| { |
| "paper_id": "A83-1014", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:11:27.568960Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "HANDLING ILL-FORMED INPUT: SESSION INTRODUCTION", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Ralph", |
| "middle": [ |
| "M" |
| ], |
| "last": "Weischedel", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "University of Delaware Newark", |
| "location": { |
| "postCode": "19711", |
| "settlement": "Delaware" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
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| "paper_id": "A83-1014", |
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| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "i. Introduction Suppose we call \"normative\" any system based on a set of constraints (whether pragmatic, semantic, or syntactic). Input that violates the constraints of a system could be termed \"ill-formed\". Sondheimer and Weischedel (1980) to information systems, the magnitude of the problem of absolute ill-formedness can be seen in several case studies. If one includes telegraphic and elliptical constructions in the class of absolute ill-formedness, then case s~udies reported in Thompson (1980) and Eastman and McLean (1981) indicate that as much as 25% of queries to questionanswering systems are absolutely illformed.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 208, |
| "end": 240, |
| "text": "Sondheimer and Weischedel (1980)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 486, |
| "end": 501, |
| "text": "Thompson (1980)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 506, |
| "end": 531, |
| "text": "Eastman and McLean (1981)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "On the other hand, no matter how large the dictionary, grammar, and underlying system, there will always be unknown words and phrases (e.g. proper names) and impossible requests (due to user misconceptions of the capabilities of the underlying system).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Brief overview of the papers of this session (Hendrix, et al., 1978) , building a data base (Marsh, 1983) , grammar checking (Jensen and Heidorn, 1983) ,. generating well-formed messages from ill-formed and incomplete ones (Granger, et al., 1983 ) and intelligent computer-assisted language instruction (Weiachedel, et al., 1978) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 45, |
| "end": 68, |
| "text": "(Hendrix, et al., 1978)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 92, |
| "end": 105, |
| "text": "(Marsh, 1983)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 125, |
| "end": 151, |
| "text": "(Jensen and Heidorn, 1983)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 223, |
| "end": 245, |
| "text": "(Granger, et al., 1983", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 303, |
| "end": 329, |
| "text": "(Weiachedel, et al., 1978)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "response to an ill-formed input depends on the application environment and the user. For example, suppose a presupposition of an input is incorrect according to the computer model. In a language instruction environment, the system should correct the erroneous input, informing the student of the cause of the error; this makes sense since students are error prone in learning a language.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Proper", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In data base access, the system might inform the user of the false presupposition and suggest alternative queries (Kaplan, 1978) , since the user does not usually benefit from the empty set as a response.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 114, |
| "end": 128, |
| "text": "(Kaplan, 1978)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Proper", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "On the other hand, in the application Granger is investigating, the system should check an assumption it has made regarding the incomplete text and try an alternative, since the inconsistency may stem from an assumption the system made in completing fragmentary input. Granger, et al. (1983) and", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 269, |
| "end": 291, |
| "text": "Granger, et al. (1983)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Proper", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Allen, et al. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The role of constraints", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As evident from this session, the processing of ill-formed input has become a very active research topic that is of critical importance in a wide variety of applications.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Future directions", |
| "sec_num": "8." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Yet, there is much to be done. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Future directions", |
| "sec_num": "8." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
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| "ref_entries": {} |
| } |
| } |
