SET2  is a drug which acts as a selective  antagonist  for the  TRPV2  receptor. It is moderately potent with an IC 50  of 460nM, but is highly selective for TRPV2 over the other subtypes of  TRPV , and is the first such compound to be developed. A role has been suggested for TRPV2 in tumor  metastasis , making this a target of interest in the treatment of cancer. [ 1 ]


SGT-003  is an experimental  gene therapy  being tested for  Duchenne's muscular dystrophy . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It is hoped to be an improvement on Solid Bioscience's earlier gene therapy  SGT-001 . [ 4 ]


SH-053-R-CH3-2′F  is a drug used in scientific research which is a  benzodiazepine  derivative. It produces some of the same effects as other benzodiazepines, but is much more subtype-selective than most other drugs of this class, having high selectivity,  binding affinity  and  efficacy  at the  α 5  subtype  of the  GABA A  receptor. This gives much tighter control of the effects produced, and so while SH-053-R-CH3-2′F retains  sedative  and  anxiolytic  effects, it does not cause  ataxia  at moderate doses. [ 1 ]  SH-053-R-CH3-2′F also blocks the  nootropic  effects of the α 5 -selective  inverse agonist   PWZ-029 , so  amnesia  is also a likely side effect. [ 2 ]


Replacement of the ester function by an  amide , realized in analogs such as MP-III-022 and  GL-II-73 , improves selectivity, efficacy, and kinetic behavior. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


SHEN26  is an  investigational new drug  which is being evaluated by Shenzhen Kexing Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of  COVID-19 . It is an  RNA replicase  inhibitor. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


SHR9352  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective biased agonist at the  μ-opioid receptor , selective for activation of the  G-protein  signalling pathway over  β-arrestin 2  recruitment. It was structurally derived from  oliceridine  by replacing the benzylic side chain with a cyclised group, although only some compounds in the series retained the desired biased agonist profile, with some derivatives such as compound 12 being potent, unbiased μ-opioid full agonists. [ 1 ]


SIB-1553A  is a  nicotinic acetylcholine receptor   agonist  that is selective for receptors with a  β 4  subunit . Administration of SIB-1553A improved memory and attention in a  Parkinson's disease  model. [ 1 ]


Siguazodan  is a  phosphodiesterase inhibitor . [ 1 ]


Sihuan Pharmaceutical  is a Chinese  pharmaceutical manufacturer  with headquarters in  Beijing  and branch office in  Haikou , Hainan Province. [ 1 ]  The main company in the group is the holding company  Sihuan Pharmaceutical Holdings Group Ltd , which is listed on the  Hong Kong stock market .


Sihuan Pharmaceutical is collaborating with the  Academy of Military Medical Science  in the development of the drug  JK-05 , intended for the treatment of  Ebola virus disease . [ 1 ]  The company has been challenged by  Fujifilm Holdings Corporation , which has stated that JK-05 infringes its patent rights regarding  Avigan . [ 2 ]


Sincalide  ( INN ) is a  cholecystokinetic  drug administered by  injection  to aid in diagnosing disorders of the  gallbladder  and  pancreas . It is the 8-amino acid  C-terminal  fragment of  cholecystokinin , and also known as  CCK-8 .


Common adverse effects following administration include abdominal discomfort and nausea.  These effects are more pronounced following rapid infusion.


Sincalide may be used to stimulate  gallbladder  contraction, as may be assessed by  contrast agent   cholecystography  or  ultrasonography , or to obtain by duodenal aspiration a sample of concentrated bile for analysis of cholesterol,  bile salts , phospholipids, and crystals. [ 1 ]  It can also be used to stimulate pancreatic secretion (especially in conjunction with  secretin ) prior to obtaining a duodenal aspirate for analysis of enzyme activity, composition, and  cytology . In some instances it is used to accelerate the transit of a  barium meal  through the small bowel, thereby decreasing the time and-extent of radiation associated with  fluoroscopy  and x-ray examination of the intestinal tract. [ 2 ]


Sintilimab , sold under the brand  Tyvyt  among others, is a medication used to treat  Hodgkin's disease , [ 2 ]  and has been approved in  China . [ 3 ]


It is a fully  human   IgG4   monoclonal antibody [ 4 ]  that binds to  programmed cell death protein 1 . [ 5 ]


It was jointly developed by Innovent Biologics [ 6 ]  and Eli Lilly. [ 7 ]


Sintilimab is medication that is indicated for the treatment of relapsed or refractory classical  Hodgkin's lymphoma [ 8 ]  after failure of at least second-line systemic chemotherapy. [ 5 ]


Common side effects include  fever ,  thyroid dysfunction , elevation of liver enzymes, and  lung   inflammation . [ 9 ]


Currently, more than 20  clinical trials  are ongoing to evaluate the  anti-tumor  effect of sintilimab injection, either as  monotherapy  or in combination with other agents, on a variety of solid tumors. [ 10 ]  In January 2019, the result of the registration trial of sintilimab in people with refractory or relapsed classical Hodgkin's lymphoma was published. [ 8 ]


Sipavibart  is an  experimental medication  under investigation for the prevention of  COVID-19  in people who are immunocompromised. [ 1 ]  Sipavibart is a recombinant human IgG1  monoclonal antibody  that provides passive immunization against  SARS-CoV-2  by binding its spike protein receptor binding domain. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


In December 2024, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  of the  European Medicines Agency  adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Kavigale, intended for the prevention of COVID-19 in immunocompromised people aged twelve years of age and older. [ 1 ]  Kavigale was reviewed under the EMA's accelerated assessment program. [ 1 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is AstraZeneca AB. [ 1 ]


Sipavibart is the  international nonproprietary name . [ 3 ]


Siramesine  (or  Lu 28-179 ) is a  sigma receptor   agonist , selective for the σ2 subtype. [ 1 ]  In  animal studies , siramesine has been shown to produce  anxiolytic [ 2 ]  and  antidepressant [ 3 ]  effects. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company  H Lundbeck  for the treatment of  anxiety , [ 4 ]  although development was discontinued after clinical trials showed a lack of efficacy in  humans . Siramesine has been shown to produce an enhanced antidepressant effect when co-administered with  NMDA antagonists . [ 5 ]  It has also been used to study the σ2 activity of  cocaine , [ 6 ]  and has been shown to produce  anticancer  properties both  in vitro [ 7 ]  and  in vivo . [ 8 ]


Sisunatovir  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of  respiratory syncytial virus  (RSV) infections. [ 1 ]  It functions as an orally administered RSV  fusion inhibitor , targeting the  RSV-F  protein on the viral surface to prevent viral replication. [ 2 ]  Sisunatovir has been granted  Fast Track  designation by the  U.S. Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) due to its potential to address serious RSV infections, which can lead to severe respiratory conditions such as  bronchiolitis  and  pneumonia . [ 3 ]


Site enhancement oil  are compounds injected into muscles to increase their size. Synthol [ 1 ]  is injected into muscles to create larger bulges, or injecting  PMMA  into muscles to shape them. Use of PMMA to shape muscles is prohibited in the United States. [ 2 ]  However, it is not illegal to use synthol. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Site enhancement oil, often called  santol  or  synthol  (no relation to the  Synthol  mouthwash brand), refers to oils injected into muscles to increase the size or change the shape. Some bodybuilders, particularly at the professional level, inject their muscles with such mixtures to mimic the appearance of developed muscle where it may otherwise be disproportionate or lacking. [ 4 ]  This is known as "fluffing". [ 1 ] [ 5 ]  Synthol is 85% oil, 7.5%  lidocaine , and 7.5% alcohol. [ 1 ]  It is not restricted, and many brands are available on the Internet. [ 6 ]  The use of injected oil to enhance muscle appearance is common among bodybuilders, [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  despite the fact that synthol can cause  pulmonary embolisms , nerve damage, infections,  sclerosing lipogranuloma , [ 9 ]  stroke, [ 1 ]  and the formation of oil-filled  granulomas ,  cysts  or ulcers in the muscle. [ 8 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]  Rare cases might require surgical intervention to avoid further damage to the muscle and/or to prevent loss of life. [ citation needed ]


Sesame oil  is often used in such mixtures, which can cause allergic reactions such as  vasculitis . [ 12 ]


As the injected muscle is not actually well-developed, it might droop under gravity. [ 6 ]


Skin popping  is a  route of administration  of  street drugs  where they are injected or deposited under the skin. [ 1 ]  It is usually a  depot injection , either  subcutaneous  or  intradermal , and not an  intramuscular injection . After deposition, the drug then diffuses slowly from the depot into the  capillary  networks, where it enters  circulation . Skin popping is distinct from  intravenous injection  in that the latter deposits the drug directly into the  bloodstream  via a  vein . Nonetheless, it is included with IV injection in the category of  injection drug use  because both involve injection, both are often done with the same drugs, and both carry many of the same risks (such as bloodborne disease risks, injection site infection risks, and risk of death from overdose). Higher-potency prescription opioids, such as  morphine ,  fentanyl , or  meperidine  can be injected subcutaneously, [ 2 ]  as can cocaine.  Skin  popping increases the duration of the high one gets from drugs such as  cocaine . The sites where skin popping with cocaine has been performed have an area of central pallor surrounded by bruising ( ecchymosis ). This pattern is due to the vasoconstrictive properties of cocaine acting locally at the injection site with hemorrhage occurring in the surrounding tissue.  Skin popping puts one at risk for developing secondary   amyloid associated  (AA)  amyloidosis .  Tetanus  has also been associated with skin-popping [ 3 ]  as has  botulism . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


SN 35210  is an  arylcyclohexylamine   dissociative   anesthetic  drug. It was derived from  ketamine  with the intention of producing a shorter acting agent more suitable to be used as a stand-alone drug, whereas ketamine itself generally has to be used in combination with other drugs such as  midazolam  to minimise the occurrence of  emergence reactions  due to its  hallucinogenic  side effects. In common with other short-acting anaesthetic drugs such as  remifentanil  and  remimazolam , SN 35210 has had the  chemical structure  modified to incorporate a methyl  ester  group which is rapidly metabolised to a  carboxylic acid , producing an inactive compound and thus rapidly terminating the effects of the drug. It was selected for development from a series of structurally related alkyl esters due to having the shortest duration of action and the most similar pharmacological profile to ketamine itself. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


SN-2  is a chemical compound which acts as an "agonist" (i.e. channel opener) for the  TRPML3  calcium channel, with high selectivity for TRPML3 and no significant activity at the related  TRPML1  and  TRPML2  channels. [ 1 ]  It has demonstrated  antiviral  activity in an  in vitro  model. [ 2 ]


SN-22  is a chemical compound which acts as a moderately  selective   agonist  at the  5-HT 2  family of  serotonin   receptors , with a K i  of 19 nM at 5-HT 2  subtypes versus 514 nM at 5-HT 1A  receptors. [ 1 ]  Many related derivatives are known, most of which are ligands for 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 6  or dopamine D 2  receptors or show  SSRI  activity. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


SNAP-7941  is a drug used in scientific research, which is a selective, non-peptide  antagonist  at the  melanin concentrating hormone   receptor   MCH 1 . In initial animal studies it had promising  anxiolytic ,  antidepressant  and  anorectic  effects, [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  but subsequent trial results were disappointing, [ 3 ]  and the main significance of SNAP-7941 is as the  lead compound  from which more potent and selective antagonists such as  SNAP-94847  were developed, [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  although it continues to be used for research into the function of the MCH 1  receptor. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


The  Society of Pharmacovigilance, India  (SoPI), is an Indian national non-profit scientific organisation, which aims at organizing training programmes and providing expertise in  pharmacovigilance  and enhance all aspects of the safe and proper use of  medicines [ 1 ]


The  International Society of Pharmacovigilance  (ISoP) granted status of 'associated society' to Society of Pharmacovigilance India (SoPI). It is the second professional society in the world after ISoP.


The founder of SoPI is  KC Singhal .


Sodelglitazar , formerly known as  GW 677954 , is a thiazole  PPARδ   receptor agonist  developed by  GlaxoSmithKline . [ 2 ]  While it is primarily active at the PPARδ receptor, it is considered a pan agonist with activity at  PPARα  and  PPARγ  receptors. [ 3 ]


Phase 2 studies were terminated prior to completion due to safety findings in  rodent studies . [ 4 ]


Sodium cellulose phosphate  is a drug used to treat  hypercalcemia  and  hypercalciuria . It has been investigating for the prevention of  kidney stones , [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  but with limited efficacy. [ 3 ]


This compound is an ion-exchange resin that can not be absorbed by the body. However, it can be used to restore the normal intestinal calcium absorption. When it is taken orally, it binds strongly to calcium and inhibits its absorption into the blood. From there, inhibition is caused due to the lower intraluminal calcium levels, which is typically available for absorption. [ 4 ]


The mechanism of action of the drug compound can cause a couple of internal effects. Due to the binding activity of the compound with calcium, it will also bind with magnesium and cause a depletion in the body. Working off of this effect, sodium cellulose phosphate will bind with divalent intestinal cations. Because of this binding, more oxalate is available in the blood. This high level of oxalate within the intestine can also be a source of renal stones.


Hypercalcemia  occurs when there is a raised level of  calcium  in the  blood , compared to the normal range of  2.2–2.6 mmol/L. Typical symptoms of this condition include renal stones, bone pain, abdominal discomfort, and nausea/vomiting. More severe symptoms are associated with psychiatric overtones which are consumed with anxiety, depression, and insomnia.


Hypercalciuria  occurs when there is an elevated level of  calcium in the urine . This condition is due to severe  calcium reabsorption  within the intestines.


The major US  dosage form  of sodium cellulose phosphate is  Calcibind , which was developed and brought to market by Mission Pharma. Calcibind is a powder dosage form, which comes in small, 2.5 gram doses, individually packaged. The  patent  for this product was approved on December 28, 1982. The product was eventually removed from the market for reasons that have not been found at this time.


In the late 1970s and early 1980s, physiological action studies took place to show how intestinal calcium was absorbed and how it affects other functions within the body. By a study done at the University of Texas, it was found that sodium cellulose phosphate inhibited calcium absorption through three separate techniques:


Through these studies, major conclusions were made regarding the drug compound. Sodium cellulose phosphate reduces the renal excretion of magnesium and calcium. Phosphate and oxalate were both increased in the urine, one due to intestinal hydrolysis and the other to a reduced oxalate complex. Overall, it was noted that the drug could be used to correct the increased calcium absorption that occurs in absorptive hypercalciuria. [ 4 ]


A  sodium channel opener  is a type of  drug  which facilitates  ion  transmission through  sodium channels .


Examples include  toxins , such as  aconitine ,  veratridine ,  batrachotoxin ,  robustoxin ,  palytoxin  and  ciguatoxins  and  insecticides  ( DDT  and  pyrethroids ), which activate  voltage-gated sodium channels  (VGSCs), and  solnatide  (AP301), which activates the  epithelial sodium channel  (ENaC). [ 1 ]


Sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate , sold under the brand name  Nithiodote , is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used as an antidote for  cyanide poisoning . [ 1 ]  It contains  sodium thiosulfate  and  sodium nitrite . [ 1 ]  It is given by  intravenous infusion  into a vein. [ 1 ]


It was approved for medical use in the United States in January 2011. [ 2 ]


Sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate is  indicated  for the treatment of acute cyanide poisoning. [ 1 ]


Sodium polydihydroxyphenylene thiosulfonate  ( гипоксен ,  Hypoxen ) is under laboratory studies in Russia as a potential regulator of  cell metabolism . [ 1 ]  It is purported to affect  mitochondrial  function, [ 2 ]  though this has not been proven in any high-quality,  peer-reviewed  publications. [ citation needed ]


It is registered in Russia as an  antihypoxic agent , but has not been subjected to any  clinical trials  meeting internationally accepted standards, and has no  regulatory approval  as a  prescription drug  outside Russia and some former Soviet states. Although called an "oxygen booster" in  public media  to imply its potential to "increase endurance and reduce fatigue", [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  there is no scientific evidence it has this property, and it is not used in conventional  cardiology  as a therapy for treating  heart disease . [ 5 ]


Hypoxen is sold online without a prescription, mainly from Russian websites, and does not appear to be sold in  health stores  in the United States. [ 5 ]  Hypoxen is not listed on the  prohibited substance list  of the  World Anti-Doping Agency . [ 5 ]  In 2017, the  United States Anti-Doping Agency  applied to have hypoxen banned from athletic competitions, but the ban was not implemented. [ 3 ]


It has been identified in tests on athletes in competition, such as  Kamila Valieva , a Russian  figure-skater  competing at the  2022 Winter Olympics , but is not itself banned in international competitions, as of 2022. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]


It is claimed to be a polymeric mixture containing between 2 and 6 repeat units of 2,4-dihydroxyphenylene with a thiosulphonate group joined at the end. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


A  softgel  is an  oral   dosage form  for  medicine  in the form of a specialized  capsule . They consist of a shell, usually  gelatin  based, surrounding a liquid fill. Softgel shells are a combination of  gelatin ,  water ,  opacifier  and a  plasticiser  such as  glycerin  or  sorbitol .


Softgels are produced in a process known as encapsulation using the Rotary Die Encapsulation process invented by Robert Pauli Scherer.  The encapsulation process has been described as a form/fill/seal process.  Two flat ribbons of shell material are manufactured on the machine and brought together on a twin set of rotating dies.  The dies contain recesses in the desired size and shape, which cut out the ribbons into a two-dimensional shape, and form a seal around the outside. At the same time a pump delivers a precise dose of fill material through a nozzle incorporated into a filling wedge whose tip sits between the two ribbons in between two die pockets at the point of cut out.  The wedge is heated to facilitate the sealing process.  The wedge injection causes the two flat ribbons to expand into the die pockets, giving rise to the three-dimensional finished product.  After encapsulation, the softgels are dried for two days to two weeks depending on the product.


Since the 1990s, manufacturers have been able to replace gelatin in the shell with other polymers based on, for example,  starch  and  carrageenan .


Catalent Pharma Solutions  is the current owner of the RPScherer technology. [ 1 ]


Solbinsiran,   is a  GalNAc  conjugated  small interfering RNA  (siRNA) therapy, that targets angiopoietin-like 3. It is developed by  Eli Lilly and Company  to reduce the level of  apolipoprotein B  and reduce the risk of  cardiovascular disease . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Solbinsiran is a GalNAc-conjugated Dicer-substrate siRNA (DsiRNA) that targets ANGPTL3 expression in the liver. ANGPTL3 plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism, and by inhibiting its expression, Solbinsiran aims to lower lipid levels, particularly triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ( Triglyceride Forum ).


In preclinical studies, Solbinsiran demonstrated significant reductions in human ANGPTL3 mRNA expression in hepatocytes and a substantial reduction in circulating ANGPTL3 protein levels in cynomolgus monkeys ( Triglyceride Forum ). In Phase 1 studies, it showed potential as a therapeutic option for reducing ANGPTL3 levels and triglycerides (TG) in patients with dyslipidemia ( Triglyceride Forum ).


The therapy is currently investigational and has undergone testing in clinical settings for  cardiovascular diseases .


Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators  are a class of drugs developed to treat  heart failure ,  pulmonary hypertension , and other diseases. The  first-in-class medication  was   riociguat , approved in 2013 for pulmonary hypertension. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  They have also been investigated for  hypertension ,  systemic sclerosis , and  sickle cell disease . [ 3 ] [ 1 ]


In 1998, the role of  nitric oxide  (NO) in cardiovascular disease received the  Nobel Prize in Physiology . Although NO is still used to treat angina, its side effects, potential for tolerance, short duration of action, and narrow  therapeutic index  limit its therapeutic use. [ 1 ] [ 4 ]   PDE5 inhibitors  increase NO and are approved for  erectile dysfunction ,  pulmonary arterial hypertension  (PAH), and  benign prostatic hyperplasia , but they are less effective in patients for whom NO production is suppressed, such as people with diabetes or obesity.  Soluble guanylate cyclase  is one of the downstream targets of NO, but the stimulators operate independently of it. [ 1 ]  sGC activators, another experimental class of drugs, may be more effective than stimulators when  oxidative stress  is high. [ 1 ]


The drugs are also considered to possibly have the potential to treat kidney disease,  lung fibrosis ,  scleroderma , and  sickle cell disease . [ 3 ] [ 1 ]


Somantadine  ( INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name ; developmental code name  PR 741-976 ), or  somantadine hydrochloride  ( USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name ) in the case of the  hydrochloride   salt , is an  experimental   antiviral   drug  of the  adamantane  family related to  amantadine  and  rimantadine  that was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It was first described by 1978. [ 1 ]


Somatorelin  is a  diagnostic agent  for determining  growth hormone deficiency . [ 1 ]  It is a  recombinant  version of  growth hormone-releasing hormone  (GHRH).


Somatorelin has been used to study hormone deficiency (particularly  growth hormone deficiency ), cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, and aging. [ 2 ]


Sonrotoclax  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of  hematologic malignancies , particularly  chronic lymphocytic leukemia  (CLL) and  small lymphocytic lymphoma  (SLL). [ 1 ]   It is a potent and selective  BCL2  inhibitor that can overcome resistance associated with BCL2 mutations, such as the G101V variant, which limits the effectiveness of first-generation inhibitors like  venetoclax . [ 2 ]


Southern and Eastern Norway Pharmaceutical Trust  ( Norwegian :  Sykehusapotekene ANS ) is a  health trust  owned by  Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority  that operates nineteen hospital  pharmacies . The pharmacies are part of the  Ditt Apotek [ 1 ]  chain and use  Norsk Medisinaldepot  as  wholesaler .


The pharmacies are located at  Ullevål University Hospital ,  Rikshospitalet ,  Radiumhospitalet ,  Akershus University Hospital ,  Aker University Hospital ,  Asker og Bærum Hospital ,  Drammen Hospital ,  Tønsberg Hospital ,  Skien Hospital ,  Arendal Hospital ,  Arendal Hospital ,  Kristiansand Hospital ,  Fredrikstad Hospital ,  Sarpsborg Hospital ,  Moss Hospital ,  Kongsvinger Hospital ,  Elverum Hospital ,  Hamar Hospital ,  Gjøvik Hospital  and  Lillehammer Hospital .


Spesolimab , sold under the brand name  Spevigo , is a  monoclonal antibody  used for the treatment of  generalized pustular psoriasis  (GPP). [ 4 ]  It is an interleukin-36 receptor (IL-36R) antagonist. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]  It is given via injection into a vein. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]


The most common adverse reactions include fatigue, nausea and vomiting, headache,  pruritus  (itching) and  prurigo  (itchy bumps), bruising, and urinary tract infection. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]


It was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2022, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]  and in European Union in December 2022. [ 5 ]  The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) considers it to be a  first-in-class medication . [ 11 ] [ 12 ]


Spesolimab is  indicated  for the treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis flares in adults. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) approved spesolimab based on evidence from a clinical trial of 53 adults with generalized pustular psoriasis flare. [ 6 ]  The trial was conducted at three sites in the United States and 23 sites globally (Africa, Asia, and Europe). [ 6 ]  Spesolimab was evaluated in one clinical trial (Study Effisayil-1/NCT03782792) of 53 adults with generalized pustular psoriasis flare. [ 6 ]  In the trial, participants received a single treatment with either spesolimab or placebo. [ 6 ]  Participants were evaluated for clearance of pustules based on a Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Physician Global Assessment (GPPPGA) pustulation sub score of 0 (indicating no visible pustules) at Week 1. [ 6 ]  Neither the participant nor the healthcare providers knew which treatment was being given until after week 1. [ 6 ]  After week 1, all participants, whether they initially received spesolimab or placebo, who continued to experience flare symptoms, had the option to receive a single open-label treatment of spesolimab (second treatment and first treatment for participants in the spesolimab and placebo groups, respectively). [ 6 ]  After week 1 to week 12, participants in either original treatment group whose generalized pustular psoriasis flare reoccurred after achieving a clinical response were eligible to receive a single open-label rescue treatment of spesolimab, with a maximum of three total treatments of spesolimab throughout the trial. [ 6 ]


In October 2022, the  Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use  (CHMP) of the  European Medicines Agency  (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a conditional marketing authorization for the medicinal product Spevigo, intended for the treatment of flares in adult patients with generalised pustular psoriasis. [ 13 ]  The applicant for this medicinal product is Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. [ 13 ]  Spesolimab was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2022. [ 5 ] [ 14 ]


The FDA granted the application  breakthrough therapy  designation. [ 15 ]


SR-14968  is a drug which acts as a biased agonist at the  μ-opioid receptor , selective for activation of the  G-protein  signalling pathway over  β-arrestin 2  recruitment. It is closely related to other compounds such as  brorphine  and  SR-17018 . Similarly to brorphine, SR-14968 shows robust biased agonist activity  in vitro , but in animal studies  in vivo  behaves more like a typical opioid agonist at higher dose ranges, though still with a superior safety profile compared to unbiased agonists such as  fentanyl . Compounds of this class are under development as potential  analgesic  medications with lower risk of overdose and drug dependence compared to traditional opioid drugs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


SR-16435  is a drug which acts as a potent  partial agonist  at both the  μ-opioid receptor  and  nociceptin receptor . In animal studies it was found to be a potent analgesic, with results suggestive of reduced development of tolerance and increased activity against  neuropathic pain  compared to classic μ-selective agonists. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


SR-17018  is a drug which acts as a biased agonist at the  μ-opioid receptor , selective for activation of the  G-protein  signalling pathway over  β-arrestin 2  recruitment. [ 1 ]  In animal studies it produces  analgesic  effects but with less  respiratory depression  and development of  tolerance  than conventional opioids. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


SR-8278  is an experimental drug that was developed as an antagonist of  Rev-ErbAα . [ 1 ]  It has been used to demonstrate potential applications of Rev-ErbAα antagonists in the treatment of conditions such as  Duchenne muscular dystrophy  and  Alzheimer's disease . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


SR9009 , also known as  Stenabolic , is a research drug that was developed by professor Thomas Burris of the  Scripps Research Institute  as an  agonist  of   Rev-ErbA  (i.e., increases the constitutive  repression  of  genes regulated  by Rev-ErbA) [ 1 ]  with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration ( IC 50 ) = 670 nM for  Rev-ErbAα  and IC 50  = 800 nM for  Rev-ErbAβ . [ 2 ]  In an animal study, some of its effects were found to be independent of REV-ERB with an unknown  mechanism of action . [ 3 ]


Activation of Rev-ErbA-α by SR9009 in mice increases exercise capacity by increasing  mitochondria  counts in  skeletal muscle . [ 4 ]


Abuse of SR9009 has been reported within the bodybuilding community, resulting in SR9009 being placed on the  World Anti-Doping Agency  list of  prohibited drugs . SR9009 and the related  SR9011  drug are described as "Hormone and Metabolic Modulators". [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


SR9011  is a research drug that was developed by Professor Thomas Burris of  Scripps  as an  agonist  of  Rev-ErbAα
with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration ( IC 50 ) = 790 nM for Rev-Erbα and IC 50  = 560 nM for  Rev-ErbAβ . [ 1 ]  It has been used in the study of the regulation of the  circadian rhythm  and its links to  immune system  function,  inflammation  and  cancer . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


SRT-1460  is a drug in development by  Sirtris Pharmaceuticals  intended as a  small-molecule   activator  of the  sirtuin  subtype  SIRT1 . It has similar activity in animal studies to the known SIRT1 activator  resveratrol , but is closer in potency to  SRT-1720 . In animal studies it was found to improve  insulin sensitivity  and lower  plasma glucose  levels in fat, muscle and liver tissue, and increased  mitochondrial  and  metabolic function . [ 1 ]
However, the claim that SRT1460 is a SIRT1 activator has been questioned [ 2 ]  and further defended. [ 3 ]


SRT-2104  is an experimental drug that was studied by  Sirtris Pharmaceuticals  as a  small-molecule   activator  of the  sirtuin  subtype  SIRT1 . The compound progressed to Phase II human trials for  Type II diabetes  before development was discontinued, however it continues to be widely used in animal research into the functions of SIRT1. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


SRT-3025  is an experimental drug that was studied by  Sirtris Pharmaceuticals  as a  small-molecule   activator  of the  sirtuin  subtype  SIRT1 . It has been investigated as a potential treatment for  osteoporosis , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  and  anemia . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


SSR180711  is a drug that acts as a potent and selective  partial agonist  for the  α7  subtype of neural  nicotinic acetylcholine receptors . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  In animal studies, it shows  nootropic  effects and may be useful in the treatment of  schizophrenia . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


STAC-9  is an experimental drug that was developed by  GlaxoSmithKline  as a  small-molecule   activator  of the  sirtuin  subtype  SIRT1 , with potential applications in the treatment of  diabetes . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


STAT inhibitors  are drugs which target  signal transducer and activator of transcription  (STAT) proteins, a family of cytoplasmic induction factors. Inhibitors of STAT proteins are being developed for use in cancer therapy. [ 1 ]


Anabolic/androgenic steroids  are drugs that are obtained from the male hormone,  testosterone . Anabolic steroids are used for muscle-building and strength gain [ 1 ]  for cosmetic reasons as well as for performance-enhancement in athletics and bodybuilding. Anabolic steroids work in many ways by increasing  protein synthesis  in the muscles and by eliminating the catabolic process (the process of breaking down skeletal muscle for energy). It is common for teens and adults to use steroids as they stimulate and encourage muscle growth much more rapidly than natural body building.


In Australia, many people are encouraged to use steroids due to the body image expectations created by society. In secondary schools, 3.2% of boys and 1.2% of girls are using steroids. [ 2 ]  Many Australian  bodybuilders  visit  Bangkok  and  Pattaya  in Thailand because the  pharmacies  there sell some steroid brands ten times cheaper than they available on the Australian black market. Australians were also purchasing their steroids in other countries to avoid a possible criminal record at home.  Australian Crime Commission [ 3 ]  statistics have shown that there was a 106% increase in the last [ which? ]  financial year of "performance and image-enhancing-drugs", showing 5,561 border detections.


In the first 3 months of 2008, 300 AAS seizures were reported by the  Australian Customs and Border Protection Service . [ 4 ]


Stomatol  is a brand of  toothpaste  first sold in Sweden at the beginning of the 20th century.  It was particularly notable as having been one of the first Swedish brands to recognise and to use the power of  mass media . The brand was originally made by the soap manufacturer Grumme & Son, acquired 1985 by pharmaceutical company  Cederroth AB . The company made extensive use of press, film and signs, both enamel and neon.


It is particularly known for the large advertisement sign which has been a prominent local landmark at  Slussen  in  Stockholm  since 1909. The  Stomatol Sign , made from lightbulbs, not neon tubes, was the first animated advertisement sign in Sweden (one can see the toothpaste being squeezed out of the tube). It was originally placed on the  Katarinahissen  elevator, but was moved in 1933 to the roof of the nearby building at Klevgränd 1 B. Technical problems forced the electricity to be shut down between 1963 and 1972 and from 1981 until 1986.


Many Stomatol film commercials were animated. At least ten of the commercials produced in and around 1930 were drawn by Arvid Olson and Victor Bergdahl, creator of  Captain Grogg .


Live action, near-feature quality ads were produced around that time by Kinocentralen and which starred popular Swedish comedic actor  Thor Modéen .  Modéen was well known for living a rather extravagant lifestyle, mostly paid for through his work for Stomatol.


The brand's slogan was "Stomatol - the only way to obtain healthy and strong teeth!"


Stomatol was also manufactured and sold in  Norway . Stomatol toothpaste was first manufactured by  Carl A. Høyers Stomatolfabrikk A/S  i  Oslo , which got the exclusive rights for the Norwegian market in 1896. They continued to make Stomatol until they were acquired by competitor Marwell Hauge in 1970, and the Stomatol brand name was discontinued in Norway some time after. [ 1 ]


From its beginnings, Stomatol devoted part of its budget to advertising, whether in newspapers or in the streets. At the turn of the twentieth century, a building located at the 92-94  Regeringsgatan  in Stockholm sported a large Stomatol painting.


This Swedish corporation or company article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


This  product  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene  ( STAR ) is a  clinical trial  from the early 2000s designed determine how the drug  raloxifene  compares with the drug  tamoxifen  in reducing the incidence of  breast cancer  in women who are at increased risk of the disease. [ 1 ]


One of the largest breast cancer prevention studies ever, [ 2 ]  it included 22,000 women in 400 medical centers in the United States and Canada. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


The study concluded that raloxifene caused fewer side-effects and less endometrial cancer than tamoxifen. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  Raloxifene was found to be more effective at preventing noninvasive breast cancer but less effective at preventing invasive breast cancer. [ 8 ]


This  women's health  related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Sublabial administration , literally "under the  lip ", from  Latin , refers to the pharmacological  route of administration  by which the active substance is placed between the lip and the  gingiva  (gum) to diffuse through the  oral mucosa . Sublabial administration should not be confused with  sublingual administration , which is under the  tongue . The  frenulum of the tongue  may be irritated when in contact with corrosive materials but can be avoided with this route. It is usually used for  medications  such as  glyceryl trinitrate , for example, in  angina pectoris . [ 1 ]


Some drugs are inactive in the  digestive tract , but this can be avoided if held between the  upper lip  and gum. This prevents the substances from getting swallowed with  salivation , as would normally occur between the  lower lip  and gum, permitting slow release of the drug to prolong the duration of action.


Sulbactam/durlobactam , sold under the brand name  Xacduro  (by Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics), is a co-packaged medication used for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia caused by  Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus  complex. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It contains  sulbactam , a  beta-lactam antibacterial  and  beta-lactamase inhibitor ; and  durlobactam , a beta-lactamase inhibitor. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Sulbactam/durlobactam was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2023. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Sulbactam/durlobactam is  indicated  for the treatment of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia, caused by susceptible isolates of  Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus  complex. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The efficacy of sulbactam/durlobactam was established in a multicenter, active-controlled, open-label (investigator-unblinded, assessor-blinded), non-inferiority clinical trial in 177 hospitalized adults with pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant  A. baumannii . [ 2 ]  Participants received either sulbactam/durlobactam or  colistin  (a comparator antibiotic) for up to 14 days. [ 2 ]  Both treatment arms also received an additional antibiotic,  imipenem/cilastatin , as background therapy for potential hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia pathogens other than  Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus  complex. [ 2 ]  The primary measure of efficacy was mortality from all causes within 28 days of treatment in participants with a confirmed infection with carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. [ 2 ]  Of those who received sulbactam/durlobactam, 19% (12 of 63 participants) died, compared to 32% (20 of 62 participants) who received colistin; this demonstrated that sulbactam/durlobactam was noninferior to colistin. [ 2 ]


Overall, 2.3% of  Acinetobacter baumannii  strains are resistant to sulbactam/durlobactam. This percentage increases to 3.4% and 3.7% in the subgroups of carbapenem-resistant and colistin-resistant  Acinetobacter , respectively. In  Acinetobacter  strains producing metallo-beta-lactamases, sulbactam/durlobactam resistance is 100%. [ 3 ]


Sulbactam/durlobactam was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2023. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  The FDA granted the application for sulbactam/durlobactam  fast track  and  priority review  designations. [ 4 ]


Sulfadicramide  (marketed as  Irgamid ) is an anti-infective. [ 1 ]


This  antiinfective   drug  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Sulfinalol  is a  beta adrenergic receptor antagonist . [ 1 ]


The methyl group on a sulfoxide is sufficiently acidic to substitute for phenolic hydroxyl.


The preparation of this combined α- and β-blocker sulfinalol begins by protection of the phenolic hydroxyl as its benzoate ester. Bromination followed by condensation with 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butan-2-amine (not  PMA ) gives the aminoketone  3 . Successive catalytic reduction and saponification affords aminoalcohol  4 . Oxidation of the  sulfide  to the  sulfoxide  with a reagent such as  metaperiodate  gives sulfinalol ( 5 ).


Sulopenem/probenecid , sold under the brand name  Orlynvah , is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used for the treatment of  urinary tract infections . [ 1 ]  It contains  sulopenem , a  penem antibacterial , as the  prodrug  sulopenem etzadroxil; and  probenecid , a  renal tubular transport inhibitor . [ 1 ]


The most common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vaginal yeast infection, headache, and vomiting. [ 2 ]


The combination was approved for medical use to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections in the United States in October 2024. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Sulopenem/probenecid is  indicated  for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by the designated microorganisms  Escherichia coli ,  Klebsiella pneumoniae , or  Proteus mirabilis  in adult women who have limited or no alternative oral antibacterial treatment options. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Sulopenem/probenecid is contraindicated in people with a history of  hypersensitivity reactions  to sulopenem etzadroxil or probenecid or other  beta-lactam antibacterial  drugs; people with known  blood dyscrasias ; people with known  uric acid kidney stones ; and people who are also taking  ketorolac tromethamine .  [ 2 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) prescribing information for sulopenem/probenecid includes warnings for hypersensitivity reactions,  Clostridioides difficile -associated diarrhea , and potential exacerbation of  gout  when given to people with a known history of gout. [ 2 ]


The effectiveness of sulopenem/probenecid was evaluated in two phase III controlled, randomized, double blind clinical trials (trial 1 and trial 2) which enrolled adult women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. [ 2 ]  Trial 1 (NCT05584657) was a noninferiority trial in which 2214 adult women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections were randomized and treated. [ 2 ]  Sulopenem/probenecid demonstrated efficacy in participants with amoxicillin/clavulanate-susceptible pathogens with a composite response rate (combined microbiological response and clinical response) of 62% compared to a composite response rate of 55% in the amoxicillin/clavulanate group. [ 2 ]  Trial 2 (NCT03354598) was a noninferiority trial in which 1660 adult women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections were randomized and treated. [ 2 ]  Sulopenem/probenecid demonstrated efficacy in participants with ciprofloxacin-resistant pathogens with a composite response rate of 48% compared to a composite response rate of 33% in the ciprofloxacin group. [ 2 ]  Overall, in the two trials combined, 1932 participants were treated with sulopenem/probenecid. [ 2 ]  Clinical trials evaluating sulopenem/probenecid for the treatment of participants with complicated urinary tract infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections did not demonstrate effectiveness. [ 2 ]


In the field of  pharmacology , a  superagonist  is a type of  agonist  that is capable of producing a maximal response greater than the  endogenous agonist  for the target  receptor , and thus has an  efficacy  of more than 100%. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  For example,  goserelin  is a superagonist of the  gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor .


Synaptic pharmacology  is the study of drugs that act on the  synapses . It deals with the composition, uses, and effects of drugs that may enhance ( receptor ) or diminish (blocker) activity at the synapse, which is the junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an  axon  terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.


A partial list of pharmacological agents that act at synapses follows.


Systemic administration  is a  route of administration  of medication, nutrition or other substance into the  circulatory system  so that the entire body is affected. [ 1 ]   Administration can take place via  enteral  administration (absorption of the drug through the gastrointestinal tract) [ 2 ]  or  parenteral  administration (generally injection, infusion, or implantation). [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Contrast with  topical  administration where the effect is generally local. [ 4 ]


Systems pharmacology  is the application of  systems biology  principles to the field of  pharmacology . It seeks to understand how  drugs  affect the human body as a single complex  biological system .
Instead of considering the effect of a drug to be the result of one specific  drug-protein interaction , systems pharmacology considers the effect of a drug to be the outcome of the  network  of interactions a drug may have. In 1992, an article on systems medicine and pharmacology was published in China. [ 1 ]   Networks of interaction  may include chemical-protein,  protein–protein , genetic,  signalling  and physiological (at cellular, tissue, organ and whole body levels).  Systems pharmacology uses  bioinformatics  and statistics techniques to integrate and interpret these networks.


Systems pharmacology can be applied to drug safety studies as a complement to  pharmacoepidemiology . [ 2 ]


Taksta  (previously  CEM-102 ) is a front-loaded [ clarification needed ]  oral dosing regimen of sodium  fusidate  under development in the U.S. as an  antibiotic  for  gram-positive  infections including drug-resistant strains such as  methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . [ 1 ]


Jan 2010: Taksta has completed enrollment in a phase 2 trial (due to run until March 2010) and is preparing for phase 3 studies in the U.S. for acute bacterial  skin structure infections  (being compared with  linezolid ). [ 2 ]


Sep 2010: Taksta demonstrated comparable clinical success rates compared to linezolid in a phase 2 trial in the U.S. for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. [ 3 ]


Jun 2011: Taksta may be effective in the treatment of chronic prosthetic joint infections and osteomyelitis. [ 4 ]


Dec 2015: Cempra doses first patient in a phase 3 clinical trial of Taksta in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. [ 5 ]


Nov 2016: Cempra completes a phase 3 clinical trial of Taksta in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Results remain pending. [ 6 ]


Feb 2017: Cempra achieves the primary endpoint of a 10% non-inferiority margin. The microbiological success in each ME [ clarification needed ]  population with methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection is 100 percent (99/99) at both the EOT [ clarification needed ]  and PTE [ clarification needed ]  visits. [ 7 ]


Talnetant  ( SB-223,412 ) is a  neurokinin 3  receptor antagonist developed by  GlaxoSmithKline , which is being researched for several functions (primarily treatment of  irritable bowel syndrome , despite a 2007 study finding no statistically significant improvement in rectal hypersensitivity over placebo). Its use as a potential  antipsychotic  drug for the treatment of  schizophrenia  has also been discontinued. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Taragarestrant  is an orally bioavailable  selective estrogen receptor degrader  (SERD) developed by Inventis Bio for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)  breast cancer . Structurally similar to AZD9496, taragarestrant has demonstrated potent efficacy across multiple breast cancer cell lines expressing ER and related xenograft models. In preclinical studies, taragarestrant exhibited anti-tumor activity, warranting further clinical investigation. [ 1 ]


A phase I study (NCT03471663) evaluated taragarestrant in females with ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer, both as monotherapy and in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor  palbociclib . [ 2 ]  A phase III clinical trial has been initiated in China in patients with ER+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer. [ 3 ]


Tarextumab  (formerly  OMP-59R5 ) is a fully human  monoclonal antibody  targeting the  Notch 2 / 3  receptors. It is being tested as a possible treatment for cancer. In January 2015, the  US FDA  granted  orphan drug  designation to tarextumab for the treatment of  pancreatic cancer  and  lung cancer . [ 1 ]  Two early stage clinical trials have reported encouraging results. [ 1 ]


Target-mediated drug disposition  ( TMDD ) is the process in which a  drug  binds with high affinity to its pharmacological target (for example, a  receptor ) to such an extent that this affects its  pharmacokinetic  characteristics. Various drug classes can exhibit TMDD, most often these are large compounds (biologics such as  antibodies ,  cytokines  or  growth factors [ 1 ] ) but also smaller compounds can exhibit TMDD (such as  warfarin ).
A typical TMDD pattern of antibodies displays non-linear clearance and can be seen at concentration ranges that are usually defined as 'mid-to-low'. In this concentration range, the target is partly  saturated . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Taurolidine/heparin , sold under the brand name  Defencath , is a  fixed-dose combination   catheter lock solution  used for central venous catheter instillation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It contains  taurolidine , a  thiadiazinane  antimicrobial; and  heparin , an  anti-coagulant . Its use is limited to people with  kidney failure  receiving chronic  hemodialysis  through a  central venous catheter . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The most frequently reported adverse reactions include hemodialysis catheter malfunction, hemorrhage/bleeding, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, musculoskeletal chest pain, and thrombocytopenia. [ 2 ]


Taurolidine/heparin was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2023. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) considers it to be a  first-in-class medication . [ 4 ]


Taurolidine/heparin is  indicated  to reduce catheter-related bloodstream infections in adults with kidney failure who are receiving chronic hemodialysis through a central venous catheter. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 5 ]  It is indicated in this limited and specific patient population. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Taurolidine/heparin was studied in a single, randomized, active-controlled phase III clinical trial. [ 2 ]  In this trial, taurolidine/heparin delayed the time it took to acquire a catheter related bloodstream infection. [ 2 ]  Taurolidine/heparin demonstrated a 71% risk reduction in catheter related bloodstream infections versus the heparin comparator arm (95% confidence interval for risk reduction: 38% to 86%; p value = 0.0006). [ 2 ]


Taxadiene  ( taxa-4,11-diene ) is a  diterpene .  Taxadiene is the first committed intermediate in the synthesis of  taxol . [ 1 ]  Six hydroxylation reactions, and a few others, are needed to convert taxadiene to  baccatin III .


Enzymatically, taxadiene is produced from  geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate  by  taxadiene synthase . A biochemical gram-scale production of taxadiene has been reported in 2010 using genetically engineered  Escherichia coli . [ 2 ]


TC-S 7001  ( Azaindole-1 ) is a drug which acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the  enzyme   Rho kinase , with an IC 50  of 0.6 nM at  ROCK1  and 1.1 nM at  ROCK2 . [ 1 ]  It has  vasodilatory  effects and has been used in research for a variety of applications. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


TDBzcholine  is a  diazirine  analog of  acetylcholine  that can be used to label the  nicotinic acetylcholine receptor .


TDBzcholine is able to bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Once TDBzcholine is bound to the receptor, TDBzcholine can be activated by exposing the sample to  UV  light. This led to formation of a highly reactive  carbene  radical that can react with amino acid residues in the receptor and become covalently bound to the receptor. [ 1 ]


TDI-11861  is a chemical compound which acts as a potent  [ 1 ]  and selective inhibitor of  soluble adenylyl cyclase  (sAC). [ 2 ]  In animal studies it reversibly inhibits  sperm motility , producing temporary  infertility  without hormonal side effects. While TDI-11861 is at an early developmental stage and is unlikely to be developed for medical uses in humans itself, it represents an important proof of concept which may potentially lead to the development of future  male contraceptive  drugs. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


TDIQ  (also known as  6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline  or  MDTHIQ ) is a drug used in scientific research, which has  anxiolytic  and  anorectic  effects in animals. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It has an unusual effects profile in animals, with the effects generalising to  cocaine  and partially to  MDMA  and  ephedrine , [ 3 ]  but the effects did not generalise to  amphetamine  and TDIQ does not have any  stimulant  effects. [ 4 ]  It is thought these effects are mediated via a  partial agonist  action at  Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors , and TDIQ has been suggested as a possible drug for the treatment of cocaine dependence. [ 5 ]


Technetium ( 99m Tc) etarfolatide  is an investigational non-invasive,  folate receptor -targeting companion imaging agent that is being developed by  Endocyte . [ 1 ]
Etarfolatide consists of a  small molecule  targeting the  folate receptor  and an imaging agent, which is based on  technetium-99m . This companion imaging agent identifies cells expressing the  folate receptor , including cancer and inflammatory cells. [ 2 ]


Etarfolatide is currently being investigated together with the corresponding  small molecule drug conjugate  (SMDC)  vintafolide  in a Phase 3 study in  platinum-resistant ovarian cancer  and in a Phase 2b study in  non-small cell lung cancer . It identifies patients with  metastases  that are positive for the  folate receptor  and therefore more likely to respond to treatment with  vintafolide . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Other  folate receptor  targeting SMDCs for the treatment of  cancer , inflammatory diseases and kidney disease are in preclinical development and will also utilize etarfolatide as companion imaging agent. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


The  European Medicines Agency  (EMA) is reviewing the  Marketing Authorization Application  (MAA) filings for both  vintafolide  and etarfolatide, for the treatment of patients with  folate receptor -positive platinum-resistant  ovarian cancer  in combination with pegylated liposomal  doxorubicin  (PLD). [ 5 ]


Technetium ( 99m Tc) exametazime  is a  radiopharmaceutical  sold under the trade name  Ceretec , and is used by  nuclear medicine  physicians for the detection of altered regional cerebral perfusion in  stroke [ 1 ]  and other cerebrovascular diseases. It can also be used for the labelling of  leukocytes  to localise intra- abdominal  infections [ 2 ]  and  inflammatory bowel disease . [ 3 ]  Exametazime (the part without technetium) is sometimes referred to as  hexamethylpropylene amine oxime  or  HMPAO , although correct chemical names are: [ 4 ]


The drug consists of exametazime as a  chelating agent  for the  radioisotope   technetium-99m . Both  enantiomeric  forms of exametazime are used—the drug is  racemic . [ 5 ]   The third  stereoisomer  of this structure, the  meso  form , is not included.


Technetium ( 99m Tc) medronic acid   is a  pharmaceutical  product used in  nuclear medicine  to localize  bone metastases [ 1 ]  as well as other diseases that can alter the natural turn-over in the  bone  by  bone scintigraphy . [ 2 ]


The drug is a  complex  of  medronic acid  (MDP, methylene diphosphonate), the simplest  bisphosphonate , with  technetium-99m  ( 99m Tc), a  radionuclide  that emits  gamma rays . The exact structure of the complex is not known. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


99m Tc-MDP must be prepared in a  radiopharmacy . It is usually supplied as a "cold kit" to which radioactive  99m Tc from a  generator  is added. Kit composition may vary between suppliers, but contents typically includes medronic acid,  stannous chloride dihydrate  and sometimes  ascorbic acid . [ 4 ]   Pertechnetate ,  eluted  from the generator is added to the kit vial, which is swirled and left to stand. The labelling efficiency, an indication of how much  99m Tc remains in pertechnetate form rather than bound to the MDP, can be measured using  chromatography . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


Technetium ( 99m Tc) tetrofosmin  is a drug used in  nuclear medicine   cardiac  imaging. It is sold under the brand name  Myoview  ( GE Healthcare ). The  radioisotope ,  technetium-99m , is chelated by two 1,2- bis [di-(2-ethoxyethyl)phosphino]ethane  ligands  which belong to the group of  diphosphines  and which are referred to as  tetrofosmin . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Tc-99m tetrofosmin is rapidly taken up by myocardial tissue and reaches its maximum level in approximately 5 minutes. About 66% of the total injected dose is excreted within 48 hours after injection (40% urine, 26% feces).
Tc-99m tetrofosmin is indicated for use in scintigraphic imaging of the myocardium under stress and rest conditions.  It is used to determine areas of reversible ischemia and infarcted tissue in the heart. It is also indicated to detect changes in perfusion induced by pharmacologic stress ( adenosine ,  lexiscan ,  dobutamine  or  persantine ) in patients with coronary artery disease.   Its third indication is to assess left ventricular function (ejection fraction) in patients thought to have heart disease.
No contraindications are known for use of Tc-99m tetrofosmin, but care should be taken to constantly monitor the cardiac function in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease.
Patients should be encouraged to void their bladders as soon as the images are gathered, and as often as possible after the tests to decrease their radiation doses, since the majority of elimination is renal.
The recommended dose of Tc-99m tetrofosmin is between 5 and 33 millicuries (185-1221 megabecquerels).  For a two-dose stress/rest dosing, the typical dose is normally a 10 mCi dose, followed one to four hours later by a dose of 30 mCi.  Imaging normally begins 15 minutes following injection. [ 3 ]


Technetium ( 99m Tc) tilmanocept , sold under the brand name  Lymphoseek , is a  radiopharmaceutical  diagnostic imaging agent used to locate lymph nodes which may be draining from  tumors , and assist doctors in locating lymph nodes for removal during  surgery . [ 6 ]


The most common side effects include pain or irritation at the injection site. [ 7 ]


It was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2013, [ 4 ] [ 7 ]  and in the European Union in November 2014. [ 5 ]


In the US, technetium ( 99m Tc) tilmanocept is  indicated  with or without scintigraphic imaging for lymphatic mapping using a handheld gamma counter to locate lymph nodes draining a primary tumor site in people with solid tumors for which this procedure is a component of intraoperative management; and guiding sentinel lymph node biopsy using a handheld gamma counter in people with clinically node negative squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, breast cancer or melanoma. [ 4 ] [ 7 ]


In the EU, technetium ( 99m Tc) tilmanocept is indicated for imaging and intraoperative detection of sentinel lymph nodes draining a primary tumor in adults with breast cancer, melanoma, or localized squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. [ 5 ]  External imaging and intraoperative evaluation may be performed using a gamma detection device. [ 5 ]


The safety and effectiveness of technetium ( 99m Tc) tilmanocept were established in two clinical trials of 332 participants with melanoma or breast cancer. [ 7 ]  All participants were injected with technetium ( 99m Tc) tilmanocept and blue dye, another drug used to help locate lymph nodes. [ 7 ]


Technetium ( 99m Tc) mertiatide   is a  radiopharmaceutical  medication used in  nuclear medicine  to image the  kidneys . [ 1 ]  It is a  renal imaging  agent that is given by  intravenous injection . [ 1 ]


It was approved for medical use in the United States in June 1990. [ 2 ]


Technetium ( 99m Tc) mertiatide is  indicated  for use in the diagnosis of congenital and acquired abnormalities, renal failure, urinary tract obstruction, and calculi. [ 1 ]


The active ingredient,  betiatide , is reconstituted with  sodium pertechnetate   99m Tc injection to form technetium ( 99m Tc) mertiatide. [ 1 ]


Technetium ( 99m Tc) pentetic acid , sold under the brand name  Draximage DTPA  among others, is a  radiopharmaceutical  medication used in  nuclear medicine  to image the  brain ,  kidneys , or  lungs . [ 1 ]  It is given by  intravenous injection  or via aerosol spray. [ 1 ]  It consists of  technetium-99m  bound to the conjugate base of  pentetic acid , with  sodium  as an additional cation.


Technetium ( 99m Tc) pentetic acid is  indicated  for use in the diagnosis of the brain, kidneys, or lungs. [ 1 ]


Tegileridine  is a drug which acts as a  μ-opioid receptor  agonist. It is closely related to compounds such as  oliceridine ,  TRV734 , and  SHR9352 , and shares a similar profile as a biased agonist selective for activation of the  G-protein  signalling pathway over  β-arrestin 2  recruitment. [ 1 ]


In January 2024, tegileridine was approved in China for the treatment of moderate to severe pain after abdominal surgery. [ 2 ]


Tegoprubart  (AT-1501) is an experimental humanized  monoclonal antibody  that inhibits  CD40L . It is developed for  ALS [ 1 ]  and  transplant rejection . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


TERN-501  is a selective  thyromimetic  drug that is being developed for the treatment of  non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


In  medicine  and  food law , a  test article  is a  prototype   product  specifically manufactured to test the product. Since medical and food test products involve human safety, they are subject to legal regulation.


In the  United States , medical and food test products are regulated by the  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA).  [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Title 21 "Food and Drugs" , Part 50 "Protection of Human Subjects" defines test article as "drug (including a biological product for human use), medical device for human use, human  food additive , color additive, electronic product, or any other article subject to regulation under the act or under sections 351 and 354-360F of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262 and 263b-263n)." [ 2 ]  Title 21 "Food and Drugs" , Part 58 "Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies"  defines test article similarly: as "any food additive, color additive, drug, biological product, electronic product, medical device for human use, or any other article subject to regulation under the act or under sections 351 and 354-360F of the Public Health Service Act". [ 1 ]


Generally, prior to the usage of test articles in research involving human subjects, and approval from the  institutional review board  (IRB), however emergency life-threatening situations are exempt form this requirement. IRB must be notified about an emergency usage of test articles within 5 business days.  [ 3 ]


( R , R )-Tetrahydrochrysene  ( ( R , R )-THC ) is a  drug  used to study the  estrogen receptors  (ERs) in  scientific research . It is an  ERβ   antagonist  and an  ERα   agonist  with 10-fold higher  affinity  for ERβ relative to ERα. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  ( R , R )-THC is a  silent antagonist  of ERβ, [ 3 ]  and, uniquely relative to other known ERβ antagonists, a  passive antagonist  of the receptor. [ 2 ]


( S , S )-Tetrahydrochrysene  (( S , S )-THC) also binds to the ERs, but in contrast to ( R , R )-THC, ( S , S )-THC is an agonist of both ERα and ERβ and has 20-fold lower affinity for ERβ relative to ( R , R )-THC. [ 3 ]


( S , S )-Tetrahydrochrysene  ( ( S , S )-THC ) is a  steroid -like  nonsteroidal   estrogen  and  agonist  of both the  estrogen receptors ,  ERα  and  ERβ . [ 1 ]  It is an  enantiomer  of  ( R , R )-tetrahydrochrysene  (( R , R )-THC), which, in contrast, is an ERβ  silent antagonist  and ERα agonist with 10-fold  selectivity  (i.e.,  affinity ) for the ERβ over the ERα and with 20-fold greater affinity for the ERβ relative to that of ( S , S )-THC. [ 1 ]


Theraplix  is a  European   pharmaceutical company . Founded in 1931 [ 1 ]  by the pharmacist  François Albert-Buisson , [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  It is now a subsidiary of  Sanofi . [ 4 ]


One of their products is the  antipsychotic   cyamemazine  ( Tercian ).


Their products include: Amidezel, Diamex, Hexomedine Solution, Cathomycine, Kanamylone, Theraleneand Trecator. In the 1960s, they distributed gifts to physicians in the form of collage cards.  They were mostly of Asian subjects and were suitable for framing. [ citation needed ]


Thermogenic  means tending to produce  heat , and the term is commonly applied to drugs which increase heat through metabolic stimulation, [ 1 ]  or to  microorganisms  which create heat within  organic waste . Approximately all  enzymatic reaction  in the  human body  is thermogenic, which gives rise to the  basal metabolic rate . [ 2 ]


In  bodybuilding , athletes wishing to reduce  body fat percentage  use thermogenics in order to attempt to increase their  basal metabolic rate , thereby increasing overall energy expenditure.  Caffeine  and  ephedrine  are commonly used for this purpose in the  ECA stack .  2,4-Dinitrophenol  (DNP) is a very strong thermogenic drug used for fat loss which produces a dose-dependent increase in body temperature, to the point where it can induce death by hyperthermia. It works as a  mitochondrial   oxidative phosphorylation  uncoupler, disrupting the  mitochondrial electron transport chain . This stops the mitochondria from producing  adenosine triphosphate , causing energy to be released as heat.


Thiazovivin  is a drug which acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of the  enzyme   Rho kinase . It is used alongside a cocktail of other growth factors and modulators in  cell culture  techniques for the generation of  induced pluripotent stem cells , which can then be used for a wide variety of applications. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Thiolutin  is a sulfur-containing antibiotic, which is a potent inhibitor of bacterial and yeast RNA polymerases. [ 1 ]  It was found to inhibit  in vitro  RNA synthesis directed by all three yeast RNA polymerases (I, II, and III). Thiolutin is also an inhibitor of  mannan  and  glucan  formation in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  and used for the analysis of  mRNA stability . Studies have shown that thiolutin inhibits adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVECs ) to  vitronectin  and thus suppresses tumor cell-induced angiogenesis in vivo.


Thiolutin is formed in submerged  fermentation  by several strains of  Streptomycetes luteosporeus . Some sources erroneously specify "aureothricin" as a synonym of thiolutin. Aureothricin is an antibiotic very similar to thiolutin, and is created as a by-product during the thiolutin fermentation. [ 2 ]


Thiotetrabarbital  ( INN ;  Thionarcex ) is a  drug  which is a short-acting  barbiturate  derivative that is used as an  anesthetic . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  It has been used in  veterinary medicine . [ 6 ]


Thrombopoietic agents  are drugs that induce the growth and maturation of  megakaryocytes . [ 1 ]  Some of them are currently in clinical use:  romiplostim , [ 2 ]   eltrombopag ,  oprelvekin  (a recombinant  interleukin 11 ) and  thrombopoietin . Several others are under clinical investigation such as  lusutrombopag  and  avatrombopag .


Thymectacin  ( NB-1011 ,  NB-101 ) is an experimental anticancer  prodrug  of  brivudine  monophosphate. It is being  developed  by  New Biotics  and it entered in phase I clinical trials for colon cancer in 2006. [ 1 ]


Thymectacin is a small molecule phosphoramidate derivative of ( E )-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVdU) with potential antineoplastic activity. [ 2 ]   It is selectively active against tumor cells expressing high levels of  thymidylate synthase  (TS). Thymectacin is converted intracellularly by TS to bromovinyldeoxyuridine monophosphate (BVdUMP) which competes with the natural substrate,  deoxyuridine monophosphate , for binding to TS. Unlike TS inhibitors, this agent is a reversible substrate for TS catalysis. Thus, TS retains activity and converts BVdUMP into cytotoxic metabolites.


Tidiacic  is a  hepatoprotective  drug.  It is a component of  tidiacic arginine .


Tidiacic arginine (trade name  Tiadilon ) is a 1:1 combination of the  amino acid   arginine  and tidiacic (thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid), which acts as a sulfur donor.


In France, its indications and use have been described as "identical to those of  silymarin ". [ 1 ]


This  drug  article relating to the  gastrointestinal system  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Tigulixostat  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of  gout . [ 1 ]   It is a  xanthine oxidase  inhibitor. [ 2 ]


Tildipirosin , sold under the brand name  Zuprevo , is a  macrolide  antibiotic used in pigs and cattle. [ 1 ] [ 3 ]


In the United States, tildipirosin is  indicated  for the treatment or control of  bovine respiratory disease  associated with  Mannheimia haemolytica ,  Pasteurella multocida , and  Histophilus somni  in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle. [ 1 ]


In the European Union, tildipirosin is indicated for the treatment and metaphylaxis of swine respiratory disease associated with  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ,  P. multocida ,  Bordetella bronchiseptica , and  Glaesserella parasuis  sensitive to tildipirosin; [ 3 ]  and for the treatment and prevention of bovine respiratory disease associated with  M. haemolytica ,  P. multocida]] , and  H. somni  sensitive to tildipirosin. [ 3 ]


Tinengotinib  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated for the treatment of cancer. [ 1 ]


It is an multi- kinase inhibitor  designed to target a range of kinases involved in cancer  cell proliferation ,  angiogenesis , and  immune response  modulation. Specifically, it inhibits  fibroblast growth factor receptors  (FGFRs) 1–3,  janus kinase  (JAK) 1/2,  vascular endothelial growth factor receptors  (VEGFRs), and  aurora kinases  A/B. [ 2 ]


Tinlarebant  is a  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated to treat  dry macular degeneration  and  Stargardt disease . [ 1 ]    It is a  retinol binding protein 4  antagonist. [ 2 ]


Tinofedrine  ( INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name ; developmental code name  D-8955 , proposed brand name  Novocebrin ), also known as  N -(3,3-di-3-thienyl)-2-propenyl)norephedrine , is a  sympathomimetic  and  cerebral vasodilator  of the  amphetamine  family which was never marketed. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]  It is a  derivative  of  norephedrine  and an  analogue  of related agents like  oxyfedrine ,  buphenine  (nylidrin), and  isoxsuprine . [ 4 ]  The drug was first described in the literature by 1978. [ 1 ] [ 6 ]


Tiodazosin  is an  α 1 -adrenergic receptor   antagonist . [ 1 ]


Tissue selectivity  is a topic in  distribution (pharmacology)  and property of some  drugs . It refers to when a drug occurs in disproportionate concentrations and/or has disproportionate effects in specific  tissues  relative to other tissues. [ 1 ]  An example of such drugs are  selective estrogen receptor modulators  (SERM) like  tamoxifen , which show  estrogenic  effects in some tissues and  antiestrogenic  effects in other tissues. Another example is  peripherally-selective drugs , which do not cross the  blood-brain-barrier  into the  central nervous system  and hence are tissue-selective for the periphery.


Tixocortol pivalate  is a  corticosteroid .  It has  anti-inflammatory  properties similar to  hydrocortisone . [ 1 ]   It is marketed under the brand name  Pivalone . [ 2 ]


It is sometimes used in  patch testing  in  atopic dermatitis . [ 3 ]


TLR4-IN-C34  (or  C34 ) is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist of  Toll-like receptor 4  (TLR4). In animal studies it blocks TLR4-mediated  cytokine  release and has  antiinflammatory  effects. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


TNB-486  (also known as  AZD0486 ) [ 1 ]  "is a novel  CD19x CD3  bispecific  T-cell engager  (TCE) that incorporates a unique anti-CD3 moiety designed to reduce  cytokine release syndrome  by binding to  T-cells  with low affinity". [ 2 ]  The drug is developed for cancer by  AstraZeneca  since its acquisition of TeneoTwo in 2022. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


A  Toba  medicine container is an object that was used to hold herbs and medicines of the  Toba  people. They were generally carved from bone, as well as cherry wood, and fashioned into a variety of shapes representing figures such as animals and deities. Their stoppers resembled Bali Timur statues, with a serpent head atop a Batak warrior.
The outside of the container showed a calendar, marked to represent the days of use and non-use for the tube's contents.


Tolebrutinib  is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated to treat  multiple sclerosis . [ 1 ]  It is a  Bruton's tyrosine kinase  (BTK) inhibitor. [ 2 ]


Tolerability  refers to the degree to which overt  adverse effects  of a drug can be tolerated by a patient. [ 1 ]  Tolerability of a particular drug can be discussed in a general sense, or it can be a quantifiable measurement as part of a clinical study. Usually, it is measured by the rate of "dropouts", or patients that forfeit participation in a study due to extreme adverse effects. Tolerability, however, is often relative to the severity of the medical condition a drug is designed to treat. [ 1 ]  For instance, cancer patients may tolerate significant pain or discomfort during a chemotherapeutic study with the hope of prolonging survival or finding a cure, whereas patients experiencing a benign condition, such as a headache, are less likely to.


As an example,  tricyclic antidepressants  (TCAs) are very poorly tolerated and often produce severe side effects including  sedation ,  orthostatic hypotension , and  anticholinergic  effects, whereas newer antidepressants have far fewer adverse effects and are well tolerated.


Drug tolerability should not be confused with  drug tolerance , which refers to subjects' reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use.


Topical tac  is a  topical anesthetic  solution [ 1 ]  introduced by Pryor et al. in 1980. It is a mixture of 5 to 12%  tetracaine , 0.05%  adrenaline , and 4 or 10%  cocaine  hydrochloride (hence the "TAC" nomenclature). It has been used in ear, nose, and throat surgery and in the emergency department where numbing of the surface is needed rapidly. Use in the pediatric patient cohort has been documented, including when children have been injured in the eye, ear, or other sensitive locations. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Due to drug diversion concerns surrounding the use of cocaine in medicine, along with concern regarding toxicity and expense, the cocaine was replaced with lidocaine and a new anesthetic was created -  lidocaine ,  epinephrine , and tetracaine (LET). [ 5 ]


This  surgery  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Toreforant  ( JNJ-38518168 ) is an orally-dosed selective  antagonist  of the  histamine H 4  receptor  that has been studied for various health conditions. It is the successor of a number of H 4 -selective compounds developed by  Johnson & Johnson . [ 1 ]  Phase IIa clinical trials completed as recently as November 2018 continue to suggest that toreforant is safe. [ 2 ]


As of the end of 2020, there is no regulator-approved H 4  antagonist. In U.S. Phase II clinical trials, toreforant, by itself, did not show efficacy against  eosinophilic asthma . [ 2 ]  The drug did show at least partial efficacy against  rheumatoid arthritis  in patients who were nonresponsive to  methotrexate . [ 3 ]  As the H 4  receptor is widely implicated in the regulation of inflammatory states, the potential uses for an H 4  antagonist remain significant. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Torin_1  is a drug which was one of the first non- rapalog  derived  inhibitors  of the  mechanistic target of rapamycin  (mTOR) subtypes  mTORC1  and  mTORC2 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  In animal studies it has  anti-inflammatory , [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  anti- cancer , [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  and anti- aging  properties, [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]  and shows activity against  neuropathic pain . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ]


Tozorakimab  (formerly MEDI 3506) is a  monoclonal antibody  against  interleukin-33  (IL-33) that works via  RAGE  and  epidermal growth factor receptors . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Tramadol/paracetamol , also known as  tramadol/acetaminophen  and sold under the brand name  Ultracet  among others, is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It contains  tramadol , as the  hydrochloride , an  analgesic ; and  paracetamol  an analgesic. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  It is taken  by mouth . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


This  analgesic -related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Trastuzumab/hyaluronidase , sold under the brand name  Herceptin SC  among others, is a  fixed-dose combination  medication for the treatment of  HER2 -overexpressing  breast cancer  in adults. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It is a combination of  trastuzumab  and  hyaluronidase . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


The most common adverse reactions include fatigue, arthralgia, diarrhea,  injection site reaction , upper respiratory tract infection, rash, myalgia, nausea, headache, edema, flushing, pyrexia, cough, and pain in extremity. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Trastuzumab/hyaluronidase was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2013. [ 4 ]  Trastuzumab/hyaluronidase was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2019. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


Trastuzumab/hyaluronidase is indicated for adjuvant treatment of adults with HER2 overexpressing node positive or node negative (ER/PR negative or with one high risk feature; and it is indicated in combination with  paclitaxel  for first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Trastuzumab/hyaluronidase (Herceptin SC) was approved for medical use in the European Union in August 2013. [ 4 ]


Trastuzumab/hyaluronidase (Herceptin Hylecta) was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2019. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


Approval of trastuzumab/hyaluronidase was based on two randomized trials, HannaH (NCT00950300) and SafeHER (NCT01566721). [ 1 ]  In HannaH, 596 participants with HER2-positive operable or locally advanced breast cancer, including inflammatory breast cancer, were randomized to receive 8 cycles of either trastuzumab/hyaluronidase or intravenous trastuzumab concurrently with chemotherapy, followed by surgery and continued therapy with either trastuzumab/hyaluronidase or intravenous trastuzumab, for an additional 10 cycles. [ 1 ]  HannaH demonstrated comparability between trastuzumab/hyaluronidase and intravenous trastuzumab based on co-primary endpoints of pathologic complete response and pharmacokinetics. [ 1 ]  Pathological complete response (pCR) was observed in 118 participants (45.4%) on the trastuzumab/hyaluronidase arm and in 107 participants (40.7%) receiving intravenous trastuzumab (95% CI for difference in pCR: -4.0; 13.4). [ 1 ]


SafeHER was a prospective, two-cohort, non-randomized, multinational, open-label trial assessing the overall safety and tolerability of trastuzumab/hyaluronidase with chemotherapy in 1,864 participants with HER2-positive breast cancer. [ 1 ]  Participants received a fixed dose of 600 mg trastuzumab/hyaluronidase every 3 weeks for 18 cycles. [ 1 ]  trastuzumab/hyaluronidase was initiated either sequentially with chemotherapy, concurrently with chemotherapy, or without adjuvant chemotherapy, or in combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by trastuzumab. [ 1 ]


Travoprost/timolol , sold under the brand name  Duotrav  among others, is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used for the treatment of  glaucoma . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  It contains  travoprost  and  timolol maleate . [ 4 ]


It was approved for medical use in the European Union in April 2006. [ 4 ]


Tremorine  is a drug which is used in scientific research to produce  tremor  in animals. This is used for the development of drugs for the treatment of  Parkinson's disease , as tremor is a major symptom which is treated by anti-Parkinson's drugs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]   Beta blockers  are also effective in counteracting the effects of tremorine. [ 6 ]


Tremorine was first reported by Everett et al. in 1956-57. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]


Trepipam  ( INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name ; developmental code name  SCH-12679 ) is a  dopamine receptor   agonist  of the  benzazepine  group that was never marketed. [ 1 ]  It acts specifically as an agonist of the  dopamine   D 1  receptor . [ 2 ]  It is closed related  structurally  to  fenoldopam , a  peripherally acting   selective  D 1  receptor partial agonist which is used as an  antihypertensive agent .


Trichosanthin  is a  ribosome-inactivating protein . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]   It is derived from  Trichosanthes kirilowii . [ 3 ]   It is also an  abortifacient . [ 4 ]


Trimix  is a prescription  combination drug  containing  alprostadil ,  papaverine , and  phentolamine . It is used to treat  erectile dysfunction . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Trimix is available in several different formulations, including a gel that can be used  topically , a gel that can be administered into the urethra, and an  injectable  form that is administered via  intracavernosal injection  (an injection at either side, not the base, of the  penis ). [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Adverse effects from injecting Trimix may include pain,  fibrosis ,  hematoma , and  priapism  (a prolonged erection of the penis). [ 3 ]


Trimix is a combination of three drugs: alprostadil, papaverine, and phentolamine. These medications work in combination to increase blood flow to the penis, resulting in an erection. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  Alprostadil is a  prostaglandin  vasodilator that allows more blood to flow into the area by relaxing the smooth muscle in the blood vessels of the penis. [ 3 ] [ 7 ]  Papaverine is a smooth muscle relaxant that acts by increasing blood flow to the penis. [ 3 ] [ 8 ]  Phentolamine is an  alpha blocker  that relaxes blood vessel muscles, allowing more blood to flow to the penis. [ 3 ] [ 9 ]


While the active drugs in Trimix have all been individually approved by the  U.S. Food and Drug Administration  (FDA), Trimix as a combination drug has not been approved by the FDA and is only available from  compounding pharmacies . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 10 ]  Trimix is typically prepared by the compounding pharmacy in a sterile environment and then frozen. [ 11 ]  The compound is stable for up to six months while stored frozen and for one month if stored refrigerated beginning at the time of manufacture. [ 12 ]


Triphenylethylene  ( TPE ) is a simple  aromatic hydrocarbon  that possesses weak  estrogenic  activity. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  Its estrogenic effects were discovered in 1937. [ 3 ]  TPE was derived from structural modification of the more potent estrogen  diethylstilbestrol , which is a member of the  stilbestrol  group of  nonsteroidal  estrogens. [ 4 ]


TPE is the  parent compound  of a group of nonsteroidal  estrogen receptor   ligands . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 5 ]  It includes the  estrogens   chlorotrianisene ,  desmethylchlorotrianisene ,  estrobin  (DBE),  M2613 ,  triphenylbromoethylene ,  triphenylchloroethylene ,  triphenyliodoethylene ,  triphenylmethylethylene ; the  selective estrogen receptor modulators  (SERMs)  afimoxifene ,  brilanestrant ,  broparestrol ,  clomifene ,  clomifenoxide ,  droloxifene ,  endoxifen ,  etacstil ,  fispemifene ,  idoxifene ,  miproxifene ,  miproxifene phosphate ,  nafoxidine ,  ospemifene ,  panomifene , and  toremifene . The  antiestrogen   ethamoxytriphetol  (MER-25) is also closely related, but is technically not a derivative of TPE and is instead a  triphenylethanol  derivative. The tamoxifen  metabolite  and  aromatase inhibitor   norendoxifen  is also a TPE derivative. In addition to their estrogenic activity, various TPE derivatives like tamoxifen and clomifene have been found to act as  protein kinase C inhibitors . [ 6 ]


The  affinity  of triphenylethylene for the rat  estrogen receptor  is about 0.002% relative to  estradiol . [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  For comparison, the relative binding affinities of derivatives of triphenylethylene were 1.6% for  tamoxifen , 175% for  afimoxifene  (4-hydroxytamoxifen), 15% for  droloxifene , 1.4% for  toremifene  (4-chlorotamoxifen), 0.72% for  clomifene , and 0.72% for  nafoxidine . [ 9 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


Trontinemab  (RG6102) is a monoclonal antibody developed by  Roche / Genentech  for the treatment of  Alzheimer's disease . It is based on  gantenerumab , an anti- amyloid  monoclonal antibody, and using a  Brainshuttle  domain for transfer through the blood-brain barrier. [ 1 ]  Compared to  gantenerumab, it has 50 times as much penetrance into the brain. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


Tropicamide/hydroxyamfetamine  ( trade name   Paremyd ) is a  combination drug  used as an  ophthalmic solution  to induce  mydriasis .  It consists of: [ 1 ]


Tropicamide/phenylephrine , sold under the brand name  Mydcombi  is a  fixed dose combination  of tropicamide and phenylephrine used to dilate the eyes ( mydriasis ). [ 1 ]  It contains, tropicamide, an  anticholinergic , and phenylephrine, as the hydrochloride, an  alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist . [ 1 ]  It is sprayed into the eyes. [ 1 ]


It was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2023. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Tropicamide/phenylephrine is used for the short-term dilation of the pupils. [ 1 ]


In  medicine  and  pharmacology , a  trough level  or  trough concentration  ( C trough ) is the  concentration  reached by a  drug  immediately before the next dose is administered, [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  often used in  therapeutic drug monitoring . The name comes from the idea that on a graph of concentration versus time, the line forms a U-shaped trough at the lowest region, before a new  dose  sends it higher again. The usual criterion is concentration in the  blood serum , although in some instances local concentration within  tissues  is relevant. It is  pharmacokinetically  normal that over time, the drug  molecules  are being  metabolized  or  cleared  by the body, so the concentration of drug that remains available is dropping. In a medicine that is administered periodically, the trough level should be measured just before the administration of the next dose in order to avoid overdosing. [ 3 ]  A trough level is contrasted with a "peak level" ( C max ), which is the highest level of the medicine in the body, and the "average level", which is the mean level over time. It is widely used in clinical trials for newer medicines to investigate therapeutic effectiveness and safety.


C trough  is slightly different from  C min , the minimum concentration during the time interval between administration of two doses. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Troxacitabine  (brand name  Troxatyl ) is a  nucleoside analogue  with anticancer activity. Its use is being studied in patients with refractory  lymphoproliferative diseases . [ 1 ]


TRPM4-IN-5  is a drug which acts as a moderately potent but highly selective blocker of the  TRPM4   ion channel , with an IC 50  of 1.5 μM. [ 1 ]  It is protective against glutamate mediated neuronal excitotoxicity. [ 2 ]


TRPV3-74a  is a drug which acts as a selective  antagonist  for the  TRPV3   calcium channel . It has  analgesic  effects in animal studies against both  neuropathic pain  and normal  pain  responses. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


TRV734  is a drug developed by  Trevena Inc  which acts as a biased agonist at the  μ-opioid receptor , selective for activation of the  G-protein  signalling pathway over  β-arrestin 2  recruitment. It is closely related to  oliceridine  and has a similar pharmacological profile, but unlike oliceridine which has to be injected, TRV734 is suitable to be administered orally. [ 1 ]


TTX-030  is an experimental anti- CD39   monoclonal antibody  developed by  AbbVie  to treat  pancreatic cancer . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Turkesterone  is a  phytoecdysteroid   found in numerous plant species, including  Ajuga turkestanica , [ 1 ]  various  Vitex  species, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]   Triticum aestivum , [ 5 ]  and  Rhaponticum acaule . [ 6 ]


Tylvalosin , sold under the brand name  Aivlosin , is a  macrolide antibiotic  used for the treatment of bacterial infections with  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae  in swine, that causes enzootic pneumonia. [ 3 ] [ 6 ]  It is used as tylvalosin tartrate. [ 3 ]


Macrolides are generally considered to be bacteriostatic agents that exert their antibiotic effect by reversibly binding to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. [ 7 ]


Tylvalosin is  indicated  for the control of porcine proliferative enteropathy associated with  Lawsonia intracellularis  infection in groups of swine intended for slaughter and female swine intended for breeding in buildings experiencing an outbreak of PPE. [ 3 ]  Not for use in male swine intended for breeding; and for the control of swine respiratory disease associated with  Bordetella bronchiseptica ,  Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis ,  Pasteurella multocida ,  Streptococcus suis , and  Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae  in groups of swine intended for slaughter and female swine intended for breeding in buildings experiencing an outbreak of swine respiratory disease. [ 3 ]  Not for use in male swine intended for breeding. [ 3 ]


Tyropanoic acid  and its salt  sodium tyropanoate  are  radiocontrast  agents used in  cholecystography  ( X-ray  diagnosis of  gallstones ).  Trade names include Bilopaque, Lumopaque, Tyropaque, and Bilopac. [ 1 ]   This molecule contains three heavy  iodine  atoms which obstruct X-rays in the same way as the calcium in bones to produce a visible image.  After injection it is rapidly excreted into the  bile . [ 2 ]


This article about an  organic halide  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Ubenimex  ( INN ), also known more commonly as  bestatin , is a competitive, reversible  protease inhibitor . It is an  inhibitor  of  arginyl aminopeptidase  (aminopeptidase B), [ 3 ]   leukotriene A 4  hydrolase  (a  zinc metalloprotease  that displays both  epoxide hydrolase  and  aminopeptidase  activities), [ 4 ]   alanyl aminopeptidase  (aminopeptidase M/N), [ 5 ]   leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase  (oxytocinase/vasopressinase), [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  and  membrane dipeptidase  (leukotriene D 4  hydrolase). It is being studied for use in the treatment of  acute myelocytic leukemia [ 8 ]  and  lymphedema . [ 9 ]
It is derived from  Streptomyces olivoreticuli . [ 10 ]  Ubenimex has been found to inhibit the enzymatic degradation of  oxytocin ,  vasopressin ,  enkephalins , and various other  peptides  and compounds. [ citation needed ]


Ucenprubart  (LY3454738) is a  monoclonal antibody  that acts as an agonist at  CD200R1  and is developed by  Eli Lilly and Company  for atopic dermatitis and other autoimmune diseases. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Ulixacaltamide  is an  investigational new drug  developed by Praxis Precision Medicines, designed to treat  essential tremor , [ 1 ]  a common neurological disorder characterized by involuntary rhythmic shaking. It functions as a selective inhibitor of  T-type calcium channels , which are implicated in the abnormal neuronal activity associated with tremor. [ 2 ]  The drug is currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials. [ 3 ]


Unapproved Drugs Initiative  is a program by the U.S  Food and Drug Administration  announced in June 2006 to remove unapproved drugs from the market. [ 1 ]


As of October 2011 [update]  some 14 categories of drugs have been affected. [ 2 ]


It has been controversial due to the resulting increase in some drug prices.


In April 2010, in an editorial in the  New England Journal of Medicine  (NEJM), A.S. Kesselheim and D.H. Solomon said that the rewards of this legislation are not calibrated to the quality or value of the information produced, that there is no evidence of meaningful improvement to public health, that it would be much less expensive for the FDA or  National Institutes of Health  to pay for trials themselves on widely available drugs such as colchicine, and that the cost burden falls primarily on patients or their insurers. [ 3 ]  URL Pharma posted a detailed rebuttal of the NEJM editorial. [ 4 ]


In  neuropsychopharmacology ,  uncoupling , also known as  decoupling , is the process of  receptor - or  ligand - binding sites  or domains becoming separated, moving alignments and/or becoming  internalised  as a result of  drug tolerance  resulting from prolonged exposure to  bioavailable   psychoactive substances  or  toxins . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Unguentine  is an  over-the-counter   topical   antiseptic   ointment  produced by Lee Pharmaceuticals. It was introduced in 1893 as the first antiseptic surgical dressing ointment by  Norwich Pharmaceuticals , who later brought  Pepto Bismol  to market.


It is used for treating the pain of minor burns, poison ivy, poison oak, itching, minor skin wounds and insect bites. [ 1 ]  Its active ingredients are  camphor  (3%),  phenol  (2.5%),  tannic acid  (2.2%) and  zinc oxide  (6.6%). [ 2 ]


Uniformity of Content  is a  pharmaceutical   analysis  parameter for the quality control of  capsules  or  tablets . Multiple capsules or tablets are selected at random and a suitable analytical method is applied to assay the individual content of the active ingredient in each capsule or tablet.


The preparation complies if not more than one (all within limits) individual content is outside the limits of 85 to 115% of the average content and none is outside the limits of 75 to 125% of the average content. The preparation fails to comply with the test if more than 3 individual contents are outside the limits of 85 to 115% of the average content or if one or more individual contents are outside the limits of 75% to 125% of the average content. [ 1 ]


Unoprostone  ( INN ) is a  prostaglandin analogue . Its  isopropyl   ester ,  unoprostone isopropyl , was marketed under the trade name  Rescula  for the management of  open-angle glaucoma  and  ocular hypertension . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


It was approved by the  Food and Drug Administration  in 2000. [ 3 ]


In 2009,  Sucampo Pharmaceuticals  acquired the rights to the drug in the U.S. and Canada. [ 4 ]


In 2015, the drug was discontinued in the U.S. [ citation needed ]


UrgentRx  is an American  pharmaceutical manufacturer . It is headquartered in  Denver, Colorado  and was founded in 2010 by serial  entrepreneur  and consumer product executive Jordan Eisenberg. [ 1 ]


UrgentRx makes a line of single-dose  OTC  medications that are flavored and powdered. The products can be taken without water and come in single-dose, credit card-sized packets. The company claims the powder acts faster than pills. [ 2 ]  UrgentRx was initially developed as a way for potential  heart attack  victims to carry aspirin with them. The company now makes medications for other ailments such as  headaches ,  aches and pains ,  allergy  attacks,  heartburn , and  upset stomach . [ 3 ]


In July 2013 UrgentRx was named one of "The 25 Most Innovative Consumer And Retail Brands" by Forbes, [ 4 ]  and in February 2014 UrgentRx made an appearance on "The Doctors" TV show. [ 5 ]  In July 2013 UrgentRx named Michael Valentino to the company's board. Valentino has over 30 years of experience working with both major pharmaceutical companies and venture-backed start-ups. [ 6 ]


In November 2015, UrgentRx was acquired by Synergy CHC Corporation. [ 7 ]


The  USP Controlled Room  Temperature  is a series of  United States Pharmacopeia  guidelines for the storage of pharmaceuticals; [ 1 ]  the relevant omnibus standard is USP 797. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  Although 100% compliance remains challenging for any given facility, [ 4 ]  the larger protocol may be regarded as constituting a form of  clean room [ 5 ]  which is included in a suite of  best practices .


Valiltramiprosate   is an  investigational new drug  that is being evaluated to treat early  Alzheimer's disease . [ 1 ]   It is an  amyloid precursor protein  antagonist. [ 2 ]


Valisure  is an American independent laboratory focused on the testing the purity and safety of pharmaceutical drugs and consumer products. [ 1 ]  Valisure was founded in 2015 in  New Haven . [ 1 ]


Valisure was founded in 2015 by Adam Clark-Joseph and David Light. [ 2 ]  After taking an anticonvulsant medication and experiencing negative side effects due to the poor quality of the drug, Clark-Joseph contacted Light about establishing a business testing pharmaceutical products. [ 2 ]  Valisure was originally established as a pharmacy, which, unlike typical pharmacies, tested drugs before distributing them. [ 1 ]  Valisure divested of the pharmacy business in 2021, opting instead to focus on testing. [ 1 ]


In 2019, Valisure reported that it had tested  Zantac  and generic equivalents and discovered that they contained  N -Nitrosodimethylamine , which is thought to be a carcinogen. [ 3 ]  In 2021, Johnson & Johnson recalled sun tan lotions after Valisure discovered they contained high levels of  benzene . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


In February 2024, Valisure announced  Chip Phillips as their new CEO, succeeding David Light. They also announced funding from   the AlleyCorp  and Connecticut Innovations. [ 6 ]


Clients of Valisure include  Kaiser Permanente  and the  United States Armed Forces . [ 2 ] [ 7 ]


Vanzacaftor/tezacaftor/deutivacaftor , sold under the brand name  Alyftrek , is a  fixed-dose combination  medication used for the treatment of  cystic fibrosis . [ 1 ]  It is a combination of  deutivacaftor , a  CFTR  potentiator;  tezacaftor ; and  vanzacaftor , as the calcium salt, vanzacaftor calcium dihydrate. [ 1 ]  It is taken  by mouth . [ 1 ]


The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2024. [ 2 ]


The combination is  indicated  for the treatment of  cystic fibrosis  in people aged six years of age and older who have at least one  F508del  mutation or another responsive mutation in the  cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator  (CFTR) gene. [ 1 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) prescription label for the combination contains a  boxed warning  about drug-induced liver injury and liver failure. [ 1 ]


The FDA granted the application for vanzacaftor, tezacaftor, and deutivacaftor combination therapy  orphan drug  designation. [ 3 ]


The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2024. [ 2 ] [ 4 ]


It is sold under the brand name Alyftrek. [ 1 ]