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"paper_id": "T75-2002",
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"date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:43:17.569702Z"
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"title": "DIAGNOSIS AS A NOTION OF GRAMMAR",
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"first": "Mitchell",
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"last": "Marcus",
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"laboratory": "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory M.I.T",
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"text": "for syntactic analysis and how such a grammar should be structured.",
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"text": "This theory of syntactic analysis formalizes a notion very much like the psychologist's notion of \"perceptual strategies\" [Bever \"70] and makes this formalized notion -which will be called the notion of wait- By deterministicali\u00a5 I mean that once grammatical structure is built, it cannot be discarded in the normal course of the parsing process, i.e. that no \"backtracking\" can take place unless the sentence is consciously perceived as being a \"garden path\".",
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"text": "[Bever \"70]",
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"text": "and",
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"text": "This notion of grammar puts knowledge about controlling the parsing process on an equal footing with knowledge about its possible outputs.",
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"text": "To test this theory of grammar, a parser has been implemented that provides a language for writing grammars of this sort, and a grammar for English is currently being written that attempts to capture the wait-and-see diagnostics needed to parse English within the constraints of the theory.",
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"text": "The control structure of the parser strongly reflects the assumptions the theory makes about the structure of language, and the discussion below will use the structure of the parser as an example of the implications of this theory for the parsing process.",
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"text": "The current grammar of English is deep but not yet broad; this has allowed investigation of the sorts of wait-and-see diagnostics needed to handle complex English constructions without a need to wait until a grammar for the entire range of English constructions could be written. This is the paradigm of G&B: enumerate all options, pick one, and then (if it fails) backup and pick another.",
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"text": "While attempts have been made to make this backup process clever, especially in Winograd's SHRDLU, it seems that it is very difficult, if not impossible in general, to tell from the nature of the cul de sac exactly where the parser has gone astray.",
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"text": "In order to parse a sentence of even moderate complexity, there are not one but many points at which a G&B parser must make guesses about what sort of structure to expect next and at all of these points the correct hypothesis must be found before the parse can be successfully completed. Furthermore, the parser may proceed arbitrarily far ahead on any of these hypotheses before discovering that the hypothesis was incorret, perhaps invalidating several other hypotheses contingent upon the first. In essence, the G&B paradigm considers the grammar of a natural language to be a tree-structured space through which the parser must blindly, though perhaps cleverly, search to find a correct parse. Comprehension as a memory process implies a set of concerns very different from those that arose when natural language processing was looked at by linguistics.",
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"text": "Furthermore, the parser may proceed arbitrarily far ahead on any of these hypotheses before discovering that the hypothesis was incorret, perhaps invalidating several other hypotheses contingent upon the first.",
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"text": "It implies that the answers involve the generation of simple mechanisms and large data bases.",
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"text": "It implies that these mechanisms should either be or at least look like the mechanisms used for common-sense reasoning.",
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"text": "It implies that the information in the data bases should be organized for usefulness --i.e., so that textual cues lead to the RAPID retrieval of ALL the RELEVANT information --rather than for uniformity --e.g., syntax in one place, semantics in another. given are part of a more general model of human memory.",
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