By the beginning of the 2000s it had become clear to EAR leadership that a unified organisation combining all aspect of radiology including the ECR would better serve European radiology interests moving into the future. As the EAR had a federal structure with a restricted financial base, a new association would be necessary in order to create a unified "House of European Radiology" that could effectively combine the numerous and diverse responsibilities from the EAR and various congress planning organisations. [ citation needed ]


After more than three years of meetings and discussions, the General Assembly of EAR held in the  Austria Center Vienna  on 7 March 2005 unanimously approved of the statutes of the ESR, paving the way for the creation of the society as it functions today. Nicholas Gourtsoyiannis of the  University of Crete , a guiding force behind the creation of the ESR and president of ECR 2003, served as its first president from December 2005 to March 2007. [ 4 ] : 29–30


The House of European Radiology is the current headquarters of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and has been since 2018 after the completion of its renovation. [ 7 ]   : 14   The building is located in the historic central district of Vienna, across from the steps leading to  Maria am Gestade  church on Am Gestade square. Through renovations, the building has retained the style of its facade dating from 1823 with a newly constructed interior which houses a majority of ESR functions. [ 8 ]


Upon the founding of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) in 2005, the board of directors, executive council and all executive bodies were integrated from the bodies of the two founding societies (EAR & ECR) to form the executive council through a process of voting. [ 4 ] : 30


The current structure of the ESR consists of a board of directors, committee chairs, the director of the European School of Radiology (ESOR) and the ESR executive director. These form the executive council which dictates and manages the various activities of the ESR. The composition of the board changes at the annual General Assembly which takes place on the last day of the European Congress of Radiology (ECR). The committee chairs and newest member of board of directors are elected by the voting members of the ESR. [ citation needed ]


The board of directors consists of the Past-President, Chairperson of the Board of Directors, President, 1st Vice-President and 2nd Vice-President. The 2nd Vice-President (the newest member of the board) is elected every year for a five year period of office, holding the position of 2nd Vice-President in the first year, 1st Vice-President in the second year, President in the third year, Chairperson of the Board of Directors in the fourth year and finally the Past-President in the fifth year of office. Re-election is not possible.
The current chair of the ESR Board of Directors is Carlo Catalano from Rome, Italy. [ 9 ]


The European Society of Radiology (ESR) offers full membership to all European radiologists as well as professionals of allied sciences such as nuclear medicine physicians, radiographers, medical physicists, etc. Corresponding membership is offered to international radiologists and professionals of allied sciences. Membership is on a yearly basis and the ESR offers its members various benefits. [ citation needed ]  These include:


Membership is also extended to various European and international societies of radiology as institutional and associate institutional members. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]


The core of the European Society of Radiology's (ESR) activities is the organisation of its annual meeting, the European Congress of Radiology (ECR). With more than 30,000 participants from around 120 countries, over 2,800 scientific presentations and 1,700 speakers, the ECR has developed into the largest radiological meeting in Europe since it was first held in its 'new' format in September 1991. It is held annually at the end of February or early March. Congress attendees include radiology professionals, professionals of allied sciences, industry representatives, and press reporters for both the medical and consumer press. [ 13 ]


The ECR hosts an accompanying industrial exhibition over a space of 30,000 m 2 , which provides a chance for congress-goers to explore state-of-the-art medical imaging technology and related services. [ 14 ]


ECR is a hybrid meeting. Participants can choose to attend onsite or online, with all sessions being streamed live via ESR Connect.


The  International Day of Radiology  is an annual event held with the aim of building greater awareness of the value that radiology contributes to safe patient care and improving understanding of the role radiologists and radiological technologists play in healthcare. It was launched in 2012 and is a joint initiative of the European Society of Radiology (ESR), the  Radiological Society of North America  (RSNA) and the  American College of Radiology  (ACR). November 8, the day that  Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen  discovered the existence of x-rays in 1895, was chosen as a day of action and awareness. [ 15 ]


The  European Institute for Biomedical Imaging Research  (EIBIR), established in 2006 on the initiative of the European Society of Radiology (ESR), aims to improve cooperation between research institutes, academic departments and industry that form the European biomedical imaging community with the goal of improving the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. It actively supports research networking activities and common initiatives and interoperability in the field of biomedical imaging research. [ 16 ] [ 17 ]


The European Society of Radiology (ESR) undertakes various international and EU-level initiatives designed to support member interests internationally and in government. One of these initiatives is the ESR's collaborative work on cancer. Various cancer initiatives have been undertaken including collaboration with the European Joint Action on Cancer Control (CanCon JA). The ESR is part of the European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC) whose aim is to develop new European Breast Guidelines, evidence-based recommendations for breast cancer screening and diagnosis and develop a voluntary European Breast QA scheme for breast cancer services. [ 7 ] : 43


Since 2012, the ESR has been a member of the EC's eHealth Stakeholder Group (eHSG), with the aim of recognising teleradiology as a medical act in its own right. Additionally, on 6 June 2018, the ESR organised an event at the European Parliament that brought together MEPs, EC officials, and health stakeholders to discuss the importance of effectively implementing health policies and legislation in clinical practice. [ 7 ] : 44


As a member of the EMA Healthcare Professionals Working Party (HCPWP), the ESR can be actively involved in activities of the EMA while also facilitating direct dialogue, having addressed topics such as  gadolinium-based contrast agents  and the implications of Brexit on radiology in Europe. The ESR also contributes to the Digital Imaging Adoption Model (DIAM) with the goal of supporting organisations in the planning and implementation of imaging IT in radiology departments. [ 7 ] : 46


European Radiology , established in 1991, [ 4 ] : 27   is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal that features articles on a wide range of radiological topics. The flagship journal of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) seeks to update scientific knowledge in clinical radiology by publishing research articles of general interest as well as state-of-the-art reviews, and short communications written by leading radiologists. It is available to all members of the ESR and thus reaches a regular audience of over 100,000 readers, making it one of the most widely disseminated journals in the field of radiology. [ 18 ]  In 2021, the journal had an  impact factor  (IF) of 7.034. [ 7 ] : 18


The Editorial Board currently consists of 169 board members and over 3,000 active reviewers, racking up more than 2,000,000 downloads. [ 7 ] : 61
European Radiology's Editor-in-Chief is Yves Menu, chairman of the department of radiology at Saint Antoine Hospital, Pierre & Marie Curie University in Paris, France. [ citation needed ]


European Radiology Experimental , the youngest of the ESR journal family, is an open access scientific medical journal that focuses on modern multidisciplinary research involving radiology in the experimental setting and basic science. The journal publishes articles on a wide range of topics including new modalities/techniques (e.g.,  magnetic resonance  sequences or spectral  computed tomography  applications, molecular, hybrid, and  optical imaging ), 3D-modelling, printing and advanced  teleradiology  (e.g., virtual physician-patient interaction).


The current Editor-in-Chief is Francesco Sardanelli of the  University of Milan . [ 19 ] [ 7 ] : 58   The Editorial Board currently consists of 72 members and the journal saw almost 300,000 downloads in 2022.


Insights into Imaging  is an open access journal with a focus on critical reviews, guidelines and policy statements, and is dedicated to education and strategies in radiology. The current Editor-in-Chief is Luis Martí-Bonmatí of the  University of Valencia . [ 20 ] [ 21 ]
The journal, which consists of 82 Editorial Board members and had over 3,600,000 downloads in 2022, [ 7 ] : 62   currently holds an impact factor of 5.036 and ranks 29 of 136 in the journal category "Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging".


The European School of Radiology (ESOR) is an institution fulfilling the mission of the European Society of Radiology (ESR) in the field of education. One of its main goals is to harmonise radiological education in Europe. It offers various programmes including fellowships, visiting professorships and courses. Additionally, ESOR also provides an e-learning platform and continuing medical education (CME) credits for its courses. [ citation needed ]


The European Board of Radiology (EBR) is an organisation whose purpose is to investigate, develop and implement certification and accreditation activities and programmes in radiology. [ 22 ]  Some of its activities include:


Eurorad is an online radiological case database that has been freely available since 2009. Radiologists are able to submit cases which are then reviewed before being published on the site. The database's origins can be found in the late 1990s when the Europeans Association of Radiology (EAR) realized a comprehensive approach to case studies that could parallel their peer-reviewed journals would be necessary. Today the portal is an open resource to radiologists and researchers. [ 24 ]


Education on Demand is the ESR's premium e-learning platform. The platform offers hundreds of video, presentation and literature-based courses for radiologists. With Education on Demand Premium users can access a higher number of courses and can also obtain Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits.


ESR Connect is the ESR's on-demand video platform. On ESR Connect, users can participate in live courses and watch recorded sessions and lectures from previous ECRs. The platform offers on-demand access to more than 2,400 hours of on-demand educational video content with both free and subscription-based content.


EuroSafe Imaging is the ESR's initiative to promote appropriateness in medical imaging. Officially launched at the European Congress of Radiology in March 2014, the initiative is meant to address radiation protection in patients. Newsletters, sessions in conferences and training material are generated for the goal of informing physicians on best practice. [ 25 ]


Everlight Radiology  is a 24-hour provider of teleradiology services based in London and Australia. [ 1 ]


Everlight Radiology's chief executive is Alexander van der Laan. [ 2 ]


It was acquired by Teleradiology International, controlled by  Intermediate Capital Group , in 2016. [ 3 ]


The  South Australian Government  employed it to report on images at  Lyell McEwin Hospital  in 2016. [ 4 ]


It ran Radiology Reporting Online  which secured part of a £3.8 million contract from  NHS Scotland  in 2017/8. [ 5 ]   It won a contract for reporting at  Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust ,  Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  and  Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust  in April 2018. [ 6 ]


In 2021, it was reported as supporting 250 client sites across Australia, the UK, New Zealand, and the Republic of Ireland with a global network of about 500 radiologists and more than 300 support staff. It has regional bases in London, Leicester, Doncaster, Penzance and Belfast. [ 7 ]


In 2021, London-based private equity firm Livingbridge acquired Everlight. [ 8 ]


Everbright was awarded the Diagnostic Provider of the Year award at the 2024 HealthInvestor Awards. [ 9 ]


The  Gordon Center for Medical Imaging  is an American multidisciplinary research center at  Massachusetts General Hospital  (MGH) and  Harvard Medical School  that develops biomedical imaging technologies.


The center's central activities include: research, training and education in  medical imaging , and translation of basic research into clinical applications. [ 1 ]


The MGH Gordon Center also operates the PET Core, an MGH research service facility that synthesizes  radiotracers  and provides positron emission tomography ( PET ) imaging services for investigators. [ 2 ]


Created in 2015 with an endowment from the  Bernard  and Sophia Gordon Foundation, [ 3 ]  the Gordon Center is a direct continuation of MGH's Division of  Radiological Sciences  where the first positron-imaging device was invented. [ 4 ]


Dr. Georges El Fakhri is the founding director of the Gordon Center. The center is located in two campuses in Boston and  Charlestown Navy Yard , Massachusetts. [ 5 ]


This article about an organization in the United States is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center , formerly known as the  Midwest Proton Radiotherapy Institute  (MPRI), [ 1 ]  was the first proton facility in the  Midwest . The center was located on the  Indiana University  campus in  Bloomington ,  Indiana ,  United States . The IU Health Proton Therapy Center was the only proton therapy center in the U.S. to use a uniform-scanning beam for dose delivery, [ 2 ]  which decreases undesirable  neutron  dose to patients. [ 3 ]  The Center opened in 2004, and ceased operations in 2014.


The center was affiliated with the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center and  Indiana University Health  and was the only U.S. proton therapy center associated with a university-based proton therapy technology research group, IU Cyclotron Operations. The center's pediatric program was affiliated with  Riley Hospital for Children .


Proton therapy is not experimental and has been used in the United States since 1946. [ 2 ]  In 2014 there were only 12 centers in the U.S. that provided proton therapy. The scarcity of proton centers was due to the cost of the  cyclotron  that produces a proton beam. [ 4 ]  IU Health Proton Therapy Center was able to repurpose the cyclotron located at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility (IUCF), adapting the purpose from a research facility into a proton therapy center.


The  Indiana University Cyclotron Facility  (IUCF). [ 5 ]  was a  cyclotron  located on the  Indiana University  campus in  Bloomington ,  Indiana ,  United States . It accelerated  protons  to an energy of 200  MeV , as well as light ions:  deuterium ,  3 He   4 He ,  6 Li  and  7 Li . [ 6 ]  The beam could be  polarized  and was delivered to experimental halls. The facility was operated between 1976 and 2010.
in 1985 the IUCF was upgraded to operate a  cooled  beam (Cooler storage ring) able to accelerate protons to 500 MeV. [ 7 ]
In 2004, the IUCF was repurposed for medical use and became the Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center [ 8 ]


The proton therapy center and the cyclotron closed operations on December 5, 2014. [ 9 ]  The decision was made due to a lack of revenue and debt incurred by the center, as well as advances in proton therapy around the country that "now make the equipment and methods at the proton therapy center out of date." [ 10 ]  The proton center was able to produce spot scanning beams in 2008 and gate to both lung and heart.


Radiation oncologists have been using  proton therapy  to treat cancer since the 1950s. Long recognized for their targeting capability, proton beams achieve greater precision than traditional X-rays, while exposing healthy tissue to less radiation. This allows physicians to deliver high doses of radiation even when tumors are close to sensitive organs and tissue. A proton therapy beam's powerful energy is focused directly on a patient's tumor. Once released, the energy stops – there is no exit dose and no additional radiation unlike X-ray beams and gamma knife rays. [ 11 ]


The  International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements  ( ICRU ) is a standardization body set up in 1925 by the International Congress of Radiology, originally as the  X-Ray Unit Committee  until 1950. Its objective "is to develop concepts, definitions and recommendations for the use of  quantities  and their  units  for  ionizing radiation  and its interaction with matter, in particular with respect to the biological effects induced by radiation". [ 1 ]


The ICRU is a sister organisation to the  International Commission on Radiological Protection  (ICRP). In general terms the ICRU defines the units, and the ICRP recommends how they are used for  radiation protection .


During the first two decades of its existence, its formal meetings were held during the International Congress of Radiology, but from 1950 onwards, when its mandate was extended, it has met annually.
Until 1953, the president of the ICRU was a national of the country that was hosting the ICR, but in that year it was decided to elect a permanent commission - the first permanent chairman being  Lauriston S. Taylor  who had been a member of the commission since 1928 and secretary since 1934.  Taylor served until 1969 and on his retirement was accorded the position of honorary chairman which we held until his death in 2004, aged 102. [ 2 ]


In the late 1950s the ICRU was invited by the CGPM to join other scientific bodies to work with the  International Committee for Weights and Measures  (CIPM) in the development of a system of units that could be used consistently over many disciplines.  This body, initially known as the "Commission for the System of Units" (renamed in 1964 as the "Consultative Committee for Units") was responsible overseeing the development of the  International System of Units  (SI). [ 3 ]


In the late 1950s the ICRU started publishing reports on an irregular basis - on average two to three a year.  In 2001 the publication cycle was regularised and reports are now published bi-annually under the banner "Journal of the ICRU". [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


The commission has a maximum of fifteen members who serve for four years and who, since 1950, have been nominated by the  incumbent commissioners. Members are selected for their scientific ability and is widely regarded as the foremost
panel of experts in radiation medicine and in the other fields of ICRU endeavor. The commission is funded by the sale of reports, by grants from the  European Commission , the  US National Cancer Institute  and the  International Atomic Energy Agency  and indirectly by organisations and companies who provide meeting venues.  Commissioners, many of whom have full-time university or research centre appointments, have their expenses reimbursed, but otherwise they receive no remuneration from the ICRU. [ citation needed ]


The commission has been responsible for defining and introducing many of the following units of measure.  The number of different units for various quantities is indicative of changes of thinking in world metrology, especially the movement from  cgs  to  SI  units. [ 6 ]


The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units.


Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units  curie , rad, and  rem  alongside SI units, [ 7 ]  the  European Union   European units of measurement directives  required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985. [ 8 ]


The Commission's secretariat is in Stockholm and its legal status is that of British  charity  (Not-for-profit organisation).


The  International Commission for Radiological Education  ( ICRE ) was the third of the three commissions established in 1928 at the second  International Congress of Radiology . It operates under the auspices of the International Congress of Radiology and is funded by the  International Society for Radiology . The commission's mandate is to coordinate the activities of radiologists in the field of education and to investigate educational standards and facilities in all countries in respect of radiological subjects. [ 1 ]


Its early records appear to have been lost during the  Second World War . [ 2 ]


The  International Congress of Radiology  ( ICR ) is a meeting of radiologists for the exchange of ideas and the harmonisation of international standards and practice, first held in 1925 in London and held at regular intervals since then.  Since 1994 it has become a biennial event.  Until 1953 each congress was organised by radiological society of the host country, but in that year, a formal organisation, the  International Society for Radiology  was set up to provide continuity between the congresses.


At the second congress, held in 1928 in Stockholm, three international commissions were set up - the  International Commission on Radiological Protection  (ICRP), the  International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements  (ICRU) and the  International Commission on Radiological Education  (ICRE).  The former two have become fully functional organisations in their own right while the latter has remained a sub-committee of the ICR. [ citation needed ]


Within years of  Röntgen  discovering  X-Rays  in 1895, they were being used for imaging fractured bones.  Various societies sprung up in different countries where ideas were exchanged between like-minded people and national standards for the measurement of X-Ray intensity developed. These societies also tried to address the problems associated with the dangers of X-Rays, particularly  cancer .


By the end of the  First World War  a number of proposals on how to measure the intensity of X-Rays had been made, but there was little agreement between the various parties concerned. [ 1 ]  In 1925 the British Institute of Radiology, under the leadership of  Charles Thurstan Holland [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  invited delegates from a number of countries to attend the First International Congress on Radiation in London.  This congress set up a framework for future meetings - future congresses would meet every three years in a different country, would be organised by the host country. The host country would nominate the chairman of the congress. It was also established that three commissions should be set up which would meet at the congresses:


Until the outbreak of the Second World War, congresses were held every three years.  The 1940 congress was due to meet in Berlin in 1940, but was suspended due to the war. Apart from some copies of records kept by the 1973 Congress secretary-general, Benjamin Orndoff, the records of the congress, which had been handed to the German organisers in preparation for the next congress in Germany, were lost during the  Second World War . [ 4 ]


The second congress was held in Stockholm under the chairmanship of  Manne Siegbahn  where the three commissions proposed in London met for the first time. Subsequent meetings were held in Paris (1931), Zurich (1934) and Chicago (1937).


After the war, the British Institute of Radiology organised the sixth Congress which was held in London, exactly 25 years after the first congress and in the same hall as the first congress. A total of 3364 people from 54 countries including 1,742 radiologists registered for the congress. [ 5 ]  The incumbent chairman of the ICR,  Arthur C. Christie , who had been nominated thirteen years before was unable to attend the London conference, so Orndoff, the secretary-general of that congress deputised handing the presidency to  Ralston Paterson . The congress also saw a resumption of the work of the three international commissions.


At the seventh congress, held in Copenhagen in 1953, the organisational details of the conference were overhauled and an executive committee under the chairmanship of  Lauriston S. Taylor   was set up to oversee the organisation of future congresses and to provide continuity between congresses.


Before the Second World War, the location of the congresses was dictated largely by the places of residence of the delegates who had to travel by rail or sea - a delegate from the western seaboard of the United States would have to commit a month to attend a week-long ICR congress in Europe.  The advent of air travel removed this restriction and subsequent congresses have since been held in many parts of the world. The following congresses have been held to date (or are scheduled): [ 4 ] [ 6 ]


The International Society of Radiology was set up in 1953 to oversee the organisation of the International Congresses of Radiology and to provide continuity between congresses.


The 1950 congress provided an occasion for workers in the radiology industry to meet for the first time in over a decade and to discuss the direction future congresses should take. At the 1953 congress, under the guidance of  Flemming Norgaard  in Copenhagen  the International Society of Radiology was set up to oversee the organisation of the International Congresses of Radiology rather than the ad hoc arrangement whereby the organisation of the next congress was left entirely in the hands of the host country. A permanent committee would also provide continuity between congresses. Norgard became the first secretary-general of the Society, while the radiologist from the sponsoring society who had been president of a congress was, by that token, president of the ISR until the next meeting. [ 7 ]


The  Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology  ( Italian :  Società Italiana di Radiologia Medica e Interventistica ) is a medical association of Italian  radiologists , consisting of about 11,000 members (in 2019). [ citation needed ]


This article about an organisation based in Italy is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements  ( NCRP ), formerly the  National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements , and before that the  Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection  ( ACXRP ), is a  U.S.  organization.  It has a  congressional charter  under  Title 36 of the United States Code , but this does not imply any sort of oversight by Congress; NCRP is not a government entity.


The Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection was established in 1929. [ 1 ]  Initially, the organization was an informal collective of scientists seeking to proffer accurate information and appropriate recommendations for radiation protection. In 1946, the organization changed its name to the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements. [ citation needed ]


In 1964, the  U.S. Congress  reorganized and chartered the organization as the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. [ 2 ]


Nycomed Amersham Intercontinental Continuing Education in Radiology Institute  or  NICER Institute  was an educational institute for training in  radiology  headquartered in  Oslo ,  Norway . It was founded by Professor  Holger Pettersson , president of the  European Association of Radiology  and  Dr.  Harald Ostensen . It offered 50 courses in 22 countries over the world and published various educational materials, including collaboration in publishing of the comprehensive 8-volume  Encyclopaedia of Medical Imaging . The institute was closed in December 2001, partially due to financial reasons. [ 1 ]


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The  Norwich Radiology Academy , opened in November 2005, is part of the  Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Trust  and is one of only three training centres in  England  specially created for training consultant  radiologists . [ 1 ]  The Norwich Radiology Academy is located in the Cotman Centre on the Norwich Research Park  [ 2 ]  and was formally opened in February 2006 by the President of the  Royal College of Radiologists , Professor Janet Husband.


The  Department of Health  and  Royal College of Radiologists  jointly developed the  Radiology-Integrated Training Initiative . The initiative provides additional radiology training by splitting training time between a teaching hospital and the radiology academy.


52°37′29″N   1°13′23″E  /  52.6247°N 1.2230°E  /  52.6247; 1.2230


The  Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority  ( Finnish :  Säteilyturvakeskus ,  Swedish :  Strålsäkerhetscentralen ), often abbreviated as  STUK , is a  government agency  tasked with  nuclear safety  and  radiation monitoring  in  Finland . [ 1 ]   The agency is a division of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health; when founded in 1958 STUK was first charged with inspection of radiation equipment used in hospitals. [ 2 ]


The agency is also a scientific research and education organization, researching the nature, effects and damaging effects of radiation. The agency currently employs about 320 people, and is led by Petteri Tiippana. [ 3 ]


The agency works in collaboration with  EU  and other nearby countries, as part of the  European Nuclear Safety Regulators Group  (ENSREG), and with the  UN  organization  International Atomic Energy Agency  (IAEA) along with the  International Commission on Radiological Protection  (ICRP).


The director general of Nuclear Safety Authority was Jukka Laaksonen during 1997–2012, Tero Varjoranta in 2013, [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  and is now  Petteri Tiippana . [ 3 ]


Tero Varjoranta was named as the deputy director general United Nations nuclear inspectorate the IAEA in 2013. [ 6 ]


The director general of Nuclear Safety Authority,  Jukka Laaksonen , became  Rosatom  Overseas Vice President immediately after retiring. This was criticised but according to media reporting there was no legislation to prevent it. In February 2013 he gave statements for the  Fennovoima  potential nuclear plant in  Pyhäjoki . [ 7 ]  Fennovoima nuclear plant project is disputed.  Heidi Hautala  demanded in February 2013 new application for the Parliament since  E.ON  cancelled its participation with 34% ownership. [ 8 ]


"The  Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)  was initially organized in 1968 under the direction of Simon Kramer as a national cooperative group for the purpose of conducting  radiation therapy  research and  clinical investigations  in order to treat cancers, including  endometrial  and  cervical  cancer. [ 1 ]  Funding from the  National Cancer Institute  (NCI) began in 1971.


Its first study was in 1968, an  adjuvant   methotrexate  study for  head and neck cancer . The methotrexate study employed combinations of radiation, methotrexate and surgery in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer. 700 patients were used to this study clinical investigations in the area of head and neck cancer. [ 2 ]  In 2009, it was reported RTOG accrued a total of about 60,000 patients for studies. [ 2 ]  An academically controversial study RTOG published demonstrated good results for treating low-grade  glioma , although as of 2015 [update]  this treatment was generally incompatible with  chemotherapy  options for treatment such as  temozolomide . [ 3 ]


RTOG headquarters are located at the offices of the American College of Radiology in  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . [ 2 ]


The  Radiological Society of North America  ( RSNA ) is a  non-profit organization  and an international society of radiologists, medical physicists and other medical imaging professionals representing 31 radiologic subspecialties from 145 countries around the world. [ 1 ]  Based in  Oak Brook , Illinois, it was established in 1915.


The Society hosts an annual conference in Chicago and develops educational resources such as courses, workshops and webinars. RSNA also publishes six peer-reviewed radiology journals, offers quality improvement tools, [ 2 ]  sponsors research to advance quantitative imaging biomarkers, [ 3 ]  and conducts outreach to enhance radiology education and patient care in low-income and middle-income countries. [ 4 ]


RSNA hosts the world's largest annual [ 5 ]  medical imaging conference, [ 6 ]  a five-day event starting the last Sunday of November at the  McCormick Place  convention center in  Chicago .


RSNA publishes six peer-reviewed journals: [ 7 ]   Radiology , [ 8 ]  offering radiology research and reviews;  RadioGraphics , [ 9 ]  dedicated to continuing education in radiology;  Radiology: Artificial Intelligence , [ 10 ]  highlights the emerging applications of machine learning and  artificial intelligence  in the field of imaging across multiple disciplines;  Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging , [ 11 ]  emphasizes research advances and technical developments in medical imaging that drive cardiothoracic medicine;  Radiology: Imaging Cancer [ 12 ] ,  covers the best clinical and translational cancer imaging studies across organ systems and modalities, including leading-edge technological developments;  Radiology Advances [ 13 ] ,  an open access journal focusing on the publication of a broad spectrum of high-quality international radiology and medical imaging research.


RSNA Case Collection [ 14 ]  is an online resource of clinical cases intended to be used as an educational tool. Developed by and created for radiologists, RSNA Case Collection includes image-focused case reports from across radiology subspecialties and consists of images, relevant patient information, final and differential diagnoses, case discussions and references. All cases undergo careful peer review before they are assigned a DOI - allowing them to be fully citable.


RSNA Case Collection is supported by an active presence on X (formerly Twitter).


The RSNA Imaging AI Certificate program [ 15 ]  is a radiology-specific imaging AI certificate program that combines a case-based curriculum and on-demand learning with practical application.


The program is for radiologists, radiology residents, physicists, data scientists and clinical researchers who want to learn how to safely evaluate, implement, use and monitor performance of AI-based tools for medical imaging.


There are three courses currently available within the program: the Foundational Certificate course, the Advanced Certificate course and the Emergency Certificate course.


Available in English and Spanish, RadiologyInfo.org [ 16 ]  is the public information website developed and funded by RSNA and the  American College of Radiology . It was established to inform and educate the general public about what  radiology  is and what  radiologists  do. Approximately half a million people visit RadiologyInfo.org each month [ citation needed ] .


The RSNA R&E Foundation supports radiology research through grant funding, training opportunities and industry initiatives that advance innovation in radiology. The Foundation has awarded $84 million in grants since 1984. [ 17 ]


Curtis P. Langlotz, MD, PhD, is the 2023-2024 president of RSNA's Board of Directors. [ 18 ]


Radiologists without Borders  is a 401(c)(3)  non-profit organization  that delivers humanitarian aid to developing countries, in the form of radiological services and equipment. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]  Radiologists without Borders was founded in 2008, by New York-based radiologist Tariq Gill. [ 10 ]  The organization is composed entirely of volunteers, and its mission statement is "to bring life saving diagnostic imaging solutions to medically underserved populations worldwide." [ 4 ]


Radiologists without Borders began work in Haiti after the  2010 earthquake . They have provided an ultrasound to the City Hospital and provided training of medical personnel. [ 4 ]  The group worked with  Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)  and Muhimbili Hospital in 2010 and 2011 to research needs of the school and university. Radiologists without Borders arranged for training of medical personnel which took place at  Lourdes Hospital  in Binghamton, New York, has donated 2 mammography machines, and textbooks and computers for the school. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


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The  Radiology-Integrated Training Initiative  ( R-ITI ) is a public-sector UK programme to provide an increased number of high-quality  radiologists  by 2008.


R-ITI is a collaboration between the  Royal College of Radiologists , the UK  Department of Health  and the  NHS . It is tasked with providing three new  radiology  academies, a national archive of peer-validated cases (Validated Case Archive), and over 1,000  e-learning  sessions for self-paced learning & knowledge acquisition.


The UK is currently not producing enough UK trained radiologists to meet clinical need. Calculations show that traditional training will not produce the necessary increase in numbers. Training schemes are becoming saturated and  consultant  training time is pressurised by heavy service workloads.


The Radiology Integrated Training Initiative (R-ITI) has been created to respond to this need and develop a new approach to training radiologists, increasing capacity to meet demand without putting additional strain on current resources.


Three academies have been established, one in  Leeds , one in  Norwich  at the  Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital  and one in  Plymouth . A fourth academy has been announced in South Wales, to begin intake in August 2017. Each academy offers trainees access to:


The Integrated Training Initiative (ITI) creates a stimulating learning environment by combining different teaching methods. These methods include:


The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists  ( RANZCR ) is the leading professional organisation for the promotion of the science and practice of the medical specialties of clinical radiology (diagnostic and interventional  radiology ) and  radiation oncology  in Australia and  New Zealand . The college has members throughout the world. RANZCR provides the educational curricula for medical graduates training to enter the specialties.


RANZCR is independent of universities and is scrutinised and externally accredited against industry standards by the  Australian Medical Council  (AMC). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The official journal of the college is the  Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology .


Very soon after the discovery of X-rays in 1895, and radium in 1896, members of the fledgling specialties of radiology and radiation therapy had begun practising across Australia and New Zealand. [ 3 ]


In 1935, the Australian and New Zealand Association of Radiology was formed, with the purposes of setting minimum standards of training and conduct, stimulating interest in research, and otherwise enhancing the prestige and professionalism of the specialties. The Association was the third professional medical body to be formed in Australia. [ citation needed ]


In 1949 the Association became the College of Radiologists (Australia and New Zealand). Further name changes followed in 1952 (College of Radiologists of Australasia), 1972 (Royal Australasian College of Radiologists) and 1997 (The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists).


The RANZCR head office was for many years located in rooms on Macquarie Street, Sydney. Larger premises were purchased in Lower Fort Street, the Rocks, Sydney, in 1977 where the college head office remained until its move to 51 Druitt Street, Sydney, in 1997. The college's New Zealand offices are located in Wellington. [ citation needed ]


RANZCR remains the peak body in Australia and New Zealand for practitioners of clinical radiology and radiation oncology, and continues to pursue the purposes of excellence in training, research and medical professionalism. [ 4 ]


Following earlier enquiries to the Portcullis Pursuivant of Arms, the RANZCR Council submitted the relevant documentation (numbers of Fellows, Members, Associates and Life Members, relevant Memoranda and Article) and £365 fee to the College of Arms in 1963. [ 4 ]


The following symbols are incorporated in the RANZCR crest: [ 5 ]


The Coat of Arms was granted by  Queen Elizabeth II  on 2 September 1964. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]


Members were asked to suggest a motto.  Latin :  Lumen Afferimus Morbis  (We Cast Light on Disease), suggested by Dr Colin Macdonald, was selected but not without protest regarding the accuracy of the Latin. Advice from the College of Arms and also Prof. A. J. Dunston, Professor of Latin at the  University of Sydney , was that the suggested motto was in order and suitable. [ 6 ]


Permission to use the ‘Royal’ prefix, first applied for in 1967 but rejected by the then Prime Minister, RG Menzies, was granted in September 1971 by W McMahon. On 28 July 1972, the Australasian College of Radiologists became ‘The Royal Australasian College of Radiologists’. [ 4 ]


RANZCR is led by clinicians who are democratically elected by the membership. The ultimate oversight and responsibility is vested in the RANZCR board of directors.


The following individuals have served as president of The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists, or any precedent name of the college: [ 4 ] [ 7 ]


RANZCR has two faculties: the Faculty of Clinical Radiology (established 2013) and the Faculty of Radiation Oncology (established 1994). [ 4 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]


As of 31 December 2016, RANZCR had 3515 active members, including 2467 clinical radiologists, 421 radiation oncologists, and 627 trainees. [ citation needed ]


There are six categories of membership, each with their own particular rights, entitlements and responsibilities as prescribed in the RANZCR's Articles of Association: [ 10 ]


RANZCR is responsible for the training of clinical radiologists and  radiation oncologists  in Australia and New Zealand. Training, under the auspices of RANZCR, can also be undertaken in Singapore. [ citation needed ]


Following a 1998 Australian Medical Council (AMC) undertaking to review all specialist medical training programs in Australia, RANZCR volunteered to be one of two medical colleges to undertake a review of their training programs. This 2004 review identified that a more structured approach to the training program assessment, including a formal curriculum, was required. [ citation needed ]


Curricula were developed for each of the radiation oncology and clinical radiology training programs, launched in 2008 and 2009 respectively. These curricula follow key educational principles: [ 11 ]


Following successful completion of training, graduates are awarded Fellowship of The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (FRANZCR).


Specialist medical registration with the Medical Board of Australia “is available to medical practitioners who have been assessed by an AMC accredited specialist college as being eligible for fellowship.” [ 12 ]


Clinical radiology Fellows and trainees are able to undertake further sub-specialty study in nuclear medicine through the combined  Royal Australasian College of Physicians  (RACP)/RANZCR nuclear medicine training program. [ 13 ]


The  Singapore Gamma Knife Centre  is a medical facility specialising in  gamma knife radiosurgery .


Construction of the  Singapore  Gamma Knife Centre was funded by the Health Corporation of Singapore (HCS) and the Singapore Technologies Precision Engineering (STPE). The project was the first of its kind in  Southeast Asia , and the budget totalled to around ten million dollars. The centre's official opening ceremony was held on 5 March 1996, [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  although surgeries at the centre only began on 27 November 1996. [ 3 ] [ a ]  As it did not involve incision of the brain, the public welcomed the introduction of gamma knife radiosurgery to  Singapore . [ 4 ]


The facility is based in the  Balestier Road -based  ParkwayHealth  Day Surgery & Medical Centre. [ 3 ]  An independent medical centre, any member of the public, local or foreigner, is entitled to make use of it. [ 5 ]  The centre promotes itself as "Asia's leading gamma knife centre" and "the only gamma knife facility in Singapore". [ 3 ]


1°19′20″N   103°50′38″E  /  1.3221°N 103.8440°E  /  1.3221; 103.8440


The  Society for Pediatric Radiology  is a  professional association  of  pediatric radiologists . The Society publishes the journal  Pediatric Radiology  and holds a yearly meeting. It was founded in 1958 at an informal meeting in Washington, DC, United States. Instrumental in its founding were  John Caffey ,  Edward Neuhauser , and Frederic Silverman. [ 1 ]


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The  Society of Interventional Radiology  ( SIR ) is an American national organization of physicians, scientists and allied health professionals dedicated to improving public health through the use of minimally invasive, image-guided therapeutic interventions for  disease management . [ 1 ]


It was founded in 1973 as the  Society of Cardiovascular Radiology  by an active group in the field who wanted to further develop interventional aspects of radiology. It changed its name to the  Society of CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology  in 1983. In April 2002, the name was changed to  Society of Interventional Radiology  in order to emphasise the expanding role of  interventional radiology  that is no longer limited to the  cardiovascular system . The society comprises about 8,000 members (March 2023): including practicing physicians, trainees, scientists and clinical associates, such as physician assistants, nurse practitioners, radiologic technologists and paramedical professionals. [ 1 ]   Katharine L. Krol  served as the Society's first female president.  [ citation needed ]  The  Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology  (JVIR) is the Society's official journal.


The Society of Interventional Radiology Political Action Committee (SIRPAC) is a nonpartisan political organization that supports political candidates and elected officials who are dedicated to advancing the interests of interventional radiologists and the patients they serve. SIRPAC is funded through donations from SIR members, and uses these funds to support political candidates who have demonstrated a commitment to policies that promote patient access to interventional radiology services and advance the specialty.


During the 2022 election cycle, SIRPAC donated $135,682 to candidates (65.65% to Democrats, 34.35% to Republicans) and raised more than $180,000 from members. [ 2 ]


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The  Society of Radiographers  ( SoR ) is a professional body and trade union that represents more than 90 percent of the  diagnostic  and  therapeutic radiographers  in the  United Kingdom . [ 8 ]  The  College of Radiographers  ( CoR ) is a charitable subsidiary of the Society, they are collectively known as the  Society and College of Radiographers  ( SCoR ).


It was founded in 1920 in an effort to provide standardised training and registration for Radiographers within the British Isles. [ 9 ]  Until 1996, the SoR was also the professional body and trades union for radiographers in  Ireland  whereupon the  Irish Institute of Radiography and Radiation Therapy  was established. [ 9 ]


In the second decade of the 20th century the number of x-ray workers grew dramatically not least due to the impact of World War I and in post-war Britain the formation of an association of such workers was inevitable. This was hastened by the desire of medical practitioners (radiologists) to secure the 'ownership' of x-ray work and leading radiologists at the time approached the Institute of Electrical Engineers for support. As a result the Society of Radiographers was established in 1920 with its first council composed of six radiologists and six electrical engineers, to which were added six selected radiographers from the London area.


In 1921, a syllabus was developed and examinations were introduced to facilitate competency checks before membership was granted to new members. The first batch to qualify for membership included  Kathleen Clark  who would establish rigour in the profession. [ 10 ]  Membership began to grow with 67 members in 1921 and 164 in 1923. [ 9 ]


The medical members with external assistance attempted to prevent radiographers from reporting on their images. This was to be a crucial step along the road to medical ownership of x-ray work and to establish consultant posts in radiology. It was in 1925  that there was agreement that non-medical members would not report and if they did they would be liable to dismissal from the society. There was opposition to this from some radiographer council members especially Mr Blake but also from the Electrical Engineers representatives. In fact they resigned en-masse including  A A Campbell Swinton  is said to be the first person in the UK to produce a radiograph. [ citation needed ]


After this there followed a long period of medical dominance. It was not until the 1970s that Dr Swinburne, a radiologist, from Leeds said it was time for official recognition that radiographers assist in film interpretations. It was another 20 years before the first reporting courses for radiographers were established.  By 1997 it was official policy of the College of Radiographers that  "reporting by radiographers is not an option. For the future, it is a requirement." [ citation needed ]


The society formed a South African branch in 1930 and established a pattern of branch formation with a local committee management which was propagated in the UK  during the 1930s. As a result, the Scottish Radiographic Society which was formed in 1927 became a branch of the society in 1936, the South West Branch in 1937, the North West in 1942, the Midland and the North East in 1943. The first Annual Conference of the Society of Radiographers was in 1947 held at Bath, England. [ 9 ]


In June 2015, the  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)  granted accreditation to the processes used by the SCoR in order to generate current clinical guidance for Radiography practice, meaning that the SCoR is NICE accredited. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]


The objectives for which The Society of Radiographers is established are as follows: [ 13 ]


The college's objectives are directed towards education, research and other activities in support of the science and practice of radiography.


The society and college is led by a council which is made-up of representatives from a number of  English regions  (Eastern region, London region, Midlands region, North West region, Northern region, South East region, South West region, Yorkshire & North Trent region) and from  Northern Ireland ,  Scotland  and  Wales . [ 14 ]  The Council determines the Society's policy and strategic direction in consultation with members and others that have a vested interest. It meets once a month, with the exception of August and December.


The society is a  company limited by guarantee  and the members of council are  company directors  registered at  Companies House . The college, a registered  charity , has its own Board of directors comprising an equal number of members drawn from council and external directors representing the legal, financial and medical fields. They have responsibilities as representatives of the membership and also as directors of the company. Neither council members nor College Board members are paid for their duties but they can claim travelling and other  expenses .


The president is elected by the members of council and is inaugurated at the July council meeting each year. [ 13 ]  There is also a President-elect and a Vice-president, who also serve for one year.


MSc BSc (Hons) PgCUTL FHEA


BSc (Hons) PgD


DCR(T)


The patron of the Society and College of Radiographers is  The Rt Hon Llinos "Llin" Golding, Baroness Golding of Newcastle-under-Lyme  who is a  Labour Party  politician and former  MP  who sits in the  House of Lords  and who previously practiced as a radiographer. [ 22 ] [ 23 ]


Historically, the college was an awarding body for  academic awards  but no longer fulfils this function. The degree-equivalent [ 24 ]  radiography qualification awarded by the CoR was the Diploma of the College of Radiographers (DCR) and this was awarded following a three-year training course and successful completion of a national examination, either in Radiodiagnosis (the DCR(R)) or in Therapy Radiography (the DCR(T)). Following study equivalent to Masters level, students with a DCR could proceed by examination to the Higher Diploma of the College of Radiographers (HDCR). Holders of the HDCR undergoing specialist training in management were awarded the Management Diploma of the College of Radiographers (MDCR) and those undergoing specialist training in the teaching of radiography were awarded the Teaching Diploma of the College of Radiographers (TDCR). The first  Bachelor of Science  (BSc) in Radiography was validated in 1989 and with the widespread introduction of BSc courses in radiography during 1993, the DCR was phased out. The HRCR, TDCR and MDCR have been replaced by postgraduate level courses.


The college maintains an Accreditation and Approval Board which aims to protect patients of radiographers by raising the standards of education and practice. It does so by monitoring and assessing programmes of both pre-registration degree courses and ongoing professional education ranging from ad-hoc events to professional postgraduate training. The college runs courses and conferences. Various guidances and guidelines are published by the CoR often in conjunction with the  Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine  (IPEM), the  Royal College of Radiologists  (RCR), the  British Institute of Radiology  (BIR) and the  Royal College of Nursing  (RCN).


Research grants are awarded by the college. An academic library is maintained. Further activities to promote the public interest includes the provision of advice to the public and to government and government agencies and activities to promote public awareness of radiography, radiology and oncology. Information on the activities of the CoR is published on the website of the UK's Charity Commission. [ 25 ]


The society has a membership base throughout the United Kingdom. As such, the Trade Union is associated with the  Trade Union Congress (TUC) [ 5 ]  in the United Kingdom and with the  Scottish Trade Union Congress (STUC) . [ 6 ]  The organisation was previously associated with the  Irish Congress of Trade Unions(ICTU)  but it left in 2013 citing financial constraints as the reason. [ 26 ]  In 2003, before leaving and whilst still in affliction with the ICTU, the society opposed a motion to restrict affiliation of small unions with the ICTU stating that the motion was "about bureaucracy." [ 27 ]


The Society of Radiographers Benevolent Fund is a registered charity (No. 326398) and it assists SoR members, former members and their families in times of hardship or distress and in particular the old, the sick and the incapacitated among members and former members. Information on the activities of the Benevolent Fund is published on the website of the UK's Charity Commission. [ 28 ]


The SCoR issues a number of publications: [ 29 ]


The SCoR maintains a number of awards and grants.


The Fellowship of the College of Radiographers (FCR) is an honorary title, bestowed upon individuals who have made significant contribution to the radiographic profession. It was first awarded, in its present format, in 1978 following the establishment of The College of Radiographers as the charitable subsidiary of The Society of Radiographers. Additionally, the individual receives complimentary life membership of The Society of Radiographers. [ 34 ]


The Gold Medal is the highest award the Society may award and is only granted to individuals who have "who have made exceptional contributions to radiography, developed the profession and advanced the Society and College of Radiographers." Fewer than 20 gold medals have ever been awarded. [ 35 ]


The Silver Medal was first struck in 1985 and is awarded by The Society of Radiographers to recognise and acknowledge individuals for outstanding dedication and contribution to the profession of Radiography. Nominees must be members of the Society of Radiographers (or retired from active service and membership), or non-members who are outstanding contributors to the profession. Their work may span any aspect of the imaging and therapy modalities and/or the wider spheres of commerce, industry and management; as such overseas nominees are also eligible. Notable recipients include Stewart Whiteley [ 35 ]  who was the author for the revised editions of  Clark's positioning in Radiography , a fundamental diagnostic radiography textbook. [ 36 ] [ 37 ]


Alan Nichols was a chief technical adviser to the Department of Radiology at  Oxford Hospitals  and since 1996, an award in his name has been given for the best paper proffered by a radiographer at the Radiology Congress. A representative of the Mr Nichols's family is invited to present the award. The Alan Nichols Memorial Award is currently £100. [ 38 ]


This award, commemorating Beth Whittaker, has been awarded to the best poster presentation at the Annual Radiology Conference. The Beth Whittaker Award is currently £50. [ 38 ]


The Bryan Macey Scholarship, named for a former Chief Executive, is open to all Society Health and Safety and Industrial Relations representatives for trade union-related academic study. [ 39 ]


The Forder Memorial Award, which commemorates the memory of Mr A O Forder, founder member of the SoR in 1920 and a member of the first council of the society. From 1995, it was agreed that it would be presented to the best paper proffered by a student at the Annual Students Conference. The winning student is awarded the prize of £50. [ 38 ]


In April 2009, the organisation launched the Arthur Kay Radiotherapy Award to support an annual award to an appropriately qualified and experienced therapeutic radiographer who wishes to travel to learn new and innovative techniques in therapeutic radiography. The fund will enable successful applicants to spend time studying innovations in technology and practice at a leading world class cancer institution(s). Applications for funding to the value of £5000 will be considered although, for exceptional applications, more may be available to an absolute maximum of £10,000. [ 40 ]


The College of Radiographers Overseas Placement Fund was established in 1998. It is managed by the College of Radiographers Board of Trustees and a number of radiography placements in developing countries have been supported by the fund. A number of individual radiographers have taken an interest in this area and this has often resulted in periods of working overseas. [ 41 ]


The Svedberg Laboratory [ 1 ]  (TSL) is a university facility, based in  Uppsala ,  Sweden . The activities at TSL are based around the  particle accelerator   Gustaf Werner cyclotron .


The main activity is  proton therapy  for the treatment of cancer, based on an agreement between the Oncology clinic at  Uppsala University Hospital  and  Uppsala University . Beamtime not used for proton therapy is devoted to commercial neutron and proton irradiation projects, mainly for Radiation testing. There is also some time for basic (academic) research and in this case the experiments should be associated to  Uppsala University  or to EC projects.


TSL is supported by the European Community and belong to the EC projects ERINDA, [ 2 ]  SkyFlash [ 3 ]  and CHANDA. [ 4 ]


Theodor Svedberg  (1884–1971), professor in physical chemistry at  Uppsala University  from 1912 to 1949, was awarded the  Nobel Prize  in chemistry in 1926 [ 5 ]  for his research on dispersed systems (colloidal solutions). He invented the  Ultracentrifuge , which was used in the discovery that proteins consist of macromolecules.


Towards the end of the 1930s The Svedberg and his colleagues built their first accelerator, a  Neutron generator . In 1945, a donation from the Gustaf Werner Corporation gave the opportunity to build a much larger accelerator, a synchrocyclotron. The Gustaf Werner Institute with the synchrocyclotron as the main research instrument was founded in 1949 and continued to act as a base for research in high-energy physics and radiation biology until 1986 when The Svedberg Laboratory was established.


Intensive discussions concerning the type and size of accelerators Swedish research in nuclear and high-energy physics should have at its disposal took place in the early 1980s, One result of this process was that a decision was taken to bring the magnets of the so-called ICE-ring (Initial Cooling Experiment) from  CERN  to Uppsala. The accelerator ring was rebuilt as a cooler and storage ring and given the acronym CELSIUS (Cooling with ELectrons and Storing of Ions from the Uppsala Synchrocyclotron).


From 1994 until 2004 The Svedberg Laboratory was a national research facility funded to a large fraction from the Swedish Natural Science Research Council ( Swedish Research Council ). It was open for research groups from universities and institutes in Sweden and abroad. The laboratory had a nationally recruited board and an international program advisory committee, which gave recommendations concerning the research program by examining proposals from the user groups.  Uppsala University  was acting as the host of the Laboratory.


The TSL was in 2004 converted from a national laboratory into a university facility and new instructions for the laboratory came into operation July 1, 2004. The main activity of TSL is based on an agreement between  Uppsala University Hospital  and  Uppsala University  about continued  proton therapy . The beamtime not used for proton therapy is devoted to commercial neutron and proton irradiation projects. There is still some time for basic (academic) research and in this case the experiments should be associated to Uppsala University or to EU projects.


The proton beam extracted from the cyclotron may have exclusive advantages in treatment of certain human malignant tumours and some other disorders where conventional  radiation therapy  or surgery is not feasible. The depth dose distribution, with the  Bragg peak , and the relatively sharp penumbra, enables the concentration of radiation to the target volume and minimizes the dose to normal tissue surrounding the target. Proton beam irradiation may lead to cure or shrinkage of tumour burden in cases where other treatment modalities fail.
All patients are carefully investigated by computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging in order to obtain a detailed knowledge of the position and size of the tumour.  Angiography  and  positron emission tomography  will be used in certain cases. Before the treatments, careful  radiation treatment planning  is performed to ensure an optimal dose distribution.
Treatments:


In June 2015 the  Uppsala University Hospital  will finish their treatments at TSL and move over to Skandion, [ 7 ]  a new dedicated clinic for  proton therapy  in Uppsala, Sweden.


At TSL there are facilities with high-energy particle beams for different purposes.
The users mostly use them for testing reliability of electronic equipment under radiation exposure, accelerated radiation testing.
Other use has also been seen, such as biomedical research, material science and production of filters and other things.


The following facilities are available:


Simulates the  Cosmic ray  induced neutron field. Designed for Single Event Effects/Soft Error Rate testing.


Makes it possible to study the energy dependence of neutron-induced effects in electronics.


For Single Event Effects & Total Ionisation Dose testing


During the years the cyclotron have delivered heavy ions for research and industrial projects.
The cyclotron then used an external ion source, an ECRIS, for preacceleration of heavy ions.


Machine Name: Gustaf Werner Cyclotron


History
The machine was designed in house and constructed during 1946–51 with first beam in 1951. The machine was then rebuilt 1977–86 with first beam in 1986.


Characteristic Beams out of the machine :
ions / energy(MeV/N) /current(pps)


Secondary beam facility:
neutrons via 7Li(p,n) reaction


Transmission Efficiency (source to extracted beam)


Technical data
 (a)Magnet (nr 1 in picture)


Trim Coils


Harmonic Coils


Main Coils


Power


(b)RF (nr 3 in picture)
Acceleration


Voltage


(c)Injection


(d)Extraction
Elements, Characteristic


El. stat. defl. 65 kV, aperture 5 mm, septum 0.5 mm, El. magn.
channel 4.7 kA, 5 mm septum passive focusing channel


passive peeler, regenerator
Typical Efficiency (%): 50
Best Efficiency (%): 80


(e)Vacuum (nr 4 in picture)
Pumps:


Achieved Vacuum: 10-5 Pa (10-7 mbar)


There are several beamlines at TSL:
The A-line was used for nuclide production, has not been used for several years but is in running condition. The B-line is in commonly use for delivering proton beam for irradiation testing. The C-line is used for biomedical research with different heavy ions. The D-line is commonly used for delivering proton beam for production of neutron beams for irradiation testing. The G-line is commonly used for delivering proton beam for  proton therapy .


The company Scanditronix AB, which later was acquired by  General Electric Healthcare  in 1991, design cyclotrons partially based on research at TSL. [ 8 ] [ 9 ]


59°51′13″N   17°37′31″E  /  59.8537°N 17.6254°E  /  59.8537; 17.6254


The  Swedish Radiation Safety Authority  ( Swedish :  Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten ) is the Swedish government authority responsible for  radiation protection . It sorts under the  Ministry of the Environment .


It was created on 1 July 2008 with the merging of the  Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate  and the  Swedish Radiation Protection Authority . It employs 300 people and is located in Stockholm, with an annual budget of about 400 million  Swedish krona .


Its Director-General is  Nina Cromnier .


On the first of March 2022, the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority increased their readiness to handle an "radiological emergency" in the wake of  Russian invasion of Ukraine . [ 1 ]


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The  University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Department of Radiology  is the second largest academic department in Radiological Sciences in the United States. [ 1 ]   Its Graduate Program in Radiological Sciences offers graduate training in various tracks, including  Medical Physics ,  radiation biology , Medical  Health Physics , and  Neuroimaging .  In addition the educational enterprise includes an accredited radiology residency program and a number of fellowships.


The department was historically the first program in the United States to establish a Ph.D. program for radiology residents, which is known as the "Human Imaging" graduate program. [ 2 ]  While the Radiology Department is part of the  School of Medicine , the graduate program is housed administratively within the  UTHSCSA Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  (GSBS).


With a minimum of 55 graduate students and over 60 fixed and adjunct faculty members, the program is currently one of the largest graduate programs in  medical physics  in the United States, and is one of only 17 programs in  North America  accredited by the Commission on the Accreditation of Medical Physics Education Programs (CAMPEP).


Graduate students research training is conducted in three primary locations within the UTHSCSA complex:


The Department also has clinical training facilities at  Brooke Army Medical Center ,  South Texas Medical Center  including the  University Hospital System  and the  Audie Murphy  Memorial Veterans Hospital, Texas Cancer Clinic, Medical and Radiation Physics, Inc. (MARP) and International Medical Physics Services.


RFA, UFE, Cancer therapy, Dialysis work, PAD, AVMs


29°30′27″N   98°34′31″W  /  29.507494°N 98.575385°W  /  29.507494; -98.575385


Abdominal Radiology  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published by  Springer Science+Business Media  and an official journal of the  Society of Abdominal Radiology . [ 1 ]  According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2023  impact factor  of 2.3. [ 2 ]  The journal was formerly known as  Abdominal Imaging . [ 3 ]  The  editor-in-chief  is  Neeraj Lalwani . [ 4 ]


Acta Radiologica  is a  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering the field of  radiology , including  diagnostic  and  interventional radiology ,  clinical radiology , experimental investigations in animals, and all other research related to  imaging  procedures. [ 1 ]   Acta Radiologica  is published by  SAGE Publications  in association with the Nordic Society of Medical Radiology, a federation of societies of Medical Radiology in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The journal is edited by Arnulf Skjennald ( Ullevål University Hospital , Oslo, Norway). [ 2 ]


Acta Radiologica  was established in 1921 and was originally published in German; it is now in English. It was founded by   Gösta Forssell , who served as editor until his death in 1950. [ 3 ]  According to the  Journal Citation Reports , it has a 2014  impact factor  of 1.603, ranking it 72nd out of 125 journals in the category " Radiology , Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging". [ 4 ]


Examples of published items include:


The  American Journal of Neuroradiology  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering  neuroradiology . It was established in 1980 and is published by the  American Society of Neuroradiology . The  editor-in-chief  is Jeffrey S. Ross ( Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Phoenix, Arizona).


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2017  impact factor  of 3.653. [ 5 ]


The  American Journal of Roentgenology  ( AJR ) is a monthly  peer-reviewed   journal  that covers topics in  radiology . It is published by the  American Roentgen Ray Society  (ARRS) and is based in  Leesburg, VA .  The current editor-in-chief (August 2020) is Andrew B. Rosenkrantz. [ 1 ]


The publication has undergone several changes throughout its history. The initial publication in 1906 was entitled the  American Quarterly of Roentgenology , and was officially associated with the ARRS in 1909. In 1913, journal was renamed the  American Journal of Roentgenology , and publication frequency was increased to a monthly basis under editor Preston M. Hickey. [ 2 ]  Hickey would remain editor-in-chief for approximately 10 years, and became a pioneering voice for evolution of radiologic education and reporting. With the advent of  radiation therapy  and nuclear medicine under the auspices of radiology, there was a period from 1920 to 1970s during which the ARRS began publishing articles on topics of radiation oncology and  nuclear medicine  in addition to diagnostic radiology.  Accordingly, the journal was renamed  American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy  in 1922, and later the  American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy, and Nuclear Medicine.   Finally in 1976, the journal was once again renamed back to  American Journal of Roentgenology  at which time mandatory peer-review was implemented.


In 1975, publication committee chairman Raymond Gagliardi and editor in chief Melvin Figley founded  The American Journal of Neuroradiology  together with the American Society of  Neuroradiology .


The  Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal  is a quarterly  open access   peer-reviewed   medical journal  established in July 2005. It is financed by donations from regional and international biomedical imaging industry and the  University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre . The journal also receives support from many regional associations and societies and in turn has become the official publication of them. As of 2009, it is the official publication of the  ASEAN Association of Radiologists ,  ASEAN Society of Interventional Radiology ,  Asia-Oceania Federation of Organizations for Medical Physics ,  Asian Oceania Society of Radiology ,  College of Radiology, Academy of Medicine Malaysia ,  Southeast Asian Federation of Organisations of Medical Physics , and the  South East Asian Association of Academic Radiologists .


Shiao Eek Tee said "It is the first fully electronic imaging journal in the country" [ 1 ]


BIIJ is indexed by  Scopus ,  EMBASE ,  Compendex ,  EBSCO ,  Chemical Abstracts ,  PubMed Central , and  Inspec . [ 2 ]


The journal also publishes video recordings of presentations at selected meetings, conferences, and seminars, which may be used for educational purposes. Since November 2009, the videos are also made available on  SciVee . [ 3 ]


Biomedical Optics Express  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   scientific journal  published by  Optica . The journal's scope encompasses fundamental research and technology development of optics applied to biomedical studies and clinical applications. The founding and first  editor-in-chief  is  Joseph A. Izatt  ( Duke University ). The current  editor-in-chief  is Ruikang (Ricky) Wang at the  University of Washington , USA. [ 1 ]


The journal is abstracted and indexed by:


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2023  impact factor  of 2.9. [ 2 ]


The British Journal of Radiology  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering  radiology . [ 1 ]  It is published by the  British Institute of Radiology  and the  editors-in-chief  are Simon Jackson (University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust) and Andrew Nisbet ( University College London ). According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021  impact factor  of 3.629. [ 2 ]


The journal's forerunner, the  Archives of Clinical Skiagraphy  was established by  Sydney Domville Rowland  in May 1896. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  In July 1897 it was renamed the  Archives of the Roentgen Ray  and reported that it would keep a "record [of] the proceedings of the recently formed Roentgen Society, and will consist of original communications, notes, and correspondence ... (and) offers itself, not merely as a journal of the new photography, but to some extent as the exponent of an important discovery". [ 1 ]  It was published quarterly and was the only journal which reported the transactions of the roentgen Society. [ 1 ]


In 1904,  John Hall-Edwards  became editor and in 1924, after 24 volumes, the journal was renamed  The British Journal of Radiology (Roentgen Society Section) The Journal of the Roentgen Society , after a period of being  Archives of Radiology and Electrotherapy  and  The Journal of the British Association of Radiology and Physiotherapy . [ 1 ]


In 1928 the British Institute of Radiology and the  Roentgen Society  combined to form  The British Journal of Radiology . [ 1 ]  Later, supplements were added and the journal became online from 2001. [ 1 ]  Old editions have been digitised. [ 1 ]


The journal published important works on the development of  CT scan  and  MRI  imaging techniques. For example:


CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology  is a  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published by  Springer . It is the journal of the  Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe .


It had an  impact factor  of 2.191 in 2016. [ 1 ]  It is abstracted and indexed in  Science Citation Index Expanded ,  Journal Citation Reports /Science Edition,  PubMed / MEDLINE ,  Scopus ,  EMBASE ,  Google Scholar ,  Academic OneFile , CSA Environmental Sciences,  Current Contents /Clinical Medicine,  EmCare ,  Gale ,  Health Reference Center Academic ,  INIS Atomindex , Mosby yearbooks,  OCLC , SCImage, Summon by ProQuest. [ citation needed ]


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Clinical Imaging  is a  peer-reviewed   academic journal  on  medical imaging . It was founded in 1977 and received its current title in 1989. It is published by  Elsevier  on behalf of the  New York Roentgen Society . [ 2 ]


The journal began publication in 1977 as  Computed Axial Tomography . The founding editor was  Rolf L. Schapiro . [ 3 ]  It was renamed  CT: The Journal of Computed Tomography  in 1978, [ 4 ]  and in 1989 obtained its present title. [ 5 ]  In 2012 it gained the sponsorship of the  New York Roentgen Society . [ 6 ]  As of 2022 [update]  the editor-in-chief is  Elizabeth Kagan Arleo . [ 1 ]


Clinical Imaging  is indexed in: [ 7 ]


Clinical Radiology  is a  medical journal  that covers the aspects of clinical radiology, including: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography etc. The journal is published by  Elsevier . [ 1 ]


The journal is abstracted and indexed in: [ 1 ]


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021  impact factor  of 3.389. [ 2 ]


Dose–Response  is a quarterly  peer-reviewed   scientific journal  covering research on the  dose-response relationship , especially  hormesis . [ 1 ]  It was established in 2003 as  Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine , obtaining its current name in 2005. It is published by  SAGE Publications  on behalf of the  International Dose-Response Society , of which it is the official journal. [ 2 ]  Since its founding, the journal's  editor-in-chief  has been  Edward Calabrese  ( University of Massachusetts ). According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2015  impact factor  of 1.855, ranking it 162nd out of 255 journals in the category "Pharmacology & Pharmacy" [ 3 ]  and 62nd out of 124 in the category "Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging." [ 4 ]


The  European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging  ( EJNMMI ) is a  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published by  Springer . It is the official journal of the  European Association of Nuclear Medicine . [ 1 ]  Since 1976, the EJNMMI has published material related to the field of  nuclear medicine , including  dosimetry ,  radiation biology ,  radiochemistry ,  radiopharmacology , molecular imaging probes, reporter gene assays,  cell trafficking , targeting of endogenous gene expression, and antisense methodologies. As of 2021, the EJNMMI has an impact factor of 10.057. [ 2 ]


In summer of 2011, Springer launched  EJNMMI Research , a peer-reviewed  open access  journal, as a companion to the  EJNMMI . It accommodates articles that could not be published in  EJNMMI .


European Radiology  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published by  Springer Science+Business Media . It was established in 1991 by J. Lissner and is the official journal of the  European Society of Radiology . [ 1 ]  The current  editor-in-chief  is  Bernd Hamm . The following European societies of sub-disciplines have chosen European Radiology as their official organ:


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014  impact factor  of 4.014. [ 2 ]


Health Physics  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published by  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . Its scope includes research into radiation safety and healthcare applications. It is the official journal of the  Health Physics Society . It was established in 1958 and it is edited by Brant Ulsh.


Operational Radiation Safety  is published as a quarterly supplement to Health Physics.


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014  impact factor  of 1.271. [ 4 ]


IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   scientific journal  published by the  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers  (IEEE). It covers technological aspects of  medical imaging  techniques. The journal was established in 1982 and since 2019 the  editor-in-chief  is  Leslie Ying  ( University at Buffalo ). It is sponsored by four IEEE societies,  IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society ,  IEEE Signal Processing Society ,  IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society , and  IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics & Frequency Control Society . [ 1 ]


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020  impact factor  of 10.048, ranking it 5th out of 111 journals in the category "Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications" [ 5 ]  and 4th out of 133 journals in the category "Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging". [ 6 ]


Imaging in Medicine  is a quarterly  peer-reviewed   open access   medical journal . It covers  medical imaging ,  radiation therapy ,  radiology , and basic imaging and  nuclear medicine . The journal was established in 2009 by  Future Medicine . It now is published by  Open Access Journals , an  imprint  of the  Pulsus Group , which is on  Jeffrey Beall 's list of "Potential, possible, or probable"  predatory open-access publishers  after being acquired by the  OMICS Publishing Group  in 2016. [ 1 ]


The journal is abstracted and indexed in  Chemical Abstracts Service , [ 2 ]   Embase , [ 3 ]  and from 2010 to 2014 and 2016 to 2017 in  Scopus  (discontinued). [ 4 ]


Imaging  Technology News (ITN )  is a  business-to-business  trade publication serving healthcare professionals in the fields of  radiology ,  radiation oncology ,  women’s health  and  nuclear medicine . [ 1 ]   ITN's print, website, and digital media cover trends in  medical imaging ,  radiation ,  oncology , and technology. [ 2 ]


The print publication had 34,901 subscribers as of July 2013. [ 3 ]


ITN covers and exhibits the following organizations:  Radiological Society of North America , the  American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology , the  Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging  and the  American Association of Physicists in Medicine .


ITN launched in 1961 as  Medical Electronics & Equipment News,  which became MEEN in the 1980s. MEEN became  Imaging Technology News  in September 1999, which then became ITN in September 2011. [ 4 ]


The  Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging  is a  peer-reviewed   open access   medical journal  published  Medknow Publications  on behalf of the  Indian Radiology and Imaging Association . It covers all aspects of  radiology  and  medical imaging .


The journal is abstracted and indexed in  Abstracts on Hygiene and Communicable Diseases ,  CAB Abstracts ,  CINAHL ,  EBSCO databases ,  EmCare ,  Excerpta Medica/Embase ,  Expanded Academic ASAP , and  Scopus .


The  International Journal of Radiation Biology  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  that covers research into the effects of  ionizing  and  non-ionizing radiation  in biology. The  editor-in-chief  is Professor Gayle Woloschak.


The title was formerly known as  International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine , having changed its name in 1988.


The journal is  abstracted and indexed  in:


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014  impact factor  of 1.687. [ 5 ]


Interventional Neuroradiology  is a bimonthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering  neuroradiology . It was established in 1995 and is published by  SAGE Publications . The  editor-in-chief  is Waleed Brinjikji ( Mayo Clinic ). According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021  impact factor  of 1.760. [ 1 ]


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Investigative Radiology  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published by  Wolters Kluwer . Its  editor-in-chief  is  Val Murray Runge . [ 1 ]  The journal covers research on  radiology  and  diagnostic imaging , focusing on  magnetic resonance ,  computed tomography ,  ultrasound ,  digital subtraction angiography , and new technologies. An additional focus is that of contrast media research, primarily for diagnostic imaging.


The journal was established in 1966 with S. David Rockoff as the founding editor until 1976. Other editors have been Richard H. Greenspan (1976-1984), Charles E. Putman (1984-1989), and Bruce J. Hillman (1990-1994). Val M. Runge (Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern) has served as editor since 1994. [ 2 ]


The journal was originally published by J.B. Lippincott (now part of  Wolters Kluwer ). Between 1966 and 1984 the journal appeared bimonthly but the frequency was increased to 9 issues in 1985, and to monthly in 1986. [ 3 ]  Each year, one or more special issues are published focusing on a single topic.


The journal is abstracted and indexed in the  Science Citation Index ,  Current Contents /Clinical Medicine, Current Contents/Life Sciences,  BIOSIS Previews , [ 4 ]  and  Index Medicus / MEDLINE / PubMed . [ 5 ]  According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2023  impact factor  of 7.0. [ 6 ]


The  Japanese Journal of Radiology  (formerly:  Radiation Medicine ) is a  peer-reviewed  journal, officially published by the  Japan Radiological Society . [ 1 ]


It provides a forum for the publication of papers documenting recent advances and new developments in the field of  radiology  in medicine and biology.


Editor-in-Chief is N Tamaki.


ISSN: 1867-1071 (print version)


ISSN: 1867-108X (electronic version)


The  Journal of Biomedical Optics  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   scientific journal  published by  SPIE . It covers the application of  optical technology  to  health care ,  biomedical research , and  experimental medicine . The  editor-in-chief  is Brian W. Pogue ( University of Wisconsin-Madison ).


This journal is abstracted and indexed in:


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014  impact factor  of 2.859, ranking it 12th out of 86 journals in the category "Optics", [ 1 ]  31st out of 79 journals in the category "Biochemical Research Methods", [ 2 ]  and 31st out of 125 journals in the category "Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging". [ 3 ]


The  Journal of Clinical Interventional Radiology  is a triannual  open-access   peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering all aspects of vascular and non-vascular  interventional radiology . It is published by  Thieme Medical Publishers  on behalf of the  Indian Society of Vascular and Interventional Radiology . It was established in 2017 and the  editor-in-chief  is Naveen Kalra ( Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh ), who was preceded by Shyamkumar Nidugala Keshava.


The journal is abstracted and indexed in  Embase [ 1 ]  and  Scopus . [ 2 ]


The  Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography , abbreviated  JCAT , is a bimonthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering  medical imaging , with a particular focus on  CT scans  and  magnetic resonance imaging . It was established in 1977 and is published by  Wolters Kluwer Health . It is the official journal of SABI, the Society for Advanced Body Imaging.


The  editor-in-chief  is Eric P. Tamm, MD ( University of Texas  and  MD Anderson Cancer Center ). According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020  impact factor  of 1.826.


The journal's title has often been mistakenly represented (in mentions and citations) as "Journal of Computed Assisted Tomography".


The  Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography  (JDMS) is the bimonthly,  peer-reviewed   medical journal  of the  Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography  (SDMS), and has been in publication since 1985. JDMS publishes peer-reviewed manuscripts supporting the translational use of  medical ultrasound  for diagnosis, intervention, and other clinical applications by a  sonographer , sonologist, or other  health care provider . The JDMS provides research, clinical, and educational content for all specialties, including but not limited to abdominal, women's health, pediatric, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and other emerging sonography practice areas. The journal's scope also includes research on instrumentation, physics, and technical advancements of  ultrasonography , as well as research on  sonographer  education and other professional issues, including ergonomics and the prevention of work-related injuries.


JDMS accepts Original Research, Literature Reviews, Case Studies, Symposia (related to education, policy, technology, or professional issues), and Letters to the Editor. Author resources, editorial board information, and subscription and advertising opportunities are available on the  SDMS website .


The  Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography  received its first  impact factor  listed within the  Journal Citation Reports  in 2022. The journal is also abstracted and indexed in:


Journal of Medical Imaging  is a  peer-reviewed   scientific journal  published bimonthly by  SPIE . It covers fundamental, applied and translational research on  medical imaging . It was established in 2014 and its  editor-in-chief  is Bennett A. Landman ( Vanderbilt University ). [ 1 ]


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2022  impact factor  of 2.4. [ 7 ]


Journal of Medical Imaging and  Radiation Oncology  (formerly:  Australasian Radiology ; print:  ISSN   1754-9477 , online:  ISSN   1754-9485 ) is the official journal of the  Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists . It is a  bimonthly   medical journal  covering  radiological  practice and  research  in  Australasia . It is published by  Wiley-Blackwell  and was established in 1957.


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , its 2009  impact factor  is 0.602, ranking it 96th out of 104 journals in the category "Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging".


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The  Journal of Nuclear Cardiology  is a  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering research in  nuclear   cardiology . It is published by  Springer Science+Business Media  and is the official journal of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. [ 1 ]  The  editor-in-chief  is Ami E. Iskandrian ( The University of Alabama at Birmingham ). The founding editor was  Barry L. Zaret  ( Yale University School of Medicine ). According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2016  impact factor  of 3.930. [ 2 ]


This journal is indexed by the following services:


The  Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology  is a quarterly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published by the  Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging  that focuses entirely on technology crucial to  nuclear medicine , including  quality assurance ,  radiation safety , and clinical applications of nuclear medicine. The journal was established in 1973 and the  editor-in-chief  is Kathy Thomas.


The Journal of Nuclear Medicine  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published by  Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging [ 1 ]  that covers research on all aspects of  nuclear medicine , including  molecular imaging .


The journal is abstracted and indexed in  Science Citation Index ,  Current Contents /Clinical Medicine, Current Contents/Life Sciences,  BIOSIS Previews , [ 2 ]  and  MEDLINE / PubMed . [ 3 ]  According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020  impact factor  of 10.057, ranking it 3rd out of 134 journals in the category "Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging". [ 4 ]


The  Journal of Radiation Research  is a bimonthly  peer-reviewed   scientific journal  covering research on  radiation  and  oncology . It was established in 1960 and is published by  Oxford University Press . Its  editor-in-chief  is Kenshi Komatsu ( University of Kyoto ).


It is an affiliated journal of the  Japan Radiation Research Society  and the  Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology . In 1998 the journal absorbed the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology's former title, the  Journal of JASTRO . This extended the scope of the journal to include medical and oncology research.


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2019  impact factor  of 2.014. 5 year Impact Factor 2.063  [ 5 ]


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The  Journal of the American College of Radiology  (sometimes abbreviated  JACR ) is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering  radiology . It was established in 2004 and is published by  Elsevier  on behalf of the  American College of Radiology , of which it is the official journal. The journal's founding  editor-in-chief  was Bruce J. Hillman ( University of Virginia ) with Ruth C. Carlos ( University of Michigan ) succeeding Hillman on January 1, 2019. [ 1 ]  It is sometimes called the "blue journal". [ 2 ]  According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020  impact factor  of 5.532. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


The  Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering the field of  interventional radiology . It was established in 1990 and is published by  Elsevier  on behalf of the  Society of Interventional Radiology . The  editor-in-chief  is Daniel Y. Sze. The journal is  abstracted and indexed  in the  Science Citation Index Expanded ,  Biotechnology Research Abstracts ,  CINAHL ,  Embase ,  MEDLINE , and  Scopus . According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021  impact factor  of 3.682. [ 1 ]


Magnetic Resonance Imaging  is a  peer-reviewed   scientific journal  published by  Elsevier , encompassing biology, physics, and clinical science as they relate to the development and use of  magnetic resonance imaging  technology.  Magnetic Resonance Imaging  was established in 1982 and the current  editor-in-chief  is John C. Gore. The journal produces 10 issues per year.


Magnetic Resonance in Medicine  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering research on all aspects of the development and use of  nuclear magnetic resonance  and  electron paramagnetic resonance  techniques for medical applications. It was established in 1984 and is published by  Wiley  on behalf of the  International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine . Since 2019, the editor-in-chief of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine is  Oxford  professor  Peter Jezzard .


Molecular Imaging and Biology is published by  Springer Science+Business Media  as the official journal of the  World Molecular Imaging Society (WMIS)  in collaboration with the  European Society for Molecular Imaging (ESMI) . It publishes original research contributions on the utilization of molecular imaging in problems of relevance to biology and medicine.


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2018  impact factor  of 3.341. [ 1 ]


The Neuroradiology Journal   is a bimonthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering diagnostic  neuroradiology . It was established in 1994 and is published by  SAGE Publications .  The  editor-in-chief  is  Luca_Saba  ( University_of_Cagliari ).


NMR in Biomedicine  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  published since 1988 by  John Wiley & Sons . It publishes original full-length papers, rapid communications, and  review articles  in which  magnetic resonance spectroscopy  or imaging methods are used to investigate physiological, biochemical, biophysical, or medical problems. The current  editor-in-chief  is  John R. Griffiths  ( Cancer Research UK ).


The following articles have been cited most frequently: [ 1 ]


NMR in Biomedicine  is abstracted and indexed in:


According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014  impact factor  of 3.044, ranking it 9th out of 44 journals in the category "Spectroscopy", [ 1 ]  24th out of 125 journals in the category "Radiology Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging", [ 2 ]  and 27th out of 73 journals in the category "Biophysics". [ 3 ]


Onkologia i Radioterapia  (English:  Oncology and Radiotherapy ) is a monthly  peer-reviewed   open-access   medical journal  covering  oncology  and  radiology  published by Medical Project Poland. The  editor-in-chief  is Ludmila Grzybowska-Szatkowska ( Medical University of Lublin ). The journal was established in 2007 and is an official journal of the  Polish Oncological Society ,  Polish Oncology Radiotherapy Society , and the Oncology Orthopedics Section of the  Polish Orthopedic and Traumatological Society . [ 1 ]


The journal is abstracted and indexed in  Embase [ 2 ]  and  Scopus . [ 3 ]


Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology  is a monthly  peer-reviewed   medical journal  that covers research in  oral surgery ,  medicine ,  pathology ,  radiology , and  endodontics  published by  Mosby . It was originally established as  Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology  in 1948, changing its name to  Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology  in 1995, and acquiring its current name in 2012. It is an official journal of the  American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ,  American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology ,  American Academy of Oral Medicine , and the  American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology . According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2020  impact factor  of 2.589. [ 1 ]


Pediatric Radiology  is a  peer-reviewed   medical journal  covering all areas of pediatric imaging and related fields published by  Springer Nature . It is the official journal of the  European Society of Paediatric Radiology ,  Society for Pediatric Radiology ,  Asian and Oceanic Society for Pediatric Radiology , and the  Latin American Society of Pediatric Radiology . The  editors in chief  are Professor Amaka C Offiah (Sheffield, UK) and Professor Geetika Khanna (Atlanta, Georgia).


The journal is abstracted and indexed in  Academic OneFile ,  Cengage ,  Proquest ,  Current Contents /Clinical Medicine,  EBSCO databases ,  Embase ,  INIS Atomindex ,  PubMed / MEDLINE ,  Science Citation Index ,  Scopus , and  Summon by Serial Solutions . According to the  Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2021  impact factor  of 3.005 .


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