Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Deep perineal space (continued).
										The internal pudendal artery has been divided and removed, together with the artery of the bulb, to reveal more completely the muscles within the deep perineal space. The proximal part of the spongy urethra (4) has been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Crus of penis (cut off)  2
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  3
						.
					 Duct of bulbourethral gland  4
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra (opened)  5
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  6
						.
					 Bulbourethral gland  7
						.
					 Bulb of penis (dissected)  8
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  9
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  10
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal nerve of the penis Lower pointer: Dorsal artery of penis  12
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  13
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament  14
						.
					 Transverse perineal ligament  15
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (visible through obturator membrane)  16
						.
					 Obturator nerve  17
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  18
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra  19
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery (cut off)  20
						.
					 Perineal artery  21
						.
					 Posterior border of urogenital diaphragm  22
						.
					 Deep transverse perineal muscle


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Deep perineal space; bulbourethral gland and duct in situ
										The contents of the deep perineal space or pouch have been dissected. A thin layer of muscle that lay superficial to the bulbourethral gland (9) has been cut away and the gland has been freed of connective tissue.

														 1
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum of penis left  2
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum of penis right  3
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  4
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  5
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Crus of penis Lower pointer: Ischiocavernosus muscle  7
						.
					 Bulb of penis (sectioned in midline)  8
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  9
						.
					 Bulbourethral gland  10
						.
					 Superficial transverse perineal muscle  11
						.
					 Deep transverse perineal muscle  12
						.
					 Posterior margin of urogenital diaphragm  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Arcuate pubic ligament Lower pointer: Dorsal nerve of the penis  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal artery of penis Lower pointer: Deep artery of penis  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Spongy part of urethra Middle pointer: Duct of bulbourethral gland Lower pointer: Sphincter muscle of urethra  16
						.
					 Perineal artery (pointer at branching of artery of bulb of penis)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Bulb of penis and deep perineal space; artery of bulb and duct of bulbourethral gland
										The left half of the penile bulb has been opened and cleared of trabeculated erectile tissue. The area of attachment of the bulb to the urogenital diaphragm (9) has been preserved with the artery of the bulb passing through it. The duct of the bulbourethral gland (5) has been dissected from the point at which it emerges from the urogenital diaphragm to its site of penetration of the urethral wall, a distance of approximately two centimeters. The deep perineal space, located between the fascial layers of the urogenital diaphragm, has been opened by the partial resection of the perineal membrane.

														 1
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  2
						.
					 Crus of penis (cut across)  3
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra (external aspect)  4
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  5
						.
					 Duct of bulbourethral gland  6
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  7
						.
					 Bulb of penis (left half dissected)  8
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  9
						.
					 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (tissue of bulb of penis removed)  10
						.
					 Artery of bulb of penis  11
						.
					 Deep transverse perineal muscle  12
						.
					 Posterior border of urogenital diaphragm  13
						.
					 Perineal artery  14
						.
					 Spermatic cord  15
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  16
						.
					 Obturator nerve  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal nerve of the penis Lower pointer: Pubic arcuate ligament (in background)  18
						.
					 Dorsal artery of penis  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Deep artery of penis Lower pointer: Transverse perineal ligament (In background)  20
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  21
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Navicular fossa within distal part of urethra
										The terminal part of the urethra has been opened to display the dilated navicular fossa within the glans penis. The glans has been separated from the blunt, terminal parts of the corpora cavernosa.

														 1
						.
					 Location of external urethral opening (not visible)  2
						.
					 Incision through wall of penis continued proximally into corpus spongiosum  3
						.
					 Navicular fossa of urethra (note longitudinal mucosal ridges along wall)  4
						.
					 Spongy part of urethra  5
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  6
						.
					 Glans penis  7
						.
					 Corona of glans  8
						.
					 Dorsal artery of penis  9
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum of penis (covered by tunica albuginea)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 General view of urethral aspect of penis with fascia removed
										The left crus (15) has been cut off about at its junction with the right crus. The bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles of the right side have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Glans penis  2
						.
					 Corona of glans  3
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum  4
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum right  5
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum left  6
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  7
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  8
						.
					 Crus of penis  9
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  10
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  11
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  12
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra  13
						.
					 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  14
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  15
						.
					 Crus of penis (cut across)  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: artery of penis (pointer at branching of dorsal artery of penis and deep artery of penis) Lower pointer: artery of bulb of penis  17
						.
					 Acetabular branch of obturator artery  18
						.
					 Joint capsule of coccyx


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Blood vessels and nerves of penis, close-up lateral view
										The left crus has been cut off and the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm has been removed to display the course of blood vessels and nerves supplying the left half of the penis.

														 1
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  2
						.
					 Corpora cavernosa of penis  3
						.
					 Lesser trochanter  4
						.
					 Crus of penis (sectioned)  5
						.
					 Septum penis (exposed by removal of left crus)  6
						.
					 Urethral arteries  7
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  8
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle (cut along midline raphe)  9
						.
					 Bulb of penis  10
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  11
						.
					 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm  12
						.
					 Sphincter muscle of urethra  13
						.
					 Dorsal nerve of the penis  14
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  15
						.
					 Branch of dorsal nerve of penis passing upward in suspensory ligament of penis  16
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  17
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle (tendon of origin)  18
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Deep artery of penis Lower pointer: Dorsal artery of penis  20
						.
					 Aperture between arcuate pubic ligament and transverse perineal ligament through which dorsal vein passes to prostatic plexus  21
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nerve filament that accompanies deep artery of penis Lower pointer: artery of bulb of penis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Penis, fascia removed, left lateral view
										The penis has been stripped of its fascial layers. The corpus spongiosum has been slightly separated from the corpora cavernosa.

														 1
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  2
						.
					 Dorsal nerve of the penis  3
						.
					 Dorsal arteries of the penis  4
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis  5
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  6
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum of penis  7
						.
					 Head of penis  8
						.
					 Lesser trochanter (insertion of right iliopsoas tendon visible)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tunica albuginea (cut to expose erectile tissue of crus) Lower pointer: Erectile tissue of crus penis  10
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  11
						.
					 Bulb Of penis  12
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  13
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  14
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  15
						.
					 Spermatic cord  16
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  17
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle (near insertion into suspensory ligament of the penis)  18
						.
					 Obturator nerve  19
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  20
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (visible through obturator membrane)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Suspensory ligament of penis, left lateral view
										The specimen shown in the preceding view has been turned to expose the left side of the penis. The suspensory ligament (1) is continuous inferiorly with the deep fascia of the penis. It also receives parts of the insertions of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles (18). The thick tunica albuginea of the left crus of the penis has been removed to reveal the erectile tissue of the crus.

														 1
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  2
						.
					 Dorsal nerve of the penis  3
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  4
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum of penis (covered by tunica albuginea)  5
						.
					 Deep (Buck's) fascia of penis  6
						.
					 Superficial penile fascia  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cut edge of tunica albuginea Lower pointer: Erectile tissue of crus of penis  8
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  9
						.
					 Bulb of penis  10
						.
					 Perineal membrane  11
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  12
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  13
						.
					 Tendon of origin of adductor longus muscle  14
						.
					 Spermatic cord (cut across)  15
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  16
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  17
						.
					 Body of pubic bone (periosteum intact)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Insertion of bulbospongiosus muscle Lower pointer: Insertion of Ischiocavernosus muscle  19
						.
					 Obturator nerve (emerging from obturator canal)  20
						.
					 Obturator artery  21
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  22
						.
					 Obturator membrane


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Blood vessels and nerves of dorsum of penis; suspensory ligament of penis
										The superficial and deep fascial layers have been reflected from the dorsal surface of the penis. The fundiform ligament has been removed to expose the suspensory ligament and to demonstrate the relations of nerves and arteries to the latter.

														 1
						.
					 Ductus deferens (retracted laterally)  2
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  3
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  4
						.
					 Obturator externus III  5
						.
					 Dorsal nerves of the penis  6
						.
					 Dorsal arteries of the penis  7
						.
					 Dorsal vein of the penis (superficial dorsal veins removed)  8
						.
					 Deep (Buck's) fascia of penis  9
						.
					 Superficial penile fascia  10
						.
					 Head of penis  11
						.
					 Glans penis  12
						.
					 Location of pubic symphysis  13
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis (fundiform ligament removed)  14
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  15
						.
					 Spermatic cord  16
						.
					 Acetabular branch of obturator artery  17
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  18
						.
					 Obturator membrane (obturator internus muscle visible through membrane)  19
						.
					 Body of pubic bone (covered by periosteum)  20
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  21
						.
					 Crus of penis  22
						.
					 Corpus cavernosum of penis (covered by tunica albuginea)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm; deep and dorsal arteries of penis
										The left crus of the penis has been retracted. The cavernous tissue of the crus has been exposed by removing a portion of the tunica albuginea.

														 1
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  2
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  3
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  4
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  5
						.
					 Crus of penis  6
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  7
						.
					 Perineal artery  8
						.
					 Superficial transverse perineal muscle (poorly developed)  9
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  10
						.
					 Anus  11
						.
					 Spermatic cord (cut across)  12
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  13
						.
					 Crus of penis (pointer indicates tunica albuginea which has been partially removed elsewhere on crus to reveal underlying cavernous tissue)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Dorsal artery of penis Lower pointer: Deep artery of penis  15
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Obturator canal Lower pointer: Acetabular branch of obturator artery  18
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  19
						.
					 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane)  20
						.
					 Bulb of penis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Bulb of penis; central tendon of perineum
										The left bulbospongiosus muscle has been partially removed. The various insertions of the muscle, anteriorly into the suspensory ligament of the penis (14), onto the deep surface of the corpus spongiosum, and onto the perineal membrane (18), have been preserved. The central tendon of the perineum (6) is exposed in the midline posterior to the bulb of the penis. Transversely directed muscle fibers (10) that extend laterally from the central tendon may represent part of the superficial transverse perineal muscle, although they are seen to turn posteriorly to blend with fascia along the sphincter ani externus muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  2
						.
					 Right bulbospongiosus muscle (cut along midline raphe)  3
						.
					 Bulb of penis  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ischiocavernosus muscle Lower pointer: Crus of penis  5
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  6
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  7
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle (superficial part)  8
						.
					 Fibers of bulbospongiosus muscle (cut off close to origin)  9
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle (deep part)  10
						.
					 Superficial transverse perineal muscle (small bundle of fibers that attaches to fascia alongside external anal sphincter)  11
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (puborectalis muscle)  12
						.
					 Inferior rectal artery  13
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa  14
						.
					 Fibers of insertion of bulbospongiosus muscle (these pass into suspensory ligament of penis)  15
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  17
						.
					 Crus of penis (indented by Ischiocavernosus muscle)  18
						.
					 Fibers of insertion of bulbospongiosus muscle (upper pointer, fibers passing to attach to upper surface of corpus spongiosum; lower pointer, fibers inserting on perineal membrane; also see no. 14.)  19
						.
					 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane)  20
						.
					 Perineal artery  21
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  22
						.
					 Perineal nerve


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Bulb of penis, left bulbospongiosus muscle reflected
										The left bulbospongiosus muscle has been reflected to expose the underlying corpus spongiosum and its posterior enlargement into the bulb of the penis. The inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm (11) is visible in the deep part of the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Body of penis  2
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  3
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  4
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  5
						.
					 Crus of penis  6
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  7
						.
					 Perineal artery  8
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  9
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa  10
						.
					 Branch of perineal nerve that passed through bulbospongiosus muscle to communicate with posterior scrotal nerves (see 166-3)  11
						.
					 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm (perineal membrane)  12
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  13
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  14
						.
					 Deep (Buck's) fascia of penis  15
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle (reflected)  16
						.
					 Left pointer: Bulb of penis Right pointer: Crus of penis  17
						.
					 Nerve to bulbospongiosus muscle


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Nerve supply to bulbospongiosus muscle
										The left bulbospongiosus muscle (2) has been dissected to expose branches of the perineal nerve (13) which ramify within the muscle. In addition, another branch of the perineal nerve (3) passes through the posterior part of the muscle near the midline and emerges superficially to send filaments to join the posterior scrotal nerves shown in earlier photographs.

														 1
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  2
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle (pointer on midline raphe of muscle)  3
						.
					 Branch of perineal nerve coursing through bulbospongiosus to join posterior scrotal nerves peripherally (see text above)  4
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  5
						.
					 Perineal artery  6
						.
					 Posterior part of superficial perineal fascia  7
						.
					 Anus  8
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  9
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerve  10
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  11
						.
					 Lunate fascia forming medial wall of pudendal canal  12
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  13
						.
					 Branches of perineal nerve passing to bulbospongiosus muscle  14
						.
					 Posterior scrotal nerves  15
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Nerve supply to ischiocavernosus muscle
										The ischiocavernosus muscle has been divided posteriorly and spread apart to expose branches of the perineal nerve that supply the muscle. One of these branches terminates in the posterior part of the muscle whereas another branch passes forward to the anterior part of the muscle belly. Posterior scrotal branches of the perineal nerve have been displaced laterally and medially to display the motor branch (21).

														 1
						.
					 Deep perineal fascia (Buck's fascia)  2
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  3
						.
					 Ramus of ischium (area indicated by lower pointer covered by periosteum)  4
						.
					 Crus of penis  5
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  6
						.
					 Perineal artery  7
						.
					 Transverse perineal artery  8
						.
					 Posterior scrotal nerve  9
						.
					 Posterior part of superficial perineal fascia  10
						.
					 Lunate fascia within ischiorectal fossa  11
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  12
						.
					 Branches of perineal nerve (spread to reveal nerve to Ischiocavernosus muscle)  13
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  14
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  15
						.
					 Superficial perineal fascia (reflected)  16
						.
					 Crus of penis  17
						.
					 Nerve to anterior part of Ischiocavernosus muscle  18
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle (dissected)  19
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  20
						.
					 Nerve to posterior part of Ischiocavernosus muscle  21
						.
					 Perineal nerve (branch to ischiocavernosus)  22
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery and vein


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Contents of superficial perineal space
										The deep perineal fascia has been cut away to reveal the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. The crura of the penis (5) are partially visible as is the corpus spongiosum penis (14). The superficial transverse perineal muscles are poorly developed in this specimen but an example of the muscle may be be seen in view 174-1.

														 1
						.
					 Right pointer: Superficial penile fascia Left pointer: Scrotal sac (retracted upward)  2
						.
					 Deep (Buck's) fascia of penis  3
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  4
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle  5
						.
					 Right pointer: Crus of penis Left pointer: Ramus of ischium  6
						.
					 Pectineus muscle  7
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  8
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa  9
						.
					 Left pointer: Transverse perineal artery Right pointer: Superficial transverse perineal muscle (poorly developed)  10
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  11
						.
					 Anus  12
						.
					 Levator ani muscle  13
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerve  14
						.
					 Corpus spongiosum of penis  15
						.
					 Superficial perineal fascia  16
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  17
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  18
						.
					 Branches of nerve to bulbospongiosus entering posterior scrotal plexus (see 166-3)  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Perineal artery Lower pointer: Transverse perineal artery  20
						.
					 Posterior scrotal nerve  21
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Deep perineal fascia
										The superficial perineal fascia (5) has been reflected more completely from the perineal region to expose the deep perineal fascia (Buck's fascia) which encloses the superficial perineal space. The posterior scrotal vessels and nerves have been exposed on the right side and have now been removed from the left side. The superficial and deep fascial layers of the penis (13, 16) may be seen in relation to the fascia of the scrotum and perineum.

														 1
						.
					 Dartos fascia (enclosing right testis)  2
						.
					 Line of incision separating two halves of scrotum  3
						.
					 Septum of scrotum  4
						.
					 Posterior scrotal vein  5
						.
					 Superficial perineal fascia (membranous layer or Colles' fascia)  6
						.
					 Posterior scrotal nerves  7
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle (faintly visible through deep perineal fascia)  8
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa  9
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  10
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  11
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerve  12
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  13
						.
					 Superficial penile fascia  14
						.
					 Dartos fascia enclosing left testis  15
						.
					 Fatty lobule  16
						.
					 Deep (Buck's) fascia of penis (continuous with deep perineal fascia)  17
						.
					 Pectineus muscle (cut across)  18
						.
					 Femoral vein  19
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  20
						.
					 Ischiocavernosus muscle (covered by deep perineal fascia)  21
						.
					 Ramus of ischium


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Superficial fascia reflected; posterior scrotal nerves and vessels; deep perineal fascia
										The dartos has been split close to the midline at the base of the scrotum. The incision has been extended posteriorly through the membranous layer of superficial fascia (Colles' fascia). This layer has been retracted on the left side to reveal the major branches of the posterior scrotal nerves and artery. The perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (10) passes anteriorly to join the plexiform branches of the posterior scrotal nerves (13). Note also that the posterior scrotal nerves communicate across the midline with branches derived from nerves of the opposite side. The adductor muscles of the left thigh have been cut away to expose the obturator externus (15). The rami of the pubis and ischium have been stripped of periosteum on the left.

														 1
						.
					 Body of penis (covered by superficial penile fascia)  2
						.
					 Dartos fascia (enclosing right testis)  3
						.
					 Septum of scrotum (compressed against penis and divided in reflecting parts of scrotum)  4
						.
					 Deep perineal fascia (Buck's fascia)  5
						.
					 Superficial perineal fascia (reflected laterally)  6
						.
					 Gracilis muscle  7
						.
					 Posterior border of area enclosed by superficial perineal fascia  8
						.
					 Anus  9
						.
					 Perineal branch of inferior rectal nerve  10
						.
					 Perineal branch posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  11
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  12
						.
					 Dartos fascia (enclosing atrophic left testis)  13
						.
					 Branches of posterior scrotal nerves  14
						.
					 Superficial perineal fascia  15
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  16
						.
					 Posterior scrotal branch internal pudendal artery  17
						.
					 Ramus of ischium (periosteum removed)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Membranous layer of superficial fascia in urogenital triangle
										The specimen shown in view 165-2 is further explored in this preparation and in subsequent dissections of this series. The subcutaneous fat has been removed from the ischiorectal fossa. On the right side of the specimen an opening (6) has been made in the membranous layer of superficial fascia to expose some of the branches of the posterior scrotal artery and nerve. The scrotum has been retracted upward.

														 1
						.
					 Body of penis  2
						.
					 Dartos fascia (covering right testis)  3
						.
					 Femoral artery and vein  4
						.
					 Posterior scrotal nerves  5
						.
					 Posterior scrotal branch internal pudendal artery  6
						.
					 Margin of window cut through membranous layer of superficial fascia  7
						.
					 Perineal branch posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Perineal branch posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Gracilis muscle Lower pointer: Adductor longus muscle  10
						.
					 Central tendon of perineum  11
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  12
						.
					 Anus  13
						.
					 Dartos fascia covering scrotal septum (spread out in retracting testicles)  14
						.
					 Terminal filament of posterior scrotal nerve  15
						.
					 Position of left testis (retracted with scrotum)  16
						.
					 Great saphenous vein  17
						.
					 Fascia lata  18
						.
					 Superficial perineal fascia (membranous layer)  19
						.
					 Perineal branch posterior femoral cutaneous nerve  20
						.
					 Gluteus maximus muscle  21
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerve  22
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Sagittal section of left testis, viewed from medial side
										The testis has been cut in a sagittal plane. The plane of section does not include the entire length of the epididymis due to the fact that the body of the epididymis curves away from the sectioned surface.

														 1
						.
					 Head of epididymis  2
						.
					 Efferent ductule of testis (one or two other efferent ductules are indistinctly visible in the image)  3
						.
					 Mediastinum testis (rete testis not grossly visible)  4
						.
					 Body of epididymis  5
						.
					 Connective tissue  6
						.
					 Ductus deferens (cut across, note thick muscular tunic, thin mucosal tunic and small lumen)  7
						.
					 Tail of epididymis  8
						.
					 Septa of testis  9
						.
					 Lobule of testis  10
						.
					 Tunica albuginea  11
						.
					 Tunica vaginalis testis (visceral layer)  12
						.
					 Anterior margin of testis  13
						.
					 Inferior extremity of testis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Epididymis dissected, posterior view
										The nerves and vessels have been removed from the specimen shown in the previous view. The epididymis has been teased apart to some extent.

														 1
						.
					 Ductus deferens  2
						.
					 Medial surface of testis (covered by visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis testis)  3
						.
					 Cut margin of tunica vaginalis testis  4
						.
					 Posterior margin testis (tunica albuginea)  5
						.
					 Superior extremity of testis  6
						.
					 Superior aberrant ductule  7
						.
					 Head of epididymis  8
						.
					 Efferent ductules  9
						.
					 Lobules of epididymis (coni epididymidis)  10
						.
					 Aberrant ductules  11
						.
					 Body of epididymis  12
						.
					 Epididymal duct  13
						.
					 Tail of epididymis (teased apart and stretched upward toward ductus deferens with which it is continuous)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Close-up view of posterior aspect of testis and epididymis
										The testis has been rotated to expose its posterior aspect. The ductus deferens (2) has been dissected and displaced to the side for better exposure of underlying structures. The numerous testicular veins and veins of the epididymis have been cut off and the pampiniform plexus of veins has been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Testicular plexus  2
						.
					 Ductus deferens  3
						.
					 Medial surface of testis (testis has been rotated to demonstrate its posterior aspect)  4
						.
					 Testicular artery  5
						.
					 artery of ductus deferens  6
						.
					 Tail of epididymis (ductus epididymidis dissected and teased apart)  7
						.
					 Thigh (background)  8
						.
					 Head of epididymis  9
						.
					 Efferent ductule of testis  10
						.
					 Parietal layer tunicae vaginalis testis (in background)  11
						.
					 Posterior margin testis (dissected)  12
						.
					 Testicular veins (cut off)  13
						.
					 Body of epididymis  14
						.
					 Fascial coverings of spermatic cord


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Contents of spermatic cord
										The various structures which pass within the spermatic cord to the right testis have been dissected and separated. The testicle has been rotated to expose its posterior aspect. The coverings of the cord (5) have been incised and reflected. Connective tissue has been removed from the ductus deferens (4) and its associated vessels and nerves. The pampiniform plexus of veins (2) has been cut off at a high level so that the testicular plexus of nerves (3), the testicular (internal spermatic) artery (1), and the ductus deferens (4) with its artery (12) might be displayed.

														 1
						.
					 Testicular artery  2
						.
					 Pampiniform plexus (cut away between level of pointer and testis)  3
						.
					 Testicular plexus  4
						.
					 Ductus deferens  5
						.
					 Fascial coverings of spermatic cord (reflected)  6
						.
					 Head of epididymis  7
						.
					 Testis (rotated to expose posterior aspect)  8
						.
					 Body of epididymis  9
						.
					 Tail of epididymis  10
						.
					 Femoral artery and vein  11
						.
					 Superficial inguinal ring  12
						.
					 Artery of ductus deferens  13
						.
					 Suspensory ligament of the penis  14
						.
					 Pubis  15
						.
					 Glans penis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Testis and epididymis viewed from above
										The line along which the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis testis reflects onto the epididymis and testis to become the visceral layer may be traced in this view of the testis seen from above.

														 1
						.
					 Spermatic cord  2
						.
					 External spermatic fascia (reflected)  3
						.
					 Tunica vaginalis testis (parietal layer)  4
						.
					 Line of reflection of parietal lamina of tunica vaginalis testis onto testis and epididymis as visceral layer  5
						.
					 Body of epididymis  6
						.
					 Head of epididymis  7
						.
					 Lateral surface of testis  8
						.
					 Testis (covered by visceral layer tunicae vaginalis testis)  9
						.
					 Appendix testis  10
						.
					 Medial surface of testis  11
						.
					 Superior extremity of testis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Testis and epididymis, close-up anterior view
										The right half of the scrotal sac has been opened and the testis and spermatic cord have been elevated. The layers of the spermatic cord have been incised and reflected to reveal the testis and epididymis.

														 1
						.
					 Fascia of scrotal wall  2
						.
					 External spermatic fascia  3
						.
					 Adductor longus muscle  4
						.
					 Connective tissue surrounding ductus deferens, vessels and nerves of testis  5
						.
					 Obturator externus muscle  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sinus of epididymidis Lower pointer: Body of epididymis  7
						.
					 Tunica vaginalis testis (lamina parietalis)  8
						.
					 Deep (Buck's) fascia of penis (covering body of penis)  9
						.
					 Superficial penile fascia  10
						.
					 Bulbospongiosus muscle  11
						.
					 Glans penis  12
						.
					 Appendix testis (elevated)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Head of epididymis Lower pointer: Superior ligament of the epididymidis  14
						.
					 Anterior margin of testis  15
						.
					 Lateral surface of testis (covered by visceral layer of tunica vaginalis testis)  16
						.
					 Inferior extremity of testis


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Tela subcutanea; deep membranous layer of superficial fascia, anteroinferior view
										The skin has been removed from the abdominal wall, the external genitalia and the perineum. The tela subcutanea has been dissected to expose the deeply placed membranous layer of superficial fascia which over the lower part of the abdominal wall is known as Scarpa's fascia (1) and over the penis, scrotum and perineum has been called Colles' fascia (19). In the scrotum this layer is blended into the tunica dartos.

														 1
						.
					 Membranous layer of superficial fascia (Scarpa's fascia)  2
						.
					 Position of left testis in elevated scrotum (testis atrophic)  3
						.
					 Urethral surface of penis (covered by superficial penile fascia)  4
						.
					 Raphe penis (skin removed)  5
						.
					 Glans penis  6
						.
					 Neck of penis  7
						.
					 Position of right testis in elevated scrotum  8
						.
					 Skin of right thigh  9
						.
					 Subcutaneous fat in perineum  10
						.
					 Skin of perineum  11
						.
					 Position of anus (not visible)  12
						.
					 Incomplete fibrous lamina in tela subcutanea  13
						.
					 Ilioinguinal nerve  14
						.
					 Line of fusion of Scarpa's fascia to fascia of thigh below and parallel to inguinal ligament  15
						.
					 External pudendal arteries  16
						.
					 External pudendal vein  17
						.
					 Fascia lata  18
						.
					 Great saphenous vein  19
						.
					 Membranous layer of superficial fascia overlying root of penis (Colles' fascia)  20
						.
					 Gracilis muscle (cut across in transecting thigh)


Male external genitalia and perineum
										 Penis and scrotum, anterior view
										The subject is a young adult.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsum of penis  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Neck of penis Lower pointer: Head of penis  3
						.
					 Glans penis  4
						.
					 External urethral opening  5
						.
					 Raphe of scrotum  6
						.
					 Scrotum (pointer indicates location of left testis)


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Pubic symphysis, sectioned

														 1
						.
					 Superior pubic ligament  2
						.
					 Pubic tubercle (sectioned)  3
						.
					 Pubic symphysis (no cavity present in central area of symphysis)  4
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  5
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  6
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  7
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Pubic symphysis, posterior aspect

														 1
						.
					 Superior pubic ligament  2
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  3
						.
					 Pectineal ligament (ligament of Cooper)  4
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  5
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament  6
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  7
						.
					 Obturator membrane (cut off near body of pubic bone)  8
						.
					 Area of origin of levator ani muscle  9
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  10
						.
					 Ramus of ischium


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Pubic symphysis, anterior aspect

														 1
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  2
						.
					 Pectineal ligament (ligament of Cooper)  3
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  4
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  5
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  6
						.
					 Ramus of ischium (cut across)  7
						.
					 Superior pubic ligament  8
						.
					 Pubic symphysis  9
						.
					 Area of origin of pectineus muscle  10
						.
					 Area of origin of gracilis muscle  11
						.
					 Obturator canal  12
						.
					 Pubic arcuate ligament


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Sacroiliac joint opened; interosseous sacroiliac ligament, left lateral view
										The left ilium has been detached to display the auricular surface of the sacrum and the interosseous sacroiliac ligaments.

														 1
						.
					 Interosseous sacroiliac ligament (pointer indicates only a small part of the area occupied by the numerous bands that comprise these ligaments which have been cut at their attachments to the ilium)  2
						.
					 Iliolumbar artery  3
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  4
						.
					 Articular surface of sacrum  5
						.
					 Ventral sacroiliac ligament  6
						.
					 Sacral nerve I  7
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Spinous process vertebra L. V  9
						.
					 Supraspinous ligament  10
						.
					 Interspinous ligament L. V - S. I (convex in shape due to compression by extension of vertebra on sacrum)  11
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  12
						.
					 Dorsal sacroiliac ligament (cut across)  13
						.
					 Iliac branch of iliolumbar artery  14
						.
					 Area of articular surface in which fibrocartilage has been damaged (remainder of auricular surface intact)  15
						.
					 Joint capsule (lined internally by synovial membrane)


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Sagittal section of lumbosacral spine; transverse section through sacroiliac joint
										The specimen shown in the preceding view (155-7) has been cut in the median plane and the right half subsequently has been cut in a plane transverse to the sacroiliac joint and approximately at right angles to the long axis of the sacrum. The sectioned parts have been separated from each other and are viewed from in front.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intervertebral foramen Lower pointer: Dorsal sacral foramen  2
						.
					 Interosseous sacroiliac ligament  3
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint (pointer on cavity and fibrocartilage covering articular surfaces of both bones)  4
						.
					 Body of ilium (cut across)  5
						.
					 Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramina  6
						.
					 Greater sciatic foramen  7
						.
					 Body of ischium  8
						.
					 Bony ridge at site of exit of tendon of obturator internus from pelvis (note other parallel ridges)  9
						.
					 Lesser sciatic foramen  10
						.
					 Ventral sacrococcygeal ligament  11
						.
					 Sacrococcygeal junction (articular cavity present in this specimen)  12
						.
					 Coccyx  13
						.
					 Sacrospinous ligament  14
						.
					 Ischial spine (pointer indicates facet for attachment of coccygeus muscle)  15
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  16
						.
					 Supraspinous ligament  17
						.
					 Interspinous ligament  18
						.
					 Spine of vertebra L. IV  19
						.
					 Arch of vertebra L. IV (facing vertebral canal)  20
						.
					 Ligamentum flavum  21
						.
					 Anulus fibrosus  22
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. V  23
						.
					 Anterior longitudinal ligament  24
						.
					 Nucleus pulposus  25
						.
					 Dura mater  26
						.
					 Promontory  27
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  28
						.
					 Inferior limit of dural sac  29
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint (reinforced by ventral sacroiliac ligament)  30
						.
					 Transverse line of sacrum (note remnant of intervertebral disk in cut section)  31
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hiatus sacral canal Lower pointer: Superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Ligaments of pelvic girdle, anterior view
										The pubic bones have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Iliolumbar ligament  2
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  3
						.
					 Promontory  4
						.
					 Pectineal ligament (ligament of Cooper)  5
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus (cut across)  6
						.
					 Joint capsule of coccyx (pointer overlies head of femur)  7
						.
					 Ischiofemoral ligament  8
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  9
						.
					 Ramus of ischium (cut across)  10
						.
					 Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament  11
						.
					 Coccyx  12
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. V  13
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. V - S. I  14
						.
					 Transverse process vertebrae L. V  15
						.
					 Iliac fossa  16
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint (covered by ventral sacroiliac ligament)  17
						.
					 Pelvic (anterior) sacral foramina  18
						.
					 Greater sciatic foramen  19
						.
					 Sacrospinous ligament  20
						.
					 Lesser sciatic foramen  21
						.
					 Obturator membrane (cut across)  22
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Iliolumbar ligaments, anterior view
										Muscles within the pelvic cavity have been preserved. The main constituents of the sacral plexus have been left intact on the right side.

														 1
						.
					 Body of vertebra L. IV (covered by anterior longitudinal ligament)  2
						.
					 Transverse process vertebrae L. IV  3
						.
					 Iliolumbar ligament  4
						.
					 Lumbosacral trunk  5
						.
					 Sacral nerve I (ventral branch)  6
						.
					 Arcuate line  7
						.
					 Obturator fascia  8
						.
					 Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle  9
						.
					 Intervertebral disc L. IV-V  10
						.
					 Promontory  11
						.
					 Iliac fossa  12
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  13
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint (pointer indicates ventral sacroiliac ligament)  14
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut across)  15
						.
					 Greater sciatic foramen  16
						.
					 Inguinal ligament  17
						.
					 Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm  18
						.
					 Pelvic surface of sacrum  19
						.
					 Levator ani muscle


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Ligaments of pelvic girdle, posterior view
										Muscles, blood vessels and nerves have been removed from this specimen of a young adult male.

														 1
						.
					 Supraspinous ligament  2
						.
					 Inferior articular process of vertebra L. V  3
						.
					 Joint capsule  4
						.
					 Iliac crest  5
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  7
						.
					 Greater sciatic foramen  8
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  9
						.
					 Sacrospinous ligament (at attachment to ischial spine)  10
						.
					 Lesser sciatic foramen  11
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  12
						.
					 Transverse process vertebrae L. IV  13
						.
					 Transverse process vertebrae L. V  14
						.
					 Iliolumbar ligament  15
						.
					 Ala of ilium  16
						.
					 Dorsal sacroiliac ligament  17
						.
					 Body of ilium  18
						.
					 Joint capsule of coccyx  19
						.
					 Sacral horn  20
						.
					 Superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament  21
						.
					 Coccyx  22
						.
					 Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Ligaments of coccygeal region, close-up posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal branch of coccygeal nerve  2
						.
					 Dorsal branch of sacral nerve V  3
						.
					 Connecting ioop between fifth sacral nerve and coccygeal nerve  4
						.
					 Piriform muscle (transected)  5
						.
					 Sciatic nerve  6
						.
					 Lateral border of sacrum  7
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery  8
						.
					 Internal pudendal vein (cut off)  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pudendal nerve Lower pointer: Internal pudendal artery  10
						.
					 Inferior rectal nerve  11
						.
					 Ischial spine (covered by fibers of coccygeus muscle)  12
						.
					 Coccygeus muscle (overlying sacrospinous ligament)  13
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (pointer on iliococcygeus muscle)  14
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Inferior rectal artery Lower pointer: Perineal artery  16
						.
					 Obturator fascia (reflected to expose perineal vessels and nerves in pudendal canal)  17
						.
					 Levator ani muscle (pointer on pubococcygeus muscle)  18
						.
					 Anococcygeal nerve  19
						.
					 Sacral horn  20
						.
					 Coccygeal horn  21
						.
					 Aperture for dorsal ramus of fifth sacral nerve  22
						.
					 Superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament Lower pointer: Sacrotuberous ligament  24
						.
					 Coccyx (terminal segment)  25
						.
					 Lunate fascia  26
						.
					 Inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm  27
						.
					 Anococcygeal ligament  28
						.
					 External anal sphincter muscle  29
						.
					 Anus


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Ligaments of sacral region, posterior view
										The central area of the dissection shown in the preceding view is illustrated in this close-up photograph.

														 1
						.
					 Supraspinous ligament  2
						.
					 Transverse process vertebrae L. V (periosteum removed)  3
						.
					 Iliolumbar ligament  4
						.
					 Iliac crest  5
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Dorsal sacral foramina (partially obscured by ligamentous bands note vessels and nerves emerging between bands)  7
						.
					 Superior gluteal artery (cut off)  8
						.
					 Sciatic nerve (exposed by excision of piriform muscle)  9
						.
					 Inferior gluteal artery (cut off)  10
						.
					 Internal pudendal artery  11
						.
					 Sacrospinous ligament (blended with coccygeus muscle)  12
						.
					 Spinous process vertebrae L. V  13
						.
					 Intervertebral joint capsule  14
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  15
						.
					 Dorsal sacroiliac ligament  16
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  17
						.
					 Piriform muscle  18
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  19
						.
					 Sacral horn  20
						.
					 Superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament


Ligaments and joints of lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle
										 Ligaments of lumbosacral region, posterior view
										The erector spinae and gluteus maximus muscles have been removed. On the left the gluteus medius has been cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Erector spinae muscle (cut across)  2
						.
					 Supraspinous ligament  3
						.
					 Intertransverse ligament  4
						.
					 Quadratus lumborum muscle (covered by middle layer of thoracolumbar fascia)  5
						.
					 Left kidney (faintly visible through thoracolumbar and renal fascia)  6
						.
					 Transverse process vertebrae L. IV  7
						.
					 Latissimus dorsi muscle (cut edge)  8
						.
					 Iliolumbar ligament  9
						.
					 Iliac crest  10
						.
					 Area of origin of gluteus medius muscle  11
						.
					 Gluteus minimus muscle  12
						.
					 Piriform muscle (cut across)  13
						.
					 Sciatic nerve (emerging through greater sciatic foramen)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal pudendal artery Lower pointer: Pudendal nerve  15
						.
					 Obturator internus muscle (tendon of insertion)  16
						.
					 Greater trochanter  17
						.
					 Thoracolumbar fascia (posterior layer, reflected)  18
						.
					 Intervertebral joint capsule L. IV-V  19
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  20
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  21
						.
					 Gluteus medius muscle  22
						.
					 Dorsal sacroiliac ligament  23
						.
					 Piriform muscle  24
						.
					 Sacrotuberous ligament  25
						.
					 Ischiorectal fossa  26
						.
					 Superficial dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament  27
						.
					 Coccyx


Osteology
										 Coccyx, anterior view
										This specimen consists of three segments, the terminal one of which comprises two small terminal pieces fused together.

														 1
						.
					 Transverse process  2
						.
					 Coccygeal horn  3
						.
					 Articular surface for sacrum


Osteology
										 Sacrum, left lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Base of sacrum  2
						.
					 Promontory  3
						.
					 Lateral part  4
						.
					 Articular surface  5
						.
					 Pelvic surface  6
						.
					 Apex  7
						.
					 Superior articular process  8
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  9
						.
					 Sacral tuberosity (note accessory articular facet on posterior part of tuberosity)  10
						.
					 Lateral sacral crest


Osteology
										 Sacrum, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Base  2
						.
					 Mamillary process  3
						.
					 Lateral part  4
						.
					 Articular surface  5
						.
					 Dorsal sacral foramen (pelvic foramen in background)  6
						.
					 Intermediate sacral crest  7
						.
					 Sacral horn  8
						.
					 Apex  9
						.
					 Sacral canal  10
						.
					 Superior articular process  11
						.
					 Sacral tuberosity  12
						.
					 Accessory articular facet (of sacroiliac joint)  13
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  14
						.
					 Lateral sacral crest  15
						.
					 Sacral hiatus


Osteology
										 Sacrum, anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Base of sacrum (pointer on Promontory)  2
						.
					 Superior articular process  3
						.
					 Lateral part  4
						.
					 Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramina  5
						.
					 Transverse lines (note lack of fusion between first and second sacral bodies in this young specimen)  6
						.
					 Apex of sacrum


Osteology
										 Left coxal bone, medial aspect

														 1
						.
					 Iliac tuberosity  2
						.
					 Accessory facet of sacroiliac articulation  3
						.
					 Articular surface  4
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  6
						.
					 Body of ischium  7
						.
					 Ischial spine  8
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch  9
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  10
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  11
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  12
						.
					 Iliac fossa  13
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  14
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  15
						.
					 Body of ilium  16
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  17
						.
					 Superior pubic ramus  18
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  19
						.
					 Symphyseal surface  20
						.
					 Obturator foramen


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, left lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Tubercle of iliac crest  2
						.
					 External lip of iliac crest  3
						.
					 Gluteal surface of ilium  4
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Body of ilium (pointer on inferior gluteal line)  7
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  8
						.
					 Fossa of acetabulum  9
						.
					 Lunate surface  10
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  11
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  12
						.
					 Notch of acetabulum  13
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  14
						.
					 Obturator foramen  15
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  16
						.
					 Anterior gluteal line  17
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  18
						.
					 Posterior gluteal line  19
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  20
						.
					 Sacrum  21
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  22
						.
					 Ischial spine  23
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch  24
						.
					 Body of ischium  25
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, posteroinferior view
										The configuration of the male pelvic outlet is shown in this view and should be compared with that of the female pelvis in 154-1.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior superior iliac spine  2
						.
					 Posterior inferior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Ala of ilium (gluteal surface)  4
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Acetabulum  6
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  7
						.
					 Ramus of ischium  8
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  9
						.
					 Position of pubic symphysis  10
						.
					 Superior articular process of sacrum  11
						.
					 Intermediate sacral crest  12
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  13
						.
					 Sacral hiatus  14
						.
					 Sacral horn  15
						.
					 Coccyx (upper pointer indicates coccygeal horn)  16
						.
					 Greater sciatic notch  17
						.
					 Ischial spine  18
						.
					 Lesser sciatic notch


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, anterosuperior view
										The shape of the superior pelvic aperture (13) and of the pelvic cavity below this line should be compared with that of the female pelvis shown in 153-7.

														 1
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  2
						.
					 Ilium  3
						.
					 Internal lip of iliac crest  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intermediate line of iliac crest Lower pointer: External lip of iliac crest  5
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  6
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  7
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  8
						.
					 Pubic tubercle  9
						.
					 Superior articular process of sacrum  10
						.
					 Middle sacral crest  11
						.
					 Sacral canal  12
						.
					 Base of sacrum  13
						.
					 Arcuate line (part of linea terminalis which marks superior pelvic aperture)  14
						.
					 Ischial spine  15
						.
					 Coccyx  16
						.
					 Body of pubic bone


Osteology
										 Articulated male pelvis, anteroinferior view
										The specimen is viewed from in front and slightly below in order that details of the obturator foramen may be seen.

														 1
						.
					 Iliac crest  2
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Ala of ilium (pointer indicates iliac fossa)  4
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  5
						.
					 Arcuate line of ilium  6
						.
					 Iliopubic eminence  7
						.
					 Pectineal line (pubic bone)  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior pubic ramus Lower pointer: Pubic tubercle  9
						.
					 Body of pubic bone  10
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus  11
						.
					 Lateral part of sacrum  12
						.
					 Anterior (pelvic) sacral foramen  13
						.
					 Transverse line  14
						.
					 Base of sacrum  15
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint  16
						.
					 Body of ilium  17
						.
					 Acetabulum  18
						.
					 Ischial spine  19
						.
					 Body of ischium  20
						.
					 Obturator foramen  21
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  22
						.
					 Ramus of ischium


Osteology
										 Articulated male and female pelvic bones, anterior view
										The more massive male pelvis on the left side of the view is distinguished from that of the female in several respects. It is higher and narrower and exhibits more pronounced surface markings than the female specimen. The angle between the diverging inferior rami of the pubic bones (subpubic angle) is less in the male. The obturator foramina are elongated in comparison with those of the female. Marked differences in the configuration of the superior and inferior pelvic apertures are not clearly visible in this photograph but are shown in subsequent views in this series. The view was made from in front and slightly below the horizontal plane in order to show the subpubic angle and the obturator foramina. The relations in a direct anteroposterior view are visible in the radiograph shown in 155-1.

														 1
						.
					 Ilium  2
						.
					 Anterior superior iliac spine  3
						.
					 Anterior inferior iliac spine  4
						.
					 Acetabulum  5
						.
					 Pubic bone  6
						.
					 Ischium  7
						.
					 Sacrum (pointer on Promontory)  8
						.
					 Sacroiliac joint  9
						.
					 Linea terminalis  10
						.
					 Ischial spine  11
						.
					 Obturator foramen  12
						.
					 Ischial tuberosity  13
						.
					 Inferior pubic ramus


Hyoid bone and framework of larynx
										 Cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, right anterolateral view
										The left arytenoid cartilage has been detached and turned to expose its medial surface.

														 1
						.
					 Corniculate cartilage  2
						.
					 Arycorniculate synchondrosis  3
						.
					 Apex of arytenoid cartilage  4
						.
					 Triangular fovea of arytenoid cartilage  5
						.
					 Arcuate crest of arytenoid cartilage  6
						.
					 Fovea oblonga arytenoid cartilage  7
						.
					 Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage  8
						.
					 Base of arytenoid cartilage  9
						.
					 Articular surface arytenoid  10
						.
					 Lamina of cricoid cartilage  11
						.
					 Articular surface thyroid (poorly defined)  12
						.
					 Arytenoid cartilaginous neck  13
						.
					 Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage  14
						.
					 Articular surface arytenoid cartilage  15
						.
					 Tracheal cartilage (fused to cricoid cartilage)  16
						.
					 Arch of cricoid cartilage


Hyoid bone and framework of larynx
										 Thyroid cartilage, posterior view
										The periochondrium has been removed except near the midline where the hyothyroid, thyroepiglottic, cricothyroid and vocal ligaments were attached.

														 1
						.
					 Superior thyroid incisure  2
						.
					 Left lamina thyroid cartilage  3
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  4
						.
					 Inferior horn thyroid cartilage  5
						.
					 Inferior thyroid incisure  6
						.
					 Attachment of ligaments (see note above)


Hyoid bone and framework of larynx
										 Hyoid bone, inferior view

														 1
						.
					 Greater horn  2
						.
					 Lesser horn  3
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  4
						.
					 Articulation between greater horn and body (see previous view)


Hyoid bone and framework of larynx
										 Hyoid bone, superior view
										Two unusual features of ossification are seen in this specimen. The greater cornu on the right is not fused to the body, although the left one is joined in the normal manner. The lesser cornua are fused to their respective greater cornua.

														 1
						.
					 Greater horn  2
						.
					 Articulation between greater horn and body of hyoid bone  3
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  4
						.
					 Lesser horn


Hyoid bone and framework of larynx
										 Anterior view

														 1
						.
					 Epiglottic cartilage  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lesser horn hyoid bone Lower pointer: Joint capsule between minor and major horn  3
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone  4
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  5
						.
					 Superior thyroid incisure  6
						.
					 Lamina right thyroid cartilage  7
						.
					 Inferior horn thyroid cartilage  8
						.
					 Cricothyroid joint capsule  9
						.
					 Cricotracheal ligament  10
						.
					 Tracheal cartilage  11
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  12
						.
					 Triticeal cartilage (within lateral thyrohyoid ligament)  13
						.
					 Middle hyothyroid ligament  14
						.
					 Superior thyroid tubercle  15
						.
					 Oblique line thyroid cartilage  16
						.
					 Inferior thyroid tubercle  17
						.
					 Middle cricothyroid ligament  18
						.
					 Anterior cricothyroid ligament  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Conus elasticus Lower pointer: Arch of cricoid cartilage  20
						.
					 Annular ligament of trachea


Hyoid bone and framework of larynx
										 Posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Epiglottic cartilage  2
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone  3
						.
					 Superior thyroid incisure  4
						.
					 Thyroepiglottic ligament  5
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Arycorniculate synchondrosis Lower pointer: Apex of arytenoid cartilage  7
						.
					 Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage  8
						.
					 Interarytenoid notch  9
						.
					 Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage  10
						.
					 Cricotracheal ligament  11
						.
					 Membranous wall of trachea (layer of smooth muscle visible)  12
						.
					 Lesser horn hyoid bone  13
						.
					 Stem of epiglottis  14
						.
					 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament (Triticeal cartilage embedded in ligament at site of pointer)  15
						.
					 Lamina right thyroid cartilage  16
						.
					 Corniculate cartilage  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Vocal lip Lower pointer: Rima glottidis  18
						.
					 Posterior cricoarytenoid ligament  19
						.
					 Cricoarytenoid joint capsule  20
						.
					 Lamina of cricoid cartilage  21
						.
					 Cricoarytenoid joint capsule  22
						.
					 Tracheal cartilage


Hyoid bone and framework of larynx
										 Superior view
										The periosteum has been removed from the hyoid bone and the perichondrium scraped from the laryngeal cartilages. The elastic cone and vocal ligaments have been preserved and the articular capsules retained.

														 1
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  2
						.
					 Epiglottal cartilage  3
						.
					 Lesser horn hyoid bone  4
						.
					 Left lamina thyroid cartilage  5
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone  6
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  7
						.
					 Corniculate cartilage  8
						.
					 Base of arytenoid cartilage  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Interarytenoid incisure Lower pointer: Posterior cricoarytenoid ligament  10
						.
					 Lamina of cricoid cartilage  11
						.
					 Trachea  12
						.
					 Thyroepiglottic ligament  13
						.
					 Vocal ligament  14
						.
					 Rim of glottis  15
						.
					 Conus elasticus  16
						.
					 Arch of cricoid cartilage  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Apex of arytenoid cartilage Lower pointer: Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage  18
						.
					 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament  19
						.
					 Cricothyroid joint capsule  20
						.
					 Inferior horn thyroid cartilage  21
						.
					 Cricothyroid joint capsule


Sagittal section of neck
										 Dissection of left half of larynx, medial view
										The mucosa of the larynx has been cut away except for that which lines the ventricle (28) and a narrow rim which remains on the vocal (30) and ventricular folds (28). The elastic cone and the quadrangular membrane have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  2
						.
					 Root of tongue  3
						.
					 Epiglottal cartilage  4
						.
					 Hyoepiglottic ligament  5
						.
					 Laryngeal part of pharynx  6
						.
					 Aryepiglotticus muscle  7
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve  8
						.
					 Aryepiglottic fold (cuneiform cartilage not present)  9
						.
					 Corniculate cartilage  10
						.
					 Apex of arytenoid cartilage  11
						.
					 Transverse arytenoid muscle (cut across)  12
						.
					 Posterior cricoarytenoid ligament  13
						.
					 Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage  14
						.
					 Lamina of cricoid cartilage (sectioned)  15
						.
					 Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle  16
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  17
						.
					 Cricotracheal ligament  18
						.
					 Genioglossus muscle  19
						.
					 Mandible (sectioned)  20
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  21
						.
					 Body hyoid bone (sectioned)  22
						.
					 Mylohyoid muscle (cut across)  23
						.
					 Middle hyothyroid ligament  24
						.
					 Anterior laryngeal glands  25
						.
					 Medial laryngeal glands (overlying appendix ventriculi laryngis)  26
						.
					 Left pointer: Left lamina thyroid cartilage Right pointer: Superficial fascia  27
						.
					 Thyroepiglottic ligament  28
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ventricular fold Lower pointer: Laryngeal ventricle  29
						.
					 Sesamoid cartilage  30
						.
					 Vocal ligament (beneath tunica mucosa of vocal cord)  31
						.
					 Thyroarytenoid muscle  32
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage (sectioned)  33
						.
					 Medial cricoarytenoid ligament  34
						.
					 Isthmus of thyroid gland  35
						.
					 Arch of cricoid cartilage (sectioned)  36
						.
					 Esophageal mucosa (tunica)


Sagittal section of neck
										 Larynx; medial aspect viewed from right side

														 1
						.
					 Lingual tonsil  2
						.
					 Laryngeal part of pharynx  3
						.
					 Posterior wall of pharynx (sectioned)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Epiglottis Lower pointer: Piriform recess  5
						.
					 Aryepiglottic fold (upper pointer, cuneiform tubercle; lower pointer, corniculate tubercle)  6
						.
					 Body cervical vertebra IV and nucleus pulposus  7
						.
					 Transverse arytenoid muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Esophagus  9
						.
					 Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle  10
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage (lamina)  11
						.
					 Retropharyngeal space  12
						.
					 Geniohyoid muscle  13
						.
					 Body hyoid bone  14
						.
					 Hyoepiglottic ligament  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Mylohyoid muscle Lower pointer: Fat  16
						.
					 Middle hyothyroid ligament  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Laryngeal vestibule Lower pointer: Ventricular fold  18
						.
					 Laryngeal ventricle  19
						.
					 Vocal cord  20
						.
					 Thyroid cartilage  21
						.
					 Thyroid gland  22
						.
					 Conus elasticus (covered by mucosa)  23
						.
					 Cricoarytenoid ligament (middle)  24
						.
					 Trachea  25
						.
					 Arch of cricoid cartilage


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Larynx; arytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, quadrangular membrane
										The attachment of the cervical part of the esophagus to the cricoid cartilate (ligamentum cricopharyngeum) has been cut and the esophagus (13) sectioned transversely below the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage. The quadrangular membrane (15) has been exposed by the removal of the aryepiglottic muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Epiglottis  2
						.
					 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament  3
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve (cut across)  4
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior laryngeal artery Lower pointer: Inferior branch of superior laryngeal nerve  6
						.
					 Left lamina thyroid cartilage (inner surface)  7
						.
					 Oblique arytenoid muscle  8
						.
					 Transverse arytenoid muscle  9
						.
					 Anastomotic branch of superior laryngeal nerve with inferior laryngeal nerve  10
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  11
						.
					 Inferior laryngeal nerve  12
						.
					 Thyroid gland  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Trachea Lower pointer: Esophagus (sectioned)  14
						.
					 Pharyngoepiglottic fold  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Aryepiglottic fold Lower pointer: Quadrangular membrane  16
						.
					 Corniculate cartilage  17
						.
					 Interarytenoid incisure  18
						.
					 Anastomotic branch superior laryngeal nerve with inferior laryngeal nerve  19
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage  20
						.
					 Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle  21
						.
					 Mucosa of pharynx (separated from muscular tunica)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Cavity of larynx, superior view
										The specimen is the same as that seen in reel 83-3.

														 1
						.
					 Epiglottis  2
						.
					 Epiglottic tubercle  3
						.
					 Laryngeal ventricle  4
						.
					 Aryepiglottic fold  5
						.
					 Ventricular fold  6
						.
					 Laryngeal ventricle  7
						.
					 Superior laryngeal artery  8
						.
					 Macula flava  9
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve (superior branch)  10
						.
					 Glottic rim (intermembrane part )  11
						.
					 Lamina right thyroid cartilage (inner surface)  12
						.
					 Vocal cord  13
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve (inferior branch)  14
						.
					 Aberrant muscular slip  15
						.
					 Aryepiglotticus muscle  16
						.
					 Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage  17
						.
					 Glottic rim (intercartilaginous part)  18
						.
					 Corniculate cartilage  19
						.
					 Interarytenoid notch


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Larynx; blood vessels and nerves
										The mucous membrane has been removed from the piriform recesses and anterior wall of the esophagus. The right superior laryngeal nerve (22) has been retracted to expose branches of the superior laryngeal artery (20) and vein.

														 1
						.
					 External maxillary artery  2
						.
					 Salpingopharyngeus muscle  3
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone  4
						.
					 Lingual artery  5
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch of external carotid artery  6
						.
					 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament (Triticeal cartilage not present)  7
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve  8
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  9
						.
					 External carotid artery  10
						.
					 Corniculate tubercle  11
						.
					 Piriform recess (mucosa removed)  12
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  13
						.
					 Common carotid artery  14
						.
					 Thyroid gland  15
						.
					 Root of tongue  16
						.
					 Epiglottis  17
						.
					 Pharyngoepiglottic fold (mucosa preserved)  18
						.
					 Aryepiglottic fold (inner mucosal surface preserved)  19
						.
					 Laryngeal ventricle  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior laryngeal artery Lower pointer: Superior laryngeal vein  21
						.
					 Mucosa of pharynx (tunica)  22
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve (retracted slightly laterally)  23
						.
					 Cricoid cartilage (covered by perichondrium)  24
						.
					 Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle  25
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  26
						.
					 Esophageal veins  27
						.
					 Cervical nerve VII (cut across)  28
						.
					 Muscular coat of esophagus (longitudinal layer)  29
						.
					 Muscular coat of esophagus (circular layer)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Larynx; posterior surface view
										The wall of the pharynx and esophagus has been opened.

														 1
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve (cut across)  2
						.
					 External carotid artery  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cuneiform tubercle Lower pointer: Corniculate tubercle  4
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut across)  5
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  6
						.
					 Left lobe of thyroid gland  7
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X) (cut across)  8
						.
					 Vertebral artery (cut across)  9
						.
					 Root of tongue  10
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  11
						.
					 Epiglottis  12
						.
					 Pharyngoepiglottic fold  13
						.
					 Laryngeal ventricle  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Aryepiglottic fold Lower pointer: Superior horn thyroid cartilage  15
						.
					 Fold of laryngeal nerve  16
						.
					 Interarytenoid incisure  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Piriform recess Lower pointer: Prominence produced by cricoid cartilage  18
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  19
						.
					 Esophagus


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Relation of left facial nerve to parotid gland
										The sternocleidomastoid muscle (3) has been cut off close to its insertion and its tendon reflected laterally from the mastoid process (4) of the temporal bone. The posterior facial vein (7) has been cut off and the parotid gland dissected to expose the facial nerve as it passes between the deep (9) and superficial (10) lobes of the gland.

														 1
						.
					 Stylomastoid foramen (opened)  2
						.
					 Mastoid incisure  3
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle (tendon of insertion stripped from mastoid process)  4
						.
					 Mastoid process  5
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  6
						.
					 Superior (temporofacial) division of facial nerve (VII)  7
						.
					 Posterior facial vein  8
						.
					 Inferior (cervicofacial) division of facial nerve (VII)  9
						.
					 Parotid gland (deep lobe)  10
						.
					 Parotid gland (superficial lobe)  11
						.
					 External carotid artery  12
						.
					 Stylohyoid ligament  13
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle (cut across)  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (cut across) Lower pointer: External maxillary artery  15
						.
					 Superficial fascia (external layer)  16
						.
					 Submandibular gland  17
						.
					 Mandibular nerve  18
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle  19
						.
					 Styloid process temporal bone  20
						.
					 Salpingopharyngeus muscle  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ascending palatine artery Lower pointer: Stylomandibular ligament  22
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (pointer near origins of muscle from pterygomandibular raphe)  23
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle  24
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  25
						.
					 Stylopharyngeus muscle (cut across)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Musculature of soft palate
										The mucous membrane has been removed from the left half of the soft palate and pharyngeal wall.

														 1
						.
					 Ascending pharyngeal artery  2
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut off)  3
						.
					 Cartilaginous auditory tube  4
						.
					 Levator veli palatini muscle  5
						.
					 Mandibular nerve  6
						.
					 Ascending palatine artery  7
						.
					 Tensor veli palatini muscle  8
						.
					 Pterygoid hamulus  9
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut across)  10
						.
					 Parotid gland  11
						.
					 Posterior auricular artery  12
						.
					 Palatopharyngeus muscle  13
						.
					 Stylopharyngeus muscle  14
						.
					 Stylohyoid ligament  15
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Digastric muscle (cut across)  17
						.
					 External maxillary artery  18
						.
					 Occipital artery  19
						.
					 Greater horn hyoid bone  20
						.
					 Lingual artery  21
						.
					 Lateral thyrohyoid ligament  22
						.
					 External carotid artery  23
						.
					 Nasal septum  24
						.
					 Inferior nasal concha  25
						.
					 Torus tubarius  26
						.
					 Salpingopharyngeal fold  27
						.
					 Velum of palate  28
						.
					 Uvular muscle  29
						.
					 Uvula  30
						.
					 Body of tongue  31
						.
					 Vallate papilla  32
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sulcus terminalis Lower pointer: Foramen caecum  33
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  34
						.
					 Lingual tonsil  35
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  36
						.
					 Upper pointer: Epiglottic vallecula Lower pointer: Median glossoepiglottic fold  37
						.
					 Epiglottis


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Pharynx and esophagus; posterior aspect of larynx
										A midline incision has been made through the wall of the pharynx and cervical part of the esophagus. The cut margins have been retracted.

														 1
						.
					 Torus tubarius  2
						.
					 Nasal part pharynx  3
						.
					 Styloid process temporal bone  4
						.
					 Salpingopharyngeal fold  5
						.
					 Palatopharyngeal arch  6
						.
					 Oral part pharynx  7
						.
					 External carotid artery  8
						.
					 Laryngeal part of pharynx  9
						.
					 Piriform recess  10
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut across)  11
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  12
						.
					 Thyroid gland  13
						.
					 Nasal septum  14
						.
					 Choanae  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Soft palate Lower pointer: Uvula (poorly developed)  16
						.
					 Root of tongue  17
						.
					 Vallate papillae  18
						.
					 Lingual tonsil  19
						.
					 Upper pointer: Epiglottis Lower pointer: Pharyngoepiglottic fold  20
						.
					 Aryepiglottic fold  21
						.
					 Laryngeal ventricle  22
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  23
						.
					 Prominence produced by cricoid cartilage  24
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (cut across)  25
						.
					 Esophagus  26
						.
					 Superior articular surface thoracic vertebrae II


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Muscles originating from styloid process
										The stylopharyngeus (6) and stylohyoid (7) muscles have been retracted slightly to expose the styloid process (8), the stylomandibular ligament (11) and the styloglossus muscle (9).

														 1
						.
					 Mastoid part of temporal bone (dissected)  2
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (note branch to stylopharyngeus muscle (6))  3
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) (note branch to stylohyoid muscle (7))  4
						.
					 Parotid gland  5
						.
					 External pterygoid muscle  6
						.
					 Stylopharyngeus muscle  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lymph node parotid Lower pointer: Stylohyoid muscle  8
						.
					 Styloid process temporal bone  9
						.
					 Styloglossus muscle  10
						.
					 Digastric muscle (cut across)  11
						.
					 Stylohyoid ligament  12
						.
					 External carotid artery  13
						.
					 External maxillary artery (lingual artery lies inferiorly but is obscured)  14
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pharyngobasilar fascia Lower pointer: Pharyngeal tonsil  16
						.
					 Occipital condyle  17
						.
					 Ascending pharyngeal artery (cut off)  18
						.
					 Pterygoid venous plexus (near junction with pharyngeal venous plexus)  19
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  20
						.
					 Pharyngeal raphe  21
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle  22
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  23
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  24
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx; pharyngeal raphe; submucosal plexus of esophageal veins
										The inferior constrictor muscle has been partially resected on the left to expose the middle constrictor of the pharynx. The vagus nerve and sympathetic trunk have been removed.

														 1
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  2
						.
					 Parotid gland  3
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut across)  4
						.
					 Stylopharyngeus muscle  5
						.
					 Stylohyoid muscle  6
						.
					 Styloid process temporal bone  7
						.
					 Ascending pharyngeal artery  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior belly of digastric muscle Lower pointer: Occipital artery (cut across)  9
						.
					 Lingual artery (in background)  10
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  11
						.
					 External carotid artery  12
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch of external carotid artery  13
						.
					 Carotid body  14
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut across)  15
						.
					 Internal jugular vein (cut across)  16
						.
					 Carotid sheath  17
						.
					 Thyroid gland  18
						.
					 Pharyngeal tonsil (pharyngobasilar fascia removed)  19
						.
					 Occipital condyle  20
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  21
						.
					 Pterygoid venous plexus  22
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  23
						.
					 Pharyngeal raphe  24
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle  25
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  26
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle right  27
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle left (divided)  28
						.
					 Esophageal vein


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Pharyngeal plexus of nerves; ascending pharyngeal artery
										Branches of the glossopharyngeal (8) and vagus (9) nerves which enter the pharyngeal plexus are visible in this close-up view of the superior portion of the dissection shown in reel 82-2.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Cochlea Lower pointer: Tympanic cavity (opened)  2
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  3
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  4
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut across)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior belly of digastric muscle Lower pointer: Styloid process temporal bone  6
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X) (retracted Iaterally)  7
						.
					 Ascending pharyngeal artery  8
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch glossopharyngeal nerve  9
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch vagus nerve  10
						.
					 Nodose ganglion of vagus nerve (retracted laterally)  11
						.
					 Occipital artery (cut across)  12
						.
					 External carotid artery  13
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (cut across)  14
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  15
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve  16
						.
					 Carotid body  17
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve  18
						.
					 Aperture of sphenoid sinus  19
						.
					 Internal carotid venous plexus  20
						.
					 Nasal part pharynx (cut open)  21
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pharyngobasilar fascia Lower pointer: Pharyngeal tonsil (outer surface)  22
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  23
						.
					 Upper pointer: Longus colli muscle (cut across) Lower pointer: Longus capitis muscle (cut across)  24
						.
					 Upper pointer: Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle Lower pointer: Buccopharyngeal fascia  25
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  26
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  27
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior horn thyroid cartilage Lower pointer: Sympathetic trunk


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 General view of pharynx and esophagus
										The remainder of the cervical spine and the first thoracic vertebrae have been removed. The prevertebral muscles on the right have been partially resected. The prevertebral and buccopharyngeal fascia remain to the right of the midline. The left internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, hypoglossal and accessory nerves have been cut away from the central areas of the dissection. The left vagus nerve has been retracted laterally. The left pharyngeal plexus has been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pharyngobasilar fascia Lower pointer: Pharyngeal tonsil (exposed by partial resection of above fascia)  2
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (cut off)  3
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  4
						.
					 Styloid process temporal bone  5
						.
					 Nodose ganglion of vagus nerve (retracted laterally)  6
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch vagus nerve  7
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve  8
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  9
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal carotid artery (cut off) Lower pointer: Internal jugular vein (cut off)  11
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve (joined by superior cardiac nerve from sympathetic trunk)  12
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  13
						.
					 Left lobe of thyroid gland  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sphenoid sinus (opened) Lower pointer: Body sphenoid bone (cut across)  15
						.
					 Occipital condyle  16
						.
					 Upper pointer: Pharyngobasilar fascia Lower pointer: Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  17
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle (cut across)  18
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle  19
						.
					 Prevertebral fascia  20
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  21
						.
					 Cervical part of esophagus  22
						.
					 Upper pointer: Brachial plexus (cervical nerve VIII) Lower pointer: Articular surface superior thoracic vertebrae II


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Blood vessels and nerves to left carotid body
										The internal carotid artery and vagus nerve have been retracted posterolaterally and the superior cervical ganglion retracted posteromedially.

														 1
						.
					 Occipital artery  2
						.
					 Upper pointer: Sternocleidomastoid muscle Lower pointer: Accessory nerve (XI)  3
						.
					 Nodose ganglion of vagus nerve  4
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X) (retracted posterolaterally)  5
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (retracted posterolaterally)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Carotid body Lower pointer: Carotid body (accessory)  7
						.
					 Nerve filaments entering wall of Internal carotid artery at site of carotid sinus  8
						.
					 Artery which supplies carotid body  9
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  10
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle  11
						.
					 Internal carotid nerve  12
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve  13
						.
					 Gray rami communicantes (to cervical nerve I-II)  14
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  15
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  16
						.
					 Nerves to carotid body (branches of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX))  17
						.
					 Pharyngeal plexus vagus nerve  18
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  19
						.
					 Superior cardiac branch vagus nerve  20
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Plexus of nerves in region of left superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
										The left internal carotid artery and vagus nerve have been retracted medially to expose the origins of the external carotid and pharyngeal plexuses.

														 1
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  2
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII)  3
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  4
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  5
						.
					 Occipital artery  6
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  7
						.
					 Pharyngeal venous plexus  8
						.
					 External carotid artery  9
						.
					 External carotid nerve plexus  10
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  11
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle and superficial fascia  12
						.
					 Carotid body  13
						.
					 Jugular ganglion of vagus nerve  14
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior rectus capitis muscle Lower pointer: Longus capitis muscle  15
						.
					 Anterior arch atlas (midsagittal section)  16
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  17
						.
					 Dens axis (midsagittal section)  18
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch vagus nerve  19
						.
					 Nodose ganglion of vagus nerve  20
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  21
						.
					 Plexus of nerves associated with superior cervical ganglion (20), pharyngeal branches of vagus nerve (18), and glossopharyngeal nerve (6)  22
						.
					 Internal carotid artery (retracted medially)  23
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  24
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X) (retracted medially)  25
						.
					 Pharyngeal plexus vagus nerve


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Pharyngeal blood vessels and nerves

														 1
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  2
						.
					 Nodose ganglion of vagus nerve  3
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  4
						.
					 Gray rami communicantes (to cervical nerve IV-V, which have been cut away)  5
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  6
						.
					 Superior laryngeal nerve  7
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  8
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  9
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  10
						.
					 Superficial fascia (deep lamina of external layer)  11
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  12
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  13
						.
					 Sympathetic trunk  14
						.
					 Gray rami communicantes (to cervical nerve IV-V)  15
						.
					 Common carotid artery  16
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve VI  17
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  18
						.
					 Pharyngeal venous plexus  19
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle  20
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  21
						.
					 Body cervical vertebra III (cut in midline)  22
						.
					 Pharyngeal branch of external maxillary artery  23
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  24
						.
					 Pharyngeal plexus vagus nerve  25
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve V  26
						.
					 Posterior longitudinal ligament


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Relation of pharynx to cervical spine
										The left half of the cervical spine, together with the prevertebral muscles and fascia, has been resected and the muscles of the posterior wall of the pharynx brought to view by removal of the buccopharyngeal fascia. The left carotid sheath has been cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Facial nerve (VII) (pointer at stylomastoid foramen) Lower pointer: Internal jugular vein  2
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  3
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X) (pointer on nodose ganglion)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Accessory nerve (XI) Lower pointer: Sternocleidomastoid muscle  5
						.
					 Gray rami communicantes (to cervical nerve II-III, which have been cut away)  6
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  7
						.
					 Pharyngeal plexus vagus nerve  8
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  9
						.
					 Superior horn thyroid cartilage  10
						.
					 Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  11
						.
					 Greater auricular nerve (cut across)  12
						.
					 Superficial fascia (deep lamina of external layer)  13
						.
					 Spinal ganglion cervical nerve VI  14
						.
					 Trapezius muscle (cut across)  15
						.
					 External jugular vein  16
						.
					 Articular surface superior thoracic vertebrae I  17
						.
					 Posterior cranial fossa  18
						.
					 Periosteum occipital bone  19
						.
					 Anterior margin of foramen magnum  20
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle (cut across)  21
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle  22
						.
					 Pharyngeal vein  23
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle  24
						.
					 Arch of cervical vertebra III  25
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle  26
						.
					 Body cervical vertebra IV (sectioned in midsagittal plane)  27
						.
					 Upper pointer: Trapezius muscle Lower pointer: Levator scapulae muscle  28
						.
					 Semispinalis cervicis muscle and multifidus muscle (cut across)  29
						.
					 Arch of cervical vertebra VII (cut across)  30
						.
					 Spinal cord


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in jugular foramen; origin of tympanic nerve; posterior wall of pharynx
										The temporal bone has been dissected to expose the tympanic canaliculus (canal of Jacobson) (2) and the facial canal (1). Veins and fibrous tissue have been removed to reveal the glossopharyngeal nerve (4) in the anterior part of the jugular foramen. The apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone, the left half of the occipital bone and part of the body of the sphenoid bone have been ground away. This was done without disturbing the soft tissues of the carotid canal (14), petrooccipital fissure (15) or the thick fibrous tissue which underlies the base of the skull (17). The longus capitis and rectus capitis anterior muscles have been partially resected.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Facial nerve (VII) within facial canal Lower pointer: Stapedius muscle  2
						.
					 Tympanic nerve within tympanic canaliculus  3
						.
					 Auricular branch vagus nerve  4
						.
					 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Styloid process temporal bone (covered by periosteum) Lower pointer: Internal jugular vein (cut off)  6
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle (cut across)  7
						.
					 Splenius capitis muscle (cut across)  8
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  9
						.
					 Occipital artery  10
						.
					 Sternocleidomastoid muscle  11
						.
					 Internal carotid artery left  12
						.
					 Internal carotid artery left (cut across in cavernous sinus)  13
						.
					 Sphenoid sinus (opened)  14
						.
					 Periosteal lining of carotid canal  15
						.
					 Veins and connective tissue of petro-occipital fissure (bone removed)  16
						.
					 Basal part occipital bone (sectioned in midline)  17
						.
					 Periosteum (reinforced by anterior atlanto-occipital membrane and pharyngobasilar fascia)  18
						.
					 Jugular ganglion of vagus nerve (X)  19
						.
					 Accessory nerve (Xl)  20
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  21
						.
					 Anterior rectus capitis muscle (cut across)  22
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle (cut across)  23
						.
					 Dens (axis)  24
						.
					 Superior pharyngeal[ constrictor muscle  25
						.
					 Nodose ganglion of vagus nerve (X)  26
						.
					 Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Relations of facial, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal and internal carotid nerves; internal jugular vein
										The accessory nerve has been reflected anteriorly to show its communication with the vagus nerve.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior semicircular canal  2
						.
					 Transverse sinus (sigmoid portion)  3
						.
					 Mastoid cells  4
						.
					 Facial nerve (VII) emerging from stylomastoid foramen  5
						.
					 Superior bulb of jugular vein (internal surface)  6
						.
					 Upper pointer: Internal branch accessory nerve Lower pointer: External branch accessory nerve  7
						.
					 Retromandibular process parotid gland  8
						.
					 Styloid process temporal bone (covered by periosteum)  9
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  10
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  11
						.
					 Digastric branch of facial nerve  12
						.
					 Tendon of longissimus capitis muscle (cut across)  13
						.
					 Occipital artery  14
						.
					 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)  15
						.
					 Petro-occipital synchondrosis  16
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI) (reflected anteriorly)  17
						.
					 Jugular ganglion of vagus nerve (X)  18
						.
					 Lateral part of occipital bone (cut across)  19
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ascending pharyngeal artery Lower pointer: Alar fascia  21
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  22
						.
					 Internal carotid nerve  23
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  24
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Nerve supply to longus capitis, longus colli and rectus capitis anterior muscles
										The first three cervical nerves have been retracted laterally so that their muscular branches are visible. The muscles have been elevated.

														 1
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  2
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  3
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  4
						.
					 Vagus nerve (X)  5
						.
					 Internal carotid nerve (from superior cervical ganglion)  6
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve I  7
						.
					 Loop between first and second cervical nerves (note communications with hypoglossal nerve)  8
						.
					 Gray ramus communicans (to cervical nerve I)  9
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve II  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Ganglion cervical nerve III Lower pointer: Posterior branch cervical nerve III  11
						.
					 Gray rami communicantes (to cervical nerves II-III)  12
						.
					 Superior cervical ganglion  13
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  14
						.
					 Longus capitis muscle  15
						.
					 Anterior arch atlas  16
						.
					 Dens axis  17
						.
					 Anterior rectus capitis muscle  18
						.
					 Muscular branches of cervical nerve I  19
						.
					 Muscular branches of cervical nerve II  20
						.
					 Intervertebral disc (C. II-III)  21
						.
					 Muscular branches of cervical nerve III  22
						.
					 Longus colli muscle


Dissection of head and neck from a posterior approach
										 Hypoglossal, accessory and vagus nerves; anterior rami of cervical nerves; internal carotid artery; internal jugular vein
										The bodies of the first five cervical vertebrae have been sectioned in the midsagittal plane and the left halves removed. The cervical nerves have been retained approximately in their normal positions with the exception of the first nerve (16), which has been displaced superiorly. The anterior vertebral venous plexus (18) and longus colli and capitis muscles have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Jugular ganglion of vagus nerve (X)  2
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI)  3
						.
					 Branches of cervical nerve I-Il to longus capitis muscle and anterior rectus capitis muscle  4
						.
					 Occipital artery  5
						.
					 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)  6
						.
					 Posterior belly of digastric muscle  7
						.
					 Nodose ganglion vagus nerve (X)  8
						.
					 Internal jugular vein  9
						.
					 Internal carotid artery  10
						.
					 Descending branch hypoglossal nerve  11
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lesser occipital nerve Lower pointer: Unnamed cutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Superficial fascia (deep lamina of external layer)  13
						.
					 Accessory nerve (XI) (note communicating branches from second and third cervical nerves)  14
						.
					 Supraclavicular nerves  15
						.
					 Levator scapulae muscle (cut across)  16
						.
					 Anterior branch of cervical nerve I  17
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve II (cut across)  18
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior rectus capitis muscle Lower pointer: Anterior vertebral venous plexus  19
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve III  20
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intervertebral disc Lower pointer: Body cervical vertebra III  21
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve IV  22
						.
					 Ganglion cervical nerve V (displaced slightly inferiorly)  23
						.
					 Articular surface superior cervical vertebra VI  24
						.
					 Spinal cord