascia lata)  15
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein (cut off)  16
						.
					 Deep inguinal lymph node  17
						.
					 Margo falciformis (inferior horn)  18
						.
					 Fascia lata


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Left femoral triangle with superficial nerves and vessels retained, anterior view
										The fascia lata has been retained in the area surrounding the saphenous opening. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes have beem cut away althrough the lymphatic vessels (7)  that drain these nodes and pass through the cribriform fascia (8) have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Transversalis fascia  2
						.
					 Inguinal ligament (slightly elevated)  3
						.
					 Iliopubic tract  4
						.
					 Inferior epigastric veins  5
						.
					 Inferior epigastric artery  6
						.
					 Round ligament of uterus  7
						.
					 Lymphatic vessel (note other lymphatic vessels in the area)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cribriform fascia Lower pointer: Greater saphenous vein (approaching ovalis fossa of fascia lata)  9
						.
					 External pudendal arteries  10
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  11
						.
					 Fascia lata  12
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  13
						.
					 Cutaneous branches of anterior femoral nerve  14
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  15
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  16
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  17
						.
					 Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve  18
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  19
						.
					 Margo falciformis hiatus sapheni  20
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Right tensor fasciae latae muscle, anterior view
										The tensor fasciae latae (6) has been divested of its aponeurotic covering to expose its insertion into the iliotibial tract (9).

														 1
						.
					 Aponeurosis of External oblique muscle  2
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  4
						.
					 Femoral nerve  5
						.
					 Aponeurosis between tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus  6
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  7
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  8
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  9
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  10
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  11
						.
					 Rectus abdominis muscle  12
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  13
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  14
						.
					 Femoral artery  15
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Muscles of right thigh, anteromedial view
										The specimen has been turned so that the view is directed toward the anteromedial aspect of the right thigh. The muscles have been spread apart.

														 1
						.
					 Location of pubic symphysis  2
						.
					 Aponeurosis External oblique muscle  3
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  4
						.
					 Femoral nerve  5
						.
					 Femoral artery  6
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pectineus muscle Lower pointer: Femoral vein  8
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  9
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  10
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  11
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  12
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle  13
						.
					 Patella  14
						.
					 Medial patellar retinaculum  15
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  16
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  17
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  18
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  19
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  20
						.
					 Iliotibial tract


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Muscles of left thigh, anterior view
										The muscles have been cleared of connective tissue and separated slightly from each other. The fascia lata has been retained over part of the femoral triangle (3). The anterior border of the iliotibial tract has been partially removed to show the underlying vastus lateralis.

														 1
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  2
						.
					 Inferior epigastric artery  3
						.
					 Fascia lata  4
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  5
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  6
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  7
						.
					 Anterior cutaneous branch of femoral nerve  8
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of obturator nerve (joining femoral nerve)  9
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  10
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle (covered by upper part of iliotibial tract)  11
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  12
						.
					 Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve  13
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  14
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  15
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  16
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle  17
						.
					 Patella


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 Superficial structures overlying left femoral triangle, anterior view
										The inguinal canal has been opened in the dissection of the anterior abdominal wall. In the thigh the tela subcutanea has been dissected and the fascia lata remains intact. The boundaries of the femoral triangle may be identified by locating the inguinal ligament (4), the rounded border of the adductor longus (8) and the sartorius muscle (12). The latter two structures are covered by fascia lata so that their contours are ill-defined.

														 1
						.
					 Iliopubic tract (deep femoral arch)  2
						.
					 Superficial inguinal lymph nodes  3
						.
					 Round ligament of uterus (lying within inguinal canal)  4
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  5
						.
					 Lymph duct (draining labium majus to inguinal lymph nodes)  6
						.
					 Labium majus (dissected)  7
						.
					 External pudendal artery  8
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle (covered by fascia lata)  9
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  10
						.
					 Accessory saphenous vein  11
						.
					 Lymph duct  12
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (faintly visible deep to fascia lata)  13
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle (covered by fascia lata)  14
						.
					 Fascia lata  15
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  16
						.
					 Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve  17
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous vein  18
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  19
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of anterior femoral nerve,


Dissection of anterior and medial aspects of thigh
										 General view of superficial vessels and nerves of left thigh; anterior muscles of right thigh
										The tela subcutanea has been dissected to expose the cutaneous nerves and superficial vessels of the left thigh. On the right side the muscles of the thigh have been exposed and cleaned. Detailed close-ups of the superficial structures are shown in views 185-4, 189-4, 189-5, 189-6.

														 1
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle (pointer indicates insertion into Iliotibial tract)  2
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  3
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  4
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  5
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  6
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  7
						.
					 Vastus medialis muscle  8
						.
					 Patella  9
						.
					 Lateral patellar retinaculum  10
						.
					 Patellar ligament  11
						.
					 Medial patellar retinaculum  12
						.
					 Superficial inguinal lymph node  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve Lower pointer: Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Greater saphenous vein Lower pointer: Accessory saphenous vein  15
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  16
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous vein  17
						.
					 Fascia lata  18
						.
					 Anterior cutaneous branch of femoral nerve  19
						.
					 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve


Dissection of iliopsoas muscle and lumbar plexus
										 Right iliopsoas muscle in relation to spine, pelvis and femur

														 1
						.
					 Medial arcuate ligament of diaphragm (medial lumbocostal arch)  2
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  3
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  4
						.
					 Ligament of vertebral body (cut in sagittal plane)  5
						.
					 Iliac crest  6
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  7
						.
					 Greater trochanter  8
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  9
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament (joined above this level by right crus of diaphragm which has been cutoff)  10
						.
					 Dura mater (lying within vertebral canal)  11
						.
					 Femoral nerve  12
						.
					 Sacral bone  13
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  14
						.
					 Piriform muscle  15
						.
					 Pubic bone  16
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle


Dissection of iliopsoas muscle and lumbar plexus
										 Nerves and blood supply to iliacus muscle

														 1
						.
					 Left common iliac vein  2
						.
					 Ovarian veins (cut off)  3
						.
					 Sigmoid colon  4
						.
					 Pelvic cavity  5
						.
					 Ovary  6
						.
					 Fundus of uterus  7
						.
					 Round ligament of uterus  8
						.
					 External iliac vein  9
						.
					 External iliac artery  10
						.
					 Genitofemoral nerve  11
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  12
						.
					 Femoral nerve (retracted laterally)  13
						.
					 Muscular branch of femoral nerve (to iliac muscle)  14
						.
					 Iliolumbar artery and vein (iliac branch)  15
						.
					 External oblique muscle (at insertion on external lip of iliac crest)  16
						.
					 Transversus abdominis muscle  17
						.
					 Internal oblique muscle (at origin from intermediate line of iliac crest)  18
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  19
						.
					 Iliac fascia (remnant)  20
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  21
						.
					 Deep circumflex iliac artery


Dissection of iliopsoas muscle and lumbar plexus
										 Lumbar plexus; nerves to psoas major
										The left psoas major has been detached from its spinal origins and turned laterally. Nerves to the psoas, as well as the major parts of the lumbar plexus, have been exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Right crus of diaphragm  2
						.
					 Right kidney  3
						.
					 Abdominal aorta (cut off)  4
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk (pointer on sympathetic trunk ganglia)  5
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. II-III  6
						.
					 Lumbar artery and vein (cut off)  7
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  8
						.
					 Quadratus lumborum muscle covered by transversalis fascia  9
						.
					 Iliohypogastric nerve (faintly visible)  10
						.
					 Ilioinguinal nerve  11
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Genitofemoral nerve  13
						.
					 Ureter  14
						.
					 Middle sacral artery  15
						.
					 Common iliac artery and vein  16
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  17
						.
					 Obturator nerve  18
						.
					 Medial arcuate ligament  19
						.
					 Diaphragm (Lateral arcuate ligament lies in area between pointers)  20
						.
					 Rib XII  21
						.
					 Subcostal nerve  22
						.
					 Muscular branch of nerve L. II  23
						.
					 Genitofemoral nerve  24
						.
					 Lumbar nerve II  25
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  26
						.
					 Lumbar nerve III  27
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  28
						.
					 Quadratus lumborum muscle  29
						.
					 Lumbar nerve IV  30
						.
					 Iliac crest  31
						.
					 Iliacus muscle


Dissection of iliopsoas muscle and lumbar plexus
										 Iliopsoas and quadratus lumborum muscles, anterior view
										The relations of the iliopsoas muscles to the lumbar vertebrae, pelvic girdle and thigh are illustrated in this dissection. In the following two views details of the lumbar plexus and of the innervation of the iliopsoas muscle have been worked out on the left side of the same specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Abdominal aorta  2
						.
					 7th costal cartilage  3
						.
					 Ren dexter  4
						.
					 Transversalis fascia  5
						.
					 Ureter  6
						.
					 Sigmoid colon  7
						.
					 Femoral nerve  8
						.
					 External iliac artery  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Uterus Lower pointer: Urinary bladder  10
						.
					 Pubic crest  11
						.
					 12th rib  12
						.
					 Subcostal nerve  13
						.
					 3rd vertebral ligament (covered by anterior longitudinal ligament)  14
						.
					 Iliohypogastric nerve  15
						.
					 Quadratus lumborum muscle  16
						.
					 Psoas major muscle (psoas minor muscle absent in this specimen)  17
						.
					 Common iliac artery  18
						.
					 Iliacus muscle  19
						.
					 Iliac crest  20
						.
					 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  21
						.
					 Deep circumflex iliac artery  22
						.
					 Greater trochanter


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Adductor minimus muscle
										The sciatic nerve has been retracted laterally and the adductor magnus has been slightly deflected medially to reveal the adductor minimus. This muscle is often fused with the adductor magnus and is usually described as a part of it.

														 1
						.
					 Trochanter tertius  2
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (reflected)  3
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  4
						.
					 Perforating artery  5
						.
					 Perforating artery  6
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  7
						.
					 Origin of biceps femoris muscle  8
						.
					 Origin of semimembranosus muscle  9
						.
					 Origin of semitendinosus muscle  10
						.
					 Medial femoral circumflex artery  11
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  12
						.
					 Adductor minimus muscle  13
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to adductor magnus muscle)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Adductor magnus muscle; nerve supply from sciatic nerve
										The biceps, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles have been resected. The branch (18) of the sciatic nerve that supplies the extensor part of the adductor magnus is shown in this dissection. The remainder of the muscle receives its innervation from the obturator nerve as illustrated in view 188-3.

														 1
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  2
						.
					 Ascending branch of medial femoral circumflex artery  3
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  4
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  5
						.
					 Greater trochanter  6
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  7
						.
					 Adductor minimus muscle  8
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to adductor magnus muscle)  9
						.
					 Perforating artery  10
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  11
						.
					 Short head of biceps femoris muscle  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Biceps femoris muscle (tendon of origin) Lower pointer: Semimembranosus muscle (origin)  13
						.
					 Medial femoral circumflex artery  14
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  15
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  16
						.
					 Perforating arteries  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Popliteal vein Lower pointer: Adductor hiatus


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Nerves supply to semimembranosus muscle and short head of biceps femoris
										The semimembranosus has been dissected to illustrate the entrance of branches of the sciatic nerve into the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  2
						.
					 Adductor minimus muscle  3
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  4
						.
					 Perforating artery  5
						.
					 Perforating artery  6
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  7
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to short head of biceps)  8
						.
					 Short head of biceps femoris  9
						.
					 Long head of biceps femoris  10
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to semimembranosus muscle)  11
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  12
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  13
						.
					 Perforating artery  14
						.
					 Popliteal artery and vein


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Semimembranosus muscle and short head of biceps femoris
										The long head of the biceps (4) has been cut off near its junction with the short head. The semitendinosus has been removed to expose the semimembranosus (9).

														 1
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  2
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle (covered by Iliotibial tract)  3
						.
					 Short head of biceps femoris muscle  4
						.
					 Long head of biceps femoris (cut off)  5
						.
					 Tibial nerve  6
						.
					 Common peroneal nerve  7
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  8
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  9
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  10
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  11
						.
					 Popliteal vein  12
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Nerve supply to semitendinosus muscle
										The long head of the biceps has been excised to expose the nerves that enter the semitendinosus. The semitendinosus has been cut across at its origin and turned slightly medially.

														 1
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  2
						.
					 Greater trochanter  3
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  4
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to semitendinosus muscle)  6
						.
					 Deep branch of medial femoral circumflex artery  7
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  8
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (near insertion)  9
						.
					 Perforating artery  10
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  11
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  12
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  13
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  14
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (reflected)  15
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Nerve supply to hamstring muscles
										The biceps and semitendinosus muscles have been detached from their origins on the ischial tuberosity to permit them to be dissected. Branches of the tibial nerve and of the medial circumflex femoral artery enter the proximal parts of the muscle bellies.

														 1
						.
					 Tendons of origin of biceps femoris and semitendinosus (detached)  2
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  3
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (origin)  4
						.
					 Ascending branch of medial femoral circumflex artery  5
						.
					 Greater trochanter  6
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  7
						.
					 Adductor minimus muscle  8
						.
					 Perforating artery  9
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  10
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (insertion)  11
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  12
						.
					 Short head of biceps femoris muscle  13
						.
					 Medial femoral circumflex artery (deep branch)  14
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to semitendinosus muscle)  15
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to long head of biceps femoris)  16
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to semimembranosus muscle)  17
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  18
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  19
						.
					 Long head of biceps femoris  20
						.
					 Sciatic nerve


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Biceps femoris muscle
										The long head of the biceps (8) has been detached from its origin and has been rotated medially to expose the nerve and blood vessels that enter the belly of the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Greater trochanter  2
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  3
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (cut across near insertion)  4
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  5
						.
					 Perforating artery  6
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  7
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (branch of common peroneal nerve to short head of biceps femoris)  8
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (upper pointer, long head; lower pointer, short head)  9
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle (covered by iliotibial tract)  10
						.
					 Common peroneal nerve  11
						.
					 Tibial nerve  12
						.
					 Popliteal fossa  13
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  14
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  15
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to long head of biceps femoris)  16
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  17
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (retracted)  18
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  19
						.
					 Popliteal artery  20
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (passing across medial epicondyle of femur)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Deep relations of sciatic nerve in popliteal fossa
										The popliteal fossa is shown in view 183-1 with its contents exposed in their normal relations. In the present stage of the dissection the hamstring muscles have been widely separated, the gastrocnemius has been dissected, and the tibial nerve has been retracted laterally to reveal the course of the popliteal artery and vein. Lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels are preserved within the fossa.

														 1
						.
					 Iliotibial tract (covering vastus lateralis muscle)  2
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle  3
						.
					 Common peroneal nerve  4
						.
					 Tibial nerve (retracted laterally)  5
						.
					 Popliteal artery (upper pointer indicates muscular branch)  6
						.
					 Popliteal vein  7
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous sural nerve  8
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial cutaneous sural nerve Lower pointer: Lesser saphenous vein  10
						.
					 Perforating artery  11
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to semimembranosus muscle)  12
						.
					 Adductor hiatus  13
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  14
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  15
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (retracted medially)  16
						.
					 Popliteal lymph node  17
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  18
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve  19
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  20
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  21
						.
					 Sural artery and vein


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Relations of sciatic nerve in upper part of thigh (continued)
										The sciatic nerve has been exposed from the greater sciatic foramen downward into the thigh. The relations of the nerve to the ischial tuberosity (19) and greater trochanter (6) are shown. Several arteries (1, 2, 7, 14, 21) ramify within the area of the dissection. These vessels, together with branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (not shown) form the cruciate anastomosis.

														 1
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  2
						.
					 Artery supplying sciatic nerve  3
						.
					 Piriform muscle  4
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  5
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  6
						.
					 Greater trochanter  7
						.
					 Medial femoral circumflex artery (ascending branch)  8
						.
					 Fascia lata (between gluteus maximus muscle and tensor fasciae latae muscle)  9
						.
					 Trochanteric bursa of gluteus maximus  10
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (reflected)  11
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  12
						.
					 Adductor minimus muscle  13
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  14
						.
					 Perforating arteries  15
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  16
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  17
						.
					 Short head of biceps femoris muscle  18
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  19
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  20
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to hamstring muscles)  21
						.
					 Medial femoral circumflex artery (deep branch)  22
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  23
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  24
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  25
						.
					 Long head of biceps femoris


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Relations of sciatic nerve in upper part of thigh
										The long head of the biceps has been displaced medially to reveal the passage of the sciatic nerve deep to this muscle. The fascial layer (5) that extends inward between the two heads of the biceps is continuous above the fascia deep to the gluteus maximus. The lateral intermuscular septum (4) extends upward to blend with the tendon of insertion of the gluteus maximus.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (cut off)  2
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (reflected)  3
						.
					 Branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  4
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  5
						.
					 Fascial layer between long and short heads of biceps femoris  6
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  7
						.
					 Perforating artery  8
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle (covered by iliotibial tract)  9
						.
					 Muscular branch of sciatic nerve (to short head of biceps)  10
						.
					 Short head of biceps femoris muscle  11
						.
					 Perineal branch of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Ischiopubic ramus  13
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  14
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  15
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (Semimembranosus muscle not visible)  16
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (long head)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Course of sciatic nerve in thigh, general view
										The hamstring muscles (biceps, semitendinosus and semimembranosus) have been pulled aside to reveal the sciatic nerve in situ.

														 1
						.
					 Greater trochanter  2
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (cut off)  3
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (cut off)  4
						.
					 Fascial septum  5
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  6
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle  7
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle (covered by iliotibial tract)  8
						.
					 Tibial nerve  9
						.
					 Popliteal fossa  10
						.
					 Common peroneal nerve  11
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  12
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  13
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  14
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  15
						.
					 Popliteal vein  16
						.
					 Popliteal artery  17
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (heads of origin separated)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Popliteal fossa, close-up view
										The lower part of the dissection illustrated in view 182-6 is shown in this photograph. Adipose tissue has been removed from the popliteal fossa. The hamstring muscles (3, 8, 9) have been separated from each other to expose the sciatic nerve passing into the fossa from above. Reference should be made to view 182-5 for the superficial dissection of this area and to views 183-5 and 190-2 for deeper dissections.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (nerve extends downward to skin at lower margin of dissection but has been partially omitted from drawing for clarity)  2
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  3
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle  4
						.
					 Tibial nerve  5
						.
					 Common peroneal nerve  6
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  7
						.
					 Crural fascia  8
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  9
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  10
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  11
						.
					 Popliteal fossa  12
						.
					 Popliteal lymph node  13
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  14
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  15
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  16
						.
					 Saphenous nerve


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Posterior muscles of upper part of thigh, close-up view
										The specimen shown in the preceding photograph is illustrated here in a close-up view of the upper thigh.

														 1
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  2
						.
					 Position of greater trochanter  3
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  4
						.
					 Inferior cluneal nerve  5
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (note cutaneous branches passing medially that penetrated fascia lata to reach skin)  6
						.
					 Fascial layer between long and short heads of biceps femoris (not lateral intermuscular septum)  7
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  8
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (upper pointer, long head; lower pointer, short head)  9
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa  10
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm  11
						.
					 Perineal branch of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  13
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  14
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  15
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Posterior muscles of thigh
										The fascia lata has been removed and the underlying muscles have been cleaned of connective tissue and slightly separated from each other.

														 1
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  2
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  3
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  4
						.
					 Long head of biceps femoris muscle  5
						.
					 Short head of biceps femoris muscle  6
						.
					 Tibial nerve  7
						.
					 Common peroneal nerve  8
						.
					 Lesser saphenous.vein  9
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  10
						.
					 Perineal branch of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  11
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  12
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  13
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  14
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  15
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  16
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  17
						.
					 muscle gastrocnemius


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Superficial vessels and nerves of popliteal region
										This close-up view of the lower area of dissection shown in 182-3 illustrates details of the superficial structures of the popliteal region.

														 1
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  2
						.
					 Branch of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  3
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (tendon visible through fascia lata)  4
						.
					 Popliteal fossa (covered by fascia)  5
						.
					 Fascia lata  6
						.
					 Accessory saphenous vein  7
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (tendon visible through fascia)  8
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Superficial vessels and nerves of mid-thigh, posterior view
										This photograph is a close-up view of the specimen which was shown in the previous view. Details of the branching of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and of the distribution of branches of other nerves that reach the posterior aspect of the thigh are visible.

														 1
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (covered by fascia lata)  2
						.
					 Branch of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve  3
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  4
						.
					 Iliotibial tract (overlying vastus lateralis muscle)  5
						.
					 Branch of perforating artery accompanied by perforating vein  6
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (covered by fascia lata)  7
						.
					 Branch of obturator nerve  8
						.
					 Accessory saphenous vein


Dissection of posterior aspect of left thigh
										 Superficial vessels; fascia lata; posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
										The tela subcutanea has been dissected to expose the cutaneous blood vessels and nerves of the posterior aspect of the thigh. For other views of the superficial structures of the hip and thigh reference should be made to views 179-5, 182-4, and 182-5.

														 1
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (covered by fascia)  2
						.
					 Inferior cluneal nerve  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Fascia lata Lower pointer: Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (exposed by opening fascia lata)  4
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  5
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (tendon visible through fascia)  6
						.
					 Popliteal fossa  7
						.
					 Accessory saphenous vein  8
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Interior of left hip joint, lateral view
										The articular capsule has been widely opened. The femur has been partially dislocated from the acetabulum and adducted so that the shaft of the bone lies against the pubic symphysis.

														 1
						.
					 Body of ilium  2
						.
					 Line of reflection of synovial membrane at margin of joint cavity  3
						.
					 Acetabular margin  4
						.
					 Synovial membrane covering fat pad within acetabular fossa  5
						.
					 Ligament of femoral head (pointer near attachment of ligament to fovea of head of femur)  6
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (tendon of origin)  7
						.
					 Femoral nerve  8
						.
					 Iliofemoral ligament (cut across)  9
						.
					 Acetabular lunate surface  10
						.
					 Articular capsule (cut through)  11
						.
					 Head of femur  12
						.
					 Body of femur (in background)  13
						.
					 Articular branch of sciatic nerve  14
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  15
						.
					 Articular capsule (ischiofemoral ligament)  16
						.
					 Body of ischium  17
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  18
						.
					 Ischial ramus  19
						.
					 Piriform muscle (tendon near insertion on greater trochanter)  20
						.
					 Neck of femur (covered by synovial membrane)  21
						.
					 Articular capsule (reflected to display zona orbicularis)


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Interior of left hip joint, viewed from below
										A large window has been cut through the inferior part of the hip joint capsule. The transverse acetabular ligament has been partially cut away to expose the ligament of the head of the femur.

														 1
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Iliopectineal bursa  3
						.
					 Iliopectineal arch  4
						.
					 Iliopectineal arch  5
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Articular space Lower pointer: Acetabular margin  7
						.
					 Obturator nerve (emerging through obturator canal)  8
						.
					 Acetabular branch of obturator artery  9
						.
					 Acetabular notch  10
						.
					 Ligament of femoral head  11
						.
					 Transverse acetabular ligament (divided to expose ligament of femoral head)  12
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (origin)  13
						.
					 Articular capsule (pointer on iliofemoral ligament)  14
						.
					 Zona orbicularis  15
						.
					 Articular capsule (retracted pointer on zona orbicularis)  16
						.
					 Neck of femur (covered by synovial membrane)  17
						.
					 Ischiofemoral ligament  18
						.
					 Head of femur  19
						.
					 Fovea of head of femur  20
						.
					 Body of ischium


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Capsule and ligament of left hip joint, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Sciatic nerve (reflected)  2
						.
					 Piriform muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (tendon of insertion)  4
						.
					 Greater trochanter  5
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle (tendon of insertion)  6
						.
					 Quadrate tubercle  7
						.
					 Intertrochanteric crest  8
						.
					 Trochanter tertius  9
						.
					 Subtendinous bursa of obturator internus muscle  10
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (tendon, cut off)  11
						.
					 Articular branch of sciatic nerve  12
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  13
						.
					 Ischiofemoral ligament  14
						.
					 Flip articular capsule  15
						.
					 Neck of femur  16
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  17
						.
					 Body of femur


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Capsule and ligaments of left hip joint, viewed from below
										The femur has been abducted approximately 30

														 1
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Femoral nerve  3
						.
					 Left pointer: Femoral sheath Right pointer: Femoral artery  4
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  5
						.
					 Spermatic cord  6
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (cut off)  7
						.
					 Body of pubis  8
						.
					 Obturator canal (note obturator nerve and artery emerging)  9
						.
					 Acetabular branch of obturator artery  10
						.
					 Obturator membrane  11
						.
					 Urogenital diaphragm  12
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle (straight head)  13
						.
					 Iliopectineal bursa  14
						.
					 Iliofemoral ligament  15
						.
					 Hip articular capsule (part of capsule not well reinforced by ligaments)  16
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  17
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of obturator externus muscle  18
						.
					 Pubofemoral ligament  19
						.
					 Ischiofemoral ligament  20
						.
					 Left pointer: Acetabular notch Right pointer: Transverse acetabular ligament  21
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  22
						.
					 Ischial ramus


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Capsule and ligaments of left hip joint, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Left pointer: Femoral artery Right pointer: Femoral nerve  3
						.
					 Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle  4
						.
					 Left pointer: Superficial inguinal ring Right pointer: Inguinal ligament  5
						.
					 Spermatic cord  6
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  7
						.
					 Obturator membrane (Obturator internus muscle visible through membrane)  8
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus (pointer indicates area of origin of pectineus muscle)  9
						.
					 Ischial ramus  10
						.
					 Pubofemoral ligament  11
						.
					 Iliopectineal bursa  12
						.
					 Tendon of origin of rectus femoris muscle  13
						.
					 Hip articular capsule (pointer on iliofemoral ligament)  14
						.
					 Greater trochanter  15
						.
					 Intertrochanteric line  16
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  17
						.
					 Body of femur


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Piriformis and obturator muscles, posterior view of right side
										This dissection has been photographed to illustrate the relations of the piriformis and the obturator internus and externus muscles to the capsule of the hip joint and to the bony pelvis and femur.

														 1
						.
					 Median sacral crest  2
						.
					 Sacral horn  3
						.
					 Coccygeal horn  4
						.
					 Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament  5
						.
					 Coccyx bone  6
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament (cut off)  7
						.
					 Sacrospinous ligament  8
						.
					 Nerve to obturator internus muscle  9
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  10
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  11
						.
					 Body of pubis  12
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle (cut off)  13
						.
					 Hip articular capsule  14
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (tendon of insertion)  15
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  16
						.
					 Infrapiriform foramen  17
						.
					 Piriform muscle  18
						.
					 Ilium  19
						.
					 Tubercle of iliac crest  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tendon of obturator internus muscle Lower pointer: Inferior gemellus muscle (note absence of a superior gemellus muscle)  21
						.
					 Greater trochanter  22
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of obturator externus muscle  23
						.
					 Quadrate tubercle  24
						.
					 Neck of femur  25
						.
					 Trochanter tertius


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Intrapelvic portions of obturator internus and piriformis muscles, medial view
										The pelvic contents have been removed and the sacral plexus on the right side has been cut away to expose the piriformis muscle. The nerves to the piriformis (19), derived from the first and second sacral nerves, have been preserved. The obturator internus (10) has also been dissected with its nerve supply. The insertions of both muscles are visible in the dissections illustrated in views 180-4 and 181-4.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral sacral artery (branch of Iliolumbar artery)  2
						.
					 Lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery  3
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior gluteal artery Lower pointer: Body of ilium  5
						.
					 Iliolumbar artery (iliac branch)  6
						.
					 Obturator nerve  7
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator artery (entering obturator canal) Lower pointer: Pubic branch of obturator artery  9
						.
					 Body of pubis  10
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  11
						.
					 Ischium  12
						.
					 Superior gluteal vein  13
						.
					 S1 nerve (emerging from posterior sacral foramen)  14
						.
					 Ramus communicans  15
						.
					 Sacral nerve II  16
						.
					 Sacral bone (body cut through to expose sacral canal)  17
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  18
						.
					 Sacral bone  19
						.
					 Nerve to piriform muscle  20
						.
					 Piriform muscle  21
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  22
						.
					 Greater sciatic foramen (piriform muscle passing through)  23
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle  24
						.
					 Coccyx bone  25
						.
					 Ischial spine  26
						.
					 Nerve to Obturator internus muscle


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Quadratus femoris and obturator externus muscles, viewed from below
										The specimen has been turned so that the obturator externus (17) and the insertion of the iliopsoas (19) are visible in relation to the quadratus femoris (5).

														 1
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  2
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut off)  3
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  4
						.
					 Inferior gemellus muscle  5
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  6
						.
					 Greater trochanter  7
						.
					 Quadrate tubercle  8
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  9
						.
					 Perforating artery  10
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  11
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  12
						.
					 Vestibule of vagina  13
						.
					 Crus of clitoris  14
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  15
						.
					 Area of origin of adductor muscles  16
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  17
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  18
						.
					 Femoral artery (in background)  19
						.
					 Iliopsoas muscle (near insertion on lesser trochanter)  20
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  21
						.
					 Deep femoral artery


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Obturator internus and quadratus femoris muscles, posterior view
										The piriformis and the gluteal muscles have been cut away. The sciatic nerve has been cut off close to the greater sciatic foramen.

														 1
						.
					 Origin of gluteus medius muscle  2
						.
					 Piriform muscle  3
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  4
						.
					 Body of ischium  5
						.
					 Greater trochanter  6
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  7
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  8
						.
					 Gemelli muscles  9
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  10
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  11
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  12
						.
					 Anus  13
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  14
						.
					 Sacral bone  15
						.
					 Dorsal branch of S. II  16
						.
					 Dorsal foramen S. III  17
						.
					 Coccyx bone  18
						.
					 Anococcygeal nerve  19
						.
					 Levator ani muscle


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Relation of gluteus minimus to capsule of hip joint; nerve to hip joint
										The gluteus minimus has been reflected downward to reveal the capsule of the hip joint. A branch of the superior gluteal nerve to the capsule is stretched around the retracted muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Area of origin of Gluteus maximus muscle  2
						.
					 Area of origin of Gluteus medius muscle  3
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery  4
						.
					 Location of Anterior gluteal line  5
						.
					 Area of origin of Gluteus minimus muscle  6
						.
					 Acetabular margin (visible through capsule of hip joint)  7
						.
					 Reflected head of origin of Rectus femoris muscle  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Branch of Superior gluteal nerve to hip joint capsule Lower pointer: Hip articular capsule  9
						.
					 Gluteus minimus muscle (reflected)  10
						.
					 Iliotibial tract (covering tensor fasciae latae muscle)  11
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  12
						.
					 Margin of Greater sciatic foramen  13
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  14
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  15
						.
					 Piriform muscle (divided)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator internus muscle Lower pointer: Sciatic nerve  17
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  18
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (origin of long head)  19
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  20
						.
					 Nerve to tensor fasciae latae muscle (cut off)


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Nerve to quadratus femoris muscle
										Branches of the sacral plexus have been elevated in order to demonstrate the nerve to the quadratus femoris (4) in its course across the posterior surface of the ischium deep to the gemelli and obturator internus muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  2
						.
					 Sacral plexus (elevated)  3
						.
					 Parietal pelvic fascia  4
						.
					 Nerve to Quadratus femoris muscle  5
						.
					 Body of ischium  6
						.
					 Gluteus minimus muscle  7
						.
					 Sciatic nerve (elevated)  8
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut off close to insertion)  9
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  10
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  11
						.
					 Location of quadrate tubercle of femur  12
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle  13
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  14
						.
					 Sacrospinous ligament  15
						.
					 Nerve to obturator internus  16
						.
					 Inferior rectal artery  17
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament (cut and reflected medially)  18
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  19
						.
					 Pudendal nerve  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pudendal canal Lower pointer: Lunate fascia (reflected to open pudendal canal)  21
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa (anterior recess)  22
						.
					 Deep transverse perineal muscle  23
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  24
						.
					 Artery supplying sciatic nerve


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Contents of greater sciatic foramen
										The tendon of the piriformis (9) has been divided near its insertion to allow the muscle (1) to be reflected upward. The sacrotuberous ligament (24) has also been divided and its upper part reflected medially. The sacral plexus is partially exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Piriform muscle  2
						.
					 Sacral plexus  3
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery and vein  4
						.
					 Right pointer: Inferior gluteal nerve Left pointer: Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  5
						.
					 Superior gluteal nerve  6
						.
					 Gluteus minimus muscle  7
						.
					 Body of ischium (covered by periosteum)  8
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  9
						.
					 Piriform muscle (tendon of insertion, cut off)  10
						.
					 Greater trochanter (covered by tendon of Gluteus medius muscle)  11
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (tendon of insertion)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator externus muscle Lower pointer: Medial femoral circumflex artery  13
						.
					 Sacral bone  14
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  15
						.
					 Inferior cluneal nerve (medial)  16
						.
					 Internal pudendal vein (cut off)  17
						.
					 Lymph node  18
						.
					 Perforating cutaneous nerve  19
						.
					 Nerve to obturator internus  20
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerve  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sacrospinal ligament Lower pointer: Pudendal nerve (slightly elevated)  22
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery and vein  23
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  24
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament (divided and retracted)  25
						.
					 Deep transverse perineal muscle  26
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  27
						.
					 Gemelli muscles  28
						.
					 Artery supplying sciatic nerve  29
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Nerve supply to gluteus minimus
										The gluteus maximus (9) and gluteus medius (7) muscles have been cut off close to their insertions.

														 1
						.
					 Area of origin of Gluteus maximus muscle  2
						.
					 Area of origin of Gluteus medius muscle  3
						.
					 Iliac crest  4
						.
					 Superior gluteal nerve (to gluteus minimus and tensor fasciae latae)  5
						.
					 Gluteus minimus muscle  6
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle  7
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle (insertion)  8
						.
					 Greater trochanter  9
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (cut off near insertion)  10
						.
					 Superior gluteal vein  11
						.
					 Piriform muscle (emerging through Greater sciatic foramen)  12
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  13
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  14
						.
					 Gemelli muscles  15
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  16
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  17
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  18
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  19
						.
					 Quadratus femoris muscle


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Gluteus minimus muscle; superior gluteal vessels and nerve
										Detachment of the gluteus medius from its origin above the anterior gluteal line (7) has permitted it to be reflected downward. Connective tissue has been removed from the underlying muscle, vessels and nerves.

														 1
						.
					 Gluteus minimus muscle  2
						.
					 Tubercle of iliac crest  3
						.
					 Nerve to tensor fasciae latae muscle (nerve passes through gluteus minimus)  4
						.
					 Aponeurosis (fascia lata) enclosing tensor fasciae latae muscle  5
						.
					 Trochanteric bursa of gluteus maximus  6
						.
					 Area of origin of Gluteus medius muscle  7
						.
					 Location of anterior gluteal line  8
						.
					 Location of posterior gluteal line  9
						.
					 Area of iliac origin of gluteus maximus muscle  10
						.
					 Sacral bone  11
						.
					 Posterior sacroiliac ligament  12
						.
					 Superficial branch of superior gluteal artery  13
						.
					 Superior gluteal nerve  14
						.
					 Deep branch of superior gluteal artery (upper pointer, inferior branch; lower pointer, superior branch)  15
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle (reflected downward)


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Gluteus medius and piriformis muscles; sciatic nerve, left posterolateral view
										The aponeurosis covering the anterior part of the gluteus medius has been reflected anteriorly. The gluteus maximus has been cut off close to its origins to demonstrate the underlying bony landmarks and ligaments in relation to the remaining muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac crest  2
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  3
						.
					 Aponeurosis overlying gluteus medius (reflected)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator internus muscle (tendon) Lower pointer: Quadratus femoris muscle  5
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (reflected)  6
						.
					 Trochanteric bursa of gluteus maximus  7
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  8
						.
					 Area of origin of Gluteus maximus muscle on ilium  9
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  10
						.
					 Median sacral crest  11
						.
					 Dorsal sacroiliac ligament  12
						.
					 Superficial branch of superior gluteal artery  13
						.
					 Medial cluneal nerve  14
						.
					 Coccyx bone  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior gluteal artery Lower pointer: Inferior gluteal nerve  16
						.
					 Piriform muscle  17
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  18
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Close-up view of nerves and blood vessels of gluteus maximus muscle
										The fascia deep to the gluteus maximus has been dissected to expose the inferior gluteal nerve (7) and the branches of the superior and inferior gluteal vessels (2, 8) that supply the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac crest  2
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery and vein  3
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  4
						.
					 Piriform muscle  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sciatic nerve Lower pointer: Artery supplying sciatic nerve  6
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (divided and reflected)  7
						.
					 Inferior gluteal nerve  8
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  9
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  10
						.
					 Inferior gluteal vein  11
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  12
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  13
						.
					 Inferior gemellus muscle  14
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Deep relations of gluteus maximus, left posterolateral view
										The gluteus maximus has been divided transversely across its midportion and the ends of the muscle have been reflected medially and laterally. The medial part of the lamina of fascia lata underlying the muscle has been removed. The gluteus medius and piriformis muscles have been exposed together with the sciatic nerve and branches of the gluteal vessels and nerves. The medial area of this dissection is shown in detail in the following view.

														 1
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery (accompanied by superior gluteal vein)  2
						.
					 Quadratus lumborum muscle  3
						.
					 Iliac crest  4
						.
					 Gluteus medius (partially covered by fascia lata)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior gluteal nerve Lower pointer: piriform muscle  6
						.
					 Fascia lata (deep to gluteus maximus)  7
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (divided and reflected)  8
						.
					 Location of greater trochanter  9
						.
					 Inferior cluneal nerve (cut off)  10
						.
					 Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  11
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  12
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle  13
						.
					 Vertebral spinous process of L. IV  14
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  15
						.
					 Artery supplying sciatic nerve  16
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  17
						.
					 Perineal branch of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Gluteus maximus in relation to lumbosacral spine, posterior view
										The erector spinae muscle of the left side has been removed to reveal the lower lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum and the posterior part of the ilium, together with ligaments associated with these bones. The gluteal muscles have been retained.

														 1
						.
					 Sacral bone  2
						.
					 Iliolumbar ligament  3
						.
					 Superior cluneal nerve  4
						.
					 Iliac crest  5
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  6
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  7
						.
					 Greater trochanter (covered by aponeurosis of gluteus maximus)  8
						.
					 Inferior cluneal nerve  9
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  10
						.
					 Inferior rectal artery  11
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  12
						.
					 Vertebral spinous process of L. V  13
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia  14
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine (covered by fibrous tissue)  15
						.
					 Medial cluneal nerve  16
						.
					 Sacral horn  17
						.
					 Coccyx bone  18
						.
					 Adipose body of ischiorectal fossa


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Superficial vessels and nerves of gluteal region
										The tela subcutanea has been dissected to expose the numerous small arteries and veins that perforate the fascia lata to ramify superficially over the buttock. The superior (1) and inferior (4) clunial nerves have been dissected. The more laterally placed inferior clunial nerves (4, lower pointer) are derived from the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, whereas those emerging more medially arise from the perforating cutaneous nerve (S2, S3). Middle clunial nerves are not clearly shown in this preparation but are demonstrated in the following view.

														 1
						.
					 Superior cluneal nerve  2
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  3
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle (covered with fascia lata)  4
						.
					 Inferior cluneal nerve  5
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  6
						.
					 Erector spinae muscle  7
						.
					 Sacral bone  8
						.
					 Dura mater (exposed within sacral canal)  9
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anococcygeal nerve, Lower pointer: Coccyx bone (terminal part)  11
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 Insertion of gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae into iliotibial tract, right lateral view
										In this dissection the fascia covering the gluteus maximus and that over the tensor fasciae latae has been cut away to illustrate the manner in which these two muscles converge toward their insertions into the iliotibial tract (4) of the fascia lata. Fascia lata has been removed elsewhere from the thigh.

														 1
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle (covered by fascia lata)  2
						.
					 Fascia lata  3
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  4
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  5
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle  6
						.
					 Iliac crest  7
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  8
						.
					 Tensor fasciae latae muscle (exposed by removing fascia lata)  9
						.
					 Rectus femoris muscle  10
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle


Exploration of gluteal region and hip
										 General view of gluteal muscles
										The fascia covering the gluteus maximus muscles has been resected, together with the superficial vessels and nerves of the buttocks. The adipose tissue within the left ischiorectal fossa has been dissected away. The posterior part of the fascia lata has been cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia (overlying erector spinae muscle)  2
						.
					 Lumbar triangle  3
						.
					 External oblique muscle  4
						.
					 Iliac crest (covered by fascia and periosteum)  5
						.
					 Sacral bone (covered by connective tissue)  6
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Coccyx bone Lower pointer: Ischiorectal fossa  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Adipose body of ischiorectal fossa Lower pointer: Anus  9
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  10
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  11
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  12
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  13
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle  14
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle  15
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  16
						.
					 Gracilis muscle


Radiography
										 Angiogram, right lower limb of newborn infant
										The arteries have been filled with thoratrast.

														 1
						.
					 Femoral artery  2
						.
					 Femur (diaphysis)  3
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular artery  4
						.
					 Femur (epiphysis)  5
						.
					 Medial genicular artery (branch of lateral superior genicular artery)  6
						.
					 Lateral inferior genicular artery  7
						.
					 Tibia (epiphysis)  8
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  9
						.
					 Tibia (diaphysis)  10
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  11
						.
					 Anterior lateral malleolar artery  12
						.
					 Lateral tarsal artery  13
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  14
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  15
						.
					 Deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis artery  16
						.
					 Dorsal metatarsal artery (two other dorsal metatarsal arteries lie laterally)  17
						.
					 Proximal phalanx  18
						.
					 Popliteal artery  19
						.
					 Sural artery  20
						.
					 Fibula  21
						.
					 Peroneal artery  22
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  23
						.
					 Talus  24
						.
					 Ramus calcaneus branch of the posterior tibial artery  25
						.
					 Calcaneus  26
						.
					 Medial plantar artery  27
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  28
						.
					 Arcus plantaris  29
						.
					 Plantar metatarsal artery (additional plantar metatarsal arteries parallel the labeled vessel)


Radiography
										 Left foot, oblique dorsoplantar view
										The direction of view is such that the transverse tarsal joint and the bones and joints distal to it are visualized with a minimum of overlapping shadows. This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Grant Melvin Stevens.

														 1
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  2
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  3
						.
					 Tarsometatarsal articulation  4
						.
					 Cuboid bone  5
						.
					 Transverse tarsal articulation  6
						.
					 Calcaneus  7
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  8
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  9
						.
					 Interphalangeal articulation  10
						.
					 1st metatarsophalangeal articulations  11
						.
					 Sesamoid bone  12
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  13
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  14
						.
					 Intermediate cuneiform bone  15
						.
					 Navicular bone  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Head of talus Lower pointer: Neck of talus  17
						.
					 Tibia


Radiography
										 Right foot, dorsoplantar view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Proximal phalanx  2
						.
					 Epiphysial line  3
						.
					 Sesamoid bone  4
						.
					 metatarsal bone  5
						.
					 Epiphysial line  6
						.
					 Tarsometatarsal articulation I  7
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  8
						.
					 Intertarsal articulations  9
						.
					 Cuneonavicular articulation  10
						.
					 Navicular bone  11
						.
					 Head of talus  12
						.
					 Medial malleolus  13
						.
					 Interphalangeal articulations  14
						.
					 Epiphysial line (note distal location of epiphysial lines in four lateral metatarsals)  15
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  16
						.
					 Cuboid bone  17
						.
					 Transverse tarsal articulation  18
						.
					 Lateral malleolus


Radiography
										 Left foot, lateromedial view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Grant Melvin Stevens.

														 1
						.
					 Tibia  2
						.
					 Talocrural articulation  3
						.
					 Neck of talus  4
						.
					 Head of talus  5
						.
					 Transverse tarsal articulation (indicated by two arrows)  6
						.
					 Navicular bone  7
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  8
						.
					 Fibula  9
						.
					 Subtalar articulation  10
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tarsal sinus Lower pointer: Talocalcaneonavicular joint  12
						.
					 Cuboid bone  13
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone


Radiography
										 Mortise of left ankle joint, posteroanterior view
										The foot has been positioned so that the talus is seen in profile within the talocrural joint. The tarsal bones and intertarsal joints are more clearly visible in the following radiographs. This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Fibula  2
						.
					 Fibular notch  3
						.
					 Superior trochlear surface of talus  4
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  5
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  6
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus  7
						.
					 Cuboid bone  8
						.
					 Tibia  9
						.
					 Epiphysial line  10
						.
					 Talocrural articular space  11
						.
					 Medial malleolus  12
						.
					 Head of talus  13
						.
					 Navicular bone  14
						.
					 Intermediate cuneiform bone  15
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  16
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone


Radiography
										 Left knee, posteroanterior view illustrating intercondylar fossa
										The knee is slightly flexed so that the femur inclines posteriorly. This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin Grant Stevens.

														 1
						.
					 Body of femur  2
						.
					 Patella (in background)  3
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of femur  4
						.
					 Lateral border of intercondylar fossa  5
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur  6
						.
					 Knee articular space  7
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia  8
						.
					 Fibula  9
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of femur  10
						.
					 Intercondylar eminence (upper pointer, lateral intercondylar tubercle; lower pointer, medial intercondylar tubercle)  11
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  12
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  13
						.
					 Epiphysial line  14
						.
					 Body of tibia


Radiography
										 Right knee, mediolateral view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Grant Melvin Stevens.

														 1
						.
					 Body of femur  2
						.
					 Patella  3
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  4
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  5
						.
					 Popliteal surface  6
						.
					 Intercondylar fossa  7
						.
					 Lateral condyle femoris (in background)  8
						.
					 Medial condyle femoris (in foreground)  9
						.
					 Epiphysial line  10
						.
					 Tibiofibular articular space  11
						.
					 Head of fibula  12
						.
					 Body of fibula


Radiography
										 Right knee of 16-year-old male, anteroposterior view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Grant Melvin Stevens.

														 1
						.
					 Body of femur  2
						.
					 Patella  3
						.
					 Epiphysial line  4
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur  5
						.
					 Articular space  6
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia  7
						.
					 Head of fibula  8
						.
					 Epiphysial line  9
						.
					 Body of fibula  10
						.
					 Intercondylar eminence (left pointer, lateral intercondylar tubercle; right pointer, medial intercondylar tubercle)  11
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  12
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  13
						.
					 Epiphysial line  14
						.
					 Body of tibia


Radiography
										 Right hip, anteroposterior view
										This film of the right hip joint of a young man was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Melvin J. Figley.

														 1
						.
					 Body of ilium  2
						.
					 Posterior margin of acetabulum  3
						.
					 Neck of femur  4
						.
					 Trochanteric fossa  5
						.
					 Greater trochanter  6
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  7
						.
					 Body of femur  8
						.
					 Acetabulurn  9
						.
					 Anterior margin of acetabulum (not as clearly defined as posterior margin)  10
						.
					 Fovea of head of femur  11
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  12
						.
					 Obturator foramen  13
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity


Osteology
										 Articulated bones of left foot, medial aspect

														 1
						.
					 Calcaneus  2
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  3
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali  4
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  5
						.
					 Tuberosity of cuboid bone  6
						.
					 Groove or peroneus longus tendon  7
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  8
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  9
						.
					 Trochlea of talus (pointer indicates Superior surface)  10
						.
					 Surface of medial malleolus  11
						.
					 Neck of talus  12
						.
					 Head of talus  13
						.
					 Navicular bone  14
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  15
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  16
						.
					 Proximal phalanx


Osteology
										 Articulated bones of left foot, inferior aspect

														 1
						.
					 Tuberosity of distal phalanx  2
						.
					 Distal phalanx  3
						.
					 Proximal phalanx  4
						.
					 Sesamoid bone  5
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  6
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  7
						.
					 Intermediate cuneiform bone  8
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  9
						.
					 Navicular bone  10
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  11
						.
					 Head of talus  12
						.
					 Sustentaculum tali  13
						.
					 Groove for flexor hallucis longus tendon  14
						.
					 Medial tubercle of posterior process of talus  15
						.
					 Cuboid bone  16
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  17
						.
					 Groove for peroneus longus tendon  18
						.
					 Tuberosity of cuboid bone  19
						.
					 Calcaneus  20
						.
					 Medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus  21
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus bone  22
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus


Osteology
										 Articulated bones of left foot, lateral aspect

														 1
						.
					 Trochlea of talus (pointer on lateral malleolar surface)  2
						.
					 Neck of talus  3
						.
					 Navicular bone  4
						.
					 Lateral cuneiform bone  5
						.
					 Intermediate cuneiform bone  6
						.
					 Lateral process of talus bone  7
						.
					 Posterior process of talus  8
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  9
						.
					 Calcaneus  10
						.
					 Tarsal sinus  11
						.
					 Tuberosity of cuboid bone  12
						.
					 Groove for peroneus longus tendon  13
						.
					 Cuboid bone  14
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  15
						.
					 Base of 5th metatarsal bone  16
						.
					 Body of 5th metatarsal bone  17
						.
					 Head of 5th metatarsal bone  18
						.
					 Proximal 5th phalanx