Volar aspect of forearm
										 Pronator quadratus muscle; origins of deep layer of flexor muscles
										The flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus muscles have been removed. Short ends of muscle fibres remain in the areas of origin of these muscles (6,15).

														 1
						.
					 Radial artery  2
						.
					 Sheath of common tendon of flexor muscles (opened)  3
						.
					 Pronator quadratus muscle  4
						.
					 Radius  5
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  6
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle (area of origin)  7
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve  8
						.
					 Left pointer: Flexor digitorum superficialis (radial head) Right pointer: Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  9
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  10
						.
					 Nutritive artery of radius  11
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  12
						.
					 Supinator muscle  13
						.
					 Dorsal recurrent ulnar artery  14
						.
					 Ulnar artery  15
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (area of origin)  16
						.
					 Ulna  17
						.
					 Antebrachial interosseous membrane


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Nerve supply to flexor digitorum profundus muscle (continued)
										Branches of the ulnar (17) and median (volar interosseous branch, 20) nerves to the flexor digitorum profundus muscle have been dissected. In this specimen the interosseous arteries arise separately from the ulnar artery. Consequently the common interosseous artery is absent.

														 1
						.
					 Brachial artery  2
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  3
						.
					 Radial artery  4
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve (elevated)  5
						.
					 Supinator muscle  6
						.
					 Ulnar artery (cut off)  7
						.
					 Median artery (large)  8
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  9
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle (retracted laterally)  10
						.
					 Muscular branch anterior interosseous nerve (to flexor pollicis longus muscle)  11
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to middle finger)  12
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to index finger)  13
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  14
						.
					 Anterior recurrent ulnar artery  15
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (ulnar head)  16
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (humeral head)  17
						.
					 Muscular branches of ulnar nerve (to flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  18
						.
					 Dorsal recurrent ulnar artery  19
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  20
						.
					 Muscular branches anterior interosseous nerve (to flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  21
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  22
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to fifth finger)  23
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle fourth finger)


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Nerve supply to flexor digitorum profundus muscle (continued)
										The portion of the flexor digitorum profundus to the index finger (5) has been retracted laterally and the remainder of the muscle (13) has been retracted medially. The distal ramification of branches of the volar interosseous nerve and artery in the muscle is visible.

														 1
						.
					 Pronator quadratus muscle  2
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  3
						.
					 Muscular branch anterior interosseous nerve (to flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  4
						.
					 Branch anterior interosseous artery  5
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to digit II)  6
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle  7
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  8
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve  9
						.
					 Muscular branch anterior interosseous nerve (to flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  10
						.
					 Muscular branch anterior interosseous nerve (to flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  11
						.
					 Anastomotic branch between median and ulnar nerves  12
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  13
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to digits III-V)  14
						.
					 Ulriar artery


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Nerve supply to flexor digitorum profundus muscle; volar interosseous artery and nerve
										The flexor pollicis longus muscle has been retracted laterally to reveal the muscular branches of the interosseous nerve which supply the medial part of the muscle. Nerves to the flexor digitorum profundus have been exposed, particularly to that part of the muscle which inserts on the index finger.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve  2
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  3
						.
					 Anastomotic loop between two muscular branches of anterior interosseous nerve  4
						.
					 Radius  5
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle (retracted laterally)  6
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  7
						.
					 Muscular branch anterior interosseous nerve (to flexor pollicis longus muscle)  8
						.
					 Median artery (large)  9
						.
					 Ulnar artery  10
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous artery  11
						.
					 Supinator muscle  12
						.
					 Muscular branch ulnar artery  13
						.
					 Ulnar artery (proximal part)  14
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to digit II)  15
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to digits III-V)  16
						.
					 Muscular branch anterior interosseous nerve (to parts of flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  17
						.
					 Muscular branch anterior interosseous nerve (to parts of flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  18
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to medial part of flexor digitorum profundus muscle)


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Nerve supply to flexor pollicis longus muscle
										The muscle has been elevated and its fascicles separated or cut away in part to expose the intramuscular course of its nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  2
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon of insertion)  4
						.
					 Extensor can radialis brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  5
						.
					 Radius  6
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (radial head, cut off)  7
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  8
						.
					 Muscular branch anterior interosseous nerve  9
						.
					 Ulnar artery  10
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle (elevated)  11
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle  12
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  13
						.
					 Anastomotic branch between median and ulnar nerves  14
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus muscles
										The ulnar artery (11,26)has been resected and the deep flexors separated from each other.

														 1
						.
					 Lumbrical muscles  2
						.
					 Radial carpal eminence  3
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  4
						.
					 Radial artery  5
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  6
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (tendon)  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle (tendon)  8
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (tendon)  9
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle  10
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  11
						.
					 Ulnar artery  12
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve  13
						.
					 Supinator muscle  14
						.
					 Ulnar artery  15
						.
					 Radial artery  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Brachial artery Lower pointer: Median nerve  17
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve  18
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (ulnar head)  19
						.
					 Anterior recurrent ulnar artery  20
						.
					 Dorsal recurrent ulnar artery  21
						.
					 Anastomotic branch between median and ulnar nerves  22
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  23
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to digits III-V)  24
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle (to digit II)  25
						.
					 Pronator quadratus muscle  26
						.
					 Ulnar artery  27
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon of insertion)  28
						.
					 Ulnar carpal eminence (ligamentum carpi transversum transected)  29
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Course of ulnar nerve and artery in right forearm
										The flexor digitorum sublimis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon)  2
						.
					 Radial artery  3
						.
					 Left pointer: Brachioradialis muscle (tendon) Right pointer: Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  4
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (radial head)  6
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (insertion)  7
						.
					 Supinator muscle  8
						.
					 Anterior interosseous nerve  9
						.
					 Median nerve  10
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  11
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  12
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  13
						.
					 Olecranon  14
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (humeral head)  15
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (ulnar head)  16
						.
					 Dorsal recurrent ulnar artery  17
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  18
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  19
						.
					 Anastomotic branch between median and ulnar nerves  20
						.
					 Ulnar artery  21
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle  22
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle  23
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (tendon)  24
						.
					 Fascia within carpal tunnel


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Nerve and blood supply to flexor carpi ulnaris muscle; recurrent ulnar arteries
										The flexor digitorum sublimis muscle has been removed and the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris has been reflected medially. The median nerve has been elevated.

														 1
						.
					 Median nerve  2
						.
					 Brachial artery  3
						.
					 Radial artery  4
						.
					 Recurrent radial artery  5
						.
					 Branch muscularis ulnar artery  6
						.
					 Supinator muscle  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle  8
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (area of insertion)  9
						.
					 Median artery (large)  10
						.
					 Ulnar artery  11
						.
					 Flexor digitorum profundus muscle  12
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve (to flexor digitorum profundus muscle)  13
						.
					 Dorsal recurrent ulnar artery  14
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (ulnar head)  15
						.
					 Anterior recurrent ulnar artery  16
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (reflected medially)  17
						.
					 Brachial vein  18
						.
					 Inferior ulnar collateral artery  19
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  20
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  21
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (tendon of insertion)  22
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (humeral head)  23
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (origin)  24
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  25
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (origin of humeral head)  26
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (origin of humeral head)  27
						.
					 Muscular branch of ulnar nerve


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Nerve and blood supply to flexor digitorum sublimis muscle
										The flexor digitorum sublimis (14) has been detached from its radial origin (5) and reflected medially. An unusually large median artery (15) occurs in this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  2
						.
					 Radius (covered by periosteum)  3
						.
					 Radial artery  4
						.
					 Flexor pollicis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (radial head)  6
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (area of insertion)  7
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle  8
						.
					 Supinator muscle  9
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  10
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  11
						.
					 Median nerve  12
						.
					 Ulnar artery  13
						.
					 Muscular branches of median nerve  14
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (left pointer, radial head, reflected; right pointer, humeral head)  15
						.
					 Median artery (unusually large)  16
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle  17
						.
					 Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve  18
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Ulnar artery in cubital fossa

														 1
						.
					 Communicating branch from musculocutaneus nerve to median nerve (similar branches are commonly found higher in the arm as accessory parts of the lateral head of the median nerve)  2
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  3
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (retracted laterally)  4
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve Lower pointer: Radial artery  6
						.
					 Supinator muscle  7
						.
					 Area of insertion of pronator teres muscle  8
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (radial head)  9
						.
					 Brachial artery and vein  10
						.
					 Median nerve  11
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  12
						.
					 Nerve to flexor carpi radialis muscle (see previous view)  13
						.
					 Anterior recurrent ulnar artery  14
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (ulnar head)  15
						.
					 Dorsal recurrent ulnar artery  16
						.
					 Ulnar artery  17
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (humeral head)  18
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Flexor digitorum sublimis muscle
										The pronator teres (5,14) and flexor carpi radialis (7) muscles have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Median nerve  2
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  3
						.
					 Radial artery  4
						.
					 Supinator muscle  5
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (area of insertion)  6
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (radial head)  7
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon of insertion)  8
						.
					 Anterior carpal ligament (reflected laterally)  9
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle  10
						.
					 Ligament of digital sheath IV  11
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  12
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  13
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pronator teres muscle (humeral head) Lower pointer: Medial epicondyle of humerus  15
						.
					 Olecranon  16
						.
					 Ulnar artery  17
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (humeral head)  18
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle  19
						.
					 Ulnar artery and nerve


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Nerve supply to right pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis muscles
										The humeral head (4) of the pronator teres has been divided and its fascicles separated to display branches of the median nerve and ulnar artery within the muscle. The flexor carpi radialis muscle has been retracted medially and dissected in a similar manner.

														 1
						.
					 Vena comitans of radial artery  2
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  3
						.
					 Radial artery  4
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (humeral head)  5
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (pointer near insertion on radius)  6
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis  7
						.
					 Median nerve  8
						.
					 Muscular branch of median nerve (to both heads of pronator teres muscle)  9
						.
					 Muscular branch of median nerve (to flexor carpi radialis muscle)  10
						.
					 Anterior recurrent ulnar artery  11
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (ulnar head)


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Relation of median nerve to pronator teres muscle
										The humeral head of the pronator teres has been cut away (9,16). The flexor carpi radialis has been transected at its origin (18) and reflected medially. No lymph nodes were found in the cubital fossa in this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  2
						.
					 Brachial veins  3
						.
					 Median nerve  4
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  5
						.
					 Ulnar artery  6
						.
					 Radial artery  7
						.
					 Muscular branch of median nerve (to flexor carpi radialis muscle)  8
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (ulnar head)  9
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (humeral head; note associated muscular branches of median nerve)  10
						.
					 Branches of middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  11
						.
					 Basilic vein  12
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  13
						.
					 Medial intermuscular septum  14
						.
					 Inferior ulnar collateral artery  15
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  16
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (humeral head)  17
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  18
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (reflected medially)  19
						.
					 Anterior recurrent ulnar artery  20
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis (humeral head)


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Superficial layer of flexor muscles separated, close-up view of distal part of right forearm

														 1
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle  2
						.
					 Superficial anterior branch radial artery  3
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  4
						.
					 Radial artery  5
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon)  6
						.
					 Tendinous slip in position of palmaris longus muscle  7
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle (tendon)  8
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  9
						.
					 Anterior branch to the hand of ulnar nerve  10
						.
					 Ulnar artery  11
						.
					 Anterior carpal ligament  12
						.
					 Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve  13
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (retracted)  14
						.
					 Intermuscular septum  15
						.
					 Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve  16
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Superficial layer of flexor muscles separated, right forearm

														 1
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  2
						.
					 Median nerve  3
						.
					 Brachial vein  4
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous  5
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle  6
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis  7
						.
					 Radial artery  8
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  9
						.
					 Brachial fascia  10
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  11
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  12
						.
					 Inferior ulnar collateral artery  13
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (humeral head)  14
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  15
						.
					 Olecranon  16
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle  17
						.
					 Intermuscular septum  18
						.
					 Anterior carpal ligament


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Left palmaris longus muscle
										The palmaris longus muscle is essentially absent in the right forearm shown in 97-1. Only a slender tendon extends into the antebrachial fascia. In the opposite forearm, shown here, the palmaris longus is well-developed. In addition, an accessory tendinous slip (10) extends proximally from the tendon of the palmaris longus to blend into the antebrachial fascia. The radial artery originates from the brachial artery at a high level.

														 1
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  2
						.
					 Radial artery  3
						.
					 Brachial artery  4
						.
					 Median nerve  5
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  6
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (covered by lacertus fibrosus)  7
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle  8
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  9
						.
					 Palmaris longus muscle  10
						.
					 Accessory tendinous slip of palmaris longus muscle  11
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  12
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon)  13
						.
					 Palmaris longus muscle (tendon)  14
						.
					 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle  15
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  16
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  17
						.
					 Olecranon  18
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (left pointer, ulnar head; right pointer, humeral head)  19
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis  20
						.
					 Ulnar artery  21
						.
					 Palmar aponeurosis  22
						.
					 Palmaris brevis muscle


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Relation of flexor muscles to radial border of right foramen
										The antibrachial fascia has been removed. Superficial nerves and veins have been retained.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal carpal ligament  2
						.
					 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle  3
						.
					 Abductor pollicis longus muscle  4
						.
					 Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Cephalic vein  6
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  7
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  8
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  9
						.
					 Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  10
						.
					 Thumb  11
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  12
						.
					 Radial artery  13
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle  14
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle  15
						.
					 Bicipital aponeurosis  16
						.
					 Anterior branch middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  17
						.
					 Basilic vein


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Superficial layer of flexor muscles, right foramen

														 1
						.
					 Skin  2
						.
					 Superficial fascia  3
						.
					 Brachial fascia  4
						.
					 Anterior branch middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  5
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  6
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  7
						.
					 Cephalic vein  8
						.
					 Branch middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve  10
						.
					 Radial artery  11
						.
					 Branches of middle brachial cutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (medial head)  13
						.
					 Basilic vein  14
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  15
						.
					 Ulnar branch of middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  16
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  17
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (covered by aponeurosis)  18
						.
					 Olecranon  19
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle  20
						.
					 Flexor digitorum superficialis  21
						.
					 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle  22
						.
					 Palmaris longus muscle (tendon present but muscle deficient)


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Superficial veins and nerves in right cubital fossa, close-up view
										The cubital fossa (11) is covered by a layer of fascia which blends with the lacertus fibrosus (13) and which is continuous with the antibrachial fascia (9).

														 1
						.
					 Cephalic vein  2
						.
					 Subcutaneous plexus of veins  3
						.
					 Deep lamina of superficial fascia  4
						.
					 Communication between superficial and deep veins  5
						.
					 Median cubital vein  6
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  7
						.
					 Branches of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Branch middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Antibrachial fascia  10
						.
					 Median antebrachial vein  11
						.
					 Location of cubital fossa (covered by fascia)  12
						.
					 Anterior branch middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  13
						.
					 Bicipital aponeurosis  14
						.
					 Basilic vein


Volar aspect of forearm
										 Superficial nerves and vessels of right forearm
										The skin and subcutaneous tissue have been removed. The antibrachial fascia remains in place.

														 1
						.
					 Superficial branch of radial nerve (terminal branch)  2
						.
					 Flexor carpi radialis muscle (tendon covered by fascia)  3
						.
					 Antibrachial fascia  4
						.
					 Branches of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  5
						.
					 Branch middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  6
						.
					 Cephalic vein  7
						.
					 Median antebrachial vein  8
						.
					 Anterior branch middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Ulnar branch of middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  10
						.
					 Palmaris brevis muscle  11
						.
					 Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve  12
						.
					 Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve  13
						.
					 Basilic vein


Arm
										 Relation of left radial nerve to triceps muscle, posterior view
										The long and lateral heads of the triceps muscle have been transected (19) and reflected laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Teres minor muscle  2
						.
					 Circumflex scapular artery  3
						.
					 Teres major muscle  4
						.
					 Muscular branches of radial nerve  5
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head, reflected laterally)  6
						.
					 Muscular branches brachial artery  7
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head, reflected laterally; pointer on intramuscular aponeurosis which unites long and lateral heads of muscle)  8
						.
					 Teres major muscle (area of origin)  9
						.
					 Radial nerve (retracted medially)  10
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle (in background)  11
						.
					 Brachial artery  12
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to lateral head of triceps)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Deep brachial artery (continues distally as radial collateral artery) Lower pointer: Body of humerus (covered by periosteum pointer on sulcus of radial nerve)  14
						.
					 Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  15
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (medial head)  16
						.
					 Superior ulnar collateral artery  17
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to lower part of medial head of triceps and to anconeus muscle)  18
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to medial head of triceps)  19
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (transected; upper pointer, lateral head; lower pointer, long head)


Arm
										 Nerve supply to left triceps muscle, medial view
										The long head of the triceps has been retracted posteriorly.

														 1
						.
					 Inferior angle of scapula  2
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Axillary nerve Lower pointer: Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  4
						.
					 Teres major muscle  5
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle (tendon of insertion)  6
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  7
						.
					 Muscular branches of radial nerve  8
						.
					 Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve  10
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (medial head)  11
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  13
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  14
						.
					 Radial nerve  15
						.
					 Brachial artery  16
						.
					 Deep brachial artery  17
						.
					 Superior ulnar collateral artery  18
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  19
						.
					 Radial artery (anomalous high or from brachial artery)  20
						.
					 Muscular branch musculocutaneous nerve  21
						.
					 Medial intermuscular septum  22
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  23
						.
					 Muscular branch brachial artery


Arm
										 Relation of right radial nerve to humerus, posterior view
										The lateral head (14) of the triceps muscle has been divided and separated to expose the underlying radial nerve and deep brachial artery.

														 1
						.
					 Infraspinatus fossa  2
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  3
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  4
						.
					 Deep brachial artery  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of radial nerve (to medial head of triceps)  6
						.
					 Radial nerve  7
						.
					 Dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Inferior transverse ligament of scapula  9
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  10
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  11
						.
					 Axillary artery  12
						.
					 Teres major muscle  13
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (medial head)  14
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head)  15
						.
					 Olecranon


Arm
										 Right triceps muscle, posterior view
										The long and lateral heads of the muscle have been separated to expose the radial nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior transverse ligament of scapula Lower pointer: Transverse scapular artery  2
						.
					 Neck of scapula  3
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  4
						.
					 Axillary artery  5
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  6
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  7
						.
					 Olecranon  8
						.
					 Spine of scapula  9
						.
					 Acromioclavicular ligament  10
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle  11
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  12
						.
					 Teres minor muscle  13
						.
					 Surgical neck of humerus  14
						.
					 Teres major muscle  15
						.
					 Radial nerve  16
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head)  17
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  18
						.
					 Anconeus muscle


Arm
										 Left triceps muscle, posteromedial view
										The brachial fascia has been removed. The superficial nerves which were shown in the previous view have been retained.

														 1
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  2
						.
					 Branch intercostobrachial nerve (displaced upward)  3
						.
					 Lateral brachial cutaneous axillary nerve  4
						.
					 Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve of radial nerve  5
						.
					 IntercostobrachIal nerve  6
						.
					 Branches of middle brachial cutaneous nerve  7
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  8
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  9
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (medial head)  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Medial intermuscular septum Lower pointer: Brachialis muscle (covered by fascia)  11
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  12
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  13
						.
					 Teres major muscle  14
						.
					 Median nerve  15
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  16
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  17
						.
					 Middle antibrachial cutaneous nerve  18
						.
					 Basilic vein


Arm
										 Superficial nerves and vessels of left arm, posteromedial view
										The skin and subcutaneous tissue have been removed. The brachial fascia (5) is intact. The arm has been rotated medially.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral brachial cutaneous axillary nerve  2
						.
					 Branch intercostobrachial nerve (displaced slightly upward)  3
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve  4
						.
					 Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve of radial nerve  5
						.
					 Brachial fascia  6
						.
					 Branches of middle brachial cutaneous nerve  7
						.
					 Branches of middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Olecranon  9
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  10
						.
					 Basilic vein  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ulnar branch of middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve Lower pointer: Anterior branch middle antebrachial cutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  13
						.
					 Branch of circumflex artery of scapula  14
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of posterior branch thoracic nerve III  15
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  16
						.
					 Fascia covering latissimus dorsi muscle  17
						.
					 Posterior branch of lateral cutaneous branch of intercostal nerve V


Arm
										 Left brachialis muscle, anteromedial view

														 1
						.
					 Head of humerus  2
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  3
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  4
						.
					 Radial nerve  5
						.
					 Superior Ulnar collateral artery  6
						.
					 Medial intermuscular septum  7
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  8
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  9
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (ulnar head)  10
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle (humeral head)  11
						.
					 Ulna  12
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head)  13
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  14
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  15
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  16
						.
					 Branch musculocutaneous nerve (to brachialis muscle)  17
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  18
						.
					 Brachial artery  19
						.
					 Inferior ulnar collateral artery  20
						.
					 Median nerve  21
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (tendon of insertion)  22
						.
					 Radius  23
						.
					 Interosseous membrane


Arm
										 Nerve supply to left coracobrachialis, biceps and brachialis muscles, medial view
										The muscles have been retracted to show the course of the musculocutaneous nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Radial nerve  2
						.
					 Vertebral margin of scapula  3
						.
					 Teres major muscle  4
						.
					 Thoracodorsal artery  5
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle (tendon of insertion)  6
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  7
						.
					 Superior ulnar collateral artery  8
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  9
						.
					 Medial intermuscular septum  10
						.
					 Median nerve  11
						.
					 Brachial artery  12
						.
					 Joint of humerus  13
						.
					 Middle cord of brachial plexus  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Musculocutaneous nerve Lower pointer: Branches of musculocutaneous nerve (to coracobrachialis muscle)  15
						.
					 Lateral head of median nerve  16
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  17
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  18
						.
					 Medial head of median nerve  19
						.
					 Lymph node along course of deep brachial artery  20
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (short head)  21
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head)  22
						.
					 Branches of musculocutaneous nerve (to biceps brachii muscle)  23
						.
					 Muscular branch radial artery  24
						.
					 Radial artery (note anomalous, but not infrequent, high origin from brachial artery)  25
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  26
						.
					 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve  27
						.
					 Branches of musculocutaneous nerve (to brachialis muscle)


Arm
										 Vessels, nerves and muscles of left arm, medial view
										The brachial fascia has been removed. The brachial plexus and axillary artery have been displayed from their normal positions to bring various branches into view. The axillary vein has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle  2
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  3
						.
					 Right pointer: Circumflex artery of scapula Left pointer: Thoracodorsal artery  4
						.
					 Teres major muscle  5
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  6
						.
					 Brachial artery (deep to median nerve)  7
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  8
						.
					 Medial intermuscular septum  9
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  10
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  11
						.
					 Basilic vein  12
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  13
						.
					 Clavicle (cut off)  14
						.
					 Posterior cord of brachial plexus  15
						.
					 Lateral cord of brachial plexus  16
						.
					 Middle cord of brachial plexus  17
						.
					 Axillary artery  18
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  19
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  20
						.
					 Subscapular artery  21
						.
					 Radial nerve  22
						.
					 Lateral and medial heads of median nerve  23
						.
					 Brachial veins  24
						.
					 Radial artery (anomalous high origin)  25
						.
					 Brachial lymph nodes  26
						.
					 Median nerve  27
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  28
						.
					 Median cubital vein


Arm
										 Right biceps muscle. anterior view
										The deep fascia has been removed. The shoulder joint has been opened to display the tendon of the long head of the biceps.

														 1
						.
					 Clavicle  2
						.
					 Coracoacromial ligament (acromioclavicular joint)  3
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  4
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Long head of biceps brachii muscle (intracapsular part of tendon) Lower pointer: Greater tubercle of humerus  6
						.
					 Transverse humeral ligament  7
						.
					 Lesser tubercle of humerus  8
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  9
						.
					 Body of humerus (covered by periosteum)  10
						.
					 Long head biceps brachii muscle  11
						.
					 Short head  12
						.
					 Brachioradialis muscle  13
						.
					 Radial nerve (superficial branch)  14
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of biceps  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Median nerve Lower pointer: Radial artery  16
						.
					 Left pointer: Transverse scapular artery Right pointer: Suprascapular nerve  17
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  18
						.
					 Vertebral margin of scapula  19
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  20
						.
					 Axillary nerve  21
						.
					 Axillary artery  22
						.
					 Circumflex artery of scapula  23
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  24
						.
					 Pronator teres muscle  25
						.
					 Bicipital aponeurosis


Shoulder
										 Course of right axillary nerve
										The specimen shown in the previous view has been dissected to illustrate the relations of the axillary nerve. The capsule of the shoulder joint (8) has been detached from the surgical neck of the humerus. The upper part of the humerus has been cut away. Veins have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Acromioclavicular ligament  2
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  3
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle (tendon of insertion)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Infraspinatus muscle Lower pointer: Joint capsule of humerus  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subcoracoid bursa Lower pointer: Glenoid labrum  6
						.
					 Glenoid cavity  7
						.
					 Teres minor muscle  8
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus (pointer on area of attachment to humerus)  9
						.
					 Branch axillary nerve (to teres minor muscle)  10
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  11
						.
					 Body of humerus  12
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  13
						.
					 Deltoid muscle (clavicular origin)  14
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  15
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head)  16
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle (area of insertion on lesser tubercle)  17
						.
					 Axillary nerve  18
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (short head)  19
						.
					 Radial nerve  20
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  21
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  22
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  23
						.
					 Axillary artery  24
						.
					 Median nerve  25
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  26
						.
					 Circumflex scapular artery  27
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (partially resected)  28
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle


Shoulder
										 Cavity of right shoulder joint, lateral view
										The muscles of the shoulder have been resected and the lateral part of the joint capsule cut away. The upper part of the humerus has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Acromioclavicular ligament  2
						.
					 Subdeltoid bursa  3
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  4
						.
					 Tendon of supraspinatus muscle  5
						.
					 Subcoracoid bursa  6
						.
					 Glenoid labrum  7
						.
					 Glenoid cavity  8
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  9
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  10
						.
					 Teres minor muscle  11
						.
					 Body of humerus  12
						.
					 Branches of axillary nerve  13
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  14
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  15
						.
					 Superior glenohumeral ligament  16
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (short head)  17
						.
					 Tendon of subscapularis muscle (detached from lesser tubercle)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Bursa subscapularis Lower pointer: Middle glenohumeral ligament  19
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head)  20
						.
					 Cephalic vein  21
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle


Shoulder
										 Cavity of left shoulder joint, posterior view
										The articular capsule has been incised vertically and the humerus retracted laterally. The head of the humerus has been rotated posteriorly.

														 1
						.
					 Acromion of scapula (cut)  2
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus (cut edge turned inward)  3
						.
					 Glenoid labrum  4
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head)  5
						.
					 Position of superior glenohumeral ligament (covered internally by articular capsule)  6
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle (tendon fused with joint capsule)  7
						.
					 Head of humerus  8
						.
					 Tendon of subscapularis muscle (opening of bursa subscapularis visible)  9
						.
					 Middle glenohumeral ligament (covered internally by articular capsule)  10
						.
					 Anatomic neck of humerus  11
						.
					 Inferior glenohumeral ligament (covered internally by articular capsule)  12
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  13
						.
					 Teres minor muscle  14
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus (reinforced by inferior glenohumeral ligament)  15
						.
					 Body of humerus  16
						.
					 Spinoglenoid notch  17
						.
					 Neck of scapula  18
						.
					 Glenoid cavity  19
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  20
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  21
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus


Shoulder
										 Capsule and ligaments of left shoulder joint, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Subacromial bursa  2
						.
					 Deltoid muscle (origin)  3
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  4
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus (articular cartilage of humerus visible through thin portion of capsule)  5
						.
					 Teres minor muscle  6
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  7
						.
					 Body of humerus  8
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head)  9
						.
					 Teres major muscle  10
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  11
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle  12
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  13
						.
					 Spine of scapula  14
						.
					 Infraspinatus fossa  15
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  16
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  17
						.
					 Circumflex artery of scapula  18
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle


Shoulder
										 Capsule and ligaments of left shoulder joint, inferior view
										The humerus has been abducted.

														 1
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  2
						.
					 Bursa of subscapularis muscle (opened)  3
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  4
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle (cut close to insertion)  5
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  6
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  7
						.
					 Circumflex artery of scapula  8
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  9
						.
					 Inferior glenohumeral ligament (blended with joint capsule of humerus)  10
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  11
						.
					 Angle of acromion  12
						.
					 Teres minor muscle  13
						.
					 Teres major muscle  14
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head)


Shoulder
										 Capsule and ligaments of left shoulder joint, superior view

														 1
						.
					 Spine of scapula  2
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle  3
						.
					 Spinoglenoid notch  4
						.
					 Supraspinatus fossa  5
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  6
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  7
						.
					 Superior transverse ligament of scapula  8
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  9
						.
					 Coracoclavicular ligament  10
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  11
						.
					 Acromial articular surface  12
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  13
						.
					 Tendon of supraspinatus muscle covering capsule of shoulder joint  14
						.
					 Position of greater tubercle of humerus  15
						.
					 Coracoacromial ligament  16
						.
					 Position of lesser tubercle of humerus  17
						.
					 Body of humerus  18
						.
					 Anterior circumflex artery of humerus


Shoulder
										 Capsule and ligaments of left shoulder joint, anterior view
										The subscapular muscle has been partially cut away from the specimen shown previously (91-7). The capsule of the shoulder joint is reinforced anteriorly by the middle and inferior glenohumeral ligaments (5,6). The contours of these extracapsular ligaments are not clearly visible externally. They are more evident in the interior of the joint (94-7).

														 1
						.
					 Superior transverse ligament of scapula  2
						.
					 Scapular notch  3
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  4
						.
					 Subscapular fossa  5
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus (pointer indicates position of middle glenohumeral ligament, visible internally in view 94-7)  6
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus (pointer indicates position of inferior glenohumeral ligament, visible internally in view 94-7)  7
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  8
						.
					 Circumflex scapular artery  9
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve  10
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  11
						.
					 Coracoclavicular ligament (cut off)  12
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  13
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle (tendon of insertion)  14
						.
					 Acromial articular surface  15
						.
					 Bursa of subscapularis muscle (translucent area of wall indicates position of a deeper bursal sac both bursae communicate with cavity of shoulder joint)  16
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle and short head bicipitis brachii muscle  17
						.
					 Coracoacromial ligament  18
						.
					 Coracohumeral ligament  19
						.
					 Tendon of subscapularis muscle (lower portion muscular)  20
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head, elevated)  21
						.
					 Body of humerus  22
						.
					 Anterior circumflex artery of humerus  23
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  24
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  25
						.
					 Teres major muscle  26
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Shoulder
										 Nerve and blood supply to supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
										The muscles have been detached from their origins and reflected laterally.

														 1
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle (reflected)  2
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  3
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle (reflected)  4
						.
					 Radial nerve (in background)  5
						.
					 Brachial artery (in background)  6
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery (cut off and displaced superiorly from normal position)  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Coracoid process of scapula Lower pointer: Superior transverse ligament of scapula  8
						.
					 Medial angle of scapula  9
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve  10
						.
					 Supraspinatus fossa  11
						.
					 Spine of scapula  12
						.
					 Infraspinatus fossa  13
						.
					 Circumflex scapular artery  14
						.
					 Area of origin of teres major muscle


Shoulder
										 Relations of supraspinatus, infraspinatus and tres minor muscles to shoulder joint, superior view
										The specimen shown in 93-6 is viewed here from above and somewhat laterally. The approximate positions of the insertions of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles into the greater tubercle and shaft of the humerus are indicated in the drawing at 3, 5, and 7.

														 1
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  2
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  3
						.
					 Position of facet on greater tubercle of humerus for tendon of supraspinatus muscle  4
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head)  5
						.
					 Position of facet on greater tubercle of humerus for tendon of infraspinatus muscle  6
						.
					 Body of humerus  7
						.
					 Area of insertion of teres minor muscle  8
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head)  9
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus (cut off)  10
						.
					 Teres minor muscle  11
						.
					 Muscular branch axillary nerve (cut off)  12
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  13
						.
					 Teres major muscle  14
						.
					 Angle of acromion  15
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  16
						.
					 Rib I  17
						.
					 Clavicle  18
						.
					 Axillary vein  19
						.
					 Axillary artery  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: External jugular vein (cut off) Lower pointer: Supraclavicular part of brachial plexus  21
						.
					 Coracoacromial ligament  22
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve  23
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle (cut off)  24
						.
					 Position of acromioclavicular joint  25
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  26
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  27
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle  28
						.
					 Spine of scapula


Shoulder
										 Quadrangular and triangular spaces, close-up view

														 1
						.
					 Teres minor muscle (fused with infraspinatus muscle)  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Branch axillary nerve (to deltoid muscle, previously removed) Lower pointer: Quadrangular space  3
						.
					 Muscular branch axillary nerve (to teres minor muscle)  4
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus (cut off)  5
						.
					 Lateral brachial cutaneous (cut off)  6
						.
					 Triceps brachii (lateral head)  7
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  8
						.
					 Infraspinatus  9
						.
					 Circumflex artery of scapula  10
						.
					 Triangular space  11
						.
					 Teres major muscle  12
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle


Shoulder
										 Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and teres major muscles
										The fascia has been removed. The teres minor in this specimen is fused with the infraspinatus.

														 1
						.
					 Clavicle  2
						.
					 Acromioclavicular ligament  3
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  4
						.
					 Teres minor muscle (fused with infraspinatus muscle)  5
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  6
						.
					 Muscular branch axillary nerve (to teres minor muscle)  7
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head)  8
						.
					 Circumflex artery and vein of scapula  9
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (long head)  10
						.
					 Teres major muscle  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Long thoracic nerve Lower pointer: Serratus anterior muscle  12
						.
					 Levator muscle of scapula  13
						.
					 Supraspinatus  14
						.
					 Branch superficial cervical artery  15
						.
					 Spine of scapula  16
						.
					 Remnant of tendon of insertion of trapezius muscle  17
						.
					 Vertebral margin of scapula  18
						.
					 Infraspinatus muscle  19
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle (cut off)


Shoulder
										 Dorsal scapular nerve
										The rhomboid muscles have been cut away. The scapula hs been retracted laterally from the thorax so that the deep surfaces of the levator scapulae(2) and serratus anterior (4,11) muscles are exposed. The dorsal scapular nerve (3) can be traced through the levator scapular muscle toward its termination in the rhomboid muscles (see previous view).

														 1
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  2
						.
					 Levator muscle of scapula  3
						.
					 Dorsal nerve of scapula  4
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (upper part)  5
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut off)  6
						.
					 Vertebral margin of scapula  7
						.
					 Branch of superficial transverse artery to trapezius (refer to 931)  8
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle (cut off)  9
						.
					 Accessory slip of serratus anterior muscle  10
						.
					 Fascial layer interposed between serratus anterior muscle and thoracic wall  11
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (middle part)  12
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  13
						.
					 Middle scalene muscle  14
						.
					 Ascending branch superficial transverse artery  15
						.
					 Superficial transverse artery  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Descending branch superficial transverse artery Lower pointer: Lymph node  17
						.
					 Posterior superior serratus muscle  18
						.
					 Spinous process thoracic vertebra II  19
						.
					 Tendon of rhomboid major muscle (cut off)  20
						.
					 Rib III  21
						.
					 Lumbodorsal fascia  22
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (cut off)


Shoulder
										 Nerve supply to left rhomboideus major muscle
										The fascia has been removed from the rhomboid muscles and the fascicles of the rhomboideus major have been separated to expose branches of the dorsal scapular nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (reflected laterally)  2
						.
					 Superficial transverse vein  3
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  4
						.
					 Levator muscle of scapula  5
						.
					 Superficial transverse artery (divided)  6
						.
					 Insertion of trapezius on spine of scapula  7
						.
					 Vertebral margin of scapula  8
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  9
						.
					 Teres major muscle  10
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle  11
						.
					 Dorsal nerve of scapula  12
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle  13
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  14
						.
					 Lumbodorsal fascia


Shoulder
										 Nerve and blood supply to left lattisimus dorsi muscle
										The muscle has been divided close to its origin (13) and reflected laterally. The thick layer of fascia deep to the muscle remains intact.

														 1
						.
					 Teres major muscle  2
						.
					 Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve  3
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  4
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle (reflected laterally)  5
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  6
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of humerus  7
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  8
						.
					 Thoracodorsal nerve  9
						.
					 Thoracodorsal artery  10
						.
					 Inferior angle of scapula  11
						.
					 Fascial layer deep to latissimus dorsi muscle  12
						.
					 Sacrospinalis muscle (covered by lumbodorsal fascia)  13
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle (cut across near origin)  14
						.
					 Posterior inferior serratus muscle (beneath fascia)


Shoulder
										 Nerve supply to trapezius muscle, close-up view

														 1
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  2
						.
					 Muscular branches of superficial transverse artery (12)  3
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (reflected laterally)  4
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  5
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  6
						.
					 Teres major muscle  7
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  8
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle  9
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  10
						.
					 Position of medial angle of scapula  11
						.
					 Supraspinatus fascia  12
						.
					 Superficial transverse artery (cut off)  13
						.
					 Area of insertion of trapezius muscle into spine of scapula  14
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (origin)  15
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle  16
						.
					 Vertebral margin of scapula


Shoulder
										 Nerve and blood supply to left trapezius muscle
										The muscle has been reflected laterally from its origin. The underlying fascia remains intact.

														 1
						.
					 Origins of muscle trapezius (cut across)  2
						.
					 Superficial fascia (deep lamina of external layer)  3
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  4
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (reflected laterally)  5
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  6
						.
					 Branch of superficial transverse artery to trapezius (divided)  7
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  8
						.
					 Lateral brachial cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve (displaced upwards)  10
						.
					 Teres major muscle  11
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  12
						.
					 Spinous process vertebrae C. VII  13
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  14
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle  15
						.
					 Sacrospinalis muscle (beneath lumbodorsal fascia)  16
						.
					 Triangle of auscultation  17
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Shoulder
										 Muscles of right scapular region, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  2
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of posterior branch thoracic nerve II  3
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  4
						.
					 Vertebral margin of scapula  5
						.
					 Triangle of auscultation  6
						.
					 Posterior supraclavicular nerve  7
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  8
						.
					 Rete acromiale  9
						.
					 Spine of scapula  10
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  11
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve (displaced slightly upward)  12
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  13
						.
					 Teres major muscle  14
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Shoulder
										 Right lattisimus dorsi and trapezius muscles, posterior view
										Superficial nerves and vessels have been preserved to the left of the midline. The deep fascia has been removed on the right side.

														 1
						.
					 Superficial fascia (external layer)  2
						.
					 Spinous process thoracic vertebra II  3
						.
					 Lateral brachial cutaneous  4
						.
					 Posterior brachial cutaneous nerve  5
						.
					 Brachial fascia  6
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of branch posterior thoracic nerve V  7
						.
					 Posterior branch of lateral cutaneous branch of intercostal nerve V  8
						.
					 Fascia of latissimus dorsi muscle  9
						.
					 Superior cluneal nerves  10
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  11
						.
					 Acromion of scapula  12
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  13
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  14
						.
					 Teres major muscle  15
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  16
						.
					 Lumbodorsal fascia  17
						.
					 External abdominal oblique muscle  18
						.
					 Hiac crest


Shoulder
										 Nerve and blood supply to left deltoid muscle, lateral view
										The deltoid muscle has been detached from its origin and reflected laterally. Fascia has been removed from the deep surface of the muscle to expose nerves and blood vessels. The infraspinatus fascia (10) remains intact.

														 1
						.
					 Subdeltoid bursa overlying head of humerus  2
						.
					 External intercostal muscle (in background)  3
						.
					 Fascia over shoulder joint  4
						.
					 Surgical neck of humerus  5
						.
					 Articular branch of posterior circumflex artery of humerus  6
						.
					 Deltoid muscle (reflected laterally)  7
						.
					 Branch to deltoid of thoracoacromial artery (reflected with deltoid muscle)  8
						.
					 Acromion  9
						.
					 Acromial origin of deltoid muscle (cut across)  10
						.
					 Infraspinatus fascia  11
						.
					 Teres minor muscle (visible through infraspinatus fascia)  12
						.
					 Axillary nerve  13
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus


Shoulder
										 Fascial planes anterior to left shoulder joint
										A layer of fascia (6)extends laterally from the short head of the biceps across the shoulder joint. This layer blends with a fascia, aponeurotic in character, which continues upward from the insertion of the pectoralis major (18). The tendon of insertion of the subscapular muscle (4) is covered by a combination of the subscapular fascia. This layer has been reflected superiorly (3).

														 1
						.
					 Subdeltoid bursa  2
						.
					 Coracoacromial ligament  3
						.
					 Lateral portion of subscapular fascia (reflected superiorly)  4
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of subscapularis muscle (pointer on lesser tubercle of humerus)  5
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  6
						.
					 Fascial layer continuous with fascia of biceps muscle  7
						.
					 Position of intertubercular sulcus  8
						.
					 Anterior circumflex artery of humerus  9
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  10
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (short head)  11
						.
					 Pectoralis major bursa (pointer on tendon of long head of biceps muscle)  12
						.
					 Brachial veins  13
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  14
						.
					 Transverse humeral ligament  15
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  16
						.
					 Axillary nerve  17
						.
					 Body of humerus (covered by periosteum)  18
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (tendon of insertion)  19
						.
					 Cephalic vein


Shoulder
										 Conoid and trapezoid ligaments, anterior view of left shoulder
										The pectoralis minor muscle has been removed. The tendon of insertion of the pectoralis major (30) has been elevated to reveal an underlying bursa.

														 1
						.
					 Trapezoid ligament  2
						.
					 Accessory band  3
						.
					 Conoid ligament (92-4 make up the coracoclavicular ligament)  4
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  5
						.
					 Clavicle  6
						.
					 Subclavius muscle  7
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve  8
						.
					 Lateral cord of brachial plexus  9
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  10
						.
					 Axillary artery  11
						.
					 Thoracoacromial artery  12
						.
					 Axillary vein  13
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  14
						.
					 Axillary nerve  15
						.
					 Rib II  16
						.
					 Median nerve (lateral head)  17
						.
					 Lymph vessel  18
						.
					 Acromioclavicular joint capsule  19
						.
					 Acromion (cut fibers of deltoid muscle visible)  20
						.
					 Coracoacromial ligament  21
						.
					 Subdeltoid bursa  22
						.
					 Coracohumeral ligament  23
						.
					 Left pointer: Pectoralis minor muscle (cut off) Right pointer: Coracoid process of scapula  24
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  25
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head covered by fascia)  26
						.
					 Axillary nerve  27
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (short head)  28
						.
					 Body of humerus  29
						.
					 Bursa pectoralis major muscle (tendon of long head of biceps visible in depths of bursa)  30
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (tendon of insertion, cut off)


Shoulder
										 Left subdeltoid bursa
										The left deltoid muscle has been cut from its acromial and clavicular origins and reflected laterally. The subdeltoid bursa (15) has been opened. Continuity of the pectoral fascia with the fascia over the coracobrachialis muscle is visible at 12. A thin layer of fascia has been removed from the deep surface of the deltoid muscle to expose the axillary nerve (17) and vessels.

														 1
						.
					 Position of acromioclavicular joint  2
						.
					 Deltoid muscle (divided at clavicular origin)  3
						.
					 Acromial branch thoracoacromial artery (note articular branch of lateral anterior thoracic nerve accompanying this vessel)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Coracoacromial ligament Lower pointer: Coracohumeral ligament  5
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  6
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  7
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  8
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Axillary artery  10
						.
					 Axillary vein  11
						.
					 Left pointer: Biceps brachii muscle (short head covered by fascia) Right pointer: Biceps brachii muscle (tendon of long head visible beneath fascia)  12
						.
					 Area of confluence of pectoral fascia with fascia of coracobrachialis muscle  13
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (central group)  14
						.
					 Deltoid muscle (reflected laterally)  15
						.
					 Subdeltoid bursa (this bursa extends beneath acromial process superiorly and thus forms a common subdeltoid-subacromial bursa)  16
						.
					 Fascia covering joint capsule of humerus  17
						.
					 Left pointer: Posterior circumflex artery of humerus Right pointer: Axillary nerve  18
						.
					 Surgical neck of humerus  19
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of pectoralis major muscle  20
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (reflected laterally and inferiorly)


Shoulder
										 Right deltoid muscle, lateral view
										The skin and tela subcutanea have been cut away from the shoulder and pectoral regions. The deep fascia has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  2
						.
					 Acromioclavicular ligament  3
						.
					 Acromion  4
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  5
						.
					 Triceps muscle (lateral head)  6
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  7
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  8
						.
					 Clavicle  9
						.
					 Sternalis muscle (variant)  10
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  11
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  12
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left subscapular muscle (continued)
										The shoulder has been detached from the thorax and turned so that the subscapular muscle is visible. The axillary artery and brachial plexus have been retracted from the field except for the median and musculocutaneous nerves.

														 1
						.
					 Levator muscle of scapula (cut across)  2
						.
					 Rhomboid minor muscle (cut across)  3
						.
					 Descending branch superficial transverse artery  4
						.
					 Rhomboid major muscle (cut across)  5
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (middle part, cut across)  6
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  7
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (lower part, cut across)  8
						.
					 Teres major muscle  9
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle (cut across)  10
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (upper part, cut across)  11
						.
					 Superior margin of scapula  12
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle (cut across)  13
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve (cut across)  14
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery (cut across)  15
						.
					 Superior transverse ligament of scapula  16
						.
					 Clavicle  17
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  18
						.
					 Branches of subscapular nerve  19
						.
					 Musculocutaneus nerve  20
						.
					 Branches of subscapular nerve  21
						.
					 Thoracodorsal nerve  22
						.
					 Quadrangular space  23
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  24
						.
					 Subscapular artery (cut off)  25
						.
					 Circumflex artery of scapula (entering triangular space)  26
						.
					 Thoracodorsal artery  27
						.
					 Median nerve


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left subscapular muscle
										The shoulder has been pulled away from the thoracic wall and the axillary artery and brachial plexus retracted laterally. The subscapular fascia (7) has been partially removed.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Clavicle (cut off) Lower pointer: Subclavius muscle (cut off)  2
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery (cut off)  3
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve (cut off)  4
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle (cut off)  5
						.
					 Medial angle of scapula  6
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  7
						.
					 Subscapular fascia  8
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  9
						.
					 Long thoracic nerve  10
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  11
						.
					 Coracoclavicular ligament  12
						.
					 Lesser tubercle of humerus  13
						.
					 Subscapular nerves (upper subscapular nerves)  14
						.
					 Posterior cord of brachial plexus  15
						.
					 Axillary nerve  16
						.
					 Thoracodorsal nerve (middle subscapular nerve) (also see 21)  17
						.
					 Subscapular nerve (lower subscapular nerve)  18
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  19
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  20
						.
					 Subscapular artery  21
						.
					 Thoracodorsal nerve (also see 16)  22
						.
					 Teres major muscle  23
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left serratus anterior muscle, anterolateral view
										The roots (1) of the brachial plexus have been divided and the subclavian vessels (2,3) cut off. The shoulder and arm have been pulled away from the thorax in order to expose the entire extent of the serratus anterior muscle. The axillary artery and infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus have been retracted from their normal positions.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Middle scalene muscle Lower pointer: Brachial plexus (cut across through roots)  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subclavian artery Lower pointer: Anterior scalene muscle  3
						.
					 Subclavian vein  4
						.
					 Rib I  5
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve (cut off)  6
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  7
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle (area of origin)  8
						.
					 Fibers of origin of pectoralis major muscle  9
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch of intercostal nerve V  10
						.
					 Rib V  11
						.
					 Slip of origin of external abdominal oblique muscle  12
						.
					 Branch of cervical nerve V to serratus anterior muscle  13
						.
					 Transverse artery and vein of scapula  14
						.
					 Levator muscle of scapula  15
						.
					 Clavicle (cut off)  16
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  17
						.
					 Acromion  18
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  19
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (upper part)  20
						.
					 Long thoracic nerve  21
						.
					 Axillary artery (displaced laterally with brachial plexus)  22
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (middle part)  23
						.
					 Body of humerus  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subscapularis muscle Lower pointer: Subscapular artery  25
						.
					 Teres major muscle  26
						.
					 Area of insertion of deltoid muscle  27
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle  28
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle (detached from origin and retracted upward)  29
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (lower part)  30
						.
					 Brachialis muscle  31
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  32
						.
					 Cephalic vein


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left axilla (continued); brachial plexus and axillary artery
										The axillary vein and its branches have been cut away. Component parts of the brachial plexus have been separated slightly.

														 1
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  2
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  3
						.
					 Jugular trunk  4
						.
					 Subclavian artery  5
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  6
						.
					 Subclavian vein (cut off)  7
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  8
						.
					 Rib II  9
						.
					 Long thoracic nerve  10
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cervical nerve V Lower pointer: Cervical nerve VI  12
						.
					 Cervical nerve VII  13
						.
					 Cervical nerve VIII  14
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve  15
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  16
						.
					 Lateral cord of brachial plexus  17
						.
					 Branch axillary artery (to subscapularis muscle)  18
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  19
						.
					 Axillary nerve  20
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Coracobrachialis muscle Lower pointer: Anterior circumflex artery of humerus  22
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  23
						.
					 Axillary artery (note anomalous bifurcation a short distance distal to pointer. The lateral branch continues as the radial artery, the medial branch as the brachial artery)  24
						.
					 Radial nerve  25
						.
					 Thoracodorsal nerve  26
						.
					 Median nerve  27
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  28
						.
					 Ulnar nerve  29
						.
					 Middle antibrachial cutaneous nerve  30
						.
					 Thoracodorsal artery  31
						.
					 Teres major muscle  32
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left axilla (continued); relations of arteries, veins and nerves, close-up view
										The trunks (5,6,7), cords (24) and various branches of the brachial plexus are shown in relation to the subclavian (9,10) and axillary (14) vessels.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: levator muscle of scapula Lower pointer: Dorsal nerve of scapula  2
						.
					 Branch of long thoracic nerve  3
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  4
						.
					 Superficial transverse artery  5
						.
					 Upper trunk  6
						.
					 Middle trunk  7
						.
					 Lower trunk (91-4 pertain to the supraclavicular part of brachial plexus)  8
						.
					 Phrenic nerve (lying upon anterior scalene muscle)  9
						.
					 Subclavian artery  10
						.
					 Subclavian vein  11
						.
					 Subclavian trunk  12
						.
					 Rib I  13
						.
					 Tendon of origin of subclavius muscle  14
						.
					 Axillary artery and vein  15
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  16
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle  17
						.
					 Clavicle  18
						.
					 Acromioclavicular ligament  19
						.
					 Coracoclavicular ligament  20
						.
					 Coracoacromial ligament  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Suprascapular nerve Lower pointer: Transverse scapular artery  22
						.
					 Subscapular nerve  23
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior cord Middle pointer: Lateral cord Lower pointer: Middle cord (together these are infraclavicular parts of the brachial plexus)  25
						.
					 Axillary nerve  26
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  27
						.
					 Radial nerve  28
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  29
						.
					 Median nerve


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left axilla (continued); general view of contents, clavicle removed
										The subclavius muscle and the medial two-thirds of the clavicle have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  2
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  3
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  4
						.
					 Phrenic nerve  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subclavian artery Lower pointer: Subclavian vein  6
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle (visible through cut-out portion of capsule of sternoclavicular joint)  7
						.
					 Left pointer: Subclavian trunk Right pointer: Rib I  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Axillary artery Lower pointer: Axillary vein  9
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve (cut off)  10
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  11
						.
					 Upper trunk  12
						.
					 Middle trunk (11 and 12 pertain to the supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus)  13
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  14
						.
					 Supraspinatus muscle  15
						.
					 Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle (cut off)  16
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve  17
						.
					 Clavicle (cut off)  18
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  19
						.
					 Acromion  20
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  21
						.
					 Subscapularis muscle  22
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  23
						.
					 Median nerve  24
						.
					 Body of humerus  25
						.
					 Brachial veins  26
						.
					 Thoracodorsal nerve  27
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle  28
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left sternoclavicular joint opened
										The capsule has been resected to expose the articular disc (4) which separates the medial and lateral cavities of the joint. The sternal end of the clavicle is covered with fibrocartilage. The unevenness of this surface is of common occurrence.

														 1
						.
					 Sternohyoid muscle  2
						.
					 Anterior jugular vein (cut off)  3
						.
					 Sternoclavicular joint capsule (pointer on interclavicular ligament which has been divided)  4
						.
					 Left pointer: Medial joint cavity Right pointer: Articular disc  5
						.
					 Manubrium of sternum  6
						.
					 Clavicle  7
						.
					 Costoclavicular ligament  8
						.
					 Tendon of origin of subclavius muscle  9
						.
					 Sternal articular surface clavicle (covered with fibrocartilage)


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left sternoclavicular joint capsule and ligaments
										The left sternocleidomastoid muscle has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Left sternohyoid muscle  2
						.
					 Anterior jugular veins (cut off)  3
						.
					 Jugular venous arch (situated in suprasternal space)  4
						.
					 Sternal origin of sternocleidomastoid muscle  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Interclavicular ligament Lower pointer: Manubrium of sternum (covered by periosteum)  6
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  7
						.
					 Inferior deep cervical lymph node  8
						.
					 Superficial fascia (middle layer)  9
						.
					 Clavicle  10
						.
					 Clavicular branch of thoracoacromial artery  11
						.
					 Sternoclavicular joint capsule (pointer on sternoclavicular ligament)  12
						.
					 Tendon of origin of subclavius muscle  13
						.
					 Rib I (covered by membrane)


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left axilla (continued); general view of neck, shoulder and axilla, clavicle intact
										The left sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles have been removed and the deep structures of the neck dissected. The deltoid, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and subclavius muscles have also been cut away and the axilla freed of connective tissue and lymphatic structures. The arm has been rotated slightly medially.

														 1
						.
					 Thyroid gland  2
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  3
						.
					 Costoclavicular ligament  4
						.
					 Sternoclavicular joint (opened)  5
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  6
						.
					 Manubrium of sternum  7
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  8
						.
					 Rib II  9
						.
					 Internal intercostal muscle  10
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  11
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  12
						.
					 Supraclavicular part of brachial plexus  13
						.
					 Clavicle  14
						.
					 Coracoclavicular ligament  15
						.
					 Acromioclavicular joint capsule  16
						.
					 Acromion  17
						.
					 Joint capsule of humerus  18
						.
					 Coracoacromial ligament  19
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  20
						.
					 Humerus  21
						.
					 Infraclavicular part of brachial plexus  22
						.
					 Axillary artery  23
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (long head)  24
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (short head)  25
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  26
						.
					 Supreme thoracic artery  27
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  28
						.
					 Origin of pectoralis minor muscle


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left axilla (continued); relations of structures in posterior part of axillary fossa
										The structures in the posterior part of the axilla have been exposed and are shown in relation to vessels and nerves already encountered. A distinct fascial lamina (21) is present in the cleft between the serratus anterior and subscapular muscles. Each of these muscles is also covered by its own fascia.

														 1
						.
					 Suprascapular nerve  2
						.
					 Subscapular nerve  3
						.
					 Posterior cord of brachial plexus  4
						.
					 Lateral cord of brachial plexus  5
						.
					 Anterior lateral thoracic nerve  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Thoracoacromial artery (cut off) Lower pointer: Anterior medial thoracic nerve  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Communicating loop between medial and lateral anterior thoracic nerves Lower pointer: Supreme thoracic artery  8
						.
					 Axillary artery and vein  9
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve  10
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (short head)  11
						.
					 Axillary nerve  12
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  13
						.
					 Medial and lateral heads of median nerve  14
						.
					 Lateral thoracic artery  15
						.
					 Lymph vessel  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subscapular artery (accompanied by subscapular vein) Lower pointer: Teres major muscle (covered by fascia)  17
						.
					 Thoracodorsal nerve  18
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (lateral group)  19
						.
					 Long thoracic nerve  20
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  21
						.
					 Fascial layer (see text above)


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left axilla (continued); general view of contents; subclavius muscle
										The pectoralis major and minor muscles have cervical been resected. The deltoid muscle has been divided close to its origin (10) and reflected laterally. The subclavius muscle (5) has been exposed by removal of the coracoclavicular fascia. The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles have been resected and the external layer of cervical fascia removed. Several lymphatic trunks (20) enter the lateral group of axillary lymph nodes (22) from the arm. Some of the axillary nodes have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)  2
						.
					 Clavicle  3
						.
					 Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes  4
						.
					 Subclavian nerve  5
						.
					 Subclavius muscle  6
						.
					 Anterior lateral thoracic nerve  7
						.
					 Rib I (pointer on origin of subclavius muscle)  8
						.
					 Anterior medial thoracic nerve  9
						.
					 Axillary lymph node  10
						.
					 Deltoid muscle (divided at origin)  11
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  12
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle (cut off)  13
						.
					 Subscapular fascia  14
						.
					 Axillary nerve  15
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  16
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  17
						.
					 Axillary artery  18
						.
					 Axillary vein  19
						.
					 Median nerve  20
						.
					 Lymph vessel  21
						.
					 Brachial vein  22
						.
					 Axillary lymph node (lateral)  23
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left axilla (continued); relations of vessels, nerves and lymphatic structures, close-up view
										The arm has been abducted. The axillary sheath (5) remains on the proximal parts of the axillary artery and vein but has been removed distally.

														 1
						.
					 Clavicle  2
						.
					 Subclavius muscle  3
						.
					 Coracoclavicular fascia (partially removed)  4
						.
					 Anterior lateral thoracic nerve  5
						.
					 Axillary sheath (partially removed)  6
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (subclavian group)  7
						.
					 Subclavian trunk  8
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (central group)  9
						.
					 Rib II  10
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve  11
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle (reflected)  12
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle (covered by fascia)  13
						.
					 Area of confluence of axillary, pectoral and brachial fascia  14
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  15
						.
					 Anterior medial thoracic nerve  16
						.
					 Median nerve  17
						.
					 Axillary artery and vein  18
						.
					 Thoracodorsal nerve  19
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (subscapular group)  20
						.
					 Axillary lymph node (lateral)  21
						.
					 Long thoracic nerve  22
						.
					 Fascia of serratus anterior muscle  23
						.
					 Axillary lymph node (anterior pectoral)


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left axilla; coracoclavicular fascia removed
										The coracoclavicular fascia (12) has been partially removed and the connective tissue taken out of the axillary fossa.

														 1
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  2
						.
					 Articular branch of lateral anterior thoracic nerve to acromioclavicular and shoulder joints  3
						.
					 Clavicle  4
						.
					 Subclavius muscle  5
						.
					 Anterior lateral thoracic nerve  6
						.
					 Lateral cord of brachial plexus  7
						.
					 Axillary artery and vein  8
						.
					 Subclavian trunk  9
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (subclavian group)  10
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (central group)  11
						.
					 Rib II  12
						.
					 Coracoclavicular fascia  13
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve  14
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (anterior pectoral group)  15
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  16
						.
					 Thoracoacromial artery (cut off)  17
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle (reflected laterally)  18
						.
					 Anterior medial thoracic nerve  19
						.
					 Supreme thoracic artery  20
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (reflected laterally)  21
						.
					 Axillary lymph nodes (lateral group)  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Axillary fascia Lower pointer: Lateral thoracic artery


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Right axillary fascia, inferior aspect
										The skin and subcutaneous connective tissue have been removed from the right axilla. The axillary fascia (7) is continuous with the pectoral (1) and brachial fascia (3) and with the fascia which covers the serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi muscles.

														 1
						.
					 Pectoral fascia (pointer on anterior axillary fold, formed by underlying pectoralis major muscle)  2
						.
					 Position of brachial artery (covered by brachial fascia)  3
						.
					 Brachial fascia  4
						.
					 Branch lateral thoracic artery  5
						.
					 Breast  6
						.
					 Intercostobrachial nerve  7
						.
					 Axillary fascia  8
						.
					 Posterior axillary fold (formed by latissimus dorsi muscle)  9
						.
					 Posterior branch of lateral cutaneous branch of intercostal nerve III


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Deep lamina of coracoclavicular fascia
										The left pectoralis minor muscle (18,27) has been cut near its origin and reflected laterally. The layer of coracoclavicular fascia (19) deep to this muscle is continuous laterally with the pectoral (22) and axillary fascia (21). The axillary vein is visible through a natural opening in the coracoclavicular fascia.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Clavicular branch of thoracoacromial artery Lower pointer: Axillary vein  2
						.
					 Anterior jugular vein  3
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle (cut across)  4
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (sternal origin)  5
						.
					 Anterior supraclavicular nerve  6
						.
					 Axillary lymph node (of subclavian group)  7
						.
					 Sternocostal part pectoralis major muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 External intercostal muscle (in first intercostal space)  9
						.
					 Internal intercostal muscle  10
						.
					 Sternal angle  11
						.
					 Costal cartilage II  12
						.
					 Rib II  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Clavicle Lower pointer: Subclavius muscle (covered by coracoclavicular fascia)  14
						.
					 Anterior lateral thoracic nerve  15
						.
					 Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery  16
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (reflected)  17
						.
					 Area of axillary fossa  18
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle (reflected)  19
						.
					 Coracoclavicular fascia  20
						.
					 Aberrant muscular slip  21
						.
					 Axillary fascia  22
						.
					 Pectoral fascia (cut along lateral border of pectoralis major and left in situ when muscle was reflected)  23
						.
					 Thoracoepigastric vein  24
						.
					 Lateral thoracic artery  25
						.
					 Axillary lymph node (one of anterior pectoral group)  26
						.
					 Fascia over latissimus dorsi muscle  27
						.
					 Origins of pectoralis minor muscle


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Branches of left thoracoacromial artery, close-up view

														 1
						.
					 Clavicle (covered by periosteum)  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Subclavius muscle Lower pointer: Coracoclavicular fascia  3
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle (cut off)  4
						.
					 Tendon of origin of subclavius muscle  5
						.
					 Left pointer: Subclavian trunk (one of several subclavian lymphatic trunks) Right pointer: Axillary lymph node (of subclavian group)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Clavicular branch of thoracoacromial artery Lower pointer: Thoracoacromial vein (cut off)  7
						.
					 Branches of lateral anterior thoracic nerve  8
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  9
						.
					 External intercostal muscle  10
						.
					 Lymph node in deltopectoral triangle  11
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  12
						.
					 Articular branch of anterior thoracic nerve to acromioclavicular and shoulder joints  13
						.
					 Acromial branch thoracoacromial artery  14
						.
					 Anterior lateral thoracic nerve  15
						.
					 Cephalic vein  16
						.
					 Branch to deltoid of thoracoacromial artery  17
						.
					 Axillary connective tissue  18
						.
					 Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery  19
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (reflected laterally)


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Left thoracoacromial vessels
										The pectoralis major muscle has been reflected inferiorly from its origin. The fascia which covered the deep surface of the muscle has been removed except for a narrow band (18). The fascia has also been removed from the pectoralis minor muscle (7) and this muscle divided but not reflected.

														 1
						.
					 External jugular vein  2
						.
					 Middle supraclavicular nerves  3
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Clavicular branch of thoracoacromial artery Lower pointer: Axillary lymph node (of subclavian group)  5
						.
					 Thoracoacromial vein  6
						.
					 Branches of anterior lateral thoracic nerve  7
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  8
						.
					 Rib II  9
						.
					 Body of sternum  10
						.
					 Sternocostal origins of pectoralis major muscle (cut off)  11
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Clavicle Lower pointer: Subclavius muscle  13
						.
					 Acromial branch thoracoacromial artery  14
						.
					 Anterior lateral thoracic nerve (cut off)  15
						.
					 Branch to deltoid of thoracoacromial artery  16
						.
					 Anterior lateral thoracic nerve (distal continuation of 14)  17
						.
					 Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery  18
						.
					 Pectoral fascia  19
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle  20
						.
					 Cephalic vein


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Right pectoralis minor muscle
										The relations of the pectoralis minor muscle to the axillary artery and brachial plexus can be seen. The subclavian and axillary veins have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Supraclavicular part of brachial plexus (pointer on upper trunk)  2
						.
					 Trapezius muscle  3
						.
					 Omohyoid muscle (cut off)  4
						.
					 Clavicle (cut off)  5
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  6
						.
					 Coracoid process of scapula  7
						.
					 Coracobrachialis muscle  8
						.
					 Musculocutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Cephalic vein  10
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (cut off)  11
						.
					 Median nerve  12
						.
					 Brachial veins  13
						.
					 Axilla  14
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  15
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle  16
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  17
						.
					 Common carotid artery  18
						.
					 Superficial transverse artery  19
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  20
						.
					 Subclavian artery  21
						.
					 Anterior scalene muscle  22
						.
					 Trachea  23
						.
					 Left pointer: Lateral cord of brachial plexus Right pointer: Axillary artery  24
						.
					 Brachiocephalic artery  25
						.
					 Brachiocephalic veins  26
						.
					 Ascending aorta  27
						.
					 Internal mammary artery  28
						.
					 Rib II


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Nerve and blood supply of left pectoralis major muscle
										The pectoralis major (9) has been reflected laterally from its clavicular (2) and sternocostal (3) origins. A narrow band of the pectoral fascia (8) which invested the deep surface of the muscle has been retained.

														 1
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  2
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle (cut across)  3
						.
					 Sternocostal part pectoralis major muscle (cut across)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Abdominal part pectoralis major muscle (cut across) Lower pointer: Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle  5
						.
					 Supraclavicular nerves  6
						.
					 Axillary vein  7
						.
					 Anterior thoracic nerve (branches of thoracoacromial vessels lie close to nerve)  8
						.
					 Remnant of pectoral fascia  9
						.
					 Pectoralis major muscle (reflected laterally)  10
						.
					 Pectoralis minor muscle  11
						.
					 Rib II  12
						.
					 Body of sternum  13
						.
					 Pectoral fascia (at former position of lateral border of pectoralis major)  14
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  15
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branch of intercostal nerve VI


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Right pectoralis major and deltoid muscles, anterior view
										The deep fascia has been removed. A well-developed sternalis muscle (9) is present. Later dissection revealed that this variant was not bilateral.

														 1
						.
					 Acromion  2
						.
					 Deltoid muscle  3
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (upper pointer, short head; lower pointer, long head)  4
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle  5
						.
					 Clavicle  6
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  7
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle  8
						.
					 Sternocostal part pectoralis major muscle  9
						.
					 Sternalis muscle  10
						.
					 Sternum


Pectoral region and axilla
										 Superficial structures of left arm and thorax, anterior view
										The skin, subcutaneous tissue and platysma muscle have been removed. The deep fascia remains in place. Superficial nerves and vessels have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  2
						.
					 Clavicle (covered by fascia)  3
						.
					 Clavicular part pectoralis major muscle  4
						.
					 Anterior supraclavicular nerve  5
						.
					 Position of sternal angle  6
						.
					 Mammary branch internal mammary artery  7
						.
					 Anterior pectoral cutaneous branches intercostal nerves  8
						.
					 Sternocostal part pectoralis major muscle (covered by pectoral fascia)  9
						.
					 Sheath of rectus abdominis muscle  10
						.
					 Posterior supraclavicular nerve  11
						.
					 Deltoid muscle (covered by fascia)  12
						.
					 Deltopectoral triangle  13
						.
					 Middle supraclavicular nerves  14
						.
					 Branch of lateral brachial cutaneous nerve  15
						.
					 Axilla  16
						.
					 Cephalic vein  17
						.
					 Lateral thoracic artery and thoracoepigastric vein  18
						.
					 Triceps brachii muscle (covered by brachial fascia)  19
						.
					 Branches of dorsal antebrachial cutaneous nerve  20
						.
					 Biceps brachii muscle (covered by brachial fascia)  21
						.
					 Serratus anterior muscle (covered by fascia)  22
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves


Radiography
										 Angiogram, left hand of adult male, A-P view
										The arteries have been filled with thorotrast. Two variations from the commonly described arrangement of the vessels are to be noted. (A) The a. volaris indicis radialis is absent. A branch of the first dorsal metacarpal artery (3, upper pointer) supplies the area normally reached by this vessel. (B)The superficial volar branch (7) of the radial artery does not enter into the formation of the superficial volar arch (16). This latter situation occurs frequently.

														 1
						.
					 Terminal arch of proper volar digital arteries  2
						.
					 Branch of princeps pollicis artery  3
						.
					 Dorsal metacarpal arteries I-II  4
						.
					 Deep palmar arch  5
						.
					 Perforating branches  6
						.
					 Dorsal carpal branch radial artery  7
						.
					 Superficial anterior branch radial artery  8
						.
					 Rete carpi dorsale  9
						.
					 Anterior carpal branch radial artery  10
						.
					 Radial artery  11
						.
					 Anterior interosseous artery  12
						.
					 Anterior proper digital arteries  13
						.
					 Anterior common digital artery  14
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal arteries II-III  15
						.
					 Anterior metacarpal artery IV  16
						.
					 Superficial palmar arch  17
						.
					 Deep anterior branch ulnar artery  18
						.
					 Dorsal carpal branch ulnar artery  19
						.
					 Ulnar artery  20
						.
					 Branch of anterior interosseous artery


Radiography
										 Right hand of adult female, A-P view

														 1
						.
					 Phalanx III  2
						.
					 Phalanx II  3
						.
					 Phalanx I  4
						.
					 Sesamoid bones  5
						.
					 Metacarpal V  6
						.
					 Hook of hamate bone  7
						.
					 Hamate bone  8
						.
					 Pisiform bone  9
						.
					 Triquetral bone  10
						.
					 Lunate bone  11
						.
					 Ulna (styloid process poorly developed)  12
						.
					 Metacarpal I  13
						.
					 Trapezium bone  14
						.
					 Trapezoid bone (in background)  15
						.
					 Capitate bone  16
						.
					 Scaphoid bone  17
						.
					 Remnant of epiphyseal line  18
						.
					 Radius


Radiography
										 Right elbow of 9 1/2-year-old boy, lateromedial view
										The ossification center for the medial epicondyle of the humerus is not visible in this view. This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Sydney F. Thomas.

														 1
						.
					 Body of humerus  2
						.
					 Olecranon fossa  3
						.
					 Epiphysis of head of humerus  4
						.
					 Olecranon  5
						.
					 Epiphysis of olecranon  6
						.
					 Body of radius  7
						.
					 Body of ulna  8
						.
					 Coronoid fossa of humerus  9
						.
					 Coronoid process of ulna  10
						.
					 Epiphysis of head of radius  11
						.
					 Neck of radius


Radiography
										 Right elbow of 9 1/2-year-old boy, A-P view
										This film was obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Sydney F. Thomas.

														 1
						.
					 Body of humerus  2
						.
					 Margin of olecranon fossa  3
						.
					 Epiphysis of head of humerus  4
						.
					 Epiphysis of head of radius  5
						.
					 Neck of radius  6
						.
					 Body of radius  7
						.
					 Epiphysis of medial epicondyle of humerus  8
						.
					 Olecranon (in background)  9
						.
					 Coronoid process of ulna  10
						.
					 Body of ulna


Radiography
										 Angiogram, right shoulder of newborn, A-P view
										Thorotrast was injected into the innominate artery. The vertebral border of the scapula is only faintly visible parallel and close to the descending branch (16) of the transverse cervical artery.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse scapular artery  2
						.
					 Clavicle  3
						.
					 Spine of scapula  4
						.
					 Acromial branch thoracoacromial artery  5
						.
					 Branch to deltoid of thoracoacromial artery  6
						.
					 Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery  7
						.
					 Posterior circumflex artery of humerus  8
						.
					 Deep brachial artery (incompletely filled)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Muscular branch brachial artery Lower pointer: Body of humerus  10
						.
					 Nutritive artery of humerus  11
						.
					 Superficial cervical artery  12
						.
					 Ascending branch superficial transverse artery  13
						.
					 Superficial transverse artery (arises from a common stem with transverse scapular artery)  14
						.
					 Subclavian artery  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Clavicular branch of thoracoacromial artery Lower pointer: Thoracoacromial artery  16
						.
					 Descending branch superficial transverse artery  17
						.
					 Axillary artery  18
						.
					 Lateral thoracic artery  19
						.
					 Subscapular artery  20
						.
					 Circumflex scapular artery  21
						.
					 Thoracodorsal artery  22
						.
					 Brachial artery