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redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction and preliminaries
Let n N^* . An operator space X is called
n - minimal if there exists a compact Hausdorf space
and a completely isometric map i:X C(,M_n) . The
readers are referred to and for details on
operator space theory. Recall that the C^* -algebra
C(,M_n) can be identified * -isomor\-ph... | 11,513 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction and statements
In what follows a tensor category is understood to be an ACU -category in the sense of Saavedra Rivano . We denote the unit object by 1 , the commutativity constraint by , and the tensor structure by . There is also an associativity constraint that we omit and all these constraints are subj... | 1,828 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Long-term ( 20 years) optical light curves are still available only for a relatively small number of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and Blazars.
Pioneering work in this field was made by several authors (Pica et al. 1988; Webb et al. 1988) on relatively large samples of sources over a time window of about 2... | 7,219 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
One of the goals of complexity theory is to understand the structural properties of different models of computation. A fundamental question that can be asked in every model of computation is how well different computations may be combined. Can we achieve substantial savings when solving the same problem o... | 4,639 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
An edge ideal I_H is an ideal in a polynomial ring generated by squarefree monomials of a fixed degree d (the generators can be thought of as edges of a d -uniform hypergraph H , hence the name). The study of edge ideals has recently enjoyed a surge of activity, and the most well-known results in this ... | 9,742 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction. Phenomenology of quantum vacuum
Vacuum as macroscopic many-body system
The aether of the 21-st century is the quantum vacuum. The quantum aether is a new form of matter. This substance has a very peculiar properties strikingly different from the other forms of matter (solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, Bo... | 21,323 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Recently,
analyzed
CMB fluctuations on directions of X-ray galaxy clusters and found a large bulk flow
with speed v_ DF 10^3 km/ s to z_ DF 0.3 , toward
direction (l_0,b_0) (290^,30^) . This extraordinarily large bulk flow
(the so called dark flow)
is a severe challenge to the standard CDM paradigm and... | 4,262 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | INTRODUCTION
Our Galaxy hosts a supermassive black hole (BH) with a mass M=4.510^6 M_
at a distance R=8.4 kpc. The BH exhibits low luminosity state probably due to
inefficient feeding and cooling. Almost all available matter outflows from the region, whereas only
the small fraction accretes . This feeding region wit... | 4,875 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
A full understanding of how stars form, both in the Milky Way and in
other galaxies, requires an improved picture of the formation of massive
stars. Most of the stars in our Galaxy form in regions of clustered
star formation, and nearly all massive stars appear to form in dense
clusters (Elmegreen 1985, C... | 20,261 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The high baryon densities of neutron-star cores makes this natural environment a special place for the possible realization of deconfined quark matter. If this quark phase is reached at relatively low temperatures, the attractive strong interaction in the antitriplet channel produces an instability in th... | 2,736 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Frustrated quantum antiferromagnets have
long been a subject of active research,
since Anderson suggested resonating-valence-bond
ground state for a triangular lattice antiferromagnet.
Recent experimental studies of quasi-two-dimensional compounds,
such as the organic Mott insulator
-(BEDT-TTF) _2 Cu _2 ... | 20,631 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Two-dimensional random geometry can either be viewed as a simple toy model for a string theory of fundamental particles or as a playground for four-dimensional quantum gravity. The simplification from the string theory point of view is that the two-dimensional random surfaces we discuss are not embedded i... | 2,008 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Liquids comprised of particles interacting via a Gaussian Core (GC) model pair
potential have been receiving a lot of attention
recently. Strong theoretical interest in GC model stems from
the fact that this bounded potential is useful for describing interactions
between inherently penetrable entities, s... | 8,224 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Conclusion
Adleman, Cheng, Goel, and Huang show that for each n there is a (seeded, single-tile addition, non-fault-tolerant) tile assembly system that uniquely assembles an n n square using O( n / n) unique tile types, a bound that was shown asymptotically tight by Rothemund and Winfree . Since our constructi... | 6,484 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Suppose the linear regression model is used to relate y to the
p predictors x_1, , x_p ,
where is an unknown intercept parameter,
1_n is an n 1 vector of ones,
X=(x_1,, x_p) is an n p design matrix,
and is a p 1 vector of unknown
regression coefficients.
In the error term, is an unknown scalar and
=(... | 3,070 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the Casimir effect, namely the
manifestation of vacuum energy at experimental as well as at theoretical
level (see, for example and references therein).
Because of the increasing
interest in the Casimir effect and in spite of several results
which have alr... | 18,121 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Let G be a finite group that is not of prime power order, and let p be a prime dividing |G| . Let U<G be a proper subgroup such that p does not divide [U:G] . The embedding of U in G induces the restriction map ^G_U: H^*(G;[p]) H^*(U;[p]) . On the other hand, we have the transfer map ^U_G:H^*(U;[p]) H... | 4,863 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
One of the hottest exoplanets yet discovered is WASP-3b, a giant
planet with a mass of 1.76 M_ J that orbits an F7-8V star at
a distance of only 0.032 AU, giving the planet an equilibrium
temperature of 1960 K . This close-in, transiting
system is an ideal target for study with the Rossiter-McLaughlin
eff... | 7,214 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Cosmological large-scale structure data allow for precise estimates
for the parameters of minimal or extended cosmological models. These
results have ramifications far beyond cosmology itself, notably in
the area of neutrino physics. The well-known hot dark matter
constraints provide neutrino mass limi... | 3,172 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Gravitational tides have marked out the history of science and astrophysics since the first assessment by Seleucus of Seleucia of the relation between the height of the tides and the position of the moon and the Sun in the second century BC. Modern astrophysics extended the study of gravitational tides in... | 9,717 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Let R be a local ring, and let M and N be finitely generated R -modules. An active area of research in commutative algebra has been aimed at understanding the vanishing pattern of the modules ^i_R(M,N) and _i^R(M,N) . One reason for that is one frequently needs to understand the properties of _R(M,N) and ... | 9,988 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Roughly half of the known short-period black-hole binaries have
low-mass companions (Lee, Brown \& Wijers 2002). However, it has been
realized for more than a decade now that such systems are difficult to
form (see the discussion in Podsiadlowski, Rappaport \& Han 2003 [PRH]
and further references therein... | 8,065 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
In , an infinite matroid is defined as a pair M=(E, I) where E is any set, and I is a set of subsets of E , satisfying the following independence axioms:
[(I1)] I .
[(I2)] I is closed under taking subsets.
[(I3)] if I I\!\! I^ and I' I^ , then I+x I for some x I'\!\! I .
[(IM)] if I X E and I I , then the... | 3,156 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The KdV equation may be obtained in the leading order approximation
of an asymptotic perturbation theory for one-dimensional nonlinear
waves under the assumptions of weak nonlinearity (small amplitude)
and weak dispersion (long waves). The initial value problem of the
KdV equation has been extensively stu... | 19,933 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | INTRODUCTION
The excitation of a surface electromagnetic wave at the metallic interface - surface plasmon
- opens new ways in
nanophotonics and metamaterial physics .
One of the main constrain in using of surface plasmons is their short lifetime.
It is well known that a significant part of the
plasmon... | 2,809 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The consistent description of the impact parameter
behavior of the scattering amplitude is a long standing problem. In
this work we discuss the influence of gluon number
fluctuation on this behavior.
In fact, some activities toward understanding how fluctuations
change the impact parameter depen... | 3,702 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The main motivation for this work comes from two important and challenging problems in contemporary scientific computing:
the uncertainty quantification for some nonlinear models in mechanics, and more precisely, for contact problems;
the computation of some high-dimensional functions in molecular dynam... | 18,839 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Star-forming galaxies release a significant fraction of their energy output at infrared (IR) and submillimeter wavelengths ( 5--1000\, m in the rest frame). The luminosities of starbursts, with star formation rates over 100\,M _ \,yr ^-1 , are almost exclusively carried at IR wavelengths. Whereas luminous... | 15,341 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The origin of q -calculus (quantum calculus) traces
back to the early 20th century. Many mathematicians have important
works in the area of q -calculus and q -hypergeometric series. The
q -deformation of classical nonlinear integrable system (also
called q -deformed integrable system) started in 1990's b... | 3,300 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | introduction
The cosmic ray energy spectrum follows a power law distribution extending up to extremely large energies. At the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO) cosmic rays (CRs) are observed up
to energies around 10^20 eV.
Above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) energy of 6 10^19 eV, CRs can interact with the cosmic
micr... | 8,334 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Travelling wave solutions describe a wide
class of phenomena in combustion physics, chemical kinetics,
biology and other natural sciences. From the physical point of
view, travelling waves usually describe transition processes.
Transition from one equilibrium to another is a typical case,
although m... | 17,199 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
As is known Conformal Quantum Field Theory is playing a crucial role in several research areas, both in Physics and in Mathematics. Boundary Quantum Field Theory, related to Conformal Field Theory, is also receiving increasing attention.
In recent years, the Operator Algebraic approach to Conformal Fie... | 10,418 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The chiral SU(N_f)_L SU(N_f)_R symmetry of the QCD Lagrangian with N_f (massless) quark flavors is known to be broken down spontaneously to SU(N_f)_V in the
nonperturbative QCD vacuum. With inclusion of explicit chiral symmetry breaking by the nonvanishing quark masses, this symmetry-breaking pattern is v... | 6,762 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Let (R,m) be a local ring (always Noetherian in this note). Let U_R=(R) -\m\ be the punctured spectrum of R .
In Gabber made the following:
Let R be a local complete intersection of dimension 3 . Then (U_R) is torsion-free.
The above Conjecture is equivalent to the statement that the local flat cohomolo... | 4,633 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
=-1
The race to investigate NC f\/ield theories was mainly motivated by the fact that it was realized that NC spaces naturally arise in string theory with a constant background magnetic f\/ield in the presence of D-branes . Today, we believe that noncommutativity is the natural path to understand the phys... | 13,470 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The Gibbs grand canonical distribution is one of the foundations of statistical physics and, in its basic parts, is not doubt. However, it will be interesting to check the grand canonical ensemble (GCE) relations for correspondence to some criteria. One of such criteria is a peculiar kind of scaling, ... | 8,329 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
For many years, control engineers have designed their controllers as if there were infinite-bandwidth,
noise- and delay-free channels between sensors, controllers, and actuators. The effects of
non-idealities in the channels, in practice, could be mitigated by employing better hardware.
However, on imp... | 5,788 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The twentieth century has provided an important qualitative and quantitative leap in the development
of science and technology. The perfect symbiosis between the two has o\-pen\-ed new horizons in the
knowledge of nature: from the study of the fundamental components of matter, through life sciences,
to be... | 1,856 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
A wireless sensor network consists of
a large number of small, low cost and power constrained sensor
nodes, which are spatially distributed and communicate through
wireless channels. The nodes power limitation and the wireless
propagation loss indicate that these nodes can communicate over
short... | 9,433 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Temperature determination with the momentum fluctuation thermometer
A new method of calculating the system temperature can be derived from the momentum fluctuations of particles in the center of mass frame of the fragmenting source. In this case, the frame is that of the reconstructed quasi-projectile.
The momentum ... | 3,218 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The discrete-time quantum walk (QW) was first intensively studied by Ambainis et al. .
The QW is considered as a quantum generalization of the classical random walk.
The random walker in position x=\\,0, 1, 2,\,\ at time
t( \\,0,1,2,\,\) moves to x-1 at time t+1 with
probability p , or x+1 with p... | 3,441 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction and conclusions
Wilson loops are the central non-local observables in any gauge theory and thus of
intrinsic interest. In
3d Chern-Simons theory they are the principal observables and topologically invariant
with exactly known correlation functions in the Euclidean (or Wick rotated) theory.
This exact re... | 7,795 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The concept of a neutrino beam from the decay of muons in a storage ring was first proposed in 1980 . More recently, such a facility was explored as a preliminary stage towards a muon collider and was renamed ``Neutrino Factory". Its physics potential was originally described by Geer . The great advan... | 5,623 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Quantum dots (QD's) have attracted much attention recently because of its
possible numerous applications and the impressive experimental control
available in manipulating microscopic parameters. It has been established
that they are promising candidates in quantum information processing, with
spin... | 6,091 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Analysis of the IRAS database over the last 20 years has shown that
over 300 main sequence stars have dust discs around
them. This material is thought to be the debris left over at the end
of the planet formation process [e.g.][]mannings.
The spectral energy
distribution (SED) of this excess in the best ... | 14,506 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
In recent years the Cuntz semigroup has become an important tool of investigation in the theory of C*-algebras, particularly in the work related to the Elliott classification program. As an invariant, it plays a significant role in the theory of both simple and non-simple C*-algebras (see , , , ). In this... | 18,457 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Symmetric monoidal bicategories are important in many contexts.
However, the definition of even a monoidal bicategory
(see ), let alone a symmetric monoidal
one
(see ),
is quite imposing, and time-consuming to verify in any example. In
this paper we describe a method for constructing symmetric monoidal
bi... | 12,316 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
An enduring mystery in the study of radio galaxies is the nature of their power source. Specifically, most galaxies which possess a radio-luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN) and rapidly advancing jets show little evidence for a central accreting disk. For example, in Centaurus A and Virgo A (M87) there... | 21,099 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The suppression of high transverse momentum ( P_T ) hadron production in heavy-ion (A-A) collisions with respect to the scaled expectation value from p-p collisions is experimentally well established from both single hadron observables and hard dihadron correlations . Theoretical models using well-constra... | 2,598 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The study of fluctuations in stochastic growth processes has attracted much attention
during the last two decades . Such processes are ubiquitous in nature
as they appear in various physical situations ranging from paper wetting to burning fronts or growing bacterial colonies. In many experimental
setti... | 4,868 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Mean-variance portfolio construction lies at the heart of modern asset management and has been among the most investigated fields in the economic and financial literature. The classical Markowitz's approach, cf. , or for a recent reissue of his work, rests on the assumption that investors choose among... | 8,110 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Proof of Proposition
The key step in the proof of Proposition is the following
Lemma, whose proof will come later.
Let S = S_- [-1, 1] S_+ as in the hypothesis of .
There exist an area form , a compatible complex structure j ,
and a real valued function F on S so that
for some constants C > 0 and > 0 the following ... | 1,937 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Background Information
In this paper, we consider the following conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood :
Every large integer n that is not a square is the sum of a prime and a square. The number R(n) of representations for n = p + m^2 is given asymptotically by
where p is a prime, m is an inte... | 3,158 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
It is believed that all forms of active galactic nuclei (AGN) are variations
of the same phenomenon, namely accreting supermassive black holes .
The most basic observational description of AGN is their bolometric luminosity,
L_bol , and the obscuring column density, N_H , through which they are o... | 4,312 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
In we put the hypothesis that
active galactic nuclei can be the sources of ultrahigh energy particles
in cosmic rays observed recently by the AUGER group
(see ) due to the processes of converting dark matter
formed by superheavy neutral particles into visible particles --- quarks,
leptons (neutr... | 3,483 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Massive, hot and luminous O-type stars have powerful stellar winds, with mass loss rates of the order of 10 ^-6 to 10 ^-4 M _ yr ^-1 and velocities of several thousand km s ^-1 . These winds play a crucial role both in the stellar evolution as well as the galactic evolution. The existence of strong winds ... | 4,281 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction and Summary
General relativity (GR) has proven to be very successful in predicting and
explaining a variety of gravitational phenomena. Over the last century, basic
ingredients of GR have been tested in many different ways and in many different
settings. In GR, gravitational interactions propagate with th... | 6,735 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The standard model considers the electromagnetic interaction as the result
of a funda\-mental gauge symmetry of nature, which requires a gauge field
that couples e.g. \, to the electron field.
Despite of its outstanding success, the principle of gauge symmetry has not
been able to explain t... | 5,885 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction and results
This note continues the theme of function theory on symplectic manifolds (albeit only in dimension two) and its relations to the theory of quasi-states, as initiated and developed, for example, in , , , , , , .
Consider the following definition.
Let M be a manifold of dimension n and... | 3,830 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) satellite has detected high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in X-ray binaries.
They are kilohertz (kHz) and hectohertz (hHz) QPOs in neutron-star low-mass X-ray binaries,
and high-frequency (HF) QPOs ( 100 Hz) in black-hole X-ray binaries.
HF QP... | 8,496 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The interest on networks of dynamical systems is increasing in recent years, especially because of their capability of modeling and describing a large variety of phenomena and behaviors.
Particular attention has been oriented towards the emergence of complicated phenomena from interconnections of simple m... | 9,810 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
During the last two decades there has been
performed a large number of experimental investigations
of projectile-electron excitation and loss
in collisions between relativistic
highly charged ions and solid and gaseous targets.
In particular, a variety of very heavy projectiles
with the n... | 6,526 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and related techniques like
electron nuclear double resonance have contributed extensively to
the understanding of substitutional shallow donors in the different allotropes
of silicon throughout the last 50 years. On the contrary, EPR had
been ineffective for ... | 10,433 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Chandra observations of cavities in cluster centers in the last decade have brought the issue of
feedback to the center stage in astrophysics. Feedback from AGN driven by supermassive black holes in the cores of massive galaxies is now seen as
a necessary ingredient to adequately describe the formati... | 4,928 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Stephan's Quintet (Hickson Compact Group HCG92, Arp 319, hereafter SQ)
is an extensively studied compact group of four interacting galaxies that have a complex dynamical history [e.g.][]Allen1980, Moles1997.
A remarkable feature of SQ is that a giant ( 15 35 kpc) shock is created by an intruding galaxy,... | 14,655 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The WSME model is a generalization of the one dimensional (1D) lattice
gas model with nearest neighbor (NN) interatomic pair interactions. In
addition to the NN interactions, cluster interactions are present
inside continuous chains of adjasent atoms. The model was initially
introduced by Wako and Sait\... | 7,625 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
In October 2007, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors completed a fifth data run over a two-year long period, denoted as S5, during which one year of triple-coincidence data was collected at design sensitivity. During S5, LIGO consisted of two interferometers in Hanford... | 10,608 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The optical variability of quasars has been recognized since they were
first identified (Matthews \& Sandage 1963). Indeed, most quasars are variable
( 90\% at the 0.03 mag rms level; Sesar et al. 2007), and the variations
in brightness are aperiodic and on the order of 20\% on
time scales of mon... | 18,184 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Quantum Information and Quantum Computation hold the key to faster information processing and better and reliable communication. The properties, the quantum superposition, coherence and entanglement are vital to quantum information processing. Quantum measurements in general collapses a quantum state in... | 11,979 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The very metal-poor stars of the halo play a fundamental
role in chemical evolution since, at metallicities below [Fe/H] - 2.5, only
type II supernovae have had time to contribute to the interstellar
medium (ISM) enrichment from which these stars formed, thus
offering a way of constraining the nucleosynth... | 8,955 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The phenomenon of universality is common to many disciplines of science and
engineering. A well known example is the central limit theorem which,
in a simple version, says the following.
Let \X_i\_i 1 be a collection of i.i.d.
random variables with mean zero and variance [X_i^2] = 1 . Then
... | 7,618 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The idea of manipulating quantum systems to perform computation was
first proposed by Feynman in 1982 . Serious interest in
making this vision a reality followed the invention of Shor's
factoring algorithm in 1994 . Initial concerns that
unfeasible physical control was required were tempered by th... | 2,318 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
One of the seminal results in the development of operator theory and
its applications over the past half century is the Commutant Lifting
Theorem: given contraction operators T' , T'' on respective
Hilbert spaces ' , '' with respective isometric dilations
' and '' on respective Hilbert spaces ' ... | 33,536 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction and outline
This set of notes on walking technicolor
is based in part on sets of lectures delivered to string theory students
in the context of their Ph. D. programs at Swansea University and at
the University of Barcelona.
As such, the content is intended for readers who are familiar with the
ideas of... | 54,228 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Ad hoc networks operate on the basis of multi-hop routing, which allows information to be communicated across the network over a series of hops.
End-to-end performance depends critically on the quality of the multi-hop routes used, but choosing good routes in a dynamic network (e.g. one where nodes are mo... | 3,349 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Suppose one wants to study the density of group elements that have a certain property, or
the average value of some statistic in a group. If the group is finitely generated by a
set S , then there is an associated word metric on the group that measures how far an
element is from the identity, and the ball... | 11,754 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction.
A one-parameter family of real analytic planar systems unfolding a weak focus is an elliptic real analytic one-parameter dependent family linearly equivalent to a family of planar differential equations
for real time, and with (0)=0 and (0) 0. After rescaling the time t()t we can suppose () 1. The ... | 8,415 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Algorithmic information theory (AIT, for short) is a framework
for applying
information-theoretic and probabilistic ideas to recursive function theory.
One of the primary concepts of AIT is the program-size complexity
(or Kolmogorov complexity) H(s) of a finite binary string s ,
which is defi... | 7,825 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The theory of linear control systems of both continuous- and discrete-time cases
is a subject well developed -- see, e.g.,
and references therein.
It can be noticed that many results obtained in both discrete and continuous
cases are similar or even identical. Recently, many problems in control
theory ha... | 6,481 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
In this paper, we address the initial and boundary value
problem for the following generalized Cahn-Hil\-liard equation:
where 0 , R^3 is a bounded domain,
T>0 a finite time horizon, and :R R a strictly
increasing function.
The classical Cahn-Hilliard equation reads
_t- w=0,\ \ w=- + ( ) in
(0,T),... | 14,052 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering can be regarded as a resonant Raman process which results in electronically excited final states reached through intermediate core-hole states of X-ray edges. This species-specific, momentum-tunable probe is enabling the study of Mott-Hubbard physics , Kondo phenomena i... | 4,514 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has already started to set up a new milestone in the
high energy physics experiment. Besides Higgs bosons search, different types of TeV scale
new physics will also be examined. In this work, we explore one such TeV scale physics
necessary to explain the sub-... | 11,423 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The following two-point boundary value problem is considered for the
singularly perturbed linear system of second order differential
equations
Here \;u\; is a column \;n-vector,\;E\; and
\;A(x)\; are \;n n\; matrices, \;E =
diag(),\; = (_1,\;,\;_n)\;
with \;0\;<\;_i\;\;1\; for all \;i=1,,n ... | 12,122 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The first observational evidence of the cosmic infrared background (CIB) was
reported by and confirmed by and .
The CIB is composed of the relic emission at infrared wavelengths
of the formation and evolution of galaxies and consists of contributions
from infrared starburst galaxies and to a lesser degree... | 11,631 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Ergodicity and smoothness
Let S be a compact, connected, boundaryless smooth Riemannian surface. Consider an area-form on S and let be the measure induced by it. We call the Lebesgue measure on S . Let Hom\,_(S) denote the space of homeomorphisms on S which are -invariant, that is, (h(B))=(B) for any ... | 7,920 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Due to computation, communication, and energy constraints,
several control and sensing tasks are currently performed
collectively by a large network of autonomous agents.
Applications are vast including a set of sensors collecting and
processing information about a time-varying spatial field
(e.g., to mon... | 24,675 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The interactive proof system model extends the notion of efficient
proof verification to an interactive setting, where a computationally
unrestricted prover tries to convince a computationally bounded
verifier that an input string satisfies a particular fixed
property.
They have been studied extensivel... | 9,091 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | INTRODUCTION
Radio astronomy is poised to move ahead with a suite of new instruments such as
the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). These instruments will improve sensitivity,
resolution, bandwidth, and many other instrument and observational parameters
by more than an order of magnitude. At present, many radio astronomy
o... | 8,197 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Supersymmetric states have played a crucial role in the development of string theories by helping to uncover and substantiate important aspects about dualities. This is especially true of the strong-weak dualities, since many properties of supersymmetric states are protected and therefore remain invariant... | 6,372 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Solving systems of polynomial equations is a basic problem in
computer algebra, through which many practical problems can be
solved easily. Among all the methods for solving polynomial systems,
the Gr\"obner basis method is one of the most efficient approaches. After
the conception of Gr\"obner basis i... | 19,793 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Acknowledgements
We would like to thank P. Piera\'nski for constructive comments on an early version of the manuscript. We would also like to thank M. Jrgensen and T. Bagh at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, for assistance with Fig. 1, and A. J. Veldmeijer and C. Zazzaro for helpful correspondence. | 82 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | INTRODUCTION
The 'forest' of absorption-line systems observed in the spectra of
background quasars offers a sensitive probe of otherwise invisible
gaseous structures in the universe, where the majority of baryons
reside. Depending on the physical conditions of the absorbing gas,
different transitions are expected to d... | 21,632 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Debris disks were discovered in main-sequence stars
by infrared excess over the photospheric emission
in observations by IRAS in the 1980s.
Since debris disks are thought to be ``extra-solar zodiacal light''
formed via dust production from asteroids and/or comets [e.g.][]backman93,lecavelier96,
it is... | 4,715 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
Interference alignment describes a set of techniques
that allows communication in n -user networks
at significantly enhanced rates compared to
standard `resource division' schemes such as TDMA. Interference alignment schemes
use the channel so that for each receiver all the interference lies in
one subsp... | 8,429 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The Spitzer Space Telescope has provided us with an unprecedented
view of the mid-IR sky in terms of both resolution and sensitivity.
Invariably, the opening of every new
wavelength window carries with it the potential for the discovery of
previously unrecognized phenomena and source populations, which h... | 12,664 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | General discussion
How does the strongly interacting matter look like at
large (moderately large) baryon density and how does QCD work in this regime?
It is one of the most interesting questions for the next decade. At the same
time lattice QCD will not help us - it intrinsically relies on the Monte-Carlo
sampling in... | 2,909 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
As an earliest source related to art-gallery problems authors usually refer to a question
posed by Victor Klee at a conference in 1973:
How many guards are needed to patrol an art gallery with n walls?
Actually, related studies have started much earlier by introducing the
concepts of starsh... | 7,913 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The nature of the dark matter (DM) in the universe is a central open question in particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. A leading paradigm for the origin of DM is thermal freezeout of stable massive particle, which yields an appropriate relic abundance of cold dark matter . The most commonly studi... | 11,168 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
The problem for the average density of the universe acquires
significance when it has been shown that the General Relativity allows to
reveal the geometry and evolution of the universe by simple cosmological
models . Crucial for the universe appears
dimensionless total density =/_c , where
_c is... | 2,970 | academic |
redpajama_arxiv | 2,010 | Introduction
It is by now a widely, although not yet universally, accepted fact that
non-Hermitian Hamiltonians admitting an antilinear symmetry may be used to
define consistent quantum mechanical systems with real energy spectra. This
property can be traced back to Wigner's observation that operators
invarian... | 9,239 | academic |
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