Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Long flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles
										The lateral tendons of the flexor digitorum longus have been slightly elevated.

														 1
						.
					 Common plantar digital artery  2
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon within opened digital sheath)  3
						.
					 Adductor hallucis muscle  4
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve  6
						.
					 Area of origin of flexor digitorum brevis muscle and plantar aponeurosis  7
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  8
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon within opened flexor retinaculum at ankle)  9
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  10
						.
					 Tibial nerve  11
						.
					 Lumbrical muscles  12
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  14
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  15
						.
					 Position of tendon of peroneus longus muscle  16
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (cut off at origin)  17
						.
					 Accessory peroneus muscle  18
						.
					 Lateral malleolus (pointer on groove for peroneal tendons)


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve; nerve supply to flexor digiti minimi brevis and fourth lumbrical muscles Description.
										The tendons of the flexor digitorum longus have been retracted medially to display the insertion into them of the quadratus plantae and the nearby origin of an unusually large fourth lumbrical muscle. At a deeper level the interosseous fascia has been removed exposing the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve. Motor branches of this nerve pass to the flexor digiti minimi brevis (15), the fourth lumbrical (10), and the interosseous muscles.

														 1
						.
					 1st and 2nd lumbrical muscles  2
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  3
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon exposed within digital sheath)  4
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendons elevated)  6
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve  7
						.
					 Medial plantar artery  8
						.
					 Tendons of flexor digitorum brevis muscle  9
						.
					 Tendons of flexor digitorum longus muscle  10
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar nerve to 4th lumbrical muscle  11
						.
					 4th lumbrical muscle  12
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Interosseous muscle  14
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle (consisting of a few fibers deep to flexor brevis that attach to metatarsal)  15
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar nerve to flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  16
						.
					 Plantar arch  17
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  18
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Nerve supply to quadratus plantae, flexor digiti minimi brevis and abductor digiti minimi muscles
										The abductor digiti minimi has been cut off near its calcaneal origin. Branches of the lateral plantar nerve that enter the posterior part of the muscle have been preserved. The quadratus plantae (14) has been dissected to expose its general structural arrangement and its nerve supply.

														 1
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  2
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  3
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  4
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  5
						.
					 Branches of medial plantar nerve to quadratus plantae muscle  6
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  7
						.
					 Synovial sheath  8
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve (cut off)  9
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Position of sustentaculum tali  11
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  12
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar nerve to flexor digiti minimi brevis  13
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve  14
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  15
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar nerve to abductor digiti minimi muscle  16
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (cut and reflected)  17
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis (cut at tuberosity of calcaneus)  18
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  19
						.
					 Medial plantar artery


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Nerve supply to flexor hallucis brevis muscle
										The flexor hallucis brevis has been dissected to show the branches of the medial plantar nerve entering the muscle along with the branches of the medial plantar artery. The flexor digitorum brevis has been excised.

														 1
						.
					 Common plantar digital artery  2
						.
					 Location of metatarsophalangeal joint  3
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  4
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle (cut off)  5
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  6
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle (dissected)  7
						.
					 Branch of medial plantar nerve to flexor hallucis brevis muscle  8
						.
					 Branch of medial plantar artery  9
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon at insertion into medial cuneiform)  10
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle (tendon cut off within synovial sheath)  11
						.
					 Synovial sheath  12
						.
					 1st, 2nd, and 4th lumbrical muscles (3rd absent)  13
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  14
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  15
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  16
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  17
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve  18
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  19
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  20
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Flexor tendons of second toe elevated, medial close-up view
										The flexor digitorum brevis has been pulled away from the foot to show the relations of its tendon to that of the flexor digitorum longus within the digital sheath of the second toe.

														 1
						.
					 Fibrous sheath (opened)  2
						.
					 Heavy fibrous septum alongside proximal phalanx  3
						.
					 Synovial sheath  4
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Vinculum breve  6
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendon elevated)  7
						.
					 Vinculum longum  8
						.
					 Vinculum longum  9
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle (tendon elevated)


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Flexor tendons within digital tendon sheaths
										The digital tendon sheaths of the four medial toes have been opened to expose the tendons of the long and short muscles in situ within the sheaths. The proximal limit of the synovial sheath for the tendons of the third toe is indicated at 11. A small artery is visible in this area passing along a part of the synovial membrane that lies superficial to the tendon and is attached to it as a sort of mesotendon.

														 1
						.
					 Tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle  2
						.
					 Branch of dorsal digital artery  3
						.
					 Tendinous sheath (opened)  4
						.
					 Synovial sheath (lining groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus)  5
						.
					 Position of medial sesamoid bone  6
						.
					 1st and 2nd lumbrical muscles  7
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  8
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  9
						.
					 Proper plantar digital arteries  10
						.
					 Common plantar digital artery  11
						.
					 Synovial sheath (proximal limit of sheath)  12
						.
					 4th lumbrical muscle  13
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  14
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle (tendon to 5th toe not clearly discernible)  15
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerve


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Nerve supply to quadratus plantae muscle
										The abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis have been removed from the dissection. The lateral plantar nerve has been elevated slightly to expose its branch to the quadratus plantae muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  2
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  3
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  4
						.
					 Medial plantar artery  5
						.
					 Upper pointer: Quadratus plantae muscle Lower pointer: Medial plantar nerve  6
						.
					 Communicating vein between medial plantar veins and dorsal veins of foot  7
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar nerve to quadratus plantae muscle  8
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  9
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of lateral plantar nerve  10
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  11
						.
					 Medial intermuscular septum  12
						.
					 Origin of flexor digitorum brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Attachment of plantar aponeurosis  14
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  15
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Nerve supply to first lumbrical muscle
										The branch from the medial plantar nerve to the first lumbrical has been dissected and elevated.

														 1
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lumbrical muscle I Lower pointer: Branch of medial plantar nerve to first lumbrical  2
						.
					 Oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle  3
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  4
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  5
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerves  6
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  7
						.
					 Medial plantar artery  8
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle (reflected)  9
						.
					 2nd and 4th lumbrical muscles (3rd absent)  10
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  11
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  12
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  13
						.
					 Deep branch lateral plantar nerve  14
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  15
						.
					 Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (common plantar digital nerves)


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Tendons of flexor digitorum longus; lumbrical muscles; quadratus plantae muscle; medial and lateral plantar nerves
										The flexor digitorum brevis has been divided close to its origin (10) to permit the muscle to be reflected distally. A branch (12) of the nerve supplying the muscle (see view 200-2) can be traced to the lateral parts of the muscle belly.

														 1
						.
					 Fibrous sheath 1st digit  2
						.
					 1st and 3rd lumbrical muscles  3
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  4
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  5
						.
					 Medial plantar artery  6
						.
					 Medial intermuscular septum  7
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve  8
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  9
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  10
						.
					 Origin of flexor digitorum brevis muscle  11
						.
					 Calcaneal attachment of plantar aponeurosis  12
						.
					 Nerve to flexor digitorum brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  14
						.
					 4th lumbrical muscle  15
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  16
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  17
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  18
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  19
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  20
						.
					 Lateral malleolus


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Digital tendon sheaths in relation to digital arteries and nerves, close-up view

														 1
						.
					 Fibrous sheath of pars cruciformis  2
						.
					 Lumbrical muscle  3
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerves and medial plantar nerve  4
						.
					 Branch of medial plantar artery  5
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  6
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  8
						.
					 Proper plantar digital nerves  9
						.
					 Proper plantar digital arteries  10
						.
					 Common plantar digital artery  11
						.
					 Attachment of plantar aponeurosis  12
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerves and lateral plantar nerve  13
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  14
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Nerve supply to abductor hallucis muscle
										The course of the branch of the medial plantar nerve into the abductor hallucis has been demonstrated in this specimen by the removal of small fascicles of the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  2
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  3
						.
					 Branch of medial plantar nerve to abductor hallucis muscle  4
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  5
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve  6
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  7
						.
					 Medial malleolus  8
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  9
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  10
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  11
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis and abductor digiti minimi muscles; nerve supply to flexor digitorum brevis
										The plantar aponeurosis (10) has been reflected toward the toes. Its attachments to intermuscular septa are visible in several places. The nerve to the flexor digitorum brevis (3) enters the plantar surface of the muscle and is visible in the dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  2
						.
					 Branch of medial plantar artery  3
						.
					 Nerve to flexor digitorum brevis muscle  4
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Medial intermuscular septum  6
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  7
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis (cut at attachment to calcaneus)  8
						.
					 Medial malleolus  9
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  10
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis (reflected)  11
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerve  12
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Lateral intermuscular septum  14
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  15
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Plantar aponeurosis
										The tela subcutanea has been removed from most of the foot. Cutaneous nerves and vessels to the sole of the foot have been preserved.

														 1
						.
					 Proper plantar digital nerve  2
						.
					 Fibrous sheath of 1st digit  3
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerves and medial plantar nerve  4
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis (central part)  5
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  6
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of tibial nerve  7
						.
					 Medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus  8
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  9
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerves and lateral plantar nerve  10
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle  11
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  12
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  13
						.
					 Lateral part of plantar aponeurosis  14
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus bone  15
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  16
						.
					 Sural nerve


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Plantar digital nerves
										The superficial dissection has been extended onto the toes with the exposure of the common and proper plantar digital nerves. The subcutaneous tissue (2) has been retained on the second toe to preserve some semblance of the original shape of the ball of the foot.

														 1
						.
					 Proper plantar digital artery  2
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  3
						.
					 Fibrous sheath of 1st digit  4
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerves and medial plantar nerve  5
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  6
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  7
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerves and lateral plantar nerve  8
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar artery  9
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  10
						.
					 Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle


Dissection of plantar aspect of left foot
										 Tela subcutanea; superficial vessels and nerves of plantar surface of foot
										A margin of skin has been preserved laterally and distally on the foot. The tela subcutanea has been variously dissected. In some areas it has been kept intact to illustrate the relative thickness of this layer on different parts of the foot. Elsewhere the superficial vessels and nerves and the plantar aponeurosis have been exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Fibrous sheath  2
						.
					 Proper plantar digital nerve  3
						.
					 Proper plantar digital nerve  4
						.
					 Branch of medial plantar artery  5
						.
					 Saphenous nerve (also see view 198-5)  6
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  7
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle (covered by thin medial part of plantar aponeurosis)  8
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of medial tibial nerve  9
						.
					 Transverse fasciculus of plantar aponeurosis  10
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar nerve  11
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar artery  12
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  13
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (covered by lateral portion of plantar aponeurosis)  14
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar artery


Posterior aspect of left ankle and foot
										 Grooves for flexor tendons and peroneal tendons at ankle, posterior view
										The tendons have been cut off and removed from the various grooves across the posterior part of the ankle joint.

														 1
						.
					 Peroneal artery  2
						.
					 Interosseous membrane  3
						.
					 Fibula  4
						.
					 Malleolar branch of lateral peroneal artery  5
						.
					 Groove for tendon of peroneus brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Groove for tendon of peroneus longus muscle  7
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  8
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of peroneal artery  9
						.
					 Talocrural articular capsule  10
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  11
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon, cut off)  12
						.
					 Tibia  13
						.
					 Branch of common peroneal artery  14
						.
					 Groove for tibialis posterior muscle (behind medial malleolus)  15
						.
					 Groove for flexor digitorum longus muscle  16
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  17
						.
					 Groove for flexor hallucis longus muscle  18
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon, cut off)  19
						.
					 Position of sustentaculum tali  20
						.
					 Metatarsal bone


Posterior aspect of left ankle and foot
										 Peroneus accessorius muscle; long flexor tendons in relation to ankle, posterior view
										The peroneus longus and brevis muscles have been cut off. A peroneus accessorius muscle (7) is present with a small muscular portion attached to the lateral side of the calcaneus and a slender tendon extending upward to blend with the posterior intermuscular septum of the leg. The calcaneal tendon has been divided slightly above its attachment of the calcaneus.

														 1
						.
					 Fibula  2
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  3
						.
					 Tendon of accessory peroneus muscle  4
						.
					 Superior peroneal retinaculum (divided)  5
						.
					 Groove for peroneal tendons  6
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of peroneal artery  7
						.
					 Accessory peroneus muscle  8
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  9
						.
					 Rete calcaneum  10
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon, cut off)  11
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  12
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  13
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  14
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of the posterior tibial artery  15
						.
					 Tibial nerve (pointer on medial plantar nerve, cut off)  16
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  17
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum (opened to expose tendons)  18
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  19
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendon)  20
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon)  21
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle


Posterior aspect of left ankle and foot
										 Tendo calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi muscles, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  2
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle  3
						.
					 Sural nerve  4
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  5
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of peroneal artery  6
						.
					 Lateral tubercle process of calcaneus bone  7
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  8
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (covered by plantar fascia)  9
						.
					 Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve  10
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (covered by crural fascia)  11
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  12
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  13
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle  14
						.
					 Medial malleolus  15
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  16
						.
					 Tuberosity of calcaneus  17
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of medial tibial nerve  18
						.
					 Medial process of tuberosity of calcaneus  19
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  20
						.
					 Common plantar digital nerve


Dissection of medial aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Long flexor tendons within flexor retinaculum, medial view of ankle
										The flexor retinaculum (3) has been opened to reveal the course of the tendons of the tibialis posterior (10), flexor digitorum longus (11) and flexor hallucis longus (12) from the leg into the foot.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  2
						.
					 Tibial nerve  3
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  4
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  5
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  6
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  7
						.
					 Tendinous sheath of flexor digitorum longus (opened)  8
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle  9
						.
					 Medial malleolus  10
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon within opened synovial sheath)  11
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (tendon within opened synovial sheath)  12
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (tendon within opened synovial sheath)  13
						.
					 Tuberosity of navicular bone  14
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  15
						.
					 Medial cuneiform bone  16
						.
					 metatarsal bone


Dissection of medial aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Medial and lateral plantar vessels and nerves, medial view
										The abductor hallucis has been excised and the fascia of the plantar part of the foot has been removed. The flexor retinaculum (4) has also been cut away to reveal the posterior tibial vessels and the tibial nerve passing around the ankle into the plantar region of the foot.

														 1
						.
					 Tibial nerve  2
						.
					 Deep transverse fascia of leg  3
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery (accompanied by posterior tibial veins)  4
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum (divided)  5
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of posterior tibial artery  6
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (cut off)  7
						.
					 Calcaneus  8
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle (origin)  9
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis (attachment to calcaneus)  10
						.
					 Medial plantar artery  11
						.
					 Lateral plantar nerve  12
						.
					 Lateral plantar artery  13
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  14
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  15
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  16
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (covered by flexor retinaculum)  17
						.
					 Medial malleolus  18
						.
					 Great saphenous vein  19
						.
					 Medial plantar nerve  20
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (insertion)  21
						.
					 Communicating veins from medial plantar to large saphenous vein  22
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (insertion)  23
						.
					 Flexor hallucis brevis muscle


Dissection of medial aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Abductor hallucis reflected; posterior tibial vessels and tibial nerve at ankle, medial view
										The abductor hallucis has been detached from its origin and reflected downward exposing the fascial bed in which it lay.

														 1
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  2
						.
					 Medial malleolus  3
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  4
						.
					 Tibial nerve  5
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  6
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of the posterior tibial artery  7
						.
					 Medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve  8
						.
					 Fascial bed of abductor hallucis  9
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle (reflected)  10
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  11
						.
					 Great saphenous vein  12
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  13
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  14
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve


Dissection of medial aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Superficial nerves and vessels in relation to abductor hallucis muscle and tendons of foot, medial view
										The fascia covering the abductor hallucis has been cut away. The distal part of the large saphenous vein and the superficial nerves of the foot have been preserved. Above the ankle the crural fascia (2) has been removed in a manner that demonstrates its relation to the deep transverse fascia (1) of the leg.

														 1
						.
					 Deep transverse fascia of leg (partially removed)  2
						.
					 Crural fascia (narrow band retained to show relations to deep transverse fascia)  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Tibial nerve Lower pointer: Posterior tibial artery  4
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  5
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  6
						.
					 Medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve  7
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  8
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  9
						.
					 Proximal phalanx  10
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  11
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  12
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon covered by flexor retinaculum)  13
						.
					 Medial malleolus  14
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve  15
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon)  16
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  17
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  18
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis


Dissection of medial aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Superficial nerves and blood vessels of foot, medial view
										The tela subcutanea has been dissected to reveal the superficial nerves, arteries and veins of the medial aspect of the left foot. A margin of skin and subcutaneous tissue has been preserved at the borders of the dissected area. Copyright holder

														 1
						.
					 Medial malleolus  2
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  3
						.
					 Medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve  4
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of the posterior tibial artery  5
						.
					 Calcaneus  6
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  7
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle (covered by fascia)  8
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  9
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  10
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  11
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve (note branch crossing superficial to saphenous nerve to reach plantar aspect of foot)  12
						.
					 Fascia overlying metatarsophalangeal joint


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Arteries and ligaments of foot, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  2
						.
					 Anterior tibial veins  3
						.
					 Tibia  4
						.
					 Anterior lateral malleolar artery  5
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum (cut off)  6
						.
					 Lateral tarsal artery  7
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  8
						.
					 Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament  9
						.
					 Dorsal intercuneiform ligament  10
						.
					 Arcuate artery  11
						.
					 Metatarsal bone II  12
						.
					 Dorsal metatarsal arteries  13
						.
					 Dorsal digital artery  14
						.
					 Extensor expansion  15
						.
					 Perforating branch of peroneal artery  16
						.
					 Anterior tibiofibular ligament  17
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  18
						.
					 Groove for tendon of peroneus brevis muscle  19
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of the posterior tibial artery  20
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon)  21
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid articular capsule  22
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  23
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle (tendon)  24
						.
					 Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament  25
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle  26
						.
					 3rd-4th dorsal interosseous muscles


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Dorsal metatarsal arteries; dorsal interosseous muscles, viewed from above
										The dorsal interossei have been separated slightly from their bony origins to expose the metatarsal arteries. In this foot these vessels spring largely from the perforating arteries rather than from the arcuate artery (12) which is extremely small.

														 1
						.
					 Extensor expansion  2
						.
					 Plantar digital artery  3
						.
					 Dorsal digital artery  4
						.
					 Tendon of extensor digitorum longus muscle  5
						.
					 Tendon of extensor digitorum brevis muscle  6
						.
					 1st-4th dorsal interosseous muscles  7
						.
					 Dorsal metatarsal arteries  8
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  9
						.
					 Fascial expansion covering metatarsophalangeal joint  10
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (accessory tendon also present)  11
						.
					 Perforating branch of plantar metatarsal artery  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Deep plantar branch of dorsalis pedis artery Lower pointer: Arcuate artery  13
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Blood vessels and extensor tendons of toes; terminal branches of deep peroneal nerve, viewed from above
										The extensor tendons continue distally onto the toes to form extensor expansions (1) similar to those found in the fingers.

														 1
						.
					 Extensor expansion  2
						.
					 Dorsal digital arteries  3
						.
					 Dorsal metatarsal arteries  4
						.
					 Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis muscle  5
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone  6
						.
					 Tendons of extensor digitorum longus muscle  7
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerve to medial second toe  8
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerve to lateral first toe  9
						.
					 Capsule of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint  10
						.
					 1st dorsal interosseus muscle  11
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  12
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  13
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  14
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  15
						.
					 Sheath of extensor digitorum longus tendon


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Nerve supply to extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis muscles
										The short extensor muscles have been detached at their origins and elevated to permit dissection of the branch from the deep peroneal nerve (3) that supplies these muscles. The specimen is viewed from a lateral direction.

														 1
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  2
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  3
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve (to short extensors)  4
						.
					 Lateral tarsal artery  5
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle (reflected, extensor hallucis brevis muscle in background)  6
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  7
						.
					 Anterior lateral malleolar artery  8
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  9
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  10
						.
					 Calcaneocuboid articular capsule  11
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon exposed within synovial sheath)  12
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon exposed within synovial sheath)  13
						.
					 Cuboid bone (covered by periosteum)  14
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  15
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  16
						.
					 Opponens digiti minimi muscle  17
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Dorsalis pedis artery; intrinsic muscles of dorsum of foot, viewed from in front
										The long extensor tendons have been cut away to reveal the  extensor hallucis brevis (5) and extensor digitorum brevis (12) in situ.

														 1
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  2
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum (cut away laterally)  3
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  4
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  5
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  7
						.
					 1st dorsal interosseus muscle  8
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  9
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  10
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle  11
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  12
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  13
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  14
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons of insertion)  15
						.
					 Dorsal metatarsal artery


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Nerve supply to abductor digiti minimi muscle, close-up lateral view
										The abductor digiti minimi has been reflected downward to expose the branch of the lateral plantar nerve (12) as it passes within the substance of the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve  2
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  3
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon covered by inferior peroneal retinaculum)  4
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon covered by inferior peroneal retinaculum)  5
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  7
						.
					 Accessory peroneus muscle  8
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of peroneal artery  9
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum  10
						.
					 Calcaneus (covered by periosteum)  11
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar artery  12
						.
					 Branch of lateral plantar nerve (to abductor digiti minimi muscle)  13
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle (reflected downward)


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Relations  of tendons of peroneal muscles at ankle with retinacula and tendon sheaths opened, lateral view
										The superior (11) and inferior (16) peroneal retinacula have been divided and synovial tendon sheaths of the peroneus longus and brevis muscles have been opened. A small peroneus accessorius muscle (13) is present in this specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  2
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  3
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  4
						.
					 Anterior lateral malleolar artery  5
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  8
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon)  9
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  10
						.
					 Synovial sheath of peroneal muscles (upper margin of opened sheath)  11
						.
					 Superior peroneal retinaculum (divided to expose peroneal tendons)  12
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  13
						.
					 Accessory peroneus muscle (origin from calcaneus, insertion superiorly on posterior intermuscular septum)  14
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of peroneal artery  15
						.
					 Calcaneus  16
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum (divided to expose tendons)  17
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  18
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Extensor retinacula and tendon sheath of extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius opened, anterolateral view of foot
										The superior and inferior extensor retinacula (1,6) have been cut away to reveal the underlying tendons.

														 1
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum (partially removed)  2
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  3
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons exposed deep to retinaculum)  4
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle (tendon of insertion exposed deep to retinaculum)  5
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon covered by retinaculum)  6
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum (divided and reflected)  7
						.
					 Tendinous sheath (opened above level of upper pointer)  8
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  9
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis  10
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  11
						.
					 Superior peroneal retinaculum  12
						.
					 Anterior lateral malleolar artery  13
						.
					 Dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve  14
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum  15
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon of insertion)  16
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Synovial sheath of extensor tendons
										Air has been injected into the synovial sheath (5) of the long extensor tendons of the toes to distend the portion of this sheath that extends distal to the inferior extensor retinaculum (11). The specimen is viewed from an anterolateral direction.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve  2
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve  3
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons covered by extensor retinaculum)  4
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum pedis longus muscle (inflated)  6
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  8
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  9
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons of insertion)  10
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  11
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  12
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  13
						.
					 Calcaneal branch of lateral sural nerve  14
						.
					 Dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve  15
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon covered by inferior peroneal retinaculum)  16
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  17
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon)  18
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  19
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle (tendon of insertion)  20
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  21
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis  22
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle (tendons)


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Tendons, muscles and retinacula of dorsum of foot, viewed from in front
										Nerves and blood vessels have been cut away from the specimen and the fascia of the foot has been removed except for its thickened parts which form the retaining structures (1,12,15) for the tendons.

														 1
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum  2
						.
					 Medial malleolus  3
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  4
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  7
						.
					 Dorsal interosseous muscles  8
						.
					 metatarsal bone  9
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  10
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  11
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  12
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  13
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon)  14
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon)  15
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum  16
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  17
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle (tendon of insertion)  18
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  19
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Superficial nerves and vessels of dorsum of foot in relation to muscles and tendons, viewed from in front
										The superficial nerves have been preserved along with the major superficial venous pathways. The dorsal fascia of the foot has been partially removed.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve  2
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  3
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  4
						.
					 Medial malleolus  5
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  6
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  7
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  8
						.
					 Venous arch of dorsalis pedis  9
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  10
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  11
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum  12
						.
					 Dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve  13
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  14
						.
					 Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum longus muscle  15
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  16
						.
					 Branch of deep peroneal nerve to lateral side of second toe  17
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis  18
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle (tendons)


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Superficial nerves and vessels of foot in relation to muscles and tendons, lateral view
										The skin and subcutaneous connective tissue have been entirely removed from the specimen. Only the principal branches of the small saphenous vein have been preserved. The deep fascia has been dissected, with retention of the retinacula at the ankle. A band of the dorsal fascia of the foot (5) has also been kept intact across the metatarsal region.

														 1
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum  2
						.
					 Dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve  3
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  4
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (tendons)  5
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis  6
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  7
						.
					 Sural nerve  8
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon)  9
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  10
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior peroneal retinaculum Lower pointer: Lateral malleolus  11
						.
					 Lateral calcaneal branch of sural nerve  12
						.
					 Calcaneus  13
						.
					 Dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve  14
						.
					 Inferior peroneal retinaculum (pointer also indicates tendon of peroneus longus muscle)  15
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  16
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon)  17
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  18
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle (tendon)  19
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone  20
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle (tendons)  21
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves


Dissection of dorsolateral aspect of left foot and ankle
										 Superficial nerves and blood vessels of dorsum of foot
										A margin of intact skin and tela subcutanea has been retained surrounding the area of the foot and ankle which has been dissected. The cutaneous nerves and superficial veins have been exposed by dissection of the tela subcutanea. The deep fascia has not been disturbed.

														 1
						.
					 Dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve  2
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve  3
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis (overlying extensor digitorum brevis muscle)  4
						.
					 Tendons of extensor digitorum longus muscle (covered by fascia)  5
						.
					 Venous arch of dorsalis pedis  6
						.
					 Metatarsal veins of dorsalis pedis  7
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  8
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  9
						.
					 Sural nerve (continuing on foot as dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve)  10
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  11
						.
					 Venous network  12
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerves


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Interosseous membrane; area of origin of tibialis posterior muscle
										The tibialis posterior has been removed by dividing its fibres close to their origins (2) to demonstrate the interosseous membrane in relation to the posterior aspects of the tibia and fibula.

														 1
						.
					 Popliteal artery (at point of bifurcation into tibial vessels)  2
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (area of origin)  3
						.
					 Fibula  4
						.
					 Interosseous membrane of leg  5
						.
					 Peroneal artery  6
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (area of insertion)  7
						.
					 Location of nutrient artery entering tibia  8
						.
					 Muscular and periosteal branch of tibialis posterior  9
						.
					 Tibia  10
						.
					 Communicating branch of peroneal artery


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Nerves and blood vessels to tibialis posterior
										The upper part of the tibialis posterior has been dissected to demonstrate the course of nerves and vessels within the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (tendon of origin lying within subpopliteal recess)  2
						.
					 Muscular branch tibial nerve (to tibialis posterior muscle; upper pointer indicates branch to tibiofibular joint and tibia accompanying nutrient artery (II))  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Popliteal artery (at division into anterior and posterior tibial arteries) Lower pointer: Posterior tibial artery  4
						.
					 Anterior tibial vein (cut off)  5
						.
					 Fibula  6
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (origin)  7
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (dissected)  8
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (insertion)  9
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  10
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (area of insertion)  11
						.
					 Nutrient artery to tibia  12
						.
					 Tibia  13
						.
					 Periosteal artery


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Tibialis posterior muscle
										The flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus muscles have been cut away to reveal the deeply placed tibialis posterior (10). The flexor retinaculum (4) at the ankle has been cut across to open the passageways for the flexor tendons.

														 1
						.
					 Peroneal artery  2
						.
					 Body of fibula  3
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (area of origin)  4
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  5
						.
					 Calcaneus  6
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  7
						.
					 Popliteus muscle  8
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  9
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (origin)  10
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle  11
						.
					 Posterior surface of tibia  12
						.
					 Medial malleolus  13
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon of insertion)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Nerve supply to popliteus muscle
										The popliteus has been detached from its insertion on the tibia and reflected upward to display its nerve supply derived from the tibial nerve. The posterior tibial recurrent artery (4) that ramifies within the muscle is a branch of the first part of the anterior tibial artery.

														 1
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (reflected upward)  2
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to popliteus muscle)  3
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to tibialis posterior muscle)  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior recurrent tibial artery Lower pointer: Fibular circumflex branch of posterior tibial artery (in this instance it arises from first part of anterior tibial artery)  5
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  6
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  7
						.
					 Soleus muscle  8
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  9
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (insertion)  10
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  11
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (area of insertion)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Nutrient artery of tibia Lower pointer: Tendinous arch of tibialis posterior muscle  13
						.
					 Soleus muscle (origin from Soleal line)  14
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Popliteus muscle, close-up view
										The heavy fascia that covered the popliteus has been cut away.

														 1
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (stretched)  2
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (tendon of origin emerging through capsule of knee joint)  3
						.
					 Subpopliteal recess  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to tibialis posterior muscle)  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to popliteus muscle)  6
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  7
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  8
						.
					 Soleus muscle (origin)  9
						.
					 Peroneal artery  10
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  11
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle  12
						.
					 Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle  13
						.
					 Lateral inferior genicular artery  14
						.
					 Popliteal artery  15
						.
					 Oblique popliteal ligament  16
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (insertion)  17
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  18
						.
					 Popliteus muscle  19
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Nerves to deep flexor muscles, close-up view of upper area of leg
										The tibial nerve has been elevated and put under traction to stretch the various muscular branches that have been exposed within the dissected area.

														 1
						.
					 Popliteal artery  2
						.
					 Oblique popliteal ligament  3
						.
					 Lateral inferior genicular artery  4
						.
					 Tibial nerve (elevated)  5
						.
					 Muscular branch Tibial nerve (to popliteus muscle and tibialis posterior muscle)  6
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to flexor digitorum longus muscle)  7
						.
					 Body of fibula  8
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery (passing into anterior compartment of leg)  9
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  10
						.
					 Soleus muscle (origin)  11
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to flexor hallucis longus muscle)  12
						.
					 Peroneal artery  13
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle  14
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  15
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  16
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (insertion)  17
						.
					 Gracilis muscle (insertion)  18
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (insertion)  19
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (insertion)  20
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  21
						.
					 Posterior tibial veins


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Posterior tibial and peroneal arteries; tibialis posterior muscle
										The flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus have been pulled apart to reveal the belly of the tibialis posterior (11) lying deeply placed between the two muscles. The changing relations of the tendons of the deep flexors is evident as the tendons pass behind the ankle into the foot. The peroneal and posterior tibial arteries (3,9) are shown divested of accompanying veins.

														 1
						.
					 Popliteal artery  2
						.
					 Fibula  3
						.
					 Peroneal artery  4
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle (retracted)  5
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum (cut to reveal passage of tendons across ankle)  6
						.
					 Calcaneus  7
						.
					 Quadratus plantae muscle  8
						.
					 Popliteus muscle  9
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  10
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  11
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle  12
						.
					 Medial surface of tibia  13
						.
					 Medial malleolus


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus muscles; posterior tibial vessels; nerve supply to deep part of soleus muscle
										The muscles and blood vessels within the deep compartment have been separated and more fully exposed than in the previous view. In addition, the small penniform component of the deep aspect of the soleus has been dissected to reveal the nerves and blood vessels that supply this portion of the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Tibial nerve  2
						.
					 Muscular branch tibial nerve (to deep part of soleus)  3
						.
					 Sural arteries  4
						.
					 Soleus muscle  5
						.
					 Popliteal vein  6
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to flexor hallucis longus muscle)  7
						.
					 Popliteus muscle  8
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  9
						.
					 Soleus muscle (origin from soleal line)  10
						.
					 Peroneal artery (accompanied by peroneal veins)  11
						.
					 Posterior tibial veins  12
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  13
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Muscles of deep posterior compartment of leg
										The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles have been reflected upward. The deep transverse fascia of the leg, enclosing the flexor hallucis longus (13), the flexor digitorum longus (10) and the tibialis posterior (15), has been cut away except for a narrow band retained to indicate the fibrous character and thickness of the fascia.

														 1
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (reflected superiorly and laterally)  2
						.
					 Soleus muscle (reflected)  3
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  4
						.
					 Sartorius muscle  5
						.
					 Posterior tibial vein  6
						.
					 Tibial nerve  7
						.
					 Popliteus muscle  8
						.
					 Soleus muscle (origin from soleal line)  9
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  10
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle (covered by deep transverse fascia of leg)  11
						.
					 Perforating vein (accompanied by cutaneous branch of posterior tibial artery)  12
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  13
						.
					 Flexor hallucis longus muscle  14
						.
					 Medial surface of tibia  15
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Plantaris muscle, close-up view of muscle belly and nerves supply
										The plantaris muscle, which is absent from the specimen used for most of the views in this series, is shown in this close-up view of the upper posterior part of the left leg of a different specimen. The long, slender tendon of insertion (14) is visible for only a short distance in its course to the calcaneus.

														 1
						.
					 Popliteal surface  2
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to plantaris muscle)  3
						.
					 Plantaris muscle  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to soleus muscle)  5
						.
					 Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle  6
						.
					 Soleus muscle  7
						.
					 Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle (cut off)  8
						.
					 Tibial nerve (elevated)  9
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (origin of medial head)  11
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of femur  12
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (insertion)  13
						.
					 Popliteus muscle  14
						.
					 Tendon of plantaris muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Nerve supply to soleus muscle
										The muscle fibres have been separated and divided in various ways to expose the muscular branches of the tibial nerve passing through the soleus. Branches of the posterior tibial vessels paralleling the nerves have also been exposed.

														 1
						.
					 Tibial nerve  2
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head cut off at origin)  3
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (tendon of insertion)  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve  5
						.
					 Muscular branch posterior tibial artery  6
						.
					 Soleus muscle (dissected)  7
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (cut off)  8
						.
					 Popliteal vein  9
						.
					 Popliteal artery  10
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (caput mediale, cut off near origin)  11
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of femur  12
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (cut off at insertion)  13
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (cut off at insertion)  14
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (covered by vertically directed aponeurotic fibers)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Soleus muscle, posterior view
										The gastrocnemius has been detached and removed from teh specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Soleus muscle  2
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (cut off)  3
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  4
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  5
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  6
						.
					 Calcaneus  7
						.
					 Flexor digitorum brevis muscle  8
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle  9
						.
					 Tibial nerve  10
						.
					 Posterior surface of tibia (covered by periosteum)  11
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  12
						.
					 Medial malleolus  13
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Nerve supply to gastrcnemius muscle
										The aponeurosis on the posterior surface of the gastrocnemius has been partially removed to permit separation of the fascicles of the muscle. The oblique direction of these fascicles in their course from the superficial aponeurosis of origin to the deeply placed aponeurotic tendon of insertion is discernible in the dissection. The nerves within the muscles communicate in a plexiform manner.

														 1
						.
					 Tibial nerve  2
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to lateral head of gastrocnemius)  3
						.
					 Sural artery  4
						.
					 Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle (dissected and elevated)  5
						.
					 Sural nerve  6
						.
					 Popliteal vein (popliteal artery obscured by vein)  7
						.
					 Popliteal lymph node  8
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve (to medial head Of gastrocnemius)  9
						.
					 Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle  10
						.
					 Bursa of semimembranosus muscle  11
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (tendon of insertion, cut off)  12
						.
					 Sural artery  13
						.
					 Aponeurosis of origin of gastrocnemius muscle  14
						.
					 Aponeurosis of insertion of gastrocnemius muscle (deep within substance of muscle)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Bursa of semimembranosus muscle, close-up posterior view
										The bursa that lies between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and semimembranosus muscle has been opened longitudinally. The gastrocnemius has been retracted slightly to reveal the interior of the bursal sac.

														 1
						.
					 Popliteal fossa  2
						.
					 Popliteal vein  3
						.
					 Popliteal artery  4
						.
					 Popliteal lymph node  5
						.
					 Tibial nerve  6
						.
					 Muscular branch of tibial nerve  7
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)  8
						.
					 Sural nerve  9
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle  10
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head)  11
						.
					 Bursa of semimembranosus muscle (opened)  12
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle  13
						.
					 Body of tibia (covered by periosteum)


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Muscles, blood vessels and nerves of lower leg ankle, posterior view
										The crural fascia has been removed, although nerves and vessels that lay superficial to it have been retained. The flexor retinaculum (15) at the ankle has been opened to expose the posterior tibial vessels and the tibial nerve. Fat has been removed deep to the calcaneal tendon. The spiraling course of the fibres of the calcaneal tendon is evident in the photograph.

														 1
						.
					 Soleus muscle  2
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  3
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  4
						.
					 Sural nerve  5
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  6
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous sural nerve  7
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus  8
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  9
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  10
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  11
						.
					 Posterior tibial veins  12
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle (tendon)  13
						.
					 Tibial nerve  14
						.
					 Medial malleolus  15
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Muscles of leg, posterior view
										The crural fascia has been cut away. The small saphenous vein and the cutaneous nerves of the back of the leg have been preserved  approximately to their normal locations to illustrate the relations of these structures to the musculature.

														 1
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)  2
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous sural nerve  3
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  4
						.
					 Branch of medial sural cutaneous nerve  5
						.
					 Soleus muscle  6
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (covered by crural fascia)  7
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head)  8
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  9
						.
					 Communication between great and small saphenous veins  10
						.
					 Sural nerve  11
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles)  12
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle


Dissection of posterior aspect of left leg
										 Superficial nerves and blood vessels of leg, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Perforating vein (connecting with veins in gastrocnemius muscle)  2
						.
					 Lateral cutaneous sural nerve  3
						.
					 Crural fascia  4
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  5
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  6
						.
					 Cutaneous branch of posterior tibial artery  7
						.
					 Branch of medial sural cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Communication between large and small saphenous veins  9
						.
					 Sural nerve  10
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (covered by fascia)


Dissection of medial aspect of left leg
										 Large saphenous vein; muscles of leg and foot, medial view
										The deep fascia of the leg and foot has been removed.  However, the superficial nerves (1,7,18) and the large saphenous vein (11) have beem retained to illustrate their relations to the deeper structures.

														 1
						.
					 Saphenous nerve (traceable to great toe)  2
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  3
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  4
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (Achilis)  5
						.
					 Tibial nerve  6
						.
					 Flexor retinaculum  7
						.
					 Medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve  8
						.
					 Calcaneus  9
						.
					 Abductor hallucis muscle  10
						.
					 Plantar aponeurosis  11
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  12
						.
					 Soleus muscle  13
						.
					 Medial surface of tibia  14
						.
					 Flexor digitorum longus muscle  15
						.
					 Tibialis posterior muscle  16
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (tendon, covered by superior retinaculum)  17
						.
					 Medial malleolus  18
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve  19
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)


Dissection of medial  aspect of left leg
										 Superficial nerves and blood vessels of medial side of leg
										The tela subcutanea has been dissected. In the upper part of the field a small area of skin has been reflected upward to expose a cutaneous artery ramifying beneath the dermis.

														 1
						.
					 Saphenous nerve  2
						.
					 Crural fascia (overlying triceps surae muscle)  3
						.
					 Accessory saphenous vein  4
						.
					 Communicating vein between greater and lesser saphenous veins  5
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles)  6
						.
					 Skin border above ankle  7
						.
					 Position of medial malleolus (extending below field of image)  8
						.
					 Everted skin flap (see text above)  9
						.
					 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve  10
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  11
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein  12
						.
					 Medial surface of tibia


Dissection of lateral aspect of left leg
										 Nerves and blood vessels to peroneus brevis muscle
										The peroneus brevis has been detached from its origins on the fibula (10) and anterior intermuscular septum (2). The muscle has been dissected and turned posteriorly to reveal the course of nerves and blood vessels into muscle substance.

														 1
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve  2
						.
					 Anterior intermuscular septum  3
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve  4
						.
					 Dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve (this nerve passed along superficial surface of peroneus brevis)  5
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  6
						.
					 Branch of anterior tibial artery  7
						.
					 Soleus muscle (in background)  8
						.
					 Muscular branch of superficial peroneal nerve (to peroneus brevis muscle)  9
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (reflected)  10
						.
					 Lateral surface of fibula  11
						.
					 Subcutaneous surface of fibula


Dissection of lateral aspect of left leg
										 Nerve supply to peroneus longus and brevis muscles
										Branches of the superficial peroneal nerve that enter the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles (9,5) are visible in this view of the upper part of the previous dissection.

														 1
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  2
						.
					 Head of fibula  3
						.
					 Branch of anterior tibial artery  4
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior intermuscular septum Lower pointer: Crural fascia  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of superficial peroneal nerve (to peroneus brevis muscle)  6
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve  7
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  8
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  9
						.
					 Muscular branch of superficial peroneal nerve (to peroneus longus muscle)  10
						.
					 Body of fibula (area of origin of peroneus longus)  11
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (reflected)  12
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  13
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle


Dissection of lateral aspect of left leg
										 Peroneus brevis muscle
										The peroneus brevis (14) has been uncovered by reflecting the peroneus longus posteriorly. The relations of the peroneus tertius (6) and the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg to the peroneus brevis are also visible in the specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  2
						.
					 Head of fibula  3
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve  4
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  5
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  6
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  7
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum (divided)  8
						.
					 Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum pedis longus muscle  9
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis  10
						.
					 Muscular branch of superficial peroneal nerve (to peroneus longus muscle)  11
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (reflected posteriorly)  12
						.
					 Body of fibula (area of origin of peroneus longus muscle)  13
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  14
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  15
						.
					 Fibula (subcutaneous part)  16
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles)  17
						.
					 Upper pointer: Superior peroneal retinaculum Lower pointer: Lateral malleolus  18
						.
					 Calcaneus  19
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon covered by inferior peroneal retinaculum)  20
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon covered by inferior peroneal retinaculum)  21
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  22
						.
					 Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone


Dissection of lateral aspect of left leg
										 Relation of common peroneal nerve to head of fibula, close-up lateral view
										The proximal end of the peroneus longus has been detached and reflected anteriorly to demonstrate the course of the common peroneal nerve (1) into the lateral compartment from the popliteal space. The division of the nerve into superficial (6) and deep (4) peroneal nerves is evident at this level.

														 1
						.
					 Common peroneal nerve  2
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (tendon of insertion)  3
						.
					 Head of fibula  4
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of superficial peroneal nerve  6
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve  7
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (reflected)  8
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  9
						.
					 Medial sural cutaneous nerve  10
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  11
						.
					 Common peroneal branch  12
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle (reflected)  13
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  14
						.
					 Soleus muscle


Dissection of lateral aspect of left leg
										 Peroneal muscles separated; anterior and posterior intermuscular septa
										The muscles of the leg have beem separated from each other and from the anterior and posterior intermuscular septa that subdivide the leg into anterior, lateral and posterior compartments. The lateral compartment, containing the peroneus longus (1) and peroneus brevis (7) muscles, occupies the central portion of the dissected area. The anterior compartment lies to the left of the anterior intermuscular septum (2).

														 1
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle  2
						.
					 Anterior intermuscular septum  3
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  4
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  5
						.
					 Muscular branch of anterior tibial artery  6
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve (dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve)  7
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  8
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve (dorsal medial cutaneous nerve)  9
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  10
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  11
						.
					 Dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve  12
						.
					 Extensor retinaculum  13
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  14
						.
					 Soleus muscle  15
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  16
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  17
						.
					 Sural nerve


Dissection of lateral aspect of left leg
										 Muscles of leg and foot, lateral view
										The retinacula that hold the peroneal and extensor tendons in position across the ankle have been preserved in the dissection.  Elsewhere the deep fascia of the leg and foot has been cut away .

														 1
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle  2
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  3
						.
					 Anterior intermuscular septum  4
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  5
						.
					 Dorsal medial cutaneous nerve  6
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum  7
						.
					 Dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve  8
						.
					 Common peroneal branch  9
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  10
						.
					 Soleus muscle  11
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum of leg  12
						.
					 Sural nerve  13
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  14
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  15
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles)  16
						.
					 Dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve  17
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle


Dissection of lateral aspect of left leg
										 Muscles of leg, lateral view
										The tela subcutanea has been cut away and the crural fascia (18) has been removed above the region of the ankle. However, the cutaneous branches of the peroneal nerve (6,9,10) have been preserved distal to their points of exit through the crural fascia. These branches have been placed across the underlying muscles in positions that approximately parallel their original peripheral courses.

														 1
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (insertion)  2
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  3
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  4
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  5
						.
					 Anterior intermuscular septum  6
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve (dorsal medial cutaneous nerve)  7
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  8
						.
					 Tendon of extensor hallucis longus muscle (visible deep to crural fascia)  9
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve (dorsal intermediate cutaneous nerve)  10
						.
					 Lateral sural cutaneous nerve  11
						.
					 Common peroneal branch  12
						.
					 Lesser saphenous vein  13
						.
					 Gastrocnemius muscle  14
						.
					 Soleus muscle  15
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  16
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle  17
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  18
						.
					 Crural fascia (blending below with superior extensor retinaculum)  19
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles)


Dissection of anterior aspect of left leg
										 Anterior tibial and dorsal pedal vessels; anterolateral view of leg and foot
										The dissection  illustrates the course of the anterior tibial vessels through the anterior compartment of the leg and oto the dorsum of the foot (9,10,4). The extensor hallucis longus muscle has been preserved within the compartment to show its relation to these vessels.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  2
						.
					 Body of tibia  3
						.
					 Medial malleolus  4
						.
					 Dorsalis pedis artery  5
						.
					 Dorsal digital nerve  6
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (tendon)  7
						.
					 Head of fibula  8
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  9
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  10
						.
					 Anterior tibial veins  11
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (area of origin from fibula)  12
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  13
						.
					 Anterior intermuscular septum  14
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (cut off)  15
						.
					 Anterior lateral malleolar artery  16
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  17
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle (tendon)  18
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle (tendon)


Dissection of anterior aspect of left leg
										 Deep peroneal nerve; nerve supply to extensor hallucis longus muscle, anterolateral view
										The tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles have been removed from the dissection. The extensor hallucis  longus (9) has been elevated. Two branches of the deep peroneal nerve (8, 10) enter the muscle. The larger, upper branch passes between the anterior tibial artery and one of its accompanying veins in its course toward the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  2
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  3
						.
					 Tibia  4
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (origin)  5
						.
					 Anterior tibial vein  6
						.
					 Anterior intermuscular septum  7
						.
					 Body of fibula (area of origin of peroneus longus muscle)  8
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve (to extensor hallucis longus muscle)  9
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle (retracted laterally)  10
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve (to extensor hallucis longus muscle)


Dissection of anterior aspect of left leg
										 Deep peroneal nerve; nerve supply to tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius muscles
										The anterior compartment of the leg has been widely opened by retracting the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles (5,11). The course of the deep peroneal nerve (8) through the leg is visible in this view and in the following photographs of the specimen.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  2
						.
					 Interosseous membrane of leg  3
						.
					 Lateral surface of tibia (area of origin of tibialis anterior)  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve (to tibialis anterior muscle)  5
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (reflected)  6
						.
					 Periosteal branch of deep peroneal nerve  7
						.
					 Head of fibula  8
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  9
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve  10
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery (accompanied by anterior tibial veins)  11
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (reflected)  12
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve (to extensor digitorum longus muscle and peroneus tertius)  13
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle


Dissection of anterior aspect of left leg
										 Nerves and blood vessels to upper part of tibialis anterior muscle
										The tibialis anterior has been detached from its origins on the tibia and interosseous membrane. The muscle has been retracted laterally. Branches of the deep peroneal nerve (10, 12) enter the anterior muscular compartment by passing through the anterior intermuscular septum (8). The upper one of these branches supplies periosteum as well as muscle, whereas the lower branch passes directly into the muscle. The recurrent branch of the anterior tibial artery (11), with its accompanying veins, sends branches into the muscle.

														 1
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  2
						.
					 Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve  3
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  4
						.
					 Interosseous membrane of leg  5
						.
					 Greater saphenous vein (note several perforating branches entering posterior muscular compartment of leg)  6
						.
					 Medial surface of tibia  7
						.
					 Anterior border of tibia  8
						.
					 Anterior intermuscular septum  9
						.
					 Head of fibula  10
						.
					 Periosteal branch of deep peroneal nerve  11
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  12
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve (to tibialis anterior muscle)  13
						.
					 Anterior tibial vein  14
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle (reflected)  15
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (reflected)


Dissection of anterior aspect of left leg
										 Nerve supply to extensor digitorum longus, close-up view of upper part of leg
										This close-up photograph of the upper part of the leg the details of the blood vessels and nerves within the anterior compartment of the leg are clearly visible. Nerves that enter the extensor digitorum longus have been preserved in reflecting the muscle posteriorly.

														 1
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  2
						.
					 Anterior intermuscular septum  3
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  4
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve (to tibialis anterior muscle)  5
						.
					 Anterior tibial veins  6
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  7
						.
					 Muscular branch of deep peroneal nerve (to extensor digitorum longus muscle)  8
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  9
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  10
						.
					 Head of fibula  11
						.
					 Posterior intermuscular septum  12
						.
					 Superficial peroneal nerve  13
						.
					 Deep peroneal nerve  14
						.
					 Body of fibula (area of origin of peroneus longus muscle)  15
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (reflected)  16
						.
					 Muscular branch of anterior tibial artery


Dissection of anterior aspect of left leg
										 Extensor hallucis longus muscle, anterolateral view
										The extensor digitorum longus has been divided at its origin and reflected posteriorly, together with the peroneus tertius, to expose the belly of the extensor hallucis longus (4).

														 1
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  2
						.
					 Anterior tibial veins  3
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  4
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Fascia of dorsalis pedis (partially removed)  6
						.
					 Muscular branch of common peroneal nerve  7
						.
					 Body of fibula  8
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle (reflected laterally)  9
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  10
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle  11
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  12
						.
					 Tendo calcaneus (Achilles' tendon)  13
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  14
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  15
						.
					 Abductor digiti minimi muscle


Dissection of anterior aspect of left leg
										 Muscles of leg and foot; extensor retinacula, anterolateral view
										The specimen shown in the preceding view has been rotated to expose the anterolateral parts of the ankle and foot. The relations of the extensor muscles to the extensor retinacula (13,15) are shown. the peroneus tertius is visible in its entirety (11).

														 1
						.
					 Tibia  2
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  3
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  4
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Medial malleolus  6
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  7
						.
					 1st dorsal interosseus muscle  8
						.
					 Metatarsal bone  9
						.
					 Peroneus longus muscle  10
						.
					 Peroneus brevis muscle  11
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  12
						.
					 Fibula  13
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum  14
						.
					 Lateral malleolus  15
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  16
						.
					 Tendon of peroneus longus muscle (adjacent to tendon of peroneus brevis)  17
						.
					 Extensor digitorum brevis muscle  18
						.
					 Tela subcutanea  19
						.
					 5th metatarsal bone


Dissection of anterior aspect of left leg
										 Muscles of left leg and foot, anterior view
										The superficial structures of the leg and foot have been removed from this specimen. Views of the superficial vessels and nerves of the leg are shown elsewhere (193-1, 194-1, 194-3). The deep fascia has been resected from the leg and foot, with the exception of the thickened extensor retinacula (6, 13) which have been retained across the ankle.

														 1
						.
					 Patellar ligament  2
						.
					 Soleus muscle  3
						.
					 Medial surface of tibia  4
						.
					 Extensor hallucis longus muscle  5
						.
					 Medial malleolus  6
						.
					 Inferior extensor retinaculum  7
						.
					 Extensor hallucis brevis muscle  8
						.
					 metatarsal bone  9
						.
					 1st dorsal interosseus muscle  10
						.
					 Tibialis anterior muscle  11
						.
					 Extensor digitorum longus muscle  12
						.
					 Peroneus tertius muscle  13
						.
					 Superior extensor retinaculum  14
						.
					 Lateral malleolus


Dissection of knee
										 Cavity of right tibiofibular joint in relation to knee joint, posterior view
										The posterior ligament of the head of the fibula has been divided. The fibula has been rotated forward to open the tibiofibular articulation.

														 1
						.
					 Anterior cruciate ligament (cut off)  2
						.
					 Posterior meniscofemoral ligament (ligament of Wrisberg)  3
						.
					 Posterior cruciate ligament (cut off)  4
						.
					 Medial meniscus  5
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia (superior articular surface)  6
						.
					 Articular capsule (cut off)  7
						.
					 Tibial collateral ligament  8
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  9
						.
					 Tendon of insertion of sartorius muscle  10
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula  11
						.
					 Lateral meniscus (pointer on surface for tendon of popliteus muscle)  12
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia (superior articular surface)  13
						.
					 Subpopliteal recess  14
						.
					 Popliteal arcuate ligament  15
						.
					 Upper pointer: Articular surface of fibula Lower pointer: Articular surface of head of fibula  16
						.
					 Head of fibula  17
						.
					 Posterior head of fibula ligament (divided)  18
						.
					 Interosseous membrane of leg  19
						.
					 Body of fibula


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, posterosuperior view with bones separated
										The femur and tibia have been completely disarticulated. The tibia is viewed from above and behind. The femur has been pulled forward to expose its posteroinferior aspect.

														 1
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (tendon cut at insertion)  2
						.
					 Capsule of knee joint  3
						.
					 Upper pointer: Intercondylar line Lower pointer: Medial genicular artery  4
						.
					 Posterior cruciate ligament (divided)  5
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  6
						.
					 Tibial collateral ligament  7
						.
					 Synovial membrane  8
						.
					 Anterior intercondylar area (note the absence of a transverse ligament in this specimen)  9
						.
					 Medial meniscus  10
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia (articular surface)  11
						.
					 Anterior cruciate ligament (divided)  12
						.
					 Upper pointer: Anterior meniscofemoral ligament Lower pointer: Posterior meniscofemoral ligament  13
						.
					 Body of tibia  14
						.
					 Medial superior genicular artery  15
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular artery  16
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur  17
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula (divided)  18
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (tendon of origin)  19
						.
					 Patellar ligament (cut off)  20
						.
					 Lateral meniscus  21
						.
					 Articular surface on inner surface of tendon of popliteus muscle  22
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia (articular surface)  23
						.
					 Lateral inferior genicular artery  24
						.
					 Popliteal arcuate ligament (cut at attachment to apex of fibula)  25
						.
					 Subpopliteal recess


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, medial view
										The medial parts of the joint capsule have been cut away to display the cavity in relation to the ligaments and the medial meniscus. The margins of the narrow part of the joint space located below the meniscus are indicated by pointer 20.

														 1
						.
					 Quadriceps tendon  2
						.
					 Suprapatellar bursa  3
						.
					 Patellar articular surface  4
						.
					 Articular capsule (pointers indicate margins of opening into joint cavity)  5
						.
					 Area occupied by infrapatellar fat body  6
						.
					 Patellar ligament  7
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  8
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  9
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  10
						.
					 Lower attachment of medial patellar retinaculum  11
						.
					 Body of femur  12
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular artery  13
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (tendon at insertion on adductor tubercle of femur)  14
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of femur  15
						.
					 Rete articulare genus  16
						.
					 Collateral ligament of tibia (anterior portion removed)  17
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  18
						.
					 Medial meniscus (border attached to anterior portion of medial collateral ligament)  19
						.
					 Articular capsule (thickened posterior portion)  20
						.
					 Margins of articular space below meniscus  21
						.
					 Sartorius muscle (tendon of insertion)


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, posterior view of meniscofemoral and posterior cruciate ligaments
										The arcuate and oblique popliteal ligaments have been resected. The posterior meniscofemoral and posterior cruciate ligaments are visible.

														 1
						.
					 Body of femur  2
						.
					 Medial superior genicular artery  3
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (tendon at insertion on adductor tubercle)  4
						.
					 Articular capsule (cut across)  5
						.
					 Medial genicular artery (passing into intercondylar fossa)  6
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  7
						.
					 Posterior cruciate ligament  8
						.
					 Posterior meniscofemoral ligament (ligament of Wrisberg)  9
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (tendon of insertion, cut off)  10
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  11
						.
					 Body of tibia  12
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular artery  13
						.
					 Intercondylar line  14
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur  15
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula  16
						.
					 Lateral meniscus  17
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (tendon of origin)  18
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia (articular surface)  19
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (tendon of insertion, cut off)  20
						.
					 Subpopliteal recess  21
						.
					 Lateral inferior genicular artery  22
						.
					 Head of fibula  23
						.
					 Posterior head of fibula ligament  24
						.
					 Popliteal artery (cut off)


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, posterior view showing capsular ligaments and internal structures
										Windows have been cut in the joint capsule posterior to the femoral and tibial condyles to expose the interior of the joint and at the same time to preserve the major capsular ligaments posteriorly.

														 1
						.
					 Popliteal femoral surface  2
						.
					 Medial superior genicular arteries  3
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (tendon of insertion)  4
						.
					 Articular capsule genus (cut across)  5
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur (covered by articular cartilage)  6
						.
					 Medial genicular artery (origin in common with lateral superior genicular artery)  7
						.
					 Upper pointer: Oblique popliteal ligament Lower pointer: Posterior meniscofemoral ligament  8
						.
					 Collateral ligament of tibia  9
						.
					 Medial meniscus (pointer indicates area of fusion with articular capsule)  10
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (tendon of insertion, cut off)  11
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  12
						.
					 Body of tibia  13
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular artery  14
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of femur  15
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur (visible through opening in joint capsule)  16
						.
					 Popliteal arcuate ligament  17
						.
					 Lateral lemniscus  18
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula  19
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (tendon of origin, cut off)  20
						.
					 Lateral inferior genicular artery  21
						.
					 Subpopliteal recess  22
						.
					 Apex of fibula  23
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, lateral view
										The joint capsule (3) has been opened to reveal the internal contours of the joint in relation to the ligaments on its lateral aspect.

														 1
						.
					 Body of femur  2
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular artery  3
						.
					 Margin of Articular capsule  4
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of femur  5
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula  6
						.
					 Tendon of popliteus muscle (upper pointer, extracapsular portion; lower pointer, portion covered by reflection of synovial membrane)  7
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur  8
						.
					 Popliteal arcuate ligament  9
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (tendon of insertion, cut off)  10
						.
					 Anterior head of fibula ligament.  11
						.
					 Apex of fibula.  12
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  13
						.
					 Suprapatellar bursa  14
						.
					 Tendon of quadriceps muscle  15
						.
					 Patellar articular surface  16
						.
					 Space occupied by infrapatellar fat body  17
						.
					 Patellar ligament  18
						.
					 Lateral meniscus  19
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia (articular surface)  20
						.
					 Articular capsule (coronary ligament)  21
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, anterior view showing relations of ligaments to internal structures
										In this specimen, shown previously in view 189-7, the iliotibial tract and the patellar retinacula have been removed. The joint capsule has been opened to reveal the extent of the joint cavity anteriorly (5, 9, 17, 21) in  relation to the collateral ligaments 97,18) and menisci (8, 19).

														 1
						.
					 Body of femur  2
						.
					 Quadriceps tendon  3
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular artery  4
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle of femur  5
						.
					 Articular capsule (cut margins of articular capsule)  6
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur (pointer on articular cartilage)  7
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula  8
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral meniscus Lower pointer: Lateral inferior genicular artery  9
						.
					 Upper pointer: Lateral condyle of tibia (pointer on articular cartilage) Lower pointer: Articular capsule (cut to open joint cavity below meniscus)  10
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (tendon of insertion)  11
						.
					 Head of fibula  12
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  13
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  14
						.
					 Patella  15
						.
					 Medial superior genicular artery  16
						.
					 Medial epicondyle of femur  17
						.
					 Articular capsule (cut margin)  18
						.
					 Collateral ligament of tibia  19
						.
					 Medial meniscus  20
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia (articular surface)  21
						.
					 Articular capsule (cut to open joint cavity below medial meniscus)  22
						.
					 Patellar ligament  23
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, cruciate ligaments divided
										The collateral ligaments and cruciate ligaments have been cut through to permit the separation of the femur from the tibia.

														 1
						.
					 Posterior cruciate ligament (divided)  2
						.
					 Anterior cruciate ligament (divided)  3
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur  4
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula (divided)  5
						.
					 Iliotibial tract (cut off)  6
						.
					 Lateral meniscus (note its separation from fibular collateral ligament)  7
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia (articular surface)  8
						.
					 Infrapatellar fat body  9
						.
					 Patellar articular surface  10
						.
					 Line of reflection of articular capsule  11
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  12
						.
					 Collateral ligament of tibia (divided)  13
						.
					 Upper pointer: Posterior meniscofemoral ligament (cut off) Lower pointer: Anterior meniscofemoral ligament (cut off)  14
						.
					 Medial meniscus (note fusion with tibial collateral ligament)  15
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia (articular surface)


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, anterior cruciate ligament
										The infrapatellar synovial fold (12) has been cut off to reveal the anterior cruciate ligament (9). Synovial membrane partially encloses the cruciate ligament.

														 1
						.
					 Patellar femoral surface  2
						.
					 Lateral epicondyle  3
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur  4
						.
					 Superior articular surface of tibia  5
						.
					 Lateral meniscus  6
						.
					 Infrapatellar fat body  7
						.
					 Patellar articular surface  8
						.
					 Suprapatellar bursa  9
						.
					 Anterior cruciate ligament  10
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  11
						.
					 Medial meniscus  12
						.
					 Infrapatellar synovial fold (cut off)


Dissection of knee
										 Interior of right knee joint, anterior view
										The joint capsule has been widely incised to permit the downward reflection of the quadriceps tendon, patella and patellar ligament.

														 1
						.
					 Suprapatellar bursa  2
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur  3
						.
					 Lateral meniscus  4
						.
					 Infrapatellar fat body  5
						.
					 Patellar articular surface  6
						.
					 Quadriceps femoris muscle (reflected)  7
						.
					 Synovial membrane  8
						.
					 Articular capsule  9
						.
					 Intercondylar fossa  10
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  11
						.
					 Infrapatellar synovial fold  12
						.
					 Medial meniscus  13
						.
					 Collateral ligament of tibia  14
						.
					 Alar folds


Dissection of knee
										 Capsule, ligaments and arteries of right knee, medial view

														 1
						.
					 Body of femur  2
						.
					 Tendon of quadriceps muscle  3
						.
					 Suprapatellar bursa (opened)  4
						.
					 Patella  5
						.
					 Articular capsule genus  6
						.
					 Medial patellar retinaculum (cut off)  7
						.
					 Patellar ligament  8
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  9
						.
					 Popliteal artery  10
						.
					 Muscular branch of popliteal artery  11
						.
					 Medial superior genicular artery (passing into rete articulare genus)  12
						.
					 Branch of descending genicular artery  13
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  14
						.
					 Collateral ligament of tibia  15
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  16
						.
					 Tendons of insertion of sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus muscles  17
						.
					 Body of fibula  18
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery


Dissection of knee
										 Capsule, ligaments and arteries of right knee, posterior view

														 1
						.
					 Body of femur  2
						.
					 Popliteal artery  3
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular arteries (duplicated)  4
						.
					 Adductor magnus muscle (tendon of insertion)  5
						.
					 Medial genicular artery (passing into intercondylar fossa)  6
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur  7
						.
					 Semimembranosus muscle (tendon of insertion)  8
						.
					 Oblique popliteal ligament  9
						.
					 Collateral ligament of tibia  10
						.
					 Medial condyle of tibia  11
						.
					 Lateral inferior genicular artery  12
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (tendon of insertion)  13
						.
					 Body of tibia  14
						.
					 Soleal line  15
						.
					 Muscular branch of popliteal artery  16
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  17
						.
					 Descending genicular artery (cut off)  18
						.
					 Medial superior genicular artery  19
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula  20
						.
					 Popliteal arcuate ligament  21
						.
					 Biceps fern oris muscle (tendon of insertion)  22
						.
					 Popliteus muscle (tendon of origin)  23
						.
					 Medial inferior genicular artery  24
						.
					 Head of fibula  25
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  26
						.
					 Posterior tibial artery  27
						.
					 Body of fibula  28
						.
					 Interosseous membrane of leg


Dissection of knee
										 Capsule, ligaments and arteries of right knee, lateral view

														 1
						.
					 Popliteal artery  2
						.
					 Muscular branch of popliteal artery  3
						.
					 Lateral superior genicular artery  4
						.
					 Medial condyle of femur (in background)  5
						.
					 Lateral condyle of femur (covered by ligaments)  6
						.
					 Semitendinosus muscle (tendon of insertion)  7
						.
					 Collateral ligament of fibula  8
						.
					 Popli teal arcuate ligament  9
						.
					 Biceps femoris muscle (tendon of insertion)  10
						.
					 Head of fibula  11
						.
					 Anterior head of fibula ligament  12
						.
					 Anterior tibial recurrent artery  13
						.
					 Anterior tibial artery  14
						.
					 Body of fibula  15
						.
					 Vastus lateralis muscle  16
						.
					 Iliotibial tract  17
						.
					 Patella  18
						.
					 Lateral patellar retinaculum  19
						.
					 Patellar ligament  20
						.
					 Lateral condyle of tibia  21
						.
					 Tibial tuberosity  22
						.
					 Body of tibia  23
						.
					 Interosseous membrane of leg