Base_JSON/prefixC/json/C73/C73-1000.json

{
    "paper_id": "C73-1000",
    "header": {
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        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:28:14.755341Z"
    },
    "title": "BIBLIOTECA DELL' (( ARCHIVUM ROMANICUM>)",
    "authors": [],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "Programma di ~lologia romana come scienza idealistica. 1922, Vlii-128 pp. (esaurito) 3. VERRUA, P. Umanisti ed altri a studiosi viri >> italiani e stranieri di qua e di lc) dalle Alpi e dal mare. 1924, 234 pp., 2 taw. Life 10.000 4. CINO nA PlSXOIA, Le rime. A cura di G. Zaccagnini. 1925, 310 pp.",
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        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "Programma di ~lologia romana come scienza idealistica. 1922, Vlii-128 pp. (esaurito) 3. VERRUA, P. Umanisti ed altri a studiosi viri >> italiani e stranieri di qua e di lc) dalle Alpi e dal mare. 1924, 234 pp., 2 taw. Life 10.000 4. CINO nA PlSXOIA, Le rime. A cura di G. Zaccagnini. 1925, 310 pp.",
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                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
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        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "Au moment off les annales de la Conference Internationale de Linguistique Computationnelle de 1973 vont paraltre, je suis hetireu~de presenter l'activit~ de l'Intemational Committee for Computational Linguistics et de rendre hommage aux organismes et aux pers0nnes qui ont apport~ leur concours au succ~s de cette activitY.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "PREFACE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Sous le vocable de << Computational Linguistics >> on trouve une grande varidt6 d'activit~s qui se trouvent au carrefour de la linguistique, de l'informatique et de l'intelligence artificielle. Les contours en sont real d~finis et bon hombre de travaux peuvent ~tre revendiqu& aussi bien par la linguistique computationnelle que par l'une des trois disciplines pr~c~demment mentionn~es (sans parler des inferences provenant de la statistique, de l'alg~bre du monoide ou encore de la th~orie de la calculabilit~). N&nmoins, l'~volution de la linguistique computationnelle, qui, initialement, ~tait surtout une juxtaposition de spdcialistes d'une seule discipline, atteint ~t pr~sen tune forme interdisciplinaire tr~s accentu~e qui lui conf~re sa propre originalitd.",
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                "section": "PREFACE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "L'informatique organise ses conferences internationales depuis 1959, la linguistique appliqu~e depuis 1964, l'intelligence artificielle qui est pourtant tr~s li~e ~ rinformatique s'est individualis& en 1969. La linguistique computationnelle n'aurait trouv~ dans l'une ou l'autre de ces instances qu'une place marginale, faisant apparaltre seulement un aspect de son activit6 et renforqant la juxtaposition au d&riment de rint~gration. Aussi, la cr&tion de rlntemational Committee for Computational Linguistics en 1965 fi New York juste apr~s la confdrence de I'I.F.I.P. fut--elle une heureuse operation.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PREFACE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Sans doute y avait-il une volont~ commune de la part d'associations nationales et de la part de nombreux sp~cialistes de divers pays qui se connaissaient depuis plusieurs ann~es pour favoriser un tel projet. Nous devons tous au professeur David G. Nous avons 6t6 invit6s a tenir la cinqui~me confdrence ~t Pise en 1973.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PREFACE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "La pr6sidence du Comit6 de programme a 6t6 assur6e par le Dr. Hans KAm.GI~N, membre de I'ICCL depuis sa fondation en 1965.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PREFACE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "L'organisation de la conf6rence de Pise rut particuli~rement remarqusble; qu'il me soit permis de remercier ici: le Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, le Centro Nazionale Universitario di Calcolo Elettronico (CNUCE) de Pise, le Centre Scientifique de rlBM halie de Pise, et notre coordinateur g6n6ral, le professeur A. ZAMPOLLI qui, au delft du congr~s lui-m~me, s'est occup6 de la publication de ces annales.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "PREFACE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The present collection of papers covers a wide range of interests and attitudes. While presumably nobody will enjoy every item, I expect every reader to fred several contributions which are stimulating to him and every contribution to find delighted readers. Since I am one of the few who have read them all -acting as the Chairman of the Program Committee -let me say a few words on the criteria adopted in organizing this work.",
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                "section": "FOREWORD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The characteristic feature of Computational Linguistics is a focus on computation, on the derivation of results by a ~ mechanical ~ procedure, operating according to rules, according to an ~ algorithm ~. A good tool for computation is, in malay cases, a computer, but computational linguistics is not the same as Computer-based Linguistics or Linguistic Data Processing ( Linguistische Datenverarbeitung).",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "FOREWORD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Firstly, much computation can be and has been performed without computers. The choice of tools in, say, a statistical study is naturally a question of economy, not of scientific method.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "FOREWORD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Secondly, several studies of methodology, aiming at formulating the linguistic problems in a manner which makes them amenable to computation, do not involve actual computation, let alone the direct use of computers. The demarcation against other mathematical approaches to linguistics is necessarily unclear: for some papers on design of models, the emphasis on problems of computability is not indisputable.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "FOREWORD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Thirdly, linguistic research, like investigations in so many other fields, is often aided by the services of a computer without being, on that account, directed towards problems of computation. Thus lexicographic work is neither more nor less computational because the clerical part of it has become easier -or possibly more complicatedthanks to new equipment. The data processing performed in linguistic institutes of various kinds is certainly woi:th studying in its own right -preferably together with experts of economy, organization and office rationalization -but does not constitute a separate branch of scientific research. Again, the distinction is ofteri vague in practice, and the Program Committee is aware that some papers may have interest as reports on computational tools for linguistics rather than as contri-butions to Computational Linguistics proper. The Program Committee was careful and open in this respect, because of the intense interest in and need for such tools, at this point of time, in some fields.",
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                "section": "FOREWORD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Fourthly, Computational Linguistics does not, in our view, include the study of linguistics-based information processing in Information Retrieval Systems, Programming Language Compilers and other cases where linguistics is applied as an aid to computation, unless such study is concentrated on linguistically crucial problems.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "FOREWORD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Program Committee was not in the position of initiating and controlling the research presented at the Conference. The authors obviously do not all share our view of Computational Linguistics as presented here. The Program Committee, by grouping the papers under a few headings, has tried to emphasize the various computational aspects, in a few cases more strongly than the authors have done themselves. It goes without saying, that many contributions could reasonably have been placed under more than one heading: semantical and syntactical analysis are often interlaced, and particularly so in some recent efforts; the meaning extraction procedures of Information Retrieval Systems come close to other semantic computations; Model Design is a component of very many contributions, and it is not intended as a ranking if that aspect has been considered more dominating in some papers. In short, the grouping under these headings is intended to characterize the field rather than the individual contributions.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "FOREWORD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Although the Program Committee in its arrangements of the papers for the Conference and hence for this publication did not obediently adapt itself to the contents of the papers but tried to influence the discussions at the Conference and the influx of papers at the next CoT.rNG Conference in an intended way, this arrangement was decided a posteriori, on the basis of the material submitted. The choice of headings reflects the over-all trends in the field. Conspicuously, there is a large number of papers on what we have called Semantic Computation. Not many years ago, that title might have sounded as contradictio in adjecto. The inclusion of Semantics into the domain of the computable seems to mark a major progress in recent linguistics. In his preface, B. Vauquois, President of the International Committee on Computational Linguistics, has described the history of the previous conferences, and H. Karlgren, President of the Program Committee, has explained the principles which were adopted in the choice and the division of the papers. It is my task to describe briefly the organizational aspects of the conference. First of all, however, I should like to make a few observations concerning its content in relation to recent developments in the area of automated language processing (ALP). I use this term rather than computational linguistics as it is far more general in its implications, encompassing all studies, theoretical or applied, on the use of computers or computational techniques in the processing of natural language. 1 I consider computational linguistics to be a subset of ALP, a subset to which I shall refer by the abbreviation CL. The lectures will be concerned mainly with the following topics: a) Informatic systems for the analysis and generation of linguistic structures. These systems can consist either of only a description language or can also contain the exploitation algorithm. b) Practical experience of automatic treatment with the use of the preceding tools (analysis, generation of natural languages, man-machine communication, questionanswering systems, mechanical translation, information retrieval, etc.). c) Informatic systems for the analysis of texts and of linguistic data. d) Practical experience of analysis of texts and linguistic data in various fields of linguistics and humanities (historical linguistics, lexicology, lexicography, terminology, quantitative linguistics, stilometry, stylistics, philology, textual criticism, dialectology, translation, popular traditions, documentary analysis of texts, psycholinguistics, etc.).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "FOREWORD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "From a theoretical point of view, it must be remembered that many research projects currently in progress in TP are aimed at extracting, from linguistic facts, data and information which constitute the primary material that must be considered in theories and models of CL. At times, information obtained on the statistical and lexical composition of specific corpora is also used in the construction of algorithms and in the choice of working strategies for systems in CL; reference can be made, for example, to the use of statistical methods in several speech understanding systems or in some projects for machine translation. From an operational point of view, typical TP procedures include some crucial operations on the texts or data which are substantially the same as some of those requested from some components of typical systems in CL. Two of the more obvious examples are morphological analysis and the distinguishing of homographs for lemmatization.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION XXI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The fact that these operations in TP are still performed manually is partly because of the inadequacies of the components of the CL systems in analysing, in a satisfactory manner, the variety and complexity of the texts and data usually processed in TP, but it is also a result of the lack of exchange of information and collaboration among researchers in the two fields. Those who have worked for some time in TP, however, are well aware of the fact that the development of applications according to the 'classic' methods and techniques of the 1950s and 1960s has reached saturation point. If we continue to use current methods, according to the current rules of the game (for example: processing, at a simple graphemic level, millions of running words, in order to produce frequency counts, concordances, lexical cards, etc., without any linguistic analysis), real prospects of development do not exist. Although the speed of the computer is continually being increased and programs are becoming more sophisticated, lexicographers and linguists are not able to profit from these facts proportionally because current methodology already produces much more data than any rea-3. Computational semantics II: semantics of natural languages. 4. Automatic syntactic parsing and synthesis of natural languages. Information retrieval. Man-machine communication.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION XXI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "5. Computational lexicography and stylistics, including concordances and statistical studies.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION XXI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "6. Speech recognition and synthesis; graphemics, including character recognition; language-graphics interfaces.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION XXI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "7. Machine translation and machine-aided translation; automated terminology dictionaries.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION XXI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "sonably sized team of linguists could possibly analyse, working according to current procedures. If the analysing operations are left to a successive phase, this would not alleviate the problem as it is not clear how we can resolve the enormous operational difficulties which are due to the sheer quantity of the documentation and material gathered.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "It is a fact that after the 2nd International Summer School at Pisa (1972) where the participants were exposed at the same time to courses on both computer-aided lexicography and parser principles and techniques, attempts were multiplied to use the methods and techniques, studied by CL, in the field of TP, obviously with all the precautions, simplifications, and the limits imposed by the extent of the materials to be processed. An example which can be cited is the system for the automatic distinguishing, in large corpora, of homographs among the various parts of speech.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "It is significant that this new attitude is shown above all in the field of the analysis of texts for lexicographical, statistical, stylistic, and literary studies. It is seen that in many of the papers in the sections of these Proceedings on text corpus editing, text comparison, and grammatical analysis, there is evidence of developments which would have been difficult to have foreseen only two or three years ago.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "This trend can easily be detected also in the papers in the section on meaning extraction. It is well known that the difference between automatic translation and automatic documentation is that, in the latter, simple and well known surface working methods are able to offer an acceptable rendering, even if the process of textual analysis does not produce a linguistically adequate representation of the syntactic and semantic structure of sentences and paragraphs. Nevertheless, it seems clear that the possibility of applying linguistic knowledge to extract and represent, at least locally and partially, the structure and/or meaning of clauses and sentences, makes it possible to increase the efficiency of algorithms and retrieval strategies. machine dictionary is seen as an archive which is suitable for registering the body of knowledge produced by linguistic research in its dynamic development. This knowledge c~n be incorporated, for example, under the form of syntactic/semantic features,' relationships of synonymy and antonymy, codes of semantic fields, case structures, possible constructions, rules of selection and co-occurrence, and must be able to be modified allowing both for the evolution of linguistic theories and the incorporation of additional data coming from the corpus. The frequencies of various linguistic units within the texts are recorded in the machine dictionary. These frequencies should permit an attempt to set up, on an inductive basis, the identification on the diachronic and synchronic axes of subsets of texts of quantitative homogeneous characteristics. Only in this way would it be possible to establish on a sounder basis the field of linguistic statistics which is to some extent in a state of theoretical crisis today despite the advances in technology.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "With regard to grammatical analysis, automatic morphological analysis seems to have reached an advanced stage of development both in the optimization of algorithms and the extension of the lexicon covered in various languages.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "As far as syntax is concerned, parsing systems are influenced by the general situation of transformational grammars. As is well known, a universally accepted model does not exist, and transformationalists usually limit themselves to the consideration of restricted even if highly complex groups of phenomena, each one proposing ad hoc modifications to the theory instead of clearly defining and completely specifying a class of grammars. The studies on augmented transition networks are probably the most relevant contribution in this field of CL, even at the theoretical level.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The situation is more favourable in a certain sense, however, for the development of algorithms which automatically generate sequences in the language of a given grammar from initial structures. These are useful both in verifying the generative power of a grammar and in the debugging of errors in the writing of a set of rules, as described in the section on testing and simulation.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The papers in the section on the study of formal properties show how these studies have been gradually widened to cover all the various levels of linguistics: phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In the section on discovery procedures, the well known debate on the possibility of automating discovery procedures in linguistics was not ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "emphasized as on other occasions. Instead, the papers give concrete examples of computational procedures which can be of great assistance at the heuristic level of research projects.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In the translation section, the renewed theoretical involvement of the teams which continue to work in this much discussed field is clearly shown\u00b0 As I have already stated, the meeting of those carrying out research in the fields of CL and TP was one notable feature of the conference; the other was the emphasis placed on the area of semantics which was the theme of the two invited papers and also appeared as a topic in many papers, even those not included in the section on semantical calculus. The interest in semantic and pragmatic studies has been characteristic of the principal schools of theoretical linguistics in the early 1970s. The discussions on the problems of constructing and modelling ' intelligent' natural language understanding systems by those working in the fields of cognitive psychology, linguistics, information science, and artificial intelligence, have led to exciting new developments in our understanding of the facultd de langage. The 5th ICCL has probably provided the fu:st official forum for the description of such researches which produces a new set of tools and knowledge in the field of natural inference, semantics formalization, knowledge representation, memory models, etc. Such a conceptual framework emerging into CL from the field of artificial intelligence is beginning to have an influence on the theoretical positions of the schools of contemporary linguistics; influence which seems to be much stronger and more profound than that of CL in the past. In one sense it is possible to say that, at least as far as this field is concerned, the traditional relationship between linguistics and CL, which sees CL as applying already formed linguistic theories, or at most attempting to give a complete specification of them, is being changed: linguistics is receiving new ideas and suggestions from developments in CL and artificial intelligence.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "INTRODUCTION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "There were 328 scholars from 34 countries who participated in the Conference. Some of these countries were represented for the first time at an ICCL meeting. Participants were from the following countries: ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Participants",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Proceedings are published in two volumes which contain the texts of the two invited papers and all the papers accepted for the conference, including those whose authors were unable to attend at the last moment.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "ORGANIZATION OF THE PROCEEDINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Program Committee grouped the presentations into eleven sessions: The first volume of the Proceedings consists of sessions I to vI; the second volume contains sessions vii to xI. The two invited papers (I. A. Mel'~uk and W. A. Woods) were included in sessions viii and vI, respectively. Within each session the papers have been printed in alphabetical order of the authors' names (the name of the first author has been used in cases where there was more than one). Each volume has an index of the papers contained within that volume and, in addition, Volume 2 has a general index. As far the rules and criteria, which guided the Program Committee in their decisions, reference should be made to the preface by its President H. Karlgren. A brief index of themes, compiled with many suggestions from H. Eggers and A. Tomberg, can also be found at the end of the second volume. This list makes no attempt at classification and serves only to assist the reader in finding certain topics. It is also my pleasant duty to express my gratitude to all those who have contributed to the success of the conference: the Organizing Committee and all the local authorities who helped in providing hospitality for the participants, and particularly R. Stefanini who was responsible for the co-ordination of the facilities generously placed at our disposal by the University of Pisa; all the personnel of the Linguistics and EDP sections, of CNUCE, particularly P. Bronzoni and E. Picchi who organized the demonstrations using the computer, all the secretarial staff of the conference with special mention for the co-ordinator, L. 5 The correction of the first and second proofs was entrusted to students at the University of Pisa. The third proofs, however, were sent to the authors in order to receive their final approval.",
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                "section": "ORGANIZATION OF THE PROCEEDINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I II III IV V",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "ORGANIZATION OF THE PROCEEDINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "s The notes have been added after this date.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "ORGANIZATION OF THE PROCEEDINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Autorit~, Signore, Signori, porgo il pi~ cordiale benvenuto ai partecipanti alla International Conference On Computational Linguistics.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "L'organizzazione di questo Congresso, che segue quelli tenutisi a New York, a Grenoble, a Stoccolma, a Debrezen, ~ stata aflidata al Pro\u00a3 Antonio Zampolli dell'Universit~ di Pisa dall'International Committee on Computational Linguistics, un Comitato di insigni studiosi di diverse nazionalit~t che ha il compito di promuovere gli studi, le ricerche e gli scambi di informazioni nel settore della elaborazione elettronica di dati linguistici.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Questo settore ha &lie caratteristiche spiccatamente interdisciplinari. In esso confluiscono i risultati di discipline umanistiche, quali la linguistica, la filologia, la storia letteraria, di scienze come la matematica e rinformatica, e della moderna tecnologia dei ~lcolatori.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Questo settore della ricerca ~ perci6 in continuo sviluppo e richiede un rapido aggiornamento: il Congresso cui vi accingete ad assistere si propone di rispondere a queste esigenze, e siamo graft al Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, alla IBM Italia, e al Centro Nazionale Universitario di Calcolo Elettronico dell'Universit~ di Pisa che ne hanno assunto il patrocinio.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "L'Universit~ di Pisa ha promosso e largamente contribuito allo sviluppo di queste ricerche in Italia, in diversi modi, con diverse iniziafive, per mezzo di alcuni suoi Istituti.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Queste attivit~ si sono sviluppate cosl rapidamente da costituire ben presto una delle principali e notevoli attivit~t del Centro Nazionale Universitario di Calcolo Elettronico dell'Universit~ di Pisa.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Io sono grato al Prof. Antonio Zampolli, che ~ stato il promotore e l'animatore di questi studi, e all'Accademia della Crusca, e in particolare al suo presidente Giovanni Nencioni, che, chiedendo la collaborazione del nostro Centro, ci ha permesso di intensificare i nostri studi e la nostra attivit~ in questo campo. Questi studi e questi interessi hanno trovato piena accoglienza e collaborazione da parte dei colleghi della Facolt~ di Lettere dell'Universit~ di Pisa, e in particolare del Prof. Tristano Bolelli.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "La Facolt~ di Lettere dell'Universit~t di Pisa ha infatti istituito, per prima in Italia, un corso ufficiale di Linguistica matematica il cui insegnamento ~ stato affidato al Prof. Zampolli.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Un'altra attivit~t didattica che Pisa ha introdotto, prima tra le Uni-versit~t italiane, ~ il Corso di Laurea in Scienze dell'Informazione, che sta per entrare he1 sesto anno di vita. L'esempio ~ stato seguito da altre Universit~t italiane, cominciando da Bari e da Torino.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Gli studi da voi prediletti hanno conosciuto in breve tempo un grande incremento e un rapido sviluppo.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Nel 1968 il Prof. A. Zampolli era solo in questa attivit~; oggi la Sezione Linguistica da lui diretta conta oltre trenta collaboratori.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Grazie alia collaborazione dell'Accademia della Crusca e di molti altri Istituti Scientifici italiani, la Sezione Linguistica del CNUCE ha messo a punto una serie di metodologie, di procedure, di programmi che costituiscono un potente strumento di lavoro e di ricerca a disposizione di tutti gli studiosi italiani e stranieri. I testi in pih di 20 lingue, registrati su nastri magnetici, formano una grande biblioteca elettronica che fornisce una documentazione e un oggetto di grande interesse per i vostri studi.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "L'organizzazione di questo Congresso si inserisce neU'attivit~ che rUniversitk di Pisa, tramite la Sezione Linguistica del CNUCE, sta svolgendo da tempo sul piano dei rapporti internazionali.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Essa cura le relazioni scientifiche e lo scambio di informazioni e di materiali con altri paesi. Nel 1970 l'Universit~ di Pisa organizzb una Scuola Estiva Internazionale sulla elaborazione elettronica dei dati linguistici e letterari. L'elevato numero dei partecipanti ha dimostrato che la Scuola rispondeva a tma esigenza molto sentita tra i ricercatori linguistici e umanisti, e il successo didattico e scientifico ha indotto rUni-versit~ a rendere stabile la Scuola che si svolge con frequenza biennale.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Nel 1972 la Scuola ha registrato oltre 400 domande di iscrizioni provenienti da oltre 20 paesi europei e extraeuropei. Gi~t ~ allo studio l'organizzazione della Scuola del 1974, che trarr~ certamente grande beneficio dallo svolgimento di questo Convegno, che raduna a Pisa tanti insigni studiosi ricercatori ed esperti del settore.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Desidero ora rivolgere un saluto in inglese ai nostri graditi ospiti, riassumendo loro quanto ho detto in italiano.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "OPENING ADDRESSES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of the Rector of this University, Prof. Vincenzo Palazzolo, who deeply regrets not to be able to be present today at the opening Session of the fifth International Conference on Computational Linguistics, I want to extend the warmest welcome of the University of Pisa to the participants to this Conference.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I would like to summarize briefly the remarks I have made to the authorities and my Italian colleagues about the nature and the object of this Conference and the importance of the studies in this specific field of research.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I want also to thank the International Committee on Computational Linguistics for entrusting the organization of this Conference to Italy.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The University of Pisa has promoted and greatly contributed, by means of its various Institutes, to the development of this kind of research in Italy, in various ways and with various projects. These activities have developed so fast that they are now amongst the principle and most noteworthy activities of the National University Computing Centre at the University of Pisa, also by means of the direct and valued collaboration of the Crusca Academy, which is here represented by its illustrious President, Prof. Giovanni Nencioni.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "These studies and interests have been fully accepted and assisted by our colleagues in the School of Letters of the University of Pisa, and in particular by Prof. Tristano Bolelli. Indeed the School of Letters of the University of Pisa was the first in Italy to introduce an official course in Mathematical Linguistics.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Another teaching activity, introduced at Pisa before any other Italian University, is the course in Information Science, which is now in its sixth year. In this way, your chosen field of study has undergone an expansion and swift development over a brief period of time.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Linguistics Branch of our National University Computing Centre has the task of promoting and diffusing research and of giving scientific and technical advice to Institutes all over Italy which have projects in Computational Linguistics and the Humanities. Today there are over eighty Italian scientific Institutes, to which must be added a dozen Institutes in other countries, working in collaboration with the Linguistics Branch of our Computing Centre.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In 1968 only Prof. A. Zampolli, the promoter and leading spirit of these studies, was involved in these activities; today the Linguistics Branch of the Computing Centre, under his leadership, has a staff of over thirty people.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The organization of this Conference joins activities that the University of Pisa, through the Linguistics Branch above mentioned, has been operating at a level of international cooperation. It is concerned with scientific relations and the exchange of material and information with other countries.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In 1970, the University of Pisa organized a Summer School dealing with the electronic treatment of linguistic and literary data. The large number of participants showed that the School responds to a much felt need amongst linguistic and humanist researchers. This educational and scientific success has led the University to make the School a permanent biannual event.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In 1972, the School received over four hundred applications from 20 countries, in Europe and beyond. The organization of the 1974 School is already underway; no doubt it will greatly benefit from this Conference, which brings together here in Pisa all the notable experts and researchers in this field.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I thank all of you who have honored us by coming here. Let me say I am sure that this Conference will be very fruitful and will make an important contribution to the promotion and further diffusion of these studies in Italy and in your own countries. I really hope that the time you are going to spend in the peaceful and intimate atmosphere of this ancient University, so rich in cultural traditions, will allow you to have a profitable exchange of ideas and experience.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A questo punto, ho ritenuto di esprimere agli illustri ospiti stranieri cosa che estendo naturalmente a tutti i partecipanti a questo Congressola certezza che i Vostri lavori avranno il migliore successo e costituiranno un valido e sicuro contributo alrulteriore diffusione e potenziamento di questi studi in Italia e negli altri Paesi, con l'augurio chela particolare atmosfera di questa antica Universit~t, cosl ricca di tradizioni culturali, possa ancor pica facilitate un proficuo scambio di idee e di esperienze.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Vi ringrazio. Thank you very much.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXIII",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Pro-Rettore dell'Universit~ di Pisa Professor Faedo has asked me to take his place in this opening session and to welcome you to Pisa on his behalf; mine is a rather difficult task~because Professor Faedo would have filled, here, at least a double role: that of President of the Italian National Council of Research (C.N.R.) and that of founder and director of the Centro Nazionale Universitario di Calcolo Elettronico (CNUCE). Both organizations in the last five years, have had a part in the development of computational linguistics in Italy; a part that merits a quotation here. To make my task easier a brief report about the activities of the CNUCE will be given to you later by Professor Torrigiani.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "G. SCARAMUZZI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Italian National Council of Research carries most of the financial burden which derives from the use of Computers in linguistic, literary and, more generally, humanistic research. The council's support occurs either through the Research Centres instituted by the special Committee for philosophy, history and philology or through contributions to Institutes in many Italian Universities. There are now more than fifty projects underway and they cover a vast range of disciplines: some of the work has been already mentioned this morning; other projects will be certainly quoted during the Conference. Of major importance are the lexicological and lexicographical projects in particular those which have as a goal the collation of great vocabularies. Let me mention here, in particular, the work around the \"Treasury of the Italian Language from the Origins \" and the great \"Historical Dictionary for the Italian Language\" which the National Council of Research supports through the \"Accademia della Crusca \". Texts of all centuries and of many literary genres (so as to cover the whole span of Italian literature) are examined from the linguistic, stylistic and stylometric points of view. Work is not restricted to written and literary texts, but expands over the great variety of Italian dialects. Part of the work is of interest to sociology and pedagogy: I mention here the research on the vocabulary of schoolchildren, especially of those children who have moved with their families from the south of Italy to the cities in the North. Within the Italian automatic lexicon more than 100.000 lemmas have been recorded already, together with many of their relevant properties. Thus the foundations are laid for an Italian \"banque de mots \" Ho il gradito compito di porgere il benvenuto della citt~ e delramministrazione provinciale ai partecipanti alla International Conference on Computational Linguistics.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "G. SCARAMUZZI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Pisa ~ un'antica citt~t, l'Universit~ di Pisa ~ un'antica UniversitY; la vita della nostra citt~t ~ inconcepibile senza il rapporto continuo e costante con l'Universit~, al put:to che pi~ andiamo avanti, pica ci rendiamo conto di come la vita della nostra citt~t si lega sempre pica profondamente alla vita dell'Universit~ di Pisa. ~ per questo che il saluto degli amministratori della cittk e della provincia di Pisa ~ un saluto che assume un valore particolare. Noi ci rendiamo conto dell'importanza che hanno manifestazioni come queste. Le sosteniamo, nella convinzione che rappresentino veramente delle tappe importanti, culturalmente e socialmente.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "G. SCARAMUZZI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "con questo spirito, con questa cordialitY, con questa coscienza dell'importanza del convegno, che noi amministratori della citt~t porgiamo il benvenuto. Noi ci auguriamo che l'ambiente cittadino, la tradizionale ospitalit~, tutto cib che ci circonda, la nostra vecchia storia, legata, come dicevo prima, all'Universit~t, confortino questo lavoro, e che i nostri Ospiti trovino la possibilit~t di proficui contatti e di una ottima attivit~t scientifica. Non voglio aggiungere altre parole, anche perch6 avremo modo, come amministratori, di incontrarci direttamente nella sede del Palazzo Comunale. Mi limito semplicemente a porgere di nuovo gli auguri di un buon lavoro.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "G. SCARAMUZZI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Studies (involving about 20 million words) are underway also on other languages: latin (classical, medieval, and humanistic), hittite, assiro-babylonian (in collaboration with the UCLA), and then English, French, Spanish and Catalan, tkumanian, Russian, German, etc. Some projects are of interest for archeologists and historians.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I have quoted so far work supported by one of the committees of the C.N.I~. but other committees are interested too in the computer processing of linguistic data. I must mention at least one important initiative of the Istituto per la Documentazione Giuridica of the C.N.R.. : the \"Historical Dictionary of the Italian Juridic Language \".",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The work supported by the C.N.1L. goes on in many Italian Universities: Torino, Milano, Pavia, Padova, Venezia, Genova, Parma, Bologna, Urbino, Chieti, R.oma, Salerno, Cagliari, Palermo, Catania. A large proportion of the work however is carried out in Florence and Pisa. In Florence is the seat of the Accademia della Crusca; this Academy has the merit of having lent its great prestige to the new linguistic work. Here in Pisa, as you have heard, the Linguistic Branch of the CNUCE provides the computer backing required for most projects and adds its activity to that of the Institutes of the faculty. Actually the computer processing for all the projects I have mentioned is carried out in Pisa at the Linguistic Branch of the CNUCE under the direction of the coordinator of this congress, Professor Zampolli. So I must say a few words about the Centre, without, however, entering into technical and organizational details, which I will leave to Professor Torrigiani. The creation and development of the CNUCE is due to some essential factors acting together. First of all, a relatively long Pisan tradition of studies in computer science, over twenty years, particularly at the Institute of Information Processing of the C.N.R..; secondly, the courage of the University (Italian Universities are hampered by rather antiquated rules, and the difficulties to be surmounted to follow up modern developments are really very great); then, of course, the generosity of IBM which was directly involved in creating the CNUCE and in supporting its activity and finally, of course, the hard work of all directly concerned. Our point in mentioning the CNUCE is because not only has it been instrumented in allowing this meeting to take place, but also became the C.N.R.. has recently taken a pledge to support fully, in the future, the activity of the CNUCE.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The C.N.R.. is also directly helping in the organization of this Congress through its office for international relations. An international meeting, where so many nations are represented, gives us a renewed pleasure for many reasons: it shows friendly collaboration, agreement about tasks to be pursued, the exchange of the results of experiences over barriers which are often more traditional than efficient. But there is, perhaps, also another motive of satisfaction which comes from a cursory exploration of the programme. This doesnot only show the acceptance on the part of Humanists and Linguists of novel techniques; it also shows a surprising getting together of types of research, which some traditions prefer to keep apart: the logical formal approach (which is pursued in Italy so far mainly by experts in computer science) and the more strictly humanistic one. The circumstance is particularly satisfying for Professor Faedo for two reasons; on the one hand, because he has worked hard for years to encourage computer research and applications in general and, on the other hand, because, as an organizer, he sees the importance of the interdisciplinary approach to research problems.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "So, on behalf of Professor Faedo, I welcome you all to Pisa. Linguistics is becoming more and more difficult every day and meetings like this Conference are necessary to share experiences and to improve different approaches to our science.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Last year, on the occasion of a Course in Electronic Elaboration of Linguistic Data, I quoted one of my best professors, the late Joseph Vendryes.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "He said, in 1948, at the end of an International Congress of Linguistics: \"Ayons confiance. Au moment de nous s~parer, ma pens~e va de nouveau vers les jeunes gens qui repr~sentent l'avenir. Je me dis, en reprenant un mot de Voltaire dans sa vieillesse: les jeunes linguistes sont bien heureux; ils verront de belles choses \"",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Since that time, many discoveries have been made, many trends have appeared, many studies in new fields have been published. Linguistics has been considered the leading science and its borders ha,ve been extended to many.other sciences in a mutual exchange. First of all, Computational Linguistics has tried to give an original contribution to old problems and has proposed new questions; this is the reason for this Conference, sponsored by the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ikicerche, by the Centro Scientifico IBM of Pisa and by the Centro Nazionale Universitario di Calcolo Elettronico of Pisa University under the direction of Professor Alessandro Faedo with the co-operation of many scholars: among them I would like to mention Professor Torrigiani and Professor Zampolli, teacher of Computational Linguistics in my Department.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I am sure that this Conference will be successful and that each participant will return home persuaded that he has improved his knowledge of essential problems and more and more convinced that science cannot advance without confronting our own results with those of our colleagues even if our particular field is somewhat different.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Many schools are working in Linguistics and nothing can be lost of the experience of other scholars.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In name of the internationality of scientific thought and of the cooperation among scholars of different countries, I wish that the days spent in Pisa will be both useful and pleasant and a big experience for each participant. Comme monsieur Capriz vient de le dire, je dois vous transmettre les souhaits et les voeux de monsieur Faedo en tant que directeur du Centre National Universitaire de Calcul Electronique, mais ce n'est pas settlement en son nora que j'ai le plaisir et l'honneur de vous souhaiter la bienvenue ici, ~ Pise, mais si vous le permettez, c'est aussi au nora du Centre, au nora de mes collaborateurs, surtout des membres de la Section Linguistique, de tous ceux qui ont vu dans le choix qui est tombd sur Pise, le choix pour le si~ge de ce Congr~s, une manihre par laquelle votre association a bien voulu reconnaltre ce qu'en quelque manitre nous avons cherch6 ~ faire durant ces dernitres anntes, dam le domaine de la linguistique automatique. C'est pour cela, chef monsieur Vauquois, que je vous remercie bien vivement. Je veux saisir l'occasion de remercier encore monsieur Cecioni en rant que membre du Comit6 08 du Conseil des P,.echerches qui a tr~s soigneusement suivi l'organisation de ce congrhs et les perspectives futures de la recherche dans le domaine de la linguistique automatique.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Ce que le CNUCE a essay~ de faire dans le domaine de la linguistique, il n'est pas si facile de le dire dans les quelques minutes qui sont rtser-v~es, comme d'habitude, au salut de bienvenue, au commencement d'un congr~s. Mais puisque l'histoire de la Section Linguistique coincide presque compl~tement avec l'histoire du CNUCE, je dois dire qu'en 1966, dans le cadre des travaux de l'Index Thomisticus et surtout du Grand Dictionnaire de la Crusca, on a commencd ~t utiliser les ordinateurs du CNUCE pour r&liser les ddpouillements automatiques pr~vus par ces deux programmes de recherche. D'autres instituts suivirent bienttt cet exemple et en 1968 les projets d'emploi des ordinateurs &aient si nombreux que nous avons dtcid4 de constituer une Section Vous voyez donc que l'attitude particuli~re du CNUCE ~ l'6gard de la linguistique automatique a non seulement consenti b. donner la Section Linguistique une organisation de standardisation, tr~s correcte au point de vue mdthodologique, mais surtout a permis de faire du CNUCE le centre, le p61e, si vous voulez, des diff~rentes recherches dans le domaine de la linguistique automatique dans notre pays et dans une certaine mesure, dans le domaine de la linguistique automatique en Europe et m~me en dehors de l'Europe.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Ce que nous avons dfi faire comme cons6quence de ce choix qui ~tait avant tout un choix politique, de politique scientifique naturellement, c'~tait que chaque fois que nous avons dfi adopter un choix au point de vue technologique -par exemple un choix pour l'acqui- Et bien je disais qu'on a chang~ aussi, non seulement de machines, non seuhment de personnel, mais surtout de technologie et de philosophie; en disant cela je pense ~ l'influence qu'ont eu les exigences de la Section Linguistique dans le choix du time-sharing, dans le choix du 360/67, ce qui a permis avec la technologie des machines virtuelles de multiplier la puissance physique de la machine et surtout d'introduire une m&hode conversationnelle qui devait se rdvdler pr~cieuse non seulement pour les exigences du debugging dans le domaine traditionnellement li~ au data-processing, mais surtout pour le travail sp~cifique des chercheurs dans le domaine de la linguistique automatique.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Un congr~s est ~ la lois l'occasion d'une revue des rdsultats que l'on a acquis et une d~fmition des prop0s pour l'avenir. Autrement dit le congr~s, un congr~s comme cela, est l'occasion pour nous tous de prendre conscience des probl~mes qui viennent ~i la surface. Je ne pretends absolument pas les indiquer: ils sortiront de vos travaux, des communications, des relations, des discussions surtout; pas seulement des discussions qui auront lieu dans le cadre du congr~s, mais de celles qui ne sont moins pas f~condes que les oflicielles: les discussions qui ont lieu dans les couloirs des congr~s.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Mais consentez-moi, mesdames messieurs, au moins une indication, une indication dimensionnelle si vous voulez.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "La communaut~ des chercheurs dans le domaine de la linguistique en g~n8ral et de la linguistique automatique en particulier -domaines qui sont de jour en jour plus li~s entre eux-vient d'acquSrir une dimension sur le front scientifique qu'il ne serait pas flatteur de d~fmir im-posante. Et alors, si nous pensons ~ la dimension de cette communautfi, si nous pensons ~ la dimension qualitative et quantitative des probl~rues avec lesquels nous avons k faire, si nous pensons aux cons6quences que ces dimensions qualitatives et quantitatives ont sur le plan technique, technologique et scientifique, alors nous devons dire que les techniciens puts, les informaticiens puts et -pourquoi ne pas le dire -les maisons constructrices doivent compter avec nous. Ils doivent prendre conscience que, quand on discute par exemple -je prends seulement un exemple, je ne veux absolument pas donner une indication de prio-tit6 h ce que je vais dire -sur le probl~me de l'entr& des donn6es, on doit penser que ce que vous faites et ce que feront ceux qui marcheront apr~s vous, par exemple dans le domaine de la documentation juridique, doit conditionner les choix techniques et je dirais m~me les choix de fabrication. Je ne veux pas penser en ce moment aux m~moires k laser qui nous r6serverons peut-&re dans les ann&s 80 de nouveaux moyens compl&ement diff6rents et qui peut-&re nous obligeront ~t r6volutionner nos m&hodes et l'organisation de notre travail. Je pense aux moyens d'entr&s de donn&s, aux autres moyens de m~morisation, qui doivent &re non seulement une d~licatesse pour les sp&ialistes, mais qui doivent &re exploit6s par vous, par nous, par tous ceux qui -dans ce que je voudrais appeler la soci&~ civile -devront utiliser vos d&ouvertes, vos recherches, vos efforts.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Et bien, c'est en soulignant les liens tr~s &roits qui existent entre la recherche pure, la recherche scientifique que vous poursuivez et les cons6quences dans l'activit6 de la soci&6 industrielle, de la soci&~ tout court, et en soulignant la grande importance qu'a sous ce point de rue le domaine que vous exploitez, le domaine que vous cultivez, clue je vais renouveler avec grand plaisir, avec l'expression de ma gratitude pour l'honneur que vous nous avez fait en choisissant Pise comme si~ge de votre congr~s, les voeux et les souhaits les plus vifs et les plus cordiaux pour les r&ultats de vos travaux, pour les r&ultats de votre s~jour ~ Pise.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Mesdames, messieurs, merci.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "XXXVlI",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Dopo gli Stati Uniti, la Francia, la Svezia, l'Ungheria, abbiamo il piacere di ricevere l'ospitalit~ dell'Italia. In questo paese, mi sembra che non si potesse trovare un luogo migliore per organizzare questo Convegno, infatti da tempo era gi~ ben nota l'attivit~t scientifica della Sezione Linguistica del CNUCE e la sua attivit~ didattica; in particolare la Scuola Estiva Internazionale e la Elaborazione Elettronica di Dati Linguistici e Letterari. A nome dell'international Committee for Computational Linguistics io desidero ringraziare calorosamente tutti gli Istituti e gli Enti che hanno contribuito all'organizzazione e ad assicurare la qualitfi scientifica e la redazione del Congresso. Innanzi tutto le tre Istituzioni che hanno concesso il loro patrocinio al Congresso: I1 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche e in particolare il suo Presidente Prof. Alessandro Faedo, qui rappresentato dal Prof. Capriz e il Prof. C. Cecioni; I'IBM Italia qui rappresentata dall'Ing. Marconi; il Centro Nazionale Universitario di Calcolo Elettronico qui rappresentato dal Prof. Torrigiani. tkingrazio particolarmente l'Universit~l di Pisa per l'aiuto concesso all'organizzazione e per la cortese ospitalit~. Rdngrazio il Comune di Pisa che ci ha accolto cosl generosamente in questa bella citt~ e gli Enti che hanno collaborato per rendere pill gradevole il nostro soggiorno e pica fecondo il nostro lavoro. E cio~: l'Amministrazione Provinciale, la Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato e Agricoltura, l'Ente Provinciale per il turismo e rEnte autonomo di Tirrenia. A tutti i loro rappresentanti invio ancora il vivissimo ringraziamento per aver cosi largamente contribuito alla riuscita del nostro Congresso. A lei, Prof. Zampolli, nostro brillante coordinatore generale, che non ha risparmiato il suo tempo per il nostro Congresso, e a tutta l'equipe che ha collaborato con lei, va tutta la nostra gratitudine. ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "G. TORRIGIANI Segretario generale del CNUCE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The choice of topics announced h~ the Call for Papers for COUNG 76, the 6th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, which will take place at Ottawa in the summer of 1976, substantially confirms the timeliness of this broadening of scope.\u2022 The following themes have been chosen for sections of the program:1. General problems and methods of computational linguistics from the linguistic, the mathematical and the computational points of view.2. Computational semantics I: deductive logic and artificial intelligence systems.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
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                        "last": "Altieri",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "M",
                        "middle": [
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                        ],
                        "last": "Bi^oi",
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                "year": 1965,
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                "other_ids": {},
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                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "ALTIERI BI^OI, M. L. Galileo e la terminologia tecnico- scientil~ca. 1965, VI-92 pp., 4 tavv. f.t. Life 4.500",
                "links": null
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            "BIBREF136": {
                "ref_id": "b136",
                "title": "La gra~a del Machiavelli studiata negIi auto-gra~",
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                "raw_text": "GHIGLIERI, P. La gra~a del Machiavelli studiata negIi auto- gra~. 1969, IV-364 pp. Lire 15.000",
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            "BIBREF137": {
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                "title": "Linguistica matematica e calcolatori",
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                "year": 1973,
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                "num": null,
                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Linguistica matematica e calcolatori. 1973. A cura di A. Zampolli. Lire 28.000",
                "links": null
            },
            "BIBREF138": {
                "ref_id": "b138",
                "title": "Computationel and mathematical linguistics. A cura di A. Zampolli e N. Calzolari",
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                "year": 1977,
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                "raw_text": "Computationel and mathematical linguistics. A cura di A. Zampolli e N. Calzolari. 1977. Life 40.000",
                "links": null
            }
        },
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "Paris, France -Moscow, U.S.S.R.. -Moscow, U.S.S.R.. -Prague, Czechoslovakia -Austin, Texas, U.S.A. -The Hague, The Netherlands of 1973 I.C.C.L."
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "HAYs d'avoir pris riniative de cette cr&tion et d'avoir assure le d~veloppement ainsi que l'audience de ce comit6. Sous sa pr~sidence furent organis&s les trois premieres conferences internationales (New-York 1965, Grenoble 1967L'audience internationale 6tait alors solidement implant6e. En 1971, la quatri~me conf6rence eut lieu k Debrecen et fut organis6e par l'Acad6mie des Sciences de Hongrie."
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "See, for example, S. LAMB, The Digital Computer as an Aid in Linguistics, ~ Language ~, xxxwa (1961) 3, pp. 382-412, also Linguistic Data Processing, in D. HY~mS (ed.), The Use of Computers in Anthropology, The Hague, 1965, pp. 159-188; J. G,,,r.Dm, A Typology of the Computer Uses in Anthropology, ibid., pp. 103-117. P. L. GARXr~, Computer Participation in Linguistic Research, ~ Language,s, xxxvm (1962)4, pp.385-389; C.A. Moh~r-GOM~Y, The 1969 International Conference on Computational Linguistics: A Progress Report, aComputers and the Humanities ~, re (1970) 3, pp. 193-198; D. G.HAxs, Applied Comp~ tational Linguistics, in G.E. PERREN, J.'L. M. TgtM (eds.), Applications of Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, 1971, pp. 64--84, and also The Field and Scope of Computational Linguistics, ~ The Finite String ~, Ix (1972) 9-10, pp. 1-6; K. F. BAm~S, Jr, Computational Linguistics and Linguistics, in Research Trends in Computational Linguistics (Centre for Applied Linguistics, Arlington, Virginia, 1972), pp. 1-6; and, in particular, the chap-INTRODUCTION f-The complementary subset of computational linguistics (CL) is given the abbreviation TP, where TP is formed from the expression text processing which designs the nucleus of that subset.~ Using these abbreviations we can obtain the equation TP ~ ALP -CL. Obviously, it is not possible to define clearly the boundary lines between CL and TP. CL activities, which are focused on linguistic algorithms, are principally directed towards the study of linguistic models, and in general, towards the formalization, representation, and calculus of linguistic structures. TP activities are mainly concerned with the processing of collections of language data, usually large, very often for purposes of reorganization, extraction, summarization, etc. of some linguistic elements of the text, designated at the ' surface' level, i.e. distinguished by shape or code pattern. It seems to me that one of the most valuable aspects of the 5th ICCL was that it, for the ftrst time, intentionally, officially, and successfully brought together the experts from these two fields. 8 It could be said that the 5th ICCL underlined the complementary aspects of CL and TP. 4 ters dedicated to Automated Language Processing in the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, edited by CARLOS A. CU^D~; attention is specially drawn to the article by D. WArr~R in Volume 8 (1973), pp. 67-119, and the forthcoming article by F.J. DAMr~U. I take these two terms from the above article by D. Walker which was'published about the same time as the 5th ICCL (1973). 8 See the Call for Papers of the 1973 International Conference on Computational Linguistics."
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "y ................"
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "Austria 2, Belgium 12, Bulgaria 3, Canada 16, Czechoslovakia 5, Denmark 6, Finland 3, France 43, Germany 66, Greece 1, Holland 9, Hong Kong 1, Hungary 7, India 2, Israel 2, Italy 61, Ivory Coast 1, Japan 3, Norway 6, Poland 3, Portugal 2, Republic of Zaire 1, l~umania 2, South Africa 1, Spain 6, Sweden 8, Switzerland 5, Turkey 1, Uruguay 1, United Kingdom 15, USA 25, USSR. 5, and Yugoslavia 3. Attendance was nearly double that of previous meetings. Program The texts received in response to the Call for Papers published in February 1973 were submitted to the scrutiny of the Program Committee (see p. v) which accepted 111 papers. In the opening ceremony, which took place on the morning of 27 August, speeches were made by G. Scaramuzzi on behalf of the University of Pisa, G. Capriz on behalf of CNP,., T. Bolelli on behalf of the Comitato Scientifico, G. Torrigiani On behalf of CNUCE, and B. Vauquois on behalf of the International Committee on Computational Linguistics. (Transcripts of their speeches can be found on pp. xxm-xxxvn). Following the reception offered by the University of Pisa, the two invited papers were read in a plenary session which was presided over by C. G. Cecioni who welcomed the participants on behalf of the Comitato Nazionale per le Scienze Storiche, Filosofiche e Filologiche of CNR. In order that all of the 110 accepted papers could be presented within the time allotted, two parallel sessions were conducted throughout the duration of the conference. Each communication was allowed 30 or 40 minutes according to the degree of generality of its content. August 29 was devoted to a sight-seeing visit of Voherra with a formal welcome by the Mayor of that city. The Mayor of Pisa received the participants in the Sala delle Baleari on the evening of 30 August. C. A. Mastrelli, President of the Societ?~ Italiana di Glottologia, welcomed the participants on behalf of Italian linguists and the Accademia della Crusca. An organ recital was held in the Chiesa dei Cavalieri for the benefit of the participants on the evening of 30 August. At the concluding banquet, on the evening of 1 September, T. Bolelli greeted the participants on behalf of the Rector of the University of Pisa. B. Vauquois, as President of the International Committee on Computational Linguistics, closed the conference. Throughout the conference, the CNUCE computers, in particular the IBM 360167 and the IBM 370/155, were at the disposal of the INTRODUCTION participants for demonstrations and other work. In fact, the programs described in the papers of I. B~tori, J. Courtin and G. Veillon, B. Henisz-Dostert and F. B. Thompson, G. Ferrari, M. Qu6zel-Ambrunaz and P. Guillaume, M. P~cheux, C. Cipolli and A. Calabrese, were all demonstrated on the computer."
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "-ordinator of the 5th ICCL, I should like to express my deep gratitude to the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNUCE, and the IBM Scientific Center of Pisa who jointly financed the organization of the conference. In particular, I wish to thank A. Faedo, the President of CNR and Director of CNUCE, and G. Torrigiani, the Secretary of the Board of Directors of CNUCE, who, showing a clear appreciation of the necessities, the goals, and the aspirations of our discipline, have established a Division of Linguistics at CNUCE. This Division has been responsible, to a great extent, for the rapid development of linguistic and literary computing in Italy. I should also like to thank all the members of the Scientific Committee for their valuable advice and assistance in the organization of the conference; the Societa Italiana di Glottologia and its President, C. A. Mastrelli, and Secretary, P~. Lazzeroni, and the Societa di Linguistica Italiana and its President, P. Ramat, and past-President, T. De Mauro, for the help they gave for the Italian participation at the conference; and, of course, the Program Committee and in particular its President, H. Karlgren, for their intensive work in selecting and classifying the papers."
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "Bertoni, and for B. Ghelarducci and M. Pistelli. Thanks are also due to G. Ferrari who co-ordinated the work involved in the preparation of the preprints, assisted by N. Catarsi, M. L. Ceccotti, L. Pecchia, I. Prodanof, D. Ratti, G. Stilli, and G. Turrini. I must also thank CNUCE who gave financial support towards the publication of the Proceedings. N. Calzolari Zamorani of the Linguistics Division of CNUCE and European Secretary of the International Committee on Computational Linguistics has been responsible for the initial editing of the texts, the compilation of indexes, and the \" co-ordination of the correcting of the proofs, s and I thus feel it only right that her name should be associated with the editorship of these volumes. I should like to express my particular gratitude to the publisher, L. S. Olschki, for the special care taken in the publication of these Proceedings."
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "as Director of the Linguistics Department in this University I have the privilege, on behalf of the Scientific Committee and of myself, to welcome the participants in 1973 International Conference of Computational Linguistics. After the meetings in New York, Grenoble, Stockholm and Budapest-Debrecen, the International Committee decided to hold the Conference this year in Pisa, recognizing the development of Computational Linguistics in our Country and especially in our city. Such a big number of prominent scholars coming from every part of the world is a token of success. The different sections of this Conference, including Study of Formal Properties, Testing and Simulation, Discovery Procedures, Organization of Linguistic Data (Lexicology, Text Corpus Editing, Semantical Calculus), Quantitative Description of Language Systems, Grammatical Analysis, Meaning Extraction, Text Comparison, are the main fields of Computational Linguistics today and will be dealt with during five days."
            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "Linguistique qui d'une part encouragerait les recherches et les ~tudes originales et qui d'autre part mettrait ~ la disposition des humanistes int~ressds non settlement les ordinateurs et le personnel technique n~cessaire pour l'exdcution des opdrations, mais aussi permettrait la consultation scientifique, l'analyse, la r6daction de nouveaux programmes lorsque les programmes g~n~ralisds ne seraient pas sufiisants.Les instituts universitaires et les instituts de recherche italiens et dtrangers qui m~nent des recherches dans le secteur humaniste aupr~s du CNUCE sont aujourd'hui plusde  80 et ils ont enregistr6 et ~la-bor6 ~lectroniquement non moins de 90.000.000 mots dans plus de 20 langues. Les avantages scientifiques et ~conomiques offerts par |e rassemblement des projets sont remarquables surtout au point de vue de la standardisation des m~thodes. Pensez par exemple que l'adoption d'un m~me syst~me gdn~ral d'enregistreme,t et d'~laboration permet d'utiliser des programmes d~j~. exp6rimentds tout en laissant ~t chaque chercheur la possibilit~ d'utiliser chaque nouveau programme ~crit pour un projet et tout en autorisant l'~change entre divers instituts. En pratique, un chercheur peut mener ses recherches dans une grande biblioth~que ~lectronique ~ traitement automatique et non plus sur le seul texte que lui-m~me a enregistr~. D'autre part, la presence d'un corpus si &endu incite les chercheurs qui entreprennent des recherches adopter les standards que nous proposons. Ils sont les rdsultats d'exp& riences collectives menses depuis plus de dix ans et comportent un sch6ma d'enregistrement et d'~laboration bien formul6. Ceci exige que l'on ne n~glige pas les informations qui, bien que n'6tant pas imm& diatement ndcessaires pour la recherche sp~cifique propos6e, sont toutefois indispensables pour garantir l'utilisation des mat6riaux de la part des autres chercheurs."
            },
            "TABREF0": {
                "html": null,
                "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">-Saarbrticken, Germany</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">-Tokyo, Japan</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">-Stockholm, Sweden</td></tr><tr><td>-</td><td>Sofia, Bulgaria</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">-Edinburgh, Scotland</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">-Debrecen, Hungary</td></tr><tr><td>P. SGAt~</td><td/></tr><tr><td>R.. SIMMONS</td><td/></tr><tr><td>A. TOM~m~G</td><td/></tr><tr><td>A. ZAMPOLLI</td><td/></tr></table>",
                "text": "VII I. PRODANOF, ~x la recherche d'un module de d~rivation en italien. R.. N. SMITU, E. MAXWELL, An English Dictionary for Computerized Syntactic and Semantic Processing Systems .......... A. STACHOWITZ, Beyond the Feasibility Study: Lexicographic Prog-\u2022 tess ............................ M. T. WILTON, Bilingual Lexicography: Computer-aided Editing.. G. R.. WooD, Refinements in Tabular Models of Variation in Regional American English . . . . .............. TEXT CORPUS EDITING D'A. S. AVArLE, La formalisation des graphies dans le domaine de la rime ............................ P. BALDACCI, B. CAVAGNOLA, O. IANOVITZ, E. MARETTI, G. MASPERI, P. G. MICHELOTTO, G.P. ZAmU, Polemon 1 : A program of automatic construction of indexes for the V volume of Corpus Inscriptionun Latinarum ...................... G. BUCCELLATI, The Old Babylonian Linguistic Analysis Project: Goals, Procedures and First R.esults ............. O. IXOLA, Y. K~JALAINEN, Syntax Archives of Finnish Dialects for Computer Work ...................... R.. LEO~IARD, The Computer Archive of Modem English Texts . . C. SAVOl~TTI, Le Projet Altan (~ Analisi Linguistica dei Testi Assiri e Nuziani ,) ......................... SEMANTICAL CALCULUS N. G. A~Sm~TJEVA, From Semantic Features of a Word to its Surface Syntactic Features ..................... C. FueHs, J. R'OUAULT, ]~tude formelle de l'opposition situation]pro-pri&~ et des ph~nom~nes de voix et de th~matisation ...... T. Ful~ugova, An Encyclopedic View of Understanding Natural Language ...........................",
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                "content": "<table><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">XVI</td><td/><td>COMMITTEE S</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">INTER~NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">D. HAYS</td><td>-U.S.A. (Honorary member) HONOP, AR.Y COMMITTEE INTKODUCTION</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"3\">H. Ka~oP.r~</td><td>-Sweden</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">M. KaY</td><td/><td>-U.S.A.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">O. KULAGINA P. Buc~ossi -Ministro per la P, icerca Scientifica --U.S.S.R. THE TIME, PLACE, AND NATURE OF THE CONFERENCE</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">A. LUDSKANOV F. M. MALFATTI -Ministro per la Pubblica Istruzione --Bulgaria</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">H. SCHNr.LL~ -Ministro per le Poste e Telec0municazioni --West-Germany The Proceedings consist of two volumes containing the texts of G. TOCNI</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">G. Sz~P11 G. Plra~cciNi -Ministro per la Marina Mercantile -Hungary all the papers accepted for the 5th International Conference on Com-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">B. VAUQUOIS -Presidente della Kegione Toscana -France (Chairman) putational Linguistics, which took place at Pisa from 27 August to L. LACOIttO</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">P. Vr~B~G E. GABBUGGIANI -Presidente del Consiglio della l~.egione Toscana -The Netherlands 1 September 1973 and was held in the Palazzo della Sapienza, the center</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">H. WA.OA . -Senatore della P.epubblica -Japan of the University. The conference was sponsored by the Consiglio Na-G. GRONCm</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">A. ZAMPOLn G. AVERARDI --Senatore della Kepubblica -Italy zionale delle Ricerche (CNK), the Centro Nazionale Universitario di Cal-.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">B. Bnmqlm colo Elettronico (CNUCE), the University of Pisa, and the IBM Scien--Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">L. BIAGIONI tific Center of Pisa. --Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td>A. BIANCm</td><td colspan=\"4\">European Secretary: N. C~ZOtARI -Deputato al Parlamento</td><td>--Italy</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">M. DI Pucclo</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">-Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">P. LUCCHESI</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">--Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">M. E. MARTIm G. MEI~I</td><td colspan=\"2\">--Deputato al Parlamento SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE -Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td>E. MEuccI F. MIGNANI A. NEG~I</td><td colspan=\"4\">-Deputato al Parlamento T. BOLELLI -Deputato al Parlamento G. D~voTo -Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">A. FAEDO G. NICCOLAI -Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td>E. PoxI</td><td colspan=\"4\">L. HEK,MANN -Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">L. L.R.~AELLI</td><td colspan=\"3\">LOMBARDI -Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td>A. SPINELLI</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">-Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">R. G. TEDESCO</td><td colspan=\"3\">MARCONI --Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td>M. VAGLI</td><td>C.</td><td colspan=\"3\">A. MASTar.tU --Deputato al Parlamento</td></tr><tr><td>A. F/reDo</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">-Presidente del Consiglio Nazionale delle l~icerche</td></tr><tr><td>C. Co~I~</td><td>G.</td><td colspan=\"3\">NENCIONI -Prefetto di Pisa</td></tr><tr><td>E. LAzzAm</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">-Sindaco di Pisa</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">V. PALAZZOLO P.. Mosci-iim -Presidente Amministrazione Provinciale di Pisa</td></tr><tr><td>F. TOm~AR</td><td>B.</td><td>S~GI~</td><td colspan=\"2\">-Presidente della C.C.I.A. cli Pisa</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">C. TAGLIAVINI A. CRISTIANI --Presidente dell'Ente Provinciale del Turismo eli Pisa</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">G. ToamGIaNi L. Bloom LOSS~TTI -Presidente e Consigliere delegato della IBM Italia</td><td>H. KARLGREN</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">B. VAUQUOIS A. CACCIAVILLANI --Direttore Generale della IBM Italia -Presidente dell'International Committee on Computational</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">Linguistics. Grenoble. R.. BUONClUSTIAm --Presidente Unione Industriali Pisani</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">A. ZAMPOLLI C. DEL LUCCHESE --Presidente dell'Ente Autonomo Tirrenia -Coordinatore dell'International Conference on Computation-al Linguistics.</td></tr></table>",
                "text": "Segretario Generale del C.N.U.C.E.",
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                "text": "There is no doubt, however, that the natural meeting point for CL and TP is that represented by the lexicology section. On the one hand, the linguistic schools have recently formulated new abstract lexical models, thus enriching the already outstanding tradition of lexicology, particularly strong in Europe. On the other hand, in lexicography, attempts are being made to clarify the theoretical premises with the declared intention of transforming lexicography from an ' art' or' technique' to an 'applied science '. Projects in which great machine dictionaries are planned should be considered within such a framework. A",
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                "content": "<table><tr><td>Mesdames, messieurs, Autorit~s, chers amis et coll~gues,</td></tr><tr><td>avant tout,,j'ai le devoir de vous donner connaissance de quelques</td></tr><tr><td>messages qui nous ont ~t6 envoy~s; je choisis parmi eux celui de mon-</td></tr><tr><td>sieur Bucalossi, ministre de la Recherche Scientifique, monsieur Mal-</td></tr><tr><td>fatti, ministre de l'</td></tr><tr><td>T. Bor.rr~r~I</td></tr><tr><td>Direttore dell'Istituto di Glottologia</td></tr><tr><td>dell'Universit~t di Pisa</td></tr></table>",
                "text": "Instruction Publique, du President du Conseil de la R~gion Toscane, monsieur Gabuggiani, de monsieur Cacciavillani, directeur g~ntral adjoint de IBM. Ces autorit~s nous expriment le regret de ne pouvoir suivre les travaux de notre congr~s et formttlent pour les travaux du congrhs les souhaits les meilleurs.",
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                "text": "OPENING ADDRESSES XLIII sition de nouvelles machines -alors les programmes et les exigences des recherches linguistiques, la mani~re dont ces exigences devaient ~tre servies -m~me du point de vue dimensionnel -ont pr~valu: ce choix a ~td influenc~ par les exigences de la Section Linguistique. I1 fur un temps oh nous utilisions le 1401, puis nous avons pris le premier exemplaire du 360. Au fur et ~. mesure que le CNUCE croissalt, que la Section Linguistique croissait, nous &ions forces de changer notre ~quipement et nous le changions ~l chaque fois avec une exacte et tr~s rigoureuse ~valuation de ce que nous devions faire dans le domaine de la linguistique. Au fur et ~l mesure que le CNUCE croissait, nous avons chang~ de machines, de personnel et surtout de philosophie. Comme le repr~sentant de monsieur le Recteur vient de le dire, ce que nous avons fair dans ce domaine, nous l'avons ddposd dans les Ecoles d'Et~ qui, avec une fr~quence biennale, sont organis~es ~ Pise. La dernitre ~dition a vu 400 inscriptions et 50 conf~renciers de 32 pays.",
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