| { |
| "paper_id": "A94-1026", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T01:13:50.543686Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Handling Japanese Homophone Errors in Revision Support System for Japanese Texts; REVISE", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Masahiro", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Oku", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "NTI' Information and Communication Systems Laboratories", |
| "institution": "", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "1-2356 Take, Yokosuka-shi", |
| "postCode": "238-03", |
| "settlement": "Kanagawa", |
| "country": "Japan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "oku@nttnly.ntt.jp" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "Japanese texts frequently suffer from the homophone errors caused by the KANA-KANJI conversion needed to input the text. It is critical, therefore, for Japanese revision support systems to detect and to correct homophone errors. This paper proposes a method for detecting and correcting Japanese homophone errors in compound nouns. This method can not only detect Japanese homophone errors in compound nouns, but also can find the correct candidates for the detected errors automatically. Finding the correct candidates is one superiority of this method over existing methods. The basic idea of this method is that a compound noun component places some restrictions on the semantic categories of the adjoining words. The method accurately determines that a homophone is misused in a compound noun if one or both of its neighbors is not a member of the semantic set defined by the homophone. Also, the method successfully indicates the correct candidates for the detected homophone errors.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "A94-1026", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Japanese texts frequently suffer from the homophone errors caused by the KANA-KANJI conversion needed to input the text. It is critical, therefore, for Japanese revision support systems to detect and to correct homophone errors. This paper proposes a method for detecting and correcting Japanese homophone errors in compound nouns. This method can not only detect Japanese homophone errors in compound nouns, but also can find the correct candidates for the detected errors automatically. Finding the correct candidates is one superiority of this method over existing methods. The basic idea of this method is that a compound noun component places some restrictions on the semantic categories of the adjoining words. The method accurately determines that a homophone is misused in a compound noun if one or both of its neighbors is not a member of the semantic set defined by the homophone. Also, the method successfully indicates the correct candidates for the detected homophone errors.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "We have been using morphological analysis to develop REVISE, a revision support system that corrects Japanese input errors (Ikehara, Yasuda, Shimazaki, and Takagi, 1987; Ohara, Takagi, Hayashi, and Takeishi, 1991) . REVISE can detect and correct various types of errors, such as character deletion, character insertion and some grammatical errors, using knowledge bases that describe the characteristics of each error type (see figure 1) . Homophone errors are one of the error types that can be detected and corrected in REVISE.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 123, |
| "end": 169, |
| "text": "(Ikehara, Yasuda, Shimazaki, and Takagi, 1987;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 170, |
| "end": 213, |
| "text": "Ohara, Takagi, Hayashi, and Takeishi, 1991)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 428, |
| "end": 437, |
| "text": "figure 1)", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Most Japanese texts are made with Japanese word processors. As Japanese texts consist of phonograms, KANA, and ideograms, KANJI, lapanese word processors always use KANA-KANJI conversion in which KANA sequences (i.e. readings) input through the key board are converted into KANA-KANJI sequences. Therefore, Japanese texts suffer from homophone errors caused by erroneous KANA-KANJI conversion. A homophone error occurs when a KANA sequence is converted into the wrong word which has the same KANA sequence (i.e. the same reading). Therefore, detecting and correcting homophone errors is an important topic. Previous research into detecting homophone errors with revision supportsystems used two approaches; (a) using correct-wrong word pairs (Kuga, 1986) , Co) using KWIC (Key Word In Context) lists (Fukushima, Ohtake, Ohyama, and Shutoh, 1986; Suzuki and Takeda, 1989) . Previous research into correct homophone selection in KANA-KANJI conversion used the following two methods; (c) using collocation of words (Nakano, 1982; Tanaka, Mizutani, and Yoshida, 1984; Makino and Kizawa, 1981) . (d) using case frame grammar (Oshima, Abe, Yuura, and Takeichi, 1986) . Method (a) has a drawback in that only pre-defined wrong words in correct-wrong word pairs are detected. Method (b) only indicates which words are in the KWIC list. Therefore, method (b) cannot automatically detect if the word is misused. Method (c) demands the creation of a huge dictionary which must describe all possible word collocations. Method (d) can select the correct homophone by using the semantic restriction between a verb and its cases based on case frame grammar. It is difficult, however, to use method (d) for detecting the homophone errors in compound nouns because it mainly depends on JOSHI (i.e. Japanese postpositions) which are absent in compound nouns. Furthermore, it is difficult, if not impossible, for existing methods, (a)~(d), to correct homophone errors.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 742, |
| "end": 754, |
| "text": "(Kuga, 1986)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 800, |
| "end": 845, |
| "text": "(Fukushima, Ohtake, Ohyama, and Shutoh, 1986;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 846, |
| "end": 870, |
| "text": "Suzuki and Takeda, 1989)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1012, |
| "end": 1026, |
| "text": "(Nakano, 1982;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1027, |
| "end": 1063, |
| "text": "Tanaka, Mizutani, and Yoshida, 1984;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1064, |
| "end": 1088, |
| "text": "Makino and Kizawa, 1981)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1120, |
| "end": 1160, |
| "text": "(Oshima, Abe, Yuura, and Takeichi, 1986)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This paper describes a method for detecting and correcting homophone errors in compound nouns used in REVISE. The idea underlying this method is that a compound noun component semantically restricts the semantic categories of adjoining words. Using semantic categories reduces dictionary size; moreover, this method needs no syntactic information such as case frames. Mso described are the experimental results made to certify the validity of this method.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Key terms used in this paper are defined as follows: \u2022 Japanese compound noun;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Definition of key terms", |
| "sec_num": "2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A noun that consists of several nouns, none of which have JOSHI (i.e. Japanese postpositions).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Definition of key terms", |
| "sec_num": "2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A word that sounds the same as another but has different spelling (i.e. KANJI sequence) and meaning. \u2022 Homophone error;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "\u2022 Homophone;", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "An error that occurs when a KANA sequence is converted into the wrong word which has the same KANA sequence (i.e. the same reading) as the correct one.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "\u2022 Homophone;", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 Semantic category; A class for dividing nouns themselves into concepts according to their meaning. For example, both \"~t .~.'.\" and \"~/'~,.\" belong to the same semantic category [nature].", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "\u2022 Homophone;", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is necessary to use semantic information, such as the semantic restriction between words in a sentence, to handle homophone errors. We note that it is difficult, if may not impossible, to handle all homophone errors uniformly.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "A variety of homophone errors", |
| "sec_num": "3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For example, within a compound noun, the semantic restriction is mainly seen between adjacent words. The case frame semantic restriction encompasses the whole sentence. Therefore, the discussion of this paper focuses on the detection and correction of homophone errors in compound nouns. Tanaka and Yoshida (1987) pointed out that the collocation of words in compound nouns is restricted semantically. This means that the existence of compound noun component \"X\" semantically restricts the set of words that can appear next to \"X\". In order to describe this set, we use semantic categories instead of the words themselves to significantly reduce dictionary size. Namely, if a word is to be accepted as an immediate neighbor of \"X\", its semantic category must be within the set defined by \"X\". Handling consists of two processes: error detection and error correction. In the error correction process, the correct candidates for detected homophone errors can be indicated to the user automatically. The user is responsible for the final selection of the correct homophone from among the indicated candidates. Semantic restrictions, which are used in both processes, are described in a semantic restriction dictionary using semantic categories.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 288, |
| "end": 313, |
| "text": "Tanaka and Yoshida (1987)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "A variety of homophone errors", |
| "sec_num": "3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The compound noun that includes only one homophone, h i, is represented as;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Detecting homophone errors in compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "wp hiw\u00b0, where up, Wo are words that have no homophones. The set of words with the same reading as h i is H= { hl, h 2, \"\", hl, \"\", hm }.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Detecting homophone errors in compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "PS i is the set of semantic categories that can appear immediately before homophone h i. NS i is the set of semantic categories that can appear immediately after h i.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Detecting homophone errors in compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Here, we assume that each semantic restriction for each word in set H is exclusive. That is, for every i, j, esi n P% =", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Detecting homophone errors in compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "NS i {q NSj = #, ---(1) iq=j, i,j = 1,2,'\",m.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Detecting homophone errors in compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the compound noun wp h i w n, when h i is the correct homophone, the semantic categories of wp and w, satisfy the semantic restrictions of h,, i.e., the semantic category ofwp e PS~ and the semantic category of w, e NS ~ \". 2On the other hand, when h i is the wrong homophone, semantic categories of wp and w, do not satisfy the semantic restriction for h i, i.e., from (1) and 2; the semantic category ofwp 4E PS i and/or the semantic category of w. ~ NS ~ -'- 3Therefore, we can detect homophone errors in compound nouns based on (2) and (3).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Detecting homophone errors in compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is possible that set H contains two or more words whose PSs and/or NSs overlap, such that the semantic sets do not yield sufficient discrimination performance. Namely, several semantic restrictions for words in set H do not satisfy formula (1), i.e., for the semantic categories of several words in set H, PSi fq PSi 4: 4, NS i CI NS i 4: 4, \"'\" 4i", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Insufficient semantic discrimination", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this case, semantic categories which do not belong to PS i CI PS i or NS t CI NS i can also be used for detecting homophone errors based on (2) and/or (3). The words with semantic categories belonging to PS i N PS i or NS~ CI NSi, however, fail to distinguish h i and h because such categories satisfy both semantic restrictions in terms of h i and h i . It is very difficult to construct a semantic category system that would satisfy formula (1) for all words. Therefore, in REVISE, when a word whose semantic categories belong to PS i N PS i or NS i N NS i adjoin h~ or h i in compound nouns, h i or h i is detected as a homophone error. This may wrongly indicate correct homophones as errors but no error will be missed. This is a basic requirement of any text revision support system and/or any text proofreading system.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Insufficient semantic discrimination", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The correct homophone in a compound noun should satisfy the semantic restrictions established by its adjoining words. The semantic category for the adjoining word of the homophone error should be included in the sets of semantic categories that can appear immediately before/after the correct homophone. Namely, it is the correct candidates for the detected homophone error that satisfy formula (2) and that have the same KANA sequence (i.e. the same reading) as the error. When the semantic category sets of homophones partially overlap and the category of the adjoining word falls into the overlap region, the homophone is detected as erroneous even if it is correct, as described above in 4.2. In this case, the detected homophone itself is 'also indicated as one of the correct candidates if it satisfies formula (2). To indicate only candidates which satisfy formula (2) leads us to a shortened correction process because the correct homophone will be included in the candidates.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Correcting homophone errors in compound nouns", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The semantic restriction dictionary describes which semantic categories can adjoin, either before or after, each homophone. Figure 3 shows the format of the semantic restriction dictionary. A record consists of the following four items;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 124, |
| "end": 132, |
| "text": "Figure 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic restriction dictionary", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 homophone reading: the semantic restriction dictionary is retrieved by the homophone reading in the error correction process, to find the correct candidates for the detected homophone error. \u2022 KANJI homophone spelling: the dictionary is retrieved by the KANJI homophone spelling in the error detection process, to determine whether the homophone is misused in the compound noun or not. \u2022 information whether semantic restrictions in this record apply to the preceding or following word.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic restriction dictionary", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 semantic restrictions: this is the set of semantic categories that can adjoin the homophone. Semantic categories which are included in two or more sets of the homophones are marked as to show insufficient semantic discrimination. Ways of using the semantic restriction dictionary in both processes, error detection and error correction, will be described using examples in the next section. preceding I reading spelling or semantic restrictions following Figure 3 : The format of the semantic restriction dictionary.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 457, |
| "end": 465, |
| "text": "Figure 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic restriction dictionary", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "An example of detecting homophone errors in the compound noun \"~1.~',~\", which includes the homophone \"~-~-(chemistry)\" is shown in figure 4 . \"~ ~\", whose reading is \"\u00a2~'~< (kagaku)\", has the homophonic word \"~-~-(science)\" while \"I~ .~,',\" has no homophonic word. The word preceding homophone \"~ ~--\" in the compound noun \"[~ ,~,',~-~--\" is \"l~t ,~,',\" and it has the semantic category [nature] . As shown in figure 4, semantic category [nature] is not included in the set that represents the semantic restriction on the possible prior neighbors of \"'[~-~-\". Therefore, \"~j~:\" is detected as a homophone error in the compound noun \"~ ~[~ -~\" based on formula (3). Next, the error correction process is invoked after detecting homophone error 'q~ L~.,,. In order to indicate the correct candidates for the error, the semantic restriction dictionary is accessed using the reading \"7)'7) \u00a2 < \". The semantic set of possible prior imllnt~ *l~t*itmkms {(~rsmi.nttlanl. (,=#-,al. (,,,m='ialL [,chda,,hip] . lftwla,tL In,ti,,=,~l) { [o,pai*ttlaal. [re#aaL lmt,,,-l. [tot,oSr~l. [oeo] . (,dmlan,~l. (~.-.,i..,!. 11~1. [t,=n~l} \u2022 word \"SE~'~(operation)\" whose semantic category is [act] . \"~\" has homophonic words \"~,r/~(machine) '' and \"~/~(chance)\", while \"-E4~\" has no homophonic word. Although, as shown in figure 5, semantic category [act] is included in the semantic category set for the words preceding \"~to~\", this category is also included in the other semantic category set (in figure 5, this fact is shown by outlining). As mentioned in section 4.2, such a case is flagged as a homophone error even though it is correct neighbors of homophonic word \"~ff~-\" is then obtained. Because the semantic category [nature] for \"t~l~\" is included in this set, \"~\" is indicated as a correct candidate for homophone error \"'f~-~--\" in the compound noun \"I~I ,~.'.4~-~\" based on formula (2).", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 388, |
| "end": 396, |
| "text": "[nature]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 949, |
| "end": 1000, |
| "text": "{(~rsmi.nttlanl. (,=#-,al. (,,,m='ialL [,chda,,hip]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1028, |
| "end": 1078, |
| "text": "[o,pai*ttlaal. [re#aaL lmt,,,-l. [tot,oSr~l. [oeo]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1081, |
| "end": 1120, |
| "text": "(,dmlan,~l. (~.-.,i..,!. 11~1. [t,=n~l}", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1174, |
| "end": 1179, |
| "text": "[act]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1332, |
| "end": 1337, |
| "text": "[act]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 132, |
| "end": 140, |
| "text": "figure 4", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF5" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of handling homophone errors", |
| "sec_num": "4.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Let's consider an example that exhibits insufficient semantic discrimination. The compound noun \"-V~ tt~\" shown in figure 5 includes the homophone \"~ (machine)\" whose reading is \"~ ~W(kikai)\" and the (actually \"/~-l~\" is correct in this example). Therefore, \"~\" in the compound noun \"SE~d~ \" is detected as the error, and the correction process is invoked. The semantic restriction dictionary is accessed using the reading \"~ ~),p~\". The semantic set of possible prior neighbors of homophonic words \"~-~\" and \"~\" are then obtained. The semantic category [act] is an element of the set for \"~-~-~\" but is not included the set for \"~ ~\". According to formulae (2) and (3), only \"g][~\" and \"-~-~\" are indicated as correct candidates. Although the correct homophone is detected as the error, that the correct homophone (the original homophone) will be a candidate shortens the correction process.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of handling homophone errors", |
| "sec_num": "4.5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The validity of this method was confirmed with experiments in detecting and correcting homophone errors. We assumed that the input compound nouns were already segmented into component words and that their reading and semantic categories were already added. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experiments", |
| "sec_num": "5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 Homophones used in experiments: Table 1 shows the 100 homophones (32 readings) that were used in the experiments. \u2022 Compound nouns evaluated:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 34, |
| "end": 41, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experimental data", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We prepared two kinds of data: compound nouns that included correct homophones (correct homophone data sets) and compound nouns that included wrong homophones (wrong homophone data sets). Ono and Hamanishi (1981) , which are the most famous semantic category systems for the Japanese language. The semantic system has about 200 nodes and covers about 35,000 words. \u2022 The semantic restriction dictionary:", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 188, |
| "end": 212, |
| "text": "Ono and Hamanishi (1981)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experimental data", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Compound nouns including all homophones in table 1, were collected from newspaper articles over a 90 day period, and the semantic restriction dictionary was made based on the semantic restrictions between the homophones and the adjoining words in compound nouns.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experimental data", |
| "sec_num": "5.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Generally speaking, the performance of an error detection method can be measured by two indices: the detection rate indicates the percentage of errors correctly determined and the misdetection rate indicates the percentage of correct words that are erroneously detected as errors. The detection rate is defined as;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experimental results", |
| "sec_num": "5.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Detection rate = the number of errors detected actual number of wrong compounds in the sample.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experimental results", |
| "sec_num": "5.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The misdetection rate is defined as;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experimental results", |
| "sec_num": "5.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Misdetection rate= the number of homophones misdetected actual number of correct compounds in the sample.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experimental results", |
| "sec_num": "5.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The experimental results are shown in table 3. The detection rate is over 95%. This value is much higher than the 48.9% rate previously reported (Suzuki and Takeda, 1989) . On the other hand, the misdetection rate is less than 30%. This value shows that the proposed method determined that over 70% of the correct homophones in compound nouns were correct. This means that the confirmation process can be significantly shortened because fewer correct compounds are presented for confirmation. Moreover, in the correction process, for more than 80% of detected errors, the correct homophone was a candidate. These results show that this method can detect and correct homophone errors in compound nouns successfully. ", |
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| "start": 145, |
| "end": 170, |
| "text": "(Suzuki and Takeda, 1989)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Experimental results", |
| "sec_num": "5.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We analyzed the experimental results and determined that misdetection is caused by two factors; (a) imperfect semantic restriction dictionary, Co) semantic categories that belong to sets that can adjoin words having the same reading. The number of compound nouns used to make the semantic restriction dictionary was different for each word reading. When the number of compound nouns used to construct the dictionary is large enough, misdetection caused by factor (a) will be minimized. Factor (b) can be offset by optimizing the semantic category system to improve semantic discrimination. This problem will be researched in the future.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Discussion", |
| "sec_num": "5.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This paper has described a method for detecting and correcting Japanese homophone errors in compound nouns used in a revision support system for Japanese texts; REVISE. The underlying concept of this method is that a compound noun component can restrict the set of semantic categories of words that can adjoin the component. The method accurately determines that a homophone is misused in a compound noun if one or both of its neighbors is not a member of the set defined by the homophone. Also, the method successfully indicates the correct candidates for the detected homophone errors automatically. Experiments indicate that the detection rate is over 95% and that the misdetection rate is less than 30%. These results conf'mn the validity of this method in detecting and correcting Japanese homophone errors in compound nouns.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "6" |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
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| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Processing flow of REVISE.", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Flow diagram of handling homophone errors.", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "shows the flow diagram of handling homophone errors.", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF4": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "The semantic set possible prior neighbors of \"~-~\": { [organization], [region], [nature], [topography], [orb], [scholarship], [creation], [life], [temper]} \u2022 \". \"'4\"~\" is indicated as a correct candidate for homophone error \"~\".", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF5": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "An example of handling a homophone error.", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF6": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "act] can also appear prior to other homophonic word (shown by outlining in this figure). l'he semantic set possible prior neighbors of \"~k~\".'~ ] Error correction process [act] E {[body], [tool], [at~] } ,,-~,,. l Access semantic restriction dictionary ['he semantic set possible prior neighbors of \".~\".\" ,&,/ using reading\" ~ ~'v~\". [act] ~ {[dominate], [duty] , [tram~cfion] } .'. \"~,~\"and \"~\" are indicated as correct candidates.", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF7": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Another example of handling a homophone error.", |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF2": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": "Homophones used in experiments. reading", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td>spelling</td></tr><tr><td>u</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>kikai</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>kisei</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>kyoukou</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>kyousou kyoudo</td><td>M~</td><td/></tr><tr><td>genka</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>kougai</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>kougyou</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>koutai</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>kounai</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>kouhyou</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>[ saitei shiten</td><td colspan=\"2\">~:Fa ~,~ ~,~</td></tr><tr><td>shougaku</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>shoukyaku i shomei</td><td/><td>m~</td></tr><tr><td>jiten</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>i senshin</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>taikou</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>chika</td><td colspan=\"2\">~T ~</td></tr><tr><td>teigaku</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>denki toshi</td><td>NN</td><td>g</td></tr><tr><td>naizou</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>I nihon</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>ninki</td><td colspan=\"2\">A~ ~N</td></tr><tr><td>hanmen</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>fuyou</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>bun</td><td/><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>hoken</td><td/><td/></tr></table>", |
| "html": null, |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF4": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": "Compound noun data set for experiments.", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>name number</td><td>outline of data set</td></tr><tr><td/><td>compound nouns extracted</td></tr><tr><td/><td>from newspaper articles</td></tr><tr><td/><td>compound nouns extracted</td></tr><tr><td/><td>from text books in high schools</td></tr><tr><td/><td>compound nouns formed by</td></tr><tr><td/><td>substituting a correct homophone</td></tr><tr><td/><td>in data set 1 with a wrong homophone</td></tr><tr><td/><td>compound nouns formed by</td></tr><tr><td/><td>substituting a correct homophone</td></tr><tr><td/><td>in data set 2 with a wrong homophone</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">5.2 Description of semantic restriction</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u2022 The semantic category system:</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">The semantic category system used in the experiments</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">was constructed by referring to BUNRUI-GOI-HYO</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">edited by the National Language Research Institute</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(1964) and RUIGO-SHIN-JITEN written by</td></tr></table>", |
| "html": null, |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF5": { |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": "Experimental results.", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">misdetection rate [%] detection rate [%]</td><td/></tr><tr><td>:lata set 1</td><td>27.1</td><td>-</td><td>--</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>data set 2</td><td>28.3</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>clata set 3 '</td><td>--</td><td>'</td><td>96.3</td><td/></tr><tr><td>data set 4</td><td>--</td><td>-</td><td>97.1</td><td/></tr></table>", |
| "html": null, |
| "num": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
