Parachuting  or  bombing  is a method of swallowing  drugs  by rolling or folding powdered or crushed drugs in a piece of edible paper to ingest while avoiding the unpleasant  taste  of the  chemical . [ 1 ]  It is sometimes called a "snow bomb", especially if using  cocaine .
This method is used among many pharmaceuticals that are commonly crushed for recreational use. The toilet paper method must use single ply toilet paper or one must separate the layers of double ply. Tissues are also a common go to for this method of drug ingestion. Another common paper used is  rolling paper  for smoking herbal substances or tobacco. Rice or starch papers known as  oblaat  in  Japan  is a method that is becoming more popular.  Opioids ,  amphetamines ,  benzodiazepines  and other narcotics are commonly parachuted. This method's purpose is recreational because the drugs become absorbed all at once when the paper unravels in one's stomach.


Paraoxon  is a  parasympathomimetic drug  which acts as an  cholinesterase inhibitor . It is an  organophosphate   oxon , and the active  metabolite  of the insecticide  parathion .  It is also used as an  ophthalmological  drug against  glaucoma . Paraoxon is one of the most potent acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting  insecticides  available, around 70% as potent as the nerve agent  sarin , and so is now rarely used as an insecticide due to the risk of  poisoning  to humans and other animals. Paraoxon has been used by scientists to study acute and chronic effects of organophosphate intoxication. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is easily absorbed through skin, and was allegedly used as an  assassination  weapon by the apartheid-era  South African   chemical weapons  program  Project Coast . [ 3 ]


A  parasympathomimetic drug , sometimes called a  cholinomimetic drug [ 1 ]  or  cholinergic receptor   stimulating agent , [ 2 ]  is a substance that stimulates the  parasympathetic nervous system  (PSNS). [ 3 ] [ 2 ]  These chemicals are also called  cholinergic  drugs  because  acetylcholine  (ACh) is the  neurotransmitter  used by the PSNS. [ 1 ] [ 4 ]  Chemicals in this family can act either directly by stimulating the  nicotinic  or  muscarinic  receptors (thus mimicking acetylcholine), or indirectly by inhibiting  cholinesterase , promoting acetylcholine release, or other mechanisms. [ 5 ]  Common uses of parasympathomimetics include  glaucoma ,  Sjögren syndrome  and  underactive bladder . [ 6 ]


Some  chemical weapons  such as  sarin  or  VX , non-lethal  riot control agents  such as  tear gas , and insecticides such as  diazinon  fall into this category.


For a cholinergic agent, the following criteria describe the structure activity relationship:


These act by stimulating the  nicotinic  or  muscarinic  receptors.


Indirect acting parasympathomimetic substances may be either reversible cholinesterase inhibitors, irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors or substances that promote ACh release or  anti-adrenergics . The latter inhibits the antagonistic system, the  sympathetic nervous system .


Parsaclisib  is an  investigational drug  that it being evaluated for the treatment of  B-cell malignancies .  It is a  PI3Kδ  ( phosphoinositide 3-kinase ) inhibitor. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


In  pharmacology ,  partial agonists  are drugs that bind to and activate a given  receptor , but have only partial  efficacy  at the receptor relative to a  full agonist . They may also be considered  ligands  which display both  agonistic  and  antagonistic  effects—when both a full agonist and partial agonist are present, the partial agonist actually acts as a  competitive antagonist , [ citation needed ]   competing with the full agonist for receptor occupancy and producing a net decrease in the receptor activation observed with the full agonist alone. [ 1 ]  Clinically, partial agonists can be used to activate receptors to give a desired submaximal response when inadequate amounts of the endogenous ligand are present, or they can reduce the overstimulation of receptors when excess amounts of the endogenous ligand are present. [ 2 ]


Some currently common drugs that have been classed as partial agonists at particular receptors include  buspirone ,  aripiprazole ,  buprenorphine ,  nalmefene  and  norclozapine . Examples of ligands activating  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma  as partial agonists are  honokiol  and  falcarindiol . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabivarin ( THCV ) is a partial agonist at  CB2 receptors  and this activity might be implicated in ∆9-THCV-mediated  anti-inflammatory  effects. [ 5 ]  Additionally, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) is a partial agonist at both the  CB1  and CB2 receptors, with the former being responsible for its psychoactive effects.


Peak-to-trough ratio  ( PTR ), also known as  peak-to-trough variation  or  peak-to-trough fluctuation , is a parameter in  pharmacokinetics  which is defined as the ratio of  C max  (peak) concentration and  C min  (trough) concentration over a dosing interval for a given drug. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  A drug with an  elimination half-life  of 24 hours taken once per day will have a peak-to-trough ratio of approximately 2. [ 1 ]  Peak-to-trough ratio depends on half-life and dosing interval, with longer half-lives and shorter dosing intervals giving smaller ratios. [ 3 ]


Peforelin  ( INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name ), or  peforelin acetate , sold under the brand name  Maprelin , is a  gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist  (GnRH agonist) medication which is used in  veterinary medicine  in  Europe  and  Canada . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It is a  GnRH analogue  and a  synthetic   peptide , specifically a  decapeptide . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  The drug was introduced for veterinary use by 2001. [ 5 ]


Polyethylene glycol–polyvinyl alcohol  ( PEG-PVA ) brand name  Kollicoat  IR  ( BASF ) is a  multifunctional  excipient [ 1 ]  used as a pill binder as well as a wet binder. A typical formulation is composed of 25%  polyethylene glycol  (PEG) and 75%  polyvinyl alcohol  (PVA); where the vinyl alcohol moieties are grafted on a  polyethylene glycol   backbone . [ 2 ]


Pegol  is a term used in generic names for pharmaceutical drugs to indicate the presence of a  polyethylene glycol  attachment ( pegylation ). The term is used for  monoclonal antibodies  and  engineered proteins  as well as for  small molecules . The purpose of the pegylation is to extend the  half-life  of the drug. [ 1 ]


Pegozafermin  (BIO89-100) is a long-acting, glycopegylated  FGF21  analog developed for the treatment of  nonalcoholic steatohepatitis  and  hypertriglyceridemia . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Pegzilarginase , sold under the brand name  Loargys , is a  medication  used for the treatment of  hyperargininemia . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The most common side effects include allergic reactions. [ 1 ]


Pegzilarginase was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2023. [ 2 ]


Pegzilarginase is  indicated  for the treatment of arginase 1 deficiency, also known as hyperargininemia. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


In October 2023, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization under exceptional circumstances for the medicinal product Loargys, intended for the treatment of hyperargininemia. [ 1 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is Immedica Pharma AB. [ 1 ]  Pegzilarginase was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2023. [ 2 ]


Pegzilarginase is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 3 ]


Pegzilarginase is sold under the brand name Loargys. [ 1 ]


Pelacarsen  is an  antisense therapy  that is designed to reduce  Lipoprotein(a)  concentrations in people with high levels of the lipoprotein and who are at risk of  cardiovascular disease . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It was developed by  Ionis Pharmaceuticals  and  Novartis . [ 4 ]


Pelanserin  ( TR2515 ) is a chemical compound that acts as an  antagonist  of the  5-HT 2  and  α 1 -adrenergic receptors . [ 1 ]


Pelanserin ( 3 ) can be  synthesized  by a reaction between  isatoic anhydride  ( 1 ) and 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-phenylpiperazine ( 2 ) in the presence of  phosgene . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]


Pemivibart , sold under the brand name  Pemgarda , is a  monoclonal antibody  medication authorized for the  pre-exposure prophylaxis  (prevention) of  COVID‑19 . [ 4 ]  Pemivibart was developed by  Invivyd . [ 3 ] [ 5 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) issued an  emergency use authorization  for pemivibart in March 2024. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


In the US, pemivibart is authorized for the pre-exposure prophylaxis (prevention) of COVID‑19 in people aged twelve years of age and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (88 lb). [ 4 ]  It is authorized for individuals who are not currently infected with  SARS‑CoV‑2  and who have not had a known recent exposure to an individual infected with SARS‑CoV‑2; and who have moderate-to-severe immune compromise due to a medical condition or due to taking immunosuppressive medications or treatments and are unlikely to mount an adequate immune response to COVID‑19 vaccination. [ 4 ]


In August 2024, the US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) revised the emergency use authorization for pemivibart to limit its use to when the combined national frequency of variants with substantially reduced susceptibility to pemivibart is less than or equal to 90%. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) issued an  emergency use authorization  for pemivibart in March 2024. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


Pemivibart is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 9 ]


This article incorporates  public domain material  from the  United States Department of Health and Human Services


Pemvidutide  (ALT-801) is an experimental dual GLP-1/ glucagon receptor agonist  developed by  Altimmune . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  The drug reduced LDL-C in a clinical trial [ 3 ]  and does not require dose titration as with GLP-1 mono agonists. [ 4 ]


Pendetide  ( GYK-DTPA ) is a  chelating agent . It consists of  pentetic acid  (DTPA) linked to the  tripeptide   glycine  (G) –  L - tyrosine  (Y) –  L - lysine  (K). [ 1 ]


The following  monoclonal antibodies  are linked to pendetide to chelate a  radionuclide ,  indium-111 . The antibodies selectively bind to certain tumour cells, and the radioactivity is then used for imaging of the tumours.


Pentyl nitrite  is a chemical compound with the molecular formula, classified as an  alkyl nitrite , used as an antihypertensive medicine. [ 2 ]  It is also used to treat cyanide poisoning. [ 2 ]


It is one of the active ingredients for a recreational drug known as  poppers .


Perflubron  ( INN / USAN , or  perfluorooctyl bromide ; brand name  Imagent ) is a  contrast medium  for  magnetic resonance imaging ,  computer tomography  and  sonography . [ 1 ]  It was approved for this use in the United States by the  Food and Drug Administration  in 1993. [ 2 ]


Perflubron has also been tested experimentally for use in  liquid breathing  in premature infants with respiratory distress. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Perfluoropentane  ( PFP ) or  dodecafluoropentane ; also known as  Perflenapent  ( INN / USAN ) is a  fluorocarbon , the fluorinated analogue of  pentane . It is a liquid that boils at slightly over room temperature.


It has several biomedical applications including: propellant for pressurized metered dose inhalers; [ 3 ]  gas core in  microbubble   ultrasound contrast agents ; [ 4 ]  and  occlusion therapy  via the conversion of nanometer liquid  droplets  into micrometer sized gas microbubbles ( acoustic droplet vaporization ). [ 5 ]


Perimycin , also known as  aminomycin  and  fungimycin , is  polyene antibiotic  produced by  Streptomyces coelicolor  var. aminophilus. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  The compound exhibits  antifungal  properties. [ citation needed ]


Perimycin is produced naturally as a mixture of three types: A, B and C, with type A being the major component. All types consist of a  polyketide  core with a  perosamine  sugar moiety. The variations occur at the end of the core opposite the perosamine moiety. Perimycin A has an aromatic group in this position, whereas the identities of the analogous groups in the other perimycin types are currently undetermined. [ citation needed ]


Polyene antibiotics in general are often toxic to humans and have poor  bioavailability . Thus, with the notable exception of  amphotericin B , they are often not used clinically. Perimycin has been shown to be an effective antifungal compound, but is not widely used in clinical settings. [ 5 ]


Pethidinic acid  ( meperidinic acid ,  pethidine intermediate C ) is a 4- phenyl piperidine  derivative that is both a  metabolite  of and a  precursor  to  pethidine  (meperidine). [ 2 ] [ 3 ]   It is scheduled by  UN   Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs .  It is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States and has an ACSCN of 9234.  The 2014 annual manufacturing quota was 6 grams.  [ 4 ]


Pethidinic acid is a controlled drug because of its potential uses in manufacturing both pethidine itself and some of its substituted derivatives, but it has little  opioid  activity in its own right. Metabolism of pethidine to pethidinic acid is carried out mainly by the  carboxylesterase  enzyme hCE-1 in the liver, [ 5 ]  and since the activity of this enzyme can vary between individuals, the rate and extent of pethidinic acid production can vary. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Frank Wätjen used pethidinic acid as a precursor chemical to a heterocyclic moiety. [ 8 ]


PF-03654746  is a potent and selective  histamine H 3  receptor   antagonist  developed by  Pfizer  and currently undergoing  clinical trials  for the treatment of  ADHD ,  Tourette syndrome [ 1 ]  as well as potential anti- allergy  applications. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


PF-04479745  is a research ligand developed by  Pfizer . It is related to  lorcaserin , and acts as a  potent  and  selective   agonist  for the  5-HT 2C   receptor , with lower affinity and  antagonist  action at the related  5-HT 2A  and  5-HT 2B  receptor subtypes. [ 1 ]


PF-04745637  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective  antagonist  for the  TRPA1  receptor, with an IC 50  of 17nM, vs ~3μM at the related  TRPV1  and  TRPM  channels. It has  antiinflammatory  effects and was developed as a potential treatment for conditions such as  atopic dermatitis . [ 1 ]


PF-4800567  is a drug developed by  Pfizer  which acts as a selective inhibitor of the  enzyme   Casein kinase 1 epsilon  (CK1-ε), and has mainly been used in the study of the casein kinase 1 enzymes in the regulation of  circadian rhythm , [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  as well as showing potential  neuroprotective  effects. [ 3 ]  While this research has shown that circadian rhythm is modulated primarily by the alternate isoform CK1-δ rather than CK1-ε, [ 4 ]  both PF-4800567 and the related non-selective CK1-δ/ε inhibitor PF-670462 were found in animal studies to enhance responses to certain drugs of abuse such as  methamphetamine  and  fentanyl , which suggests a role for CK1-ε in negative regulation of sensitivity to  stimulant  and  opioid  drugs. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


PF-05105679  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the  TRPM8   ion channel , which is the main receptor responsible for the sensation of  cold . It was developed as a potential  analgesic , and blocks the sensation of cold in both animals and human trials. It also lowers  core body temperature  in small mammals, but does not produce this effect in humans in the normal dosage range. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Poly-[1-6]--D-glucopyranosyl-[1-3]--D-glucopyranose glucan  ( PGG glucan , proprietary name  Betafectin ) [ 1 ]  is an anti-infective agent and a form or type of  beta-glucan .


Betafectin is a PGG-glucan, a novel β-(1,6) branched β-(1,3) glucan, purified from the cell walls of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae . [ 2 ]


It is a  macrophage -specific  immunomodulator .


PH-797804  is a drug which acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  (p38 MAPK). It has  antiinflammatory  effects and has been researched for the treatment of inflammatory lung conditions such as  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  and  COVID-19 . While it has not been adopted for clinical use, it remains widely used in research. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


Pharmaceutical codes  are used in  medical classification  to uniquely identify  medication . They may uniquely identify an  active ingredient , drug system (including  inactive ingredients  and time-release agents) in general, or a specific pharmaceutical product from a specific manufacturer.


Drug system identifiers (manufacturer-specific including inactive ingredients):


Hierarchical systems:


Ingredients:


Proprietary database identifiers include those assigned by  First Databank ,  Micromedex ,  MediSpan , Gold Standard Drug Database (published by  Elsevier ), and  Cerner Multum  MediSource Lexicon; these are cross-indexed by  RxNorm , which also assigns a unique identifier (RxCUI) to every combination of active ingredient and dose level. [ 2 ]


The  Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme  ( PIC/S ) are two international instruments between countries and pharmaceutical inspection authorities. The PIC/S is meant as an instrument to improve co-operation in the field of  Good Manufacturing Practices  between  regulatory authorities  and the  pharmaceutical industry .


The PIC (Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention) was founded in October 1970 by the  European Free Trade Association  (EFTA), under the title of the  Convention for the Mutual Recognition of Inspections in Respect of the Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Products . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  The initial members comprised the 10 member countries of EFTA at that time. In the early 1990s it was realized that because of an incompatibility between the Convention and  European law , it was not possible for new countries to be admitted as members of PIC. European law did not permit individual EU countries that were members of PIC to sign agreements with other countries seeking to join PIC. As a consequence the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme was formed on 2 November 1995. The Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme is an informal agreement between health authorities instead of a formal treaty between countries. PIC and the PIC Scheme, which operate together in parallel, are jointly referred to as PIC/S. PIC/S became operational in November 1995. [ 2 ]


Since its conception until 2003, PIC/S did not have a distinct legal identity. Its Secretariat was provided by the European Free Trade Association. Based on PIC/S meeting in June 2003, its committee decided to constitute itself as a Swiss Association in accordance with article 60 of the  Swiss Civil Code  which refer to other internationally active organizations established in Switzerland such as the  International Committee of the Red Cross  (ICRC). On 1 January 2004, PIC/S established its own Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland. [ 3 ]


PIC/S has a number of provisions intended to establish the following: [ 4 ]


The following are the state members of PIC/S as of October 2021: [ 5 ]


Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN)  is a professional body for practicing pharmacists in  Nigeria  and was established in  1927 to instill discipline and maintain professional ethics among members of the organization. [ 1 ]


The first president of the association was Late Mr T.K.E Phillips, who was inaugurated as the president in the year 1947. In 1956, the association was formally incorporated under its Articles of Association and was recognized as a professional society in Nigeria by the Federal government. [ 2 ]


Some past executives of the society include Olumide Akintayo, [ 3 ]   Adelusi Adeluyi , Lady Eme Ufot Ekaette, Ahmed Yakasai, Sam Ohuabunwa and the Current President Prof.  Cyril Usifoh  FPSN etc. [ 4 ]


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Pharmaceutics  is the discipline of  pharmacy  that deals with the process of turning a  new chemical entity  (NCE) or an existing drug into a medication to be used safely and effectively by patients. [ 1 ]  The patients could be either humans or animals. Pharmaceutics helps relate the formulation of drugs to their delivery and disposition in the body. [ 2 ]  Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance into a  dosage form .


Pharmaceutics is also called the science of dosage form design. There are many chemicals with  pharmacological  properties, but need special measures to help them achieve therapeutically relevant amounts at their sites of action. [ 2 ]


Branches of pharmaceutics include:


Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance into a  dosage form . Pure drug substances are usually white  crystalline  or  amorphous  powders. Before the advent of medicine as a science, it was common for pharmacists to dispense drugs  as is . Most drugs today are administered as parts of a dosage form. The clinical performance of drugs depends on their form of presentation to the patient. [ 3 ]


Pharmaceutics is a specialization in the field of pharmacy. Typically, Pharm-D graduates can choose to continue studies in this field towards a PhD degree.


Pharmacodiagnostic testing  is  pre-treatment testing  performed in order to determine whether or not a  patient  is likely to  respond  to a given  therapy . This type of test is  classified  as a  predictive test  and is a prerequisite for the implementation of  stratified  and  personalized medicine . [ 1 ]


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Pharmacological dissection  discriminates among varieties of superficially similar disorders or syndromes by their differential response to a drug. [ 1 ]


The term was introduced in 1957, [ 2 ]  and popularized in psychopharmacology by  Donald Klein . [ 3 ]


The  Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China  (PPRC) or the  Chinese Pharmacopoeia  (ChP), compiled by the  Pharmacopoeia  Commission of the  Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China , is an official compendium of drugs, covering  Traditional Chinese  and  western medicines , which includes information on the standards of purity, description, test, dosage, precaution, storage, and the strength for each drug.


It is recognized by the  World Health Organization  as the official  pharmacopoeia  of China. [ 1 ]


The ChP, as of its tenth (2015) edition, comes in 4 volumes for both the Chinese and the English versions:


The English version is collectively coded as  ISBN   978-7-5067-8929-5 . The 2015 ChP requires  Good Manufacturing Practices  for all ChP-compliant medications and in general uses  INN  for English names. The Chinese version arranges medicines in ascending  stroke order , [ 2 ]  while the English translations do so in alphabetical order.


The 1997  English  version consists of two volumes: [ 3 ]


The 1997  Chinese  version (in simplified Chinese) also consists of two volumes, but the English and Chinese versions are not direct translations of each other, as they are sorted differently as is in the current edition.


A third volume was added in the 2005 version. The English edition ( ISBN   7117069821 ) describes itself as a "compendium of almost all traditional Chinese medicines and most western medicines and preparations. Information is given for each drug on standards of purity, description, test, dosage, precaution, storage and strength. Key features: A total of 2691 monographs: 992 for traditional Chinese medicines and 1699 for modern western drugs. [ 4 ]


"Volume I contains  monographs  of Chinese material medica and pared slice,  vegetable oil / fat  and its extract, Chinese traditional patent medicines, single ingredient of Chinese crude drug preparations etc.;
Volume II deals with monographs of chemical  drugs ,  antibiotics , biochemical preparations,  Radiopharmaceuticals  and excipients for pharmaceutical use;
Volume III contains biological products."


The  Pharmacy Act 1852 [ 1 ]  ( 15 & 16 Vict.  c. 56) was the first legislation in the United Kingdom to regulate  pharmacists  and druggists.


It set up a register of pharmacists and limited the use of the title to people registered with the  Pharmaceutical Society , but proposals to give the society exclusive rights to sell drugs or poisons were rejected.  It did not provide a legal definition for the trade and practice of pharmacy. [ 2 ]


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The  Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT)  was a  computer-based   standardized test  administered to prospective  pharmacy school  students by  Pearson Education, Inc  as a service for the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP); it is offered in January, July, and September. [ 1 ]  The test is divided into five sections to be taken in approximately three and a half hours.  The test includes  Writing ,  Biology ,  Chemistry ,  Critical reading , and  Quantitative Reasoning  sections. [ 2 ]  The composite score is based on the multiple-choice sections, and can range from 200 – 600. There is no passing score; pharmacy schools set their own standards for acceptable scores. Calculators are not allowed during the testing period and no penalty is given for incorrect answers.


The test was retired effective January 10, 2024.


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Pharmasave  is a Canadian  independent pharmacy  and  drugstore   retailer  with over 800 stores across  Canada . Pharmasave produces a line of over 700 private-label Pharmasave Brand products. [ 2 ]


Pharmasave was created in September 1981 through the merger of two  British Columbia -based pharmacy chains,  United Pharmacy  and  Western Drug Mart . [ 3 ]


Pharmasave's national office is located in  Langley, British Columbia . Its stores are located in nine provinces and territories across Canada and are organized into 2 regions with each region having their own regional offices: West ( British Columbia ,  Alberta ,  Saskatchewan ,  Manitoba , and  Yukon ), and East ( Ontario ,  Newfoundland and Labrador ,  New Brunswick ,  Nova Scotia , and  Prince Edward Island ). [ 4 ]


Each of Pharmasave's stores operates independently and they range in size from small dispensaries to large-format home healthcare pharmacies. Each region has a  Board of Directors  as well as representation on the  national  Board of Directors. Pharmasave's business model is one of  self-governance , where pharmacy owners are elected to serve on its regional Boards of Directors. This way, the needs of the owners are served by other owners, and not by a separate corporate entity. The success of this model has played an important part in the attracting of new members and its growing store count across the country.


Phendioxan  is an  α 1 -adrenergic receptor   antagonist . [ 1 ]


Phenomorphan [ 2 ]  is an  opioid   analgesic . It is not currently used in medicine, but has similar side-effects to other opiates, which include  itching ,  nausea  and  respiratory depression .


Phenomorphan is a highly potent drug due to the N-phenethyl group, which boosts affinity to the  μ-opioid receptor , and so phenomorphan is around 10x more potent than  levorphanol , which is itself 6-8x the potency of  morphine . Other analogues where the N-(2-phenylethyl) group has been replaced by other aromatic rings [ 3 ]  are even more potent, with the  N-(2-(2-furyl)ethyl)  and the N-(2-(2- thienyl )ethyl) analogues being 60x and 45x stronger than levorphanol, respectively. [ 4 ]


Phenylacetylrinvanil  ( IDN-5890 ) is a synthetic analogue of  capsaicin  which acts as a potent and selective agonist for the  TRPV1  receptor, with slightly lower potency than  resiniferatoxin , though still around 300 times the potency of capsaicin. It is an  amide  of  vanillylamine  and  ricinoleic acid , with the hydroxyl group on ricinoleic acid  esterified  with  phenylacetic acid . It is used to study the function of the TRPV1 receptor and its downstream actions, and has also shown anti-cancer effects  in vitro . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Phenylbiguanide  ( PBG ) is a  5-HT3 agonist  used to study the role of 5-HT3 receptors in the  central nervous system . [ 1 ]  It has been found to trigger  dopamine  release in the  nucleus accumbens  of rats. [ 2 ]


Phenylephrine/ketorolac , sold under the brand name  Omidria , is a  combination drug  used during  cataract surgery [ 3 ]  or  intraocular lens  replacement to prevent  intraoperative   miosis  and to reduce  postoperative pain . [ 1 ]  It contains  phenylephrine  and  ketorolac . [ 1 ]


Phenylephrine/ketorolac was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2014, [ 4 ]  and in the European Union in July 2015. [ 2 ]


Phenyltriazines  are a class of molecules containing a  phenyl  group and a  triazine  group. These molecules are pharmacologically important. As an example,  lamotrigine  is a phenyltriazine derivative used as an  anticonvulsant  drug and has been shown to be useful for alleviating  epilepsy [ 1 ]  and  bipolar disorder .


Phosphodiesterase 9 inhibitors  or  PDE9 inhibitors  are a class of drugs that work by inhibiting the activity of  PDE9 . The first compound with this effect,  BAY 73-6691 , was reported in 2004. [ 1 ]  PDE9 inhibitors are under investigation for the treatment of obesity, [ 2 ]   hepatic fibrosis , [ 3 ]   Alzheimer's disease ,  schizophrenia , other psychotic disorders,  heart failure , and  sickle cell anemia . [ 1 ]  Drug candidates include  CRD-733 , [ 4 ]   osoresnontrine ,  tovinontrine , and  PF-04447943 . [ 1 ]   Cannabidiol  acts as a PDE9 inhibitor  in vitro . [ 5 ]  There are no PDE9 inhibitors that have been approved as of 2023. [ 1 ]


Phospholipidosis  is a  lysosomal  storage disorder characterized by the excess accumulation of  phospholipids  in tissues. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  Certain cases may be triggered by medications. [ 4 ]


The traditional method to evaluate drug-induced phospholipidosis (DIPL) is visual confirmation of myeloid bodies in tissues by  electron microscopy . Electron microscopy has limited utility to monitor DIPL in humans because of the invasive nature of acquiring patient tissue biopsy samples.  A qualified biomarker of DIPL in the blood or urine is needed to provide a more routine, non-invasive, and cost effective means to monitor DIPL in the clinic. [ 5 ]


Photosens  is a mixture of sulfonated aluminium  phthalocyanines  with various degrees of sulfonation. [ 1 ]  Developed in Russia.


It is a photosensitiser (activated by 675 nm red light) sometimes used in  photodynamic therapy  trials. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


It has been tried on  Age-related macular degeneration [ 4 ]


PHTPP  is a  synthetic ,  nonsteroidal , and highly selective  antagonist  of  ERβ  that is used in  scientific research  to study the function of this  receptor . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It possesses 36-fold selectivity for ERβ over  ERα , and is a  silent antagonist  of ERβ. [ 3 ]


Phytoprogestogens , also known as  phytoprogestins , are  phytochemicals  (that is, naturally occurring, plant-derived chemicals) with  progestogenic  effects. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Relative to their  phytoestrogen  counterparts, phytoprogestogens are rare. [ 1 ]  However, a number have been identified, including  kaempferol ,  diosgenin  (found in  yam ),  apigenin  (found in  chasteberry ), [ 1 ] [ 3 ]   naringenin , and  syringic acid , among others. [ 2 ]  In addition,  3,8-dihydrodiligustilide  from  Ligusticum chuanxiong  is a  potent  progestogen ( EC 50  = 90 nM), whereas  riligustilide  is a weak progestogen (EC 50  ≈ 81 μM). [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


Picloxydine  (trade name  Vitabact [ 1 ] ) is a  bisbiguanide   antiseptic  used in  eye drops . It is structurally similar to  chlorhexidine .


Pill dispensers  are items which release  medication  at specified times, to assist patients in adhering to their prescribed medication regime. They may also alert the patient that it is time to take the medication.


Some devices can alert a monitoring station if the patient does not take the medication from the device promptly. [ 1 ]


Pipermethystine  is a toxic  alkaloid  present in the aerial (aboveground) portions of the  kava  plant. It is not a  kavalactone , containing no  lactone  structure. Correctly prepared kava root products will contain almost no pipermethystine.


Several studies suggest pipermethystine induces  hepatotoxicity  in humans, and was first believed to be the cause of liver failure in individuals consuming kava supplements, but not in proper root powder or fresh root, which is consumed in the traditional  kava cultures  of Polynesia. [ 1 ]  Later analyses of the implicated drug materials and products revealed that medical kava extracts contain less than 45 ppm of this alkaloid, while the leaves contain about 0.2% (2000 ppm). Based on this retrospective study, pipermethystine is an unlikely cause for the observed hepatotoxicity of commercial kava preparations. [ 2 ]


Pipethiaden  is a  benzothiepin -based drug candidate that was at one time studied as a potential preventive to reduce the frequency of recurrent  migraine  headaches. It also has some activity as an  antihistamine  acting mainly at the  5-HT 2A  and  5HT 2C   receptors . [ 2 ]


Pirenoxine  (abbreviated  PRX , trade name  Catalin ) is a  medication  used in the possible treatment and prevention of  cataracts .


A report in the   Inorganic Chemistry  journal s howed that in liquid solutions, pirenoxine could cause decreased cloudiness of a  crystallin  solution produced to mimic the environment of the eye. Pirenoxine interacts with  selenite  or  calcium  ions that have been proven as factors leading to the formation of lens cataract. [ 1 ]


Pirenoxine reduces the cloudiness of the  lens  solution, containing calcium by 38% and reducing the cloudiness of the selenite solution by 11%. [ 2 ]


“...there are not any proctored studies that prove the utility of these drops. In Canada and in the U.S. they are considered  homeopathic —where they probably do no harm but doubtful that they will have any protective value." [ 3 ]


PK/PD modeling  ( pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling ) (alternatively abbreviated as PKPD [ 1 ]  or PK-PD [ 2 ]  modeling) is a technique that combines the two classical  pharmacologic  disciplines of  pharmacokinetics  and  pharmacodynamics . [ 3 ]  It integrates a pharmacokinetic and a pharmacodynamic model component into one set of  mathematical expressions  that allows the description of the time course of effect intensity in response to administration of a  drug  dose. PK/PD modeling is related to the field of  pharmacometrics .


Central to PK/PD models is the concentration-effect or exposure-response relationship. [ 4 ]  A variety of PK/PD modeling approaches exist to describe  exposure-response relationships . PK/PD relationships can be described by simple equations such as linear model, Emax model or  sigmoid Emax model . [ 5 ]  However, if a delay is observed between the drug administration and the drug effect, a temporal dissociation needs to be taken into account and more complex models exist: [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


PK/PD modeling has its importance at each step of the drug development [ 9 ] [ 10 ]  and it has shown its usefulness in many diseases. [ 11 ]  The  Food and Drug Administration  also provides guidances for Industry to recommend how exposure-response studies should be performed. [ 12 ]


Polymyxin B/trimethoprim , sold under the brand name  Polytrim  is an  antimicrobial  solution for topical  ophthalmic  use in the treatment of  acute   bacterial   conjunctivitis  and  blepharoconjunctivitis . [ 1 ]


In 2022, it was the 252nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1   million prescriptions. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Polymyxin B/trimethoprim is  indicated  in the treatment of surface ocular bacterial infections, [ 4 ]  including acute bacterial conjunctivitis, and blepharoconjunctivitis, caused by susceptible strains of the following microorganisms:  Staphylococcus aureus ,  Staphylococcus epidermidis ,  Streptococcus pneumoniae ,  Streptococcus viridans ,  Haemophilus influenzae , and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa . [ 1 ]


Ponsegromab   (PF-06946860) is a  monoclonal antibody  that works as a  GDF-15  inhibitor. It is developed by  Pfizer  for  cancer cachexia . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


In September 2024, Pfizer disclosed that ponsegromab led to significant body weight increases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, or colorectal cancer in a phase 2 clinical trial. [ 6 ]


Poseltinib  ( HM71224 ,  LY3337641 ) is an experimental  Bruton's tyrosine kinase  inhibitor for the treatment of  rheumatoid arthritis . It was developed by  Hanmi Pharmaceutical  and licensed to  Eli Lilly . [ 1 ]


Phase II  clinical trials  began in August 2016 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Additional phase II trials are planned for treatment of  lupus ,  lupus nephritis ,  Sjögren's syndrome , and other immunological conditions. [ 2 ]


A  potassium channel opener  is a type of  drug  which facilitates  ion  transmission through  potassium channels .


Some examples include:


6 T  & 1 P


2 T  & 1 P


4 T  & 2 P


Potassium citrate/potassium hydrogen carbonate , sold under the brand name  Sibnayal , is a  fixed-dose combination  medication intended for the treatment of  distal renal tubular acidosis . [ 1 ]  It contains  potassium citrate  and  potassium hydrogen carbonate . [ 1 ]


Potassium citrate/potassium hydrogen carbonate was approved for medical use in the European Union in April 2021. [ 1 ]


Potassium citrate/potassium hydrogen carbonate is indicated for the treatment of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) in people aged one year and older. [ 1 ]


In December 2020, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  (CHMP) of the  European Medicines Agency  (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Sibnayal. [ 1 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is Advicenne S.A. [ 1 ]  Potassium citrate/potassium hydrogen carbonate was approved for medical use in the European Union in April 2021. [ 1 ]


Potassium citrate/potassium hydrogen carbonate is recommended for approval in the United Kingdom. [ 3 ]


Potassium citrate/potassium hydrogen carbonate is undergoing phase III trials in preparation for evaluation by the US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA). [ 4 ]


Potrasertib  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated by IMPACT Therapeutics for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. It is oral inhibitor of  WEE1  kinase, a key regulator of  cell cycle checkpoints . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Povorcitinib  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of the skin conditions  hidradenitis suppurativa [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  and  chronic prurigo . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It is a  JAK1  inhibitor. [ 5 ]


Pramlintide/insulin A21G  (development name ADO09) is a combination of the  amylin  analogue  pramlintide  and an  insulin analog . It is being developed by Adocia for diabetes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


PRE-084  is a  sigma receptor   agonist , selective for the  σ 1  subtype. It has  nootropic  and  antidepressant  actions in animal studies, as well as  antitussive  and reinforcing effects. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  PRE-084 increases the expression of  GDNF . [ 6 ]


The  drug  combination  prednisolone / promethazine  is an  antidote  for snake bites.


Pregnancy-specific biological substances , which include the  placenta ,  umbilical cord ,  amniotic fluid , and  amniotic membrane  are being studied for a number of health uses. [ 1 ]  For example, Placental-derived stem cells are being studied so they can serve as a potential treatment method for  cell therapy . [ 2 ]  Hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) are generated from differentiated human amniotic epithelial cells (hAEC) that are abundant in the placenta. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  HLC may replace  hepatocytes  for hepatocyte transplantation to treat acute or chronic liver damage. [ 3 ]


Recent research has shown that the placenta and placenta derivatives are being regenerative cell therapies and also includes immunological features. Placenta structures consist of unique physiognomies. Placenta's structure not only regulates its function but also gives the probability of efficient use in clinics and in biotechnology. [ 4 ]


According to a research study by Bhattacharya N.,  Anemia  caused by  Diabetes mellitus  in patients with  albuminuria  can be treated with  cord blood transfusion . [ 5 ]  The research showed increased in  albumin  per gram of  creatinine  that assessed for albuminuria for patients that received cord blood transfusions. [ 5 ]


A  pregnenedione  (singular  pregnanediol ) is an unsaturated diketone derivative of a  pregnane . [ 1 ]  Examples are  budesonide  and  progesterone  (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione). [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


This article about a  steroid  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Prescribed daily dose  ( PDD ) is the usual  dose  of  medication  calculated by looking at a group of  prescriptions  for the medication in question. [ 1 ]  At times the PDD needs to be related to the  condition  being  treated . [ 1 ]


Prescription analytics  is the practice of  analyzing   consumers '  prescription drug  histories in order to provide useful information for  health insurers .


In the United States, two-thirds of health insurers use  prescription history reports  to help identify consumers who may prove expensive to insure, and to set prices or deny coverage. [ 1 ]   The reports, created and sold by medical data brokers such as MedPoint and IntelliScript, cost about $15 each and include information going back five years covering drug names,  dosage , fill dates, refills, pharmacy and physician information, and possible medical conditions. The reports also include a “risk score”, based on a  health risk assessment , predicting what an individual might cost an insurer in the future, as well as listing medical conditions the person may be being treated for. [ 2 ]


This article related to  health informatics  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


A  Product Licence Number  (or PL code for short) is a unique identifier on the packaging of medicines, used to uniquely identify the product. This code will normally remain the same despite the varying marketing and branding of the companies selling it. [ 1 ]


The code itself is issued by the  Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency [ 2 ]  in the  UK  and the  European Medicines Agency . [ 3 ]


In 1981, the  Professional Compounding Centers of America (PCCA)  was incorporated to provide  compounded   medications  to patients, when the medicine became unavailable commercially.


PCCA services pharmacies who provide these compounded medications, giving them training, recipes, and materials. [ 1 ]  However, according to  Science-Based Medicine , " the enthusiasm can outpace the evidence, and there may be a lack of evidence that compounded products really are safe and effective." [ 1 ]


The organization supported pharmacies in 2011 who were helping provide alternatives to  hydroxyprogesterone  in an attempt to prevent early labor. [ 2 ]  In 2014 the company acquired two manufacturers and distributors of materials and compounded medications. [ 3 ]  They were sued in 2019 for providing the formulation of an injection that caused 68 people to go blind. [ 4 ]


Professional Further Education in Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health  ( Danish :  Faglig videreuddannelse i Klinisk farmaci og Folkesundhed ) is a  Danish   professional   postgraduate   higher   further   education  for Danish  pharmaconomists (experts in pharmaceuticals) .


The education programme is developed by  Pharmakon—Danish College of Pharmacy Practice , the  Danish Association of Pharmaconomists  and the  Danish Pharmaceutical Association . The further education takes place at Pharmakon—Danish College of Pharmacy Practice in  Hillerød , Denmark.


The  admission   requirement  is a Danish  pharmaconomist   degree   diploma  granted by Pharmakon—Danish College of Pharmacy Practice. The education corresponds to 30  ECTS credits  that are equivalent to ½ year of  full-time   study  for a  Clinical Pharmacy  and  Public Health   Student . The education programme can be taken as a  part-time  further education over two to four years. Nevertheless, the education must be completed within 6 years.


The purpose of the  Professional Further Education in Clinical Pharmacy and Public Health  is to  qualify  each pharmaconomist (expert in pharmaceuticals) to practice clinical pharmacy at a higher and more  professional  level. The education consists of five modules:


The total  fee  for the entire education programme amounts to 170,000  DKK  (31,000  USD  or 18,200  GBP ).


Propyliodone  ( INN , trade name  Dionosil ) is a molecule used as a  contrast medium  in  bronchography . [ 1 ]  It was developed by a team at  Imperial Chemical Industries [ 2 ]  in the late 1930s.


Propylpyrazoletriol  ( PPT ) is a  synthetic ,  nonsteroidal   agonist  of  ERα  with 400-fold selectivity over  ERβ [ 1 ]  that is used widely in  scientific research  to study the function of  ERα . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Though originally thought to be highly selective for ERα, PPT has subsequently been found to also act as an  agonist  of the  GPER  (GPR30). [ 5 ]


Proroxan  ( INN ; also known as  pyrroxane  and  pirroksan ) is a pharmaceutical drug used as an  antihypertensive  and in the treatment of  Ménière's disease ,  motion sickness , and  allergic dermatitis . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Proroxan is a non-selective  alpha-blocker  (α-adrenoreceptor antagonist). [ 1 ]


Proroxan was developed in the 1970s at the Institute of Toxicology of the USSR Ministry of Health [ 3 ]  and today is primarily used in Russia.  Though originally developed as an antihypertensive, its use can lead to a decrease in alcohol and drug consumption. Currently proroxan is used almost exclusively in psychiatry, narcology, and neurology. [ 3 ]


ProSavin  is an experimental drug believed to be of use in the treatment of  Parkinson's disease . It is administered to the  striatum  in the  brain , inducing production of  dopamine . [ 1 ]


It is manufactured by  Oxford BioMedica . Results from a Phase I/II clinical trial were published in the Lancet [ 2 ]  and showed safety, but little efficacy. [ 3 ]  ProSavin was superseded by AXO-Lenti-PD (OXB-102), an optimized version of the drug. [ 4 ]


Prosavin uses Oxford BioMedica's  Lentivector  delivery system to transfer three genes,  aromatic amino acid dopa decarboxylase ,  tyrosine hydroxylase  and  GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 , to the striatum in the brain, reprogramming transduced  cells  to  secrete  dopamine. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Prospekta  is a  nootropic  drug reported to act on the  S100 proteins . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It was developed by the company Materia Medica and approved in Russia for the treatment of ADHD in 2022. [ 5 ]  It was also studied for  vascular dementia . [ 6 ]


Prospidium chloride  ( prospidine ) is a drug with cytostatic (alkylating) and anti-inflammatory properties.  It has been studied for the treatment of  rheumatoid arthritis . [ 1 ]


Chemically, it is a  spiro compound .


This article about an  alcohol  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  protective index  ( PI ) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity. Quantitatively, it is the ratio given by the toxic dose divided by the therapeutic dose. A protective index is the toxic dose of a drug for 50% of the population ( TD 50 ) divided by the minimum effective dose for 50% of the population ( ED 50 ). A high protective index is preferable to a low one: this corresponds to a situation in which one would have to take a much higher dose of a drug to reach the toxic threshold than the dose taken to elicit the therapeutic effect. A drug should ordinarily only be administered if the protective index is greater than one, indicating that the benefit outweighs the risk.


Protective index

 =

 T

 D

 50

 E

 D

 50

 {\displaystyle {\text{Protective index}}={\frac {TD_{50}}{ED_{50}}}}


The protective index is similar to the  therapeutic index , but concerns toxicity ( TD 50 ) rather than lethality ( LD 50 ); thus, the protective index is a smaller ratio. Toxicity can take many forms, as drugs typically have multiple side effects of varying severity, so a specific criterion of toxicity must be specified for the protective index to be meaningful. Ideally a choice is made such that the harm caused by the toxicity just outweighs the benefit of the drug's effect. Thus, the protective index is a more accurate measure of the benefit-to-risk ratio than the therapeutic index, but is less objectively defined.  Nevertheless, the therapeutic index can be viewed as an  upper bound  to the protective index for a given substance.


Protective index can also defined as the factor by which the dose of a toxicant must be multiplied to produce a defined level of toxicity in the presence of a nontoxic dose of another chemical. [ 1 ]


Protective index

 =

 L
 D

 50

 of A with B

 L
 D

 50

 of A alone

 {\displaystyle {\mbox{Protective index}}={\frac {\mathrm {LD} _{50}{\text{of A with B}}}{\mathrm {LD} _{50}{\text{of A alone}}}}}


The higher the protective index, better is the antidotal value of a given substance. Sometimes the protective index is higher in the presence of two or more substances than in the presence of either of the substances alone. For example, the LD50 of potassium cyanide alone is 11 mg/kg, whereas it is 21 mg/kg in the presence of sodium nitrite, giving a protective index of 1.91. The LD50 of potassium cyanide in the presence of sodium thiosulfate is 35 mg/kg, giving a protective index of 3.2. The LD50 of potassium cyanide in the presence of both nitrite and thiosulfate is 52 mg/kg with a protective index of 4.73. Since the protective index is higher for the simultaneous use of nitrite and thiosulfate, the two chemicals constitute the antidote against cyanide intoxication. [ 1 ]


Protein therapeutics  are  proteins  used as experimental or approved therapies for disease states. They include " monoclonal antibodies  (mAbs),  peptide hormones ,  growth factors ,  plasma proteins ,  enzymes , and  hemolytic factors " [ 1 ]  While proteins can be more specific and flexible in their  mechanism of action  compared to  small-molecule drugs ,  duration of action  and  drug delivery  can be a challenge. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Protollin  is a  drug  initially formulated as a  vaccine adjuvant . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is composed of  lipopolysaccharides  derived from the  Shigella flexneri  or  Pleisiomonas shigelloides  bacterium combined with  hydrophobic  outer membrane proteins derived from  Neisseria meningitidis . [ 3 ]   [ 4 ]


On November 16, 2021,  Brigham and Women's Hospital  announced that it was beginning a  Phase I clinical trial  of Protollin as a nasally-delivered vaccine to activate the body's immune response against amyloid proteins that form in the brain and are thought to contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


A  provocation test , also called a  provocation trial  or  provocation study , is a form of medical  clinical trial  whereby participants are exposed to either a substance or "thing" that is claimed to provoke a response, or to a sham substance or device that should provoke no response,  or a severe exercise as in Erb's test for low serum calcium . [ 1 ]  An example of a provocation test, performed on an individual, is a  skin allergy test .


40°33′03″N   74°25′23″W  /  40.550722°N 74.423071°W  /  40.550722; -74.423071


PTC Therapeutics, Inc.  is a  US  pharmaceutical company focused on the development of orally administered small molecule drugs and gene therapy which regulate gene expression by targeting  post-transcriptional control  (PTC) mechanisms in  orphan diseases . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


In September 2009, PTC entered into an agreement with  Roche  for the development of orally bioavailable  small molecules  for  central nervous system  diseases. [ 3 ]  PTC acquired the Bio-e platform in 2019. [ 4 ]


In 2017, PTC acquired  Emflaza  (deflazacort) from  Marathon  Pharmaceuticals. [ 5 ]  PTC also owns Translarna, ( Ataluren ) marketed for  nonsense mutation   Duchenne muscular dystrophy . [ 6 ]   Together, the two products generated revenues of 174 million dollars and 260 million dollars in 2017 and 2018 respectively. [ 7 ]


PTC has the commercialization rights for WAYLIVRA (volanesorsen) in Latin America. [ 8 ]


In 2018, PTC acquired Agilis Biotherapeutics and a gene therapy candidate, GT-AADC, with its compelling clinical data in treating aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency. [ 9 ]  AADC deficiency is a rare CNS disorder arising from reductions in the enzyme AADC that result from mutations in the dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene. As of 2024, the  AAV  based treatment for AADC deficiency has been approved by the FDA and commercialized in the United States as Kebilidi. It is the first FDA-approved gene therapy treatment for AADC deficiency. [ 10 ]  This same product was granted  EMA approval  for use in the European Union under the name Upstaza. [ 11 ]


In 2020, PTC acquired Censa Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of CNSA-001 (sepiapterin), a clinical-stage investigational therapy for orphan metabolic diseases, including phenylketonuria (PKU) and other diseases associated with defects in the tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biochemical pathways diagnosed at birth. [ 12 ]


In 2020, PTC announced the FDA approval of Evrysdi (risdiplam) for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in adults and children 2 months and older. [ 13 ]


In 2024, Novartis has committed $1 billion upfront in a licensing deal with PTC Therapeutics for an experimental treatment for Huntington’s disease, with the potential for an additional $1.9 billion tied to achieving specific development, regulatory, and commercial milestones. [ 14 ]  PTC Therapeutics’ therapy, known as PTC518, is an oral medication designed to reduce the production of the mutant protein linked to the genetic mutation responsible for the disease. [ 15 ]  This mutant protein is believed to contribute to neuronal death, driving disease progression. [ 16 ]  In June, interim data from a Phase 2 trial indicated that PTC518 successfully lowered levels of the mutant protein in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid. [ 17 ]


PXL065  ( d-R-pioglitazone ) is a drug candidate for the treatment of  nonalcoholic steatohepatitis  (NASH). [ a ]  It is the deuterium-stabilized ( R )- enantiomer  of  pioglitazone  which lacks  PPARγ  agonist activity and the associated side effects of weight gain and edema. [ 1 ]  PXL065 (formerly known as DRX-065) has demonstrated preclinical efficacy for both NASH [ 1 ]  and X-linked  adrenoleukodystrophy  (X-ALD). [ 2 ]  In 2022, it successfully completed a 9 month Phase 2 trial in biopsy-proven NASH patients where it met the primary endpoint for reduction in liver fat without weight gain or edema. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


PXL065 was discovered and advanced to Phase 1 by DeuteRx, LLC using the strategy of deuterium-enabled chiral switching (DECS). [ 6 ]   In August 2018, PXL065 and a portfolio of deuterated thiazolidinediones (TZDs) was acquired by Poxel SA. [ 7 ]


Pyrometallide gels  are types of  gels  based on  pyromellitamide  molecules. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  Such gels being developed which will enable the repair of severed  muscles  and  spinal cords  in patients.


These types of  artificial muscles  are made possible by creating  synthetic materials  which are very similar to the ones which make up human tissues and cells. These artificial materials are so similar that the body does not reject the material and instead allows normal  cell growth  in the materials which eventually become absorbed into the body.


The gel molecule is composed of a tetra-alkane benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxamide. The gel structure is made up of millions of tiny fibres, which form a 3D mesh by trapping a  liquid  in the same way that a  sponge  absorbs water, to form a solid. The unique feature of self-assembled gels is that  chemical reactions  are not required to form the fibres; it is simply a case of heating them up in a liquid and waiting for them to set.


There is huge range of potential applications for these gels. Aside from the artificial muscles, these gels could also be used for  drug delivery  in  cancer  patients, where they can injected into the patient, and the gel will slowly release a constant stream of anti-cancer drugs in the body. There are also applications for computer and television screens, where gels are used for  LCD  screens. These gels could lower the  manufacturing  costs and be used to construct  flexible display  screens.


This  muscle  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Pyrrolobenzodiazepines,  (PBD) are a class of compound that may have  antibiotic  or anti-tumor properties. [ 1 ]


Some dimeric pyrrolobenzodiazepines are used as the cytotoxic drug payloads in  antibody-drug conjugates , for example in  loncastuximab tesirine .


Anthramycin , the first PBD monomer, was first synthesized in the 1960s. [ 2 ]


This article about a  heterocyclic compound  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Under  European Union (EU) law , the  qualified person  ( QP ) is responsible for certifying that each batch of a medicinal product meets all required provisions when released from a manufacturing facility within the EU, or imported into the EU. [ 1 ]  Such provisions include that the batch was manufactured under appropriate standards, and that it passed all required testing. [ 2 ]


The regulations specify that no batch of medicinal product can be released for sale or supply prior to certification by a QP that the batch is in accordance with the relevant requirements.( EudraLex , Volume 4, Chapter 1) The QP is typically a licensed  pharmacist ,  biologist  or  chemist  (or a person with another permitted academic qualification) who has several years' experience working in pharmaceutical manufacturing operations, and has passed examinations attesting to his or her knowledge.
The requirement for QP oversight has been extended to material for use in clinical trials since the introduction of EU Directive 2001/20/EC.


In countries that are part of the  Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention and Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme  (PIC/S), the same role may be termed  responsible person  ( RP ) or  authorized person  ( AP ).


The Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI)  was established in 2016 as an organized research unit (ORU) within the  School of Pharmacy at the University of California-San Francisco . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  The current director of QBI is  Nevan Krogan . [ 5 ] [ 1 ]


In 1993,  Irwin Kuntz , created an ORU within the School of Pharmacy, called the Molecular Design Institute (MDI). The Dean of the School of Pharmacy, B. Joseph Guglielmo with the support of the UCSF campus and the UC Office of the President transformed MDI into QBI. [ 5 ]


Previously, QBI was a part of QB3, also known as QB3-UCSF. [ 4 ]  In March 2016, UCSF established QBI as a Organized Research Unit (ORU) within the School of Pharmacy. [ 5 ]


The institute formed the QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), a collaborative group of labs, aimed at finding solutions for COVID-19. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


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Quinazosin  is an  antihypertensive   α 1 -adrenergic receptor   antagonist . [ 1 ]


3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate  is a research compound which is the most potent  muscarinic antagonist  known. Tests  in vitro  showed it to have a binding affinity over 1000 times more potent than 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate with a  K i  of 2.47 picomolars (pM). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


QX39  ( Compound A ,  CA39 ) is a synthetic compound that activates  chaperone-mediated autophagy  (CMA) by increasing the expression of the lysosomal receptor for this pathway,   LAMP2A   lysosomes . It showed potent activity  in vitro  but has poor pharmacokinetic properties and was not suitable for animal research. Subsequent research led to the development of  CA77.1 , a CMA activator suitable for  in vivo  use. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


Raphamin  is a drug developed as an antiviral. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It is manufactured by the Russian company Materia Medica. [ 5 ]


In  pharmacokinetics , the  rate of infusion  (or  dosing rate ) refers not just to the rate at which a drug is administered, but the desired rate at which a drug  should  be administered to achieve a steady state of a fixed dose which has been demonstrated to be therapeutically effective.


Abbreviations include K in , [ 1 ]  K 0 , [ 2 ]  or R 0 .


It can be calculated as the  steady-state concentration  in the plasma multiplied by the  clearance :


K

 i
 n

 =

 C

 s
 s

 ⋅
 C
 L

 {\displaystyle \textstyle K_{in}=C_{ss}\cdot CL}


RB-64  is a semi-synthetic  derivative  of  salvinorin A . It is an   irreversible agonist , with a reactive  thiocyanate  group that forms a  bond  to the  κ-opioid receptor  (KOR), resulting in very high potency. [ 1 ]  It is  functionally selective , activating  G proteins  more potently than  β-arrestin-2 . [ 2 ]  RB-64 has a  bias factor  of up to 96 and is  analgesic  with fewer of the side-effects associated with unbiased KOR agonists. [ 3 ]  The analgesia is long-lasting. Compared with unbiased agonists, RB-64 evokes considerably less  receptor internalization .


Rebecsinib  ( 17S-FD-895 ) is an experimental  anticancer medication  derived by modification of the natural product  Pladienolide B , which acts as an inhibitor of splicing-mediated activation of the  enzyme   ADAR1 , and is in development as a potential treatment for  leukemia . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


A  receptor degrader  binds to a  receptor  and induces its breakdown, causing  down-regulation  of signaling of that receptor. It is distinct from the mechanism of action of  receptor antagonists  and  inverse agonists , which reduce receptor signaling but do not cause receptor breakdown. Examples include  selective estrogen receptor degraders  and  androgen receptor degraders , both developed for hormone-sensitive cancers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Reldesemtiv  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated to treat  amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . [ 1 ]  It is a  troponin  activator. [ 2 ]


A  release modulator , or  neurotransmitter release modulator , is a type of  drug  that  modulates  the  release  of one or more  neurotransmitters . Examples of release modulators include  monoamine releasing agents  such as the  substituted amphetamines  (which induce the release of  norepinephrine ,  dopamine , and/or  serotonin ) [ 1 ]  and  release inhibitors  such as  botulinum toxin A  (which inhibits  acetylcholine  release by inactivating  SNAP-25 , thereby preventing  exocytosis  from occurring). [ 2 ]


Remestemcel , sold under the brand name  Ryoncil , is an  allogeneic  bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal  cell therapy  used for the treatment of  graft-versus-host disease . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  Remestemcel contains mesenchymal stromal cells, which are a type of cell that can have various roles in the body and can differentiate into multiple other types of cells. [ 3 ]  These mesenchymal stromal cell are isolated from the bone marrow of healthy adult human donors. [ 3 ]


The most common adverse reactions include viral infectious disorders, bacterial infectious disorders, infection – pathogen unspecified, pyrexia, hemorrhage, edema, abdominal pain, and hypertension. [ 4 ]


Remestemcel was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2024. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Remestemcel is the first mesenchymal stromal cell therapy approved by the US  Food and Drug Administration . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Remestemcel is  indicated  for the treatment of steroid-refractory acute  graft-versus-host disease . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The safety and effectiveness of remestemcel were evaluated in a multicenter, single-arm study in 54 pediatric study participants with steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease after undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic (blood) stem cell transplantation. [ 4 ]  Study participants received intravenous infusion of remestemcel twice weekly for four consecutive weeks, for a total of eight infusions. [ 4 ]  Each study participant's condition at baseline was analyzed using the international blood and marrow transplantation registry severity index criteria (IBMTR) to evaluate which organs have been affected and the overall severity of the disease. [ 4 ]  The effectiveness of remestemcel was based primarily on the rate and duration of response to treatment 28 days after initiating remestemcel. [ 4 ]  Study participants who had a partial or mixed response to treatment—meaning that there was improved condition in one organ with either no change (partial) or worsening condition (mixed) in another organ—received additional infusions once weekly for an additional four weeks. [ 4 ]  Sixteen study participants (30%) had a complete response to treatment 28 days after receiving remestemcel, while 22 study participants (41%) had a partial response. [ 4 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) granted the application for remestemcel  fast track ,  orphan drug , and  priority review  designations. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  The FDA granted approval of Ryoncil to Mesoblast, Inc. [ 3 ]


Remestemcel was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2024. [ 2 ] [ 5 ]


Remestemcel is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 6 ]


Remestemcel-L is the  United States Adopted Name . [ 7 ]


Remibrutinib  is a  small molecule  drug that acts as a  Bruton's tyrosine kinase  (BTK) inhibitor. It is in development for the treatment of  chronic spontaneous urticaria . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  In November 2023, Novartis announced that the compound "demonstrated clinically meaningful and statistically significant reduction in urticaria activity vs placebo" in a Phase III trial. [ 3 ]


Joseph P. Remington  (March 26, 1847 – January 1, 1918) was a community  pharmacist , manufacturer, and educator. [ 1 ]  An active participant and a supporter of the International Pharmaceutical Congress, Remington served as president of the 7th Congress in  Chicago  in 1893. [ 2 ]


Remington was elected to the  American Philosophical Society  in 1899. [ 3 ]


The  Remington Medal  was established in 1918 and awarded by the  American Pharmacists Association . The award is considered the most prestigious award given in the profession of  pharmacy  in the  United States . [ 2 ]


Remternetug  is an experimental anti-amyloid  monoclonal antibody  that targets  pyroglutamate Aβ . It is developed by  Eli Lilly and Company . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Reparagen  is a joint health product that scientists at  Albany Medical College  ran clinical trials on to test the theory that the combination of  Uncaria guianensis  and  Lepidium meyenii  can turn on Insulin-like growth factor [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Resigratinib  ( KIN-3248 ) is an experimental  anticancer medication  which acts as a  fibroblast growth factor receptor  inhibitor (FGFRi) and is in early stage human  clinical trials . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Respimat , also known as  Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler , is a drug delivery device used for the treatment of  asthma ,  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  (COPD), and other respiratory conditions.


Its developer,  Boehringer Ingelheim , is currently [ when? ]  conducting approved in the U.S. with a variety of their products, such as  tiotropium  and  ipratropium/salbutamol .  According to the manufacturer, the reusability of the inhaler reduces its  carbon footprint  by 71%. [ 1 ]


Retatrutide  ( LY-3437943 ) is an experimental drug for  obesity  developed by American pharmaceutical company  Eli Lilly and Company . It is a triple  glucagon  hormone receptor agonist ( GLP-1 ,   GIP , and  GCGR  receptors). [ 1 ]  It has been shown to achieve a more than 17.5% mean weight reduction in adults without diabetes but with obesity or preobesity (overweight) during a  phase 2 trial . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


The drug is a peptide with amino acid sequence [ 5 ]


where superscript numbers refer to unique chemical modifications:


A  reuptake modulator , or  transporter modulator , is a type of  drug  which  modulates  the  reuptake  of one or more  neurotransmitters  via their respective  neurotransmitter transporters . Examples of reuptake modulators include  reuptake inhibitors  (transporter blockers) and  reuptake enhancers .


In the field of  drug discovery ,  reverse pharmacology [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  also known as  target-based drug discovery  (TDD), [ 4 ]  a hypothesis is first made that modulation of the activity of a specific  protein target  thought to be disease modifying will have beneficial therapeutic effects.   Screening  of  chemical libraries  of  small molecules  is then used to identify compounds that bind with high affinity to the target.  The hits from these screens are then used as starting points for drug discovery.  This method became popular after the  sequencing  of the  human genome  which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins.  This method is the most widely used in drug discovery today. [ 5 ]  Differently than the classical ( forward ) pharmacology, with the reverse pharmacology approach  in vivo  efficacy of identified active ( lead ) compounds is usually performed in the final  drug discovery  stages.


Reverse tolerance  or  drug sensitization  is a  pharmacological  phenomenon describing subjects' increased reaction (positive or negative) to a drug following its repeated use. [ 4 ]  Not all drugs are subject to reverse tolerance.


This is the opposite of  drug tolerance , in which the effect or the subject's reaction decreases following its repeated use. The two notions are not incompatible, and tolerance may sometimes lead to reverse tolerance. For example, heavy drinkers initially develop tolerance to alcohol, requiring them to drink larger amounts to achieve a similar effect, but as excessive drinking can cause  liver damage , this can then put this group at risk of intoxication when drinking even very small amounts of alcohol. [ 5 ]   Sensitization, a form of reverse tolerance, develops rapidly to the positive, euphoric effects of alcohol, but not to the physical effects, such as sedation and respiratory depression, which diminish with prolonged use.  This sensitization does not occur, however, with administration of benzodiazepines or neuroactive steroids, which only exhibit weakening of effect with repeated use.


Reverse tolerance can also occur in users of stimulants such as cocaine or amphetamines. A previously recreational dose may become enough to cause psychosis in regular users, or users who previously had a psychotic episode may be more likely to have one in the future and at lower doses once drug usage continues. [ 6 ]


In some cases drug sensitization may also refer to medical interventions (e.g. a  drug holiday ) that aim to reduce the insensitivity caused by drug tolerance.


Reverse transport , or  transporter reversal , is a phenomenon in which the  substrates  of a  membrane transport protein  are moved in the opposite direction to that of their typical movement by the transporter. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  Transporter reversal typically occurs when a membrane transport protein is  phosphorylated  by a particular  protein kinase , which is an  enzyme  that adds a  phosphate  group to  proteins . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The primary function of most  neurotransmitter transporters  is to facilitate  neurotransmitter reuptake  (i.e., the reabsorption of  neurotransmitters  by the cell which released them). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 6 ]  During neurotransmitter reuptake, neurotransmitter transporters will move specific types of neurotransmitters from the  extracellular space  into the  cytosol  of a  neuron  or  glial cell . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 6 ]   When these transporters operate in reverse, they produce  neurotransmitter efflux  (i.e., the movement of neurotransmitters from the cytosol to the extracellular space via transporter-mediated release, as opposed to  exocytotic  release). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  In neurons, transporter reversal facilitates the release of neurotransmitters into the  synaptic cleft , resulting in a higher concentration of synaptic neurotransmitters and increased signaling through the corresponding  neurotransmitter receptors .


For example,  monoamine releasing agents , such as  amphetamines , cause  monoamine neurotransmitter  efflux (i.e., the release of monoamine neurotransmitters from neurons into the synaptic cleft via  monoamine transporter -mediated release) by triggering reverse transport at  vesicular monoamine transporters  (specifically,  VMAT1  and  VMAT2 ) and other monoamine transporters that are located along the  plasma membrane  of neurons (specifically,  DAT ,  NET , and  SERT ). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 7 ]  The exact mechanisms by which amphetamines and other monoamine releasing agents mediate induction of reverse transport are poorly understood. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]  However, the process may involve  intracellular   calcium ion  (Ca 2+ ) elevation,  protein kinase C  (PKC) activation, and  Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha  (CaMKIIα) activation. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]


RG-7351  is a  trace amine-associated receptor 1  (TAAR1)  partial agonist  that is or was under development for the treatment of  major depressive disorder . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It reached  phase 1   clinical trials  for this indication in 2010. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ]  However, as of November 2023, no further recent development has been reported since July 2016. [ 1 ]  The drug was developed by  Hoffmann-La Roche . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ]


Rifasutenizol  is an  investigational new drug  developed by TenNor Therapeutics, primarily aimed at treating  Helicobacter pylori  infections. [ 1 ]  It is a novel multi-targeting small molecule that functions as a bacterial DNA-directed  RNA polymerase  inhibitor. [ 2 ]  This drug has been granted  Qualified Infectious Disease Product  and  Fast Track designations  by the  U.S. FDA . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


Rigerimod  (IPP-201101,  Lupuzor ) is a  polypeptide  corresponding to the sequence 131-151 of the  70k snRNP  protein with a serine phosphorylated in position 140. [ 1 ]


It gave encouraging results in a phase IIb trial for severe  lupus . [ 1 ]
Another phase IIb trial has started recruiting in the US. [ 2 ]


Rimoprogin  is an  antifungal  compound. [ 2 ]


Rindopepimut  (CDX-110) is an injectable  peptide   cancer vaccine [ 1 ]  which targets a mutant protein called  EGFRvIII  present in about 25% to 30% of  glioblastoma  cases. [ 2 ]


The vaccine consists of the EGFRv3-specific peptide (a 13- amino acid  mutant vIII  epitope [ 3 ] ) conjugated to the non-specific  immunomodulator   keyhole limpet hemocyanin  (KLH). [ 4 ]


The  US FDA  granted it  Breakthrough Therapy  designation for  glioblastoma  in Feb 2015 meaning that it might be able to get approval sooner if it is effective. [ 5 ]


The phase II ACT III study reported encouraging results in June 2015. [ 1 ]


The ReACT clinical trial for glioblastoma reported encouraging results in 2015. [ 2 ]


In March 2016 the phase III ACT IV trial  [ 6 ]  was terminated because it did not increase  overall survival . [ 7 ]


Rintodestrant  is an orally bioavailable  selective estrogen receptor degrader  (SERD) developed by  G1 Therapeutics  for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)  breast cancer . Structurally inspired by the 6-OH- benzothiophene  scaffold used in  arzoxifene  and  raloxifene , rintodestrant selectively binds to the  estrogen receptor  and inhibits ER signaling, demonstrating efficacy in endocrine-resistant tumors. [ 1 ]


A phase I clinical trial evaluated rintodestrant as monotherapy and in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor  palbociclib  in patients with ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer. [ 2 ]


RKI-1447  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the  enzyme   Rho kinase , with an IC 50  of 14.5 nM at  ROCK1  and 6.2 nM at  ROCK2 . It has been investigated for applications in  cancer  treatment, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  as well as  glaucoma , [ 4 ]  and  nonalcoholic fatty liver disease . [ 5 ]


RMC-9805  is an  investigational drug  that selectively targets the  G12D mutation  in  KRAS  dependent cancers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  RMC-9805 functions as  molecular glue  that forms a non-covalent ligand-mediated protein-protein interaction between  cyclophilin A  and GTP-bound RAS. Subsequent  covalent modification  of the mutant Asp12 residue affords selectivity over wild-type RAS. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


RMC-9805 is currently in a phase 1/1b clinical trial for the treatment of KRAS G12D-mutant solid tumors. [ 6 ]  Preliminary data indicated that KRAS G12D–mutant PDAC patients dosed at 1200 mg daily or 600 mg twice daily achieved a 30% objective response rate (n = 12) and 80% disease control rate (n = 32). [ 7 ]


RN-9893  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the  TRPV4   ion channel . It has been used to investigate the role of TRPV4 channels in the function of  heart valves . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Ro 3-0412  is an  acetylcholinesterase inhibitor . It is the  organophosphate   analog  of  neostigmine . [ 1 ]


Ro07-5220  ( 6'-Chlorodiclazepam ) is a  benzodiazepine  derivative with  sedative ,  anxiolytic ,  anticonvulsant  and  muscle relaxant  effects, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  which has been sold as a  designer drug . [ 4 ]


Ro07-9749  is a  benzodiazepine  derivative with  sedative  and  anxiolytic  effects, [ 1 ]  which has been used as an internal standard in the analysis of other benzodiazepines, [ 2 ]  and also sold as a  designer drug . [ 3 ]


Ro20-8065  ( 8-Chloronorflurazepam ) is a  benzodiazepine  derivative with  anticonvulsant  and  muscle relaxant  effects, [ 1 ]  which has been sold as a  designer drug . [ 2 ]


Ropsacitinib  ( PF-06826647 ) is a drug which is an orally active, selective  tyrosine kinase 2  (TYK2)  inhibitor . It has been researched for various autoimmune inflammatory conditions, primarily  plaque psoriasis . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Rovafovir etalafenamide  (development code  GS-9131 ) is an experimental drug for the treatment of  HIV-1 infection . [ 1 ]   Rovafovir etalafenamide is a  nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor  and  prodrug  of GS-9148.  Rovafovir etalafenamide itself has no antiviral activity, but once consumed it is metabolized through the  hydrolysis  of the phosphonoamidate group to generate the antiviral compound GS-9148. [ 1 ]


The drug is being  developed  by  Gilead Sciences . [ 2 ]


Rovafovir etalafenamide shows antiviral activity against viruses containing major mutations associated with resistance to the  nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitors  which are commonly used to treat  HIV/AIDS  infection. [ 1 ]


The methods by which the drug is synthesized has been published. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


Rozanolixizumab , sold under the brand name  Rystiggo , is a  monoclonal antibody  used for the treatment of  myasthenia gravis . [ 1 ]  Rozanolixizumab is a humanized and chimeric monoclonal antibody; [ 4 ]  and is a neonatal Fc receptor blocker. [ 1 ] [ 4 ]


The most common adverse reactions include headache, infections, diarrhea, pyrexia, hypersensitivity reactions, and nausea. [ 5 ]


Rozanolixizumab was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2023, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  and in the European Union in January 2024. [ 2 ]


Rozanolixizumab is  indicated  for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis in adults who are anti-acetylcholine receptor or anti-muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibody positive. [ 1 ] [ 9 ]


Rozanolixizumab is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 4 ]


In November 2023, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  (CHMP) of the  European Medicines Agency  (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Rystiggo, intended for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. [ 10 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is UCB Pharma. [ 10 ]  Rozanolixizumab was approved for medical use in the European Union in January 2024. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


RQ-00203078  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the  TRPM8   ion channel , which is the main receptor responsible for the sensation of  cold . It was developed as a potential  analgesic , and blocks the development of  hyperalgesia  following exposure to cold temperatures or chronic  morphine  administration. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Lithium chloride
 Potassium chloride
 Rubidium chloride
 Sodium chloride


Rubidium-82 chloride  is a form of  rubidium chloride  containing a radioactive isotope of  rubidium .  It is marketed under the brand name Cardiogen-82 by  Bracco Diagnostics  for use in  Myocardial perfusion imaging . [ 1 ]   It is rapidly taken up by  heart muscle  cells, and therefore can be used to identify regions of heart muscle that are receiving poor  blood flow  in a technique called  PET  perfusion imaging. [ 2 ]  The  half-life  of  rubidium-82  is only 1.27 minutes; it is normally produced at the place of use by rubidium generators. [ 3 ]


Ruzinurad  (SHR4640) is a selective  urate transporter 1  (URAT1) inhibitor in development for  hyperuricaemia  and  gout . It is developed by  Jiangsu Hengrui . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


RxList  is an online medical resource of US  prescription medications  providing full prescribing information and patient education. It was founded in 1995 by Neil Sandow, Pharm.D. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


RxList is an owned and operated site in the  WebMD  Consumer Network  [ 3 ]  and was acquired by WebMD in December 2004. [ 4 ]


RxList provides content written by  pharmacists  and physicians and data provided by credible sources including the  FDA , Cerner Multum, and  First Data Bank , Inc. [ 5 ]  RxList, as part of the WebMD Consumer Network, adheres to the same privacy policy as WebMD.com and is certified by  TRUSTe  . [ 6 ]


As of March 2023 [update]  RxList was ranked #14 in the eBizMBA Top 15 Best Health Websites. [ 7 ]


RxNorm  is US-specific terminology in  medicine  that contains all  medications  available on the US market. [ 1 ]  It can also be used in  personal health records  applications. [ citation needed ]  RxNorm is part of  Unified Medical Language System  (UMLS) terminology and is maintained by the  United States National Library of Medicine  (NLM). [ 2 ]


As of May 2017, [update]  NLM provides six  APIs  related to RxNorm. [ 3 ]  There is also a web application called RxMix that allows users to access the RxNorm APIs without writing their own programs. [ 4 ]


Sakigake  (さきがけ, lit. "pathfinder", "harbinger") is a drug designation by the  Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency , the pharmaceuticals regulator of  Japan . It was designed to provide easier access to novel advanced treatments. [ 1 ]  It is analogous to the  Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy  designation in the  United States  and the  Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product  designation in the  European Union .


The Sakigake designation was first announced as a pilot by the  Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare  on 17 June 2014. The designation system is part of a wider strategy, also named Sakigake, to promote  R&D  and improve access to new pharmaceuticals. [ 2 ]  The Pharmaceutical & Medical Device Act Amendments of 2019, which entered into force on 1 September 2020, made the Sakigake designation system a permanent fixture. [ 3 ]  While application for the Sakigake designation was only open for a short period every year, the permanent Sakigake regime is open year-round.


The Sakigake designation opens up the possibility for sponsors to seek pre-application consultations, which provide clients with a fixed-price multi-track review of their application. [ 4 ]


As of 31 December 2020 [update] , 24 drugs received Sakigake designation, but only 8 of these (33.33%) were approved. [ 3 ]


Salbutamol/budesonide , sold under the brand name  Airsupra , is a  fixed-dose combination  medication for the treatment of  bronchoconstriction  and  asthma . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is a combination of  salbutamol sulfate  (albuterol sulfate), a short-acting  beta2-adrenergic agonist , and  budesonide , an inhaled  corticosteroid . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is inhaled using a pressurized  metered-dose inhaler . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The most common side effects include headache,  oral candidiasis , cough, and difficulty speaking. [ 2 ]


Salbutamol/budesonide was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2023. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It is the first combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and a short-acting beta-agonist to be approved by the US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA). [ 2 ]  It is the first product containing an inhaled corticosteroid to be approved by the FDA as a reliever treatment (rather than as a controller) for asthma. [ 2 ]


Salbutamol/budesonide is  indicated  for the as-needed treatment or prevention of bronchoconstriction and to reduce the risk of asthma attacks. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The efficacy of salbutamol/budesonide to reduce the risk of severe asthma attacks was evaluated in participants with moderate to severe asthma in MANDALA (NCT03769090), a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. [ 2 ]


Salicyluric acid  is the  glycine   conjugate  of  salicylic acid  and is the primary form in which salicylates are  excreted  from the body, [ 1 ]  via the  kidneys . The pathway is very similar to the pathway of  benzoic acid  excretion as  hippuric acid .


Samarium ( 153 Sm) lexidronam  (chemical name  Samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate , abbreviated   Samarium-153 EDTMP , trade name  Quadramet ) is a  chelated complex  of a  radioisotope  of the  element   samarium  with  EDTMP . It is used to treat pain when  cancer  has spread to the  bone . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


It is  injected into a vein  and distributed throughout the body, where it is preferentially absorbed in areas where cancer has invaded the bone. The radioisotope  153 Sm, with a  half-life  of 46.3 hours, decays by emitting  beta particles  ( electrons ), which kill the nearby cells. Pain begins to improve in the first week for most people and the effects can last several months. It is commonly used in  lung cancer ,  prostate cancer ,  breast cancer , and  osteosarcoma .


Side effects [ 3 ]  include the following:


Samarium lexidronam is supplied as a frozen solution for intravenous use with an activity of 50±5  mCi /mL [ 4 ]  and a maximum beta energy of 0.808  MeV . [ 5 ]  Due to the short half-life of the radioisotope, the drug expires 56 hours after the noted calibration time. [ 4 ]


Samelisant  ( INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name ; developmental code name  SUVN-G3031 ) is an  experimental   wakefulness-promoting agent  acting as a  selective   histamine   H 3  receptor   inverse agonist  which is under development for the treatment of  narcolepsy . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It was also under development for the treatment of  cognition disorders  and  Parkinson's disease , but no recent development has been reported for these indications. [ 1 ] [ 3 ]  As of June 2024, samelisant is in  phase 2   clinical trials  for the treatment of narcolepsy. [ 1 ] [ 5 ]


Saralasin  is a  competitive   angiotensin II receptor antagonist  with  partial agonistic  activity. The aminopeptide sequence for saralasin differs from  angiotensin II  at three sites:


Saruparib  is a  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of cancer. [ 1 ]  It first-in-class selective inhibitor of  poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1  (PARP1), designed to treat cancers with  homologous recombination repair  (HRR) deficiencies as a result of mutations in  BRCA1 ,  BRCA2 ,  PALB2 ,  RAD51C , or  RAD51D  genes. [ 2 ]


SB-228357  is a  drug  which acts as a  selective   antagonist  of the  serotonin   5-HT 2B  and  5-HT 2C   receptors . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


It has  antidepressant  and  anxiolytic  effects in  animal models [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  and inhibits 5-HT 2B  mediated  proliferation  of  cardiac   fibroblasts . [ 3 ]  It has also been found to reverse  meta -chlorophenylpiperazine  (mCPP)-induced  hypolocomotion [ 2 ]  and to attenuate  haloperidol -induced  catalepsy . [ 1 ]


The drug was under development by  GlaxoSmithKline  for the treatment of  major depressive disorder  and  anxiety disorders . [ 4 ]  It reached the  preclinical research  phase of development. [ 4 ]  However, development of the drug was discontinued. [ 4 ]


SB-705498  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective blocker of the  TRPV1   ion channel . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It has been evaluated in  clinical trials  for the treatment of  rhinitis  and  chronic cough . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


SCH 900271  is a  nicotinic acid  derivative designed to treat  dyslipidemia . It reduced plasma  free fatty acids  levels, but without significant  flushing , a side effect common with  niacin  that limits its usefulness. SCH 900271 is currently in human trials. [ 1 ]


SCH-202,596  is a  natural product  which is a metabolite derived from an  Aspergillus  fungus. It acts as a selective non-peptide  antagonist  for the receptor  GAL-1 , which is usually activated by the  neuropeptide   galanin . SCH-202,596 is used for scientific research into this still little characterised receptor subtype. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


SCH-79687  is a  histamine antagonist  selective for the  H 3  subtype . [ 1 ]


SCH-79797  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist of the  thrombin  receptor  proteinase activated receptor 1  (PAR1). [ 1 ]  It has  anticoagulant ,  anticonvulsant  and  antiinflammatory  effects and has been researched as a treatment for  heart attack  and  stroke , though never developed for medical use. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  It also shows  antibiotic  actions which are not shared with other PAR1 antagonists such as  vorapaxar , so may be mediated through a different target than PAR1. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


SCHEMBL19952957  is an  oxadiazole  based  antibiotic , originally developed in 2014 as a potential treatment for infections with  methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA) and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Subsequently, it has been found to be useful against  Clostridioides difficile  as it not only kills active bacteria but also inhibits the germination of the dormant spores which can otherwise often lead to persistent infections that repeatedly recur upon cessation of antibiotic treatment. While it is still only being researched in animals at this stage, this dual action is a significant advance over existing antibiotics, and it is likely that drugs from this class may be developed as new medications for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections in humans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Heinz Otto Schild   FRS  (18 May 1906–15 June 1984), was a pharmacologist now known for the development of the  Schild plot . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


H.O. Schild was born into a Jewish family in what was  Fiume , Austria-Hungary, and is now  Rijeka , Croatia. During the rise of fascism he was schooled in Munich (from 1915) then Budapest (from 1917). [ 1 ]  He studied medicine in Munich and Berlin in the 1920s, with later studies focused on Pharmacology. In 1932s he moved to England to work in  Henry Dale 's laboratory, working also with  John Gaddum .


In 1937 he married Mireille Madeline Haquin.


As an enemy alien (in his case, an Italian citizen) in the UK before the  Second World War , he was interned during 1939-1940 on the Isle of Man. [ 2 ]  However, his release from the camp was eventually secured by appeals from the scientific community; he stayed in Britain and gained British citizenship in 1948. [ 1 ]


He is particularly known for: [ 2 ]


Scriptaid  is a drug which acts as a  histone deacetylase inhibitor , and was one of the first compounds discovered via  high-throughput screening  that acts at this target. [ 1 ]  Scriptaid itself was never developed for medical applications, but led to the development of structurally related drugs such as  vorinostat , which have been accepted into clinical use. Most early research using these compounds focused on their  anti-cancer  activity, [ 2 ]  but more recent research has found scriptaid to be useful in other applications such as  cloning  and research into regulation of metabolism. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Sebetralstat  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of  hereditary angioedema . [ 1 ]   It is a  plasma kallikrein  inhibitor. [ 2 ]


Selatogrel  is a  P2Y 12  inhibitor [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  that has been proposed as a treatment for  acute myocardial infarction . [ 3 ]


A  selective PPAR modulator  ( SPPARM ) is a  selective receptor modulator  of the  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor  (PPAR). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  Examples include SPPARMs of the  PPARγ ,  BADGE ,  EPI-001 ,  INT-131 ,  MK-0533 , and  S26948 .


In the field of  pharmacology , a  selective receptor modulator  or  SRM  is a type of  drug  that has different effects in different tissues. [ 1 ]   A SRM may behave as an  agonist  in some tissues while as an  antagonist  in others.  Hence selective receptor modulators are sometimes referred to as  tissue selective drugs  or  mixed agonists / antagonists . This tissue selective behavior is in contrast to many other drugs that behave either as agonists or antagonists regardless of the tissue in question.


Classes of selective receptor modulators include:


Selfotel  ( CGS-19755 ) is a drug which acts as a competitive  NMDA antagonist , directly competing with  glutamate  for binding to the receptor. [ 1 ]  Initial studies showed it to have  anticonvulsant ,  anxiolytic ,  analgesic  and  neuroprotective  effects, [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  and it was originally researched for the treatment of  stroke , [ 4 ]  but subsequent animal and human studies showed  phencyclidine -like effects, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  as well as limited efficacy and evidence for possible  neurotoxicity  under some conditions, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]  and so clinical development was ultimately discontinued. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]


Senaparib  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated to treat  ovarian cancer . [ 1 ]  It is a  PARP inhibitor . [ 2 ]


Sepetaprost  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of  open angle glaucoma  and  ocular hypertension . [ 1 ]   It is an agonist of the prostaglandin  EP3  and  F receptors . [ 2 ]


A  serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent  ( SNDRA ), also known as a  triple releasing agent  ( TRA ), is a type of  drug  which induces the  release  of  serotonin ,  norepinephrine / epinephrine , and  dopamine  in the  brain  and body. SNDRAs produce  euphoriant ,  entactogen , and  psychostimulant  effects, and are almost exclusively encountered as  recreational drugs .


A closely related type of drug is a  serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor  (SNDRI).


Examples of SNDRAs include specific  amphetamines  such as  MDMA ,  MDA ,  4-methylamphetamine ,  methamphetamine  (in high doses), certain  substituted benzofurans  such as  5-APB  and  6-APB ,  naphthylisopropylamine ;  cathinones  such as  mephedrone  and  methylone ;  tryptamines  such as  αMT  and  αET ; along with agents of other  chemical classes  such as  4,4'-DMAR , and  5-IAI . [ 1 ]  αET and αMT are of special notability among SNDRAs in that those tryptamines were once used as  pharmaceutical drugs , specifically as  antidepressants , but were withdrawn shortly after introduction in the 1960s due to problems with  toxicity  and  recreational use . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Such tryptamines were originally thought to act as  monoamine oxidase inhibitors  (MAOIs) before the signature monoamine-releasing actions were elucidated. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Many years after being withdrawn, αET was also determined to produce  serotonergic  neurotoxicity, similarly to MDMA and various other SNDRAs; the same is very likely true for αMT as well, although it has not specifically been assessed. [ 5 ]


A  serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent  ( SNRA ) is a type of  drug  which induces the  release  of  serotonin  and  norepinephrine  (and  epinephrine ) in the body and/or brain.


Only a few SNRAs are known, examples of which include  norfenfluramine ,  ( R )-MDMA ,  MBDB , and  MDAI .  Fenfluramine  produces norfenfluramine as a major active metabolite and hence is an SNRA similarly. It was formerly used as an  appetite suppressant  for the treatment of  obesity . ( R )-MDMA, MBDB, and MDAI are  entactogens .


A closely related type of drug is a  serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor  (SNRI).


Serovera  is a  nutritional supplement  marketed by TeamTrade, Inc. As of October 2022, Serovera products were formulated to support immune and digestive health. It is sold at retailers as well as through direct  Internet marketing .


Currently sold in the  United States , Serovera contains the stabilized and isolated agent  aloe   mucilaginous   polysaccharide . Like many  nutraceuticals , its efficacy is questionable. [ 1 ]


Serovera promotes itself as being created by Dr. Ivan Danhof. Various other doctors, including Lawrence Plaskett, John C. Pittman, Jeffrey Bland, Julian J. Blitz, James W. Smith, and Bruce Eric Hedendal, have contributed to and written articles regarding the uses of aloe mucilaginous polysaccharides. These articles suggest that consumption of aloe polysaccharides may have a beneficial effect on the body. [ 2 ]


Serplulimab  is a  monoclonal antibody  used for the treatment of  cancers . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


It was approved for medical use in China in 2022, for the treatment of microsatellite instability-high  solid tumors [ 2 ]  and squamous  non-small cell lung cancer , [ 3 ]  and in 2023 for the treatment of extensive-stage  small cell lung cancer  (ES-SCLC) and  esophageal squamous cell carcinoma . [ 4 ]


In December 2023, the  Indonesian Food and Drug Authority  approved serplulimab for medical use in Indonesia.  [ 5 ]


In September 2024, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  of the  European Medicines Agency  adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Hetronifly, intended for the treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). [ 1 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is Henlius Europe GmbH. [ 1 ]


Serplulimab is the  International nonproprietary name . [ 6 ]