Osteology
										 Articulated female pelvis, anterosuperior view

														 1
						.
					 Ala of ilium  2
						.
					 Nutrient foramen  3
						.
					 Arcuate line  4
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Body of ilium  7
						.
					 Ischial spine  8
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  9
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  10
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  11
						.
					 Anomalous articular facet for transverse process of fifth lumbar vertebra  12
						.
					 Coccyx (in background)  13
						.
					 Sacral canal  14
						.
					 Base of sacrum  15
						.
					 Iliac tuberosity  16
						.
					 Internal lip of iliac crest  17
						.
					 Intermediate line of iliac crest  18
						.
					 External lip of iliac crest


Osteology
										 Articulated female pelvis, anteroinferior view
										The view is directed slightly upward in order that the obturator foramina may be more clearly visualized.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac fossa  2
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  4
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  5
						.
					 Pectineal line (pubic bone)  6
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  7
						.
					 Left pointer: Pubic tubercle Right pointer: Symphyseal surface  8
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  9
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  10
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  11
						.
					 Base of sacrum  12
						.
					 Superior articular process  13
						.
					 Acetabulum  14
						.
					 Obturator sulcus  15
						.
					 Body of ischium  16
						.
					 Obturator foramen  17
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  18
						.
					 Ramus of ischium


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, left lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Tubercle of iliac crest  2
						.
					 External lip of iliac crest  3
						.
					 Gluteal surface of ilium  4
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Body of ilium (pointer on inferior gluteal line)  7
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  8
						.
					 Fossa of acetabulum  9
						.
					 Lunate surface  10
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  11
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  12
						.
					 Notch of acetabulum  13
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  14
						.
					 Obturator foramen  15
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  16
						.
					 Anterior gluteal line  17
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  18
						.
					 Posterior gluteal line  19
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  20
						.
					 Sacrum  21
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  22
						.
					 Ischial spine  23
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch  24
						.
					 Body of ischium  25
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, posteroinferior view
										The configuration of the male pelvic outlet is shown in this view and should be compared with that of the female pelvis in 154-1.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  2
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Ala of ilium (gluteal surface)  4
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Acetabulum  6
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  7
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  8
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  9
						.
					 Position of pubic symphysis  10
						.
					 Superior articular process of sacrum  11
						.
					 Intermediate sacral crest  12
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  13
						.
					 Sacral hiatus  14
						.
					 Sacral horn  15
						.
					 Coccyx (upper pointer indicates coccygeal horn)  16
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  17
						.
					 Ischial spine  18
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, anterosuperior view
										The shape of the superior pelvic aperture (13) and of the pelvic cavity below this line should be compared with that of the female pelvis shown in 153-7.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  2
						.
					 Ilium  3
						.
					 Internal lip of iliac crest  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intermediate line of iliac crest Lower pointer: External lip of iliac crest  5
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  7
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  8
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  9
						.
					 Superior articular process of sacrum  10
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  11
						.
					 Sacral canal  12
						.
					 Base of sacrum  13
						.
					 Arcuate line (part of linea terminalis which marks superior pelvic aperture)  14
						.
					 Ischial spine  15
						.
					 Coccyx  16
						.
					 Body of pubic bone


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, anteroinferior view
										The specimen is viewed from in front and slightly below in order that details of the obturator foramen may be seen.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac crest  2
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Ala of ilium (pointer indicates iliac fossa)  4
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Arcuate line of ilium  6
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  7
						.
					 Pectineal line (pubic bone)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior pubic ramus Lower pointer: Pubic tubercle  9
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  10
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  11
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  12
						.
					 Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramen  13
						.
					 Transverse line  14
						.
					 Base of sacrum  15
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint  16
						.
					 Body of ilium  17
						.
					 Acetabulum  18
						.
					 Ischial spine  19
						.
					 Body of ischium  20
						.
					 Obturator foramen  21
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  22
						.
					 Ramus of ischium


Osteology
										 Articulated male and female pelvic bones, anterior view
										The more massive male pelvis on the left side of the view is distinguished from that of the female in several respects. It is higher and narrower and exhibits more pronounced surface markings than the female specimen. The angle between the diverging inferior rami of the pubic bones (subpubic angle) is less in the male. The obturator foramina are elongated in comparison with those of the female. Marked differences in the configuration of the superior and inferior pelvic apertures are not clearly visible in this photograph but are shown in subsequent views in this series. The view was made from in front and slightly below the horizontal plane in order to show the subpubic angle and the obturator foramina. The relations in a direct anteroposterior view are visible in the radiograph shown in 155-1.

														 1
						.
					 Ilium  2
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  4
						.
					 Acetabulum  5
						.
					 Pubic bone  6
						.
					 Ischium  7
						.
					 Sacrum (pointer on Promontory)  8
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint  9
						.
					 Linea terminalis  10
						.
					 Ischial spine  11
						.
					 Obturator foramen  12
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  13
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Thoracic viscera.
										The esophagus has been divided at the lower border of the second thoracic vertebra and again just above the diaphragm. The intervening portion of the esophagus has been removed to expose the trachea and pericardium. The latter has been opened to the margins of the oblique sinus.

														 1
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. II-III  2
						.
					 Esophagus (cut off)  3
						.
					 Trachea  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left subclavian artery Lower pointer: Left common carotid artery  5
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  6
						.
					 Aortic arch (cut off at junction with descending aorta)  7
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vagus nerve left (cut off) Lower pointer: Left main bronchus  9
						.
					 Lung left  10
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein  11
						.
					 Left atrium (exposed by removing pericardium from posterior wall of oblique sinus)  12
						.
					 Left ventricle  13
						.
					 Pericardium (cut margin)  14
						.
					 Esophageal veins  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Esophagus cut off) Lower pointer: Margin of esophageal hiatus  16
						.
					 Left pointer: Thoracic aorta (cut off) Right pointer: Thoracic duct (cut off)  17
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  18
						.
					 Right vagus nerve  19
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein  20
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off)  21
						.
					 Right main bronchus  22
						.
					 Bronchial branches thoracic aorta (cut off)  23
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right superior pulmonary vein Lower pointer: Right inferior pulmonary vein  25
						.
					 Right lung  26
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  27
						.
					 Diaphragm  28
						.
					 Upper pointer: Greater splanchnic nerve Lower pointer: Intervertebral disc Th. XI-XII


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Thoracic viscera.
										The esophageal wall has been dissected in the mid-thoracic region. The area of this close-up view can be determined by reference to the previous view of this specimen. The bronchi and the cut end of the aortic arch can readily be compared in the two views.

														 1
						.
					 Aortic arch (cut off at junction with descending aorta)  2
						.
					 Bronchial branch of aorta (cut off)  3
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve left  4
						.
					 Left main bronchus  5
						.
					 Esophageal veins  6
						.
					 Bronchial glands  7
						.
					 Fibrous band connecting left main bronchus to pericardium  8
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  9
						.
					 Pericardium  10
						.
					 Bronchial branch of aorta (cut end displaced behind esophagus)  11
						.
					 Right main bronchus  12
						.
					 Bifurcation of trachea  13
						.
					 Esophagus (pointer indicates lumen)  14
						.
					 Muscular mucosa of esophagus (note esophageal glands in this layer)  15
						.
					 Esophageal branch of bronchial artery  16
						.
					 Right vagus nerve  17
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  18
						.
					 Esophageal submucosa (note small arteries and veins in this layer)  19
						.
					 Muscular coat of esophagus (inner circular layer)  20
						.
					 Muscular coat of esophagus (outer longitudinal layer)


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Thoracic viscera.
										The thoracic aorta and the azygos and hemiazygos veins have been removed to display the thoracic duct and the esophagus. Delicate connective tissue has been stripped from the esophageal wall. Numerous, small veins were present near the lower end of the esophagus, most of which have been cut away. The lungs are deflated.

														 1
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  2
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  3
						.
					 Left superior intercostal vein  4
						.
					 Aortic arch (cut across at junction with thoracic aorta)  5
						.
					 Left pointer: Left pulmonary artery Right pointer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve  6
						.
					 Left main bronchus (note bronchial artery cut off near its source from thoracic aorta)  7
						.
					 Thoracic duct  8
						.
					 Esophagus  9
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein  10
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  11
						.
					 Pericardium  12
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung  13
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament  14
						.
					 Subpericardial space (adipose tissue, veins and lymphatic structures removed)  15
						.
					 Diaphragm  16
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  17
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. II-III  18
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  19
						.
					 Trachea  20
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  21
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein  22
						.
					 Bronchial branch of thoracic aorta  23
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off)  24
						.
					 Right main bronchus  25
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  26
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein  27
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  28
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  29
						.
					 Esophageal hiatus  30
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thoracic aorta (cut off) Lower pointer: Intervertebral disc Th. XI-XII  31
						.
					 Pleura (cut at line of reflection from diaphragm to mediastinum)


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Thoracic viscera.
										The posterior half of the costal pleura has been removed. The superior and posterior parts of the mediastinum have been dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  2
						.
					 Oblique fissure  3
						.
					 Thoracic duct  4
						.
					 Esophagus  5
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery II  6
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung  7
						.
					 Accessory hemiazygos vein  8
						.
					 Thoracic aorta (note origins of paired posterior intercostal arteries)  9
						.
					 Pericardium  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pulmonary ligament Lower pointer: Hemiazygos vein  11
						.
					 Greater splanchnic nerves (cut off)  12
						.
					 Rib IX  13
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. XI-XII  14
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament  15
						.
					 Spinal cord  16
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  17
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. II- III  18
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  19
						.
					 Trachea  20
						.
					 Oblique fissure  21
						.
					 Azygos vein (passing anteriorly to join superior vena cava)  22
						.
					 Right main bronchus  23
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  24
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein  25
						.
					 Right vagus nerve  26
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  27
						.
					 Azygos vein  28
						.
					 Pericardium enclosing inferior vena cava  29
						.
					 Diaphragm  30
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Ligamentous attachment of mediastinal structures to vertebral column
										The upper part of the specimen shown in 131-7 is presented in a close-up view with the anterior longitudinal ligament (14) retracted to the right to expose a heavy, ligamentous band which extends down to the aorta from the level of the third and fourth thoracic vertebral bodies. The vertebral attachments of this band blend with the anterior longitudinal ligament near the midline. Inferiorly the ligament blends with the adventitia of the posterior part of the aortic arch and the upper thoracic aorta. It can also be traced forward to where it blends with fascia of the esophagus and trachea, although this arrangement is not visible in this view. This suspensory structure is shown elsewhere in the dissection of another specimen (128-1).

														 1
						.
					 Thoracic duct  2
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  3
						.
					 Fascia of superior mediastinal space  4
						.
					 Left superior intercostal vein  5
						.
					 Left sympathetic trunk  6
						.
					 Aortic arch  7
						.
					 Ligamentous band (see description above)  8
						.
					 Costal pleura  9
						.
					 Intercostal nerve V  10
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  11
						.
					 Costal facet vertebra Th. II  12
						.
					 Anulus fibrosus  13
						.
					 Nucleus pulposus (12-13 comprise the intervertebral disc)  14
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  15
						.
					 Intercostal nerve III  16
						.
					 Veins surrounding nerve roots in intervertebral foramen (bones removed)  17
						.
					 Left pointer: Right sympathetic trunk Right pointer: Ramus communicans  18
						.
					 Anulus fibrosus (remnant)  19
						.
					 Posterior intercostal vein V  20
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery V  21
						.
					 Ligamentum capitis costae radiatum (preserved with periosteum of rib)


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Left fifth thoracic nerve; intervertebral course and meningeal branches
										The fifth rib has been removed from the left side. The vertebral canal has been opened by laminectomy and the pedicle of the fifth thoracic vertebra has been cut off on the left to expose the component parts of the corresponding spinal nerve. A plexus of vertebral branches (11) of this nerve, including meningeal filaments, can be seen to extend medially through the intervertebral foramen anterior to the nerve roots which have been elevated somewhat out of their usual position.

														 1
						.
					 Thoracic ganglion  2
						.
					 Costal pleura  3
						.
					 Costal facet vertebra Th. V  4
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  5
						.
					 Pedicle of vertebral arch Th. V (cut off)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal branch thoracic nerve V Lower pointer: Spinal ganglion thoracic nerve V  7
						.
					 Rami communicantes  8
						.
					 Posterior intercostal vein V  9
						.
					 Intercostal nerve V  10
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery V  11
						.
					 Meningeal branches thoracic nerve V  12
						.
					 Neck of rib (costal crest visible on upper margin of rib above pointer)  13
						.
					 Transverse process vertebra Th. VI  14
						.
					 Spinal cord  15
						.
					 Denticulate ligament  16
						.
					 Internal vertebral venous plexus  17
						.
					 Left pointer: Ventral root thoracic nerve V Right pointer: Dorsal root thoracic nerve V  18
						.
					 Dura mater  19
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen  20
						.
					 Articular surface superior articular process


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Right tenth thoracic nerve within vertebral canal and intervertebral foramen
										The vertebral canal has been opened by laminectomy and the tenth intervertebral foramen (6) has been opened on the right side by excision of the inferior articular process of the tenth thoracic vertebra. The dorsal and ventral roots of the corresponding nerve have been exposed. The roots penetrate the dura separately in this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Spinal cord  2
						.
					 Denticulate ligament  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal root thoracic nerve X Lower pointer: Ventral root thoracic nerve X  4
						.
					 Dorsal spinal branch posterior intercostal artery  5
						.
					 Arachnoid and dura mater  6
						.
					 Intervertebral foramen (opened venous plexus partially resected)  7
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament  8
						.
					 Articular surface  9
						.
					 Protrusion of intervertebral disc  10
						.
					 Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus  11
						.
					 Pedicle of vertebral arch Th. XI  12
						.
					 Articular cavity of intervertebral joint  13
						.
					 Intertransverse thoracis muscle  14
						.
					 Left pointer: Longissimus thoracis muscle Right pointer: Iliocostalis thoracis muscle  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior articular process vertebra Th. IX Lower pointer: Superior articular process vertebra Th. X  16
						.
					 Joint capsule  17
						.
					 Left pointer: Transverse process vertebra Th. X Right pointer: Levator costarum brevis muscle  18
						.
					 Spinal ganglion thoracic nerve X  19
						.
					 Superior costotransverse ligament  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ramus communicans Lower pointer: Dorsal branch thoracic nerve X  21
						.
					 Intertransverse ligament  22
						.
					 Longissimus thoracus muscle (tendon of insertion)


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Intercostal nerves, vessels and muscles; costal pleura; thoracic aorta
										Ribs and vertebral bodies have been resected bilaterally between the second and the ninth thoracic segments. The periosteum (6) which covered the inner surfaces of the ribs have been preserved in most areas. The anterior longitudinal ligament (23), with remnants of the intervertebral discs attached, has also been retained in part. The lungs have been inflated and are visible through the intact costal pleura. The proximal parts of the III-VII spinal nerves have been positioned on the pleura in such a way that their dorsal and ventral roots, dorsal rami and communications with the sympathetic trunks are visible. These components are labeled for the left seventh thoracic nerve (8, 9, 10). The intercostal arteries and veins have been cut off in various ways.

														 1
						.
					 Rib II  2
						.
					 Intercostal nerve II  3
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  4
						.
					 Costal pleura  5
						.
					 Rib III (cut off)  6
						.
					 Periosteum of sixth rib  7
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  8
						.
					 Left pointer: Intercostal nerve VII Right pointer: Ramus communicans  9
						.
					 Dorsal branch thoracic nerve VII  10
						.
					 Left pointer: Spinal ganglion and dorsal root Right pointer: Ventral root  11
						.
					 Innermost intercostal muscle  12
						.
					 Levator costarum brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Internal intercostal membrane  14
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  15
						.
					 Transverse process vertebra Th. II  16
						.
					 Inferior articular process  17
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament  18
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. II-III  19
						.
					 Veins of third intervertebral foramen (bones removed)  20
						.
					 Ligamentous band extending from vertebrae to thoracic aorta  21
						.
					 Anulus fibrosus vertebra Th. V- VI  22
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery and vein VI  23
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  24
						.
					 Ligamentum capitis costae radiatum (preserved with periosteum of rib)  25
						.
					 Spinal cord  26
						.
					 Rib IX


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Ligaments of costotransverse articulations in mid-thoracic region
										The dorsal muscles have been removed from the central area of the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  2
						.
					 Longissimus thoracis muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Intertransverse ligament  4
						.
					 Levator costarum brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Superior costotransverse ligament (upper pointer on anterior division, lower pointer on posterior division)  6
						.
					 Costal tubercle VI  7
						.
					 Angle of rib VI (pointer on tendon of insertion of one slip of iliocostalis thoracis muscle)  8
						.
					 Lateral costotransverse ligament  9
						.
					 Dorsal branch posterior intercostal artery V  10
						.
					 Dorsal branch thoracic nerve V  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Neck of rib Lower pointer: Costotransverse ligament (occupying foramen costotransversarium)  12
						.
					 Intervertebral joint capsule Th. V-VI  13
						.
					 Transverse process Th. vertebra VI  14
						.
					 Lamina of vertebral arch Th. VI  15
						.
					 Spinous process vertebrae Th. VI  16
						.
					 Nerve to levator costarum brevis muscle (branch of dorsal branch)  17
						.
					 Rotator brevis muscle


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Deep musculature.
										The trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles have been preserved on the right side. These muscles have been removed on the left and the shoulder girdle has been pulled aside. The posterior serratus muscles have been cut away and the thoracolumbar fascia has been removed to display the erector spinae muscles to the left of the midline. The more delicate, intrinsic fascia of the erector spinae has also been cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Scapula (retracted laterally)  2
						.
					 Serratus posterior superior muscle (reflected)  3
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  4
						.
					 Fascia related to serratus anterior muscle  5
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  6
						.
					 Iliocostalis thoracis muscle  7
						.
					 Longissimus thoracis muscle  8
						.
					 Spinalis thoracis muscle (6-8 make up the erector spinae muscle)  9
						.
					 Dorsal branch thoracic nerve X (lateral cutaneous branch)  10
						.
					 Rib XII  11
						.
					 Internal abdominal oblique muscle (reflected anteriorly)  12
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia (cut margin of layer which covered erector spinae)  13
						.
					 Spinous process vertebrae Th. II  14
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  15
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  16
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia (intact)  17
						.
					 External abdominal oblique muscle  18
						.
					 Iliac crest


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Deep musculature.
										The serratus posterior inferior has been severed near the midline where its origin blends with the thoracolumbar fascia. Its four component muscle bands (2) have been reflected upward close to their costal insertions. The branches of intercostal nerves to the two central portions of the muscle have been dissected, while those to the upper and lower fascicles are not shown.

														 1
						.
					 Rib X  2
						.
					 Serratus posterior inferior muscle (four pointers indicate individual costal insertions of this muscle)  3
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  4
						.
					 Branches of intercostal nerve X (to serratus posterior inferior muscle)  5
						.
					 Branch intercostal artery X  6
						.
					 Rib XII  7
						.
					 External abdominal oblique muscle  8
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia (cut across)  9
						.
					 Spinous process vertebrae Th. XII  10
						.
					 Dorsal branch thoracic nerve X (lateral cutaneous branch)  11
						.
					 Iliocostalis lumborum muscle (covered by intrinsic muscle fascia)


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Deep musculature.
										The latissimus dorsi muscle has been removed from the left side of the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  2
						.
					 Rib VIII  3
						.
					 Erector spinae muscle (covered by thoracolumbar fascia)  4
						.
					 Serratus posterior inferior muscle  5
						.
					 Rib XI  6
						.
					 Rib XII  7
						.
					 External abdominal oblique muscle (cut off)  8
						.
					 Internal abdominal oblique muscle  9
						.
					 Dorsal branches thoracic nerves VII and VIII (medial cutaneous branches)  10
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  11
						.
					 Dorsal branches thoracic nerves IX and X (lateral cutaneous branches)  12
						.
					 Spinous process vertebrae L. II  13
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Deep musculature.
										The serratus posterior superior has been reflected laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse colli artery  2
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  3
						.
					 Serratus posterior superior muscle (reflected)  4
						.
					 Medial scapular margin  5
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut off)  6
						.
					 Posterior scalene muscle  7
						.
					 Branches of thoracic nerve I, II and III (to serratus posterior superior muscle)  8
						.
					 Rib II  9
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  10
						.
					 Iliocostalis thoracis muscle


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Deep musculature.
										The left shoulder girdle has been freed by removal of the trapezius, latissimus dorsi and rhomboid muscles and has been pulled forward. The serratus anterior muscle (10) remains intact. The rather thick, elastic layer of fascia (11) between this muscle and the rib cage has been partially resected to reveal the serratus posterior superior muscle (5).

														 1
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  2
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle  3
						.
					 Dorsal scapular nerve  4
						.
					 Transverse colli artery  5
						.
					 Serratus posterior superior muscle  6
						.
					 Rib III  7
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  8
						.
					 Medial scapular margin  9
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle (cut off)  10
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (elevated)  11
						.
					 Fascial layer between serratus anterior and thoracic wall  12
						.
					 Iliocostalis thoracis muscle  13
						.
					 Longissimus thoracis muscle  14
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  15
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia  16
						.
					 Fascia infraspinata  17
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Dissection of thorax from a posterior approach
										 Superficial structures of upper part of back; external layer of muscles
										On the left side of the specimen the skin has been cut away and the tela subcutanea has been dissected to expose cutaneous nerves and vessels. On the right side of the skin, tela subcutanea and fascia have been removed to display muscles related to the shoulder girdle.

														 1
						.
					 Nuchal fascia  2
						.
					 Medial cutaneous branch of dorsal branch thoracic nerve III  3
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve  4
						.
					 Triangle of auscultation  5
						.
					 Fascia covering latissimus dorsi muscle  6
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch intercostal nerve V (posterior branch)  7
						.
					 Spinous process of vertebra C. VII  8
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  9
						.
					 Spine of scapula  10
						.
					 Acromion  11
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  12
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  13
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  14
						.
					 Teres major muscle  15
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Dissection of diaphragm
										 Diaphragm viewed from below
										The peritoneum and the abdominal viscera have been removed from the body. The inferior surface of the diaphragm has been cleared of fascia. The psoas fascia and the fascia which covered the left quadratus lumborum muscle have been cut away. The view is from below and in front.

														 1
						.
					 Xiphoid process  2
						.
					 Central tendon of diaphragm (three parts, central, right and left. each have a surface layer of muscle or aponeurotic fibers coursing at right angles to deeper tendinous fibers)  3
						.
					 Line of attachment of falciform ligament of liver  4
						.
					 Hepatic vein (cut off)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vena caval foramen Lower pointer: Inferior vena cava (cut off)  6
						.
					 Branches right phrenic nerve  7
						.
					 Phrenic arteries  8
						.
					 Right pointer: Duodenal suspensory muscle (cut off near attachment to right crus of diaphragm) Left pointer: Greater splanchnic nerve (celiac ganglion removed)  9
						.
					 Right pointer: Right crus lumbar part diaphragm Left pointer: Lumbocostal arch (arcuate ligament)  10
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. II-III  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Costal pleura (fascia in vertebrocostal triangle removed) Lower pointer: Fascia forming lateral lumbocostal arch  12
						.
					 Phrenic branch of intercostal artery XI  13
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  14
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia (anterior layer)  15
						.
					 Costal cartilage VIII  16
						.
					 Location of branches of phrenic nerve left (not visible in view)  17
						.
					 Esophagus (cut off)  18
						.
					 Esophageal hiatus  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Celiac trunk Lower pointer: Superior mesenteric artery  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Aortic hiatus Lower pointer: Left crus lumbar part diaphragm  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left renal artery Lower pointer: Abdominal aorta  22
						.
					 Costal part of diaphragm  23
						.
					 Rib XII (covered by periosteum)  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intercostal nerve XII (subcostal nerve) Lower pointer: Subcostalis artery  25
						.
					 Quadratus lumborum muscle  26
						.
					 Psoas major muscle  27
						.
					 Iliac crest


Dissection of diaphragm
										 Sternal attachment of diaphragm.
										The fascia which covered the sternal and medial costal origins of the diaphragm has been removed. The transverse thoracic muscle has also been stripped of its fascial covering. The gap between the sternal and costal origins of the diaphragm, known as the sternocostal triangle (9), has been exposed. This space is occasionally the site of a hernia. In this specimen a small lobule of fat (9) occupied this triangle on the left side and this has been retracted upward.

														 1
						.
					 Lung  2
						.
					 Fat lobule  3
						.
					 Costal part of diaphragm  4
						.
					 Xiphoid process  5
						.
					 Transversus thoracis muscle  6
						.
					 Heart  7
						.
					 Pericardial cavity  8
						.
					 Sternal part of diaphragm  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lobule of fat which occupied sternocostal triangle Lower pointer: Sternocostal triangle (external aspect of parietal peritoneum visible below opening)  10
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery


Dissection of diaphragm
										 Sternal attachment of diaphragm.
										The lower part of the sternum and attached costal cartilages have been pulled forward.

														 1
						.
					 Lung  2
						.
					 Diaphragm (covered by pleura)  3
						.
					 Lobule of fat  4
						.
					 Transversus thoracis muscle (cut across)  5
						.
					 Xiphoid process  6
						.
					 Body of sternum (cut above attachment of sixth costal cartilage)  7
						.
					 Apex of heart  8
						.
					 Pericardium (cut edge)  9
						.
					 Sternal part of diaphragm (covered by fascia)  10
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery (cut off)


Dissection of diaphragm
										 Right phrenic nerve and phrenic lymphatic plexus viewed from above and in front

														 1
						.
					 Phrenic nerve right (stretched to display branches)  2
						.
					 Central tendon (right and central divisions)  3
						.
					 Inferior vena cava (cut off)  4
						.
					 Phrenic lymph node  5
						.
					 Costal part of diaphragm  6
						.
					 Pericardium  7
						.
					 Esophagus  8
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura (cut along right pulmonary ligament)  9
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  10
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  11
						.
					 Phrenicoesophageal membrane  12
						.
					 Lymph vessel


Dissection of diaphragm
										 Left phrenic view, phrenic lymphatic plexus, esophageal hiatus and phrenicoesophageal membrane viewed from above

														 1
						.
					 Phrenicoesophageal membrane  2
						.
					 Lymph vessel (vessel indicated by right pointer penetrates central tendon)  3
						.
					 Central tendon of diaphragm  4
						.
					 Sternal part of diaphragm  5
						.
					 Xiphoid process (cut off)  6
						.
					 Diaphragmatic pleura (remnant)  7
						.
					 Esophageal hiatus diaphragm (pointer indicates left margin)  8
						.
					 Pericardium  9
						.
					 Phrenic nerve left (cut off)  10
						.
					 Musculophrenic artery  11
						.
					 Costal cartilage VI


Dissection of diaphragm
										 Diaphragm viewed from above, pleura removed
										The lungs have been removed and the tracheobronchial tree has been pulled posteriorly to provide an unobstructed view of the diaphragm. A narrow band of pericardium has been preserved along the margin of its diaphragmatic attachment. Lymphatic structures have been dissected on the upper surface of the diaphragm.

														 1
						.
					 Costal pleura  2
						.
					 Ascending aorta  3
						.
					 Esophagus  4
						.
					 Phrenic nerve right  5
						.
					 Central tendon of diaphragm  6
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  7
						.
					 Lymph vessel  8
						.
					 Pericardium  9
						.
					 Musculophrenic artery  10
						.
					 Left main bronchus (retracted)  11
						.
					 Rib VII (cut off)  12
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  13
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  14
						.
					 Phrenicoesophageal membrane  15
						.
					 Phrenic nerve left (cut off)  16
						.
					 Musculophrenic artery


Dissection of diaphragm
										 Diaphragm viewed from above, pleura and diaphragmatic part of pericardium intact
										The heart and the anterior part of the pericardium have been removed. The upper lobes of the lungs have been cut away and the lower lobes have been dissected. The right phrenic nerve is stretched upward approximately in its normal course, while the left nerve has been cut off.

														 1
						.
					 Left atrium  2
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein (cut off at entrance into left atrium)  3
						.
					 Pericardium  4
						.
					 Inferior lobe right lung  5
						.
					 Right phrenic nerve  6
						.
					 Inferior vena cava (cut off at entrance into right atrium)  7
						.
					 Diaphragm (pointers on right and left divisions of central tendon)  8
						.
					 Diaphragm (muscular portion)  9
						.
					 Costal cartilage VII  10
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung  11
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament  12
						.
					 Phrenic nerve left  13
						.
					 Xiphoid process (cut off)


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Radiograph of esophagus, right anterior oblique view
										The esophagus has been outlined with barium sulfate paste in this young female subject. The normal folds of the mucosa of the esophagus are indicated in several areas by vertical striation of the barium mass. The upper margin of the aortic arch (7) is faintly visible opposite the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebral body. A small calcified area, apparently the result of an old infection, is visible in the lower posterior part of the right lung field.

														 1
						.
					 Esophagus (pointer indicates part of esophagus deflected posteriorly by aortic arch, above pointer, and right main bronchus, below pointer)  2
						.
					 Body of vertebra Th. X  3
						.
					 Lateral margin of right breast (in foreground)  4
						.
					 Diaphragm  5
						.
					 Rib I  6
						.
					 Clavicle  7
						.
					 Superior margin of aortic arch (in background)  8
						.
					 Left pointer: Right margin of ascending aorta Right pointer: Conus arteriosus  9
						.
					 Left margin of heart  10
						.
					 Diaphragm  11
						.
					 Fluid level in stomach surmounted by air bubble


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Thoracic spine; anterior longitudinal ligament; thoracic sympathetic trunks

														 1
						.
					 Middle cervical ganglion (unusually large)  2
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle (cut off)  3
						.
					 Brachial plexus  4
						.
					 Body of vertebra Th. I (covered by anterior longitudinal ligament)  5
						.
					 Right superior intercostal vein (cut off)  6
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament (pointer on body of vertebra Th. IV)  7
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  8
						.
					 Endothoracic fascia  9
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. IX-X  10
						.
					 Greater splanchnic nerve  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Azygos vein Lower pointer: Inferior vena cava  12
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  13
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  14
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  15
						.
					 Rib I (cut off)  16
						.
					 Rib III  17
						.
					 Costal pleura  18
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery and vein VII  19
						.
					 Intercostal nerve VII  20
						.
					 Thoracic aorta


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Esophagus in relation to posterior thoracic wall and spine
										The trachea has been removed. The left halves of the larynx and pharynx have been cut away and the esophagus has been opened a short distance below its junction with the pharynx.

														 1
						.
					 Mandible (sectioned in midline)  2
						.
					 Laryngeal cavity  3
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve right  4
						.
					 Filaments of esophageal plexus  5
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  6
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off)  7
						.
					 Esophagus  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intervertebral disc Th. IX-X Lower pointer: Body of vertebra Th. X  9
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  10
						.
					 Diaphragm  11
						.
					 Epiglottis (sectioned vertically)  12
						.
					 Laryngeal part of pharynx  13
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  14
						.
					 Esophagus (lumen visible)  15
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  16
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  17
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve left  18
						.
					 Aortic arch  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left recurrent laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Ligamentum arteriosum  20
						.
					 Rib VII  21
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  22
						.
					 Margin of esophageal hiatus


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Esophageal plexus; pulmonary plexus; left recurrent laryngeal nerve
										The trachea and bronchi have been elevated. The aortic arch has been cut across and turned somewhat to the left to expose branches of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Brachial plexus  2
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  3
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  4
						.
					 Tracheal and esophageal branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve  5
						.
					 Main bronchi  6
						.
					 Esophagus  7
						.
					 Esophageal plexus  8
						.
					 Trachea  9
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  10
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  11
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  12
						.
					 Communication between stellate ganglion and recurrent laryngeal nerve  13
						.
					 Left recurrent laryngeal nerve  14
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  15
						.
					 Aortic arch (cut across)  16
						.
					 Bronchial branch of aorta  17
						.
					 Esophageal branch of aorta  18
						.
					 Thoracic aorta


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Esophagus and esophageal plexus, anterior view of lower part

														 1
						.
					 Left main bronchus  2
						.
					 Inferior tracheobronchial lymph node  3
						.
					 Right principal bronchus  4
						.
					 Esophageal plexus right vagus nerve  5
						.
					 Costal pleura (pointer on ninth intercostal artery)  6
						.
					 Esophagus  7
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  8
						.
					 Right phrenic nerve  9
						.
					 Phrenic lymph node  10
						.
					 Pericardium  11
						.
					 Central tendon of diaphragm  12
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  13
						.
					 Esophageal branch of aorta  14
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  15
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  16
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament (cut edge of pleura)  17
						.
					 Phrenicoesophageal membrane  18
						.
					 Lymph vessel  19
						.
					 Margin of esophageal hiatus


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Relations of tracheobronchial tree, aorta and esophagus, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Larynx  2
						.
					 Trachea  3
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  4
						.
					 Aortic arch  5
						.
					 Bronchus of upper right lobe  6
						.
					 Inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes  7
						.
					 Bronchus of middle right lobe  8
						.
					 Right inferior lobe bronchus  9
						.
					 Esophagus  10
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  11
						.
					 Vertebral column (covered by pleura)  12
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  13
						.
					 Diaphragm  14
						.
					 Vocal fold  15
						.
					 Esophagus (cut across near pharyngeal junction)  16
						.
					 Posterior scalene muscle  17
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  18
						.
					 Thoracic duct (cut off)  19
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  20
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  21
						.
					 Main bronchi  22
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  23
						.
					 Left upper lobe bronchus  24
						.
					 Left lower lobe bronchus  25
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  26
						.
					 Phrenicoesophageal membrane  27
						.
					 Pericardium (remnant)


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Esophagus
										The esophagus has been exposed by removing the trachea, the right pulmonary artery and part of the pericardium from the specimen shown previously.

														 1
						.
					 Chin  2
						.
					 Mandible  3
						.
					 Digastric muscle  4
						.
					 Larynx  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Trachea (cut off below first tracheal cartilage)  6
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right vagus nerve Lower pointer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve right (note esophageal branches)  8
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  9
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  10
						.
					 Esophagus  11
						.
					 Right lung  12
						.
					 Azygos vein  13
						.
					 Right main bronchus  14
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  15
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins  16
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  17
						.
					 Diaphragm  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Common carotid artery Lower pointer: Internal jugular vein  19
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  20
						.
					 Phrenic nerve left  21
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  22
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  23
						.
					 Brachial plexus  24
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  25
						.
					 Rib I  26
						.
					 Lung left  27
						.
					 Upper pointer: Aortic arch Lower pointer: Ligamentum arteriosum (cut off)  28
						.
					 Left main bronchus  29
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  30
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins  31
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  32
						.
					 Filament of esophageal plexus  33
						.
					 Pericardium  34
						.
					 Sternum


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Relations of pulmonary vessels, pericardium, trachea and esophagus, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Trachea  2
						.
					 Rib I  3
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  4
						.
					 Upper lobe right lung  5
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off)  6
						.
					 Bifurcation of trachea  7
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein  9
						.
					 Esophagus  10
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein  11
						.
					 Phrenic nerve right  12
						.
					 Middle lobe right lung  13
						.
					 Inferior vena cava  14
						.
					 Diaphragm  15
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  16
						.
					 Thoracic duct  17
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  18
						.
					 Aortic arch (cut off)  19
						.
					 Main bronchi  20
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  21
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  22
						.
					 Phrenic nerve left  23
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  24
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein  25
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  26
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein  27
						.
					 Pericardium


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Right first and second intercostal spaces; stellate ganglion; costocervical trunk
										The view is from below and in front.

														 1
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Ascending cervical artery  3
						.
					 Transverse colli artery  4
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle (cut off note remnant of insertion of this muscle on first rib slightly lower in view)  5
						.
					 Branches of costocervical trunk (upper pointer, deep cervical artery; lower pointer, supreme intercostal artery)  6
						.
					 Inferior trunk brachial plexus  7
						.
					 Rib I (cut off)  8
						.
					 Thoracic nerve  9
						.
					 Rami intercostal nerve I  10
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  11
						.
					 Ramus communicans  12
						.
					 Rib II  13
						.
					 Intercostal nerve II  14
						.
					 Innermost intercostal muscle  15
						.
					 Common carotid artery  16
						.
					 Middle cervical ganglion  17
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  18
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk  19
						.
					 Vertebral artery  20
						.
					 Trachea  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal thoracic artery (cut off) Lower pointer: Ansa subclavia  22
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  23
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  24
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  25
						.
					 Esophagus  26
						.
					 Thoracic cardiac nerve  27
						.
					 Branch posterior intercostal artery (to esophagus, trachea)  28
						.
					 Intercostal vein III


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Upper thoracic part of right sympathetic trunk; intercostal vessels; azygos vein; right vagus nerve; pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
										The tracheobronchial tree has been pulled forward and to the left and the esophagus has been rotated slightly to the left.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  2
						.
					 Rib III  3
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  4
						.
					 Ramus communicans (aberrant rami similar to this, which cross a rib to the next lower intercostal nerve, are present in several places on both sides of this specimen)  5
						.
					 Thoracic ganglion  6
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off)  7
						.
					 Ramus communicans  8
						.
					 Lymph vessel  9
						.
					 Intercostal artery and vein VI  10
						.
					 Greater splanchnic nerve  11
						.
					 Vagus nerve right (several esophageal and tracheal branches visible along course of nerve)  12
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  13
						.
					 Thoracic cardiac nerve (these nerves also send branches into pulmonary plexus)  14
						.
					 Aortic arch  15
						.
					 Trachea  16
						.
					 Pulmonary plexus  17
						.
					 Inferior tracheobronchial lymph node  18
						.
					 Esophagus  19
						.
					 Thoracic aorta


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Superior mediastinum.
										The view is from the right side. The pleura (6) has been cut away to display the vagus nerve (12) and the lymphatic structures (16, 18) along the trachea. The right lung has been dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Subclavian artery  2
						.
					 Rib I  3
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  4
						.
					 Apex of lung  5
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk (covered by pleura)  6
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura (cut edge)  7
						.
					 Cardiac branch vagus nerve  8
						.
					 Trachea  9
						.
					 Azygos vein  10
						.
					 Apical segmental bronchus  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Filament of pulmonary plexus Lower pointer: Right pulmonary artery  12
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  13
						.
					 Common carotid artery  14
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  15
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  16
						.
					 Lymph vessel  17
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein  18
						.
					 Tracheal lymph nodes  19
						.
					 Superior vena cava


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Left first intercostal space; stellate ganglion and connections; costocervical trunk
										The subclavian artery (10) and the vertebral artery (7) have been pulled forward and slightly downward.

														 1
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  2
						.
					 Cervical fascia (prevertebral part)  3
						.
					 Esophagus (opened)  4
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  5
						.
					 Trachea  6
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  7
						.
					 Vertebral artery  8
						.
					 Inferior cervical cardiac nerve  9
						.
					 Thyrocervical trunk (cut off)  10
						.
					 Left subclavian artery (cut off)  11
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery (cut off)  12
						.
					 Ansa subclavia  13
						.
					 Thoracic duct  14
						.
					 Head of rib II  15
						.
					 Thoracic cardiac nerve  16
						.
					 Middle cervical ganglion  17
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk (two strands)  18
						.
					 Cervical nerve VII  19
						.
					 Ramus communicans  20
						.
					 Cervical nerve VIII  21
						.
					 Ramus communicans  22
						.
					 Inferior trunk brachial plexus  23
						.
					 Thoracic nerve I (note intercostal branches)  24
						.
					 Thoracic ganglion  25
						.
					 Costocervical trunk  26
						.
					 Rami communicantes  27
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  28
						.
					 Intercostal nerve II


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Upper thoracic part of left sympathetic trunk; intercostal vessels; ligamentous band between vertebrae and mediastinal structures
										The aortic arch and thoracic aorta have been pulled forward. The tracheobronchial tree has been retracted to the right. A ligamentous band (9), firmly attached to the anterior longitudinal ligament over the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae, can be seen extending downward and anteriorly to blend with the fascia which covers the esophagus, trachea and aorta. A similar ligament is also shown in another specimen (132-3).

														 1
						.
					 Trachea  2
						.
					 Ansa subclavia  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Brachiocephalic trunk Lower pointer: Left common carotid artery  4
						.
					 Vertebral artery  5
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  6
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery III  7
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  8
						.
					 Superior tracheobronchial lymph node  9
						.
					 Ligamentous band extending from vertebrae to mediastinal structures  10
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  11
						.
					 Left main bronchus (retracted to the right)  12
						.
					 Bronchial branch of thoracic aorta  13
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  14
						.
					 Inferior trunk brachial plexus  15
						.
					 Costocervical trunk  16
						.
					 Aberrant ramus communicans  17
						.
					 Thoracic ganglion  18
						.
					 Esophagus  19
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  20
						.
					 Intercostal nerve V  21
						.
					 Rami communicantes  22
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament (pointer on vertebra Th. V)  23
						.
					 Accessory hemiazygos vein  24
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  25
						.
					 Costal pleura


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Bronchial and esophageal arteries viewed from left side
										The tracheobronchial tree has been retracted anteriorly in order to stretch the bronchial arteries (15). Delicate lymphatic tissue (19) has been partially preserved in the intercostal spaces and along the vertebral bodies.

														 1
						.
					 Aortic arch  2
						.
					 Trachea  3
						.
					 Left main bronchus  4
						.
					 Bronchial branch of vagus nerve  5
						.
					 Left upper lobe bronchus  6
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph node (partially removed)  7
						.
					 Left lower lobe bronchus  8
						.
					 Inferior tracheobronchial lymph node  9
						.
					 Thoracic duct (dark amber color)  10
						.
					 Esophagus  11
						.
					 Lymph vessel  12
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  13
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  14
						.
					 Ligamentum arteriosum (cut off)  15
						.
					 Upper and middle pointers: Bronchial branches thoracic aorta Lower pointer: Esophageal branch thoracic aorta  16
						.
					 Rib V  17
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  18
						.
					 Intercostal nerve V  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intercostal lymph node Lower pointer: Lymph vessel (a considerable plexus of lymphatic vessels is visible along the sides of the vertebrae and heads of ribs and in the intercostal spaces. Only in this area of the drawing is this plexus included and labeled.)  20
						.
					 Thoracic ganglion  21
						.
					 Endothoracic fascia  22
						.
					 Intercostal artery VI  23
						.
					 Accessory hemiazygos vein  24
						.
					 Esophageal branch of sympathetic trunk  25
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  26
						.
					 Costal pleura  27
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament (cut)


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Superior mediastinum.
										The lymphatic structures have been removed from along the trachea so that the cardiac and pulmonary nerves can be more readily visualized. Filaments of the cardiac plexus have been cut off and laid across the pulmonary artery in such a way that their various connections are more clearly visible. The pulmonary arteries have been retracted downward.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  2
						.
					 Right subclavian artery  3
						.
					 Common carotid artery  4
						.
					 Right vagus nerve  5
						.
					 Middle cervical cardiac nerve (this filament can be traced upward between the arteries to a point where it joins the cervical sympathetic trunk above the stellate ganglion)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior cardiac branch of vagus nerve Lower pointer: Bronchial branch vagus nerve  7
						.
					 Ascending aorta  8
						.
					 Cardiac plexus (deep portion)  9
						.
					 Pulmonary plexus  10
						.
					 Left pointer: Right main bronchus Right pointer: Tracheobronchial lymph node inferior  11
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  12
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage  13
						.
					 Trachea  14
						.
					 Esophagus  15
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  16
						.
					 Cervical nerve VII  17
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  18
						.
					 Cervical cardiac nerve  19
						.
					 Vertebral artery  20
						.
					 Inferior cervical cardiac nerve  21
						.
					 Left pointer: Left common carotid artery Right pointer: Subclavian artery  22
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Ligamentum arteriosum  24
						.
					 Left main bronchus  25
						.
					 Filament of pulmonary plexus


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Superior mediastinum.
										The aortic arch has been elevated and the pulmonary arteries have been retracted downward.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  2
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  3
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  4
						.
					 Right vagus nerve  5
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  6
						.
					 Superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes  7
						.
					 Cardiac plexus  8
						.
					 Azygos vein (cut off)  9
						.
					 Right main bronchus (note filaments of pulmonary plexus along bronchus)  10
						.
					 Bronchus of upper right lobe  11
						.
					 Inferior tracheobronchial lymph node  12
						.
					 Common carotid artery  13
						.
					 Trachea  14
						.
					 Esophagus  15
						.
					 Vertebral artery  16
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  17
						.
					 Cervical nerve VIII  18
						.
					 Subclavian artery  19
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  20
						.
					 Left common carotid artery  21
						.
					 Aortic arch (elevated)  22
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  23
						.
					 Tracheal bifurcation  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes Lower pointer: Ligamentum arteriosum  25
						.
					 Left main bronchus  26
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk (retracted downward)


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Superior mediastinum.
										The lymph nodes and vessels which were shown in the previous view have been removed from the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Vagus nerve right  2
						.
					 Inferior cervical cardiac vein  3
						.
					 Inferior cardiac branch of vagus nerve  4
						.
					 Right brachiocephalic vein  5
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  6
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  7
						.
					 Filaments of cardiac plexus (two pointers encompass plexus)  8
						.
					 Superior vena cava (cut across)  9
						.
					 Right coronary artery (cut off)  10
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein (at entrance into left atrium)  11
						.
					 Left pointer: Trachea Right pointer: Esophagus  12
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  13
						.
					 Middle cervical cardiac nerve  14
						.
					 Thoracic duct (cut off)  15
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve  16
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  17
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  18
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  19
						.
					 Pericardium  20
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  21
						.
					 Cardiac ganglion  22
						.
					 Left coronary artery


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Superior mediastinum.
										The thymus has been removed. Much of the lymphatic tissue in the anterior part of the superior mediastinum has been cut away. The nodes which remain retain their connections with posterior mediastinal nodes. Several lymphatic vessels from the pericardium have been preserved. The pericardial and pleural cavities have been opened. The lung is partially collapsed and has been dissected.

														 1
						.
					 Esophagus  2
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  3
						.
					 Trachea  4
						.
					 Left vertebral artery (unusual origin from aortic arch)  5
						.
					 Left common carotid artery (cut off)  6
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node (elevated)  7
						.
					 Cardiac plexus  8
						.
					 Aortic arch  9
						.
					 Lymphatic vessels from pericardium  10
						.
					 Pericardium  11
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thoracic duct (cut off) Lower pointer: Costocervical trunk  13
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  14
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  15
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  16
						.
					 Rib I (cut across)  17
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery (note plexus of nerves along artery)  18
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  19
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  20
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  21
						.
					 Apical branch left pulmonary artery  22
						.
					 Tracheobronchial lymph node  23
						.
					 Posterior apical segmental bronchus  24
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Superior mediastinum.
										The right subclavian and internal jugular veins have been removed. The left brachiocephalic vein has been resected.

														 1
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  2
						.
					 Common carotid artery and vagus nerve  3
						.
					 Posterior cervical triangle  4
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superficial cervical artery Lower pointer: Brachial plexus (pointer on superior trunk)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right phrenic nerve Lower pointer: Anterior scalene muscle  7
						.
					 Clavicle and subclavius muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Transverse colli artery Lower pointer: Suprascapular artery  9
						.
					 Medial cord brachial plexus  10
						.
					 Axillary artery  11
						.
					 Axillary vein (cut off)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cupula pleurae Lower pointer: Right brachiocephalic vein (cut oft)  13
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  14
						.
					 Axilla  15
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  16
						.
					 Rib II  17
						.
					 Left vertebral artery  18
						.
					 Ansa subclavia  19
						.
					 Trachea  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right vertebral artery Lower pointer: Right subclavian artery  21
						.
					 Left common carotid artery  22
						.
					 Middle cervical cardiac nerve  23
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  24
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes  25
						.
					 Left phrenic nerve  26
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve  27
						.
					 Left brachiocephalic vein (cut off)  28
						.
					 Left mediastinal pleura  29
						.
					 Ascending aorta  30
						.
					 Right costal pleura


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Superior mediastinum.
										The superior mediastinum has been opened by removing the manubrium and the upper part of the body of the sternum, together with parts of the first and second costal cartilages.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thyroid cartilage (left lamina resected) Lower pointer: Cricoid cartilage  2
						.
					 Common carotid artery  3
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  4
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  5
						.
					 External jugular vein (cut across)  6
						.
					 Trapezius muscle and clavicle (cut off)  7
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  8
						.
					 Lymphatic duct right  9
						.
					 Right subclavian artery  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Axillary artery Lower pointer: Axillary vein  11
						.
					 Subclavian trunk  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right bronchomediastinal trunk Lower pointer: Right brachiocephalic vein  13
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior vena cava Lower pointer: Costal pleura  15
						.
					 Sternal lymph nodes  16
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  17
						.
					 Vocal ligament  18
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  19
						.
					 Trachea  20
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  21
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  22
						.
					 Common carotid artery  23
						.
					 Left brachiocephalic vein  24
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  25
						.
					 Thymus  26
						.
					 Costal pleura  27
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  28
						.
					 Ascending aorta (covered by fibrous layer of pericardium)  29
						.
					 Rib II


Views of segmental bronchi, azygos system of veins, sympathetic trunks and costovertebral joints
										 Costovertebral articulation of left tenth rib opened from in front
										The left tenth rib has been removed from the specimen with care to preserve the ligaments, joint capsules and articular surfaces of the costovertebral articulations. The view is directed inward from in front and to the left.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intercostal nerve IX Lower pointer: Spinal ganglion (lying within intervertebral foramen)  2
						.
					 Costotransverse ligament (attached posteriorly to transverse process of vertebra Th. X)  3
						.
					 Azygos vein  4
						.
					 Joint of head of rib (pointers indicate facets on adjacent vertebral bodies, the cleft between being occupied by the delicate intraarticular ligament)  5
						.
					 Radiating ligament of head of rib (cut through)  6
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament (pointer also indicates vertebral body Th. X)  7
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. X-XI  8
						.
					 Hemiazygos vein (note small veins draining vertebral bodies at higher levels)  9
						.
					 Posterior intercostal vein VIII  10
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery VIII  11
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk (cut off, also see 24)  12
						.
					 Joint of head of rib IX (intact)  13
						.
					 Intercostal nerve VIII  14
						.
					 Costal pleura  15
						.
					 Rib IX  16
						.
					 Superior costotransverse ligament (upper pointer, anterior division; lower pointer, posterior division)  17
						.
					 Branch of ninth intercostal nerve to elevator muscle of rib  18
						.
					 Lateral costotransverse ligament  19
						.
					 Elevator muscle of rib  20
						.
					 Borders of area occupied by tenth rib  21
						.
					 Transverse costal fovea (covered with articular cartilage)  22
						.
					 Innermost intercostal muscle  23
						.
					 Intercostal nerve X (cut off)  24
						.
					 Left pointer: Sympathetic trunk (cut off, also see 11) Right pointer: Ramus communicans  25
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk ganglion  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Views of segmental bronchi, azygos system of viens, sympathetic trunks and costovertebral joints
										 Sympathetic trunk, rami communicantes and splanchnic nerves in lower thoracic region, left anterolateral view
										The specimen shown in the previous view has been turned to expose its left anterolateral aspect in this close-up view of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar part of the spine.

														 1
						.
					 Accessory hemiazygos vein  2
						.
					 Azygos vein  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Body of vertebra Th. VIII (pointer on anterior longitudinal ligament)  4
						.
					 Vein draining body of vertebra  5
						.
					 Posterior intercostal arteries IX-X  6
						.
					 Major splanchnic nerve (lower pointer on splanchnic ganglion)  7
						.
					 Minor splanchnic nerve  8
						.
					 Smallest splanchnic nerve  9
						.
					 Diaphragm (cut off)  10
						.
					 Lumbar part of diaphragm (upper pointer: left crus; lower pointer: right crus)  11
						.
					 Left pointer: Hemiazygos vein Right pointer: Posterior intercostal vein VIII  12
						.
					 Rib VIII  13
						.
					 Costal pleura  14
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk (lower pointer on sympathetic trunk ganglion)  15
						.
					 Communicating branches  16
						.
					 Intercostal nerve XI  17
						.
					 Head of rib XII  18
						.
					 Subcostal nerve (note large communicating branch)  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lumbar quadratic muscle Lower pointer: Psoas major muscle  20
						.
					 Ascending lumbar vein  21
						.
					 Transverse process of vertebra L. II  22
						.
					 Lumbar nerve I (passing downward to join lumbar plexus)  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Views of segmental bronchi, azygos system of veins, sympathetic trunks and costovertebral joints
										 Azygos veins, intercostal vessels and sympathetic trunks in relation to vertebral column
										In this specimen the thoracic viscera have been removed and the azygos system of veins has been dissected to show the relations of its parts to the intercostal arteries and nerves, the sympathetic trunks, and the vertebral column and ribs.

														 1
						.
					 Manubrium sterni (cut across)  2
						.
					 Brachiocephalic veins  3
						.
					 Aortic arch  4
						.
					 Superior vena cava  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Trachea Lower pointer: Esophagus  6
						.
					 Azygos vein  7
						.
					 Costal pleura  8
						.
					 Posterior intercostal arteries  9
						.
					 Major splanchnic nerve  10
						.
					 Diaphragm  11
						.
					 Rib I  12
						.
					 Axillary vein  13
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  14
						.
					 Left superior intercostal vein  15
						.
					 Accessory hemiazygos vein  16
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  17
						.
					 Hemiazygos vein  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior longitudinal ligament Lower pointer: Intervertebral disc Th. X-XI  19
						.
					 Intercostal nerve XI  20
						.
					 Rib XII  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Views of segmental bronchi, azygos system of veins, sympathetic trunks and costovertebral joints
										 Segmental bronchi of left lung, lateral view
										The left pulmonary artery (10) has been cut across at the hilum of the lung to permit the removal of its peripheral branches. The left pulmonary veins, similarly cut off at the hilum, are partially obscured by the bronchi.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left superior lobar bronchus Lower pointer: Left superior pulmonary vein (cut off)  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior lingular bronchus Lower pointer: Inferior lingular bronchus  4
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus (4. & 5. originating from a common stem in this specimen)  5
						.
					 Anterior basal segmental bronchus  6
						.
					 Posterior basal segmental bronchus  7
						.
					 Left superior intercostal vein (covered by pleura)  8
						.
					 Aortic arch (covered by pleura)  9
						.
					 Apicoposterior segmental bronchus (note unusual origin of posterior ramus of posterior subsegmental bronchus from anterior segmental bronchus)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left pulmonary artery (cut off) Lower pointer: Left principal bronchus (emerging from mediastinum)  11
						.
					 Left inferior lobar bronchus  12
						.
					 Superior segmental bronchus  13
						.
					 Subsuperior segmental bronchus  14
						.
					 Lateral basal segmental bronchus  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Views of segmental bronchi, azygos system of veins, sympathetic trunks and costovertebral joints
										 Segmental bronchi of left lung in relation to branches of pulmonary artery, lateral view
										The dissection has been prepared, in a manner similar to that for the right lung (126A-1), to demonstrate the relations of the pulmonary artery and the bronchi in the left lung. In the following view (126-4) the segmental divisions of the bronchi are shown after removal of the left pulmonary artery.

														 1
						.
					 Rib I  2
						.
					 Anterior branch left pulmonary artery  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior segmental bronchus Lower pointer: Superior lobar bronchus  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior lingular branch left pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Superior lingular bronchus left pulmonary artery  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior lingular branch left pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Inferior lingular bronchus  6
						.
					 Location of left phrenic nerve (covered by pleura)  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Apical branch left pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Apicoposterior segmental bronchus (Note: the posterior ramus of the posterior subsegmental bronchus (no. 8, lower pointer) has an aberrant origin from the anterior segmental bronchus in this specimen)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior branch left pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Posterior branch of posterior subsegmental branch of segmental bronchus  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Interlobar part left pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Superior branch of inferior left pulmonary artery  10
						.
					 Basal part left pulmonary artery  11
						.
					 Left inferior lobar bronchus  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Views of segmental bronchi, azygos system of veins, sympathetic trunks and costovertebral joints
										 Segmental bronchi of right lung, lateral view
										The branches of the right pulmonary artery have been cut away from the specimen shown in the previous photograph to expose the segmental divisions of the right bronchus. The upper lobar bronchus (2) divides into apical, posterior and anterior segmental bronchi (1, 11). The middle lobar bronchus (13) divides into lateral and medial segmental bronchi (15). The inferior lobar bronchus (4) gives off a superior segmental bronchus (3) and continues downward to divide into four basal segmental bronchi (4, 6, 7, 8). In this specimen it is apparent that the lateral ramus (5) of the anterior basal segmental bronchus has a high origin from the lobar bronchus.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Apical segmental bronchus Lower pointer: Posterior segmental bronchus  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior lobar bronchus Lower pointer: Bronchial branch of thoracic aorta  3
						.
					 Superior segmental bronchus  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior lobar bronchus Lower pointer: Medial basal segmental bronchus  5
						.
					 Anterior basal segmental bronchus (lateral branch, originating abnormally high)  6
						.
					 Posterior basal segmental bronchus  7
						.
					 Lateral basal segmental bronchus  8
						.
					 Anterior basal segmental bronchus  9
						.
					 Azygos vein (covered by pleura)  10
						.
					 Apical branch of right pulmonary artery (cut off)  11
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus  12
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  13
						.
					 Medial lobar bronchus  14
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein (cut off)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral segmental bronchus Lower pointer: Medial segmental bronchus  16
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary veins  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Views of segmental bronchi, azygos system of veins, sympathetic trunks and costovertebral joints
										 Segmental bronchi of right lung in relation to branches of pulmonary artery, lateral view
										The right pleural cavity has been opened. The parenchyma of the lung has been removed. The segmental bronchi with the accompanying branches of the right pulmonary artery have been preserved. The abbreviation "a.p.d." is used in the legend below to indicate the "arteria pulmonalis dextra". The right pulmonary veins have been completely resected. The basal part (5) of the pulmonary artery has been pulled slightly posteriorly to permit better visualization of the lower lobe bronchus. In the following view (126A-2) the segmental bronchi are displayed after the arteries have been entirely removed.

														 1
						.
					 Apical branch right pulmonary artery (pointers on apical and anterior branches)  2
						.
					 Right pointer: Apical segmental bronchus Left pointer: Posterior descending branch right pulmonary artery  3
						.
					 Posterior segmental bronchus  4
						.
					 Posterior ascending branch right pulmonary artery  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior branch of inferior lobe right pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Basal part right pulmonary artery  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Basal lateral branch right pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Anterior basal branch right pulmonary artery  7
						.
					 Anterior basal branch right pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Axillary vein  9
						.
					 Rib I  10
						.
					 Apical branch right pulmonary artery  11
						.
					 Superior vena cava (covered by mediastinal pleura)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior branch right pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Anterior segmental bronchus  13
						.
					 Interlobar part right pulmonary artery  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral branch of medial lobe right pulmonary artery Lower pointer: Medial branch of medial lobe right pulmonary artery (inferior branch)  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral segmental bronchus Lower pointer: Medial segmental bronchus  16
						.
					 Medial branch of medial lobe right pulmonary artery (superior branch)  17
						.
					 Location of right atrium (covered by pleura and pericardium)  18
						.
					 Diaphragm  19
						.
					 Right pointer: Medial basal segmental bronchus Left pointer: Medial basal branch right pulmonary artery  20
						.
					 Anterior basal segmental bronchus  21
						.
					 Lateral basal segmental bronchus  22
						.
					 Posterior basal segmental bronchus  *
						.
					 [Legend above restored translation from Latin]


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Contents of thoracic inlet viewed from below
										The thoracic cavity has been opened from behind. The thoracic viscera have been excised with the exception of the structures which pass through the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet). Lymphatic structures and connective tissue have been removed from the area.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse process vertebrae Th. II  2
						.
					 Rib II  3
						.
					 Stellate ganglion  4
						.
					 Thoracic nerve I  5
						.
					 Costocervical trunk  6
						.
					 Left vertebral artery  7
						.
					 Ansa subclavia  8
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  9
						.
					 Rib I  10
						.
					 Intercostal nerve I  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Esophagus Lower pointer: Trachea  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left phrenic nerve Lower pointer: Left subclavian vein  13
						.
					 Left common carotid artery  14
						.
					 Aortic arch  15
						.
					 Costal cartilage I  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Ligamentum arteriosum  17
						.
					 Costal pleura  18
						.
					 Ascending aorta  19
						.
					 Sternothyroid muscle (origin from sternum)  20
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  21
						.
					 Spinal ganglion nerve Th. II  22
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament (crossing vertebra Th. II)  23
						.
					 Intervertebral disc Th. II-III  24
						.
					 Costotransverse ligament  25
						.
					 Inferior costal facet  26
						.
					 Thoracic nerve I  27
						.
					 Cervical nerve VIII  28
						.
					 Left pointer: Costocervical trunk Right pointer: Inferior trunk brachial plexus  29
						.
					 Right vertebral artery and vein  30
						.
					 Right subclavian artery  31
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  32
						.
					 Right phrenic nerve  33
						.
					 Right subclavian vein  34
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right vagus nerve Lower pointer: Right brachiocephalic vein  35
						.
					 Left pointer: Brachiocephalic trunk Right pointer: Inferior thyroid vein  36
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left brachiocephalic vein Lower pointer: Azygos vein  37
						.
					 Superior vena cava  38
						.
					 Manubrium of sternum (covered by sternal membrane)


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Mediastinal contents viewed from left side
										The pleura has been removed from the left side of the mediastinum and from the paravertebral area. The pericardial cavity has been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Subclavius muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Left subclavian artery and vein  3
						.
					 Thoracic duct  4
						.
					 Rib I (periosteum removed)  5
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  6
						.
					 Pericardiacophrenic artery  7
						.
					 Left brachiocephalic vein (in background)  8
						.
					 Aortic arch (covered by fibrous tissue)  9
						.
					 Thymus (covered by fascia)  10
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  11
						.
					 Left pulmonary veins (filled with red latex)  12
						.
					 Phrenic nerve left (band of pericardium preserved along nerve)  13
						.
					 Left ventricle  14
						.
					 Pericardial cavity  15
						.
					 Costal cartilage V  16
						.
					 Pericardium (opened)  17
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  18
						.
					 Intercostal nerve II  19
						.
					 Supreme intercostal vein  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left subclavian artery Lower pointer: Esophagus  21
						.
					 Left superior intercostal vein  22
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  23
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery IV  24
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery (filled with blue latex)  25
						.
					 Left main bronchus  26
						.
					 Costal pleura  27
						.
					 Accessory hemiazygos vein  28
						.
					 Thoracic ganglion  29
						.
					 Greater splanchnic nerve  30
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  31
						.
					 Hemiazygos vein  32
						.
					 Thoracic aorta  33
						.
					 Diaphragm


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Mediastinal pleura viewed from left side
										The upper limb has been detached. The left pleural cavity has been opened and the lung has been excised.

														 1
						.
					 Clavicle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Brachial plexus  3
						.
					 Subclavian artery and vein  4
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (clavicular part, cut across)  5
						.
					 Rib I (intact)  6
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery  7
						.
					 Line of reflection of mediastinal pleura onto lung  8
						.
					 Branches left upper pulmonary vein  9
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (sternal part, cut off)  10
						.
					 Costal cartilage ill (cut across)  11
						.
					 Transversus thoracis muscle (cut across)  12
						.
					 Costomediastinal recess  13
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura (pointer indicates location of phrenic nerve in its course across left border of heart and pericardium)  14
						.
					 Lobule of fat  15
						.
					 Costodiaphragmatic recess  16
						.
					 Rib III (cut off)  17
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  18
						.
					 Aortic arch (covered by pleura)  19
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery (filled with blue latex)  20
						.
					 Left main bronchus  21
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein  22
						.
					 Thoracic aorta (covered by pleura)  23
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament  24
						.
					 Costal pleura  25
						.
					 Diaphragm  26
						.
					 Rib X (periosteum removed)


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Mediastinal contents viewed from right side
										The pleura which covered the right side of the mediastinum and the paravertebral area has been removed from the specimen shown in the preceding view. The pericardial cavity has been opened. The endothoracic fascia has been cleared away.

														 1
						.
					 Thoracic ganglion  2
						.
					 Longus colli muscle  3
						.
					 Rib IV (cut off)  4
						.
					 Costal pleura  5
						.
					 Cardiac thoracic nerve  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Right superior intercostal vein Lower pointer: Azygos vein (pointer indicates location of a valve within vein)  7
						.
					 Right main bronchus  8
						.
					 Branch right pulmonary artery (filled with blue latex)  9
						.
					 Right pulmonary veins (filled with red latex)  10
						.
					 Ligamentum capitis costae radiatum  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ramus communicans Lower pointer: Thoracic ganglion  12
						.
					 Greater splanchnic nerve (two strands indicated by pointers join at a lower level)  13
						.
					 Posterior intercostal artery and vein  14
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  15
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  16
						.
					 Diaphragm  17
						.
					 Subclavius muscle  18
						.
					 Brachial plexus (pointer indicates one of several components)  19
						.
					 Right subclavian artery and vein  20
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle (cut off at origin)  21
						.
					 Rib I (periosteum removed)  22
						.
					 Left pointer: Right vagus nerve Right pointer: Right brachiocephalic vein  23
						.
					 Trachea  24
						.
					 Inferior cardiac branch of vagus nerve  25
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery and vein  26
						.
					 Right phrenic nerve  27
						.
					 Pericardiacophrenic artery (cut off)  28
						.
					 Superior vena cava  29
						.
					 Fascia covering thymus  30
						.
					 Pericardial cavity  31
						.
					 Musculophrenic artery and vein  32
						.
					 Sternocostal part pectoralis major muscle (cut off)  33
						.
					 Right atrium  34
						.
					 Pericardium (cut margins)  35
						.
					 Esophagus  36
						.
					 Vagus nerve right (note filaments of esophageal plexus above pointer)  37
						.
					 Inferior vena cava (covered by pericardium)


Dissection of mediastinum and paravertebral structures
										 Mediastinal pleura viewed from right side
										The upper limb has been detached. The right pleural cavity has been opened and the right lung has been excised.

														 1
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (upper portion)  2
						.
					 Depression formed by vertebral border of scapula  3
						.
					 Rib III (cut off)  4
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  5
						.
					 Azygos vein (covered by mediastinal pleura)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Bronchus of upper right lobe Lower pointer: Right main bronchus (to middle and lower lobes)  7
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph node  8
						.
					 Left atrium (right superior pulmonary vein cut off above pointer, right inferior pulmonary vein cut off below pointer)  9
						.
					 Right vagus nerve  10
						.
					 Esophagus  11
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament  12
						.
					 Diaphragm  13
						.
					 Clavicle  14
						.
					 Subclavius muscle  15
						.
					 Subclavian artery and vein  16
						.
					 Rib I  17
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (cut off)  18
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  19
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery  20
						.
					 Costal cartilage III  21
						.
					 Line of reflection of mediastinal pleura onto lung  22
						.
					 Costomediastinal recess  23
						.
					 Right atrium (covered by pericardium and mediastinal pleura)  24
						.
					 Transversus thoracis muscle (cut across)  25
						.
					 Rectus abdominis muscle


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Left lung.
										Branches of the pulmonary artery and vein have been removed to demonstrate the segmental bronchi (12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 22) of the lower lobe. The view is directed medially.

														 1
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  2
						.
					 Left main bronchus  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior lingular bronchus (in foreground) Lower pointer: Inferior lingular bronchus (in foreground)  4
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein  5
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  6
						.
					 Pericardium  7
						.
					 Pulmonary ligament  8
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery (cut off)  9
						.
					 Posterior apical segmental bronchus  10
						.
					 Interlobar surface lower lobe  11
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus  12
						.
					 Superior segmental bronchus (pointer on superior branch)  13
						.
					 Superior segmental bronchus (pointer on lateral branch)  14
						.
					 Posterior and lateral basilar branches left pulmonary artery  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left lower lobe bronchus Lower pointer: Bronchial branch of aorta  16
						.
					 Anterior basal segmental bronchus  17
						.
					 Lateral branch of no. 16  18
						.
					 Basal branch of no.16  19
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus  20
						.
					 Lateral basal segmental bronchus  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anteromedial branch of no. 19 Lower pointer: Anterolateral branch of no. 19  22
						.
					 Posterior basal segmental bronchus (division of this bronchus into laterobasal and mediobasal branches is visible below pointer)


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Left lung.
										The lower lobe has been dissected to expose the medial basal segmental bronchus (19), the distribution of the pulmonary artery to the anterior area of the lobe and tributaries to the lower left pulmonary vein. The view is directed obliquely upward and medially.

														 1
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery  2
						.
					 Right superior pulmonary vein  3
						.
					 Left atrium  4
						.
					 Tributary to right superior pulmonary vein (inverted into atrium)  5
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein  6
						.
					 Pericardium  7
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node  8
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  9
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  10
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein (cut off)  11
						.
					 Posterior apical segmental bronchus  12
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus  13
						.
					 Intersegmental lingular veins  14
						.
					 Superior lingular bronchus  15
						.
					 Inferior lingular bronchus  16
						.
					 Basilar part left pulmonary artery  17
						.
					 Left lower lobe bronchus  18
						.
					 Left, inferior pulmonary vein  19
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Left lung.
										The left upper lobe has been retracted anteriorly and toward the right. The pleura in the depths of the oblique fissure has been cut to expose the interlobar parts of the left pulmonary artery, the pulmonary plexus of nerves and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes and vessels. Unlike the situation in the right lung (124-7), there is no area of fusion of upper and lower lobes on the left.

														 1
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  2
						.
					 Left vertebral artery (unusual origin from aortic arch)  3
						.
					 Left common carotid artery  4
						.
					 Brachiocephalic trunk  5
						.
					 Aortic arch  6
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  7
						.
					 Ligamentum arteriosum  8
						.
					 Upper lobe (retracted)  9
						.
					 Interlobar surface upper lobe  10
						.
					 Posterior branches left pulmonary artery (entering upper lobe)  11
						.
					 Posterior mediastinal lymph node  12
						.
					 Costal pleura (pointer on third rib)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Thoracic aorta  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vagus nerve Lower pointer: Branch entering pulmonary plexus  15
						.
					 Line of reflection of pleura between lobes of lung  16
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  17
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes  18
						.
					 Left lower lobe bronchus  19
						.
					 Interlobar surface lower lobe


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Left lung.
										Branches of the left pulmonary artery have been cut away to reveal the more posterior subsegmental bronchi. The pulmonary plexus of nerves (5) has been more fully exposed. A branch of the bronchial artery (6) is visible.

														 1
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  2
						.
					 Aortic arch  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve Lower pointer: Ligamentum arteriosum  4
						.
					 Right pointer: Left pulmonary artery Left pointer: Pulmonary trunk  5
						.
					 Pulmonary plexus (note other unlabeled nerve filaments inferiorly)  6
						.
					 Bronchial branch of aorta  7
						.
					 Left upper lobe bronchus (note division into upper and lower parts)  8
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein (retracted medially)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior lingular bronchus Lower pointer: Inferior lingular bronchus  10
						.
					 Pericardium (retracted medially)  11
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  12
						.
					 Anterior branch of apical subsegmental bronchus  13
						.
					 Apical branch of apical subsegmental bronchus  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Apical subsegmental bronchus Lower pointer: Posterior subsegmental bronchus  15
						.
					 Posterior apical segmental bronchus  16
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus (note posterior branch close to origin of this bronchus)  17
						.
					 Superior lingular bronchus (upper pointer, anterior branch; lower pointer, posterior branch)  18
						.
					 Intersegmental lingular veins  19
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Left lung.
										The upper division of the left superior pulmonary vein (10) has been severed. Its branches have been cut off at varying distal points and the main stem of the vein has been retracted anteromedially. This procedure has served to expose the upper part of the left pulmonary artery, parts of the bronchial tree, filaments of the pulmonary plexus of nerves and bronchopulmonary lymphatic nodes and vessels.

														 1
						.
					 Vagus nerve left  2
						.
					 Cardiac plexus  3
						.
					 Aortic arch  4
						.
					 Recurrent laryngeal nerve  5
						.
					 Pericardium  6
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  7
						.
					 Left pulmonary artery  8
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes  9
						.
					 Filament of pulmonary plexus  10
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein (retracted anteromedially)  11
						.
					 Superior intersegmental and lingular veins  12
						.
					 Medial surface of left lung  13
						.
					 Apex of lung  14
						.
					 Apical branch left pulmonary artery  15
						.
					 Posterior apical segmental bronchus  16
						.
					 Branch posterior left pulmonary artery  17
						.
					 Anterior lateral branch left pulmonary artery  18
						.
					 Anterior segmental bronchus  19
						.
					 Anterior descending branch left pulmonary artery  20
						.
					 Superior lingular bronchus  21
						.
					 Inferior lingular bronchus


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Left lung.
										The upper lobe has been dissected from its medial aspect and has been retracted laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Trachea  2
						.
					 Aortic arch  3
						.
					 Superior vena cava  4
						.
					 Pericardium  5
						.
					 Ascending aorta  6
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein (note anterior intersegmental branches to upper lobe)  7
						.
					 Pulmonary trunk  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Left auricle Lower pointer: Latex cast in left inferior pulmonary vein at entrance into left atrium)  9
						.
					 Left atrium (interior visible through openings cut in wall)  10
						.
					 Right atrium  11
						.
					 Left ventricle  12
						.
					 Right ventricle  13
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery  14
						.
					 Left phrenic nerve  15
						.
					 Apex of lung  16
						.
					 Left superior intercostal vein (not tributary accompanying left phrenic nerve)  17
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node  18
						.
					 Apical branch left pulmonary artery  19
						.
					 Posterior apical segmental bronchus (apical subsegmental branch)  20
						.
					 Anterior lateral branch left pulmonary artery  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior segmental bronchus Lower pointer: Lingular branch superior left pulmonary artery  22
						.
					 Anterior descending branch left pulmonary artery  23
						.
					 Branches superior lingular bronchi  24
						.
					 Intersegmental vein  25
						.
					 Upper lobe left lung  26
						.
					 Oblique fissure  27
						.
					 Lingula of left lung  28
						.
					 Lower lobe left lung


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Left lung.
										The pleura has been divided at the hilus and has been removed from the nearby area of the mediastinum. The partially deflated upper lobe of the lung has been retracted laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Left subclavian artery  2
						.
					 Left vagus nerve  3
						.
					 Left common carotid artery  4
						.
					 Left phrenic nerve  5
						.
					 Internal thoracic artery (note plexus of nerves from inferior cervical ganglion along proximal part of artery)  6
						.
					 Mediastinal pleura  7
						.
					 Anterior mediastinal lymph node (note other nodes and plexus of lymphatic vessels in this area)  8
						.
					 Superior tracheobronchial lymph node (note lymphatic vessels entering node from lung and inferior part of mediastinum)  9
						.
					 Pericardium  10
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle (cut off)  11
						.
					 Cupula pleurae  12
						.
					 Apex of lung  13
						.
					 Rib II  14
						.
					 Mediastinal surface upper lobe  15
						.
					 Costal pleura  16
						.
					 Costal surface upper lobe  17
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein  18
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph node


Dissection of lungs in situ
										 Right lung.
										The five segmental bronchi in the lower lobe (5, 7, 8, 9, 15) have been exposed by the removal of lung parenchyma, smaller bronchi and vessels. The medial basal bronchus (7) has been retracted laterally to expose the posterior basal bronchus (15). The middle lobe bronchus (3) has also been retracted laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Right pulmonary artery (cut off)  2
						.
					 Right main bronchus  3
						.
					 Bronchus of middle right lobe (retracted laterally)  4
						.
					 Right inferior lobe bronchus  5
						.
					 Superior segmental bronchus  6
						.
					 Interlobar surface lower lobe  7
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus  8
						.
					 Anterior basal segmental bronchus  9
						.
					 Lateral basal segmental bronchus (pointers on lateral and basal branches)  10
						.
					 Medial basal segmental bronchus (left pointer, anterior branch; right pointer, medial branch)  11
						.
					 Diaphragmatic surface lower lobe  12
						.
					 Bronchopulmonary lymph node  13
						.
					 Left superior pulmonary vein  14
						.
					 Left atrium  15
						.
					 Posterior basal segmental bronchus  16
						.
					 Left inferior pulmonary vein  17
						.
					 Right inferior pulmonary vein (note upper and lower branches into lower lobe)  18
						.
					 Pericardium  19
						.
					 Inferior vena cava