{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.3", "caption": "Fig. 1.3 Left: Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen (1845\u20131923), a portrait by Nicola Perscheid, circa 1915. Right: The first roentgenogram\u2014the hand of R\u00f6ntgen\u2019s wife after its irradiation with X-rays (Dec 22, 1895)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig3_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.4", "caption": "Fig. 1.4 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (1862\u20131947)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig4_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.5", "caption": "Fig. 1.5 Left: Henri Becquerel (1852\u20131908), circa 1905. Right: Becquerel\u2019s photographic plate exposed to a uranium salt", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.6", "caption": "Fig. 1.6 Left: Ernest Rutherford (1871\u20131937). Right: Rutherford in his laboratory at McGill University (Canada), 1905. (Reproduced with permission)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig6_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.7", "caption": "Fig. 1.7 Marie and Pierre Curie in their Laboratory, circa 1904", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig7_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.8", "caption": "Fig. 1.8 Marie Curie in a mobile military X-ray unit during the Great War (WWI), circa 1915", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig8_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.9", "caption": "Fig. 1.9 Radiation injury. (Sources: left\u2014Finzi [26], right) https://\u200bwellcomecollecti\u200bon.\u200borg/\u200bworks/\u200bg94c5mtb", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig9_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.10", "caption": "Fig. 1.10 A bottle of Radithor\u2014one of the most famous varieties of radium-infused water commercially available in the USA in the 1920s", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig10_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.11", "caption": "Fig. 1.11 Bergoni\u00e9, Tribondeau, and Regaud", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig11_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.12", "caption": "Fig. 1.12 Cartoon from \u201cLife,\u201d February 1896. The New Roentgen Photography. \u201cLook pleasant, please\u201d", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig12_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.14", "caption": "Fig. 1.14 Mask to hold the radium needles for treatment of skin cancer [79]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig14_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 1.2", "caption": "Fig. 1.2 Crookes, or cathode ray, tube. (Source: Wikimedia. Reproduced with permission)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_1_Chapter/508540_1_En_1_Fig2_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.1", "caption": "Fig. 2.1 Plot of the projectile kinetic energy vs. the de Broglie wavelength. The sizes of a nucleon, uranium nucleus, lead orbitals and water molecule are also reported. (Courtesy of Dr. Marc Verderi, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, France)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig1_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.3", "caption": "Fig. 2.3 The Compton process. The incident photon (\u03b3-ray) interacts with an electron initially at rest resulting in a scattered photon (at angle \u03b8) and electron (at angle \u03a6). The energy (E) and momentum (p) of the photon and electron before and after (marked with \u2032) scattering are given in the figure (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig3_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.4", "caption": "Fig. 2.4 A typical example of a sequence of energy deposits. The energy of an original 1.25 MeV photon is deposited in five subsequent Compton processes with a final energy deposition in the form of a photoelectric process. The figure shows the mean range in water (dotted arrows) for the incoming photon and the reduced-energy photons emitted for each Compton process. The scale shown in the bottom left only applies to photons. The electron mean range is much shorter starting at about 2 mm going down to about 36\u00a0\u03bcm in the last Compton scattering (which is still larger than a typical cell diameter) (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig4_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.5", "caption": "Fig. 2.5 Visualization of the electronic interactions (left) and the nuclear interaction (right) of a particle with atomic number z, mass m, and energy E with matter with atomic number Z, mass number A, and density \u03c1 (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.6", "caption": "Fig. 2.6 (a) Energy loss for protons (purple) and carbon (blue) ions depends on ion type and ion energy. For lower energies, the nuclear energy loss (dotted lines) starts to get an influence. At energies above ~0.0005\u00a0MeV/u for protons and ~0.005\u00a0MeV/u for carbon ions, the electronic energy loss is dominant (dashed lines) and the nuclear energy loss can be even neglected for higher energies. E/A is the energy divided by mass number. (b) Energy loss for a proton with initial energy of Ein\u00a0=\u00a0200 MeV with a range in water of 256 mm on the left and for a carbon ion with initial energy of Ein\u00a0=\u00a0375\u00a0MeV/u with a range in water of 251 mm on the right: at the end of range at a path length, the energy loss is increasing and rapidly goes to zero when the ion stops. The curve shape for the carbon ion is the same as for the proton but with a higher energy loss at all times. Energy losses are calculated via SRIM (SRIM\u2014The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter, J. Ziegler, http://\u200bwww.\u200bsrim.\u200borg/\u200b). (c) Stopping power of electrons depending on electron energy simulated using estar (https://\u200bphysics.\u200bnist.\u200bgov/\u200bPhysRefData/\u200bStar/\u200bText/\u200bESTAR.\u200bhtml). (d) Energy loss of electrons in adipose tissue with penetration depth (inspired by Hazra et al. 2019) (licensed under CC-BY-4.0) [26]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig6_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.7", "caption": "Fig. 2.7 Quark structure of proton and neutron, with binding gluons shown (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig7_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.8", "caption": "Fig. 2.8 Natural sources of ionizing radiation and their pathways (Figure from European Commission, Joint Research Centre\u2014Cinelli, G., De Cort, M. & Tollefsen, T., European Atlas of Natural Radiation, Publication Office of the European Union [41]) (licensed under CC-BY-4.0)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig8_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.10", "caption": "Fig. 2.10 Mechanism and critical targets for ionizing radiation to produce biological damage through direct and indirect effects (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig10_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.11", "caption": "Fig. 2.11 Uranium, 238U/radium, 226R (4n\u00a0+\u00a02) decay series. Radioactive decay series. (2020, September 8). [Retrieved August 16, 2021, from https://\u200bchem.\u200blibretexts.\u200borg/\u200b@go/\u200bpage/\u200b86256 (open-source CC-BY textbook)]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig11_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.12", "caption": "Fig. 2.12 Hypothetical decay series involving four nuclides A, B, C, and D, with various different decay constants \u03bbA, \u03bbB, etc. (a) Radioactive equilibrium. (b) Transient equilibrium", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig12_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.13", "caption": "Fig. 2.13 (a) Schematic representation of the complete Karlsruhe radionuclide chart. (b) Detailed representation of different radionuclide boxes. (c) Different colors of boxes representing the different decay modes, from left to right: stable isotope, proton emission (p), alpha decay (\u03b1), electron capture or beta-plus decay (\u03b5 or \u03b2+), isomeric transition (IT), beta-minus decay (\u03b2\u2212), spontaneous fission (SF), cluster decay (CE), and neutron decay (n). [(Figure adapted from Soti et al., 2019) (licensed under CC-BY-4.0)]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig13_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.14", "caption": "Fig. 2.14 General principle of the radioimmunoassay (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig14_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.15", "caption": "Fig. 2.15 Schematic representation of the mechanism of action of radionuclide therapy. The blue line represents the path of ionizing radiation (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig15_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.16", "caption": "Fig. 2.16 Schematic representation of the energy deposition of the ionizing radiation and tissue range of the different emission types used for targeted radionuclide therapy, being \u03b2\u2212, \u03b1, and Auger electron emitters (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig16_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.17", "caption": "Fig. 2.17 Comparison of the SPECT (a) and PET (b) imaging techniques used for clinical diagnostic (adapted with permission of Hicks and Hofman, 2012) [75]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig17_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.18", "caption": "Fig. 2.18 Metabolization of glucose and its radioactive analogue [18F]FDG (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig18_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.19", "caption": "Fig. 2.19 Dose and LET distribution for proton beams of various energy in water (simulated using TOPAS MC)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig19_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.20", "caption": "Fig. 2.20 RBE variation with LET. RBE increases as LET increases, up to a maximum LET value of about 100\u00a0keV/\u03bcm. An \u201coverkilling\u201d effect is observed for higher LET values (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig20_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.22", "caption": "Fig. 2.22 Effects of the dose rate on clonogenic cell survival for a human melanoma cell line irradiated at dose rates of 1.6, 7.6, and 150\u00a0cGy/min. At equal biological effectiveness, e.g., 0.01 cell survival (broken line), high-dose-rate irradiation has larger relative biological effect than low-dose irradiation, resulting in a dose reduction of approximately 5\u00a0Gy, i.e., a DRF of 1.6 (12.8/7.7). Dotted lines: (A) no repair; (B) condition of full repair at infinitely low dose rate. (Figure adapted from Steel [107], with permission)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig22_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.23", "caption": "Fig. 2.23 OER as a function of LET (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig23_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.24", "caption": "Fig. 2.24 Radiation syndrome phases (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig24_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.25", "caption": "Fig. 2.25 The dominant syndromes leading to death vary with dose and time postexposure. Therapy is possible for doses lower than approximately 8\u201310 Gy (depending on medical resources) (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig25_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.26", "caption": "Fig. 2.26 Smoking effects on solid cancer baseline rates. (a) Smoking ERR as a function of attained age for males (black curves) and females (gray curves). The solid curves represent lifelong smokers, while the dashed curves represent past smokers from the age at which they quit (shown are male past smokers quitting at age 50\u00a0years and female past smokers quitting at age 55\u00a0years). (b) Total smoking risk for current smokers, past smokers, and those who never smoked (thin solid curves) for males and females. The curves represent typical smoking histories. Male smokers started at age 20\u00a0years and smoked 20 cigarettes per day, while female smokers started at 30\u00a0years and smoked 10 cigarettes per day (reproduced with permission from Grant et al. \u00a9 2017 Radiation Research Society) [53]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig26_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.28", "caption": "Fig. 2.28 Low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) can be observed in a typical survival curve. The dashed line represents the linear-quadratic (LQ) model, while the solid line shows the induced repair (IR) model", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig28_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.29", "caption": "Fig. 2.29 Probable players driving the non-targeted effects of radiation", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig29_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.31", "caption": "Fig. 2.31 Clastogenic factors (created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig31_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 2.32", "caption": "Fig. 2.32 Mechanisms involved in radiation-induced genomic instability (Created with BioRender)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_2_Chapter/508540_1_En_2_Fig32_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.2", "caption": "Fig. 3.2 The four DNA bases with respective hydrogen bonds (dashed lines). G guanine, C cytosine, A adenine, T thymine", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig2_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.3", "caption": "Fig. 3.3 Examples of DNA base damages. In base lesions, the chemical structure of any DNA base is modified (highlighted with yellow and red), whereas in abasic sites, the N-glycosidic bond between the DNA base and the 2-deoxyribose is broken (as shown with red arrow). G guanine, C cytosine, A adenine, T thymine, H-bond hydrogen bond, P phosphate", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig3_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.4", "caption": "Fig. 3.4 Examples of DNA cross-links. Chemical bonds (yellow) are created between two DNA bases within the same DNA strand (intra cross-link) or opposite strands of double-stranded DNA (inter cross-link). Proteins (blue) can become cross-linked to DNA to form DNA-protein cross-link (DPC). G guanine, C cytosine, A adenine, T thymine, H-bond hydrogen bond, P phosphate", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig4_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.5", "caption": "Fig. 3.5 Single-strand breaks (SSB): an illustration of a single-strand break in DNA. G guanine, C cytosine, A adenine, T thymine, H-bond hydrogen bond, P phosphate", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.6", "caption": "Fig. 3.6 Double-strand breaks (DSB): an illustration depicting different types of double-strand breaks in DNA. G guanine, C cytosine, A adenine, T thymine, H-bond hydrogen bond, P phosphate", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig6_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.7", "caption": "Fig. 3.7 Short and long patch base excision repair: recognition of the DNA lesion occurs by a specific DNA glycosylase which removes the damaged base by hydrolyzing the N-glycosidic bond. The remaining AP site is processed by APE. Depending on the cleavability of the resulting 5\u2032dRP by Pol\u03b2, repair is performed via the short or long patch BER pathway. Reproduced with permission from [24]. AP-endonuclease apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, AP-lyase apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase, OH hydroxide, P phosphate, 5\u2019dRP 5\u2032 deoxyribose phosphate, Lig III ligase III, XRCC1 X-ray repair cross-complementing 1, RF-C replication factor C, Fen1 flap structure-specific endonuclease 1, PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Lig I ligase I", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig7_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.8", "caption": "Fig. 3.8 Nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway: during global genomic repair (GGR), recognition of the DNA lesion occurs by XPC\u2013HR23B, RPA\u2013XPA, or DDB1\u2013DDB2. DNA unwinding is performed by the transcription factor TFIIH and excision of the lesion by XPG and XPF\u2013ERCC1. Finally, resynthesis occurs by Pol\u03b4 or Pol\u03b5 and ligation by DNA ligase I. During transcription-coupled repair (TCR), the induction of the lesion results in blockage of RNAPII. This leads to assembly of CSA, CSB, and/or TFIIS at the site of the lesion, by which RNAPII is removed from the DNA or displaced from the lesion, making it accessible to the exonucleases XPF\u2013Ercc1 and XPG cleaving the lesion-containing DNA strand. Resynthesis again occurs by Pol\u03b4 or Pol\u03b5 and ligation by DNA ligase I. 23B: Reproduced with permission from Christmann et al. [24]. DDB1 DNA damage-binding protein 1, DDB2 DNA damage-binding protein 2, RPA replication protein A, TFIIH transcription factor IIH, ERCC1 excision repair cross-complementing group 1 protein, Poly\u03b4/\u03b5 DNA polymerase delta/epsilon, PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Lig1 DNA ligase 1, RNAPII RNA polymerase II, CSA and CSB Cockayne syndrome factors A and B, TFIIS transcription initiation factor IIS, HR23B homologous recombinational repair group 23B", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig8_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.9", "caption": "Fig. 3.9 Overview of eukaryotic mismatch repair system. In the human cell, the predominantly found MutS\u03b1 (MSH2\u2013MSH6) or the MutS\u03b2 recognizes the DNA mismatch repair and initiates its repair. Some of the crucial molecules which participate in the repair are the MutL\u03b1 (MLH1-PMS2), the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the replication factor (RCF). EXO1 catalyzes the repair, and ligase finally ligates the repaired DNA", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig9_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.10", "caption": "Fig. 3.10 Overview of homologous recombination (HR) pathways in double-strand break repair. When cells suffer a DSB (purple lines), they can repair them either by HR, with the help of a template that is homologous (turquoise lines), or by the NHEJ pathway. (a) BRCA1 promotes the HR pathways, whereas the Shieldin complex, RIF1, and 53BP1 promote the NHEJ pathway. (b) The resection process is performed by the MRN complex along with CtIP, EXO1, BLM, and DNA2 that form the 3\u2032 ssDNA overhangs. These overhangs are then coated with the RPA (green boxes), which is later shifted by the RAD51 (brown circles). On the other hand, single-strand annealing occurs in case of the RAD-independent repair process, where annealing of the complementary DNA sequences takes place followed by overhangs cleaved by the flap endonuclease and finally the ends of the DNA are ligated. (c) Positive regulators of RAD51 such as RAD51 paralogs, BRCA2, and PALB2 aid in the formation of the RAD51 filament, whereas RECQL5 and FBH2 negatively regulate RAD51. (d) The RAD51 paralogs and RAD54A-B support the RAD51-mediated homology searching and strand invasion. At the same time, FANCM and RTEL negatively govern the RAD51-mediated D loops. (e) The homologous template in the form of sister chromatid or a homologous chromosome is used by the DNA polymerases to copy the missing sequence. (f) The DNA is resolved into a noncrossover product when SDSA dislodges the D loop. (g) In case there is an extension of the heteroduplex and development of Holliday junction created by the second-end capture, the intermediate states can be resolved by either resolution or dissolution. (h) The outcome of resolution is both the crossover and noncrossover products. (i) The outcome of dissolution is a noncrossover product. Adapted with permission (CCBY) from Sullivan and Bernstein [35]. Abbreviations: DSB double-strand DNA break, HR homologous recombination, NHEJ Non-homologous end joining, BRCA1 breast cancer gene 1, RIF1 Rap1-interacting factor 1, 53BP1 p53-binding protein 1, MRN MRE11\u2013RAD51\u2013NBS1 complex, CtIP CtBP-interacting protein, EXO1 exonuclease 1, BLM Bloom\u2019s syndrome helicase, RecQ helicase-like gene, DNA2 DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2, ssDNA single-stranded DNA, RPA replication protein A, RAD51 RAD51 recombinase, PALB2 partner and localizer of BRCA2, RECQL5 RecQ-like helicase 5, FBH2 also GNA11, G protein subunit alpha 11, FANCM FA complementation group M, RTEL regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1, SDSA synthesis-dependent strand annealing", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig10_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.11", "caption": "Fig. 3.11 Schematic of the principal steps of NHEJ. (I) IR triggers the formation of DNA DSB in the cell nucleus. (II) To act on these, the NHEJ pathway commences with the movement of Ku (Ku70/Ku80) proteins towards the loose ends in the DNA DSB. (III) Ku70/Ku80 forms a complex embracing the ends protecting DNA integrity. DNA DSBs with noncomplex termini can be ligated directly after this step as end processing is not required. (IV) When the ends in the DSB require end trimming, the DNA-PKcs is recruited onto DNA via association to the Ku70/Ku80 complex forming a platform for subsequent steps. (V) Once associated to Ku proteins and DNA, DNA-PKcs undergoes autophosphorylation which changes its conformation. (VI) In this way, DNA-PKcs is active as a kinase and regulates the association of multiple DNA end-trimming proteins (e.g., Artemis, WRN, Pol\u03bc/\u03bb, PNK), which restores the nucleotides at the termini allowing ligation to take place. (VII) The ligation step is controlled by the DNA ligase IV complexes, which apart from ligase IV also include XRCC4, XLF, and PAXX. At the end of the trimming and ligation step, some bases may be lost causing loss of genomic information which may cause mutations. Abbreviations: DNA DSB DNA double-strand break, NHEJ Non-homologous end joining, Ku dimeric Ku70/Ku80 protein complex, DNA-PKcs DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, WRN protein deleted in Werner syndrome, Pol\u03bc/\u03bb DNA polymerase \u03bc/\u03bb, PNK polynucleotide kinase, XRCC4 X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4, XLF XRCC4-like factor, PAXX paralog of XRCC4 and XLF", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig11_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.12", "caption": "Fig. 3.12 Structure of DNA organization. The DNA forms a double-helix structure, which is wrapped around histones forming so-called nucleosomes. The nucleosomes form complex fibers of 30 nm size, which themselves form the higher order chromatin fibers, which are in the range of 300 nm. In the interphase, these fibers build the chromatin territories, where territories from different chromosomes can overlap, forming so-called networks. In the metaphase, the higher order chromatin fibers are condensed to form chromosomes. (Adapted with permission (CCBY) from Liu et al. [40])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig12_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.13", "caption": "Fig. 3.13 Localization of DNA damage on chromatin: radiation damage induced by high-LET alpha particle radiation microscopically visualized by \u03b3H2AX as a biomarker for double-strand breaks (left, magenta), chromatin labeling (middle, green), and merge of the two (right)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig13_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.14", "caption": "Fig. 3.14 Morphologies of mitotic catastrophe (a) and senescence (b). (a) Fluorescence image of cancer cells undergoing mitosis. The DNA is labeled with DAPI and mitotic spindles using \u03b1-tubulin staining. The cells exhibiting mitotic catastrophe are treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT), Taxol (Tx), or nocodazole (Nc). The control shows normal mitotic spindles. The treated cells show various types of altered spindles and mitosis. Scale bar: 10\u00a0\u03bcm. Reproduced with permission (CCBY) from Mascaraque et al. [64]. (b) Phase-contrast images of Chang cells. Senescence was induced using 1\u00a0mM of deferoxamine. (Reproduced with permission (CCBY) from Kwon et al. [65])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig14_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.15", "caption": "Fig. 3.15 Mechanisms by which genotoxic agents cause micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies. Micronuclei (MN) can originate from lagging acentric chromosomes or chromatid fragments or whole chromosomes at anaphase in mitosis. Nuclear bud (NBUD) formation represents the process of extrusion of the amplified/surplus DNA, DNA repair-recombinational protein complexes, and possibly excess chromosomes from aneuploidic cells. Nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) originate from dicentric chromosomes. This arises because the centromeres of dicentric chromosomes are often pulled in opposite directions and defective separation of sister chromatids occurs during anaphase leading to bridge formation, which can be observed as an NPB in telophase", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig15_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.16", "caption": "Fig. 3.16 Depending on the cell type, different micronucleus assays can be employed to assess and determine the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of different chemical and physical factors. Applications of each assay are outlined in their respective boxes. The most popular CBMN assay can be applied to cultured human lymphocytes or cell lines to measure MN and other chromosomal instability biomarkers such as NPBs and NBUD. The mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus assay is performed on immature erythrocytes from bone marrow to determine cytogenetic damage after radiation exposure. The buccal micronucleus cytome assay is done in rapidly dividing buccal epithelial exfoliated cells (oral cavity) to analyze MN and other cytogenetic biomarkers (source of DNA damage, cytotoxicity, etc.). Occasionally, MN assay is performed on nasal mucosa cells or urine-derived cells for detection of chromosomal damage caused by environmental and lifestyle factors, occupational exposures, prognosis of cancer, and certain diseases. Although the objective and method of performance are similar to CBMN or bone marrow MN assays, these tests have not gained much popularity so far", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig16_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.17", "caption": "Fig. 3.17 Types of chromosomal mutations. Nonlethal aberrations are observed at the first mitosis after irradiation. Duplication: one or more copies of a DNA segment/a region of a chromosome are formed. Inversion: A segment of a chromosome breaks off and reinserts in reverse orientation within the same chromosome. Deletion: A part of a chromosome/one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA are missing or deleted. Translocation: It involves two chromosomes in which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and rejoins to another chromosome. Insertion: A segment of one chromosome is removed and inserted to another chromosome or the same chromosome", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig17_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.18", "caption": "Fig. 3.18 Human metaphase cell irradiated with 5 Gy gamma rays. Two dicentric chromosomes, three acentric fragments, and a ring chromosome could be found. From https://\u200bwww.\u200bqst.\u200bgo.\u200bjp/\u200bsite/\u200bnirs-english/\u200b1369.\u200bhtml (accessed 05/2022)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig18_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.19", "caption": "Fig. 3.19 Techniques to assess constitutional or acquired chromosomal abnormalities using standard banding techniques (left) or advanced molecular cytogenetic techniques (right). Standard cytogenetic techniques are traditionally performed by karyotyping of stained metaphase chromosomes or by flow cytometry. Chromosome banding is used to produce alternating light and dark regions, also referred to as \u201ccytogenetic bands,\u201d along a chromosome with the use of special stains (abbreviations are listed below). Chromosome banding patterns are essential in pairing and ordering all the chromosomes, known as karyotyping. Flow cytometry-based procedures have been developed to assess numerical (ploidy) and structural (telomere length) chromosomal aberrations in mitotic cells largely based on DNA content. To overcome the limitations of the banding analysis, advanced cytogenetic techniques are introduced. In techniques based on ISH, fluorescently labeled \u201cpainting\u201d probes are used to localize nucleic acid sequences. FISH identifies chromosomal rearrangements and mapping-specific genes on individual mitotic chromosomes. GISH determines the origin of genomes or chromatins in hybrids. RISH reveals cellular patterns of mRNA expression in cells. CGH-based techniques provide an overview of chromosome ploidy level (gain and loss) throughout the whole genome. CGH with the use of microarrays\u2014aCGH\u2014detects aneuploidies, deletions, duplications, and amplifications based on DNA content. Southern blotting and PCR-based molecular cytogenetic techniques have good potential to detect chromosomal abnormalities from trace amounts of specific regions of DNA/RNA. G-banding Giemsa banding, Q-banding quinacrine fluorescence banding, R-banding reverse banding, C-banding centromere banding, ISH in situ hybridization, FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization, GISH genomic in situ hybridization, RISH RNA in situ hybridization, CGH comparative genomic hybridization, aCGH array comparative genomic hybridization, QF-PCR quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction, qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction, MAPH multiplex amplifiable probe hybridization, MLPA multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig19_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.20", "caption": "Fig. 3.20 The presence and action of MPF protein in the cell control premature chromosome condensation induction. Cyclin B oscillates through the cell cycle being undetectable during interphase, very low in G1, gradually increasing from S, reaching maximum in G2, and decreasing abruptly at G2/M transition. This corresponds to the MPF activity during cell cycle. MPF maturation/mitosis-promoting factor", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig20_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.21", "caption": "Fig. 3.21 Premature chromosome condensations (PCCs) at various stages of the cell cycle: darkly stained metaphase chromosomes belong to mitotic CHO cells, whereas the lighter stained to the interphase CHO cells. (a) G0-PCCs, (b) G1-PCCs, (c) S-PCCs (reproduced with permission (CCBY) from Pantelias et al. [73]), (d) G2-PCCs. CHO Chinese hamster ovary", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig21_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.22", "caption": "Fig. 3.22 Schematic illustration of chromothripsis. It is a phenomenon where one single catastrophic event leads to a massive and localized shattering of one or few chromosomes. Shattered chromosome fragments are not properly rejoined resulting in a new genome configuration and a large number of complicated chromosomal aberrations", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig22_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.23", "caption": "Fig. 3.23 Radiation-induced DNA damage foci. 53BP1 (left, cyan) and \u03b3\u03972\u0391\u03a7 (middle, magenta) foci in HeLa cells irradiated with 1.2 Gy alpha particles and spatially fixed at 60 min postirradiation. Colocalization of \u03b3\u03972\u0391\u03a7 and 53BP1 foci is shown (right). Yellow line indicates the cell nucleus", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig23_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.24", "caption": "Fig. 3.24 DNA repair kinetics. (a) Formation and disassembly of \u03b3H2AX foci in human cancer cells irradiated with 1 Gy or 2 Gy X-rays. (b) Representative microscopic images for \u03b3H2AX foci 1\u00a0h and 2\u00a0h after X-ray irradiation. (Reproduced with permission (CCBY) from Mariotti et al. [88])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig24_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.25", "caption": "Fig. 3.25 DNA repair protein markers forming small foci. 2BN hTert (XLF-deficient) human fibroblasts were analyzed 2\u00a0h post-IR with 1 Gy. Cells were stained against DAPI, pATM, and RAD51, or DAPI, \u03b3H2AX, and RAD51. RAD51 is present in a subset of pATM and \u03b3H2AX foci. Reproduced with permission (CCBY) from Geuting et al. [92]. DAPI 4\u2032,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole used for staining nuclei, XLF XRCC4-like factor", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig25_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.26", "caption": "Fig. 3.26 Possible ROS-mediated oxidative stress. Upon exposure to IR, oxidative stress can induce collateral damage, such as lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, nuclear and DNA damage, mitochondrial damage, and apoptotic death by releasing cytochrome c. Oxidative stress owing to excess ROS generation induces overexpression of antioxidant enzymes in an attempt to control ROS levels. At high levels of oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed, which leads to inflammatory and cytotoxic responses. (Reproduced with permission from Sanvicens and Marco [95]). NP nanoparticles, ROS reactive oxygen species", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig26_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.27", "caption": "Fig. 3.27 Antioxidant defense mechanisms", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig27_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.28", "caption": "Fig. 3.28 NRF2 protection against oxidative stress and excessive inflammatory responses involved in IR injury. NRF2 induces antioxidant response genes, like SOD, CAT, GPX, and GST that enhance ROS elimination. In addition, expression of enzymes such as GR and GS increases GSH cellular content and antioxidant capacity of the cell. Reduction in ROS levels decreases the expression of NFK\u03b2, the main contributor to the inflammatory response. Moreover, NRF2 enhances the expression of HO-1 and its activity in the production of CO that reduces NFK\u03b2 activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-6, TNF\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2), and pro-inflammatory enzyme activity (COX-2 and iNOS). ARE antioxidant-responsive element, NRF2 NF-E2-related factor 2, SOD superoxide dismutase, CAT catalase, GPx glutathione peroxidase, GST glutathione S-transferase, GS glutathione synthetase, GR glutathione reductase, GSH glutathione, ROS reactive oxygen species, NFK\u03b2 nuclear factor kappa \u03b2, IL-6 and 10 interleukin 6 and 10, IL-1\u03b2 interleukin 1 beta, TNF\u03b1 tumor necrosis factor alpha, COX-2 cyclooxygenase 2, iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase, HO-1 heme oxygenase 1", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig28_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.30", "caption": "Fig. 3.30 Main oxidative products of DNA, lipids, and proteins. Oxidative products (listed in gray boxes) are formed depending on the free radicals (RNS/ROS) and the biomolecule target (amino acids, proteins, phospholipids, nucleic acids). These products can be used as oxidative stress biomarkers. RNS reactive nitrogen species, ROS reactive oxygen species", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig30_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.31", "caption": "Fig. 3.31 Overview of cell cycle: functions of different phases, cyclins and CDKS, and CDIs", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig31_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.32", "caption": "Fig. 3.32 Age-response of cells after radiation. Left: Age-response curves for HeLa-S3 cells (open circles: synchronized cells, triangles: asynchronous cells) irradiated with 3 Gy X-rays (= 300\u00a0rad) at different time points after selection in mitosis and the fraction of cells with incorporated [3H]-thymidine in DNA after a 20-min pulse (black circles, right y-axis). Right: Dose-response curves for HeLa-S3 cells synchronized by mitotic selection and X-irradiated at different times after selection. 0\u00a0h: mitosis, 5\u00a0h: early G1 phase, 14\u00a0h: S phase, 19\u00a0h: late S/G2 phase. [Reproduced with permission from Terasima and Tolmach [115]]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig32_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.33", "caption": "Fig. 3.33 Telomeres, their shortening, the senescence state, and immortal cells. An adult cell chromosome with telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, which plays a crucial role in telomere end lengthening (left). Telomere characteristics in an adult cell\u2019s chromosome, after multiple replications, at cell senescence, and when the cell is immortal (left to right, blue box). (Adapted with permission from Aunan et al. [119])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig33_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.34", "caption": "Fig. 3.34 Overview of cellular senescence processes. ROS reactive oxygen species, ATM ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, ATR ATM and Rad3-related protein, Cdk2/4/6 cyclin-dependent kinase 2/4/6, RB retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene, SASP senescence-associated secretory phenotype, SA-\u03b2-gal senescence-associated beta-galactosidase", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig34_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.35", "caption": "Fig. 3.35 Overview of cell death and cell death-protective mechanisms in response to radiation. Radiation-induced cell death is influenced by different factors, such as radiation factors, cell intrinsic factors, and cellular microenvironment factors (left). Cell death pathways are listed to the right. The mechanisms and importance of these principal cell death forms are described in detail in the text", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig35_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.37", "caption": "Fig. 3.37 The intrinsic and extrinsic route to apoptosis. Intrinsic stress signals (e.g., DNA damage, hypoxia, metabolic stress) or lethal stimuli (e.g., IR exposure) can induce intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis (middle). Cleaved or truncated Bid (tBid) can also connect the extrinsic pathway to the intrinsic route. In the extrinsic pathway, ligands for death receptors (left) can trigger caspase activation, but the pathway can also be activated when some dependence receptors are inactivated (right). Abbreviations: FasL Fas ligand, TRAIL TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, TNF tumor necrosis factor, Fas Fas cell surface death receptor, TRAILR TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor, TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor, TRADD TNFR1-associated death domain protein, FADD Fas-associated protein with death domain, caspase cysteine-aspartic proteases, BID BH3-interacting domain death agonist, tBID truncated BID, Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2 (an apoptotic inhibitor), BCL2L1 Bcl-2-like 1, MOMP mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BH3 Bcl-2 homology 3, DIABLO direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI, APAF-1 apoptotic peptidase-activating factor 1, Bax Bcl2-associated X (an apoptotic regulator), Bak Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer, XIAP X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, SMAC second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase, UNC5B Unc-5 netrin receptor B", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig37_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.36", "caption": "Fig. 3.36 Cell death pathways operative in mitotic catastrophe. Different signaling events triggered in response to a nonfunctional mitosis are shown. Upon DNA damage, cells which lack functional p53 can go out from mitosis without commencing cytokines or initiate cell death even in mitosis. Apoptosis and necrosis signaling in the context of mitotic catastrophe are depicted", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig36_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.38", "caption": "Fig. 3.38 TP53-mediated intrinsic route to apoptosis. The mechanisms of TP53-induced apoptosis through the Bcl-2-regulated pathways in cells undergoing stress are shown. DNA damage triggers stress signaling, which in turn causes stabilization of the TP53 protein in the nucleus. Subsequently, TP53 as a nuclear transcription factor increases the expression of BH3-only proteins such as PUMA and NOXA and downregulation of BCL-2 or BCL-XL expression. The BH3-only proteins bind and inhibit the anti-apoptotic or pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins, so as to unleash the cell death effectors (BAX/BAK) which are often held as hallmarks of apoptosis in affected cells. Oligomerization of BAX/BAK causes MOMP, with subsequent release of cytochrome c, formation of the apoptosome complex, and activation of CASP9 and subsequently effector caspases, which causes apoptotic features of the dying cells. Abbreviations: ROS reactive oxygen species, MOMP mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BH3 Bcl-2 homology 3, PUMA p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis, BAD Bcl-2-associated agonist of cell death, CHOP CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2 (an apoptotic inhibitor), Bcl-xL B-cell lymphoma-extra-large, Bax Bcl2-associated X (an apoptotic regulator), Bak Bcl2 antagonist killer 1, APAF-1 apoptotic peptidase-activating factor 1, caspase cascade of aspartate-specific cysteine proteases", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig38_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.39", "caption": "Fig. 3.39 Overview of ceramide signaling and connection to the apoptotic machinery. IR-induced lipid oxidative damage causes sphingomyelinase activation at the plasma membrane, followed by hydrolysis of sphingomyelin and release of ceramide. High dose of IR-induced DNA DSBs can also trigger the mitochondrial ceramide synthase for de novo synthesis of ceramide. Inhibition of SERCA and calcium depletion in ER promote ER stress. Expression of downstream pro-apoptotic factor, e.g., CHOP, increases. The UPR activator proteins, ATF6, IRE1, and PERK, alter ER stress. The PERK pathway via ATF4-dependent NRF2 expression triggers the CHOP-mediated apoptotic pathway. CHOP can also be induced by spliced ATF-6 (in Golgi), which regulates the Bcl-2 protein family. CAPPs can alter the BCL-2 protein family, which determines the commitment of cells to apoptosis. Abbreviations: Cer ceramide, CerS1\u20136 a family of six ceramide synthases, SMase sphingomyelinase, SERCA sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium transport ATPase, ER endoplasmic reticulum, ATF6 activating transcription factor 6, IRE1 inositol-requiring enzyme 1, PERK protein kinase R-like ER kinase, NRF2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2, ATF4 activating transcription factor 4, CHOP CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, Mt mitochondria, CAPPs ceramide-activated protein phosphatase, Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2 (an apoptotic inhibitor), Bcl-xL B-cell lymphoma-extra-large, Bax Bcl-2-associated X (an apoptotic regulator), RNS reactive nitrogen species, ATP adenosine triphosphate", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig39_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.40", "caption": "Fig. 3.40 Methods to detect cell death, in particular apoptotic cell death. The schematic diagram outlines various biological assays used to determine apoptotic cell death. Some of these assays can also be used to assess other types of cell death. These assays are based on the morphological criteria and distinguishing features of apoptotic pathways, e.g., staining for PS exposure on the outer plasma membrane (by annexin V assay) and caspase-3 activation or PARP cleavage (by, e.g., western blotting). Cell viability assays such as membrane integrity assays and reproductive assays are performed to monitor live cells in culture and measure an enzymatic activity as a marker of viable cells by using different classes of colorimetric reagents and substrates generating a fluorescent signal. Results from these assays do not always indicate apoptosis, but more about cell death in general. DNA labeling assay, functional assays, and morphological mechanism-based assays detect and quantify the cellular events, some of which are specifically associated with apoptotic cell death, such as formation of apoptotic antibodies, expression of apoptotic inhibitors, caspase activation in either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, and DNA fragmentation. The principles for each assay are given in the respective yellow boxes. Abbreviations: MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), LDH lactate dehydrogenase, BrdU bromodeoxyuridine, PARP polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase, PS phosphatidylserine", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig40_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.41", "caption": "Fig. 3.41 Summary of regulated necrotic cell death. (a) Necroptosis elicited by DR, TLR, and viruses stimulates RIPK3 and then MLKL, which is required for membrane disruption. (b) Pyroptosis induced by GSDMD following its cleavage by CASP1 and CASP11. The main elicitors: PAMPs and DAMPs, or cytosolic LPS. (c) Ferroptosis is dependent on the balance between ROS production due to iron accumulation and antioxidant defense mechanisms that inhibit lipid peroxidation. The ACSL4\u2013LPCAT3\u2013ALOX15 pathway mediates lipid peroxidation, while system xc- (comprising SLC7A11, GPX4, and NFE2L2) impeded this process. (d) NETosis is triggered by NET leakage, which is mediated by ROS generation and histone citrullination. (e) Methuosis is associated with macropinocytosis. Nascent micropinosomes fused forming large vacuoles that contain late endosomal markers (LAMP1 and Rab7). These do not recycle or unify with lysosomes causing cell death. Reproduced with permission (CCBY) from Tang et al. [145]. DR death receptor, TLR Toll-like receptor, RIPK3 receptor-interacting protein kinases 3, MLKL mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein, GSDMD gasdermin D, CASP1 caspase 1, CASP11 caspase 11, PAMPs pathogen-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns, or cytosolic, LPS lipopolysaccharide, ACSL4 acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, LPCAT3 lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3, ALOX15 arachidonate lipoxygenases (ALOXs, specifically ALOX15), SLC7A11 the catalytic subunit solute carrier family 7 member 11, GPX4 glutathione peroxidase 4, NFE2L2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2, NET NETosis extracellular trap, ROS reactive oxygen species, LAMP1 lysosomal associated membrane protein 1, Rab7 lysosomal Rab protein 7. (Adapted from Tang et al. [145])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig41_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.42", "caption": "Fig. 3.42 Methodology for 2D (Puck) and 3D clonogenic curves. The clonogenic assay measures the ability of single cells to form colonies. A cancer cell that is not able to form a colony can be regarded as inactivated. Cellular monolayers are dissociated into single cells and counted and diluted to the required concentration, depending on the dose. The cells are then seeded in cell flasks/dishes for colony formation or in a 3D matrix for spheroid formation. After irradiation, the cells are incubated for 1\u20133\u00a0weeks depending on the cell doubling time of that particular cell line, before they are fixed, stained, and counted. The surviving fraction is calculated as the number of colonies in irradiated samples relative to the plating efficiency of unirradiated control dishes", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig42_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.43", "caption": "Fig. 3.43 In vivo assays. Four in vivo animal assays to assess clonogenic capacity after irradiation have been important for radiobiology. (1) The jejunum crypt assay measures the regenerative ability of jejunal crypts after high doses of irradiation. The animals are sacrificed 3.5\u00a0days after irradiation, and the numbers of regenerating crypts per circumference are measured. One regenerating crypt corresponds to one surviving clonogenic cell. (2) The skin clone assay used pre-irradiation with a high dose in a ring (moat) around the test skin area to avoid migration of neighboring cells into the test area. The test area is then irradiated, and the number of regrowing skin nodules per cm2 is counted. (3) The spleen colony assay uses transplants of bone marrow cells from an irradiated donor animal. These cells are transferred to recipient animals who have previously been irradiated with a high dose to kill all their own bone marrow cells. After 10\u201311\u00a0days, the recipient animals are sacrificed and their spleens are analyzed for colony-forming units arising from the implanted single cells. (4) The kidney assay uses the same animal for irradiation and control. One kidney of each animal is irradiated, and 60\u00a0weeks later, the animals are sacrificed. The number of intact kidney tubules is then counted in both kidneys, and the irradiated kidney can be compared to the unirradiated one", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig43_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.44", "caption": "Fig. 3.44 Overview of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes\u2019 function and regulation", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig44_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.45", "caption": "Fig. 3.45 Connexins and gap junctions. Each connexin (a) consists of four transmembrane domains. Six connexins form a hexameric torus called connexon (b). Depending on the composition, connexons are called homomeric (six equal connexins) or heteromeric (up to six different connexins). (c) When the cells form direct contact, the connexons stick together forming gap junctions. Here, the differentiation is made between homotypic channels (both connexons are the same) and heterotypic channels (different connexons). (Reproduced with permission (CCBY) from Totland et al. [163])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig45_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.47", "caption": "Fig. 3.47 Radiation affects key cells involved in initiation and maintenance of inflammation", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig47_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.46", "caption": "Fig. 3.46 Membrane connections. Microscopic image of membrane label of cells connected by a tunneling nanotube transporting a gondola and an epithelial bridge containing vesicles and cytoplasmic material. Scale bar: 10\u00a0\u03bcm. EP epithelial, TNT tunneling nanotube", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig46_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.48", "caption": "Fig. 3.48 Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 to produce a DNA double-strand break. The CRISPR-Cas9/single-guide RNA (sgRNA) complex consists of the Cas9 protein, which is coupled to the sgRNA, consisting of the transactivating crRNA (tracrRNA), responsible for binding of the RNA complex to Cas9 and the CRISPR RNA (crRNA) which encodes the target sequence. The CRISPR-Cas9/sgRNA complex binds to the specifically targeted DNA sequence and induces a DSB. (Adapted with permission (CCBY) from Zhao et al. [178])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig48_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.49", "caption": "Fig. 3.49 (a) miRNAs and cellular radioresistance: a summary representation of miRNAs in different cancers (outer circle) that regulate various mRNA targets (middle circle). These mRNA targets in turn influence various crucial biological pathways (inner circle) responsible for cellular radioresistance. Data for the figure acquired and modified from Ebahimzadeh et al. [192] (data taken with permission); [193] (CCBY). Gene names: P21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, AIFM3 apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria-associated 3, APAF1 apoptotic peptidase-activating factor 1, BRCA1 breast cancer gene 1, p53 TP53 gene and tumor protein p53 gene, RB retinoblastoma protein, TCEAL7 transcription elongation factor A-like 7, PTEN phosphatase and tensin homolog, APAF1 apoptotic peptidase-activating factor 1, MTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase. miR microRNA, NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer, GBM glioblastoma, CRC colorectal cancer, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, NPC nasopharyngeal carcinoma, OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma. (b) miRNAs and cellular radiosensitivity. A summary representation of miRNAs in different cancers (outer circle) that regulate various mRNA targets (middle circle). These mRNA targets in turn influence various crucial biological pathways (inner circle) responsible for cellular radiosensitivity. Data for the figure acquired and modified from Ebahimzadeh et al. [192] (data taken with permission); [193] (CCBY). Gene names: STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, CDK4 cyclin-dependent kinase 4, MCL1 MCL1 apoptosis regulator, BCL2 family member, SIRT1 sirtuin 1, E2F1 E2F transcription factor 1, P21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, BCL2 BCL2 apoptosis regulator, LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A, ATM ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, AKT AKT serine/threonine kinase 1, H2AX H2A histone family, member X, Beclin-1 coiled-coil, moesin-like BCL2-interacting protein, ATG12 autophagy-related protein 12, TP53INP1 tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 1, DRAM1 DNA damage-regulated autophagy modulator 1, UBQLN1 ubiquilin 1, DUSP10 dual-specificity phosphatase 10, STMN1, stathmin 1, c-MYC Myc-related translation/localization regulatory factor, WNT2B wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 2B, WNT wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member, PKM2 pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2, LDHA lactate dehydrogenase A, MTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase. miR microRNA, NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer, NK/T-cell lymphoma natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, SCC squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC esophageal cancer, GBM glioblastoma; CRC colorectal cancer, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, NPC nasopharyngeal carcinoma, OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma, DSB double-strand breaks", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig49a_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.50", "caption": "Fig. 3.50 Principal steps in exosome biogenesis. The early endosomes, which are generated at the plasma membrane (1), later undergo maturation, called late endosomes or multivesicular bodies (MVBs) (2). The MVBs\u2019 membrane invagination results in the formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). During the invaginating process, particular proteins are incorporated into the invaginating membrane. Other cytosolic biomolecules, i.e., nucleic acids and proteins, are engulfed and enclosed within ILVs. The release of exosomes into the extracellular environment happens after fusion of the MVB with plasma membrane (3)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig50_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.51", "caption": "Fig. 3.51 Graphical depiction of major cellular functions containing the most frequently appearing genes of the highest performing human signatures adapted with permission (CCBY) from Zhao et al. [241]. Genes common among these signatures (white lettering) are indicated in pathways which contain products that these genes interact with (black lettering)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig51_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.52", "caption": "Fig. 3.52 Low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) and increased radioresistance (IRR) in T-47D breast cancer cells. The left panel shows a full dose-response curve. The right panel shows the low-dose region. Below about 0.3\u00a0Gy, the cells appear to proceed from G2 to mitosis without repair of DNA damage, leading to a steep decrease in survival with dose. For doses above a threshold around 0.3\u00a0Gy, the damage is repaired increasingly with dose until the surviving fraction follows the linear-quadratic response curve. The transition dose corresponds to approximately 8\u201310 double-strand breaks. The dashed line shows a curve fit by the linear-quadratic model, and the solid line by the induced repair model (see Chap. 4)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig52_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 3.53", "caption": "Fig. 3.53 Path to \u201cincreased radioresistance\u201d or \u201chyper-radiosensitivity.\u201d Cells irradiated with doses below about 0.3 Gy while in G2 will not have enough ATM activated by serine 1981-phosphorylation to reach the threshold level for activation of the early G2 checkpoint. They therefore follow the alternative in the left column, which does not give extra time for repair before mitosis resulting in \u201chyper-radiosensitivity\u201d (HRS). Cells irradiated with doses above 0.3 Gy while in G2 follow the alternative in the right column and thereby are given more time for repair before mitosis resulting in \u201cincreased radioresistance\u201d (IRR)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_3_Chapter/508540_1_En_3_Fig53_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.1", "caption": "Fig. 4.1 Kerma in relation to interactions between ionizing photons and matter in a unit mass volume", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig1_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.2", "caption": "Fig. 4.2 Schematic of the basic elements of an ionization detector", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig2_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.3", "caption": "Fig. 4.3 Signal response to ionization as a function of the applied voltage for heavily ionizing (top curve) and weakly ionizing particles (lower curve). In the Geiger region, the output does neither depend on the voltage nor on the amount of deposited energy or initial ionization. [Adapted from Fig. 4.12 Martin and Shaw (2006). Copyright (2006), Wiley Publishers]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig3_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.4", "caption": "Fig. 4.4 Schematic of a multi-wire proportional chamber [6, 7]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig4_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.5", "caption": "Fig. 4.5 Schematic diagram of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) (courtesy of Physics Libretexts, Fig. 31.2.3)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.6", "caption": "Fig. 4.6 (a) Schematic of a p\u2013n junction diode operated in forward and reverse bias. (b) Operating characteristics of the diode in forward and reverse bias", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig6_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.7", "caption": "Fig. 4.7 Operation of a semiconductor particle detector (a) where an incident proton causes the promotion of one or more electrons from the valence to the conduction band within the detector (b)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig7_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.8", "caption": "Fig. 4.8 (a) Passage of a charged particle through a medium of refractive index n at velocities that polarize the medium. (b) The generation of coherent light waves via the Cerenkov effect. (c) The formation of a cone of Cerenkov light along the path of the charged particle through a medium with positive and (d) negative refractive index. [Taken from Shaffer et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 12, 106\u2013117 (2017). Copyright Springer Nature]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig8_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.9", "caption": "Fig. 4.9 (a) A particle shower within a calorimeter; (b) a particle shower caused by the incidence of a photon on a calorimeter", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig9_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.10", "caption": "Fig. 4.10 Schematic representation of the cross-section for a target with Ntarget\u00a0=\u00a09 and an irradiated surface S", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig10_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.11", "caption": "Fig. 4.11 The same microdosimetric spectrum represented through the raw counts per channel acquired (a), counts as a function of the lineal energy (y) after a channel calibration (b), converted into lineal energy frequency (c) and dose (d) distributions", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig11_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.12", "caption": "Fig. 4.12 Schematic representation of the different processes leading to the damage produced by irradiation in the cells and their characteristic times", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig12_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.13", "caption": "Fig. 4.13 Spatial and temporal evolution of the radiolysis products of a 1\u00a0keV electron in liquid water computed by Monte Carlo simulation (Geant4-DNA)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig13_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.14", "caption": "Fig. 4.14 Example of DNA target geometrical model used in the mechanistic simulation of DNA radiation-induced damage with the Geant4-DNA code [48]. The generation of this geometrical model was done with the DNAFabric software [77] from the nucleotide description to the complete genome of an eukaryotic cell nucleus in the G0/G1 phase", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig14_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.16", "caption": "Fig. 4.16 Schematic view of a single cell microbeam for radiobiological research using ions. The ions are produced in the ion source and accelerated. Energy selection is carried out with a 90\u00b0 magnet. Into the focus of this magnet, the aperture needs to be placed, which defines the object that is focused by the focusing unit. The biological sample is placed in its focus. Either in front or behind (shown here) the sample, the ion detector counts the ions and gives the signal to the control unit. Here the signal is processed and the beam switch and scanning unit can be regulated", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig16_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.17", "caption": "Fig. 4.17 One assumes that the target only consists of a small area of the object being irradiated. The object may be a macromolecule or an organism", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig17_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.18", "caption": "Fig. 4.18 The relationship between the predictions of the single-hit single-target model on cellular survival versus radiation dose [here N/N0 from Eq. (4.27) is replaced by S/S0 or the ratio of cell survival at any dose D to that at 0\u00a0Gy]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig18_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.19", "caption": "Fig. 4.19 The relationship between the predictions of the multi-hit single-target model on cellular survival S and radiation dose. S0 is the plating efficiency of the unirradiated controls", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig19_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.20", "caption": "Fig. 4.20 Illustration of LQ curves for high and low \u03b1/\u03b2 ratios. For the low \u03b1/\u03b2, the shoulder of the curve is more pronounced. The \u03b1/\u03b2-ratio can be found by drawing a line with the initial slope (\u03b1) of the curve and finding the dose where the contribution from the linear and the quadratic terms are equal", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig20_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.21", "caption": "Fig. 4.21 Low dose hypersensitivity showing a clear downward bend on the survival curve for doses below 1\u00a0Gy, followed by an \u201cincreased radio resistance\u201d at doses above 2 Gy. The image also shows the key parameters for the linear quadratic modification", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig21_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.22", "caption": "Fig. 4.22 Difference in the surviving fraction predicted by the LQ and the LQL model for cell lines with different radiosensitivity (alpha/beta ratio)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig22_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.23", "caption": "Fig. 4.23 The surviving fraction of V-79 Chinese hamster cells irradiated either with a single dose or with two dose fractions separated by 18.1\u00a0h. The first dose fraction of 5.05 Gy was given at time 0 and then the cells were incubated for 18.1\u00a0h at 37\u00a0\u00b0C before the second dose fraction (varied between 2 and 8\u00a0Gy) was given. As seen, the incubation time between the two dose fractions has led to a complete reconstitution of the curve shape. The explanation was that through repair of the sublethal damage induced by the first dose fraction, the cells had regained their sublethal damage potential. Unrepaired, these damages would have added to the new sublethal damages and become lethal [130]. (Adapted with permission from Springer Nature: Elkind and Sutton, X-ray damage and recovery in mammalian cells in culture. Nature, 1959)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig23_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.26", "caption": "Fig. 4.26 A cartoon to illustrate the difference in sparing effect of fractionated irradiation versus acute irradiation for two cell types having dose-response curves with a broad (late-responding tissues, panel (a) compared to a small (early-responding tissues, panel (b) shoulder region. The small insert shows the curve shapes after acute irradiation to compare. In conclusion, even if cells characterized by a broad-shouldered dose-response curve are the most sensitive ones to high acute doses, these cells are the most resistant ones to fractionated or low dose rate irradiation", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig26_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.24", "caption": "Fig. 4.24 Chinese hamster V79-cells were irradiated with two dose fractions separated by different time spans (lower abscissa) and with different temperatures in the incubator between dose fractions; respectively 3, 24, and 37\u00a0\u00b0C. In particular, the curves representing 37 and 24\u00a0\u00b0C are of interest since the first one represents cells that cycle between the dose fractions while the other one represents cells, which do not cycle between the dose fractions. (Adapted from [131] with permission, \u00a9 2022 Radiation Research Society [131])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig24_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.25", "caption": "Fig. 4.25 The increased cell survival with increasing time between two dose fractions (up to 2\u00a0h) is due to increased time for repair of the sublethal damages induced by the first dose fraction. After about 2\u00a0h, all sublethal damage has been repaired. Most surviving cells after the first dose fraction would however be in late S or mid G1, the phases where cells are most radio resistant. If cells are offered optimal growth conditions between the dose fractions (37\u00a0\u00b0C), these surviving cells will continue cell cycle progression and may after 6\u00a0h reach a phase where they are more radiosensitive. If the second dose fraction is given at that instant, the survival will be reduced. Therefore, the curve bends downwards between 4 and 6\u00a0h, before an upwards turn between 6 and 8\u00a0h, when the cells have proceeded to a phase of higher resistance. After a long time, which depends on cell doubling time (typically >12\u00a0h), cell division results in an increased multiplicity of the colony-forming units and we see an increased survival that is caused by repopulation. Curve extracted and generalized from Fig. 4.24", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig25_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.27", "caption": "Fig. 4.27 The effect of dose rate on the cell survival curve. Repair processes are the primary mechanism that adjusts survival curves as the dose rate decreases from an acute level (~1\u00a0Gy/min) to a low level (~0.8\u00a0Gy/h). An increase in the slope of the cell survival curve (indicating an increase in radiosensitivity, the \u201cinverse dose rate effect\u201d) occurs due to the redistribution of cells throughout the cell cycle when the dose rate further decreases from ~0.8\u00a0Gy/h to 0.37\u00a0Gy/h. Finally, increased proliferation of cells occurs as the dose rate decreases further towards a threshold or critical dose rate, which varies by cell type. Notice that this cartoon presents a very special case of a cell type having an inverse dose rate effect, which is probably associated with a simultaneous lack of both p53- and pRB-function. The dose rate that can produce a hormetic effect is unclear and not indicated, but is several orders of magnitude lower than the lowest one depicted here (0.37\u00a0Gy/h)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig27_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.28", "caption": "Fig. 4.28 Mice of age 9\u201311\u00a0weeks were given fractionated irradiation with 240\u00a0kV X-rays to the dorsal trunk over a period of 3\u00a0weeks (i.e., more than one fraction per day for regimes with 32 and 64 fractions). Chromium-51-ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetate ([51Cr]-EDTA) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) 26\u00a0weeks after completed irradiation and the blood level of radioactivity was measured in blood samples taken 60 min after injection. Increasing blood levels indicate reduced kidney filtration capability and the red line indicates an isoeffect level of reduced kidney function. [Modified from [136] with permission [136], \u00a9 2022 Radiation Research Society]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig28_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.30", "caption": "Fig. 4.30 In (a), the data of Fig. 4.28 on late-responding mouse kidney are replotted as isoeffect tolerance curves with total tolerated dose in a fractionation scheme as a function of the dose per fraction (both axes logarithmic). In (b), similar data are shown for an early-responding normal tissue, namely mouse skin. Notice that the \u03b1/\u03b2-dose is 3 Gy for the late-responding tissue and 12 Gy for the early-responding tissue. (Reprinted with permission from [137])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig30_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.29", "caption": "Fig. 4.29 The isoeffect data defined by the red line in Fig. 4.30 are replotted after the two transformations described by Eqs. (4.45) (plotted in panel a) and (4.46) (plotted in panel b). Reprinted with permission from [137]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig29_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 4.32", "caption": "Fig. 4.32 The curves indicate what extra radiation dose is required to counteract only proliferation during treatment with one daily dose fraction in two different rodent tissues. Human tissues react more slowly than rodent tissues. Thus, the time for increased proliferation therefore would probably start at a later time than indicated in the figure for corresponding human tissues. (Adapted with permission from [139])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_4_Chapter/508540_1_En_4_Fig32_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.1", "caption": "Fig. 5.1 The benefit/risk balance. The objective of RT is to control the tumor while sparing normal tissues, to ensure the patient\u2019s cure without unacceptable side effects", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig1_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.2", "caption": "Fig. 5.2 Illustration of the therapeutic window. For an identical delivered dose, the curves show the difference between tumor control probability and normal tissue complication probability and methods to widen the window. (Reprinted from Drug radiotherapy combinations: review of previous failures and reasons for future optimism; Figure from Higgins et al. [12], with permission)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig2_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.3", "caption": "Fig. 5.3 Prolongation of the overall treatment time narrows the therapeutic window. Conventional irradiation course in 6\u00a0weeks versus a split-course course in 10\u00a0weeks. (Adopted from [16])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig3_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.4", "caption": "Fig. 5.4 Fractionation as an effective method to widen the therapeutic window. Curves schematically represent the probability of normal tissue side effects (NTCP, red curve), the probability of tumor control (TCP, blue curve) as well as the complication free tumor control curve (green) following single-dose radiation (a) and dose fractionation (b). (Figure from Shrieve and Loeffler [17], with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig4_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.5", "caption": "Fig. 5.5 Tumor Control Probability (TCP) and radiation dose relationship. The scheme demonstrates the sigmoid relationship of probability of tumor control and normal tissue damage to radiation dose", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig5_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.6", "caption": "Fig. 5.6 The response of clonogenic tumor cells at 2\u00a0Gy/fraction as a function of the total dose. Assuming that each 2 Gy fraction reduces the clonogenic cell population with 50%, 30 fractions of 2 Gy will reduce 1010\u00a0clonogenic tumor cells to ten surviving cells. In order to eliminate each clonogenic tumor cell, additional fractions of 2 Gy are required to reach tumor control", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig6_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.7", "caption": "Fig. 5.7 The Hallmarks of Radiobiology, the 6R\u2019s", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig7_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.9", "caption": "Fig. 5.9 Simplified illustration of the reoxygenation process. Tumor cell compartments include anoxic, hypoxic, and aerated cells. Most tumors show a heterogeneous pattern of hypoxia with gradients of oxygen pressure decreasing with increasing distance from blood vessels. The oxygen status of the tumor cells is not constant; it is a dynamic, constantly changing phenomenon. Following exposure to irradiation, well-oxygenated cells will be sterilized, but many hypoxic cells will not. During the course of fractionated RT hypoxic cells can be reoxygenated, and therefore become sensitive to radiation and can be sterilized. (Figure was adapted from [13])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig9_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.10", "caption": "Fig. 5.10 Illustration of the steps of radiation-induced systemic immune activation contributing to attack on distant/metastatic tumor cells", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig10_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.11", "caption": "Fig. 5.11 The dose rate effect seen as an extreme form of fractionation. Cell survival following fractionated HDR irradiation with increasing number of fractions (solid curves). With an infinite number of tiny fractions, and complete sublethal damage repair, the dose-squared \u03b2 parameter of the LQ tends to zero, and only the dose-linear \u03b2 parameter plays a role. Then, the Biologically Effective Dose (BED) is reached for a certain endpoint effect E. Similar sparing phenomenon with decreasing dose rate in continuous LDR exposure (dotted curves)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig11_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.12", "caption": "Fig. 5.12 Illustration single-track action and double-track action. In single-track action, the two interactive lesions are produced by a single track of ionization induced by an X-ray photon that subsequently produces a dose which is independent of dose rate and linearly proportional to dose. In double-track action, the two interactive lesions are produced by a different track of ionization induced by X-rays which subsequently produces a dose which is dependent on the dose rate (decreasing the dose rate reduces double-track action) and non-linearly proportional to the radiation dose squared", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig12_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.8", "caption": "Fig. 5.8 The cell-cycle phase and radiation sensitivity. Cell survival curves of V79 Chinese hamster cells irradiated at different phases of the cell cycle on the left side", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig8_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.14", "caption": "Fig. 5.14 The inverse dose rate effect. When the dose rate delivered to HeLa cells is decreased from 1.54 to 0.37\u00a0Gy/h, the efficiency of cell killing increases, with damage generated similar to that from an acute exposure [35]. When cells are exposed to higher dose rates, they are kept in the phase of the cycle in which they are at the beginning of irradiation. However, use of lower dose rates may allow cells to continue cycling during irradiation. When cells are exposed to 0.37\u00a0Gy/h, cells tend to progress from other phases of the cell cycle and arrest in G2, which is a radiosensitive phase of the cycle. As a result, an enriched population of G2 cells is responsible for increasing the radiosensitivity of cells", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig14_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.15", "caption": "Fig. 5.15 Review of classical biomarkers used to obtain information on relevant features of radiobiology", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig15_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.16", "caption": "Fig. 5.16 Review of modern biomarkers used to obtain information on relevant features of radiobiology", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig16_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.17", "caption": "Fig. 5.17 Schematic view of biomarkers. Proteins, DNA chromatin, DNA, or RNA that are analyzed by proteomics, genomics epigenomics, genomics, or transcriptomics, respectively", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig17_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.18", "caption": "Fig. 5.18 Diffusion of oxygen through tumor. As the distance from the blood supply increases, the oxygen levels available for the cells decreases. As the cells grow more hypoxic, they become more radioresistant", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig18_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.19", "caption": "Fig. 5.19 Description of the tumor biological responses to radiation and the mechanisms for its resistance", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig19_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.20", "caption": "Fig. 5.20 Review of tumor suppressors and the molecular signal pathways that contribute to radioresistance", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig20_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.21", "caption": "Fig. 5.21 An overview of a typical EMT program that causes cadherin shifts in the cell and invasion of cancers", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig21_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.24", "caption": "Fig. 5.24 Radiation-induced chronic damage to healthy tissues. Late damage develops within months to decades post RT and may concern all normal tissues. Successive cycles of tissue remodeling and repair, together with chronic inflammation induce vascular and parenchymal damage leading to tissue atrophy/fibrosis/necrosis compromising organ function", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig24_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.25", "caption": "Fig. 5.25 3D RT isodose curves", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig25_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.26", "caption": "Fig. 5.26 Irradiation and progression of radiation-induced normal tissues damage. Tissue damage results from several acute events such as cell loss and endothelial cells activation. Damage progression includes a continuum of effects orchestrated in time and space leading to tissue fibrosis/necrosis and organ dysfunction", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig26_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.27", "caption": "Fig. 5.27 NTCP curves calculated from Lyman-Kutcher-Burman model for two parameters combinations. Parameter m is inversely proportional to the steepness of the curve. (a) NTCP curve calculated by LKB model for D50\u00a0=\u00a050 Gy and m\u00a0=\u00a00.50. For a dose of 50\u00a0Gy, the value of NTCP is 0.50. (b) NTCP curve calculated by LKB model for D50\u00a0=\u00a060 Gy and m\u00a0=\u00a01. For a dose of 50\u00a0Gy, the value of NTCP is 0.43", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig27_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.28", "caption": "Fig. 5.28 Ionizing radiation and factors associated with cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment contribute to tumor resistance to IR. (Adapted from [240, 260])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig28_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.29", "caption": "Fig. 5.29 From microbiota healthy state to dysbiosis and pathologies: case of RT effects", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig29_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 5.30", "caption": "Fig. 5.30 Typical radiomics workflow. The different steps are: (1) Data selection: choosing the image to analyze, the imaging protocol to use and the correlated outcome. (2) Imaging and segmentation with (semi-) automatic methods to improve reproducibility. (3) Feature extraction and selection with appropriate algorithms. (4) Modeling using available machine learning models. (5) Reporting results. (Adopted from Keek et al. [322] with permission)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_5_Chapter/508540_1_En_5_Fig30_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.1", "caption": "Fig. 6.1 Comparison of the relative depth dose distribution of 15 MeV electrons (green), 250 MeV electrons (purple), 2 MeV photons (red), 150 MeV protons (dark blue), and 250\u00a0MeV/u carbon (turquoise) and cobalt 60 (orange)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig1_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.2", "caption": "Fig. 6.2 Fractionation regimen used in clinical practice. (Reproduced with permission from [3])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig2_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.3", "caption": "Fig. 6.3 Predicted TCP values by the DD model (solid curves) as a function of the number of fractions delivered, for stage T1/2 head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Dose per fraction (fx): 1.8 Gy (blue), 2.0 Gy (red) or 2.4 Gy (black), administered daily, 5 fx/week. NTCP late predictions for late toxicity (dashed curves) were made with the standard LQ model normalized to a 13.1% value (grade 3\u20135 late toxicity at 5\u00a0years) for 35\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 Gy fractions. The solid circles represent current standard treatment regimens. Thus, the final week of 5 fractions could be eliminated without compromising TCP, but resulting in significantly decreased late sequelae due to the lower total dose. (Reproduced with permission from [9])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig3_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.4", "caption": "Fig. 6.4 Temporal evolution of the treated lesion: (a) before treatment with the limits of the PTV delineated in black; (b) at 3\u00a0weeks, at the peak of the skin reaction (grade 1 epithelitis NCI-CTCAE v 5.0); (c) at 5\u00a0months. (Reproduced with permission from [33])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig4_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.5", "caption": "Fig. 6.5 Overview of radiotherapy combinations influencing different hallmarks of cancer", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.6", "caption": "Fig. 6.6 Radiotherapy has multiple immune stimulating and immune suppressive effects which depend on dose", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig6_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.7", "caption": "Fig. 6.7 Prospective direct genomic effect of estradiol, tamoxifen, and IR on inhibition of cell cycle progression. (Reproduced with permission from [86])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig7_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.8", "caption": "Fig. 6.8 Mild hyperthermia enhances radiotherapy by initiating multiple intracellular and intercellular processes. While radiotherapy induces DNA damages, hyperthermia can enhance the induction of radiation-induced DNA damage by increasing the perfusion and reoxygenation; hyperthermia can temporarily inhibit the DNA repair processes which causes cell cycle arrest and subsequently cell death of the tumor cells such as apoptosis; hyperthermia can also trigger an immune response and disturb the tumor microenvironment eventually all causes of increased tumor cell kill", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig8_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.9", "caption": "Fig. 6.9 Improved clinical responses after addition of hyperthermia in superficial tumor types. In malignant melanoma, superficial breast cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, complete responses were much better in patients treated with RT combined with hyperthermia, compared to RT alone. In soft tissue sarcoma, the addition of RT plus hyperthermia to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, leads to a8.6% higher 10-year overall survival", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig9_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.11", "caption": "Fig. 6.11 Schematic view of spatial fractionation in RT. The blue object represents the tumor", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig11_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.12", "caption": "Fig. 6.12 Quadratic (a) and hexagonal (b) pencil minibeam and planar minibeam (c) arrangements on a 2D lattice with view direction in the direction of the beam. The dose is color coded and normalized to a mean dose D0. The black lines indicate the unit cell, and the white lines indicate the corresponding ctc. (Reproduced with permission from (CCBY) [112])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig12_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.13", "caption": "Fig. 6.13 Treatment planning of a lung tumor patient in LATTICE (a) and GRID (b) therapy. (Reproduced with permission from [114])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig13_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.14", "caption": "Fig. 6.14 Cerebellum of a rat 8\u00a0h after exposure to synchrotron MRT. The peak dose was 350\u00a0Gy, and each microbeam was 25\u00a0\u03bcm wide and spaced 200\u00a0\u03bcm from the center of the next microbeam. (a) H&E staining of the cerebellum. The track of the microbeams can be seen as two vertical bands of dark blue dots (yellow arrows) consisting of cells with nuclear pyknosis (irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of cells undergoing necrosis). (b) Immunostaining of a different section of the cerebellum with gamma-H2AX. The track of the microbeam can be seen as green staining, indicating large amounts of DNA damage. The blue color indicates nuclear staining with DAPI", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig14_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.15", "caption": "Fig. 6.15 (a) Beam width for proton, helium, and carbon ion beams with penetration depth. No incident beam size and divergence is used, both have to be added to the FWHM. (b) Widening of a helium ion and a proton beam with penetration depth", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig15_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.16", "caption": "Fig. 6.16 Conceptual therapy plans comparing conventional proton therapy (homogeneous) with pMBRT (Minibeam) for a box-shaped tumor", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig16_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.18", "caption": "Fig. 6.18 (a) Treatment plan comparison of a meningioma patient. Plan 1 and 2 are homogeneous plans, with different planning methods. Plan 3 and 4 show single field pMBRT plans with ctc of 4 mm and 6\u00a0mm, respectively. (b) Comparison of dose-volume histograms for plan 2 (homogeneous, dashed line) and plan 3 (pMBRT, solid line)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig18_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.19", "caption": "Fig. 6.19 90Y-resin microspheres radioembolization treatment course. Example of a patient treated for neuroendocrine neoplasia", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig19_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.20", "caption": "Fig. 6.20 Schematic representation of the structure of a radiopharmaceutical. The purple circle represents the cancer-targeting moiety, which can be a peptide, small molecule, or antibody. This targeting moiety is connected to a chelator (blue circle) entrapping a radionuclide (for diagnostics or therapy) directly to the targeting moiety or via a linker molecule (grey)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig20_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.21", "caption": "Fig. 6.21 Overview of the general principle or radioligand therapy. A radionuclide (either ingested orally or injected systemically) will enter the bloodstream. Via the bloodstream, the radionuclide will find its way to the target tissue either through its natural affinity for the target tissue (i.e., the natural affinity radionuclides) or via expression of certain molecules on the target tissue (i.e., vectorized radionuclide therapy)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig21_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.22", "caption": "Fig. 6.22 Hypothetical representation of time-activity curves (TACs) of a vector radiolabeled with a diagnostic (T1/2\u00a0=\u00a030\u00a0min) and therapeutic radionuclide (T1/2\u00a0=\u00a06\u00a0h)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig22_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.23", "caption": "Fig. 6.23 Schematic representation of the structure of the PSMA-targeting compound PSMA-617. The blue circle shows the PSMA-targeting moiety. The purple circle highlights the DOTA-chelator used to entrap radionuclides. The grey circle represents the linker molecule that connects the PSMA-targeting moiety with the DOTA-chelator", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig23_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.25", "caption": "Fig. 6.25 Overview of combination therapies with radionuclide therapy", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig25_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.26", "caption": "Fig. 6.26 (a) Absorbed dose of a 121 MeV proton in water forming the Bragg peak [174]. (b) Spread Out Bragg Peak formed by overlaying ions with different energy forms the spread out Bragg peak as used for therapy [175]. (c) Dose distribution of one patient with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) planned with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) (left) or protons (right), depositing no dose behind the tumor [176", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig26_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.30", "caption": "Fig. 6.30 (a) Principle of a classical cyclotron. (b) Hill-valley magnet design", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig30_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.27", "caption": "Fig. 6.27 Schematic representation of gH2AX after exposure to carbon ions versus photons. DAPI in blue, gH2AX in green", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig27_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.28", "caption": "Fig. 6.28 Schematic representation of the relationship between OER and RBE in function of LET", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig28_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.29", "caption": "Fig. 6.29 Summary comparison between photon irradiation and carbon ion irradiation", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig29_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.31", "caption": "Fig. 6.31 (a) Principle of a synchrotron. (b) A positively charged beam coming from the front is deflected by Dipole magnets and focused by quadrupole magnets", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig31_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.32", "caption": "Fig. 6.32 (a) Linear acceleration principle. (b) A proton LINAC system. (c) Principle of a side-coupled drift tube LINAC (SCDTL) structure (cut through). (d) Principle of a coupled cavity LINAC structure (cut through)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig32_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 6.33", "caption": "Fig. 6.33 The versatility of nanoparticles and their potential applications in cancer therapy", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_6_Chapter/508540_1_En_6_Fig33_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.1", "caption": "Fig. 7.1 Characteristics to determine an ideal biomarker. An ideal biomarker for molecular epidemiological studies (top) and general considerations of a good biomarker (bottom)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig1_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.2", "caption": "Fig. 7.2 Biological classification of radiation biomarkers. (Reproduced with permission, with some modification (changed layout and some content), from [10]; licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig2_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.3", "caption": "Fig. 7.3 Timeline of radiation-induced disease progressions and relation with different types of radiation biomarkers. (Reproduced with permission, with some modification (changed color and layout), from [10]; licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig3_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.4", "caption": "Fig. 7.4 Brief overview of the original clonogenic assay", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig4_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.5", "caption": "Fig. 7.5 Patient tissue biopsy sample types and different modalities of analysis that can be performed to identify predictive biomarkers of RT treatment response", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.6", "caption": "Fig. 7.6 Schematic of clinically informative elements obtained by liquid biopsy and various analysis methods. (Reproduced with permission from [40])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig6_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.7", "caption": "Fig. 7.7 Basic schematic of a Raman spectrometer", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig7_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.8", "caption": "Fig. 7.8 G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity assay. Chromatid breaks after 1 Gy of \u03b3-irradiation as visualized at a metaphase peripheral blood lymphocyte from a healthy donor where four chromatid breaks are observed. (Reproduced with permission from [128])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig8_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.10", "caption": "Fig. 7.10 Schematic representation of the relationship between the relative susceptibility and the age at exposure. (Reproduced with permission from [133])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig10_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.11", "caption": "Fig. 7.11 Age-related cellular changes that may influence radiosensitivity and their mechanistic interplay. Compared to young cells, aged cells present increased impaired DNA damage repair, telomeres attrition, increased oxidative stress, and additional epigenetic alterations", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig11_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.12", "caption": "Fig. 7.12 Summary of biological sex-dependent health risks induced by radiation exposure. (Reproduced with permission from [149])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig12_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 7.14", "caption": "Fig. 7.14 Overview of DNA damage and repair pathways and most common genetic disorders", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_7_Chapter/508540_1_En_7_Fig14_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.1", "caption": "Fig. 8.1 External exposure and contamination", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig1_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.2", "caption": "Fig. 8.2 Non-malignant conditions most commonly treated with radiation therapy as a percentage of all international radiotherapy institutes surveyed (n\u00a0=\u00a0508). (Data extracted with permission from [6])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig2_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.4", "caption": "Fig. 8.4 Global trends in the number of monitored workers, and in collective effective doses and effective doses to workers for different practices of the nuclear fuel cycle. (Reproduced with permission from [1])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig4a_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.5", "caption": "Fig. 8.5 International Nuclear Event scale based on severity and impact of the incident", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.6", "caption": "Fig. 8.6 Approximate prompt and delayed (fallout) effects from a 10-kT detonation. (Reproduced with permission from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig6_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.7", "caption": "Fig. 8.7 Relationship between ionizing radiation induced tissue effects and fetal/embryo stage of development. (Reproduced with permission from [30])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig7_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.8", "caption": "Fig. 8.8 Examples metaphase spreads with (a) dicentrics tri-centrics and several fragments and (b) with a translocation. These aberrations result from the fusion of sections of broken chromosomes", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig8_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.9", "caption": "Fig. 8.9 Protein fiber and cellular organization within the lens. (a) The lens is formed from a single cell layer of lens epithelial cells (LECs) that covers the anterior portion of the lens. The cells in the central region are mostly quiescent; meanwhile the proliferating cells are largely confined to the germinative zone (GZ) in the equator of the lens. After division, LECs migrate to the transitional zone (TZ), situated immediately adjacent to the GZ and most distal to the anterior pole. In the TZ, LECs begin differentiation to form lens fiber cells (LFCs) that comprise the bulk of the lens mass. They enter the body of the lens via the meridional rows (MRs), adopting a hexagonal cross-sectional profile, offset from their immediate neighbors by a half cell width to deliver the most efficient cell\u2013cell packing arrangement that is perpetuated into the lens body as LECs continue their differentiation and maturation process into LFCs. (b) The lens sits in the anterior portion of the eye where it focuses light onto the retina to create a sharp image (top). However, when a cataract develops, the transmission of light is either blocked or not focused correctly (bottom), creating a distorted image. (c) Example of lens fiber sutures as viewed from the posterior pole of the lens in the healthy lens compared to a nuclear cataract, similar to that represented in (b). (Reproduced with permission from [35])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig9_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.10", "caption": "Fig. 8.10 Mechanisms of ionizing radiation response observed in human and animal lens epithelial cells or cell lines. Cx connexin, ECM extracellular matrix, FGF fibroblast growth factor, IR ionizing radiation, LEC lens epithelial cell. (Reproduced with permission from [35])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig10_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.11", "caption": "Fig. 8.11 The latency of cataract and Lifelong Cataractogenic Load. (a) Timeline for lens aging. (b) Accumulated cataract load without exposure to ionzing radiation. (c) Accumulated cataract load after exposure to ionizing radiation (Reproduced with permission from [37])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig11_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.12", "caption": "Fig. 8.12 Proposed cell types in the heart, key events and adverse outcomes that may contribute to cardiovascular disease. Not all potential cell types and key events are listed and some of the key events listed may be common across the different cell types. ECM extracellular matrix, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, NO nitric oxide, PPAR alpha peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha, ROS reactive oxygen species. (Reproduced with permission from [44])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig12_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.14", "caption": "Fig. 8.14 Scheme showing the phases sequence of the Acute Radiation Syndromes and examples of symptoms", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig14_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.15", "caption": "Fig. 8.15 Schema for trauma triage. (Reproduced with permission from [75])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig15_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.16", "caption": "Fig. 8.16 Relationship between time to onset of vomiting and dose between 2 and 10 Gy. (Reproduced with permission from [75])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig16_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.17", "caption": "Fig. 8.17 Lymphocyte depletion with dose and time post exposure, following whole-body doses exceeding 1 Gy. (Reproduced with permission from [75])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig17_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.18", "caption": "Fig. 8.18 (a) Schematic representation of the formation of a dicentric chromosome (dic) after exposure to ionizing radiation with the formation of a chromosome fragment without centromere (ace). (b) Giemsa stained metaphase spread of a human peripheral blood lymphocyte with a dic and ace", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig18_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.19", "caption": "Fig. 8.19 Presentation of binucleated cells including 0, 1, 2 or 4 micronuclei", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig19_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.20", "caption": "Fig. 8.20 (a) Schematic representation of the formation of a symmetrical translocation after radiation induced chromosomal breaks. (b) FISH painted metaphase spread of a human peripheral blood lymphocyte with translocations indicated by the arrows", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig20_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.21", "caption": "Fig. 8.21 (a) Prematurely condensed single chromatid chromosomes following gamma irradiation to 4 Gy as visualized using the PCC assay and lymphocyte fusion to a mitotic CHO cell. Fourteen excess PCC fragments can be scored (shown by arrows). (b) Non-irradiated G0-lymphocyte PCCs demonstrating 46 single chromatid PCC elements. (Reproduced with permission from [112])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig21_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 8.22", "caption": "Fig. 8.22 (a) Schematic representation of the formation of gamma-H2AX foci. Following radiation-induced DNA breakage, the free DNA ends are labeled by the phosphorylation of H2AX, which can be visualized and quantified using immunofluorescence antibodies. (b) Gamma-H2AX foci in human blood lymphocytes following exposure to 0 or 1 Gy X-rays following a post-exposure incubation for 1\u00a0h (40\u00d7 magnification fluorescence microscopy images showing gamma-H2AX foci in green and DNA counterstain in blue)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_8_Chapter/508540_1_En_8_Fig22_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 9.1", "caption": "Fig. 9.1 Uranium (including uranium 238U and actinium 235U) and thorium decay chains", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_9_Chapter/508540_1_En_9_Fig1_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 9.2", "caption": "Fig. 9.2 Natural radionuclides distribution in different environmental compartments", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_9_Chapter/508540_1_En_9_Fig2_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 9.3", "caption": "Fig. 9.3 Exposure and effects of different radiation types on organisms", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_9_Chapter/508540_1_En_9_Fig3_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 9.4", "caption": "Fig. 9.4 Schematic representation of overall sensitivities of different taxa to acute gamma radiation exposure. (Reproduced with permission of UNSCEAR, adapted from UNSCEAR 2008 report, Annex E)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_9_Chapter/508540_1_En_9_Fig4_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 9.5", "caption": "Fig. 9.5 High and low LET radiation DNA damage effects", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_9_Chapter/508540_1_En_9_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.2", "caption": "Fig. 10.2 Radiation environment during a space mission. (Image courtesy by ESA and reprinted from Chancellor et al. [15] with permission under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License: http://\u200bcreativecommons.\u200borg/\u200blicenses/\u200bby-nc-nd/\u200b4.\u200b0/\u200b)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig2_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.3", "caption": "Fig. 10.3 GCR composition, as based on data from NASA\u2019s Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft. (Reprinted with permission from http://\u200bwww.\u200bsrl.\u200bcaltech.\u200bedu/\u200bACE/\u200bACENews/\u200bACENews83.\u200bhtml)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig3_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.4", "caption": "Fig. 10.4 GCR overall average fluxes versus energy. (Data from Beatty et al. [23])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig4_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.5", "caption": "Fig. 10.5 The active regions (upper left), solar flare (upper right), and coronal mass ejections (CME, lower left and right) of the 28/10/2003 event captured by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite. The CME was imaged by the Large Angle and Spectrometric COronagraph (LASCO) instrument by blocking the light from the solar disk. (Courtesy of SOHO/EIT and SOHO/LASCO consortium. SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig5_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.7", "caption": "Fig. 10.7 Radiation belts of the Earth. (Figure from Van Allen radiation belt. Reprinted with permission from Wikipedia. Author Booyabazooka at English Wikipedia, https://\u200bcommons.\u200bwikimedia.\u200borg/\u200bwiki/\u200bFile:\u200bVan_\u200bAllen_\u200bradiation_\u200bbelt.\u200bsvg)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig7_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.8", "caption": "Fig. 10.8 Relative radiation exposure of varying duration during medical procedures (green), specific space missions (purple), and on various celestial bodies (blue). The astronaut yearly and career limits are given in red boxes. For comparison, some facts on radiation exposure of the general population and occupational exposure limits (US) are indicated (gold). (Reprinted with permission from Iosim et al. [43])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig8_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.9", "caption": "Fig. 10.9 Calculated dose equivalent rate in LEO (51.6\u00b0 inclination, 390 km altitude) as a function of shielding thickness given as area density for different shielding materials: (left) GCR, (right) Van Allen trapped protons. (Data used with permission from Dietze et al. [37])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig9_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.10", "caption": "Fig. 10.10 Scheme for Monte Carlo (MC) calculations of the radiation environment at a planet/celestial body, here in particular Mars. GCRs galactic cosmic rays, SEPs solar energetic particles, p+ protons, He2+ ions helium ions", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig10_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.11", "caption": "Fig. 10.11 Schematic view of the particle showers (main particles are plotted here) generated in the downward propagation of primary GCRs particles through the Martian atmosphere and of the backscattered particles [74]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig11_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.12", "caption": "Fig. 10.12 Possible health effects of space radiation exposure", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig12_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.13", "caption": "Fig. 10.13 Survival of mammalian cells after exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) and high-LET radiation. Low-LET radiation includes photons, electrons, positrons, protons, and more. High-LET radiation encompasses heavy ions, and, depending on energy, also He ions and neutrons", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig13_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.14", "caption": "Fig. 10.14 As a heavy ion travels through a mammalian cell nucleus, a multiple of ionizations is produced, damaging a chromosome arranged in its nuclear territory several times. Delta rays emanating from the primary track can induce further damage. Therefore, traversal of high-LET radiation through a cell nucleus can produce many breakpoints in chromosomes", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig14_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.15", "caption": "Fig. 10.15 Comparison of ionizations (grey dots) in a DNA molecule that are induced by electrons as an example of low-LET radiation and by a high-LET \u03b1-particle. The ionizations produced by the \u03b1-particle are located densely along the track, with some secondary electrons (\u03b4 rays) generated while traversing the cell. This spatial distribution goes along with a higher probability of simultaneously breaking both DNA strands thereby producing a double strand break (DSB), and also further damage to bases and single strand breaks (SSB) in close proximity which is then called complex DNA damage", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig15_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.16", "caption": "Fig. 10.16 On 3 November 1957 Laika was the first living mammal that was sent to space onboard the satellite Sputnik 2", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig16_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.17", "caption": "Fig. 10.17 Overview of the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga life cycle. Bdelloid rotifers live in limno-terrestrial habitats like mosses and lichens. Adapted to these environments, they can be desiccated at any stage of their life cycles including egg stage. When they are exposed to desiccation, adults adopt a \u201ctun\u201d shape allowing optimal desiccation resistance. Adineta vaga is about 200\u2013250 \u03bcm long. (Credits B. Hespeels)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig17_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.19", "caption": "Fig. 10.19 View of TARDIS experiment. (a) View of the exobiology Biopan platform containing TARDIS experiment. For 12 days in September 2007, approximately 3000 water bears were launched in space during the Foton-M3 mission. Reprinted with permission from ESA. (b) Details of the sample holder containing the tardigrades Richtersius coronifer. Tardigrades on the top level were exposed to the Sun and were optionally protected with filters. (Image kindly provided by K. Ingemar J\u00f6nsson and reprinted with his permission)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig19_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.20", "caption": "Fig. 10.20 View of Rob1 hardware used to culture hydrated A. vaga individuals onboard of ISS (December 2019). Top left: Rob1 hardware after its assembly at the launch site at Kennedy Space Center. Rob1 hardware is a passive hardware containing five culture bags containing hydrated specimens of A. vaga. Hardware enables gas exchanges between rotifer cultures and the outside through a permeable membrane. Top right: View of the culture bags assembled inside Rob1 hardware. Culture bags, loaded with 10,000 A. vaga individuals each, are made of Teflon and ensure an optimal gas exchange between the culture medium and the outside. Bags are waterproof and avoid any leakage of the medium (composed of mineral water and sterile lettuce juice) or rotifers. Reprinted with permission of Marc Guillaume. Bottom left: View of ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano loading two Rob1 hardware on KUBIK. KUBIK is a small incubator, temperature-controlled, with removable inserts designed for self-contained microgravity experiments. (Reprinted with permission of NASA)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig20_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.21", "caption": "Fig. 10.21 View of one Rob2 hardware used onboard of the ISS (left) and Astronauts checking the correct rehydration of A. vaga individuals. Sixteen pieces of hardware were sent to ISS, each containing 40,000 dry rotifers. Once onboard, rotifers were automatically rehydrated and cultivated 11 days before their fixation and download to Earth. (Reprinted with permission of Boris Hespeels and NASA)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig21_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.22", "caption": "Fig. 10.22 A comparison among different responses of Plants (P) and Mammals (M) to ionizing radiation. (Reprinted with permission from Arena et al. [346])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig22_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.23", "caption": "Fig. 10.23 Difference between the different cultures", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig23_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.24", "caption": "Fig. 10.24 NASA\u2019s 3D BioFabrication Facility BFF. (Image JSC2019E037579, Credits NASA)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig24_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.25", "caption": "Fig. 10.25 Molecular response experienced by microorganisms in the outer space environment revealed with the help of global and integrative \u2013omics approaches of systems biology that have been recently used to study microorganisms exposed to real and simulated space conditions. (Reprinted with permission from Milojevic et al. [366])", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig25_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.26", "caption": "Fig. 10.26 Stress responses experienced by microorganisms in outer space real and simulated conditions, revealed with \u2013omics-assisted investigations. Proteins and genes of stress responses with altered abundance and expression after exposure of microorganisms to the outer space real and simulated environment [366]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig26_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.27", "caption": "Fig. 10.27 Molecular alterations underlying microbial pathogenicity, virulence, and biofilm formation in the outer space environment, resolved with \u2013omics-assisted investigations [366]", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig27_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.28", "caption": "Fig. 10.28 Schematic view of the SNAKE (Superconducting nanoprobe for (kern) particle physics experiments) setup, including linear particle accelerator (orange), focusing unit (superconducting magnetic lens) and detection system with the particle detector and ultrafast high-voltage switch", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig28_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.29", "caption": "Fig. 10.29 Aerial view and general layout of the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) facility in Upton, NY, USA. EBIS electron beam ion source. (Satellite view courtesy Google Earth)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig29_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.30", "caption": "Fig. 10.30 Three key areas developed to provide the GCR simulator at NSRL. (Source: Simonsen et al. [396], reproduced with permission)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig30_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 10.31", "caption": "Fig. 10.31 General layout of a linear high-energy particle accelerator. RF radio frequency", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_10_Chapter/508540_1_En_10_Fig31_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.1", "caption": "Fig. 11.1 Classification of radiomodifiers with their biological properties", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig1_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.2", "caption": "Fig. 11.2 The use of radioprotectors, radiomitigators, and radiosensitizers before, during, or after irradiation", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig2_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.3", "caption": "Fig. 11.3 Various applications of radioprotectors", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig3_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.4", "caption": "Fig. 11.4 Potential mechanism of action of radioprotectors against cell damage due to IR", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig4_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.5", "caption": "Fig. 11.5 General therapeutic approaches to develop novel radioprotective agents. IR, directly or indirectly, causes damage to macromolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. As a result, oxidative stress is generated, which either triggers DNA damage repair or induces p53-mediated cell disorders, such as cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. When the damage exceeds the cell\u2019s ability to repair itself, the cell appears to follow the death program. The protective activities of potential radioprotectors should target such phases/mechanisms (described in blue dotted box) with the aim to shield the normal cells from harmful insults of irradiation. Inspired from/based on \u201cGeneral principles of developing novel radioprotective agents for nuclear emergency\u201d from Radiation Medicine and Protection (Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages 120\u2013126), by Du et al. 2020, Copyright Elsevier (2022)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig5_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.6", "caption": "Fig. 11.6 Mechanisms of radioprotection by amifostine", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig6_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.7", "caption": "Fig. 11.7 Radioprotective properties of cyclic nitroxides include scavenger free radical capacity and SOD-like activity. Adapted from \u201cNitroxides as Antioxidants and Anticancer Drugs,\u201d by Lewandowski M. and Gwozdzinski K. 2017, Licensed under CC BY 4.\u200b0", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig7_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.8", "caption": "Fig. 11.8 Radioprotective and biological properties of polyphenols", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig8_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.9", "caption": "Fig. 11.9 Radioprotective effects of vitamins", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig9_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.10", "caption": "Fig. 11.10 Radioprotection by oligoelements", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig10_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.11", "caption": "Fig. 11.11 Nanozymes with SOD-like activities", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig11_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.12", "caption": "Fig. 11.12 Effects of Mn porphyrin-based SOD mimics in normal and cancer cells", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig12_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.13", "caption": "Fig. 11.13 Radioprotective properties of melatonin", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig13_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.15", "caption": "Fig. 11.15 Radiomitigators: mechanism of action", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig15_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.16", "caption": "Fig. 11.16 Effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and FMT on the function of the intestinal epithelium and gut microbiome", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig16_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.17", "caption": "Fig. 11.17 Role of ACEIs, ARBs, and renin inhibitors in the renin\u2013angiotensin system", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig17_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.18", "caption": "Fig. 11.18 Delivery of hydrogen and its protective and therapeutic opportunities in various systems. Adapted from \u201cMolecular hydrogen: A potential radioprotective agent,\u201d by Hu et al. [122, 123], Licensed under CC BY 4.\u200b0", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig18_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.19", "caption": "Fig. 11.19 Biological compartments for radionuclide intake and distribution. Reproduced from Dainiak N and Albanese J, Assessment and clinical management of internal contamination, JRP, 2022, in press, and modified from ICRP, 2015, Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides: Part 1. ICRP Publication 130. Ann. ICRP 44(2)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig19_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.20", "caption": "Fig. 11.20 Isotopes and focal accumulation in the body", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig20_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.21", "caption": "Fig. 11.21 Development of potential radiosensitizers at different levels. Potential radiosensitizers can be developed focusing on the molecular, cellular, or organismic levels, which may be useful in modulating the radiation effects on cancer cells as well as on normal cells", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig21_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.22", "caption": "Fig. 11.22 Radiation therapy and nutraceutical substances may influence signaling pathways involved in migration, inflammatory response, autophagy, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adapted from \u201cNutraceutical Compounds as Sensitizers for Cancer Treatment in Radiation Therapy,\u201d by [203], Licensed under CC BY 4.\u200b0", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig22_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.23", "caption": "Fig. 11.23 Mass energy absorption coefficient (left-hand-side Y-axis) for gold (purple) and soft tissue (blue) as a function of X-ray energy. Right-hand-side Y-axis indicates the ratio (black)", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig23_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.24", "caption": "Fig. 11.24 Physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms of nanoparticle. Nanoparticles radiosensitization. Reproduced with permission of Dove Medical Press Ltd., from Application of Radiosensitizers in Cancer Radiotherapy, International Journal of NanoMedicine, 16: 1083\u20131102, by Gong L et al. 2021", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig24_HTML.jpg"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.25", "caption": "Fig. 11.25 Schematic representation of the possible pathways through which nanoparticles can affect the yield of radicals following radiation exposure: (a) primary water radiolysis, (b) secondary water radiolysis, and (c) radical scavenging from nanoparticles", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig25_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 11.26", "caption": "Fig. 11.26 The advantages and various modes of action by which PARPi enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. Adapted from \u201cPoly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase inhibitors as radiosensitizers: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical human studies,\u201d by [224], Licensed under CC BY 3.\u200b0", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_11_Chapter/508540_1_En_11_Fig26_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 12.1", "caption": "Fig. 12.1 Adapted from UNSCEAR 2012, Annex A Schematic of the relationship between dose, additional to that from typical exposure to natural background radiation, and probability of occurrence of health effects, Fig. AV-I p68", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_12_Chapter/508540_1_En_12_Fig1_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "Radiology$$$Figure. 12.2", "caption": "Fig. 12.2 Adapted from UNSCEAR 2012, Annex A Schematic of the relationship between dose, additional to that from typical exposure to natural background radiation, and probability of occurrence of health effects, Fig. AV-I p68", "image_path": "Radiology/images/508540_1_En_12_Chapter/508540_1_En_12_Fig2_HTML.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_1", "caption": "Iodine-123 whole body scan for thyroid cancer evaluation. The study above was performed after the total thyroidectomy and TSH stimulation with thyroid hormone medication withdrawal. The study shows a small residual thyroid tissue in the neck and a mediastinum lesion, consistent with the thyroid cancer metastatic disease. The observable uptakes in the stomach and bladder are normal physiologic findings.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Iodine_wb_scan.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_2", "caption": "Cardiopulmonary exercise test using a  treadmill .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Ergospirometry_laboratory.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_3", "caption": "Stress-ECG of a patient with coronary heart disease: ST-segment depression (arrow) at 100 watts of exercise. A: at rest, B: at 75 watts, C: at 100 watts, D: at 125 watts.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-StressECG_STDepression.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_4", "caption": "Lawrence's 60-inch (152\u00a0cm) cyclotron,  c. \u20091939 , showing the beam of accelerated  ions  (likely  protons  or  deuterons ) exiting the machine and ionizing the surrounding air causing a blue glow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Cyclotron_with_glowing_beam.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_5", "caption": "Lawrence's original 4.5-inch (11\u00a0cm) cyclotron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/290px-4-inch-cyclotron.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_6", "caption": "Lawrence's 60-inch (150\u00a0cm) cyclotron at  Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ,  University of California , Berkeley, California, constructed in 1939. The magnet is on the left, with the vacuum chamber between its pole pieces, and the beamline which analyzed the particles is on the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/290px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_7", "caption": "Diagram of a cyclotron. The magnet's pole pieces are shown smaller than in reality; they must actually be at least as wide as the accelerating electrodes (\"dees\") to create a uniform field.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/620px-Cyclotron_diagram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_8", "caption": "Diagram of cyclotron operation from Lawrence's 1934 patent. The hollow, open-faced D-shaped  electrodes  (left), known as dees, are enclosed in a flat  vacuum chamber  which is installed in a narrow gap between the two  poles  of a large magnet (right).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Cyclotron_patent.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_9", "caption": "Vacuum chamber of Lawrence 69\u00a0cm (27\u00a0in) 1932 cyclotron with cover removed, showing the dees. The 13,000\u00a0V RF accelerating potential at about 27\u00a0MHz is applied to the dees by the two feedlines visible at top right. The beam emerges from the dees and strikes the target in the chamber at bottom.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Lawrence_27_inch_cyclotron_dees_1935.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_10", "caption": "The trajectory followed by a particle in the cyclotron approximated with a  Fermat's spiral", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Spiral-fermat-1.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_11", "caption": "In isochronous cyclotrons, the magnetic field strength  B  as a function of the radius  r  has the same shape as the Lorentz factor  \u03b3  as a function of the speed  v .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Lorentz_factor.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_12", "caption": "A French cyclotron, produced in  Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland in 1937. The vacuum chamber containing the dees  (at left)  has been removed from the magnet  (red, at right) .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-1937-French-cyclotron.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_13", "caption": "A modern cyclotron used for  radiation therapy . The magnet is painted yellow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/290px-Cyclotron_-_University_of_Washington.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_14", "caption": "M. Stanley Livingston and  Ernest O. Lawrence   (right)  in front of Lawrence's 69\u00a0cm (27\u00a0in) cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. The curving metal frame is the magnet's core, the large cylindrical boxes contain the coils of wire that generate the magnetic field. The vacuum chamber containing the \"dee\" electrodes is in the center between the magnet's poles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-M._Stanley_Livingston_%28L%29_an_2a3e196d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_15", "caption": "X-ray machine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-XRay_machine_for_the_captives%2C_Guantanamo__695cd161.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_16", "caption": "Naturally occurring electron-positron annihilation as a result of beta plus decay", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/330px-Annihilation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_17", "caption": "Electron/positron annihilation at various energies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Electron_Positron_Annihilation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_18", "caption": "An example of lung scintigraphy examination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Lung_scintigraphy_keosys.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_19", "caption": "Coded aperture  mask for gamma camera (for  SPECT )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Coded_aperture_mask_%28for_gamma_camera%29.j_6439f0a5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_20", "caption": "Gamma camera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-GammaCamera.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_21", "caption": "Diagrammatic cross section of a gamma camera detector", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Gamma_camera_cross_section.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_22", "caption": "Details of the cross section of a gamma camera", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Gamma_Camera_Cross_Section_detail.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_23", "caption": "Different assumptions on the extrapolation of the cancer risk vs. radiation dose to low-dose levels, given a known risk at a high dose: (A)  supra-linearity,  (B)  linear (C)  linear-quadratic,  (D)  hormesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/Radiations_at_low_doses.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_24", "caption": "Increased Risk of Solid Cancer with Dose for  A-bomb survivors , from BEIR report. Notably, this exposure pathway occurred from essentially a massive spike or pulse of radiation, a result of the brief instant that the bomb exploded, which while somewhat similar to the environment of a  CT scan , is wholly unlike the low  dose rate  of living in a contaminated area such as  Chernobyl , where the  dose rate  is orders of magnitude smaller. LNT does not consider dose rate and is an unsubstantiated  one size fits all  approach based solely on total  absorbed dose . When the two environments and cell effects are vastly different. Likewise, it has also been pointed out that bomb survivors inhaled carcinogenic  benzopyrene  from the burning cities, yet this is not factored in. [ 7 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Increased_risk_with_dose.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_25", "caption": "Plain X-ray of the wrist and hand", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-X-ray_General_Illustration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_26", "caption": "One frame of an MRI scan of the head showing the eyes and brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-MRI_Scan_General_Illustration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_27", "caption": "Ultrasound image showing the liver, gallbladder and common bile duct.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Abdominal_Ultrasound_General_Illustration.jp_7f2826aa.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_28", "caption": "Basic principle of  tomography : superposition free tomographic cross sections S 1  and S 2  compared with the (not tomographic) projected image P", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-TomographyPrinciple_Illustration.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_29", "caption": "CT scanning  ( volume rendered  in this case) confers a  radiation dose  to the developing fetus.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Volume_rendered_CT_scan_of_a_pregnancy_of_37_c9e416d5.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_30", "caption": "In a derivative of a medical image created in the U.S., added annotations and explanations may be copyrightable, but the medical image itself remains public domain.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/280px-Derivative_of_medical_imaging.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_31", "caption": "Pharmaceutical drug which emits radiation, used as a diagnostic or therapeutic agent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Radiopharmaceutical.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_32", "caption": "A fully automated  radiosynthesis  interface of PET-radiotracers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Radiosynthesis_module.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_33", "caption": "Schematic representation of a two-step pretargeting approach.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Pretargeting.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_34", "caption": "SPECT / CT  images of injected gold-coated  lanthanum / gadolinium  phosphate nanoparticles containing the  alpha-emitting  radionuclide  actinium-225  in a mouse.  Depending on the surface functionalization, the particles migrate either to the lungs or the liver. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-SPECT-CT_of_radioactive_nanoparticles_in_mou_1873a8fc.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_35", "caption": "A  fume hood  is an  engineering control  typically used to protect workers using nanoparticles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Fume_hood_conventional.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_36", "caption": "Comparison of range of \u03b1 (red) and \u03b2\u2212 (white) particles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-SEM_-_range_of_%CE%B1_and_%CE%B2%E2%88%92_pa_f518b750.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_37", "caption": "Linear accelerator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Medical_Linac.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_38", "caption": "Animation of the operation of a medical use linear accelerator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Medical_Linac_Animation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_39", "caption": "Turntable rotation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Therac_25_Rotation.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_40", "caption": "Simulated Therac-25 user interface", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Therac25_Interface.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_41", "caption": "DEC  VT100  video  computer terminal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Terminal-dec-vt100.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_42", "caption": "Diagram of a well counter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Well_counter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_43", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/American_Board_of_Radiology_logo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_44", "caption": "The facade of the ESR as seen from the  Maria am Gestade  church.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-ESR_Office_Vienna_Am_Gestade.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_45", "caption": "Entrance hall of ECR 2023", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Entrance_Hall_of_ECR_2023.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_46", "caption": "Using early  Crookes tube  X-Ray apparatus in 1896. One man is viewing his hand with a  fluoroscope  to optimise tube emissions, the other has his head close to the tube. No precautions  are being taken.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Crookes_tube_xray_experiment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_47", "caption": "Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations  erected 1936 at St. Georg hospital in Hamburg, commemorating 359 early radiology workers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ehrenmal_der_Radiologie_%28Hamburg-St._Georg_86041259.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_48", "caption": "External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry based on ICRU 57, jointly developed with the ICRP", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-Dose_quantities_and_units.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_49", "caption": "The ICR discusses all forms of ionising radiation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/240px-Alfa_beta_gamma_radiation_penetration.svg.pn_5b783625.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_50", "caption": "Typical X-ray equipment in the 1940s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/lossy-page1-200px-X-Ray_machine_in_hospital_owned__93421be5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_51", "caption": "STUK's headquarters in Jokiniemi,  Vantaa", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-S%C3%A4teilyturvakeskus_%28Radiation_and_Nuc_189c766c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_52", "caption": "Radiation Therapy Oncology Group", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/RTOGlogo.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_53", "caption": "Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-RSNA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_54", "caption": "RSNA 2021 AI Showcase at McCormick Place in Chicago", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-RSNA_AI_Showcase_at_McCormick_Place_in_Chica_5bfd085d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_55", "caption": "RWB logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/Radiologists_without_Borders_logo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_56", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/Spr_logo.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_57", "caption": "An example of a SoR banner in a  trade union  demonstration  (2011)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Society_of_Radiographers.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_58", "caption": "The Svedberg Laboratory in October 2016", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-The_Svedberglaboratoriet_Uppsala_okt_2016.jp_21f3e3cf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_59", "caption": "The Gustaf Werner Cyclotron at The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-GWI_cyclotron.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_60", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-UTHSA-radiology.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_61", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-UTHSCSARAdiology.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_62", "caption": "The Research Imaging Institute", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-UTHSCSA_RIC.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_63", "caption": "A radiologist interpreting  magnetic resonance imaging", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_64", "caption": "Radiography of the knee using a DR machine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Xraymachine.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_65", "caption": "Projectional radiograph  of the knee", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Knee_1300270.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_66", "caption": "Image from a  CT scan  of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Brain_CT_scan.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_67", "caption": "MRI of the knee", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-MRI_knee_abdonrmal.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_68", "caption": "A radiologist interprets medical images on a modern  picture archiving and communication system  (PACS) workstation. San Diego, California, 2010.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radiologist_in_San_Diego_CA_2010.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_69", "caption": "X-ray  of a hand with calculation of  bone age  analysis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-X-ray_of_hand%2C_where_bone_age_is_automatic_c1a9cd28.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_70", "caption": "Radiation sickness", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/310px-Radiation_Sickness.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_71", "caption": "Harry K. Daghlian 's hand 9 days after he had manually stopped a  prompt critical  fission reaction during an accident with what later obtained the nickname the  demon core . He received a dose of 5.1  Sv , [ 18 ]  or 3.1  Gy . [ 19 ]  He died 16 days after this photo was taken.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Daghlian-hand.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_72", "caption": "Both dose and dose rate contribute to the severity of acute radiation syndrome. The effects of  dose fractionation  or rest periods before repeated exposure also shift the  LD50  dose upwards.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/310px-Death_by_haematopoietic_syndrome_of_radiatio_c9c80aa9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_73", "caption": "Comparison of Radiation Doses \u2013 includes the amount detected on the trip from Earth to Mars by the  RAD  on the  MSL  (2011\u20132013). [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/310px-PIA17601-Comparisons-RadiationExposure-MarsT_7f13fdab.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_74", "caption": "Effect of medical care on acute radiation syndrome", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Death_by_haematopoietic_syndrome_of_radiatio_19b2c953.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_75", "caption": "Effect of an anti-scatter grid on incident beams.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Lead_collimator.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_76", "caption": "X-ray  of a left hand, with automatic calculation of bone age by a computer software", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-X-ray_of_hand%2C_where_bone_age_is_automatic_c1a9cd28.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_77", "caption": "Bones of the hand and wrist used for bone age estimation in the Tanner-Whitehouse method.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/267px-Bones_of_the_hand_and_wrist_used_for_bone_ag_4b81ad29.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_78", "caption": "Bone scan showing multiple bone  metastases  from  prostate cancer .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/Prostate-mets-102.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_79", "caption": "Method of obtaining Caldwell's view", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Caldwell-view-angled-skull-pa-radiograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_80", "caption": "Example of a particle collimator", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-ParticleCollimator.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_81", "caption": "An example of an optical collimator with a bulb, an aperture (A), and a plano-convex lens (L)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Collimator.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_82", "caption": "Collimators used to record gamma rays and neutrons from a nuclear test.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-NNSA-NSO-190.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_83", "caption": "How a S\u00f6ller collimator filters a stream of rays. Top: without a collimator. Bottom: with a collimator.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Collimator2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_84", "caption": "Collimator for a  neutron  stream, University of Washington  cyclotron", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-UW_Collimator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_85", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_86", "caption": "AP radiograph demonstrating companion shadow of the clavicle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-AP_radiograph_demonstrating_companion_shadow_eea74345.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_87", "caption": "A rib companion shadow (indicated by two arrows)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-RibCompanionShadow.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_88", "caption": "\"Family\" phantom series [ 10 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Stylized_Phantom_-_Various_Ages.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_89", "caption": "Real-life motion data (left) is acquired on a motion capture platform (center) and used to determine the posture of the CHAD phantom (right). [ 34 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Motion_Capture_with_Chad_Phantom.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_90", "caption": "Drawing of CT fan beam and patient in a CT imaging system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Drawing_of_CT_fan_beam_%28left%29_and_patien_41b90083.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_91", "caption": "CT scan of the thorax. The axial slice (right) is the image that corresponds to number 2/33 on the coronal slice (left).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Axial_plane_CT_scan_of_the_thorax_illustrati_b89effec.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_92", "caption": "CT Perfusion scan of the brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_perfusion_in_M1_artery_occlusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_93", "caption": "PET-CT scan of chest", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Petct1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_94", "caption": "Computed tomography of  human brain , from  base of the skull  to top. Taken with intravenous contrast medium.  Commons: Scrollable computed tomography images of a normal brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Computed_tomography_of_human_brain_-_large.p_eb44f12d.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_95", "caption": "HRCT  images of a normal thorax in  axial ,  coronal  and  sagittal planes , respectively.  Click here to scroll through the image stacks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/120px-High-resolution_computed_tomographs_of_a_nor_1cdf3168.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_96", "caption": "Bronchial wall thickness (T) and diameter of the bronchus (D)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Bronchial_wall_thickness_%28T%29_and_diamete_409be765.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_97", "caption": "Example of a CTPA, demonstrating a saddle  embolus  (dark horizontal line) occluding the  pulmonary arteries  (bright white triangle)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-SADDLE_PE.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_98", "caption": "CT scan of a normal abdomen and pelvis, in  sagittal plane ,  coronal  and  axial  planes, respectively.  Click here to scroll through the image stacks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/114px-CT_of_a_normal_abdomen_and_pelvis%2C_thumbna_ce501078.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_99", "caption": "Types of presentations of CT scans:  \u2212 Average intensity projection \u2212  Maximum intensity projection \u2212 Thin slice ( median plane ) \u2212  Volume rendering  by high and low threshold for  radiodensity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/310px-CT_presentation_as_thin_slice%2C_projection__a869b5fd.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_100", "caption": "Typical screen layout for diagnostic software, showing one volume rendering (VR) and multiplanar view of three thin slices in the  axial  (upper right),  sagittal  (lower left), and  coronal planes  (lower right)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ct-workstation-neck.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_101", "caption": "Special planes are sometimes useful, such as this oblique longitudinal plane in order to visualize the neuroforamina of the vertebral column, showing narrowing at two levels, causing  radiculopathy . The smaller images are axial plane slices.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/120px-CT_of_spondylosis_causing_radiculopathy.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_102", "caption": "3D human skull from computed tomography data", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-12-06-11-rechtsmedizin-berlin-07.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_103", "caption": "CT scanner with cover removed to show internal components. Legend:  T: X-ray tube  D: X-ray detectors  X: X-ray beam  R: Gantry rotation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ct-internals.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_104", "caption": "Left image is a  sinogram  which is a graphic representation of the raw data obtained from a CT scan. At right is an image sample derived from the raw data. [ 201 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Sinogram_and_sample_image_of_computed_tomogr_7c94feaf.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_105", "caption": "Interface of  Medical Sieve , an algorithm by  IBM  for assisting in clinical decisions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-IBM_Medical_Sieve.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_106", "caption": "Histogram Equalization Sample Image. Left: Normal gray-scale fundoscopic image. Right: Post-histogram equalization processing. [ 79 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Histogram_equlization.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_107", "caption": "Support Vector Machine. Support vectors (dashed lines) are created to maximize the separation between two groups.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Support_vector_machine.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_108", "caption": "DXL Calscan Bone densitometry", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Calscan_bone_densitometry-2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_109", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Blausen_0095_BoneDensitometryScan.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_110", "caption": "DEXA assessment of bone mineral density of the femoral neck (A) and the lumbar spine (B): T scores of - 4.2 and - 4.3 were found at the hip (A) and lumbar spine (B), respectively in a 53-year-old male patient affected with  Fabry disease .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Morbus_Fabry_DXA_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_111", "caption": "DXA Fat shadow of an obese individual", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Picture1_fs.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_112", "caption": "DXA Fat shadow of a child with rare congenital generalized lipodystrophy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-DXA_Fat_shadow.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_113", "caption": "Sonographer doing an echocardiogram of a child", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Sonographer_doing_pediatric_echocardiography_131bfdbd.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_114", "caption": "Echocardiogram in the parasternal long-axis view, showing a measurement of the heart's left ventricle", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PLAX_Mmode.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_115", "caption": "Coronary artery IVUS with lumen inside yellow line and atherosclerotic plaque in green", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-IVUS_of_CAD.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_116", "caption": "External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-Dose_quantities_and_units.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_117", "caption": "Graphic showing relationships of protection dose quantities in  SI  units", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-SI_Radiation_dose_units.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_118", "caption": "Heart Disease across the world", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Prevalence_of_ischemic_heart_disease_worldwi_8430b2ff.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_119", "caption": "Biospace Med logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Biospace_med_petit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_120", "caption": "oneFIT Medical logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-OneFIT_logo_vector_CMJN.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_121", "caption": "ALARA logo", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-LogoAlara.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_122", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Logo_EDoR_rgb.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_123", "caption": "Main components of a G-arm medical imaging system. Here positioned for a hip surgery.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-G-arm_main_components.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_124", "caption": "Multiplan, medical imaging system from 1970. Patented and manufactured by Saab AB, Sweden.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Multiplanar_1970.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_125", "caption": "a Hirtz compass", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/150px-Hirtz%27s_compass_for_locating_projectiles_i_cb39dfe7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_126", "caption": "Unprotected experiments in the U.S. in 1896 with an early X-ray tube ( Crookes tube ), when the dangers of radiation were largely unknown. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Crookes_tube_xray_experiment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_127", "caption": "Otto Walkhoff:  Invisible rays with photographic effect , Photographic Review, Vol. 14, Publisher Knapp, 1900, pp. 189\u2013191", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/page1-220px-Unsichtbare_photographisch_wirksame_St_112f3f2e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_128", "caption": "Auto-photographic documentation of the radiation damage to the hands of Kassabian", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-R%C3%B6ntgen_rays_and_electro-therapeutics_-_65520d26.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_129", "caption": "Radiology memorial (Hamburg-St. Georg)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ehrenmal_der_Radiologie_%28Hamburg-St._Georg_86041259.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_130", "caption": "In 1947, posters were put up in the United States to draw attention to radiation protection. At the same time, the four-year-old term  health physics  was to be popularized.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Hppost5.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_131", "caption": "Pedoscope from the 1930s by Ernst Gross X-ray equipment, Berlin,  Physikmuseum Salzburg . Later, an additional viewing slit for small children was added at a suitable height so that the child could also see the fluoroscopy.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Pedoskop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_132", "caption": "X-ray therapy for diphtheria, 1922. The X-ray table was designed specifically for the treatment of children to eliminate the dangers of high voltage wires.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-X-ray_dosage_in_treatment_and_radiography_%2_6f710c3b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_133", "caption": "Warning sign for MRI scans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Magnetic_Resonance_imaging_warning.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_134", "caption": "Schematic representation of Photoacoustic Tomography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PASchematics_v2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_135", "caption": "Types of radiation for various examination procedures in radiology:  MRI ,  IR ,  CT ,  PET", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-TORNAI-SpectrumOfMedicalImaging.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_136", "caption": "First lead aprons and lead gloves to protect against X-rays, around 1920", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radiation_protection_apron%2C_1920-1958_Well_52969b0e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_137", "caption": "Radiation protection splint", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Sandwichsplint.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_138", "caption": "Dental panoramic X-ray ( orthopantomography , OPG) using DXIS (Direct X-ray Imaging System) in real-time display", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-RotatingPan.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_139", "caption": "Tomotherapy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Accuray_TomoTherapy_HDA_System.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_140", "caption": "Prohibition sign in the restricted area of Darmstadt Hospital", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Klinikum_Darmstadt_Sperrbereich1.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_141", "caption": "A small animal PET", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PET_small_animal_Siemens_Inveon_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_142", "caption": "World's first X-ray and ultrasound examination of a  killer whale  (orca), 1980s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Royonx_Orque.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_143", "caption": "Radon experiments at the  Radium Institute in Paris , 1924", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-The_room_for_preparing_Radon_at_the_Radium_I_4e6cc7d1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_144", "caption": "Digital radon detector", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radon_detector.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_145", "caption": "Memorial to the victims of forced labor in J\u00e1chymov (St. Joachimsthal)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Vzpominkove_setkani_Jachymovske_peklo_2009_0_fed35c98.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_146", "caption": "Personal shielding for the work with radium (1929)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radium_worker_using_lead_shield_1929.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_147", "caption": "Advertising poster for the toothpaste \"Kolynos\" from the 1940s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Show_card_advertising_%22Kolynos%22_Dental_C_7a11d577.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_148", "caption": "Radithor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radithor_bottle_%2825799475341%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_149", "caption": "Advertising for luminous dials (1921)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Undark_%28Radium_Girls%29_advertisement%2C_1_3c22bb3a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_150", "caption": "Radium Girls at work in the USA (1922-1923)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-USRadiumGirls-Argonne1%2Cca1922-23-150dpi.jp_101fd6f4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_151", "caption": "Illuminated dial with radioluminescence", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radium_Dial.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_152", "caption": "Cosmetic series Tho-Radia.  Curie Museum , Paris", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radium-palp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_153", "caption": "Uranium glazed ceramic cookie jar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Geb%C3%A4ckdose_aus_Keramik_mit_Uranglasur-9_b9fedcd8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_154", "caption": "Probe to measure environmental radioactivity", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Bochum_-_Blankensteiner_Stra%C3%9Fe_-_Sternw_eebd2fd1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_155", "caption": "Injection syringe of a radionuclide with associated lead coating", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radioactive_Syringe_and_Shield.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_156", "caption": "PET-CT, Philips, Gemini TF", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PET-CT-Philips-2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_157", "caption": "Lead packaging for  131 I sodium iodide", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Bleibehaelter_Fluessigiod.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_158", "caption": "Injection of  99m Tc. To protect the therapist, the injection syringe with the radionuclide is surrounded by a shield.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Tc99minjektion.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_159", "caption": "Afterloading device", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Afterloading_Device_latView.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_160", "caption": "Brachytherapy with radium for the treatment of nasal mucosal inflammation in a young girl, Paris, ca. 1948-1955", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-France._Radium_is_being_used_by__7db7051e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_161", "caption": "Thorotrast", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/Thorotrast_1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_162", "caption": "Mushroom cloud from \" Fat Man \" over  Nagasaki , August 9, 1945", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Nagasakibomb.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_163", "caption": "A US shelter from  radioactive fallout  during the  Cold War , 1957", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Fallout_shelter_photo.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_164", "caption": "Calculation of casualties from 20 targeted nuclear bombs dropped on the Federal Republic of Germany during the Cold War in 1966 with at least 15 million fatalities (shaded areas) [ 151 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-AtomWeap20x2MGermany.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_165", "caption": "Warning sign in front of the Hanford Site", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Hanford_Site_sign.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_166", "caption": "Potassium iodide in a dose for nuclear emergencies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Iosat_Potassium_Iodide_nukepills.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_167", "caption": "Experts from the  International Atomic Energy Agency  in Fukushima, 2013", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Juan_Carlos_Lentijo_%26_Ikuo_Izawain_%280281_e61a6399.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_168", "caption": "Loading of a Castor container in Dannenberg in March 2001; 10th Castor transport to Gorleben/Wendland", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Castorbeh%C3%A4lter-regi.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_169", "caption": "Attempt at a more comprehensible warning against radioactive radiation ( ISO 21482 , since 2007)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Logo_iso_radiation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_170", "caption": "Measurement of cosmic radiation in an aircraft of the  Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA) founded in 1970, Las Vegas National Research Center, a US agency for the protection of the environment, 1972", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-INSIDE_TWIN-ENGINE_AIRCRAFT_OPERATED_BY_EPA%_b21e1dd5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_171", "caption": "NASA  design for a  space station  on  Mars  to protect against radioactive radiation during  Mars colonization . The materials needed for construction would be available on Mars.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-19310main_marshab.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_172", "caption": "Radiation Assessment Detector", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PIA13580_crop.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_173", "caption": "Schematic structure of a film dosimeter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Filmdosimeter.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_174", "caption": "Film dosimeter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Filmdosimeter.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_175", "caption": "Geiger counter, 1932,  Science Museum , London.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Early_Geiger_counter%2C_made_by_Hans_Geiger%_e10fef8a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_176", "caption": "Thermoluminescence dosimeter in the form of a finger ring for measuring radiation exposure to fingers and hands", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Dosim%C3%A9tre_TLD_Bague_FLi_IRSN.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_177", "caption": "Constancy test of a dental X-ray image using a test specimen. The degree of blackening is compared with the original image at regular intervals.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Konstanzaufnahme_Zahnfilm_IMG_5119.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_178", "caption": "137 Cs   test source . The radioactive material is contained in the two shiny metallic bodies, the enclosed emitters. The yellow shells are lead transport containers.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Strahler_CS137.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_179", "caption": "Trinity obelisk commemorating the first nuclear explosion on July 16, 1945", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Trinity_Site_Obelisk_National_Historic_Landm_2a0af97f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_180", "caption": "The on-board radar of the  Lockheed F-104  (Starfighter) had to be adjusted during operation, which led to high radiation exposure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Airplane_1_Deutsches_Museum.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_181", "caption": "Russian protective suit for work on radar systems. Hack Green Nuclear Bunker Museum, Nantwich, England", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-131-3176_IMG_1_radar_suit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_182", "caption": "Spectrum of electromagnetic waves; below the range of visible light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Spectre.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_183", "caption": "Inuit goggles", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Inuit_Goggles.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_184", "caption": "Poster warning of eye damage from sunlight, Office for Emergency Management. War Production Board, USA, ca. 1942", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Man_-_goggles_%3D_eternal_light._Man_-_googl_d848be87.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_185", "caption": "Warning of optical radiation in accordance with  DIN EN ISO 7010", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-ISO_7010_W027.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_186", "caption": "UV irradiation of children to stimulate the formation of vitamin D in  rickets , 1925", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Rickets_UV_treatment_1925.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_187", "caption": "Advertisement by Philips for a sun lamp, 1946", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Jacob_Merkelbach%2C_Afb_010164033195.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_188", "caption": "Warning signs against laser beams according to  DIN EN ISO 7010", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-ISO_7010_W004.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_189", "caption": "Matches can be lit within tenths of a second using a powerful laser pointer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Burning_a_line_matcksticks_within_a_second_w_38926fb7.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_190", "caption": "Protective clothing designed to protect against the waves of radio telegraphs (1911).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Illustration_Schutzanzug_Elektrosmog_1911.pn_f30e24ee.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_191", "caption": "Warning sign about radiation from mobile phone systems, starting from the church tower in  Heiden  in the canton of  Appenzell   Ausserrhoden  in Switzerland, which is reflected in the shop window, 2010.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-The_church_emits_%284241901594%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_192", "caption": "Warning of non-ionizing radiation in accordance with  DIN EN ISO 7010", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-ISO_7010_W005.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_193", "caption": "Body scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Provision_xray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_194", "caption": "Images from a terahertz scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mmw_large.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_195", "caption": "Scanner for hand luggage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-VTBS-luggage_screening-2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_196", "caption": "Short-wave diathermy (1944)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-British_Help_American_Wounded-_Rehabilitatio_e3fc2dbb.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_197", "caption": "Long-wave diathermy device by the doctor and founder of diathermy  Karl Franz Nagelschmidt , 1908", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Nagelschmidt%27s_diathermy_apparatus._Wellco_87a87ff3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_198", "caption": "German radiation passport", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Strahlenpass_Deutschland.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_199", "caption": "Radiation protection areas", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Kontrollbereich.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_200", "caption": "Remote-controlled robots with high-purity  germanium  detectors (high-purity  single crystal ) are used to identify radioactive substances.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Responders_take_action_in_suspicious_package_917c02f8.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_201", "caption": "CT scan of the thorax with window level set to -700 HU (lung)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_Scan_Thorax_Lung_-700_HU_Window_Level.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_202", "caption": "CT scan of the thorax with window level set to -1,000 HU (air)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_Scan_Thorax_Air_-1000_HU_Window_Level.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_203", "caption": "CT scan of the thorax with window level set to 0 HU (water)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_Scan_Thorax_Water_0_HU_Window_Level.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_204", "caption": "CT scan of the thorax with window level set to 60 HU (liver)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_Scan_Thorax_Liver_60_HU_Window_Level.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_205", "caption": "Unspecific cortical lesion on  CT scan  is confirmed cystic and benign with  contrast-enhanced   renal ultrasonography .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Contrast-enhanced_ultrasonography_of_benign__64911c3b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_206", "caption": "Positive John Thomas sign in patient with right femoral enchondroma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Bf37c777e88ab1729e6725e42fb85e_big_gallery.j_da8973c9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_207", "caption": "obtained from the  CT  \"slices\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-LUCASSegmentation2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_208", "caption": "Schematic of a cylindrical superconducting MR scanner. Top: cross section of the cylinder with primary coil, gradient coils and RF transmit coils. Bottom: longitudinal section of the cylinder and table, showing the same coils and the RF receive coil.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/330px-Mri_scanner_schematic_labelled.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_209", "caption": "A mobile MRI unit", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Glebefields_Health_Centre_-_2020-03-22_-_And_1fbbb00f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_210", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_211", "caption": "Effects of TR and TE on MR signal", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/260px-TR_TE.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_212", "caption": "Examples of T1-weighted, T2-weighted and  PD-weighted  MRI scans", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/260px-T1t2PD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_213", "caption": "Diagram of changing magnetization and spin orientations throughout spin-lattice relaxation experiment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/260px-Spin_Orientations_During_Relaxation.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_214", "caption": "Patient being positioned for MR study of the head and abdomen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Siemens_Magnetom_Aera_MRI_scanner.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_215", "caption": "Radiologist  interpreting MRI images of head and neck", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radiologist_interpreting_MRI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_216", "caption": "MRI diffusion tensor imaging of  white matter  tracts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_T_afbafc36.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_217", "caption": "MR angiogram in congenital heart disease", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PAPVR.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_218", "caption": "Magnetic resonance angiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mra1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_219", "caption": "Motion artifact (T1 coronal study of cervical vertebrae) [ 142 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/260px-MRI_with_motion_artifacts.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_220", "caption": "Marie Curie driving a \" Little Curie \u00a0[ fr ] \" in 1915", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Marie_Curie_-_Mobile_X-Ray-Unit.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_221", "caption": "Structural magnetic resonance imaging (structural MRI) of a head, from top to base of the skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/User-FastFission-brain.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_222", "caption": "Sagittal MRI slice at the midline", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Sagittal_brain_MRI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_223", "caption": "Axial MRI slice at the level of the  basal ganglia , showing fMRI  BOLD  signal changes overlaid in red (increase) and blue (decrease) tones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/FMRIscan.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_224", "caption": "The eye of an  owl", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Orange_eye_%286959548877%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_225", "caption": "Cytomegalovirus  infection of a lung  pneumocyte , showing owl's eye appearance of a large cell at center", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Cytomegalovirus_01.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_226", "caption": "Cytomegalovirus neuronal inclusions showing the owl's eye sign", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Cmv_neuronal_inclusions.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_227", "caption": "A child-friendly MRI scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-1_MRI-Virtual-Window.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_228", "caption": "A Peruvian child mummy being placed onto a CT machine for imaging", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/272px-US_Navy_110427-N-2531L-135_Tori_Randall%2C_P_5f5da210.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_229", "caption": "A 3D image of the skull of an Incan mummy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-The_Wormian_Inca_bone.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_230", "caption": "Two mummified Egyptian cats with a radiograph of the cat on the left", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mummified_cats.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_231", "caption": "An X-ray of Tutankhamun's skull, the arrow pointing to a possible cause of death", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Tutankhamunxray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_232", "caption": "Statue of Paramesses (later known as Ramesses I), pharaoh of Egypt during the  19th Dynasty , New Kingdom Egypt", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Statue_Paramesses_Munich.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_233", "caption": "Taking an X-ray image with early  Crookes tube  apparatus, late 1800s.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/230px-Crookes_tube_xray_experiment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_234", "caption": "The first radiograph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/150px-First_medical_X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen__f5c9b209.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_235", "caption": "Schematic of a basic rectilinear scanning system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Rectilinear_scanner.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_236", "caption": "Method of obtaining Schuller's view", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Schuller%27s_view.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_237", "caption": "Surgical planning using  bone segment navigation  for the osteotomy of the jaw bones, based on models fixed into an  articulator  (registration based on infrared devices)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-SurgicalPlanningArtikulator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_238", "caption": "Surgical planning using  bone segment navigation  for the osteotomy of the left  orbit , based on  stereolithographic models  (registration based on infrared devices)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/130px-StereolithographiemodellSchaedel.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_239", "caption": "A CT scan of a patient's chest is displayed through  teleradiology .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_viewer_Chest_Keosys.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_240", "caption": "Figure 1: Parallel beam geometry utilized in tomography and tomographic reconstruction. Each projection, resulting from tomography under a specific angle, is made up of the set of line integrals through the object.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Tomographic_fig1.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_241", "caption": "Resulting tomographic image from a plastic skull phantom. Projected X-rays are clearly visible on this slice taken with a CT-scan as image  artifacts , due to limited amount of projection slices over angles.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ct_skull.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_242", "caption": "A fan-beam reconstruction of Shepp-Logan Phantom with different sensor spacing. Smaller spacing between the sensors allow finer reconstruction. The figure was generated by using MATLAB.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Fan-beam_reconstruction_of_Shepp-Logan_Phant_1b142e67.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_243", "caption": "The influence of Poisson noise in deep learning reconstruction where Poisson noise causes the U-Net fail to reconstruct an existing high contrast lesion-like object.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-DeepLearningReconstruction.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_244", "caption": "An  abscess  and a THAD (white arrow) on a  contrast CT  in native, arterial, portal and delayed phase. [ 1 ] [ predatory publisher ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_of_abscess_and_THAD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_245", "caption": "Differentiating pathology in maxillary sinus", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Waters%27_view_sinus_pathology.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_246", "caption": "Onhgren's line", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Onhgren%27s_line.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_247", "caption": "Method of obtaining Waters' view", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Waters%27_view.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_248", "caption": "Charles Alexander Waters", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Charles_Alexander_Waters_%281888%E2%80%93196_e41fec05.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_249", "caption": "A modern dental X-ray tube. The heated cathode is on the left. Centre is the anode which is made from tungsten and embedded in the copper sleeve.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Dental_x-ray_tube.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_250", "caption": "Spectrum of the X-rays emitted by an X-ray tube with a  rhodium  target, operated at 60  kV . The smooth, continuous curve is due to  bremsstrahlung , and the spikes are  characteristic K lines  for rhodium atoms. Note that the emission starts around wavelength of 20pm corresponding to E=hc/\u03bb.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-TubeSpectrum-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_251", "caption": "Crookes X-ray tube from early 1900s. The cathode is on the right, the anode is in the center with attached heat sink at left. The electrode at the 10 o'clock position is the anticathode. The device at top is a 'softener' used to regulate the gas pressure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-Cosser_Crookes_xray_tube.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_252", "caption": "Coolidge side-window tube (scheme)  C: filament/cathode (-) A: anode (+) W in  and W out : water inlet and outlet of the cooling device", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-WaterCooledXrayTube.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_253", "caption": "Simplified rotating anode tube schematic  A: Anode C: cathode T: Anode target W: X-ray window", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Xraytubeinhousing_commons.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_254", "caption": "typical rotating anode X-ray tube", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_%28labeled%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_255", "caption": "Two high voltage rectifier tubes capable of producing X-rays", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Hvtubes.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_256", "caption": "Endovascular modalities for intracranial aneurysms [ 2 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-StentingCoils.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_257", "caption": "Endovascular repair of  cerebral aneurysm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-GDCcoilAneurysm.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_258", "caption": "Intra-cranial angioplasty and stent of basilar artery  stenosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-IntraCranialAngioplastyStentBasilarArtery.jp_87e58083.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_259", "caption": "TIPS procedure schematic", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Tips_schematic.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_260", "caption": "Biliary stenosis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Biliary_stenosis.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_261", "caption": "A very large (9\u00a0cm or 3.5\u00a0in) fibroid of the uterus causing pelvic congestion on US", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-9cmFibroidUS.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_262", "caption": "TACE", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-TACE.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_263", "caption": "Takayasu arteritis angiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Takayasu_Arteritis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_264", "caption": "Venous access port catheter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Venous_Access_Port_Catheter.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_265", "caption": "A  coronary angiogram  (an X-ray with radio-opaque contrast in the coronary arteries) that shows the left  coronary circulation . The distal  left main coronary artery  (LMCA) is in the left upper quadrant of the image. Its main branches (also visible) are the  left circumflex artery  (LCX), which courses top-to-bottom initially and then toward the centre-bottom, and the  left anterior descending  (LAD) artery, which courses from left-to-right on the image and then courses down the middle of the image to project underneath the distal LCX. The LAD, as is usual, has two large diagonal branches, which arise at the centre-top of the image and course toward the centre-right of the image.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ha1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_266", "caption": "Balloon-tipped catheter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Balloon-Tipped_Catheter.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_267", "caption": "Balloon inflated with stent", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Angioplasty_-_Balloon_Inflated_with_Stent.pn_4ed606a8.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_268", "caption": "Diagram of a balloon catheter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Balloon-catherter.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_269", "caption": "Lung biopsy in a case of suspected lung cancer under control of  computed tomography .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Biopsie_Lunge_Computertomographie_BC.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_270", "caption": "Illustration of an AngioJet; coronary thrombectomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Blausen_0024_Angiojet.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_271", "caption": "Post-embolization arteriogram showing coiled aneurysm (indicated by yellow arrows) of the posterior cerebral artery with a residual aneurysmal sac", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Coiled_PCA_residual_aneurysm_arteriogram.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_272", "caption": "Abdominal aortic endograft on a CT scan; original aneurysm marked in blue", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Endovasc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_273", "caption": "An example of a physician-modified aortic endograft with fenestrations added to accommodate the visceral branch arteries", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-FenGraft.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_274", "caption": "Artist's rendering of a branched/fenestrated EVAR in the visceral segment  of the aorta above an abdominal aortic aneurysm", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-ArtistsFenBranchInSituCropped.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_275", "caption": "Resected middle cerebral artery aneurysm filled with multiple coils.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Aneurysma_Coil.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_276", "caption": "A 3D reconstruction of the  Circle of Willis  derived from a CT angiogram.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Circle_of_willis_from_CT_angio.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_277", "caption": "Hemorrhoids before and after hemorrhoidal artery embolization", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Hemorrhoidal_artery_embolization.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_278", "caption": "Image showing an inferior vena cava filter in its position", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/284px-3D_Medical_Animation_Inferior_Vena_Filter.jp_cc29ad55.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_279", "caption": "Inferior vena cava filter as seen on plain X ray of the abdomen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-IVCFilterMark.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_280", "caption": "Abdominal radiograph shows that one of the legs (arrows) of the IVC filter is pointed away from the expected IVC lumen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radiograph_showing_IVC_Filter_Fracture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_281", "caption": "Axial CT image confirms that one of the legs (arrow) of the IVC filter has migrated out of the IVC wall into an adjacent tissue.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_showing_IVC_Filter_Fracture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_282", "caption": "(A)  Renal ultrasonograph  of  percutaneous  nephrostomy tube placed through a calyx in the lower pole of a kidney with hydronephrosis. (B) The pigtail catheter is placed in the dilated calyx. The tube in (A) and the pigtail in (B) are marked with white arrows. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ultrasonography_of_percutaneous_nephrostomy__e2513c75.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_283", "caption": "Various settings of a 6  French  pigtail catheter with locking string, obturator (also called  stiffening cannula ) and puncture needle.  A . Overview  B . Both puncture needle and obturator engaged, allowing for direct insertion.  C . Puncture needle retracted. Obturator engaged. Used for example in steady advancement of the catheter on a guidewire previously inserted into the renal pelvis through a thin needle. D . Both obturator and puncture needle retracted, when the catheter is in the renal pelvis.  E . Locking string is pulled (bottom center) and then wrapped and attach to the superficial end of the catheter.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Pigtail_catheter_settings.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_284", "caption": "Cytopathology  of peritoneal fluid from paracentesis ( Pap stain ), showing typical features of  adenocarcinoma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Pap_stain_of_adenocarcinoma_in_peritoneal_fl_8d4f7d2b.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_285", "caption": "Large volume abdominal  ascites", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ascites_ultrasound_2.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_286", "caption": "Small fluid collection in  Morison's pouch", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-FluidMorisonsPouchEctop.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_287", "caption": "Ascitic fluid, 7 litres, drained during paracentesis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/296px-PXL_20230322_073849973.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_288", "caption": "CT scan showing radiofrequency ablation of a liver lesion", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-RFA_CT_Leber_001.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_289", "caption": "Schematic view of a pulmonary vein ablation. The catheter reaches (from below) through the inferior vena cava, the right atrium and the left atrium, to the orifice of the left upper pulmonary vein.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Herz_Lungenvenenablation.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_290", "caption": "A set of equipment to perform the Seldinger technique", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Seldinger_Set.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_291", "caption": "A balloon-expandable coronary stent on a balloon catheter", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/110px-Taxus_stent_FDA.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_292", "caption": "Compressed and expanded peripheral artery stents", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/110px-Stent4_%28fcm%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_293", "caption": "Example of a ureteral stent used to alleviate  hydronephrosis  of the kidney", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/110px-Abdominal_Xray_with_uretal_stent.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_294", "caption": "Example of a stent/catheter used in the prostate to treat an enlarged prostate and provide relief in cases of obstructed urination", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/110px-Spanner_insitu.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_295", "caption": "Endoscopic  image of a  self-expanding metallic stent  in an  esophagus , used to  palliatively  treat  esophageal cancer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/110px-SEMS_endo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_296", "caption": "Endoscopic image of a biliary stent seen protruding from the  ampulla of Vater  at the time of duodenoscopy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/110px-Biliary_stent_endo.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_297", "caption": "Endovascular aneurysm repair  using large stent grafts", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/110px-Aneurysm_endovascular.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_298", "caption": "The illustration shows a person having thoracentesis. The person sits upright and leans on a table. Excess fluid from the pleural space is drained into a bag.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/Thoracentesis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_299", "caption": "Instruments for thoracocentesis and needle biopsy of the pleura [ 8 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Needle_biopsy_of_the_pleura.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_300", "caption": "Steps in a TIPS procedure: A) portal hypertension has caused the  coronary vein  (arrow) and the  umbilical vein  (arrowhead) to dilate and flow in reverse. This leads to varices in the esophagus and stomach, which can bleed; B) a needle has been introduced (via the jugular vein) and is passing from the hepatic vein into the portal vein; c) the tract is dilated with a balloon; D) after placement of a stent, portal pressure is normalized and the coronary and umbilical veins no longer fill.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Tips_schematic.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_301", "caption": "Illustration of uterine fibroids with examples of their possible locations", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Fibroid_locations.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_302", "caption": "After access to the femoral or radial artery is established through needle puncture, interventional radiologists use image guidance to perform the procedure. The screen in front of the doctors provides a live image of the tools that are being used throughout the procedure as they navigate to the artery that they would like to embolize (block off). Administration of embolizing agents that are used to block off the arteries can also be seen in real-time.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-DVbFd-lXUAAxgFI.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_303", "caption": "An external vascular closure device of radial artery following a cardiac catheterization. The device allows for gradual release of pressure over the puncture site, reducing patient discomfort, until closure is achieved.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Vascular_closure_device.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_304", "caption": "Cement in a vertebra as seen on plain Xray.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-VertcementX.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_305", "caption": "A CT image of cement used in kyphoplasty that has entered the spinal channel and is pressing on the spinal cord resulting in neurological symptoms", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-VertcementCT2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_306", "caption": "The dark areas on both sides of the intestines indicate that air is present in both sides.  This is called \"Rigler's sign\".", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Double_wall_sign.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_307", "caption": "Sagittal reformat from a CT scan of the chest showing air crescent sign in a patient with invasive fungal infection. There is a rounded cavity in the apical right upper lobe, with a non-dependant soft-tissue nodule within it. Also there is some subtle ground-glass opacity surrounding the lesion.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Invasive_fungus.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_308", "caption": "Chest CT scan showing crazy paving pattern", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Crazy_paving_pattern_on_chest_CT_scan.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_309", "caption": "Frontal view of the abdomen with double bubble sign, patient was found to have duodenal atresia.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-DuodAtres.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_310", "caption": "Dural tail sign seen associated with a meningioma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Dural_tail_sign.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_311", "caption": "Empty sella in MR imaging", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Empty_Sella_MRT_T2_sag_002.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_312", "caption": "High-resolution CT image showing ground-glass opacities in the periphery of both lungs in a patient with COVID-19 (red arrows). The adjacent normal lung tissue with lower attenuation appears as darker areas.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-COVID-19-Longontsteking.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_313", "caption": "High-Resolution CT image in a patient with Pneumocystis pneumonia infection showing ground-glass opacities.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/413px-CT_of_infiltrates_of_pneumocystis_pneumonia._348cda96.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_314", "caption": "CT image showing ground-glass opacification in the posterior of the right lung (screen left).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/411px-Fibrosis_focal_intersticial.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_315", "caption": "CT image showing patchy areas of ground-glass opacities representing pulmonary edema.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/411px-Patron_de_ground_glass_parcheado.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_316", "caption": "CT image showing diffuse GGOs throughout both lungs. An abscess is also noted in the right lung (screen left).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/410px-Lung_abscess_-_CT_scan_%287471756882%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_317", "caption": "CT image in patient with COVID-19 showing bilateral ground-glass opacities at the periphery of both lungs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/233px-COVID-19_Pneumonie_-_74m_CTcor_-_002.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_318", "caption": "This PA chest radiograph demonstrates an abnormal contour in the right hilar region, with visualization of the pulmonary vessels through the mass (the hilar overlay sign) indicating its posterior mediastinal location. On resection this was found to be a benign  solitary fibrous tumor  of the pleura.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Chest_radiograph_showing_fibrous_tumor_of_th_85183d78.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_319", "caption": "Radionuclide scan showing no intracranial blood flow. The hot nose sign is manifest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radionuclide_Cerebral_Blood_Flow_Scan.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_320", "caption": "Large jackstone in the bladder of a 60-year-old man", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Jackstone.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_321", "caption": "Kerley B lines in a patient with  congestive heart failure .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Chest_radiograph_of_a_lung_with_Kerley_B_lin_a0cf939d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_322", "caption": "X-ray shoulder showing light bulb sign (left) in posterior shoulder dislocation. The image on the right was taken after reposition.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Lightbulb_sign_-_posterior_shoulder_dislocat_0f71d4dc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_323", "caption": "A massive left pleural effusion displacing the heart and trachea to the right", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Pleural_effusion_-_Left_lung_%287471755836%2_61ca11fc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_324", "caption": "Massive right sided pleural effusion later confirmed to be a hemothorax", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PMC2567296_1757-1626-1-225-2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_325", "caption": "Empyema  progression seen on the left side of the chest over the course of 2 weeks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radiology_2706_1407_empyema_progression_nevi_0fa4c085.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_326", "caption": "Axial CT image showing a large left sided mass that appears attached to the pleura.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Pleural_based_thymoma_-_CT_scan_-_Case_282_%_09f4960a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_327", "caption": "Chest x-ray demonstrating severe atelectasis or collapse of the right lung and mediastinal shift towards the right.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Atelectasia1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_328", "caption": "Chest x-ray demonstrating pulmonary agenesis. There is a mediastinal toward the left and hyperinflation of the right lung.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Chest_X-ray_showing_left_pulmonary_agenesis__54b7b2f9.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_329", "caption": "Chest x-ray showing pectus excavatum with leftward shift of heart shadow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Trichterbrust_im_Roentgenbild_des_Thorax_pa._a5db592d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_330", "caption": "CT axial view showing pectus excavatum of the chest.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Pectusexcavatum.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_331", "caption": "Chest x-ray showing an individual who had their right lung removed with fluid accumulating in the operated side.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PneumonectomyXray.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_332", "caption": "Chest x-ray in an infant showing aspiration of a metallic coin without signs of mediastinal shift.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Foreign_body_aspiration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_333", "caption": "An axial CT image showing bullous emphysema of the lungs. There are larger air pockets on the right than left.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Bullus_emphasemaCT.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_334", "caption": "Chest x-ray of infant showing CPAM in the left lung causing a mediastinal shift towards the right. The cysts appear as bubbles in the left lung.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Zystisch_adenomatoide_Malformation_bei_Neuge_2919b4da.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_335", "caption": "Distinct fibrotic scar and hilar opacity following secondary tuberculosis on chest x-ray", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Chest_x-ray_of_distinct_fibrotic_scar_after__ca52779a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_336", "caption": "Anatomic illustration of the greater omentum (blue) and its proximity to other peritoneal contents including small intestine, transverse colon, stomach, and liver", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Gray1035.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_337", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Peribronchial_cuffing.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_338", "caption": "Massive pericardial effusion showing 'water bottle heart' sign", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Massivepericarialeffusion.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_339", "caption": "A  vestibular schwannoma  (VS) is only one type of tumor", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Vestibular-schwannoma-003.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_340", "caption": "Axial and coronal view of abdominal CT angiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/435px-Abdominal_CT_angiography.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_341", "caption": "Volume rendered CTA of renal arteries in patient with medial fibromuscular dysplasia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/436px-CTA_FMD.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_342", "caption": "CTA of a vascular malformation with intraventricular hemorrhage", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/CT_angiography_of_a_vascular_malformation_with_int_23836212.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_343", "caption": "In  volume renderings , automatic bone removal (used in the right image) is helpful for visualizing the intracranial vessels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/436px-CT_angiography_of_the_head_without_and_with__9bfaf4fe.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_344", "caption": "Volume rendered CT scan of abdominal and pelvic blood vessels.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Volume_rendered_CT_scan_of_abdominal_and_pel_7a2db0a8.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_345", "caption": "A  CT scan  image showing a ruptured  abdominal aortic aneurysm .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-RupturedAAA.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_346", "caption": "FIGURE 1. Non-contrast CT demonstrating multiple bilateral renal calculi (arrows), which can be obscured on contrast-enhanced images, particularly delayed images when there is excreted contrast in the renal collecting system; axial left, coronal reformat on right. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Non-contrast_CT_of_multiple_bilateral_renal__70381096.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_347", "caption": "FIGURE 3. Axial (left) and coronal (right) CT angiography images of the abdominal aorta evaluating for aortic aneurysm. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Abdominal_CT_angiography.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_348", "caption": "FIGURE 4: Arterial and portal venous phase CT of cholangiocarcinoma. Selected images from a biphasic CT demonstrating early arterial enhancement of a posterior right hepatic lobe mass with mild wash out on delayed phase images in the setting of cirrhosis characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Arterial_and_portal_venous_phase_CT_of_chola_23a364b2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_349", "caption": "FIGURE 5. Selected images form CT performed using a Cholangiocarcinoma specific protocol. 5a is a portal venous phase image demonstrating a single low attenuation mass which does not appear to enhance. 5b is a 15 minute delayed image which demonstrates delayed enhancement of the liver mass (arrow) characteristic of Cholangiocarcinoma. Several other enhancing masses (arrowheads) are also seen which were not evident on the portal venous phase images. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Arterial_and_portal_venous_phase_CT_of_chola_23a364b2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_350", "caption": "FIGURE 6. Selected images from a biphasic CT of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia in the left hepatic lobe (arrow). These masses have characteristic early arterial enhancement (6a) with contrast wash out on the portal venous phase images (6b) from the mass making these lesions difficult to identify on portal venous phase images alone. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Late_arterial_and_portal_venous_phase_CT_of__967cc7f4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_351", "caption": "FIGURE 8. Selected images from a CT Urography protocol CT. 8a is an axial CT image from the renal parenchymal phase. There is a mildly enhancing soft tissue mass in the left renal pelvis (arrow) consistent with a transitional cell carcinoma. Figure 8b (coronal reformats) and 8c (left oblique coronal reformats) demonstrate the double bolus technique of CT Urography. These images confirm soft tissue mass (arrows) in the renal pelvis with contrast excretion into the collecting system (arrowheads). [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Renal_parenchymal_phase_CT_of_transitional_c_a9d4b85d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_352", "caption": "FIGURE 9. Selected images from a pancreatic protocol. 9a is a noncontrast CT image demonstrating subtle fullness in the region of the pancreatic neck (arrow). 9b is a CT image performed during the early arterial phase during which there is opacification of the arterial structure with subtle fullness in the pancreatic neck (arrow). The pancreas is not enhancing during this phase. 9c was performed in a late arterial/pancreatic phase demonstrating normal enhancement of the pancreas (arrowhead) with a hypoenhancing mass (arrow) in the pancreatic neck. The pancreatic mass is more visible during this phase. [ citation needed ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Non-contrast%2C_early_arterial%2C_and_late_a_259de2ce.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_353", "caption": "Volume rendering  of an abdominal CT.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Abdominal_CT_with_scan_range_and_field_of_vi_009cb54a.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_354", "caption": "A \"lung window\" CT scan showing a  lung cancer  in the left lung", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_O_eea1e3b0.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_355", "caption": "Fig. 1. An incidentally discovered colloid nodule with calcification, shown on CT scan of a 58-year-old female patient. a Non-enhanced axial CT scan of the neck demonstrates a coarse calcification at the left thyroid inferior pole. b Sagittal grey scale ultrasound of the thyroid demonstrates a heterogeneous nodule with a predominant cystic component. Calcification was not seen in the ultrasound, probably due to its lower location in the superior mediastinum. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_of_thyroid_colloid_nodule_with_calcificat_54701979.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_356", "caption": "Fig. 2. A 51-year-old female patient post left hemithyroidectomy, with incidentally discovered a right thyroid colloid nodule on CT scan. an Enhanced axial CT scan of the neck demonstrates a well-defined, hypodense right thyroid nodule (white arrow) with no internal calcifications or cervical lymphadenopathy. b Transverse greyscale thyroid ultrasound demonstrates a well-defined, hypoechoic right thyroid lobe nodule with a central echogenicity including comet tail (ring down) artefacts (white arrow). No vascularity (not shown) or calcifications were detected.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT_and_ultrasound_of_thyroid_colloid_nodule._53098c0d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_357", "caption": "Fig. 3. An incidental PTC in a 62-year-old male patient with lymphoma. a, b Enhanced axial CT scan and fused PET/CT scan of the neck demonstrate a well-defined, hypodense right thyroid nodule (white arrow) with high FDG uptake. The FDG-avid uptake in the left side (circle) is related to patient's known lymphoma, which resolved after treatment. c, d Transverse greyscale and sagittal colour Doppler ultrasound of the neck demonstrate a right thyroid irregular hypoechoic lesion with some micro-calcifications (white arrows) and increased vascularity. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Papillary_thyroid_carcinoma_on_CT%2C_PET_CT__01d03c08.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_358", "caption": "Fig. 5. A poorly differentiated invasive left thyroid mass in a 58-year-old female patient. a Sagittal greyscale neck ultrasound shows a large hypoechoic lesion with macro-calcification and micro-calcification. b Sagittal colour Doppler ultrasound shows left internal jugular vein filling defect with detected internal vascularity suggestive of tumour thrombus. c Enhanced axial and coronal CT scans of the neck show heterogeneously enhancing large lesion replacing the left thyroid lobe and extending to the isthmus and the medial aspect of the right thyroid lobe (white arrow). The mass and the conglomerate lymph nodes measure 12.5\u2009\u00d7\u20097\u2009\u00d7\u20095.8 cm (white arrows). d, e Axial enhanced CT scans show enlarged left cervical nodes (white arrow) and left internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombus (black arrows). Note the IJV distention and central enhancing portion in the upper cut (black arrow in e) concerning the tumour thrombus. f, g Enhanced axial CT scan of the upper chest demonstrate a mass extension into the retrosternal area, left tracheoesophageal groove, and posterior to the trachea (white arrows in f). There are multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules (white arrows in g). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Ultrasonography_and_CT_of_a_poorly_different_6f2c3015.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_359", "caption": "Fig. 10. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of unknown origin in a 42-year-old female patient. a, b Axial and coronal enhanced neck CT scan demonstrate infiltrative hypodense left thyroid lobe lesions (white arrows). There are multiple necrotic cervical nodal metastases (white block arrows). [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Thyroid_CT_with_metastatic_squamous_cell_car_257ed982.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_360", "caption": "Fig. 16. Midline ectopic thyroid with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a 49-year-old female patient. a Transverse greyscale ultrasound shows a 1.6\u2009\u00d7\u20090.8 cm solid, well-defined, heterogeneous area (white arrow) in the midline, superior to the thyroid gland. It is iso-echogenic to the thyroid gland with no definite connection to the thyroid gland. b Transverse colour Doppler ultrasound shows significant increase in vascularity. c Axial enhanced neck CT scan at the level of thyroid cartilage demonstrates midline infrahyoid hyperdense soft tissue mass (white arrow) embedded within the strap muscle. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ultrasonography_and_CT_of_midline_ectomic_th_c18b665c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_361", "caption": "Fig. 22. A 26-year-old male patient with elevated serum parathyroid hormones and calcium secondary to intra-thyroid parathyroid adenoma. a, b Enhanced axial and coronal CT scan of the neck demonstrate a well-defined hypodense right thyroid nodule (white arrows). c Bone window coronal CT scan shows lytic expansile lesions at the right mandible and left frontal bone (white arrows). d Transverse colour Doppler ultrasound of the neck demonstrates a well-defined, heterogonous, predominantly hypoechoic right thyroid nodule measuring 2.7 cm, with mild increased vascularity and no internal micro-calcifications (white arrow). e, f Delayed anterior planar and fused SPECT/CT parathyroid Sestamibi scan at 2 hours demonstrate persistent focal activity in the right thyroid lobe (white arrows). Note the scattered mandibular/maxillary uptakes in planar image representing the known brown tumours. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CT%2C_ultrasonography%2C_SPECT_and_scintigra_7b139091.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_362", "caption": "Principle of CBCT.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Cone_Beam_CT_principle.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_363", "caption": "Impacted wisdom tooth seen on CBCT.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-3D_CT_impacted_wisdom_tooth.Gif.Gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_364", "caption": "Pulmonary emboli can be classified according to level along the  pulmonary arterial  tree.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Computed_tomograph_of_pulmonary_vessels.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_365", "caption": "CT pulmonary angiogram showing segmental and subsegmental pulmonary emboli on both sides.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-SegandSubsegPE.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_366", "caption": "Flat panel detector used in digital radiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Flat_panel_detector.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_367", "caption": "EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) training and material testing. A 105 mm shell is radiographied with battery powered portable X-ray generator and flat panel detector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-EOD_training.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_368", "caption": "Direct x-ray imaging system (DXIS) - real time display", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-RotatingPan.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_369", "caption": "An illustration of the source/detector motion involved in linear tomography, with in-focus objects in the slice plane (red and purple) and blurred objects above and below (orange and green)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Focal_plane_tomography.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_370", "caption": "Normal (left) versus cancerous (right) mammography image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mammo_breast_cancer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_371", "caption": "Illustration of a mammogram", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Blausen_0628_Mammogram.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_372", "caption": "A mobile mammography unit in New Zealand", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-BreastScreen_Aotearoa.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_373", "caption": "A panoramic radiograph of a 9 year old in mixed dentition", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mixed_dentition_pan.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_374", "caption": "A basic panoramic radiograph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Basic_panoramic_radiograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_375", "caption": "A Panoramic radiography machine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Panoramic_Xray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_376", "caption": "Panoramic radiograph showing horizontally impacted lower wisdom teeth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PAN_TEETH.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_377", "caption": "Minimally-displaced fracture in right mandibular. Arrow marks fracture, root canal on central incisor, teeth to the left of fracture do not touch", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Simple_mandible_fracture.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_378", "caption": "Panoramic radiograph showing  Stafne defect  (arrowed).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Stafne_defect_panorex.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_379", "caption": "Dental panoramic radiograph showing  dentigerous cyst  (arrowed).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-JawCyst_%28with_arrows%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_380", "caption": "DXIS - real time display", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-RotatingPan.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_381", "caption": "Arrows point to two vertical white lines which is how calcifications in the first part (proximal component) of the internal carotid artery appear on panoramic radiographs.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-X-ray64A.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_382", "caption": "A line drawing depicting a panoramic radiograph with an ovoid atheroma in the bifurcation region of the common carotid artery (CCA) as it bifurcates (divides) in the neck into the internal carotid artery (ICA) which supplies blood to the brain and the external carotid artery (ECA) which supplies blood to the face and mouth.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/X-ray65B.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_383", "caption": "X-ray absorption (left) and differential phase-contrast (right) image of an in-ear headphone obtained with a grating interferometer at 60kVp", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-X-ray-PhaseContrast-EarPlug.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_384", "caption": "A. Snigirev", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Dr._Anatoly_Snigirev.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_385", "caption": "Drawing of attenuation and phase shift of electromagnetic wave propagating in medium with complex index of refraction n", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Attenuation_and_phase_shift_of_electromagnet_643c1b75.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_386", "caption": "Drawing of crystal interferometer", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Crystal_interferometer.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_387", "caption": "Drawing of a grating Bonse-Hart interferometer.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Grating_Bonse-Hart_Interferometer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_388", "caption": "Drawing of analyzer-based imaging", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Analyzer-based_imaging.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_389", "caption": "Drawing of Propagation-based imaging", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Propagation-based_imaging.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_390", "caption": "Drawing of Grating-based imaging", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Grating-based_imaging.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_391", "caption": "The optical Talbot Effect for monochromatic light, shown as a \"Talbot Carpet\". At the bottom of the figure the light can be seen diffracting through a grating, and this exact pattern is reproduced at the top of the picture (one Talbot Length away from the grating). Halfway down you see the image shifted to the side, and at regular fractions of the Talbot Length the sub-images are clearly seen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Optical_Talbot_Carpet.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_392", "caption": "Diagram of Electronic Phase Stepping (EPS). The source spot is moved electronically, which leads to movement of the sample image on the detector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-EPS_figure.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_393", "caption": "An x-ray far-field interferometer using only phase gratings is based on the phase moir\u00e9 effect. The mid grating forms Fourier images of the first grating. These images beat with the 3rd grating to produce broad moir\u00e9 fringes on the detector at the appropriate distance. Phase shifts and de-coherence of the wavefront by the object cause fringe shifts and attenuation of the fringe contrast.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Polychromatic_far-field_interferometer.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_394", "caption": "Drawing of Edge-illumination \u2013 sample positions resulting in increased (above) and decreased (below) detected counts are shown.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Fig1forWikip.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_395", "caption": "Drawing of laboratory-based edge-illumination, obtained through (\u201ccoded\u201d) aperture x-ray masks.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Fig2forWikip.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_396", "caption": "The benefit of phase contrast mammography relative to absorption contrast for (1) a tumor structure (\u201ctumor\u201d), (2) a glandular structure (\u201cglandular\u201d), (3) a microcalcification (\u201cMC\u201d), and (4) an air cavity (\u201cair\u201d) as a function of target size at optimal energy and equal dose. [ 97 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Phase_contrast_benefit_ratio.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_397", "caption": "Brain perfusion SPECT shows dental pain patients with  analgesia  (top row) versus  placebo  (bottom row).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-SPECT_Theranostics.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_398", "caption": "Nanotheranostics combines therapy and diagnosis in a single nanoplatform, enhancing treatment results in cancer and other diseases. Targeting nanotherapeutics improves delivery and effectiveness for diverse genetic and translational pathologies.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Nano_Theranostics.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_399", "caption": "Tomosynthesis of a lung with  chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Tomosynthesis_of_chronic_fibrosing_pulmonary_f54e1cf1.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_400", "caption": "Radiation therapy for a patient with a  diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma , with radiation dose color-coded", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Palliative_Care_Options_for_a_Young_Adult_Pa_2b593b7e.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_401", "caption": "Histopathology of radiation cystitis, including atypical stromal cells (\"radiation fibroblasts\")", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Histopathology_of_radiation_cystitis.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_402", "caption": "The beam's eye view of the radiotherapy portal on the hand's surface with the lead shield cut-out placed in the machine's gantry", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-DupuytrensRadiotherapyHamburg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_403", "caption": "A teletherapy radiation capsule composed of the following:  an  international standard source holder  (usually lead), a retaining ring, and a teletherapy \"source\" composed of two nested stainless steel canisters welded to two stainless steel lids surrounding a protective internal shield (usually uranium metal or a tungsten alloy) and a cylinder of radioactive source material, often but not always  cobalt-60 . The diameter of the \"source\" is 30\u00a0mm.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/213px-Teletherapy_Capsule2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_404", "caption": "Varian  TrueBeam  Linear Accelerator , used for delivering IMRT", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Varian_TruBeam.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_405", "caption": "A SAVI brachytherapy device", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-1_applicator.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_406", "caption": "X-ray treatment of  tuberculosis  in 1910.  Before the 1920s, the hazards of radiation were not understood, and it was used to treat a wide range of diseases.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/310px-X-ray_treatment_of_tuberculosis_1910.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_407", "caption": "Proposed mechanism of the abscopal effect, mediated by the immune system. Here, local radiation causes tumor cell death, which is followed by adaptive immune system recognition, not unlike a vaccine.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Abscopal_Drawing.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_408", "caption": "Simulated radiation dose of an electron in water, where the ionization energy of water at ~10\u00a0eV shows a resonant dose enhancement. The upper and lower curves are the short and long limiting ranges, respectively. In a vacuum, the kinetic energy  1 \u2044 2 m e v 2 \u00a0=\u00a01\u00a0eV implies an electron velocity of 6\u00d710 7 \u00a0cm/s, or 0.2 percent of the speed of light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Auger_Therapy1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_409", "caption": "The Bragg curve of 5.49 MeV alphas in air has its peak to the right and is  skewed  to the left, unlike the x-ray beam below.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Bragg_Curve_for_Alphas_in_Air-PT-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_410", "caption": "The dose produced by a native and by a  modified proton beam  in passing through tissue, compared to the absorption of a photon or x-ray beam", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-BraggPeak-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_411", "caption": "The first cobalt machine in Italy, installed in  Borgo Valsugana  in 1953.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/290px-Eldorado_A.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_412", "caption": "\u00c8ve Curie , Coutard, Queen  Mary of Teck , and the  Viscountess Runciman  in 1937", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/290px-%C3%88ve_Curie%2C_Henri_Coutard%2C_Queen_Mar_0f7fa7e4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_413", "caption": "Coutard  (pictured far right)  in 1937 with other leading cancer researchers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/290px-Smithonian_6891461979.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_414", "caption": "DIBH treatment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Deep_Inspiration_Breath-Hold.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_415", "caption": "Another DIBH treatment", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Another_DIBH_treatment.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_416", "caption": "A cumulative DVH from a radiotherapy plan.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Cumulative_dose-volume_histogram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_417", "caption": "Joanna Izewska gives Ambassador Frank Recker and his delegation a tour of the  IAEA  Dosimetry Laboratory.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-IAEA_Dosimetry_Lab_%2806010192%29_%281218808_8a8b4295.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_418", "caption": "External radiation protection dose quantities in SI units", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-Dose_quantities_and_units.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_419", "caption": "Graphic showing relationship of SI radiation dose units", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-SI_Radiation_dose_units.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_420", "caption": "Note the rapid falloff for 4 MeV electron compared to X rays and Protons.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Dose_Depth_Curves.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_421", "caption": "Gallium scan showing panda (A) and lambda (B) patterns, considered specific for  sarcoidosis  in the absence of histological confirmation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Gallium_67_Scan_%28Diagnosis_of_Sarcoidosis%_45ff86df.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_422", "caption": "CT scan (left) and gallium PSMA PET scan (right) of patient with prostate cancer metastases in the bones", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Gallium_PSMA_PET_scan.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_423", "caption": "The Finsen hospital lamp, 1900. The projecting tubes can be adjusted so as to permit the focusing of the light, which is directed through a hollow lens that's kept pressed down upon the part under treatment. The nurses and patients are wearing dark glasses to protect the eyes from the light.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Finsen_lamp-1900.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_424", "caption": "X-ray apparatus used for treatment of epithelioma of the face, 1915. The tube is in a localizing shield, and a perforated sheet of metal is securely fashioned to the surface by adhesive plaster. [ 16 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Technic_of_roentgenotherapy_to_treat_epithel_a3a22b08.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_425", "caption": "Small tubes containing radium salts are strapped to a woman's face to treat what was either lupus or rodent ulcer, 1905. [ 22 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Application_of_radium_tubes_-_1905.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_426", "caption": "Glass applicators for radium emanation, 1918 [ 25 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/180px-Glass_applicators_for_radium_emanation_-_191_669c9c01.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_427", "caption": "Illustration showing a tube for applying radium salts, 1918 [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Radium_salt_tube_-_1918.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_428", "caption": "X-ray treatment of  tuberculosis  in 1910", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-X-ray_treatment_of_tuberculosis_1910.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_429", "caption": "Advertisement for a scientifically developed radiation emanation activator. [ 5 ]  This particular device is suggested for use by Augustus Call\u00e9 in a textbook on post-graduate medicine. [ 36 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Radium_therapy_-_1913.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_430", "caption": "The Revigator \"radioactive water crock\" (1930s)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Revigator_for_every_home.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_431", "caption": "\"Tho-radia\" powder, based on  radium  and  thorium , according to the formula of Dr Alfred Curie", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Tho-Radia-IMG_1228.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_432", "caption": "MLC shape of an X-MLCs", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-MLCShape.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_433", "caption": "Leaves, changing shape, direct the beam to the right  cancer  area", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Collimatore_multilama.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_434", "caption": "Nuclear physicist at the  Idaho National Laboratory  sets up an experiment using an electronic neutron generator.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Experiment_using_an_electronic_neutron_gener_ead8c2d1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_435", "caption": "Neutristor  in its simplest form as tested by the inventor at Sandia National Laboratories", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Neutristor_test_sample.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_436", "caption": "Neutristor  in an inexpensive vacuum sealed package ready for testing", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Neutristor_in_its_simplest_form.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_437", "caption": "Relative sensitivity. This figure illustrates the typical change in the relative radiosensitivity for a biological effect such as cell death when exposed to radiations of low ionizing density (e.g. x-rays). The hyperbolic relationship shown has a maximum OER of 2.70 for 100% oxygen (at 760 mmHg), with a half-range OER value at 4.2 mmHg or 0.55% of oxygen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/340px-Relative_sensitivity.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_438", "caption": "Change with ionizing density. This figure illustrates the trend in the relative radiosensitivity or OER with oxygen tension for radiations of different ionizing density or linear energy transfer (LET, keV/\u03bcm). The inhibition of clone-formation by cultured human cells was measured after exposure to alpha-particles, deuterons and 250 kVp x-rays by Barendsen et al. (1966). The range of the maximum OER for 100% oxygen (at 760 mmHg) was 2.7 for 250 kVp x-rays dropping to 1.0 for 2.5 MeV alpha-particles. In each case the OER curves shown assume a half-range OER value of 4.2 mmHg or 0.55% oxygen.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/340px-Change_with_ionizing_density.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_439", "caption": "Cell survival. This figure is illustrative of the reduction in the OER from aerobic to anoxic conditions for lower compared to higher doses, which has a bearing on the choice of dose fractionation exposures for radiotherapy of tumours.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/340px-Cell_survival.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_440", "caption": "A pencil-beam radar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Pencil_beam_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_441", "caption": "A moving or sweeping pencil-beam radar", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-3d-radarp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_442", "caption": "In 1675, a pencil was interpreted as a double cone of rays, as from an object point, through a lens, to an image point.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Pencil_1675.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_443", "caption": "Definitions of  ray ,  pencil , and  beam  in Henry Coddington's 1829  A System of Optics , Part 1", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ray_pencil_beam_Coddington_1829.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_444", "caption": "The two image in the top row (the image on the left hand side is plotted on log scale and on the right hand side is plotted on linear scale) show the output of the spectral analysis showing its frequencies components grouped around three clusters, referred to as high, intermediate and low frequencies, supporting the assumption of three compartments in the Hawkins model corresponding to plasma, bone ECF and bone mineral compartment respectively. The image at the bottom row shows the IRF plotted using the frequency components obtained previously.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Spectral_Analysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_445", "caption": "A bone TAC is modelled as a convolution of measured arterial input function with IRF. The estimates for IRF are obtained iteratively to minimise the differences between the bone curve and the convolution of estimated IRF with input function curve. The curve in green shows the initial estimates of the IRF and the blue curve is the final IRF which minimises the differences between the estimated bone curve and the true bone curve.  K i  is obtained from the intercept of the linear fit to the slow component of this exponential curve which is considered the plasma clearance to the bone mineral, i.e. were the red line cuts the y axis.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Deconvolution_analysis.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_446", "caption": "A diagrammatic view of the process of kinetic modelling using Hawkins model used to calculate the rate of bone metabolism at a skeletal site. C p  refers to the plasma concentration of the tracer, C e  refers to the tracer concentration in ECF compartment, C b  refers to the concentration of tracer in bone mineral compartment, M1 refers to mass of tracer in the C e  compartment, M2 refers to the mass of tracer in the C b  compartment, C T  is the total mass in the C e +C b , PVE refers to the partial volume correction, FA refers to the femoral artery, ROI refers to region of the interest, B-Exp refers to the bi-exponential, .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Screenshot_from_2020-04-23_15-18-39.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_447", "caption": "Patlak analysis where a linear regression is fitted between the data on y- and x-axis to obtain the estimates of the Ki, which is the slope of the fitted regression line.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Patlak_Plot.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_448", "caption": "Whole-body PET scan using  18 F-FDG ( fluorodeoxyglucose ). The normal brain and kidneys are labeled, and radioactive urine from breakdown of the FDG is seen in the bladder. In addition, a large metastatic tumor mass from colon cancer is seen in the liver.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PET-MIPS-anim.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_449", "caption": "PET scan of the human brain", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PET-image.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_450", "caption": "Schematic view of a detector block and ring of a PET scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PET-detectorsystem_2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_451", "caption": "Schema of a PET acquisition process", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PET-schema.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_452", "caption": "Complete body PET-CT fusion image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Viewer_medecine_nucleaire_keosys.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_453", "caption": "Brain PET-MRI fusion image", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-PET-MR2-Head-Keosys.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_454", "caption": "A PET scanner released in 2003", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-ECAT-Exact-HR--PET-Scanner.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_455", "caption": "Chronic radiodermatitis on the neck and jaw from X-ray exposure", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Sequeira_Plate_7.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_456", "caption": "Doctor reviewing a radiation treatment plan", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Doctor_review_brain_images.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_457", "caption": "Treatment plan for an  Optic nerve sheath meningioma", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-ONSM_Radiation_Treatment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_458", "caption": "Patient undergoing pelvic radiotherapy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/245px-Radiation_therapy.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_459", "caption": "Cryopreservation of gametes", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Cryopreservation_USDA_Gene_Bank.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_460", "caption": "A medical radiograph of a skull", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%_722928d4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_461", "caption": "Taking an X-ray image with early  Crookes tube  apparatus, late 1800s", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Crookes_tube_xray_experiment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_462", "caption": "The first radiograph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-First_medical_X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen__52bfcb26.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_463", "caption": "1897 sciagraph (X-ray photograph) of  Pelophylax lessonae  (then  Rana Esculenta ), from James Green & James H. Gardiner's \"Sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Reptiles\"", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-James_Green_%26_James_H._Gardiner_-_Sciagrap_205d402c.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_464", "caption": "Acquisition of  projectional radiography , with an  X-ray generator  and a  detector", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Projectional_radiography_components.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_465", "caption": "Images generated from  computed tomography , including a  3D rendered  image at upper left", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ct-workstation-neck.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_466", "caption": "Angiogram showing a  transverse projection  of the  vertebro   basilar  and  posterior cerebral  circulation", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Cerebral_angiography%2C_arteria_vertebralis__997532f9.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_467", "caption": "Radiography may also be used in  paleontology , such as for these radiographs of the  Darwinius  fossil  Ida .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Darwinius_radiographs.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_468", "caption": "A plain radiograph of the  elbow", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Coude_fp.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_469", "caption": "AP radiograph of the  lumbar spine", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-AP_lumbar_xray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_470", "caption": "A hand prepared to be X-rayed", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Hand_Xray_%2848630648876%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_471", "caption": "Animated sequence of reconstruction steps, one iteration.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/Algebraic_Reconstruction_Technique_-_animated.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_472", "caption": "An x-ray image receptor, containing an  anti-scatter grid  and three AEC regions (represented by dark grey circles and square) These regions represent anatomical areas, e.g. lungs, spine. They can be selected individually, or all at once depending on the need.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-ChestAEC.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_473", "caption": "Autoradiography of a coronal brain slice, taken from an embryonal rat.  GAD67 -binding marker is highly expressed in the  subventricular zone .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Autoradiography_of_a_brain_slice_from_an_emb_e24ceacb.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_474", "caption": "A radioactive  surgeonfish  makes its own X-ray. The bright area is a meal of fresh algae. The rest of the body has absorbed and distributed enough plutonium to make the scales radioactive. The fish was alive and apparently healthy when captured.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Crossroads_Radioactive_Puffy_Surgeon_Fish.jp_79e635f1.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_475", "caption": "Backscatter technology produces an image that resembles a chalk etching. [ 1 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Backscatter_large.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_476", "caption": "An image of Susan Hallowell, Director of the Transportation Security Administration's research lab taken with backscatter x-ray system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Backscatter_x-ray_image_woman.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_477", "caption": "CO2 Angiogram showing Abdominal Aorta, visceral arteries and iliac arteries", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CO2_angiography.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_478", "caption": "Intermodal  shipping containers", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Line3174_-_Shipping_Containers_at_the_termin_8e51fe26.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_479", "caption": "Gamma-ray  image of a shipping container showing two  stowaways  hidden inside", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-VACIS_Gamma-ray_Image_with_stowaways.GIF.GIF"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_480", "caption": "Gamma-ray image of a truck showing goods inside a shipping container", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Mobile_VACIS_Gamma-ray_Image.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_481", "caption": "A truck entering a gamma-ray radiography system", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Mobile_VACIS_Gamma-ray_System.jpeg.jpeg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_482", "caption": "Cosmic radiation  image identifying  muon  production mechanisms in  Earth's atmosphere", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Atmospheric_Collision.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_483", "caption": "An early unit for producing medical X-radiographs. The set up does not drastically differ for taking X-rays of cultural objects.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radiography%2C_x-ray_therapeutics_and_radium_cd199f0d.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_484", "caption": "The  Ghent Altarpiece  at the  Altaussee Mine , where it was stored by the Nazis after it was taken from  St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent . It was later recovered by the  Monuments Men .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Lt._Daniel_J._Kern_and_Karl_Sieber_examining_89b6daad.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_485", "caption": "The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild  by Rembrandt is in the collection of the  Rijksmuseum  in Amsterdam.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Netherlands-4183_-_The_Syndics%2C_Rembrandt._81111916.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_486", "caption": "An X-ray of the  Syndics  reveals Rembrandt's earlier compositions for the group portrait.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-De_Staalmeesters_x-ray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_487", "caption": "Detail of  Tiffany glass", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Bella_apartment_window_by_Louis_Comfort_Tiff_22f1d5b9.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_488", "caption": "Radiograph of the African Songye Power Figure at the Indianapolis Museum of Art", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Detailed_Radiographic_Image_of_an_African_So_38c1218b.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_489", "caption": "An X-ray of foot inside a shoe", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-American_X-ray_journal_%281899%29_%281475651_89be60b2.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_490", "caption": "A mummy on display at the Louvre. X-rays provide a non-obtrusive way to research mummies.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mummy_at_Louvre.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_491", "caption": "Images of the Archimedes Palimpsest were taken under various lighting conditions to uncover gaps and alterations to the text.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-ArPalimTyp2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_492", "caption": "Comparison of kinetic images(KIN) and DSA images in abdominal (top row) and iliac regions (bottom row).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/260px-Fig_dva_wiki.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_493", "caption": "DSA (left) and DVA (KIN, right) image pairs, which were created by administering iodinated contrast agent. From top to bottom: abdominal, iliac, femoral, popliteal and crural regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/260px-Fig201.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_494", "caption": "DSA (left) and DVA (right) carbon-dioxide angiography image pairs. Top row: abdominal, iliac and femoral region. Bottom row: Popliteal,crural and ankle regions.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/lossy-page1-260px-Figure6-SiemensMontage-2b.tif.jp_700b4714.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_495", "caption": "A portable aSi flat-panel detector is used to visualise the movement of liquids in sand cores under high pressure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-DeReO_Flat_panel_detector.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_496", "caption": "Light spreading in the scintillator material leads to loss of resolution in indirect detectors which direct detectors do not experience", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Resolution_in_direct_and_indirect_x-ray_dete_24918c53.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_497", "caption": "Flat-panel detector used in  digital radiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Flat_panel_detector.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_498", "caption": "Making a radiograph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-RT_Film_Making_a_Radiograph.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_499", "caption": "A portable wireless controlled battery powered X-ray generator for use in  non-destructive testing  and security.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-GemX-200_%28mb%29.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_500", "caption": "Gamma-ray  image of  intermodal  cargo container with  stowaways", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-VACIS_Gamma-ray_Image_with_stowaways.GIF.GIF"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_501", "caption": "This torch-type camera uses a hinge. The radioactive source is in red, the shielding is blue/green, and the gamma rays are yellow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Torchradiographycamerawithhinge.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_502", "caption": "This torch-type camera uses a wheel design. The radioactive source is in red, and the gamma rays are yellow.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Wheelradiographymachine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_503", "caption": "A diagram of the S-shaped hole through a metal block; the source is stored at point A and is driven out on a cable through a hole to point B. It often goes a long way along a guide tube to where it is needed.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/Sshapedirradation_machine.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_504", "caption": "Single Medipix 2 assembly mounted and wire-bonded on a carrier board.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Medipix_2_assembly.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_505", "caption": "Principle of photon counting in a single pixel. The radiation generates electron-hole pairs (charge) in the sensor. The charge is collected to the appropriate pixel, amplified and compared with a pre-set comparator level (energy threshold). The counter is increased if the detected pulse is above the energy level.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Photon_counting_in_a_single_pixel.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_506", "caption": "A density gauge being used to ensure proper  compaction  for the foundation of a school construction project.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/230px-130322-F-FO324-001_%288591960631%29.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_507", "caption": "Asphalt Density Gauge", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Density_Meter_Asphalt.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_508", "caption": "AGFA  photographic plates, 1880", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-AGFA_glas.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_509", "caption": "Mimosa Panchroma-Studio-Antihalo Panchromatic glass plates, 9 x 12cm, Mimosa A.-G. Dresden", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mimosa_Panchroma-Studio-Antihalo_Panchromati_6bea56e3.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_510", "caption": "Negative plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Femme-au-chien_neg.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_511", "caption": "Image resulting from a glass plate negative showing Devil's Cascade in 1900.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/lossy-page1-220px-Devil%27s_Cascade_%28I0002344%29_11402da7.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_512", "caption": "The phosphor plate radiography process", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Computed_Radiography_Process.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_513", "caption": "A circular cut of a PSP plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Circular_image_plate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_514", "caption": "Readout of a PSP plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CrScanningPlate.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_515", "caption": "", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Crapared.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_516", "caption": "CeReO - PSP plate scanner", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-CRSCanner.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_517", "caption": "Linear attenuation as a function of photon energy. The attenuation of a typical human head consisting of 10% bone and 90% brain tissue is decomposed into  photo-electric  +  Compton  bases (blue) and  polyvinyl chloride  (PVC) +  polyethylene  bases (red). The linear attenuation of  iodine  illustrates the effect of a contrast material with a  K absorption edge  at 33.2 keV.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/lossy-page1-309px-Attenuation_plot_wiki.tif.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_518", "caption": "Natural color X-ray  photogram  of a wine scene. Note the edges of hollow cylinders as compared to the solid candle.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Color_X-ray_photogram.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_519", "caption": "Example of a  Crookes tube , a type of  discharge tube  that emitted X-rays", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Crookes%27_type_discharge_tubes_Wellcome_M00_eaaf6e77.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_520", "caption": "Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_521", "caption": "Hand mit Ringen  (Hand with Rings): print of Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen's first \"medical\" X-ray, of his wife's hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to  Ludwig Zehnder  of the Physik Institut,  University of Freiburg , on 1 January 1896 [ 25 ] [ 26 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-First_medical_X-ray_by_Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen__aa4dcff5.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_522", "caption": "Taking an X-ray image with early  Crookes tube  apparatus, late 1800s. The Crookes tube is visible in center. The standing man is viewing his hand with a  fluoroscope  screen. The seated man is taking a  radiograph  of his hand by placing it on a  photographic plate . No precautions against radiation exposure are taken; its hazards were not known at the time.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Crookes_tube_xray_experiment.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_523", "caption": "Surgical removal of a bullet whose location was diagnosed with X-rays (see inset) in 1897", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Professor-Karl-Gustav-Lennander-in-1897-remo_8be691a4.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_524", "caption": "Images by James Green, from \"Sciagraphs of British Batrachians and Reptiles\" (1897), featuring (from left)  Rana esculenta  (now  Pelophylax lessonae ),  Lacerta vivipara  (now  Zootoca vivipara ), and  Lacerta agilis", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-James_Green_%26_James_H._Gardiner_-_Sciagrap_2bf0d4ef.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_525", "caption": "1896 plaque published in  \"Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpetri\u00e8re\" , a medical journal. In the left a hand deformity, in the right same hand seen using  radiography . The authors named the technique  R\u00f6ntgen photography .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-X-ray_1896_nouvelle_iconographie_de_salpetri_2e4e146f.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_526", "caption": "A patient being examined with a thoracic  fluoroscope  in  1940 , which displayed continuous moving images. This image was used to argue that  radiation exposure  during the X-ray procedure would be negligible.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Historical_X-ray_nci-vol-1893-300.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_527", "caption": "Chandra's image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2125 reveals a complex of several massive multimillion-degree-Celsius gas clouds in the process of merging.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/180px-Abell_2125.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_528", "caption": "Phase-contrast X-ray image of a spider", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/180px-Phase-contrast_x-ray_image_of_spider.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_529", "caption": "X-rays are part of the  electromagnetic spectrum , with wavelengths shorter than  UV light . Different applications use different parts of the X-ray spectrum.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/400px-X-ray_applications.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_530", "caption": "Ionizing radiation hazard symbol", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/120px-Radioactive.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_531", "caption": "Attenuation length of X-rays in water showing the oxygen  absorption edge  at 540\u00a0eV, the energy \u22123  dependence of  photoabsorption , as well as a leveling off at higher photon energies due to  Compton scattering . The attenuation length is about four orders of magnitude longer for hard X-rays (right half) compared to soft X-rays (left half).", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Attenuation.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_532", "caption": "Spectrum of the X-rays emitted by an X-ray tube with a  rhodium  target, operated at 60\u00a0 kV . The smooth, continuous curve is due to  bremsstrahlung , and the spikes are  characteristic K lines  for rhodium atoms.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-TubeSpectrum-en.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_533", "caption": "Patient undergoing an X-ray exam in a hospital radiology room", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Hospital_Radiology_Room_Philips_DigitalDiagn_a586f06e.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_534", "caption": "A  chest radiograph  of a female patient, demonstrating a  hiatal hernia", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Radiograf%C3%ADa_pulmones_Francisca_Lorca.cr_2e48cfac.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_535", "caption": "Plain radiograph of the right knee", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-Knee_plain_X-ray.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_536", "caption": "Head  CT scan  ( transverse plane ) slice \u2013 a modern application of  medical radiography", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Brain_CT_scan.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_537", "caption": "Abdominal radiograph  of a pregnant woman", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-BabyXray.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_538", "caption": "An X-ray protective window at  Birmingham Dental Hospital , England. The maker's sticker states that it is equivalent to 2.24mm of lead at 150Kv.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Raybloc_X-Ray_Protective_Viewing_Window_-_20_c4dc1288.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_539", "caption": "Each dot, called a reflection, in this diffraction pattern forms from the constructive interference of scattered X-rays passing through a crystal. The data can be used to determine the crystalline structure.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-X-ray_diffraction_pattern_3clpro.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_540", "caption": "Using X-ray for inspection and quality control: the differences in the structures of the die and bond wires reveal the left chip to be counterfeit. [ 144 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Using_X-ray_for_authentication_and_quality_c_98a5d2bc.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_541", "caption": "X-ray fine art photography of  needlefish  by  Peter Dazeley", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/170px-X-RayOfNeedlefish-1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_542", "caption": "Acquisition of  projectional radiography , with an  X-ray generator  and an imaging detector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Projectional_radiography_components.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_543", "caption": "Fish bone pierced in the upper esophagus. Right image without contrast medium, left image during swallowing with contrast medium.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/175px-Fischgr%C3%A4te_verschluckt.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_544", "caption": "A piece of photostimulable phosphor plate", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Circular_image_plate.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_545", "caption": "Radiograph  taken during  cholecystectomy", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/175px-Laprascopy-Roentgen.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_546", "caption": "Plot of ion current as function of applied voltage for a wire cylinder gaseous radiation detector.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/300px-Detector_regions.gif.gif"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_547", "caption": "A radiology room table. The X-ray housing is turned by 90\u00b0 for a chest radiograph", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-X-ray_table.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_548", "caption": "GemX-160  - portable wireless controlled battery-powered X-ray generator for use in  non-destructive testing  and security.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-GemX2.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_549", "caption": "XR150  - portable pulsed X-ray battery powered X-ray generator used in security.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Portable_x-ray_device.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_550", "caption": "Acquisition of  projectional radiography , with an X-ray generator and a  detector .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Projectional_radiography_components.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_551", "caption": "Mobile fluoroscopy units can produce images continuously.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mobile_X-ray_machine.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_552", "caption": "Hand-luggage inspection machine at  Berlin Sch\u00f6nefeld Airport .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Flughafenkontrolle.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_553", "caption": "X-ray image of a backpack. Organic and inorganic materials are discriminated in using dual energy techniques.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Xray-verkehrshaus.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_554", "caption": "5.5-pound (2.5 kg) dental digital X-ray system under testing in 2011 [ 5 ]", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-NomadPortableDentalXRayCropped.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_555", "caption": "Schematic of an X-ray image intensifier", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-XiiSchematic.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_556", "caption": "C-arm of a mobile X-ray unit containing an image intensifier (top)", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Mobile_X-ray_image_intensifier.JPG.JPG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_557", "caption": "A planar X-ray system.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-X-ray_Machine_at_a_Chiropractic_Office_-_Nov_c7aec6c9.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_558", "caption": "An example of a biplanar fluoroscopy system setup, capturing skeletal movements of a rat on a treadmill.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Journal.pone.0149377.g001.PNG.PNG"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_559", "caption": "A polycapillary lens for focusing X-rays", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Polycapillary_lens.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_560", "caption": "Designs based on grazing-incidence reflection used in X-ray telescopes include that by  Kirkpatrick\u2013Baez , and several by Wolter ( Wolter\u00a0I\u2013IV )", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/250px-Xray_telescope_lens.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_561", "caption": "Symmetrically spaced atoms cause re-radiated X-rays to reinforce each other in the specific directions where their path-length difference 2 d \u2009sin\u00a0 \u03b8  equals an integer multiple of the wavelength\u00a0 \u03bb", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Bragg_diffraction_2.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_562", "caption": "One of the mirrors of  XRISM  made of 203 foils", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-XRISM_s_X-ray_mirror_assembly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_563", "caption": "Chandra X-ray Observatory , launched by NASA in 1999, is still operational as of 2024", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Chandra_artist_illustration.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_564", "caption": "Uhuru  X-ray satellite", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-X-Ray_Explorer_Satellite.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_565", "caption": "Photo of  supernova  remnant  Cassiopeia A , taken by the first imaging X-ray telescope,  Einstein Observatory .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-HEAO-2_Image_of_the_Supernova_Remnant_Cassio_1777ef93.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_566", "caption": "One of the mirrors of  XRISM  made of 203 foils", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-XRISM_s_X-ray_mirror_assembly.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_567", "caption": "Focusing X-rays with glancing reflection", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Xray_telescope_lens.svg.png.png"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_568", "caption": "X-rays start at ~0.008 nm and extend across the electromagnetic spectrum to ~8 nm, over which Earth's atmosphere is  opaque .", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-Ill-2_O3.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_569", "caption": "Chandra 's image of  Saturn  (left) and  Hubble optical image  of Saturn (right). Saturn's  X-ray  spectrum is similar to that of X-rays from the  Sun . 14 April 2003", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/350px-Saturn_comp.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_570", "caption": "Scintillation crystal surrounded by various scintillation detector assemblies", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-SGCat24454-scint-gris.noirEtBlanc.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_571", "caption": "Celedonio Calatayud.", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/200px-Celedonio_Calatayud.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_572", "caption": "Marie Curie  at the Radiological Institute of C. Calatayud", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/150px-Calatayud_Curie1.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_573", "caption": "C.Calatayud with  Marie Curie  and  King Alfonso XIII  at the First National Medical Congress, Madrid, 1919", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/150px-Calatayud_Curie2.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_574", "caption": "Reception in honor of C. Calatayud held by the  American Medical Association [ 5 ]  at  The Ansonia , New York, 1928", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/150px-Calatayud_NY.jpg.jpg"}
{"_id": "WikiPedia_Radiology$$$query_575", "caption": "Skiagraph of three-month-old infant by Rowland, 1896", "image_path": "WikiPedia_Radiology/images/220px-S._Rowland%3B_skiagraph_of_3_months_old_infa_3b024272.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 11-1", "caption": "Figure 11-1: Locations that need to be examined during the FAST and eFAST exams.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image95.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 11-2", "caption": "Figure 11-2: Parasternal long-axis view of the heart.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image1-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 11-4", "caption": "Figure 11-4: Subxiphoid view of the heart.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image97-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 11-6", "caption": "Figure 11-6: Cross-sectional diagram demonstrating Morrison\u2019s pouch (hepatorenal) and the splenorenal recess.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image100.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 11-7", "caption": "Figure 11-7: Hepatorenal view in the right upper quadrant.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image101-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 11-9", "caption": "Figure 11-9: Splenorenal view in the left upper quadrant.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image103-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 11-11", "caption": "Figure 11-11: Pouches (recess) in the male and female.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image105-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 11-12", "caption": "Figure 11-12: Ultrasound of the bladder.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image48.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-1", "caption": "Figure 10-1: Anatomy of the venous system.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image1-15.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-2", "caption": "Figure 10-2: Valves in the venous system of the leg.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image16.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-3", "caption": "Figure 10-3: Side-by-side transverse ultrasound views of the right common femoral vein without compression and with compression.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image17-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-5", "caption": "Figure 10-5: Side-by-side transverse image of the right profunda femoral vein without and with compression.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image19.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-7", "caption": "Figure 10-7: Side-by-side right femoral vein transverse view without and with compression.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image21.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-9", "caption": "Figure 10-9: Side-by-side right popliteal vein transverse view without and with compression.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image23-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-11", "caption": "Figure 10-11: Side-by-side right gastrocnemius vein transverse view without and with compression.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image25-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-13", "caption": "Figure 10-13: Side-by-side right posterior tibial veins transverse view without and with compression.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image27-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-15", "caption": "Figure 10-15: Side-by-side right peroneal veins transverse view without and with compression.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image29-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-17", "caption": "Figure 10-17: Side-by-side right anterior tibial vein transverse view without and with compression.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image31-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-19", "caption": "Figure 10-19: Side-by-side right great saphenous vein at the saphenofemoral junction transverse view without and with color Doppler.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image33.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-21", "caption": "Figure 10-21: Right great saphenous vein transverse view above the knee.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image35-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-23", "caption": "Figure 10-23: Right great saphenous vein below the knee transverse view.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image37.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-25", "caption": "Figure 10-25: Right small saphenous vein at the saphenopopliteal junction transverse view.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image39-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-27", "caption": "Figure 10-27: Anatomy of the arterial system.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image2-5.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-28", "caption": "Figure 10-28: Transcranial Doppler probe.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image42.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-30", "caption": "Figure 10-30: The three most common acoustic windows that provide direction to evaluate the intracranial vessels are the transtemporal, transorbital, and transforaminal windows.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image44-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-31", "caption": "Figure 10-31: Side-by-side flow patterns and velocities of the anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior cerebral artery on transcranial Doppler.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image44.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-32", "caption": "Figure 10-32: Side-by-side velocities and flow patterns of the right ophthalmic artery and carotid siphon on transcranial Doppler.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image45.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-33", "caption": "Figure 10-33: Side-by-side velocities and flow patterns of the left vertebral artery and basilar artery on transcranial Doppler.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image46.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-34", "caption": "Figure 10-34: Carotid Doppler probe.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image52-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-35", "caption": "Figure 10-35: Right common carotid artery in the proximal transverse plane with the jugular vein on top, demonstrating blood flow in opposite directions.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image53.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-36", "caption": "Figure 10-36: Pulsed wave Doppler with spectral analysis of the common carotid artery in the distal sagittal plane.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image54.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-39", "caption": "Figure 10-39: Sagittal view of the right vertebral artery with color flow.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image57-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-40", "caption": "Figure 10-40: Normal waveform of the right external carotid artery.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image58.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-41", "caption": "Figure 10-41: Schematic of the abdominal aorta showing that it branches into the right and left iliac arteries.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image3-2.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-42", "caption": "Figure 10-42: Transducer position in the transverse and sagittal planes to evaluate the abdominal aorta.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image47.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-45", "caption": "Figure 10-45: Schematic showing normal anatomical branches of the arterial system in the lower extremity.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image4-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-48", "caption": "Figure 10-48: Sagittal image of the right common femoral artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image68-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-51", "caption": "Figure 10-51: Sagittal image of the right profunda femoral artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image71-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-54", "caption": "Figure 10-54: Sagittal image of the right proximal superficial femoral artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image74.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-57", "caption": "Figure 10-57: Sagittal image of the right middle superficial femoral artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image77.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-60", "caption": "Figure 10-60: Sagittal image of the right distal superficial femoral artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image80.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-63", "caption": "Figure 10-63: Sagittal image of the right popliteal artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image83.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-66", "caption": "Figure 10-66: Sagittal image of the right posterior tibial artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image86-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-69", "caption": "Figure 10-69: Sagittal image of the right peroneal artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image89-1.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-70", "caption": "Figure 10-70: Side-by-side sagittal images of the right anterior tibial artery without color Doppler and with color Doppler.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image90.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-72", "caption": "Figure 10-72: Side-by-side transverse images of the right dorsalis pedis artery without color Doppler and with color Doppler.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image92.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 10-73", "caption": "Figure 10-73: Sagittal image of the right dorsalis pedis artery with color Doppler and waveform analysis.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image94.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 9-1", "caption": "Figure 9-1: Ultrasound image of the longitudinal view of the normal left kidney. Kidney ultrasound 110315132820 1329070 by Nevit Dilmen licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image9.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 9-2", "caption": "Figure 9-2: Ultrasonography of end-stage hydronephrosis. End-stage hydronephrosis with cortical thinning by Hansen KL, Nielsen MB, Ewertsen C licensed under CC BY 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image10.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 9-3", "caption": "Figure 9-3: Ultrasound scan of renal stone located at the pyeloureteral junction. Renal stone located at the pyeloureteric junciton with accompanying hydronephrosis by Hansen KL, Nielsen MB, Ewertsen C licensed under CC BY 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image11-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 9-4", "caption": "Figure 9-4: Ultrasound image of gallbladder stone. Ultrasound image of gallbladder stone Gallstone 091937515 by Nevit Dilmen licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image12-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 9-5", "caption": "Figure 9-5: Acute cholecystitis as seen on the ultrasound axial view. Acute cholecystitis as seen on ultrasound axial view by Cerebisae licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image13-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 9-6", "caption": "Figure 9-6: Abdominal ultrasound showing the right lobe of the liver and right kidney. Ultrasound liver right lobe and right kidney by Ptrump16 licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image14-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 8-1", "caption": "Figure 8-1: Ultrasound image of the intercostal space with the ribs shown by the vertical arrows. Rib shadows are displayed below. The upper horizontal arrows represent the pleural line, and the lower horizontal arrows represent the artifact of the pleural line, called the A-line. Normal lung surface by Daniel A. Lichtenstein licensed under CC BY 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image5-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 8-2", "caption": "Figure 8-2: Pleural line with A-lines similar to Figure 8-1, indicating gas below the pleural line. Pneumothorax and the stratosphere sign by Daniel A. Lichtenstein licensed under CC BY 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image6.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 8-3", "caption": "Figure 8-3: The image on the left shows four or five B-lines. The image on the right shows twice as many B-lines with two examples of pulmonary edema. Interstitial syndrome and the lung rockets by Daniel A. Lichtenstein licensed under CC BY 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image7-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 8-4", "caption": "Figure 8-4: B-line artifacts arising from an apparently thickened pleural line. B-line artifacts by Buda N, Cylwik J, Mr\u00f3z K, Rudzi\u0144ska R, Dubik P, Malczewska A, Oraczewska A, Skoczy\u0144ski S, Suska A, G\u00f3recki T, Mendrala K, Piotrkowski J, Gola W, Segura-Grau E, Zamojska A, and We\u0142nicki M licensed under CC BY 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image8-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 7-1", "caption": "Figure 7-1: Parasternal long-axis view of the heart.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 7-2", "caption": "Figure 7-2: Blood circulation in the heart. Blood Circulation by Wapcaplet licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image2.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-1", "caption": "Figure 6-1: Some examples of commonly used transducers in musculoskeletal ultrasound assessment.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image7.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-2", "caption": "Figure 6-2: Anterior view of shoulder anatomy.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image1-14.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-3", "caption": "Figure 6-3: Structure of the biceps tendon viewed in the transverse and longitudinal planes.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image8.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-4", "caption": "Figure 6-4: Examination of the subscapularis tendon in the sagittal plane.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image9.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-5", "caption": "Figure 6-5: Examination of the acromioclavicular joint in the sagittal plane.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image10.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-6", "caption": "Figure 6-6: Supraspinatus in the longitudinal (sagittal) view showing the bird\u2019s beak appearance.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image11.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-7", "caption": "Figure 6-7: The infraspinatus in the longitudinal (sagittal) plane.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image12.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-8", "caption": "Figure 6-8: The posterior glenohumeral joint on ultrasound.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image13.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-11", "caption": "Figure 6-11: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position on the elbow and anterior transverse elbow imaging of the anterior recess (AR), radial nerve (RN), brachial artery (BA), median nerve (MN), biceps (BI), and brachialis (BR) just proximal to the elbow crease. The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound images represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image14.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-12", "caption": "Figure 6-12: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and a longitudinal image of the medial elbow showing the common flexor tendon (CFT).", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image15.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-13", "caption": "Figure 6-13: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and a longitudinal image of the lateral elbow showing the common extensor tendon (CET), lateral epicondyle (LE), and radial head (RH). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image16.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-14", "caption": "Figure 6-14: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and a posterior longitudinal image of the elbow showing the triceps tendon (TT) and the olecranon fossa (F). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image17.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-15", "caption": "Figure 6-15: Schematic of the wrist and hand anatomy.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image88.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-17", "caption": "Figure 6-17: Schematic of the cross-sectional view of the wrist.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image19.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-18", "caption": "Figure 6-18: Dorsal wrist image of the scapholunate ligament (SCL).", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image92.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-19", "caption": "Figure 6-19: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and volar wrist showing the median nerve (MN) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image20.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-20", "caption": "Figure 6-20: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and sagittal volar hand imaging of the metacarpal phalangeal joint (MCP) and the flexor tendon (FT). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image21.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-21", "caption": "Figure 6-21: Anterior schematic of the skeletal structure and tendons of the hip.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image97.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-25", "caption": "Figure 6-25: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and image of the gluteus maximus (GMAX) in the sagittal plane.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image25.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-24", "caption": "Figure 6-24: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and image of the gluteus medius (GMED) in the sagittal plane.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image24.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-26", "caption": "Figure 6-26: Sagittal hip image of the conjoined tendons (CT) of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus into the ischial tuberosity (IT). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image106.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-28", "caption": "Figure 6-28: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and transverse image of rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus intermedius (VI). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image26.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-33", "caption": "Figure 6-33: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and image of the lateral meniscus (LM), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), and popliteus (P). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image31.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-34", "caption": "Figure 6-34: Side-by-side pictures of the sagittal image of the patellar ligament (PL).", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image32.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-35", "caption": "Figure 6-35: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and transverse image of the posterior knee viewing of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle (MHG), popliteal artery (PA), and the popliteal vein (PV). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image33.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-36", "caption": "Figure 6-36: Anatomical view of the foot (Lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint by Laboratiores Servier licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0) and ankle (Dorsal superficial muscles of the right foot (lateral view) by Betts JG, Young kA, Wise JA, Johnson E, Poe B, Kruse DH, Korol O, Johnson JE, Womble M, and DeSaix P licensed under CC BY 4.0).", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image34.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-41", "caption": "Figure 6-41: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and transverse image of the medial ankle, including the medial malleolus (MM), tibialis posterior tendon (PTT), flexor digitorum longus tendon (FDL), posterior tibial vein (V) and artery (A), tibial nerve (N), and flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHL). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image39.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 6-44", "caption": "Figure 6-44: Side-by-side pictures of the transducer position and plantar sagittal view with plantar fascia (PF) insertion into the calcaneus (C). The abbreviations given here and labeled on the ultrasound image represent the corresponding structures.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image42.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 5-2", "caption": "Figure 5-2: Ultrasound image at 23 weeks showing fetus, amniotic fluid, and normal fetal morphology. Ultrasonography picture at 23 weeks showing fetus, amniotic fluid and normal fetal morphology by Dahab AA, Aburass R, Shawkat W, Babgi R, Essa O, and Mujallid RH licensed under CC BY 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image49.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 5-3", "caption": "Figure 5-3: The figure on the left shows the internal view of the cardiac right chambers, and the one on the right is the echocardiographic image showing the ventricular septal defect. Internal view of cardiac right chambers by Mu\u00f1oz-Castellanos L, Espinola-Zavaleta N, Kuri-Niv\u00f3n M, and Keirns C. licensed under CC BY 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image50.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 5-4", "caption": "Figure 5-4: An ectopic pregnancy adjacent to the left ovary. Ectopicleftmass by James Heilman, MD licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image51.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 5-5", "caption": "Figure 5-5 Ultrasound image of fetal hydrocephalus. Aorta duplication artifact 131206105958250c by Nevit Dilmen licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image52.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 5-6", "caption": "Figure 5-6: Ultrasound images of a fetus\u2019s face and arms during week 20.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image6.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 4-1", "caption": "Figure 4-1: Ultrasound image showing the thermal index and mechanical index of a carotid exam in the top right corner.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image46.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 3-1", "caption": "Figure 3-1: Orthogonal planes of the uterus.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image43.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 3-2", "caption": "Figure 3-2: 2D grayscale image on the left (Scan20semanas1 by Guimi licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5) and 3D colored image on the right (4215.600\u00d7450 by Clayuyu licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0).", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image4.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 3-3", "caption": "Figure 3-3: A schematic of the formation of a 4D ultrasound image. Figure 1 by Yagel S, Cohen SM, Shapiro I, and Valsky DV licensed under CC BY 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image1-11.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-1", "caption": "Figure 2-1: A typical ultrasound machine. ALOKA SSD-3500SV by Kitmondo Marketplace licensed under CC BY 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image15.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-2", "caption": "Figure 2-2: Schematic of the mode of operation of ultrasound machines.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image1-10.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-3", "caption": "Figure 2-3: An illustrative diagram of the behavior of piezoelectric materials used in ultrasound probes.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image17.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-4", "caption": "Figure 2-4: Components of an ultrasound probe.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image18.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-5", "caption": "Figure 2-5: Block diagram of an ultrasound imaging system.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image19.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-6", "caption": "Figure 2-6: An illustration of the pulse-echo imaging operation.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image20.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-7", "caption": "Figure 2-7: The stones in gallbladders are very bright, and they cast an acoustic shadow posterior to the stones. Ultrasonography of sludge and gallstones, annotated by Kitmondo Marketplace licensed under CC0 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image21.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-8", "caption": "Figure 2-8: A mirror image artifact appears as a symmetric image with less intensity than the actual image on the opposite side of the baseline. The mirror image artifact is apparently outside the liver. Leberhaemangiom mit Spiegelartefakt 56M \u2013 US \u2013 001 by Hellerhoff licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image3.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-9", "caption": "Figure 2-9a: One of the assumptions of ultrasound imaging is that the beam travels in a straight line.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image24.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-9", "caption": "Figure 2-9b: Schematic of the formation of a ghost artifact.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image25.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-10", "caption": "Figure 2-10: Image illustration of a side lobe effect.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image26.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-11", "caption": "Figure 2-11: An ultrasound energy beam that deviates from the central beam results in side or grating lobes, which, upon encountering a reflector, can produce echoes that return to the transducer. The machine erroneously assumes the echoes are due to reflection from the main beam axis and displays the image in the wrong location.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image27.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-12", "caption": "Figure 2-12: A schematic of multiple reflections from two surfaces.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image28.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-13", "caption": "Figure 2-13: Reflections from an oblique surface.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image29.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-14", "caption": "Figure 2-14: Beam width artifact can cause an image to appear in the wrong location due to side echoes that are erroneously interpreted by the machine as part of the central beam.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image30.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-15", "caption": "Figure 2-15: Reverberation artifacts are characterized as multiple horizontal lines that are equidistant from one another, and they are more pronounced as the intensity decreases with the depth. Ultrasonography of diastasis recti \u2013 annotated by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m, M.D. licensed under CC0 1.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image31.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-16", "caption": "Figure 2-16: Comet tail artifact seen in the intercostal space.  Interstitial syndrome adn the lung rockers by Daniel A Lichtenstein licensed under CC BY 2.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image32.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-17", "caption": "Figure 2-17: Schematics of the different types of transducer arrays: (a) linear sequential, (b) curvilinear, and (c) linear phased.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image3-1.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-18", "caption": "Figure 2-18: The vertical position is expressed as a voltage signal amplitude, indicating the relative amplitude of the echoes.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image35.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-19", "caption": "Figure 2-19: The B-mode displays anatomic structures by utilizing different gray brightness in a 2-dimensional space. Scan20semanas1 by Guimi licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image36.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-20", "caption": "Figure 2-20: Typical example of the M-mode showing a four-chamber view of the heart. Echokardiographie M-Mode 4KB TAPSE by Wolff-BI licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image37.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-21", "caption": "Figure 2-21: Ultrasound image of the right common carotid artery and the corresponding Doppler waveform.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image38.jpg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-22", "caption": "Figure 2-22: Physiological features of the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Diagram of the pulmonary and systemic circuits by Colorado Community College System licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image39.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-23", "caption": "Figure 2-23: Systemic blood pressure throughout different paths of the body. Systemic Blood Pressure by Betts JG, Young KA, Wise JA, Johnson E, Poe B, Kruse DH, Korol O, Johnson JE, Womble M, and DeSaix P. licensed under CC BY 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image40.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 2-24", "caption": "Figure 2-24: Diagram representing laminar flow on the left and turbulent flow on the right. Turbulent pipe flow by Ryan Toomey, University of South Florida licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image41.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-1", "caption": "Figure 1-1: Characteristics of a longitudinal wave on a slinky.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image1-3.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-2", "caption": "Figure 1-2: Characteristics of a longitudinal wave.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image3.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-3", "caption": "Figure 1-3: Transverse wave characteristics.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image5.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-4", "caption": "Figure 1-4: The intensity of a wave decreases inversely with the square of the distance from its source.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image1-4.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-5", "caption": "Figure 1-5. Ultrasound reflection at the boundary between two tissues with different acoustic impedances.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image7.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-6", "caption": "Figure 1-6: Different types of ultrasound reflections.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image8.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-8", "caption": "Figure 1-8: Ultrasound refraction at surface boundaries.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image10.jpeg"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-9", "caption": "Figure 1-9: The figure on the left illustrates how a double image artifact is formed, and the one on the right is the actual double image artifact of an aorta on an ultrasound image. Aorta duplication artifact by Nevit Dilmen licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image2.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-10", "caption": "Figure 1-10: An illustration of attenuation at multiple tissue boundaries.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image13.png"}
{"_id": "ultrasound$$$Figure 1-11", "caption": "Figure 1-11: Schematic of an ultrasound diffraction.", "image_path": "ultrasound/images/image14.png"}