Futibatinib , sold under the brand name  Lytgobi , is an  anti-cancer medication  used for the treatment of  cholangiocarcinoma  (bile duct cancer). [ 1 ] [ 3 ]  It is a kinase inhibitor. [ 1 ] [ 6 ]  It is taken  by mouth . [ 1 ]


Futibatinib was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2022, [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 7 ] [ 2 ]  in Japan in June 2023 [ 8 ] [ 9 ]  and in the European Union in July 2023. [ 4 ] [ 10 ]


Futibatinib is  indicated  for the treatment of adults with previously treated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma harboring fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene fusions or other rearrangements. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 2 ] [ 11 ]


On 26 April 2023, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  (CHMP) of the  European Medicines Agency  (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a conditional marketing authorization for the medicinal product Lytgobi, intended for the second-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma characterized by fusion or rearrangements of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2. [ 12 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is Taiho Pharma Netherlands B.V. [ 12 ]  Futibatinib was approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2023. [ 4 ]


Futibatinib is the  international nonproprietary name  (INN). [ 13 ]


Gadobenic acid  ( INN , brand name  Multihance ) is a complex of  gadolinium  with the  ligand  BOPTA. In the form of the  methylglucamine  salt  meglumine gadobenate  ( INNm ) or  gadobenate dimeglumine  ( USAN ), it is used as a  gadolinium-based MRI contrast medium . [ 4 ]


BOPTA is a derivative of  DTPA  in which one terminal  carboxyl group , –C(O)OH is replaced by -C–O–CH 2 C 6 H 5 . Thus gadobenic acid is closely related to  gadopentetic acid . BOPTA itself was first synthesized in 1995. [ 5 ]  In the "gadobenate" ion gadolinium ion is 9- coordinate  with BOPTA acting as an 8-coordinating ligand. The ninth position is occupied by a water molecule, which exchanges rapidly with water molecules in the immediate vicinity of the strongly  paramagnetic  complex, providing a mechanism for  MRI contrast enhancement .  139 La NMR studies on the diamagnetic La-BOPTA 2−  complex suggest that the Gd complex maintains in solution the same kind of  coordination  as found, by  X-ray crystallography , in the  solid state  for Gd-BOPTA disodium salt. [ 5 ]


Gadofosveset  (trade names  Vasovist ,  Ablavar ) is a  gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent . It was used as the trisodium salt monohydrate form. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It acts as a  blood pool agent  by binding to  human serum albumin . The manufacturer ( Lantheus Medical ) discontinued production in 2017 due to poor sales. [ 4 ]


Gadofosveset consists of a  gadolinium  cation bound to the  chelating agent  fosveset.  It facilitates high-resolution  magnetic resonance angiography . [ 5 ]  Ferumoxytol (trade names Feraheme, Rienso), an intravenous iron-replacement therapy, has been shown to potentially be superior to gadofosveset as a blood pool agent for MR venography in pediatric patients. [ 6 ]


Gadopiclenol , sold under the brand name  Elucirem  among others, is a  contrast agent  used with  magnetic resonance imaging  (MRI) to detect and visualize lesions with abnormal vascularity in the central nervous system and in the body. [ 2 ] [ 7 ]  Gadopiclenol is a paramagnetic macrocyclic non-ionic complex of  gadolinium . [ 2 ]


Gadopiclenol was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2022, [ 2 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]  and in the European Union in December 2023. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Gadopiclenol has a higher  relaxivity  compared with standard gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). The higher relaxivity allows for a lower dose of gadopiclenol, reducing the total amount of gadolinium administered to the patient while preserving imaging quality. Gadopiclenol was approved by the FDA with a recommended dose of 0.05 mmol/kg for adults and pediatric patients aged 2 years and older. This is half the dose of standard macrocyclic GBCAs, which have a recommended dose of 0.1 mmol/kg. [ 2 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]


Gadopiclenol was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2022 by the  Food and Drug Administration . [ 2 ] [ 12 ]


In October 2023, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  (CHMP) of the  European Medicines Agency  (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Elucirem, intended for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve detection and, visualization of pathologies when diagnostic information is essential and not available with unenhanced MRI. [ 3 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is Guerbet. [ 3 ]  In October 2023, the CHMP adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Vueway, intended for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve detection and, visualization of pathologies when diagnostic information is essential and not available with unenhanced MRI. [ 5 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is Bracco Imaging S.p.A. [ 5 ]  Gadopiclenol was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2023. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Gadopiclenol is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 13 ]


Gadopiclenol is sold under the brand names Elucirem and Vueway. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Gadoteridol  ( INN ) is a  gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent , used particularly in the imaging of the  central nervous system . It is sold under the brand name  ProHance . [ 3 ]  Gadoteridol was first approved for use in the United States in 1992. [ 4 ]


This article about  magnetic resonance imaging  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Gadoversetamide  is a  gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent , particularly for imaging of the  brain ,  spine  and  liver . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is marketed under the trade name  OptiMARK .


Gadoxetic acid  is a  gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent . [ 4 ]  Its salt,  gadoxetate disodium , is marketed as  Primovist  in Europe and  Eovist  in the United States by  Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals . [ 2 ] [ 5 ]


It is used to increase the T1 signal intensity while imaging the liver lesions such as benign cysts, hemangioma, and liver cancer. It is excreted into bile by active secretion. [ 6 ]


In those with end-stage renal failure, the clearance rate is only 17% with terminal half-life of 12 times longer than those with normal renal function. [ 6 ]


A  gallipot  is a small  jar , traditionally of glazed earthenware, used by  apothecaries  for holding  ointment  or  medicine . [ 1 ]  In the 21st century, gallipots are available in plastic as well.


The term  gallipot , recorded from the 15th century, may derive from the idea of pots originally imported in  galleys , [ 2 ]  and has also been used for small pots used for other purposes – such as preparing an individual portion of custard [ 3 ]  or melting wax while making  fishing flies . [ 4 ]


The 16th-century Gallipot Inn in  Hartfield , Sussex, England, is said to take its name "from the small glazed earthenware pots made to contain medicines and ointments that were once produced on-site". [ 5 ]


Gallipots in a variety of shapes are held in several museums.


This tool article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Gamithromycin , sold under the brand name  Zactran , is a  veterinary medication  used for the treatment of cattle, pigs, and sheep. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  It is a macrolide antibacterial. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It is a 7a- azalide . [ 6 ]


It was approved for veterinary use in the European Union in 2008. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


In the EU, gamithromycin is  indicated  for the treatment and prevention of  bovine respiratory disease  in cattle,  swine respiratory disease  in pigs, and infectious  pododermatitis  (foot rot) in sheep. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 6 ]


In the US, gamithromycin is indicated for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. [ 1 ]


Garadacimab  is an experimental  human monoclonal antibody  under investigation for the treatment of  hereditary angioedema . [ 1 ]  Garadacimab is a monoclonal antibody against the activated coagulation factor XIIa (FXIIa), with potential anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activities. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Garadacimab is a fully human, recombinant, IgG4 lambda monoclonal antibody that binds to the catalytic domain of activated factor XII (FXIIa). [ 1 ]  FXIIa is the first factor activated in the contact system, which leads to the production of bradykinin. [ 1 ]  The inhibition of FXIIa therefore prevents the activation of prekallikrein into kallikrein and the generation of bradykinin, which is associated with inflammation and swelling in attacks of hereditary angioedema. [ 1 ]


In December 2024, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  of the  European Medicines Agency  (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Andembry, intended for the prevention of recurrent attacks of hereditary angioedema. [ 1 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is CSL Behring GmbH. [ 1 ]


Garadacimab was designated an orphan medicine by the EMA. [ 1 ]


Garadacimab is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 4 ]


Immune activation :  Dostarlimab
 Other:   Ibalizumab


The  Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership  ( GARDP ) is a Swiss nonprofit pharmaceutical research and development organization that aims to assist  antibiotic   drug development  to counter the threat of  antibiotic resistance . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It was founded in 2016 by the  World Health Organization  and the  Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  GARDP became a Swiss foundation in 2018. [ 4 ]


This organization-related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


This  medical  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Gasping syndrome  is a life-threatening condition characterized by  multi-system failure ,  death  and other symptoms resulting from  benzyl alcohol  poisoning. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The symptoms caused by benzyl alcohol exposure include  respiratory failure ,  hypotension ,  renal failure , severe  metabolic acidosis ,  hematologic  abnormalities,  convulsions ,  paralysis  gradual  neurologic deterioration ,  cardiovascular collapse , sudden onset of  gasping respiration ,  skin changes  and  vasodilation . [ 3 ]


Generally recognized as safe and effective  (abbreviated as  GRASE ,  GRAS/E , or  GRAS/GRAE ) is designation for certain old drugs that do not require prior approval from the  U.S. Food and Drug Administration  in order to enter the  United States  marketplace because they are generally recognized as safe and effective by medical professionals.


The  Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act  defines a " new drug ", which requires prior approval, as any drug "the composition of which is such that such drug is not generally recognized, among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of drugs, as safe and effective for use under the conditions prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the labeling." [ 1 ]


"Safe and effective" is always conditional on following the directions. For example,  aspirin  can be lethal when taken in large amounts but is approved to be GRAS/E by FDA for  over-the-counter  use as directed.


FDA has acknowledged the possible existence of drugs that could be considered GRAS/E that they have not found to be GRAS/E yet. As FDA stated in its 2006 Guidance on Marketed Unapproved drugs: "A product would not be considered a new drug if it is generally recognized as safe and effective (GRAS/GRAE) and has been used to a material extent and for a material time… As mentioned above, the Agency believes it is not likely that any currently marketed prescription drug product is grandfathered or is otherwise not a new drug. However, the Agency recognizes that it is at least theoretically possible." [ 2 ]


The  Generic Product Identifier  ( GPI ) is a 14-character  hierarchical classification  system created by Wolters Kluwer's Medi-Span that identifies drugs from their primary therapeutic use down to the unique interchangeable product regardless of manufacturer or package size. The code consists of seven subsets, each providing increasingly more specific information about a drug available with a prescription in the United States. The GPI is created and maintained by UpToDate, Inc a Wolters Kluwer Company.


The GPI defines Drug Group, Drug Class, Drug Subclass, Drug Base Name, Drug Name, Dose Form, and GPI Name in a codified manner. The first six characters of the GPI define the therapeutic class code, the next two pairs the drug name, and the last four define route, dosage or strength. For example GPI 58-20-00-60-10-01-05 is for the drug  nortriptyline  HCl cap 10 mg (an  antidepressant ) and can be further classified as follows: [ 1 ]


Alternate drug classification systems include the AHFS Drug Information brand run by the  American Society of Health-System Pharmacists  and  First DataBank 's Generic Sequence Number (GSN) also known as the Clinical Formulation ID or formerly as Generic Code Number Sequence Number (GCN Seq No). [ citation needed ]


Wolters Kluwer  provides a database under their Medi-Span brand called Medi-Span Electronic Drug File v2.5 that provides this therapeutic classification system which can be mapped to other prescription drug classification codes commonly used for payment and analysis in the United States Health Care System. This classification system is used in conjunction with other embedded drug information like adverse drug effects, drug interactions, drug dosing, and more. [ citation needed ]


Gentamicin/betamethasone valerate/clotrimazole  is a fixed dose combination veterinary drug, sold under the trade name  Otomax . [ 1 ]  It is a suspension for  otic  use in dogs. The active ingredients are  gentamicin ,  betamethasone valerate  and  clotrimazole .


This drug product is used for treatment of acute external  otitis . It is also used for the treatment of short term exacerbation of acute signs of chronic external otitis of bacterial and fungal origin due to bacteria susceptibility to gentamicin. This includes bacteria such as Staphylococcus intermedius  and fungi susceptible to clotrimazole, in particular  Malassezia pachydermatis .


The normal treatment is twice daily for a duration of seven days. The dosage amount varies and should be as prescribed by a veterinarian.


Otomax is a  prescription medication  only licensed for use in dogs. [ 1 ]


This  veterinary medicine –related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Gildeuretinol  is an  investigational new drug  being developed by Alkeus Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of retinal diseases, particularly  Stargardt disease  and  geographic atrophy  secondary to  age-related macular degeneration  (AMD). Stargardt disease is caused by a defect in the  ABCA4  gene that clears toxic byproducts resulting from the dimerization of  vitamin A .  Gildeuretinol is a  deuterated  derivative of Vitamin A that is designed to reduce the dimerization of vitamin A without affecting the visual cycle. [ 1 ]


Gildeuretinol has received  breakthrough therapy  and  orphan drug  designations from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [ 2 ]


Giredestrant  is an investigational oral  selective estrogen receptor degrader  (SERD) being developed for the treatment of  estrogen receptor -positive (ER+)  breast cancer . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is a potent, nonsteroidal compound that antagonizes estrogen effects by competitively binding to both wild-type and mutant estrogen receptors with nanomolar potency. [ 1 ] [ 3 ]  Giredestrant works by inducing an inactive conformation of the estrogen receptor ligand-binding domain and promoting  proteasome -mediated degradation of the receptor protein. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


In clinical trials, giredestrant has been evaluated in patients with ER+ breast cancer, including those with ESR1 mutations, both as a single agent and in combination with other therapies. [ 2 ] [ 6 ]  Its orally  bioavailable . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Glass of antimony ,  vitrum antimonii , is a yellow to red, translucent  glass  created from a preparation of antimony, though historically used as an  emetic , the glass was a subject of much interest from alchemists due to its unusual properties. It was created using crude  antimony , ground and calcined by a vehement fire, in an earthen  crucible , until it no longer fumed, indicating that its  sulfur  was evaporated. The remaining substance ( antimony trioxide ) was then  vitrified  in a wind  furnace , and stirred with an iron rod, upon which it became translucent and displayed a ruddy and shining yellow-red color. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


It has been considered the strongest emetic of any preparation of antimony. Yet, if dissolved in  spirit of urine , it ceased to be either emetic or  cathartic . [ 3 ]


This  glass  material related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


In  molecular biology  and  biochemistry ,  glycoconjugates  are the classification family for  carbohydrates  – referred to as  glycans  – which are  covalently linked  with  chemical species  such as  proteins ,  peptides ,  lipids , and other compounds. [ 1 ]  Glycoconjugates are formed in processes termed  glycosylation .


Glycoconjugates are very important compounds in  biology  and consist of many different categories such as  glycoproteins ,  glycopeptides ,  peptidoglycans ,  glycolipids ,  glycosides , and  lipopolysaccharides .  They are involved in  cell –cell interactions, including  cell–cell recognition ; in cell– matrix  interactions; in detoxification processes.


Generally, the carbohydrate part(s) play an integral role in the function of a glycoconjugate; prominent examples of this are  neural cell adhesion molecule  (NCAM) and  blood proteins  where fine details in the carbohydrate structure determine cell binding (or not) or lifetime in circulation.


Although the important molecular species  DNA ,  RNA ,  ATP ,  cAMP ,  cGMP ,  NADH ,  NADPH , and  coenzyme A  all contain a carbohydrate part, generally they are not considered as glycoconjugates.


Glycocojugates of carbohydrates covalently linked to antigens and protein scaffolds can achieve a long term immunological response in the body. [ 2 ]  Immunization with glycoconjugates successfully induced long term immune memory against carbohydrates antigens. Glycoconjugate vaccines was introduced since the 1990s have yielded effective results against  influenza  and  meningococcus . [ 3 ]


In 2021 glycoRNAs were observed for the first time. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Glycopyrronium tosylate , sold under the brand name  Qbrexza  among others, is a  medication  used for the treatment of primary  axillary hyperhidrosis . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


It was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2018, [ 4 ]  and in Japan in January 2022. [ 5 ]


The  Graduate of Pharmacy  ( Ph.G. ) is an obsolete academic  pharmacy  degree. It was superseded by the  Bachelor of Pharmacy  degree (B.Pharm.) in the early part of the 20th century. [ 1 ]


GRC-6211  is a drug developed by  Glenmark Pharmaceuticals  which acts as a potent and selective  antagonist  for the  TRPV1  receptor. It has  analgesic  and  antiinflammatory  effects and reached  Phase IIb  human trials, but was ultimately discontinued from development as a medicine, though it continues to have applications in scientific research. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Gridegalutamide  is an investigational oral androgen receptor (AR) degrader being developed for the treatment of  metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer  (mCRPC). It belongs to a class of drugs called  proteolysis targeting chimeras  (PROTACs), which are designed to selectively degrade specific proteins by hijacking the  ubiquitin-proteasome system . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  CC-94676 employs a unique dual mechanism of action, combining AR degradation with  AR antagonism , potentially offering advantages over traditional AR inhibitors in overcoming resistance mechanisms. [ 3 ]  Initially developed by  Celgene  and now under  Bristol Myers Squibb , CC-94676 has demonstrated AR protein degradation and suppression of tumor growth in CRPC mouse models. [ 2 ]  As of 2024, CC-94676 is being evaluated in phase I clinical trials for patients with mCRPC who have progressed on androgen-deprivation therapy and at least one prior secondary hormonal therapy. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


GSK-4112  is an experimental drug that was developed by  GlaxoSmithKline  as an agonist of  Rev-ErbAα . [ 1 ]  It is used for studying regulation of the  circadian rhythm  and its influence on diverse processes such as  adipogenesis , [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  regulation of  bone density , [ 4 ]  and  inflammation . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


GSK-971086  is an  investigational new drug  that is a  selective androgen receptor modulator  (SARM) that was being developed by  GlaxoSmithKline  (GSK) for the potential treatment of  sarcopenia . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  As a SARM, GSK-971086 was designed to target  androgen receptors  in specific tissues, potentially offering therapeutic benefits for muscle wasting conditions while minimizing unwanted  androgenic  side effects. The compound underwent early-stage clinical trials to evaluate its safety, tolerability, and  pharmacokinetic  profile in human subjects. [ 3 ]


GSK-2849466  is an  investigational new drug  that is a  selective androgen receptor modulator  (SARM) that was being developed by  GlaxoSmithKline  (GSK). This experimental compound reached  Phase I clinical trials  for the treatment of  cachexia  and  heart failure . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  However, as of February 2014, GSK discontinued the development of GSK-2849466 for both indications after completing Phase I studies. [ 2 ]


GSK1016790A  (aka  GSK101 ) is a drug developed by  GlaxoSmithKline  which acts as a potent and selective  agonist  for the  TRPV4  receptor. It has been used to study the role of TRPV4 receptors in the function of  smooth muscle  tissue, particularly that lining blood vessels,  lymphatic system , and the  bladder . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


GSK2881078  is a  drug  which acts as a  selective androgen receptor modulator  (SARM). It was developed for the prevention of  muscle wasting  and  sarcopenia  in  elderly  people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


In a phase II trial the drug was shown to be well tolerated and increased muscle strength in men with  COPD . [ 4 ]


Guaifenesin/codeine  is a  fixed-dose combination   cold medicine  used for the treatment of cough. [ 1 ]  It contains  guaifenesin , an  expectorant ; and  codeine , as the phosphate, an  opioid   antitussive . [ 1 ]  It is taken  by mouth . [ 1 ]


It was approved for medical use in the United States in 2006. [ 1 ]  In 2022, it was the 272nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Guaifenesin/codeine is available under multiple brand names including Allfen CD, Antituss AC, Bitex, Bron-Tuss, Brontex, Cheracol with Codeine, Cheratussin, Cheratussin AC, Codafen, Codar GF, Coditussin AC, Dex-Tuss, Diabetic Tussin C, Duraganidin NR, ExeClear-C, G Tussin AC, Gani-Tuss NR, Glydeine, Guaiatussin AC, Guaiatussin AC Sugar Free, Guaifen AC, Guaifenesin AC, Guiatuss AC, Guiatussin with Codeine, Halotussin AC, Iophen, Iophen-C NR, M-Clear, M-Clear WC, Mar-cof CG, Maxi-Tuss AC, Mytussin AC, Relcof C, Robafen AC, Robichem AC, Robitussin AC, Romilar AC, Tussi Organidin, Tussiden C, Tusso-C, Virtussin A/C, and Virtussin AC. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


Gusacitinib  ( ASN002 ) is an investigational drug which acts as a pan- Janus kinase inhibitor , binding with similar affinity at  JAK1 ,  JAK2 ,  JAK3  and  TYK2 , and also inhibiting  spleen tyrosine kinase  (SYK). [ 1 ]  It is taken orally and was developed for the treatment of  eczema  and  dermatitis . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


GW 788388  is a synthetic compound which acts as a potent and selective inhibitor for  TGF beta receptor 1 . [ 1 ]  It has applications in research into various disorders such as liver, kidney and heart disease (especially associated with  Chagas disease ), [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]  and potential  antiviral  properties. [ 7 ]


An  H5N8 vaccine  is an  influenza vaccine  intended to provide  acquired immunity  against H5 subtype influenza A viruses. [ 1 ]  It is given via  Intramuscular injection . [ 1 ]


Zoonotic influenza vaccine Seqirus  is authorized for use in the European Union. [ 1 ]  It contains a flu strain called A/Astrakhan/3212/2020 (H5N8)-like strain (CBER-RG8A) (clade 2.3.4.4b). [ 1 ]  Zoonotic influenza vaccine Seqirus was considered to be the best candidate to provide protection against circulating H5 influenza A strains. [ 1 ]


The most common side effects include reactions at the site of injection (swelling, pain, redness and hardening of the skin), myalgia (muscle pain), headache, tiredness, chills and feeling generally unwell. [ 1 ]


Zoonotic Influenza Vaccine Seqirus H5N8 is  indicated  for active immunization against H5 subtype influenza A viruses in adults 18 years of age and older. [ 1 ]


The European Commission arranged for a supply of zoonotic influenza vaccine. [ 2 ]


The  Hausner ratio  is a number that is correlated to the  flowability  of a  powder  or  granular material . It is named after the engineer Henry H. Hausner (1900–1995). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The Hausner ratio is calculated by the formula


where

 ρ

 B

 {\displaystyle \rho _{B}}

  is the freely settled  bulk density  of the powder, and

 ρ

 T

 {\displaystyle \rho _{T}}

  is the tapped bulk density of the powder. The Hausner ratio is not an absolute property of a material; its value can vary depending on the methodology used to determine it.


The Hausner ratio is used in a wide variety of industries  [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  as an indication of the flowability of a powder. [ 8 ]   A Hausner ratio greater than 1.25 - 1.4 [ 9 ]  is considered to be an indication of poor flowability.  The Hausner ratio (H) is related to the  Carr index  (C), another indication of flowability, by the formula

 H
 =
 100

 /

 (
 100
 −
 C
 )

 {\displaystyle H=100/(100-C)}

 . Both the Hausner ratio and the Carr index are sometimes criticized, despite their relationships to flowability being established empirically, as not having a strong theoretical basis. Use of these measures persists, however, because the equipment required to perform the analysis is relatively cheap and the technique is easy to learn.


HC-030031  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective  antagonist  for the  TRPA1  receptor, and has  analgesic  and  antiinflammatory  effects. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


HC-067047  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the  TRPV4  receptor. It has been used to investigate the role of TRPV4 receptors in a number of areas, such as regulation of blood pressure, bladder function and some forms of pain, as well as neurological functions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Hebei Yuxing Bio-Engineering Co. Ltd  is a Chinese active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) company that exports to the United States of America. [ 1 ]  Recently, the  US FDA  issued a warning letter due to "evidence that the company was keeping incomplete documentation and did not adequately investigate instances of microbial contamination." [ 2 ]


Hesperadin  is an  aurora kinase inhibitor .


The small molecule inhibits  chromosome  alignment and segregation by limiting the function of  mitotic  kinases  Aurora B  and  Aurora A . Hesperadin causes cells to enter  anaphase  much faster, sometimes before the chromosomes are properly bi-oriented. [ 1 ]


Hesperadin, like other miotic inhibitors, limits and sometimes can stop the process of mitosis in  cells . For this reason, some have considered hesperadin's potential as a  cancer -preventing drug. [ 2 ]


Hesperadin works as an  inhibitor , attaching to the active sites of Aurora A and Aurora B kinases. [ 2 ]


Hexaminolevulinate , sold under the brand name  Cysview  among others, is an imaging agent that lights up under  blue light  during a blue light  cystoscopy . It is used to help detect non-muscle invasive  bladder cancer  (NMIBC), in particular papillary tumors and  carcinoma in situ  (CIS).


It made by  Photocure  ASA, a Norwegian pharmaceutical company.


Hexaminolevulinate is a structural analogue to  5-aminolevulinic acid  (a precursor to the porphyrin ring of heme), and is internalized and processed into the photoactive  protoporphyrin IX  at a high rate by tumor cells. After exposure to 360-450 nm light, the porphyrin will fluoresce red. [1]


2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a  ( HPPH ) is a photosensitiser chemical that is used in  photodynamic therapy . [ 1 ]


It is being developed under the brand name  Photochlor .


A phase I/II clinical trial started in 1997 for  esophageal cancer . [ 2 ]


A phase II trial for  non-small cell lung cancer  is due to run from 2007 to 2011. [ 3 ]


Himbacine  is an alkaloid isolated from the bark of  Australian magnolias . Himbacine has been synthesized using a  Diels-Alder reaction  as a key step. [ 1 ]  Himbacine's activity as a  muscarinic   receptor antagonist , with specificity for the  muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 , made it a promising starting point in  Alzheimer's disease  research. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]   The development of a muscarinic antagonist based on himbacine failed but an analog,  vorapaxar , has been approved by the  FDA  as a  thrombin  receptor antagonist. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


A  histamine agonist  is a drug which causes increased activity at one or more of the four  histamine receptor  subtypes.


H 1  agonists promote wakefulness. [ 1 ]


H 2 :  Betazole  and  Impromidine  are examples of agonists used in diagnostics to increase histamine.


H 3 :  Betahistine  is a weak Histamine 1  agonist and a very strong antagonist of the Histamine 3   autoreceptor . Antagonizing H 3  increases histaminergic tone.


Histamine glutarimide  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of  cough  in  acute respiratory infection . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is a  glutaminyl cyclase  inhibitor. [ 3 ]


Histamine trifluoromethyl toluidide  ( HTFMT ) is a mixed  H 1 / H 2   histamine agonist  which is significantly more potent than  histamine  itself. [ 1 ]


It also produces additional actions which appear to be independent of  histamine receptors . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


HL156A  is a derivative of  metformin  and a potent  oxidative phosphorylation  inhibitor and  AMP-activated protein kinase  activating biguanide. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  Certain types of cancer cells requires oxidative phosphorylation to survive. By targeting it, HL156A might help in improving anticancer therapy. [ 3 ]  It is more potent than  acadesine  or metformin at activating AMP-activated protein kinase. [ 2 ]  It is synthesized by Hanall Biopharma. [ 4 ]


It is in  phase 1 trial  in patients with advanced solid tumor and  lymphoma . [ 5 ] [ 1 ]


Apart from AMP-activated protein kinase activation, it also inhibits expression and activation of  insulin-like growth factor-1 ,  protein kinase B ,  mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR), and  extracellular signal-regulated kinases . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


It is researched in multiple conditions like liver and renal  fibrosis , [ 2 ] [ 8 ]   cancer [ 6 ] [ 9 ]  and drug resistance in cancer. [ 7 ]  HL176OUT04, a drug with similar pharmacology, has been also developed. [ 10 ]


The Domiciliary Medication Management Review  (DMMR), also named as a  Home Medicines Review  (HMR), [ 1 ]  in an Australian scheme for the patients residing in community setting. [ 2 ]   There are many steps included in a Home Medicine Review Service (Figure 1). [ 3 ]


Introduced in 2001 into the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) as item 900, [ 4 ]  it is aimed at preventative care.


Following an assessment of the patient's needs, a medication management plan is made.


Consultant Pharmacist


HOPO 14-1  is an investigational drug product for removing  radioactive contaminants  from the body. It is an oral capsule designed to act as a defence against radioactive threats such as  nuclear power plant accidents  or  dirty bomb  attacks. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  The active ingredient is the  hydroxypyridinone  ligand 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), which is a powerful  chelating  agent. [ 1 ] [ 3 ]  HOPO 14-1 works by selectively binding to heavy metals in the body and forming a complex that the body can naturally excrete. [ 4 ]  The drug is also being studied as a treatment for other forms of  heavy metal toxicity , including  lead poisoning  and exposure to  gadolinium  from  MRI contrast agents . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  HOPO 14-1 was developed at  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  by actinide chemist  Rebecca Abergel . Abergel and former postdoc  Julian Avery Rees  co-founded  HOPO Therapeutics , a company commercializing HOPO 14-1 and other treatments for heavy metal poisoning.


HPTE , also known as  hydroxychlor ,  p,p' -hydroxy-DDT , or  2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane , is a  metabolite  of  methoxychlor , a  synthetic   insecticide  related to  DDT . [ 1 ]  Like  bisphenol A  with similar  chemical structure , HPTE is an  endocrine disruptor  which has  estrogenic  activity, [ 2 ]  and also inhibits  Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme  (P450scc, CYP11A1) [ 3 ]  and  3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase  (3α-HSD). [ 4 ]


HU-320  ( 7-nor-7-carboxy-CBD-1,1-DMH ) is a drug related to  cannabidiol , which has strong  antiinflammatory  and  immunosuppressive  properties while demonstrating no  psychoactive  effects. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Huprine X  is a synthetic cholinergic compound developed as a hybrid between the natural product  Huperzine A  and the synthetic drug  tacrine . It is one of the most potent reversible inhibitors of  acetylcholinesterase  known, with a  binding affinity  of 0.026nM, [ 1 ]  as well as showing direct agonist activity at both nicotinic and muscarinic  acetylcholine receptors . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  In animal studies it has  nootropic  and  neuroprotective  effects, and is used in research into  Alzheimer's disease , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  and although huprine X itself has not been researched for medical use in humans, a large family of related derivatives have been developed. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]


HY-124798  ( Rheb inhibitor NR1 ) is the first compound to be developed that acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of  Rheb , a  GTP-binding protein  which acts as an endogenous activator of the  mechanistic target of rapamycin  (mTOR) subtype  mTORC1 . Since many of the side effects of  rapamycin  and its analogues are thought to result from binding to the other subtype  mTORC2 , it is hoped that selective inhibition of mTORC1 should have a more selective effects profile. As mTORC1 and mTORC2 have binding sites that are very similar in structure, it has been challenging to develop highly subtype selective inhibitors, making indirect inhibition via modulation of other messenger proteins such as Rheb an attractive approach. However, since HY-124798 has a relatively weak IC 50  of 2.1μM, and Rheb also has other targets in addition to mTORC1, it remains to be established whether it will deliver the hoped for improvements in pharmacological profile. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Hydrocodone/guaifenesin , sold under the brand name  Obredon  among others, is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used for the treatment of  cough . [ 2 ]  It contains  hydrocodone , as the  bitartrate , an  opioid agonist ; and  guaifenesin , an  expectorant . [ 2 ]  It is taken  by mouth . [ 2 ]


Hydrocodone/guaifenesin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2014. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


In the US, the label for hydrocodone/guaifenesin contains a  black box warning  about addiction, abuse, and misuse. [ 2 ]


Hydrocodone/homatropine , sold under the brand name  Tussigon  among others, is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used for the treatment of  cough . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It contains  hydrocodone , as the bitartrate, an  opioid agonist ; and  homatropine , as the methylbromide, a  muscarinic antagonist . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is taken  by mouth . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Hydrocodone/homatropine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1943. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


In the US, the label for hydrocodone/homatropine contains a  black box warning  about addiction, abuse, and misuse. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


2-Hydroxybenzylamine  ( 2-HOBA , marketed as  Hobamine ) is a natural product found in Himalayan tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ). It acts as an antioxidant and scavanger of  free radicals  and  isolevuglandins  and is sold as a dietary supplement. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


6-Hydroxydopa  ( 6-OH-DOPA ;  6-OHDOPA ) is a  catecholaminergic neurotoxin  that damages  noradrenergic  and  dopaminergic   neurons  and is used in  scientific research . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It is a  precursor  and  prodrug  of  6-hydroxydopamine  (6-OHDA). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  The drug is a  derivative  of  levodopa  ( L -DOPA). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It has certain advantages over 6-OHDA, such as the ability to cross the  blood–brain barrier  into the  central nervous system  and hence the ability to be administered  systemically  rather than  directly into the brain . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  6-OH-DOPA was first described in the  scientific literature  by 1969. [ 4 ]


5α-Hydroxylaxogenin  is a chemical compound which is a semi-synthetic derivative of laxogenin. It is not found in the  Chinese medicinal plant   Smilax sieboldii , instead, identification of several synthetic impurities by Dr. Chittiboyina's group suggested that it is synthesized from  diosgenin . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It acts as a  partial agonist  at  androgen receptors  and has been sold as a bodybuilding supplement and  pre-workout  product. [ 3 ]


Hyzetimibe  is a pharmaceutical drug that  inhibits cholesterol absorption . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It targets the  NPC1-like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 . [ 2 ]


It reduces plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by blocking the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein, a transporter mainly found in the intestine that allows dietary cholesterol to enter the body from the intestinal  lumen . [ 3 ]


In China, it is used as a lipid-lowering agent and it has efficacy similar to  ezetimibe . [ 4 ]


IAG933  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of cancer. [ 1 ]


IAG933 is a small molecule inhibitor developed by  Novartis Pharmaceuticals  to directly disrupt the  YAP / TAZ - TEAD  protein-protein interaction, a critical mediator of oncogenic signaling in the  Hippo pathway . This  drug has demonstrated potent and selective inhibition of all four TEAD paralogs, resulting in YAP eviction from  chromatin  and reduced Hippo-mediated  transcription . [ 2 ]  As of 2024, IAG933 is undergoing Phase I clinical trials to evaluate its safety, tolerability, and preliminary anti-tumor activity in patients with advanced  mesothelioma  and other solid tumors harboring specific molecular alterations in the Hippo pathway. [ 3 ]


Ibcasertib  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated to treat  small-cell lung cancer . [ 1 ]  Ibcasertib inhibits several  angiogenesis -related kinases, including  VEGFR1 ,  VEGFR2 ,  VEGFR3 ,  PDGFRα , and  c-Kit , as well as the  mitosis -related kinase  Aurora B  and the  chronic inflammation -related kinase  CSF-1R . [ 2 ]


Iboxamycin  is a synthetic  lincosamide  or  oxepanoprolinamide   antibiotic . It binds to the bacterial  ribosome  in both  Gram-negative  and  Gram-positive bacteria  and it has been found to effective against  bacteria which are resistant  to other antibiotics that target the large ribosomal subunit. It was developed by combining an  oxepano proline  unit with the aminooctose residue of  clindamycin . [ 1 ]


Iboxamycin is effective against  ESKAPE  bacteria,  methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus  (MRSA),  Enterococcus ,  Clostridioides difficile , [ 1 ]  and  Listeria monocytogenes , [ 2 ]  indicating an extended  spectrum  when compared to clindamycin. [ 1 ]   Isotopic labeling  of iboxamycin with  tritium  indicated that it binds 70 times more tightly to the ribosome than clindamycin. [ 3 ]


Iboxamycin can be administered orally and is safe when administered to mice. [ 1 ]  It is a  bacteriostatic  antibiotic. [ 1 ]


Iclepertin  (developmental code name  BI 425809 ) is an investigational  nootropic  to enhance the cognition and functional capacity in  schizophrenia  developed by  Boehringer Ingelheim . As of May 2020, it is in  phase III  of clinical trial under the code name CONNEX-3. [ 1 ]  BI 425809 is an inhibitor of  glycine transporter 1  (Gly-T1) that in phase II improved cognition after 12 weeks in patients with schizophrenia. Doses of 10 mg and 25 mg showed the largest separation from placebo. If these encouraging results are confirmed in phase 3 trials, BI 425809 could provide an effective treatment for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. [ 2 ]  Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in glutamatergic pathways related to  NMDA receptor  hypofunction. Inhibition of GlyT1 on the presynaptic membrane or astrocytes is hypothesized to increase  glycine  levels within the synapse. The NMDA receptor function may be enhanced by increasing levels of its co-agonist, glycine, within the synaptic cleft, which may lead to improvements in cognitive function. [ 3 ]


Icotrokinra  is an investigational targeted oral peptide used in the treatment of  plaque psoriasis . [ 1 ]


Icotrokinra is designed to selectively block the  IL-23 receptor , which plays a vital role in the pathogenic  T-cell  activation of  plaque psoriasis . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


The phase 3 ICONIC-LEAD trial has been evaluating icotrokinra in adult and adolescent patients aged 12 years and older with moderate-to-severe cases of  plaque psoriasis . [ 2 ] [ 4 ]


The Phase 3 ICONIC-TOTAL study showed once daily icotrokinra met the primary endpoint of IGA of 0/1 at week 16 compared to placebo. [ 2 ] [ 5 ]


Phase 3 studies ICONIC-ADVANCE 1 and ICONIC-ADVANCE 2 will evaluate the safety and efficacy of icotrokinra compared with both placebo and  deucravacitinib  in moderate-to-severe  plaque psoriasis . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Icotrokinra was jointly discovered by  Johnson & Johnson  (J&J) and Protagonist Therapeutics. [ 2 ]


IDRX-42  (formerly  M4205 ) is a highly selective small molecule  KIT  inhibitor compound developed for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  The compound was originally discovered by the German company  Merck   [ 4 ]  and later out-licensed to  IDRX . In November 2024, promising anti-tumor data from ongoing Phase 1/1B studies were reported. [ 5 ]  In January 2025, the compound played a key role in the $1 billion acquisition of IDRX by  GSK . [ 6 ]


IMCY-0098  is a peptide immunotherapy based on  proinsulin  and developed by Imcyse to reduce the progression of  type 1 diabetes . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Imidazothiazoles  are a class of chemical compounds containing a  bicyclic   heterocycle  (a double ring system) consisting of an  imidazole  ring fused to a  thiazole  ring. [ 1 ]  The structure contains three non- carbon  or  heteroatoms : two  nitrogen  atoms and one  sulfur  atom. Imidazothiazole derivatives show a broad spectrum of  in vitro , i.e. "in the  petri dish ", activity such as anticancer, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]   antipsychotic , [ 5 ]   antimicrobial , [ 6 ]   antifungal , [ 7 ]  and  anthelmintic [ 8 ]  (against cancer,  psychosis ,  microorganisms , fungi and worms, respectively).


Iminoaspartic acid  (also known as  iminosuccinate  or  iminoaspartate ) is a dicarboxylic acid in the biosynthesis of  nicotinic acid . It is synthesised by the oxidation of  aspartate  and is condensed by  quinolinate synthase  with  glycerone phosphate  to form  quinolinic acid . [ 1 ]


IMM-101  is an  immunomodulatory   drug  that is being studied to see if it is useful in  chemotherapy . [ 1 ]  It consists of heat-killed  Mycobacterium obuense  bacteria. It may have relatively few  side effects  compared to other drugs. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Immethridine  is a  histamine agonist  selective for the  H 3  subtype. [ 1 ]


Immuron  is a  biotechnology  company based in  Melbourne ,  Australia . [ 1 ]  In 2008, the company changed its name to Immuron Limited, [ 2 ]  having previously operated as Anadis Limited. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Immuron is focused on  antigen -primed and dairy-derived health products. Its proprietary technologies allow for rapid development of polyclonal antibody and other proteins-based solutions for a range of diseases. [ citation needed ] . The company specialises in  nutraceutical , pharmaceutical and therapeutic technology products for conditions such as oral and GI  mucositis ,  avian influenza ,  E. coli   travellers' diarrhoea  (TD) and  Anthrax  containment.


In 2005, Anadis signed an agreement with Quebec's Baralex Inc. and Valeo Pharma Inc. for the distribution of Travelan, a product made by Anadis for the Canadian market. [ 5 ]


This  biotechnology  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Imocitrelvir  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of viral infections. It is a  3C protease  inhibitor in  picornaviruses . Originally developed by Pfizer for treating human  rhinovirus  infections, [ 1 ]  this  small molecule  has shown promise against a broader range of viruses, including  polioviruses . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Impentamine  is a  histamine antagonist  selective for the  H 3  subtype . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


In vivo supersaturation  is the behavior of orally administered compounds that undergo  supersaturation  as they pass through the  gastrointestinal (GI) tract . Typically these compounds have a weakly basic nature ( p K a  in the range of 5 to 8) [ 1 ]  and a relatively low solubility in aqueous solutions. In vivo supersaturation is a recent phenomenon that was first observed by Yamashita et al. in 2003. [ 2 ]


Incyclinide  (proposed trade name  Metastat ) is a chemically modified  tetracycline antibiotic  that was investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of  rosacea , [ 1 ]  various tumours, allergic and inflammatory diseases and a number of other conditions. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Data from animal studies suggest that centrally infused incyclinide attenuates  microglial  mediated neuroinflammation in the  paraventricular nucleus  of the  hypothalamus  and sympathetic activation in  angiotensin II -induced hypertension. This was also associated with unique changes in gut microbial communities and profound attenuation of gut pathology in animal models of hypertension. [ 4 ]


Like other tetracyclines, incyclinide inhibits  matrix metalloproteinases . In contrast to traditional tetracyclines, it lacks antibiotic properties. [ 5 ]


The  Indian Pharmacist Association  ( IPA ) is the professional body for  pharmacists  of  India . Members include  hospital  pharmacists, manufacturing pharmacists,  teachers  and  clinical pharmacists . Founded in 2011, the association is a member of the Global Health Workforce Alliance (WHO). The IPA is emerging as one of the largest organizations of pharmacists in India. The main objective of IPA is proper placement of pharmacists to play a role in the health care sector in India.


Indian Pharmacist Association (IPA) recently organised a national conference on Indian pharmacists at Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences in Delhi. The theme for the conference was ‘Challenges Today and Tomorrow.’ Different associations representing various states participated in the conference. [ 1 ]


The  initial volume of distribution  ( V i ) is a  pharmacological  term used to quantify the distribution of a  drug  throughout the body relatively soon after oral or intravenous  dosing  of a drug and prior to the drug reaching a  steady state equilibrium . Following distribution of the drug, measurement of blood levels indicate the  apparent volume of distribution . Calculation of the initial volume of distribution is the same calculation as that for the apparent  volume of distribution , given by the equation:


Therefore the dose required to give a certain plasma concentration can be determined if the V D  for that drug is known. The V D  is not a real volume; it is more a reflection of how a drug will distribute throughout the body depending on several  physicochemical  properties, e.g. solubility, charge, size, etc. The V D  may also be used to determine how readily a drug will displace into the body tissue compartments relative to the blood:


Where:


V P  = plasma volume


V T  = apparent tissue volume


fu = fraction unbound in plasma


fu T  = fraction unbound in tissue


The use of  insect cell lines  as production hosts is an emerging technology for the production of bio pharmaceuticals. There are currently more than 100 insect cell lines available for recombinant protein production with lines derived from  Bombyx mori ,  Mamestra brassicae ,  Spodoptera frugiperda ,  Trichoplusia ni , and  Drosophila melanogaster  being of particular interest. Insects cell lines are commonly used in place of  prokaryotic  ones because post-translational modifications of proteins are possible in insect cells whereas this mechanism is not present in prokaryotic systems. [ 1 ]  The  Sf9  cell line is one of the most commonly used lines in insect cell culture. [ 2 ]


The  Institute for Safe Medication Practices  (ISMP) is an American  501(c)(3) organization  focusing on the prevention of medication errors and promoting safe medication practices. [ 1 ]  It is affiliated with  ECRI . [ 2 ]


Among others, ISMP maintains and disseminates a list of "do not crush" medications, [ 3 ]  as well as clinical best practices. [ 4 ]  The ISMP's Medication Safety Self-Assessment tool has been used in surveys of medication safety in hospitals in the United States and elsewhere. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


The ISMP frequently investigates and reports on medication errors that have occurred in practice. These investigations are often published in the peer-reviewed journal  Hospital Pharmacy . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]


Insulin efsitora alfa  (LY3209590) is a novel insulin analog developed by  Eli Lilly  for the treatment of diabetes. Its  glycemic control  and safety were found similar to  insulin degludec  in a phase II trial. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


A systematic review and metanalysis of insulin efsitora alfa, published in 2024, found that it may be useful in the management of type   1 and type   2 diabetes. [ 4 ]


Insulin tregopil  is a fast-acting  insulin  analog, unlike other forms of insulin it is delivered by mouth. It is developed by Biocon for diabetes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


The  International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project  (IPAP) is a  non-profit   corporation  whose purpose is to "enable, enhance, and propagate" use of  algorithms  for the  treatment  of some  Axis I psychiatric disorders . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Kenneth O Jobson founded the Project.  The Dean Foundation  provides funding.


IPAP has organized and supported several international conferences on  psychopharmacology  algorithms. It has also supported the creation of several algorithms based on  expert opinion . It is now in the process of creating "evidence-based algorithms," that is algorithms created by experts and annotated with the evidence that leads to these algorithms. A  schizophrenia  algorithm has been created and one on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) was released in July 2005. A  general anxiety disorder  (GAD) algorithm was released in 2006. Periodic updates of the algorithms are released as the basis of evidence changes. In addition, the algorithms are being translated into various non-English languages (Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, and Thai) as the availability of translators permits. [ citation needed ]


This article about a scientific organization is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


This  psychiatry -related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  International Society of Pharmacovigilance  (ISoP), previously the European Society of Pharmacovigilance (ESOP), is an international non-profit scientific organisation, which aims to foster  pharmacovigilance  both scientifically and educationally, and enhance all aspects of the safe and proper use of  medicines , in all countries. Its official journal is  Drug Safety . [ 1 ]


INZ-701  is a recombinant  ENPP1  enzyme developed to treat some genetic disorders that prevent normal production of ENPP1. It is developed by Inozyme Pharma. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Iobenzamic acid  is a pharmaceutical drug used as an  X-ray contrast  agent. [ 1 ]


It is a water-soluble, hepatotropic contrast medium, meaning it is taken up by the liver and gallbladder. This makes it useful for imaging these organs. [ 2 ]


Iocarmic acid  (trade name  Dimer-X ) is a pharmaceutical drug used as an  iodinated contrast  medium for X-ray imaging in the 1970s and 80s. Uses included imaging of the  uterus  and  fallopian tubes . It was applied in form of its salt,  meglumine  iocarmate. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


It is not known to be marketed anywhere in the world in 2021.


Iocetamic acid  (trade name  Cholebrin ) is a pharmaceutical drug taken by mouth and used as an  iodinated contrast  medium for X-ray imaging of the  gall bladder . [ 1 ]


It is not known to be marketed anywhere in the world in 2021. [ 2 ]


Iodamide  (trade name  Renovue ) is a pharmaceutical drug used as an  iodinated contrast  medium for X-ray imaging. Its uses include imaging of the  uterus  and  fallopian tubes . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Iodobenzamide  ( IBZM  or  iolopride ) is a pharmaceutical drug used for diagnostic purposes. It is a  dopamine antagonist  and it can be used by  nuclear medicine physicians  as a  radioactive tracer  for  SPECT  where the radioactive  isotope  is  iodine-123  or  iodine-125 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  The main purpose of a brain study with IBZM is the differentiation of  Parkinson's disease  from other  neurodegenerative  diseases such as  Lewy Body dementia  and  multiple system atrophy .


Iodobenzamide can also be used to treat people that have  schizophrenia . The Iodobenzamide binds to the  Dopamine D2 receptors  in the person’s brain and blocks excess neurons that cause an asymmetry in the brain, leaning heavily to the left side. People that receive doses of Iodobenzamide have their brain scanned to monitor their dopamine activity. A study found that patients that were drug-naive (did not have tolerance to the drug) had significant reactions in the left hemisphere of their brain to the drug. Patients with a first dose of Iodobenzamide were scanned and given  benperidol  (a drug used to treat hypersexuality) then scanned again. Male patients showed a left side heavy brain asymmetry of dopamine receptor binding in a drug-naive state.  Benperidol  leads to a reversal of the asymmetry. Drug-naive patient’s brains have a harder time binding the  antipsychotic drugs  to the part of their brain that receives the  Dopamine D2 receptor . [ 3 ]


This  nuclear medicine  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Iodocholesterol , or  19-iodocholesterol , also as  iodocholesterol ( 131 I)  ( INN ) and  NP-59 , is a  derivative  of  cholesterol  with an  iodine   atom  in the C19 position and a  radiopharmaceutical . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  When the iodine atom is a  radioactive isotope  ( iodine-125  or  iodine-131 ), it is used as an  adrenal cortex   radiotracer  in the diagnosis of patients suspected of having  Cushing's syndrome ,  hyperaldosteronism , [ 3 ]   pheochromocytoma , and adrenal remnants following total  adrenalectomy . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Iodophenpropit  is a  histamine antagonist  which binds selectively to the  H 3  subtype . Its  125 I  radiolabelled  form has been used for mapping the distribution of H 3  receptors in animal studies. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


5-Iodowillardiine  is a selective  agonist  for the  kainate receptor , with only limited effects at the  AMPA receptor . [ 1 ]  It is selective for kainate receptors composed of GluR5 subunits. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It is an  excitotoxic   neurotoxin   in vivo , [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  but has proved highly useful for characterising the subtypes and function of the various kainate receptors in the  brain  and  spinal cord . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


Iodoxamic acid  (trade name  Endobil ) is an  organoiodine compound  used as a  radiocontrast agent . [ 1 ]  It features both a high iodine content as well as several  hydrophilic  groups.


Iofendylate  is a molecule that was used as a  radiocontrast agent , typically for performing  myelography  studies. It was marketed under the trade names  Pantopaque  (in North America) and  Myodil  (rest of the world).


Iofendylate is a highly  lipophilic  (oily) substance and as such it was recommended that the physician remove it from the patient at the end of the myelography study, which was a difficult and painful part of the procedure. Moreover, because complete removal could not always be achieved (or even attempted by some physicians), iofendylate's persistence in the body might sometimes lead to  arachnoiditis , a potentially painful and debilitating lifelong disorder of the spine. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  As a result, the substance, which was used extensively for over three decades, became the subject of multiple lawsuits filed around the world. [ 3 ]


Iofendylate's use ceased when water-soluble agents suitable for spinal imaging (such as  metrizamide ) became available in the late 1970s. With those substances it was no longer necessary to manually remove the  contrast agent  as it would eventually be removed by the body. [ 4 ]  Also, with the advent of  MRI , myelography studies are nowadays much less-frequently performed.


Ioglicic acid  is a pharmaceutical drug that was used as an  iodinated contrast  medium for  X-ray imaging , in form of its salt  meglumine  ioglicate. Uses included imaging of the brain, [ 1 ]  the  aorta  and  femoral arteries , [ 2 ]  and the urinary system (an examination called  intravenous urography ). [ 3 ]


Ioglycamic acid  (trade name  Biligram ) is a pharmaceutical drug that was used as an  iodinated contrast  medium for  X-ray imaging  of the  gall bladder . [ 1 ]


Iomeprol , sold under the brand name  Imeron  among others, is a  medication  used as a  radiocontrast agent  in  X-ray imaging . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


It is classified as a  water-soluble , nephrotrophic, low  osmolar   X-ray  contrast medium. [ 2 ]  Low osmolar non- ionic  agents are better tolerated and less likely to cause  side effects  than the high osmolar ionic agents. [ 2 ]


The substance is not  metabolized  in the human body but excreted in unchanged form. It is decomposed slowly and can therefore accumulate in the environment. [ 4 ]


Iomeprol was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2024. [ 1 ] [ 5 ]


Iomeprol is sold under the brand name Iomervu. [ 1 ]


Iopamidol  ( INN ), sold under the brand name  Isovue  among others, is a nonionic, low-osmolar iodinated  contrast agent , developed by  Bracco Diagnostics .


It is available in various concentrations, from 200 to 370 mgI/mL. [ 5 ]


Iopamidol is indicated for  angiography  throughout the cardiovascular system, including cerebral and peripheral arteriography, coronary arteriography and ventriculography, pediatric angiocardiography, selective visceral arteriography and aortography, peripheral venography (phlebography), and adult and pediatric intravenous excretory urography and intravenous adult and pediatric contrast enhancement of computed tomographic (CECT) head and body imaging. [ 5 ]


It is also indicated for intrathecal administration in adult neuroradiology including  myelography  (lumbar, thoracic, cervical, total columnar), and for contrast enhancement of  computed tomographic (CECT) cisternography  and ventriculography. Isovue-M 200 (lopamidol Injection) is indicated for thoraco-lumbar  myelography  in children over the age of two years. [ 4 ]


As with other iodinated contrast agents there are concerns regarding safety, particularly relating to effects on renal function and allergic type reaction. Early generations of  intravenous  (IV) contrast carried considerable nephrotoxicity, necessitating continual assessment of renal function. IV and PO (per os, by mouth) fluids are encouraged post operation to facilitate excretion of contrast. Shellfish allergies have previously thought to have crossover with iodine allergies with caution being advised with regards to the use of iodinated contrast in patients with shellfish, however shellfish have been demonstrated to be due to proteins produced by the organisms, not due to iodine. [ citation needed ]


Iopanoic acid  is an  iodine -containing  radiocontrast medium  used in  cholecystography . Both iopanoic acid and  ipodate sodium  are potent inhibitors of  thyroid hormone  release from  thyroid gland , as well as of peripheral conversion of  thyroxine  (T 4 ) to  triiodothyronine  (T 3 ). These compounds inhibit 5'deiodinase (5'DID-1 and 5'DID-2) enzymes, which catalyse T 4 -T 3  conversion in the thyroid cell, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, brain, pituitary. This accounts for the dramatic improvement in both subjective and objective symptoms of  hyperthyroidism , particularly when they are used as an adjunctive therapy with  thioamides  ( propylthiouracil ,  carbimazole ). They can be used in the treatment of patients with severe  thyrotoxicosis  (thyroid storm) and significant morbidity (e.g.,  myocardial infarction , or stroke) for rapid control of elevated plasma triiodothyronine concentrations.  The use of iopanoic acid for treatment of thyrotoxicosis has been discontinued in the United States.


In addition to inhibiting deiodinase enzymes, iopanoic acid is also a substrate of type 1 deiodinase. Iopanoic acid underwent monodeiodination in the presence of type 1 deiodinase in a microsomal mouse liver preparation. [ 1 ]


Iopromide  is an  iodinated contrast  medium for  X-ray imaging . It is marketed under the name  Ultravist  which is produced by Bayer Healthcare. It is a low  osmolar ,  non-ionic   contrast agent  for  intravascular  use; i.e., it is injected into blood vessels. [ 2 ]


It is commonly used in radiographic studies such as  intravenous urograms , brain  computer tomography  (CT) [ 2 ]  and  CT pulmonary angiograms  (CTPAs).


The radiocontrast agent is given intravenously in computed tomography (CT) scans, angiography and excretory urography. [ 3 ]


Iopromide use is contraindicated in  myelography ,  cerebral ventriculography  and  cisternography  procedures. It is also contraindicated in those with hyperthyroidism, or with known allergy to the drug. [ 4 ]


Iopromide is also contraindicated in children with prolonged fasting, fluid restriction, on  laxative , or dehydration as it can cause renal failure. [ 4 ]


Iopydol  is a pharmaceutical drug used as a  radiocontrast agent  in  X-ray imaging . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Iotalamic acid , sold under the brand name  Conray , is an  iodine -containing  radiocontrast  agent. It is available in form of its salts,  sodium  iotalamate and  meglumine  iotalamate. It can be given  intravenously  or  intravesically  (into the  urinary bladder ). [ 1 ]


A radioactive formulation is also available as sodium iothalamate  I-125  injection (brand name  Glofil-125 ). It is  indicated  for evaluation of  glomerular filtration  in the diagnosis or monitoring of people with  kidney disease . [ 2 ]


Iotroxic acid  (trade name  Biliscopin ), used in the form of  meglumine  iotroxate , is a molecule used as a  contrast medium  during  X-rays . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is specifically used during tests looking at the  gallbladder  and  biliary tract . [ 2 ]  It is given by  slow injection into a vein . [ 2 ]


Side effects are uncommon. [ 3 ]  They include vomiting,  skin flushing , headache, itchiness, and  low blood pressure . [ 2 ]  Rare side effects include  seizures  and  allergic reactions . [ 2 ]  It should not be used by those who have an  iodine allergy . [ 2 ]  Iotroxic acid is an  iodine containing contrast media  of the  diionic dimer  type. [ 4 ]


Iotroxic acid was first made in 1976. [ 5 ]  It is on the  World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . [ 6 ]  It is rarely used in the  developed world  due to the availability of  magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography  (MRCP). [ 7 ]


Ioversol  ( INN ; trade name  Optiray ) is an  organoiodine compound  that is used as a  contrast medium .  It features both a high iodine content, as well as several  hydrophilic  groups. It is used in clinical diagnostics including  arthrography ,  angiocardiography  and  urography . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Ioxilan  is a diagnostic  contrast agent . [ 1 ]   It is injected  intravenously  before taking  X-ray images  to increase  arterial  contrast in the final image. It was marketed in the US under the trade name  Oxilan  by  Guerbet , L.L.C., but was discontinued in 2017. [ 2 ]


Ioxilan is an  iodinated contrast  agent. [ 2 ]


Ioxitalamic acid  (brand name  Telebrix ) is a pharmaceutical drug used as an  iodinated contrast  medium for  X-ray imaging . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is used in form of its salts, ioxitalamate sodium and ioxitalamate  meglumine . [ 3 ]


An  irreversible agonist  is a type of  agonist  that binds permanently to a receptor in such a manner that the receptor is permanently activated.  It is distinct from a mere (reversible) agonist in that the association of an agonist to a receptor is reversible, whereas the binding of an irreversible agonist to a receptor is, at least in theory, irreversible. Oxymorphazone is an example of an irreversible agonist. [ 1 ]  In practice, the distinction may be more a matter of degree, in which the binding affinity of an irreversible agonist is some orders of magnitude greater than that of an agonist.


An  irreversible antagonist  is a type of  antagonist  that binds permanently to a  receptor , either by forming a  covalent bond  to the active site, or alternatively just by binding so tightly that the rate of dissociation is effectively zero at relevant time scales. [ 1 ]  This permanently deactivates the receptor and is usually followed by rapid  internalisation  and recycling of the non-functional receptor protein. Irreversible  enzyme inhibitors  that act similarly are clinically used and include drugs such as  aspirin ,  omeprazole  and  monoamine oxidase inhibitors . [ 2 ]


Irsogladine  is a  phosphodiesterase inhibitor . [ 1 ]


Antiulcer  drug.


2,4-Dichloro-6-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine [61479-79-6] (1)
(2)
 Dicyandiamide  [461-58-5] (3)
 2,5-Dichlorobenzonitrile  [21663-61-6] (4)


Isamide , also known as  N -chloroacetyl-5-methoxytryptamine , is a  serotonin receptor antagonist  and the  N - chloro acetyl   derivative  of  5-methoxytryptamine . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It was first described in the  scientific literature  by 1969 and was first  pharmacologically  characterized by 1979. [ 4 ] [ 2 ]


Iscartrelvir  is an  investigational new drug  developed by the  Westlake University  for the treatment of  COVID-19 .  It targets the SARS-CoV-2  3CL protease , which is crucial for the replication of the virus responsible for COVID-19. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Isopromethazine  is an  antihistamine  and  anticholinergic  of the  phenothiazine   chemical class . It is an  enantiomer  of  promethazine . [ 1 ]


Isopropylmalic acid  ( isopropylmalate ) is an intermediate in the  biosynthesis  of  leucine , [ 1 ]  synthesized from  oxoisovalerate  by  2-isopropylmalate synthase  and converted into  isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate  by  3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase . Two isomers are important, the 2- and 3-isopropyl derivatives, and these are interconverted by  isopropylmalate dehydratase .


Isosulfan blue , sold under the brand name  Lymphazurin  among others, is a  contrast agent  medication used to delineate the  lymphatic vessels [ 1 ]  during a  lymphography  procedure. [ 2 ]


Israpafant  ( Y-24180 )  is a drug which acts as a selective antagonist for the  platelet-activating factor receptor , [ 1 ]  and was originally developed for the treatment of  asthma . [ 2 ]  Its chemical structure is a  thienotriazolodiazepine , closely related to the sedative  benzodiazepine  derivative  etizolam . However israpafant binds far more tightly to the platelet-activating factor receptor, with an IC 50  of 0.84nM for inhibiting PAF-induced human platelet aggregation (compared to etizolam's IC 50  of 998nM at this target), while it binds only weakly to benzodiazepine receptors, with a Ki of 3680nM. [ 3 ]  Israpafant has been found to inhibit the activation of  eosinophil  cells, [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]  and consequently delays the development of immune responses. It has also been shown to have anti- nephrotoxic  properties, [ 7 ]  and to mobilize calcium transport. [ 8 ]


The  Italian Medicines Agency  ( Agenzia italiana del farmaco , AIFA) is the public institution responsible for the regulatory activity of pharmaceuticals  in  Italy .


This article about an organisation based in Italy is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Itameline  ( INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name ; developmental code name  RU-47213 ) is a  non-selective   muscarinic acetylcholine receptor   agonist  which was under development for the treatment of  Alzheimer's disease  and  memory disorders  but was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It has been referred to as a " nootropic " (cognitive enhancer). [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


The drug is a  prodrug  of  RU-35963 , an  arecoline   derivative . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 2 ]  It is an agonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine  M 1  receptor  as well as of other muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. [ 8 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] [ 7 ] [ 2 ]  Itameline is described as being superior to arecoline in terms of  potency ,  central   selectivity , and  duration of action . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  The drug shows  antiamnesic  effects in animals, for instance reversing  scopolamine -induced  memory deficits . [ 10 ] [ 6 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]   Structurally , it is a  tetrahydropyridine  similarly to  xanomeline  and  milameline . [ 11 ]


Itameline was first described in the  scientific literature  by 1992. [ 3 ]  It was under development by  Hoechst Marion Roussel  and reached  phase 2   clinical trials  by 1998 prior to the discontinuation of its development. [ 12 ] [ 7 ] [ 4 ]


Izencitinib  ( TD-1473 ) is a drug which acts as a pan- Janus kinase inhibitor , binding with high affinity at all three subtypes  JAK1 ,  JAK2  and  JAK3 . It is taken orally and was developed to be gut selective with minimal absorption into the rest of the body, allowing targeting of  inflammatory bowel disease  but with reduced side effects compared to other similar drugs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Jaktinib  is a  janus kinase inhibitor  under development for  myelofibrosis . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is a  deuterated-drug  analog of  momelotinib . [ 1 ]


A  Japanese Accepted Name  ( Japanese :  日本医薬品一般的名称 ,  Hepburn :  Nihon Iyakuhin Ippan-teki Meishō )  ( JAN ) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a  pharmaceutical   substance  by the  Government of Japan . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Jedi1  (IUPAC name: 2-methyl-5-phenylfuran-3-carboxylic acid) is a chemical compound which acts as an  agonist  for the  mechanosensitive ion channel   PIEZO1 , and is used in research into the function of touch perception. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Jedi2  is a chemical compound which acts as an  agonist  for the  mechanosensitive ion channel   PIEZO1 , and is used in research into the function of touch perception. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Jingui Yaolüe  ( simplified Chinese :  金匮要略 ;  traditional Chinese :  金匱要略 ;  pinyin :  Jīnguì Yàolüè ),  Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet   is a classic clinical book of  traditional Chinese medicine  written by  Zhang Zhongjing  (150-219) at the end of the  Eastern Han  dynasty and was first published in the Northern  Song dynasty .  The oldest known extant copy, believed to be bibliographically closest to the original, dates to 1340 and was printed with  woodcuts  in the early  Ming dynasty . [ 1 ]


There is an annotated English translation by Luo Xiwen, with three hundred modern case histories titled:  Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber with 300 Cases.  First published in 1995 by New World Press.


JJC8-089  is a  dopamine reuptake inhibitor  (DRI) that was  derived  from  modafinil  and is related to  JJC8-016 ,  JJC8-088 , and  JJC8-091 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  Its  affinity  (K i ) for the  dopamine transporter  (DAT) is 37.8   nM, for the  norepinephrine transporter  (NET) is 11,820   nM (313-fold lower than for the DAT), for the  serotonin transporter  (SERT) is 6,800   nM (180-fold lower than for the DAT), and for the  sigma   σ 1  receptor  is 2.24   nM (17-fold higher than for the DAT). [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It also has significant affinity for several  dopamine receptors . [ 3 ]  JJC8-089 has substantially higher affinity for the DAT than modafinil. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  The drug shows  pro-motivational  effects in animals. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  It was first described in the  scientific literature  by 2016. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


JNJ-7777120  was a drug being developed by  Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development  which acts as a potent and selective  antagonist  at the  histamine H 4  receptor . [ 1 ]  It has  anti-inflammatory  effects, [ 2 ]  and has been demonstrated to be superior to traditional (H1) antihistamines in the treatment of  pruritus  (itching). [ 3 ]  The drug was abandoned because of its short  in vivo   half-life  and  hypoadrenocorticism  toxicity in rats and dogs, that prevented advancing it into clinical studies. [ 4 ]


JNJ-28330835  is a drug which acts as a  selective androgen receptor modulator  (SARM). [ 1 ]  In studies on rats it was found to enhance muscle growth and sexual behavior but with minimal effects on  prostate gland  size. A number of related compounds are known, though JNJ-28330835 has progressed furthest through development. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


JNJ-37654032  is a  selective androgen receptor modulator  (SARM) which was developed by  Johnson & Johnson  for the potential treatment of  muscular atrophy  but was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


The drug is a  nonsteroidal   androgen receptor  (AR)  modulator  with mixed  agonistic  ( androgenic ) and  antagonistic  ( antiandrogenic ) effects. [ 4 ]  In animals, it has shown  full agonist -like effects in  muscle ,  agonistic   suppressive effects  on  follicle-stimulating hormone  (FSH)  secretion , and antagonistic or  partially agonistic  effects in the  prostate . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It was the lead  compound  of a novel  benzimidazole  series of SARMs described as being reminiscent of but distinct from the  arylpropionamides  (e.g.,  enobosarm ). [ 5 ] [ 4 ]


JNJ-37654032 did not advance past the  preclinical research  and was never tested in humans. [ 1 ] [ 7 ]  It was first described in the  scientific literature  by 2008. [ 4 ]


The  K i  Database  (or  K i  DB ) is a  public domain   database  of published  binding affinities  ( K i ) of  drugs  and  chemical compounds  for  receptors ,  neurotransmitter transporters ,  ion channels , and  enzymes . The resource is maintained by the  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  and is funded by the  NIMH  Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and by a gift from the  Heffter Research Institute . As of April 2010 [update] , the database had data for 7 449 compounds at 738 different receptors and, as of 27 April 2018 [update] , 67 696  K i  values.


The Ki database has data useful for both chemical biology and  chemogenetics .


Kissei Pharmaceutical  is a pharmaceutical company based in  Matsumoto, Nagano , Japan. Products discovered or developed by Kissei include: [ 1 ]


In March 2020, Kissei and CG Oncology, Inc. announced an exclusive license, development, and commercialization agreement for CG's oncolytic immunotherapy drug CG0070. The agreement covered Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and other Asian countries, but not China. [ 2 ]


This corporation or company article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Kobret  is a low-grade form of  heroin , [ citation needed ]  notable for its use in  Campania ,  Italy  and its sale by criminal organizations in the area.  In  Scampia , a neighborhood of  Naples , the drug is sold by the criminal organization  Camorra . [ 1 ]  In the large open-air drug market within Scampia, Kobret is sold along with  cocaine ,  crack ,  hashish  and heroin. [ citation needed ]   The drug is common along with heroin and cocaine along the Viale della Resistenza. [ 2 ]


This  Italy -related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Krebs–Henseleit solution , developed by  Hans Krebs  and  Kurt Henseleit , is a  solution  containing  sodium  (Na),  potassium  (K),  chloride  (Cl),  calcium  (Ca),  magnesium sulfate  (MgSO 4 ),  bicarbonate  (HCO 3 ),  phosphate  (PO 4 ),  glucose , [ 1 ]  and sometimes supplemented with  albumin , and  tromethamine  (THAM). [ 2 ]


It has been used experimentally, for instance to study arteries  ex vivo , [ 3 ]  in  Langendorff heart  preparations, [ 4 ]  and during  isolated muscle testing  of mammalian  skeletal muscles .


L-163,491  is an experimental drug which acts as a  partial agonist  of  angiotensin II receptor type 1 , and with lower affinity as an agonist of  angiotensin II receptor type 2 , mimicking the action of  angiotensin II . [ 1 ]  Its practical applications to date have been limited to scientific research into the function of the angiotensin receptor system, [ 2 ]  but it has been suggested as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of  inflammation of the lungs  associated with certain viral diseases such as  COVID-19 . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


L-165041  is a phenyloxyacetate  PPARδ   receptor agonist . It is less potent and PPARδ selective than  GW 501516 . [ 2 ]


Latanoprost/timolol , sold under the brand name  Xalacom , is a  combination drug  used for the treatment of  glaucoma , consisting of  latanoprost  (increase uveoscleral outflow of  aqueous humor [ 3 ] ) and  timolol  (a  beta blocker  decreasing the production of aqueous fluid).


In some countries, Xalacom is marketed by  Viatris  after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


Lazertinib , sold under the brand name  Lazcluze  among others, is an  anti-cancer medication  used for the treatment of  non-small cell lung cancer . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It is a kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor. [ 1 ]


The most common adverse reactions include rash, nail toxicity, infusion-related reactions (amivantamab), musculoskeletal pain, edema, stomatitis, venous thromboembolism, paresthesia, fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, COVID-19 infection, hemorrhage, dry skin, decreased appetite, pruritus, nausea, and ocular toxicity. [ 2 ]


Lazertinib was approved for medical use in  South Korea  in January 2021, [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  and in the United States in August 2024 to treat non-small cell lung cancer. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Lazertinib is  indicated  in combination with  amivantamab  for the  first-line treatment  of adults with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R substitution mutations. [ 2 ]


Efficacy was evaluated in MARIPOSA (NCT04487080), a randomized, active-controlled, multicenter trial of 1074 participants with exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R substitution mutation-positive locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and no prior systemic therapy for advanced disease. [ 2 ]  Participants were randomized (2:2:1) to receive lazertinib in combination with amivantamab, osimertinib monotherapy, or lazertinib monotherapy (an unapproved regimen for non-small cell lung cancer) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. [ 2 ]


Lazertinib was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2024. [ 2 ]


In November 2024, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  of the  European Medicines Agency  adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Lazcluze, intended in combination with amivantamab, for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R substitution mutations. [ 8 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is Janssen-Cilag International NV. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]


Lazertinib is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 10 ]


Lecirelin , sold under the brand names  Dalmarelin ,  Ovucron , and  Reproreline , is a short-acting  gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist  (GnRH agonist) medication which is used in  veterinary medicine  in  Europe  and  Israel . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It is a  GnRH analogue  and a  synthetic   peptide , specifically a  nonapeptide . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  The drug was introduced for veterinary use by 2000. [ 5 ]  It is used in form of the  acetate  salt. [ 6 ]


LEO Pharma A/S  is a multinational  Danish   pharmaceutical  company, founded in 1908, with a presence in about 100 countries. Its headquarters are in  Ballerup , near  Copenhagen [ 1 ]  The company is 100% integrated into a private foundation owned by the LEO Foundation. [ 2 ]  LEO Pharma develops and markets products for  dermatology ,  bone remodeling   thrombosis  and  coagulation . [ 3 ]  In 1945, it was the first producer of  penicillin  outside the  US  and  UK .


In 1908, pharmacists August Kongsted and Anton Antons bought the LEO Pharmacy in Copenhagen, Denmark. With the purchase, they established 'Københavns Løveapoteks kemiske Fabrik', today known as LEO Pharma. LEO Pharma celebrated its centennial in 2008. [ 4 ]  Flags bearing the LEO logo were flying in every country where LEO products are available, more than a hundred flags in total. Today, LEO Pharma has an ever growing pipeline with over 4,800 specialists focusing on dermatology and thrombosis.


In 2015, the company announced it would acquire  Astellas Pharmas  dermatology business for $725 million. [ 6 ]


In 2018, the company acquired Bayer's dermatology unit for an undisclosed amount. [ 7 ]


In April 2022, the company appointed Christophe Bourdon as its new CEO. [ 8 ]  Prior to this, he served as the CEO of Orphazyme A/S.


In January 2023, the company started extensive layoffs [ 9 ]  (of about 300 of its current employees, or ~5% of the workforce) as a part of major restructuring and reorganization in anticipation of a possibly planned  IPO . [ 10 ]  Because of slimming down of the company's R&D program, new early-stage drug candidates will have to be sourced externally. [ 11 ]


In August 2023, it was announced LEO Pharma had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire key assets of the  Basking Ridge -headquartered biopharma company, Timber Pharmaceuticals, for $36 million. [ 12 ]  This transaction included TMB-001, a topical  isotretinoin  ointment currently under development for the treatment of moderate to severe subtypes of  Congenital Ichthyosis  (CI), which has no treatment options. [ 13 ]


In September 2023, the company announced the implementation of a new capital structure with over 4 billion Danish kroner (approximately $587 million) allocated for business development and  mergers and acquisitions . [ 14 ]  The company is focused on acquiring assets aimed at treating rare dermatological diseases with unmet medical needs.


In February 2024, LEO Pharma announced a net loss of 3.6 billion Danish kroner (equivalent to $528 million) for 2023 due to non-recurring project impairments, tax asset adjustments, and rising interest expenses. [ 15 ]  It also reported that it had cut its operating costs by 14% and increased its revenues by 7% in 2023. [ 16 ]


LEO Pharma, along with 21 other Danish companies, was accused of bribery and corruption in connection with the  Oil-for-Food Programme  that came to light in 2005. The accusation was that LEO Pharma had acted outside the UN system during the first Gulf War by bribing employees in the relief program and thereby helping  Saddam Hussein . LEO Pharma quickly settled with the police and paid 8.5 million.  [ 17 ]  The new CEO quickly cracked down on corruption both abroad and internally. This can affect employee flexibility and cause delays in production. In Berlingske Business on June 6, 2015, Gitte Aabo speaks about her personal responsibility and that LEO is ready for a few years of lower earnings, which is a possible consequence of her intervention in employee relations. [ 18 ]


Lepidolide  is a  chemical compound  with formula  C 30 H 40 O 6  — specifically, a  terpenoid  with the  cucurbitane  skeleton — isolated from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom  Russula lepida  (23 mg/7 kg). It is a pale yellow oil, soluble in  chloroform . [ 1 ]


Lepodisiran  (LY3819469) is a  small interfering RNA  that was developed to reduce  lipoprotein(a)  in people at risk of  cardiovascular disease . It was developed by  Eli Lilly and Company . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Leriglitazone  is a  PPAR-gamma  agonist and metabolite of the  glitazone   pioglitazone . It is developed for  adrenomyeloneuropathy , and other neurodegenerative diseases. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


In January 2024, the  European Medicines Agency  (EMA) recommended the refusal of the marketing authorization for leriglitazone (Nezglyal) requested by Minoryx Therapeutics S.L. [ 5 ]  In May 2024, the EMA confirmed its recommendation to refuse marketing authorization for leriglitazone. [ 5 ]  Leriglitazone was intended for the treatment of cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. [ 5 ]


Leuprorelin/norethisterone acetate , also known as  leuprolide/norethindrone acetate  and sold under the brand name  Lupaneta Pack , is a co-packaged  medication  used to treat  endometriosis . [ 1 ]  It contains  leuprorelin  as the acetate, a  gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist , and  norethisterone acetate , a  progestin . [ 1 ]  The leuprorelin is given by  intramuscular injection  and the norethisterone acetate is taken  by mouth . [ 1 ]


The co-packaged medication was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2012. [ 2 ]


Leuprorelin/norethisterone acetate is  indicated  for the initial management of the painful symptoms of endometriosis and for management of recurrence of symptoms. [ 1 ]


Levacetylleucine , sold under the brand name  Aqneursa , is a  medication  used for the treatment of neurological manifestations of  Niemann-Pick disease type C . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  Levacetylleucine is a modified version of the amino acid  leucine  (N-Acetyl-L-Leucine). [ 1 ]  It is the L form of  acetylleucine . It is taken  by mouth . [ 1 ]


The most common side effects include  abdominal pain ,  difficulty swallowing ,  upper respiratory tract infections , and  vomiting . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Levacetylleucine was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2024. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  Levacetylleucine is the second medication approved by the US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type C. [ 2 ]


Levacetylleucine is  indicated  for the treatment of neurological manifestations of Niemann-Pick disease type C in people weighing at least 15 kilograms (33 lb). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The most common side effects include abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, upper respiratory tract infections, and vomiting. [ 2 ]


Levacetylleucine may cause embryo-fetal harm if used during pregnancy. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The safety and efficacy of levacetylleucine for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type C were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period, 24-week crossover study. [ 2 ]  The duration was twelve weeks for each treatment period. [ 2 ]  The study enrolled 60 participants. [ 2 ]  To be eligible for the study participants had to be four years of age or older with a confirmed diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C and at least mild disease-related neurological symptoms. [ 2 ]  Participants could receive  miglustat , an  enzyme inhibitor , as background treatment in the study. [ 2 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) granted the application for levacetylleucine  priority review ,  fast track ,  orphan drug , and rare pediatric disease designations. [ 2 ]  The FDA granted approval of Aqneursa to IntraBio Inc. [ 2 ]


Levacetylleucine was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2024. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ]


Levacetylleucine is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 5 ]


N-Acetyl-L-Leucine is being studied for the treatment of  GM2 gangliosidoses  ( Tay-Sachs  and  Sandhoff diseases ), [ 6 ]   ataxia-telangiectasia , [ 7 ]   Lewy body dementia , [ 8 ]   amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ,  restless legs syndrome ,  multiple sclerosis , and  migraine . [ 9 ]


Levilimab  is an  anti-IL-6   monoclonal antibody  initially developed to treat  rheumatoid arthritis . In 2020, it was approved as a treatment for  COVID-19  in Russia. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Levodopa/benserazide , sold under the brand name  Prolopa  among others, is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Levodopa/benserazide is  indicated  for the treatment of Parkinson's disease with the exception of drug-induced parkinsonism. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Lexipafant  ( BB-882 ,  Zacutex ) is a drug which acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the  phospholipid  mediator  platelet-activating factor  (PAF). It was developed in the 1990s by  British Biotech  with several potential applications, including  HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder  and acute  pancreatitis . Initial results were encouraging and it progressed as far as Phase III clinical trials, but final analysis of trial results showed that it failed to improve survival rates in pancreatitis despite some symptomatic improvement, and it was ultimately discontinued from development as a medicine, though it continues to be used as a model PAF inhibitor for pharmacology research. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


LGD-2941  is a  drug  which acts as a  selective androgen receptor modulator  (SARM). [ 1 ]   It is no longer being developed. [ 2 ]


Liarozole  is a  retinoic acid  metabolism-blocking drug and  aromatase inhibitor . [ 1 ]  Liarozole is an  isomer  of  alprazolam , but the two compounds are completely unrelated.


Lifileucel , sold under the brand name  Amtagvi , is an  adoptive T cell therapy   used for the treatment of  melanoma . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Specifically, lifileucel is a tumor-derived  T cell  immunotherapy composed of a recipient's own T cells. A portion of the recipient's  tumor tissue  is removed during a surgical procedure prior to treatment. [ 3 ]  The recipient's T cells (the  tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes ) are separated from the tumor tissue, multiplied and then infused into the patient in a single dose. [ 3 ]  T cells are a type of cell that helps the immune system fight cancer and infections. [ 3 ]


Lifileucel is the first tumor-derived T cell immunotherapy approved by the US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA). [ 3 ]  It was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2024. [ 2 ] [ 4 ]


Lifileucel is  indicated  for the treatment of adults with unresectable (unable to be removed with surgery) or metastatic (spread to other parts of the body) melanoma previously treated with other therapies (a  PD-1  blocking  antibody , and if  BRAF  V600  mutation positive, a  BRAF  inhibitor with or without a MEK inhibitor). [ 3 ]


The most common adverse reactions include chills, fever, fatigue, tachycardia (abnormally fast heart rate), diarrhea, febrile neutropenia (fever associated with a low level of certain white blood cells), edema (swelling due to buildup of fluid in body tissues), rash, hypotension, hair loss, infection, hypoxia (abnormally low oxygen levels in the body) and feeling short of breath. [ 3 ]


The safety and effectiveness of lifileucel was evaluated in a global, multicenter, multicohort, clinical study including adult participants with unresectable or metastatic melanoma who had previously been treated with at least one systemic therapy, including a PD-1 blocking antibody, and if positive for the  BRAF  V600 mutation, a  BRAF  inhibitor or  BRAF  inhibitor with an MEK inhibitor. [ 3 ]  Effectiveness was measured via the  objective response rate  to treatment and duration of response (measured from the date of confirmed initial objective response to the date of progression, death from any cause, starting a new anti-cancer treatment or discontinuation from follow-up, whichever came first). [ 3 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) approved Lifileucel through the accelerated approval pathway and granted the application  orphan drug ,  regenerative medicine advanced therapy ,  fast track , and  priority review  designations under the brand name Amtagvi to  Iovance Biotherapeutics . [ 3 ]


Lifileucel was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2024. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Lifileucel is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 7 ]


This article incorporates  public domain material  from  US Food and Drug Administration .  United States Department of Health and Human Services .


Lipo-oxytocin-1  ( LOT-1 ) is a  synthetic   peptide  and  derivative  of  oxytocin  that acts as an  agonist  of the  oxytocin receptor . [ 1 ]  The  lipidation strategy  was applied to oxytocin to create a new peptide with improved  pharmacokinetics . [ 1 ]  LOT-1 consists of oxytocin conjugated with two  palmitoyl groups . [ 1 ]  After adjusting for  molecular weight  (LOT-1 is ~1.5x the weight of oxytocin), oxytocin and LOT-1 are equipotent. [ 1 ]  In addition, LOT-1 appears to have a significantly longer  duration  of effect relative to that of oxytocin. [ 1 ]  It has yet to be determined whether LOT-1 possesses improved  blood-brain-barrier  permeability relative to oxytocin. [ 1 ]


Lisaftoclax  is an  investigational new drug  being developed by Ascentage Pharma for the treatment of hematological malignancies, particularly  chronic lymphocytic leukemia  (CLL) and  small lymphocytic lymphoma  (SLL). It is a selective inhibitor of the  B-cell lymphoma 2  (BCL-2) protein, designed to restore the normal process of  programmed cell death  (apoptosis) in cancer cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  As of 2024, lisaftoclax is undergoing multiple Phase 3 clinical trials, including studies in combination with  BTK inhibitors  for relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL. [ 2 ] [ 4 ]


Litifilimab  is an  investigational drug  being evaluated for the treatment of  cutaneous lupus erythematosus  and  systemic lupus erythematosus .  It is an anti- BDCA2  monocolonal antibody. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


In  toxicodynamics  and  pharmacodynamics ,  Loewe additivity  (or  dose additivity ) is one of several common  reference models  used for measuring the effects of  drug  combinations. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Let

 d

 1

 {\displaystyle d_{1}}

   and

 d

 2

 {\displaystyle d_{2}}

   be doses of compounds 1 and 2 producing in combination an effect

 e

 {\displaystyle e}

 . We denote by

 D

 e
 1

 {\displaystyle D_{e1}}

  and

 D

 e
 2

 {\displaystyle D_{e2}}

  the doses of compounds 1 and 2  required to produce  effect

 e

 {\displaystyle e}

  alone (assuming this conditions uniquely define them, i.e. that the individual dose-response functions are bijective).

 D

 e
 1

 /

 D

 e
 2

 {\displaystyle D_{e1}/D_{e2}}

  quantifies the potency of compound 1  relatively to that of compound 2.


d

 2

 D

 e
 1

 /

 D

 e
 2

 {\displaystyle d_{2}D_{e1}/D_{e2}}

  can be interpreted as the dose

 d

 2

 {\displaystyle d_{2}}

  of compound 2 converted into the corresponding dose of compound 1 after accounting for difference in potency.


Loewe additivity is defined as the situation where

 d

 1

 +

 d

 2

 D

 e
 1

 /

 D

 e
 2

 =

 D

 e
 1

 {\displaystyle d_{1}+d_{2}D_{e1}/D_{e2}=D_{e1}}

  or

 d

 1

 /

 D

 e
 1

 +

 d

 2

 /

 D

 e
 2

 =
 1

 {\displaystyle d_{1}/D_{e1}+d_{2}/D_{e2}=1}

 .


Geometrically, Loewe additivity is the situation where isoboles are segments joining the points

 (

 D

 e
 1

 ,
 0
 )

 {\displaystyle (D_{e1},0)}

  and

 (
 0
 ,

 D

 e
 2

 )

 {\displaystyle (0,D_{e2})}

  in the domain

 (

 d

 1

 ,

 d

 2

 )

 {\displaystyle (d_{1},d_{2})}

 .


If we denote by

 f

 1

 (

 d

 1

 )

 {\displaystyle f_{1}(d_{1})}

 ,

 f

 2

 (

 d

 2

 )

 {\displaystyle f_{2}(d_{2})}

  and

 f

 12

 (

 d

 1

 ,

 d

 2

 )

 {\displaystyle f_{12}(d_{1},d_{2})}

  the dose-response functions of compound 1, compound 2 and of the mixture respectively, then dose additivity holds when


The Loewe additivity equation provides a prediction of the dose combination eliciting a given effect. Departure from Loewe additivity can be assessed informally by comparing this prediction to observations. This approach is known in toxicology as the model deviation ratio (MDR). [ 4 ]


This approach can be rooted in a more formal statistical method with the derivation of approximate  p-values  with  Monte Carlo simulation , as implemented in the R package MDR. [ 5 ] [ clarification needed ]


Lomedeucitinib  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of  psoriasis  and  psoriatic arthritis .  It is  tyrosine kinase 2  (TYK2) inhibitor. [ 1 ]


Loteprednol/tobramycin , sold under the brand name  Zylet , is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used for the treatment of inflammation of the eye. [ 1 ]  It is a combination of  loteprednol , as the etabonate, a  corticosteroid ; and  tobramycin , an  aminoglycoside antibiotic . [ 1 ]  It is used as  drops in the eye . [ 1 ]


Loteprednol/tobramycin was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2004. [ 1 ]


Lovotibeglogene autotemcel , sold under the brand name  Lyfgenia , is a  lentiviral   gene therapy  used for the treatment of  sickle cell disease . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


The most common side effects include stomatitis (mouth sores of the lips, mouth, and throat), low levels of platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells, and febrile neutropenia (fever and low white blood cell count), consistent with chemotherapy and underlying disease. [ 3 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) approved lovotibeglogene autotemcel in December 2023. [ 3 ] [ 6 ]


Lovotibeglogene autotemcel is  indicated  for the treatment of people aged twelve years of age and older with sickle cell disease and a history of  vaso-occlusive events . [ 1 ] [ 3 ]


The recipient's blood stem cells are genetically modified to produce HbA (T87Q), a gene-therapy derived  hemoglobin A , which is similar to the normal adult  hemoglobin  produced in persons not affected by sickle cell disease. [ 3 ]  Red blood cells containing HbA (T87Q) have a lower risk of sickling and occluding blood flow. [ 3 ]  These modified stem cells are then delivered to the recipient. [ 3 ]