source stringclasses 1
value | date int32 2.01k 2.01k | text stringlengths 201 802k | token_count int32 40 305k | category stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | The model and the results
A quick survey and some motivations
A lot of progress have been made recently in the understanding of pinning models (see for a survey and particularly Chapter 1 for a definition of the simplest random walk based model) in particular in comparing quenched and annealed critical point (see ).
... | 5,298 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The advent of D-branes and in particular, the successful
microscopic description of the entropy of supersymmetric black
holes by Strominger and Vafa has provided
enormous impetus to the counting of BPS states in a variety of
settings. Among these, the N=4 supersymmetric
theories, have provided a fair... | 14,785 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The data analysis of interferometric gravitational waves (GWs) detectors
has recently started (for the current status of GWs interferometers
see ) and the
scientific community hopes in a first direct detection of GWs in next
years.
Detectors for GWs will be important for a better knowledge of the
Univer... | 4,397 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The classification theory of automorphisms of von Neumann algebras was studied by Connes using the Rohlin property for automorphisms of von Neumann algebras. To be specific, he classified automorphisms of the injective type II_1 -factor up to outer conjugacy. In a case of finite C^* -algebras, Kishimoto s... | 22,466 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Bohr's principle of complementarity states that every quantum system has mutually
incompatible properties which cannot be simultaneously measured . This principle is commonly illustrated by considering single particles in a two-way interferometer where one chooses either to observe interference fringes, ... | 4,987 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
It has been known for a long time that the pion vector form factor (VFF) in the space-like region is very
well described by a monopole ansatz of the type given by Vector Meson Dominance (VMD) in terms of the rho
meson. However, it has remained unclear whether there is a good reason for this from QCD or it... | 4,874 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
A mean-field model for clustering
The clustering processes we consider are motivated by a simplified model
for domain wall motion in the one-dimensional Allen-Cahn equation
_tu=_xxu+u-u^3 .
The domain walls become points on the line, and the domains are the intervals
separated by these points. The pat... | 17,433 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Mesoscopic devices have made it possible
to investigate many-body effect in transport
phenomena.
A bias voltage applied to a conductor
drives the system into a nonequilibrium steady state.
These systems thus offer promising opportunities to
study the correlated transport out of equilibrium.
Shot n... | 13,779 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | The standard model
One of the most remarkable achievements of modern theoretical physics has been the construction of the standard model for weak,
electromagnetic and strong interactions. It is a gauge theory based on the group U(1) SU(2) SU(3) which
is spontaneously broken to U(1) SU(3) . This relatively simple mod... | 52,312 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Supersymmetry (SUSY) extension is one of the most promising way
to solve the gauge hierarchy problem in the standard model (SM) .
Since any superpartners have not been observed
in current experiments, SUSY should be broken at low energies.
Furthermore, soft SUSY breaking terms are severely constraine... | 7,142 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Many difficult problems can be approximated well when restricted to certain
classes of metrics . Therefore, low distortion
embeddings into these restricted classes of metrics become very desirable. We
will refer to the original metric which we would like to embed as the
source metric and the metric into... | 7,417 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
There is a beautiful relationship between the conformal field theory of free
fermions, the KP hierarchy, and the
geometry of moduli spaces of curves and bundles. In particular, the deformation theory of
curves and of line (or vector) bundles
on them is realized algebraically by the Virasoro and Heisenber... | 14,592 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Suppose that G is an abelian group, which we shall think of as discrete. We write G for the dual group, that is the compact abelian group of homomorphisms :G arrow S^1 and denote the Haar probability measure on G by . In general, if S is a compact open subset of a locally compact abelian group then _S den... | 9,960 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The discovery of a significant quasi-periodic oscillation in the
X-ray light curve of a Narrow Line Seyfert 1 AGN RE J1034+396
(Gierli\'nski et al. 2008) strengthens arguments stressing the
similarities in the physics of the accretion flow between
supermassive and stellar mass black holes. Previous eviden... | 10,006 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | The first stars
Population III (Pop III) stars occupy a key position in the history of the Universe, as a link between the pure H-He Universe at the beginning of times, and the metal-rich one we observe nowadays around us. Their evolution is important, because during their life they form the first heavy elements, but ... | 1,901 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | INTRODUCTION
B meson decays to final states containing
an axial-vector meson and a pseudoscalar meson
have been recently studied both experimentally and
theoretically. Branching fractions of the B mesons decays to final
states containing an a_1(1260) or b_1 meson associated with a
pion or a kaon have been measured... | 4,291 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
In 1999 the first transiting extrasolar planet was discovered (). As the knowledge of transit parameters allows an unique insight into the nature of the planet, many efforts have been made to increase the number of known transiting planets. Until now about 50 transiting extrasolar planets are discovered. ... | 850 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The ^2 P_3/2arrow^2 P_1/2 fine-structure line of
C ^+ , [C \,ii], is believed to be a cooling pathway for the diffuse
gas in galaxies . This transition traces
photo-dissociation regions (PDRs), where the ultra-violet
radiation from young stars dominates the heating of the gas. From
this process, the ... | 6,625 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
In , Kaye and Wong proved the following result, which they considered to belong to the folklore of mathematical logic.
The first-order theories of Peano arithmetic and Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of infinity negated are bi-interpretable: that is, they are mutually interpretable with interpr... | 6,190 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
According to the current paradigm of structure formation, galaxies
form and reside inside extended cold dark haloes. While the formation
and evolution of dark matter haloes in the cosmic density field is
mainly determined by gravitational processes, the formation and
evolution of galaxies involves much mo... | 14,092 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The regulation of the activity of a particular gene involves a complex
interplay between a promoter, an RNA polymerase (RNAP), and one or
several transcription factors (TF) . Ignoring the
internal dynamics associated with transcription initiation, the
probability for obtaining a successful RNAP elongation... | 8,900 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Young stellar clusters are important tools for
investigating the structure, the chemical enrichment, and the current
star formation of a galaxy. Furthermore, they are natural
laboratories to study the evolution of massive stars. Massive stars
explode as supernovae creating neutron stars and black-holes, ... | 5,130 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The colour dipole model has proven to be very successful in describing a wide variety of small- x inclusive and diffractive processes at HERA. This talk is based on work done on this subject in collaboration with H. Kowalski and L. Motyka .
The amplitude for an exclusive diffractive process, ^* p E+p , s... | 1,618 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
If S is a properly embedded surface in a compact 3-manifold M , let
M \,\, S denote the manifold which is obtained by cutting along S ;
it is homeomorphic to the complement in M of an open regular
neighborhood of S .
The topological theme of this paper is that the bounded manifold
obtained by cutting a ... | 15,959 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The formation and evolution of our Galaxy remains one of the great
unanswered questions in modern astronomy.
suggested formation via the monolithic collapse of a
gaseous protocloud on a timescale of 10 ^8 years.
challenged this notion by proposing that
the halo formed through the accretion of indep... | 9,243 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Over the last few years it became increasingly clear that low energy
experiments can provide a powerful tool to explore hidden
sectors of particles which interact only very weakly with the ordinary standard model particles.
Such hidden sectors appear in many extensions of the standard model. In fact, it m... | 1,665 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
In recent years, studies of transport phenomena in nonlinear systems have been attracting
a growing interest. In particular, a large and constantly growing number of papers are
devoted to dynamics in systems which allow for directed [on average] motion under
unbiased external forces and are referred to as... | 4,749 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Appendix 11.715cm #1
tocsectionAppendix \ \ \ #1
.equation
footnote
equation0
\,-\!\!\!\!\!\!\,
signsign
q q
1 21 2
i.e. i.e.
y^(1)y^(1)
y^(2)y^(2)
sl(2)sl(2)
su(2)su(2)
(p)/(2)(p)/(2)
psupsu
(I) (I)
karrow
E^ Bethe E^ Bethe
(-1)^F_i(-1)^F_i
#1#2#3#4#5
#4#5
#4#1
4<
-
-
-#3
-#3
#2 - to4
-
... | 9,206 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The presence of vacuum fluctuations is a remarkable property of
quantum field theory. In quantum electrodynamics these
fluctuations are responsible of many observable effects such as
Casimir and Casimir-Polder forces
. They are long-range
electromagnetic interactions between neutral objects such as
atoms/... | 2,375 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The recent synthesis of single or few layers of
graphite has permitted to test the singular
transport properties predicted in early theoretical
studies and experiments.
The discovery of a substantial field effect and the
expectations of ferromagnetic behavior has risen
great expectations to use graphene a... | 3,889 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Physical symmetry is more often a guiding principle then a specific
property of a system. For example, for the
Lagrangian of a specific system, all well established physical symmetries must be present,
or else the resulting dynamical solutions are simply wrong. Although in some cases they may
not be o... | 3,179 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Preliminary notation and a combinatorial lemma
This section consists of preliminary notation and a lemma describing a criterion for a Schubert variety to admit semistable points.
Let G be a semi-simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k .
Let T be a
maximal torus of G , B a Borel subgroup of
G co... | 11,328 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction.
lrintro.tex
Definitions and background.
lrsection1.tex
A subshift is LR if and only if it is a primitive S -adic subshift.
lrsection2.tex
LR subshifts are uniquely ergodic.
lrsection3.tex
Factors of LR subshifts.
lrsection4.tex
Cantor factors of substitution subshifts.
lrsection5.tex
lr... | 10,006 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The mechanism by which a single vacancy diffuses in mono-atomic crystalline material
is basically through site exchange with one of its nearest-neighbor atoms. The vacancy
diffusion continues through the material successively in a random way such that each
new site occupied is usually energetically identi... | 2,865 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
A knot is an embedding of the circle into three dimensional
space. More generally, a link is an embedding of one or more circles
into three dimensional space. A link is said to be oriented if one of
the two possible orientations is chosen for each circle. Examples are
shown in figure .
Two links are equi... | 12,869 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Bifurcation diagrams are often used for the analysis of deterministic
models of chemical systems. In recent years, they have also been
applied to models of biological (biochemical) systems. For example,
the cell-cycle model of Tyson et al. is a system
of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which desc... | 16,400 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
In this paper we prove a subelliptic estimate
for sums of squares of complex vector fields.
Namely, given a distribution Z(M) of complex vector fields
on an m dimensional real smooth manifold M ,
we find conditions for
the subellipticity of Z(M) , i.e.
the validity of the estimate
where U is a relati... | 18,870 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Understanding the existence and the dynamics of the magnetic field of the Earth, of the Sun and, in general, of other celestial bodies remains one of the most challenging problems of classical physics. Astronomical and geophysical observations have provided many insights into these phenomena . Laboratory ... | 5,924 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
A number of transport measurements on organic and inorganic molecules
bridged bewteen metallic leads have recently succeeded in revealing signatures of
the molecular vibrational and motional degrees of freedom in the inelastic
tunneling spectrum, and raised interesting theoretical issues. Most notably,... | 8,298 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Background
Let be a graph on n vertices, with vertex set X and adjacency relation denoted by -- .
Let A_ denote the right-angled Artin group of , defined by
A_:= X |R_
where the relations are R_=\[x,y]| x,y X and xy \ .
As we vary , the group A_ interpolates between the free group F_n (if is edgeless) ... | 25,811 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Motivation
Dynamic random graph models, in which new vertices prefer to be attached to
vertices with higher degree in the existing graph, have proved to be immensely
popular in the scientific literature recently. The two main reasons for this popularity
are, on the one hand, that these models can be easi... | 20,801 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Methods
Dephasing of Spin Wave Induced by Atomic Random Motion.
Assume the j -th atom moves to r_j( t)=r_j+
v_j t after a storage time of t . The collective
state or spin wave (SW) freely evolves to
where we have neglected the effect of magnetic field for simplicity. The
retrieval efficiency is given by the overlap ... | 1,585 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
At decimetric wavelenghts the sky brightness temperature
( T_sky ) can be written as the sum of different contributions:
cosmic microwave background ( T_cmb ), galactic emission
( T_gal ), unresolved extragalactic radio sources ( T_uers ).
The temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB),
T_cmb ... | 7,137 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
In curved spacetime, a scalar field may generally couple to the scalar
curvature so that the potential of has an additional term R
^2/2 . =1/6 corresponds to the conformal
coupling: a massless scalar field is conformally invariant. Even if the
scalar field is minimally coupled with the curvature at tree l... | 6,033 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
With more than 3.5fb^-1 of data recorded per Tevatron experiment to
date (Summer 2008), top quark physics has entered an era of precision
measurements. The latest combination of top quark mass measurements
from the CDF and D collaborations shows a relative uncertainty of
only 0.8\% , and multivariate anal... | 3,573 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction and Model Definition
Nonequilibrium stationary states (NESS), in which probability currents
are supported and invariant measures are not generally of
Gibbs-Boltzmann form, offer many surprising phenomena not seen in
equilibrium systems. Examples include boundary-induced phase
transitions and spontaneous s... | 5,780 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
When fluid systems are confined in nanoscopic pores or channels,
one expects that the phase behavior can be profoundly modified
. Such effects have found an increasing
attention recently, for instance because of the current interest
to fabricate devices of nanoscopic size and to manipulate ch... | 8,639 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
We study here the dynamics of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW)
universes in f(R) theories of gravity. These theories are derived
from generalisations of the usual Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian of
General Relativity (GR), such that
and have been considered extensively in the
literature (see e.g. ). Specifi... | 13,043 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Positive definite matrices have become fundamental computational objects in
many areas of engineering and applied mathematics. They appear as covariance
matrices in statistics, as elements of the search space in convex and
semidefinite programming, as kernels in machine learning, and as diffusion
tens... | 12,308 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
With the advent of precision measurements in Kaon physics
(see and references therein),
K_ 3 decays offer the opportunity to probe
charged current weak interactions at unprecedented levels.
Most notably, with current experimental uncertainties, K_ 3 decays
allow one to access the
Cabibbo-Kobayashi-... | 7,184 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Noise induced transport occurs in a broad variety of systems both in
physics and biology . In a microscopic system embedded in
a thermal environment, directed transport generally requires two ingredients: (i) External sources driving the system
out of equilibrium and (ii) broken spatial symmetry . The mai... | 5,766 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Analogue models for gravity have provided a powerful tool for testing (at least in principle) kinematical features of classical and quantum field theories in curved spacetimes . The typical setting is the one of sound waves propagating in a perfect fluid . Under certain conditions, their equation can be p... | 7,361 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Plasma turbulence presents a challenge to multiscale models of transport in applications such as
magnetic fusion confinement, stellar accretion disks and galactic dynamos. Simulations of turbulent
transport involve nonlinear interactions at disparate scales, which often makes numerical computations
exp... | 11,427 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Sudakov resummations are established in perturbative QCD for
all logarithmic contributions, to leading power in the total momentum
fraction carried by soft gluons. To illustrate this fact, consider as an
example threshold resummation for the Drell-Yan process, or for a similar
electroweak annihilation ... | 8,074 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Let S be the cubic surface defined by
Then S is a singular del Pezzo surface with a unique singularity
(0:0:0:1) of type D_5 and three lines, each of which
is defined over .
Let U be the Zariski open subset formed by deleting the lines
from S . Our principal object of study in this paper is the card... | 9,046 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) are considered a promising means for energy conversion in "hydrogen-based economy" because they work at low temperatures ( 350-400 K) and use liquid methanol as fuel, which is easy to deliver and store.
In DMFC, the same anode is used as a catalyst for both methanol refor... | 8,623 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The aim of the talk is the microscopic description of infrared properties of QCD
like confinement. We would like to see, for example, the emergence of the colour
flux string between static colour charges. For this purpose, I will use the
Hamiltonian approach to Yang-Mills theory in Coulomb gauge. The orga... | 3,084 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Observational and numerical studies suggest that dynamical interactions are frequent occurrences in clusters of galaxies
and that these events are the most energetic in the recent history of the Universe. Matter is believed to stream along
preferred axes (so-called filaments and sheets) often acceleratin... | 11,079 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Recently, there has been rapidly growing interest in designing artificial
surfaces with extreme hydrophobic properties. These efforts have been inspired
in particular by biological superhydrophobic surfaces such as plant
leaves or insect wings . These surfaces have a hydrophobic
coating and they ty... | 2,968 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
We will be interested in finite simplicial complexes. Such a complex
is called flag if every set of vertices which are
pairwise joined by edges in is a face of . For instance,
every order complex (meaning the simplicial complex of all chains in a
finite partially ordered set) is a flag complex. Accord... | 6,969 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
An interesting development seems to take place in cosmology during
the last few years. The evidence continues to mount that the
expansion of the universe is accelerating rather than slowing down.
Several astrophysical groups (Tonry et al. 2003 ; Barris et
al. 2004 ; Riess et al. 2004 ) have recently
updat... | 5,845 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Collisions between heavy nuclei are used to probe the properties of
nuclear matter at high temperature and density. Lattice QCD
calculations indicate that if nuclear matter is heated above a
critical temperature T_c 185 MeV, quark and gluon degrees of
freedom will be liberated and a deconfined ... | 14,648 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Asymptotic freedom in QCD
We begin with a short portrait of
quantum chromodynamics, the unbroken, nonabelian gauge theory SU(3).
The classical Lagrange density of QCD can be represented schematically by
L_QCD = _q q\, ( i/-g/A +m_q\, )q -
1 4\, G_,a[A]\, G^_a[A]\, ,
where q labels quark fields,
of mass m_q , and... | 10,319 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
In theoretical physics, many derivations of decoherence models begin with an analysis of the effect on a test particle of a scattering with a single particle from a background gas . A regime that the theorists have studied and which has generated interest in experimental physics is when the test particle... | 9,807 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Let (N,J,h) be a 2n -dimensional compact almost Hermitian manifold
with an almost complex structure J and a Hermitian metric h .
Consider the initial value problem for a third order dispersive flow of the form
where
u is an unknown mapping of R to N ,
(t,x) ,
T=R/Z ,
u_t=du(/t) ,
u_x=du(/x) ... | 6,050 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction.
Let D denote the unit disk in the complex plane and T the
unit circle. Let M be the Banach space of all complex-valued
Borel measures on T with the usual variation norm. For
0 , let F_ denote the family of the
analytic functions g , for which there exists M
such that
g(z)= _T1(1-
z)^ 1pt 1pt 1pt 1pt... | 1,895 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The last two decades have seen a surge of interest in the behavior of concentrated colloidal suspensions. These
systems have long attracted attention because of their evident practical importance. However, developments since
the 1980s have shown that well-characterized colloidal suspensions, in which the ... | 16,488 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Acknowledgements
We thank all members of the FlaviaNet Kaon Working Group
(http://www.lnf.infn.it/wg/vus) for comments, discussion,
and suggestions. This work is supported in part by EU Contract
MTRN-CT-2006-035482 (FlaviaNet). | 64 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The majority of protocols for quantum communication relies on photons ,
because of their weak interaction with the environment and of the well-developed optical fiber
technology. However, it is not always convenient to use photons to exchange information. In fact, when dealing with quantum processors, i... | 3,499 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | introduction
Diamond has a number of unique attributes that make it highly suited as a gem stone.
It is the hardest known material which can only be scratched by another diamond.
The thermal conductivity of diamond is the highest among all materials .
Irradiation of diamond by various particles (e.g. electrons, neutro... | 2,138 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction and notation
We shall prove the following theorem which is a slight strengthening of
.
Suppose that G is an abelian group and A G is a finite
set with \|1_A 1_A\|_^2(G)^2 c|A|^3 . Then there
is a set L A with |L| =O(c^-1
|A|) such thatRecall that (L) is the set of all sums _x L_x.x where \-1,0,1\^L . |A ... | 1,506 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The impending start of operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) makes this a very exciting time for
supersymmetric (SUSY) phenomenology. Numerous groups have been pursuing a programme to fit simple SUSY models and
identify the regions in the parameter space that might be of interest with the forthcomi... | 11,797 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Pulsars are highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars which emit beams of
radio emission at a low height above the star's magnetic poles. The emission
is confined to the open field lines and the beam only sweeps out a small
fraction of the celestial sphere. For this reason we see emission from only
one po... | 5,682 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
A partition is a nonincreasing sequence
of positive integers (parts) _1_2_3_>0 .
The norm of , denoted || , is defined as
If ||=n , we say that is a partition of n . The (Young) diagram of
is a convenient way to represent graphically: the parts of are shown as rows
of unit squares (cells). Given the... | 4,086 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Recently, the report of room temperature colossal
magnetoresistance (CMR) in the ordered double-perovskite,
Sr _2 FeMoO _6 has attracted enormous research
interest. The high degree of spin polarization in
Sr _2 FeMoO _6 and other magneto resistive materials is believed
to be due to the half-metallic natu... | 4,880 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Bekenstein has conjectured that the entropy S and
energy E of any thermodynamic system must obey
S 2 E R \,,
where R is defined as the circumferential radius. This bound
is universal in the sense that it is supposed to hold in any matter
system. The Bekenstein bound has been confirmed in wide classes of... | 2,872 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Quantum information theory for the
most part assumes that the senders, receivers and eavesdroppers
involved in a protocol share an inertial frame. For many of the
applications envisioned in the field this is a good approximation
and sometimes, as in the case of quantum key distribution, even a
rigorous... | 4,282 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Models of population dynamics have been the subject of much study
in biology. The essay of first suggested exponential
growth. The idea of quantitative limits on growth is usually attributed
to , who pioneered the use of the logistic
equation (LE), and to and ,
who considered models of predators and prey.... | 12,645 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Low dimensional systems based on magnetic material have attracted considerable attention lately in a number of subjects such as condensed matter physics, material science and inorganic chemistry. In these particular areas quantum ferrimagnetic chains (QFC) were discussed, due to that they exhibit a releva... | 7,267 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Systolic inequalities and LS category
A quarter century ago, M. Gromov initiated the modern
period in systolic geometry by proving a curvature-free 1 -systolic
lower bound for the total volume of an essential Riemannian
manifold M of dimension d , i.e. a d -fold product of the systole
is such a lower bound.
Here the ... | 5,296 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Acknowledgments
The work of M.P. is supported in part by NSF grants PHY-0245068 and PHY-0758032, and that
of M.K. by NSF CAREER grant PHY-0645435. M.P. and M.K. would like to thank the Scuola
Normale Superiore and the Galileo Galilei Institute in Florence for their kind hospitality
and support. G.G. is indebted to t... | 153 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Superconductivity (SC) in the organic charge-transfer solids (CTS) is
proximate to a number of spatial broken symmetry states, including
antiferromagnetism (AFM), the spin-Peierls (SP) state and
charge-ordering (CO). There are two goals of our presentation. First,
we show from exact diagonalization that S... | 2,948 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Let (U_t) be a one-dimensional time-homogeneous diffusion process satisfying the stochastic differential equation
dU_t = (U_t) dt + (U_t) dW_t, U_0 = u_0,
where (W_t) denotes a Brownian motion. The aim of this note is to bound, from above and below, the transition probability density function for (U_t... | 4,406 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Since the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the
universe , a lot of work has
been done on constraining the behavior of dark energy. In contrast to
simple parametric forms for dark energy equation of state (EOS),
such as w(z) = w_0+w'z and
w(z)=w_0+w_az/(1+z) ,
a nearly model-independent approach... | 1,817 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Mechanical resonators (MRs) are currently attracting considerable
interest because of their potential applications to high-precision
displacement detection, mass detection,
and quantum measurement. Recent technical
advances allow the fabrication of a MR with both a high quality
factor ( Q -factor) and a s... | 6,854 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Master Equation and Langevin Equations
The master equation for a superconducting
single electron transistor biased at the Josephson quasiparticle
resonance and capacitively coupled to a resonator ,
consists of a coherent part, described by the Hamiltonian, H_
co , together with two dissipative terms L_leads and
L_d... | 8,446 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The continuous double auction mechanism is adopted in the electronic
trading systems in many stock markets worldwide. In particular, most
emerging stock markets are order-driven markets. In a pure
order-driven market, there are no market makers or specialists, and
market participants submit and cancel ord... | 4,950 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The shape of the Z boson momentum distribution transverse to the beam direction ( Q_T ) at a hadron collider tests the predictions of
quantum chromo dynamics (QCD),
since non-zero Q_T \ is generated through radiation from the initial state partons.
A good understanding of electroweak vector boson p... | 4,627 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The strong laws of large numbers (SLLNs) play a fundamental
role in statistics. They assert the
convergence of empirical averages to true expectations, and, under
appropriate assumptions, ensure that inferences
about persistent world phenomena
become increasingly more valid
as data accumulates.
The variou... | 11,521 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
A monoidal model category is a closed symmetric monoidal category which
admits a Quillen model category structure compatible in a certain sense with the monoidal
product ,. The majority of the natural occurring examples of model categories are monoidal
model categories. In , the authors gave a sufficient ... | 4,053 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
This is a very exciting time for cosmology with the overwhelming amount of new observational data that theorists try to explain. One of the biggest puzzles that the theoretical community faces is to explain the recent speed up in the universe rate of expansion discovered first through observations from di... | 6,905 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
A reliable method of measuring the physical distance to astrophysical
objects has always been sought after in observational astronomy
[ e.g.,][]Bessel1839. In the era of ``precision cosmology'', the
need for accurate physical distance measurements has been amplified
[ e.g.,][]Spergel03, Riess04, Tegmark04... | 9,900 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Since the seminal work of 't Hooft it has been hoped that
a general gauge theory can be reinterpreted as a string theory with the string coupling g_s
proportional to the inverse of the rank of the gauge group. For instance, in the case of SU(N) , g_s 1/N .
When the gauge theory has a large amount of su... | 10,872 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Out of the rich variety of phenomena in nature the most
interesting occur in nonequilibrium conditions and their complex
behaviour is far from being well understood. The study of
nonequilibrium phenomena is of current interest and the way to
describe the general characteristics of a system out of
equilibr... | 8,468 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Acknowledgments
Thanks to Crina Vasiliu for proofreading and commenting on an earlier
draft of this paper.
This work has been supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Consortium for Software
Engineering (CSER), and the Centre for Advanced Studies (CAS), IBM
Canada Ltd. | 68 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The field of cosmology has made impressive developments in the past decade.
It is now widely accepted that the present universe is well represented by
a dark energy dominated universe with dark matter being in the form
of a cold component and matter fluctuations arising from primordial adiabatic
Gauss... | 5,502 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Young massive star clusters, which often surpass the globular clusters in the Galaxy in terms of brightness, mass, and density, are seen to result from intense episodes of star-formation in galaxies.
However, star clusters are also found in relatively quiescent, low star-formation rate (SFR) galaxies, alb... | 9,994 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
The equality of the inertial and gravitational masses is being
doubted all the time. And the equality of masses remains as puzzling
as ever. However, the existing theories do not explain why the
gravitational mass has to equal the inertial mass, and then do not
offer compelling reason for this empirical f... | 3,069 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | introduction
The penetration of magnetic flux into nonellipsoidal superconducting samples is complex. The initial entry of magnetic flux in the form of multiply quantized flux tubes in type-I superconductors or singly quantized vortices in type-II superconductors is impeded both by a barrier of geometric origin and by... | 4,685 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,008 | Introduction
Gauge theory, needless to say, has a long and rich history, and it is probably not an exaggeration to state it has by now permeated all areas of theoretical physics, as an essential tool for existing frameworks and guide for future developments. It describes systems which possess some inherent symmetry ... | 15,067 | academic |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.