| { |
| "paper_id": "C80-1016", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:05:10.608914Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "CONTROL STRUCTURES FOR ACTIONS IN PROCEDURAL TEXTS AND PT-CHART", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Yoshio", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Momouchi", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY SAPPORO 060", |
| "location": { |
| "country": "JAPAN" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This paper describes a partial taxonomy of control structures for actions in procedural texts. On the basis of the taxonomy, we examine natural language expressions for control structures in Japanese procedural texts and present PT (Procedural Text)-chart which represents the structure of a procedural text.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "C80-1016", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This paper describes a partial taxonomy of control structures for actions in procedural texts. On the basis of the taxonomy, we examine natural language expressions for control structures in Japanese procedural texts and present PT (Procedural Text)-chart which represents the structure of a procedural text.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Cookbooks, route instructions, machine assembly instructions and algorism descriptions , which are written in natural languages, and sorting programs, which are written in programming languages, are examples of procedural texts. There are many points at which natural language procedural texts and programs may be considered on common ground. A procedure is composed of a sequence of actions intended to achieve a goal. Control structures determine patterns of behavior for action sequences. An action is something an actor does or can do. An action is enabled by certain states. An action acts on objects and causes the change of states of objects. In programs, such concepts as objects, states, actions and control structures are defined explicitly. How are these concepts identified in natural language texts? What expressions represent these concepts? We think it most necessary that we have a right understanding of these concepts to understand procedural texts. In Japanese procedural texts, actions are mostly expressed by verbs and control structures are expressed by nouns, adverbs, auxiliary verbs, postpositional words and so on. The primary verb is a procedure call in programs. Other syntactic structures are used to embed the procedure call information. Control structures in natural language procedural texts are more complex and richer than in programs. The control information is embeded within broad range of syntactic structures. We classify control structures into two groups, temporal and behavioral control structures, which are respectively associated with temporal and behavioral aspects of action sequences, and examine Japanese language expressions for control structures. In programs, several proposals, e.g. BNF notation and a flowchart techniques have been made for techniques supporting the formal description of the structure or development of a program. Two trials which use BNF notation and PT-chart are made for a formal description of the structure of a natural language procedural text. A procedural text.has the static (organization) structure and the dynamic (control) structure. It is highly desirable that a formal representation framework of a procedural text has the power to represent both the structures. PT-chart is a graphical representation, which has the power. L.A.Miller considered syntactic and semantic structures in English recipe texts) He showed that all of the action-encoding mechanisms are based on the concept of a procedure call in the sense of computer programs, various syntactic structures are used to embed the call information and any procedure may be decomposable to successively less complex procedures. He also examined types of verb qualifications in the texts and classified cases controlling the action into seven groups. On the basis of his studies, we consider further details of text structures, control structures and action-encoding mechanisms in procedural texts, especially in Japanese. This research is an underlying study for the semantic analysis of procedural texts.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We chose texts of a cookbook, \"Family Cooking\" by K.Okamoto, as procedural texts. We examined texts of 69 Japanese cookings which are a subset from \"Family Cooking\". We call them Data. Examples from Data are given in Japanese enclosed by brackets [] and some of them have English translations enclosed by quotation marks ,,. In cookings, objects which actions act on and actors who do actions are as follows, objects: ingredients, seasonings, cookwares actors : men and/or women The framework of a cooking text is roughly constructed by the following components in order of the description. (a) name (of a cooking) (b) remarks (c) ingredients: quantity, notes (d) preparations (sub) : preparation for each ingredient (e) preparations (main) : cooking, seasoning, finishing, dishing (a), (b), (c) and (d) are included in all descriptions of 69 cookings and the contents are almost the smne. (e) has many different contents. But the construction of cooking, seasoning, finishing and dishing is most common. We call a unit delimitted by a period in a text a sentence. Sentences are classified into two groups depending on the finishing style. Conditions are grouped into the following three; precondition: condition which a state satisfies before an action ongoing condition: condition which a state satisfies during an action postcondition: condition which a state satisfies after an action If a precondition is satisfied, an actor can do an action. In the above examples, start condition is a precondition, continuation termination condition is a postcondition, ongoing behavior con-dition is an ongoing condition and result condition is a postcondition. In Japanese procedural texts, language expressions for actors are always omitted and more than one action is often described in one sentence.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Procedural text", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Language expressions which are used to embed the action call information are the following in Japanese procedural texts. (A) verb (B) participial adjective in a noun phrase (C) constituent of a noun phrase or compound noun In Japanese, a participial adjective is placed in pre-nominal position. A participial adjective indicates an action that should be taken place some time prior to the cooking step in which it occurs. Constituent of a noun phrase or compound noun also indicates an action. The primary verb is an action call, in the sense of computer programs. The mechanism to control a sequence of actions is called a control structure. Many various control structures are found in procedural texts, and so it is very important to consider control structures systematically. A partial taxonomy of control structures and Japanese expressions for them are given in the following;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Control structures", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[I] Temporal control structure ( In (l-b) and (2-b), it is necessary to call an action to cause a state. (l-b) corresponds to (B) and (2-b) corresponds to (C).", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 31, |
| "end": 32, |
| "text": "(", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Control structures", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We describe a formalized framework of a procedural text. The fundamental style of the following descriptions is borrowed from BNF notation of Algol60. The braces{} denote none or more repetitions of the enclosed material. The brackets[] denote none or one occurrence of the enclosed material. Procedural texts of cookings are mostly composed of descriptions of actions that act on concrete objects, ingredients or cookwares, and descriptions of states of them. So we can regard the semantics of a procedural text as state transformation from an initial state before a cooking to a final state after a cooking. Then it is related with algorithmic logics which are considered as logics of programs~ A way will be open to consider logics for general procedural texts. In such logics, a problem is how to incorporate a procedure into logics. By studies of algorithmic logics, three methods have been found. (i) A method which regards a procedure as a logical formula. The meaning of a procedure a as a logical fomula is 'a terminates'. Suppose that p is a logical fomula and a is a procedure, a;p is also a logical formula. The meaning of the formula is 'a terminates and p is true'. (2) A method Which regards a procedure as a modal operator. Suppose that p is a logical formula and a is a procedure, <a>p is also a logical formula. <a> is a modal operator. The meaning of the formula is 'if a terminates, then p is true'. We can define another modal operator [a] as [alp= l<~>Ip.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PT-chart", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(3) A method which regards properties of a procedure as axioms. The axioms give the semantics of a procedure.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PT-chart", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Researches are left to implement a computer program for processing natural language procedural texts. Natural language procedural texts may have many incomplete, ambiguous expressions. The program must process them using context or knowledge. In transformation from natural language texts to complete, unambiguous texts which are written in a formal language, the program must also understand descriptions of objects, actions, states and control structures. The programs for processing natural language algorithm descriptions are considered by severalresearchers. 6,7 They discuss that the right understanding of control structures in natural language algorithm descriptions is an important function to the program. So the identification of control structures in procedural texts is an underlying study for implementing the computer program.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PT-chart", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The author would like to express his thanks to Dr.E.Miyamoto and Mr.T.Maeda of Hokkaido University, and Mr.H.Sawamura of IIAS-SIS for their helpful discussions and to Dr.L.A.Miller for sending papers to him.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PT-chart", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
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| "FIGREF0": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "<procedural text>::=(<name>[<declaration>]<con-dition><action>) <action>::=[<statement-list>]<action body>[ <statement-list>] <action body>::=<simple action>l<sequential act-ion>I<selective action>I<repeated action> I <parallel action> <simple action>::=(<name><condition>(<act>)) <sequential action>::=(<name><condition>(<action >{;<action>})) <selective action>::=(<name><condition>(<action> {,<action>})) <repeated action>::=(<name><condition>(<action> {.<action>})) <parallel action>::=(<name><condition>(<action>: <action>{:<action>})) <condition>::=([<temporal control>][<behavioral control>][<modal condition>]) <temporal control>::=<sequence> <selection> <repetition>I<parallel>I<start>l<continuation> <behavioral control>::=<ongoing> <declaration>::=(<declaration unit>{<declaration unit>}) <declaration unit>::=<data declaration>l<action declaration> <data declaration>::=(<name><data>) <action declaration>::=(<procedural text>) On the basis of the above descriptive framework, we construct a representation framework, PT-chart. PT-chart has the power to represent both the organization and control structures of a procedural text. PT-chart has a tree structure composed of nodes and edges. A pattern is a subchart of PT-chart. Nodes are Point, Name, Condition, Declaration, Statement, Action and Data. Edges are Line, Arrow , Sequence, Selection, Repetition and Parallel. Some important pattern types, which mainly have the double purpose of the organization structure and control structure, are Sequence, Selection, Repetition and Parallel. node, which represents a junction Name node, which represents a name Condition node, which represents a condition Declaration node, which represents to be-a declaration Action node, which represents actions Data node, which represents data Statement node, which represents a statement which is mentioned at this point of a procedure Edges; 3,...and n in that order under a condition C1 Selection pattern: doing one of procedures 2,3 .... and n under a condition C1 Parallel pattern: doing all procedures 2,3 .... and n concurrently under a condition C1 Repetition pattern: repeating procedures 2,3,...and n in that order under a condition Cl Declaration pattern: declaration of procedures and/or data (procedures=>actions) Name or condition node may be omitted in each pattern." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "" |
| }, |
| "TABREF1": { |
| "html": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[30 puNkaN nekaseru] tokidoki, 2,3 do, mooitido, suuka-</td><td colspan=\"2\">'put the stock into the pot and put it over the cause a state</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'ferment it for 30 minutes' syo, zutu</td><td>fire'</td></tr><tr><td>Selection</td><td>:ka, aruiwa, baai ni yotte wa,</td><td colspan=\"2\">[sayuu ni hiraki\u00b1 ago no bubuN o hootyoo de</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(ii) Indefinite time interval konomi de</td><td colspan=\"2\">tatakikiru] in round slices'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[sibaraku oku] Sequence :te, kara, ato, ato de, ato kara,</td><td colspan=\"2\">'open it right and left and chop off the chin</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'let it stand for a while' tugi ni, tuzuite, saigo ni, saisyo</td><td colspan=\"2\">part with a kitchen knife' (b) context doesn't have an expression for an</td></tr><tr><td/><td>wa, saigo wa, mazu, tadati hi, sugu,</td><td colspan=\"2\">[itido kireini mizuaraisita noti, mizuke o fuki-action to cause a state</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(iii) Approximate time interval saki ni</td><td colspan=\"2\">tori] [nure-fukiN]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[yaku 2 fuNkaN yuderu] Parallel :te, kara, nagara, yoo ni, mama</td><td colspan=\"2\">'after one washes it, wipe out the moisture' 'wet dishcloth'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'boil it for about two minutes' Ongoing :sizukani, yukkuri to, yoo hi, mama</td><td/><td>(__:action description)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(b) Sequence with time delay</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(iv) Upper limit Conditions (states) which must be true in order</td><td colspan=\"2\">(i) Definite time delay</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[saikoo 1 jikaN kurai yuderu] for the action to start and/or proceed are</td><td colspan=\"2\">[i jikaN go ni hi ni kakeru]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'boil it for less than one hour' described by several different expressions as</td><td colspan=\"2\">'put it over the fire after one hour'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">known from examples.</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(v) Lower limit There are some cases in which a condition is</td><td colspan=\"2\">(ii) Indefinite time delay</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[saitei 1 jikaN wa tukekoNde oku] expressed by a part of a noun phrase or Compound</td><td colspan=\"2\">[kurogoma to sio wa betubetu ni iri, ato de</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'leave it pickled for more than one hour' noun.</td><td colspan=\"2\">mazeawasu]</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">'parch sesame and salt separately, then latel Z</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(b) End time (I) Participial adjective in a noun phrase</td><td>mix them'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[nabe ni ireru tyokuzeN made mizu ni tukekoNde [marumete oita nikudaNgo]</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">oku] 'a hand-rolled quenelle'</td><td colspan=\"2\">(iii) Order</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'leave it soaked in water until one puts it into [5,6 cm nagasa ni kirisoroeta fuki]</td><td colspan=\"2\">[saigo ni yaku 20 byookaN tuyobi ni site]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">the pot' 'a butterbur cut the pieces to 5,6 cms in length'</td><td>'lastly,</td><td>cook it over the hot fire for about 20</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[saki no togatta hotyoo]</td><td>seconds'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(c) Continuation condition 'a sharp-pointed knife'</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[katai aida niru]</td><td colspan=\"2\">(6) Parallel</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'boil it while it is hard' (2) Constituent of a noun phrase</td><td colspan=\"2\">(a) Simultaneous parallel (one action)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[yuzu no wagiri]</td><td colspan=\"2\">(i) Action by one actor</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(d) End condition 'a round slice of a citron'</td><td colspan=\"2\">[goboo o kaiteNsasenagara raNgiri ni si]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[azayakana midoriiro ni naru made sizukani [unagi no kabayaki]</td><td colspan=\"2\">'cut the burdock turning over it'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">yuderu] 'broiled eels'</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'boil it gently until it becomes a bright green</td><td colspan=\"2\">(ii) Action by one actor and continued action</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">color' (3) Constituent of a compound noun</td><td colspan=\"2\">[gutugutu ninagara taheru]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[ajituke-siitake]</td><td colspan=\"2\">'eat simmering it'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(3) Repetition 'a seasoned mushroom'</td><td>i) Start</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(a) Continuous repetition [arai-gome]</td><td colspan=\"2\">(a) Start time (b) Concurrent parallel (some actions)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(i) Definite times 'washed rice'</td><td colspan=\"2\">(i) Time point A good example is doing actions for ingredients</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[kore o 2,3 kai kurikaesu] [n.et-tou]</td><td colspan=\"2\">[hi kara orosu magiwa ni naganegi o kuwae] in sub preparations. Some actors can do actions</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'repea.t this two or three times' 'boiling water'</td><td colspan=\"2\">'add the spring onions just before one takes for ingredients concurrently.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>(__:state description)</td><td colspan=\"2\">the pot off the fire' There are two cases.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(ii) Indefinite times</td><td colspan=\"2\">(i) an action is independent of another action</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[kawa ni fuooku de suukasyo and o akete oku] States result by doing actions. But the above</td><td colspan=\"2\">(ii) Time interval (ii) an action is dependent on another action</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'open the several holes in the face of it with expressions about states don't always call</td><td colspan=\"2\">[siagari tikaku natta koro sisitoogarasi o</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">a fork' actions. If an expression for calling the action</td><td colspan=\"2\">kuwae] [II] Behavioral control structure</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">to cause the state is included in the preceding</td><td colspan=\"2\">'add the green pepper about the time of finish-(I) Ongoing condition</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(b) Intermittent repetition context, the action needn't be called. Relations</td><td colspan=\"2\">ing' [sizukani arumihaku o hagasu]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[tokidoki mizu o kaenagara] between the context and the action to cause the</td><td colspan=\"2\">'take the alminum foil off gently'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'making water afresh occasionally' state are grouped as follows;</td><td colspan=\"2\">(b) Start condition (: expression for control structure</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(i) Independent of preceding actions</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(4) Selection (i) Noun phrase, which inciudes a verb (in the</td><td colspan=\"2\">[futoi mono w~haNgetugiri ni suru] There is not always one to one correspondence</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(a) Obligatory selection case of Japanese)</td><td colspan=\"2\">'cut radishes in semicircle slices if thick' between a control structure and a language ex-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[utuwa ni moru ka, aruiwa oobati ni ikki ni (a) context has an expression for an action to</td><td colspan=\"2\">pression. We have examined Japanese procedural</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">akete] cause a state</td><td colspan=\"2\">(ii) Dependent on preceding actions (I) texts. We have a table of relations between</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'fill it in a dish o__[ empty it into a big pot at [mizu de sarasu ..... mizu ni sarasite atta udo]</td><td colspan=\"2\">[siru ga fukiagare ba hi o tomeru] control structures and corresponding Japanese</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">a breath' 'bleach in the water ..... an udo bleached in the</td><td colspan=\"2\">'if the soup boils over, put out the fire' expressions.</td></tr><tr><td>water'</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(b) Optional selection</td><td colspan=\"2\">(iii) Dependent on preceding actions (II) Start :koro, toki, noti, syuNkaN, magiwa</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[konomi de gomasio o furikakeru] (b) context doesn't have an expression for an</td><td colspan=\"2\">[daikoN ga yawarakani narikakeru koro gohaN o hi, tokoro de, toki wa, mae ni, uti</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'sprinkle salt with parched sesame over it action to cause a state</td><td>kuwaeru]</td><td>ni, to dooji ni, no baai wa, tara,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">according to one's preference' [aratta mame]</td><td colspan=\"2\">'add the boiled rice about the time when the nard, kara, ha, wa</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">'washed beans'</td><td colspan=\"2\">radish becomes tender' Continuation:kaN, kaN ijoo, kaN hodo, yaku~kaN,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(5) Sequence</td><td/><td>saitei~kaN, i tyuuya, 1 baN, made,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(a) Successive sequence (2) Noun phrase or compound noun, which doesn't</td><td colspan=\"2\">(2) Continuation kurai, kurai hi, sibaraku, tuzukeru,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">[nabe ni nidasijiru (nibaNdasi) o irete hi ni include a verb</td><td colspan=\"2\">(a) Continuation time interval te iru, te oku</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">kakeru] (a) context has an expression for an action to</td><td colspan=\"2\">(i) Definite time interval Repetition :kore o ~kai kurikaesu, tugitugi to,</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "[wagiri ni site oku ..... yuzu no wagiri] 'leave it cut in round slices ..... a citron cut" |
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