| { |
| "paper_id": "C80-1047", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:05:58.855572Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF JAPANESE CHARACTERS", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Takushi", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tanaka", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "The National Language Research Institute", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "3-9-14 Nishigaoka Kita-ku", |
| "settlement": "Tokyo" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "The purpose of this study is to analyze the statistical property of Japanese characters for computer processing. Sentences in high school textbooks and newspapers have been investigated in this study. This paper contains the following points : the number of different words written in each character, position of characters in a word, relation between word boundaries and character strings, relation between parts of speech and patterns of character strings, relation between parts of speech and each character. The results of these investigations can be applied to the processing of written Japanese for practical purpose.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "C80-1047", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The purpose of this study is to analyze the statistical property of Japanese characters for computer processing. Sentences in high school textbooks and newspapers have been investigated in this study. This paper contains the following points : the number of different words written in each character, position of characters in a word, relation between word boundaries and character strings, relation between parts of speech and patterns of character strings, relation between parts of speech and each character. The results of these investigations can be applied to the processing of written Japanese for practical purpose.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "English and Japanese in the information processing of natural language.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The first concerns the number of characters.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In order to write Japanese more than 2,000 characters are used. The second concerns the way of writing. A Japanese sentence consists of a continuous character string without any space between words.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The third concerns word order and other syntactic features. Among these aspects, the second and third features are closely related to the characters. Japanese characters consist of three kinds.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A KANJI(Chinese character) is used to write nouns and the principal part of a predicate, and expresses the concepts contained in the sentence. A HIRAGANA (traditional Japanese character) is used to write conjunctions, adverbs, JODOSHI (mainly expresses many modalities of a predicate) and JOSHI (post-position, mainly expresses case relations).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A KATAKANA (traditional Japanese character)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "is used mainly as phonetic signs to write foreign words.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Accordingly, Japanese characters are regarded as elements of words, at the same time, they function to characterize the syntactic or semantic classes of words and express word boundaries in a character string.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The following Japanese character strings, (A) to (D), are the same sen-tenCes written by using KANJI to different degrees.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(D) is quoted from a high school textbook (world history). (A) is written in KATAKANA (only for ' ~--D~,~ ') and HIRAGANA (the rests) without using KANJI. (B) is written in HIRAGANA, KATAKANA and 200 KANJI of high frequency in Japanese writing. (C) is written in HIRAGANA, KATAKANA and the so-called educational KANJI (996 characters).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Low graders in elementary school tend to write sentences like (A).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The older they get the more KANJI they learn and they begin to write sentences like (D) in high school.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "When we read sentences like (A), we realize it is very difficult to read them, because we cannot find word boundaries easily.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "On the other hand, in (B), (C) and (D) we find less difficulty in this order.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Because we can easily find out word boundaries by means of KANJI in a character string. Boundaries between a HIRAGANA part and a KANJI part play a role to indicate word boundaries in many cases.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We can also grasp main concepts in a sentence by focusing our attention to the KANJI parts of the sentence.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Therefore, it is very important to use HIRAGANA and KANJI appropriately in a character string. It is, however, hard to say the rules for the appropriate use of HIRAGANA and KANJI have been established. Due to the fact, it is necessary for us to study more about the actual use of Japanese characters.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Because, explication of rules for the appropriate use of the characters is a prerequisite for information processing in commonly written Japanese. Most of HIRAGANA and KATAKANA were appeared in the data of textbooks.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "There are several different aspects between", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The data contains 1,312 different KANJI.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Outline of Japanese characters", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The more data is investigated the more KANJI appear, and the rate of KANJI increases in the graph. shows the relation between order of frequency and total number of characters up to their order.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Outline of Japanese characters", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In this graph, we see about twelve different HIRAGANA occupy 50% of total HIRAGANA. About 120 different KANJI occupy 50% of total KANJI. Order and Total up to the order", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Outline of Japanese characters", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As we have more than 50,000 characters, it is necessary to decide the degree of importace of them.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In order to decide the degrees two criteria are assumed here.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "One is the frequency of the characters.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The other one isthe number of different words in which the same character is used. The similar concept has been proposed by A. Tanaka. 7", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In Fig ' ~ '(na) on the upper right side is often used for the initial syllable of JODOSHI of negative. Fig.6 and Fig.7 show the same investigation into the KANJI of newspapers (the original work was carried out by Nomura).5 Fig.6 shows the distribution of (y) the so-called \"TOYOKANJI\" selected by the Japanese government for daily use in 1946.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 3, |
| "end": 6, |
| "text": "Fig", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 104, |
| "end": 109, |
| "text": "Fig.6", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 114, |
| "end": 119, |
| "text": "Fig.7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 225, |
| "end": 230, |
| "text": "Fig.6", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The upper right area on the graph I~8 is occupied by the so-called educational % KANJI.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Each KANJI on Y=i is used only for one word (e.g. '~ '(tai) for '~{~' (taiho : arrest), ' ~ '(bou) for ' ~' (boueki : trade), '~ '(kai) for '~' (kikai : machine)).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The same as Fig.5 , characters used for persons' names are localized near Y=X. Fig.7 shows the distribution of 5~ KANJI other than TOYOKANJI.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 12, |
| "end": 17, |
| "text": "Fig.5", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 79, |
| "end": 84, |
| "text": "Fig.7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The most of characters in upper right part of the graph are the ones which are used for persons' names or for place names. (e.g. '~ ' and ' ~' for '~ '(Eujisaki:person) ' ~' for '~'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(Fukuoka:place).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Number of different words written in each character", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For the information processing of Japanese sentences, at first, it is important to find out word boundaries in a continuous character string.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "If there are some characters which always come to the initial position or the final position of a word, these characters are available to find the boundaries. Fig.8 shows the position of characters in words. In the data of textbooks, there are 399 characters which are used for more than 6 kinds of different words.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 159, |
| "end": 164, |
| "text": "Fig.8", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The characters on X=i00 always come to the initial position of a word. The characters on X=0 are never used at the initial position.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The characters on Y=i00 always come to the final position of a word.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The characters on Y=0 are never used at the final position.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "KANJI, represented with dots, spread over the area of Y~-X+i00.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Namely, the value of X+Y are always greater than or equal to i00~", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In other words, rates of the initial position plus final position are always greater than or equal to 100%. It means that all KANJI have a tendency to be used for the initial position or the final position or both position (as a word of one character) of a word (short unit *).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Most KANJI on Y = -X+100 form only words of two KANJI.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The tendency originates in the composition of words written by KANJI. This matter will be observed in section 6.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The group of HIRAGANA in the upper right area has a tendency to be used for JOSHI. KATAKANA represented by '~' appear around the under left area on the graph.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Words written in KATAKANA have relatively long length (See section 6).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Therefore, the rates of the initial position and the final position are relativery decreased. Ni: Noun Ji : Case-JOSHI for N~ V : Verb A Japanese sentence fundamentally belongs to pattern (i) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 188, |
| "end": 191, |
| "text": "(i)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Many nouns (Ni) tend to be written in KANJI (See next section).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "All the case-JOSHI are written in HIRAGANA. Stems of verbs are often written in KANJI and their inflectional parts in HIRAGANA.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "So both a phrase of N~J& and V have such a pattern that the initial position is occupied by a KANJI and the final position is occupied by a HIRAGANA.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Therefore, the changing point from HIRAGANA to KANJI in a character string is always regarded as a word boundary.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "On the other hand, a word boundary is not always a changing point from HIRAGANA to KANJI. One of the exception is Japanese nouns (long unit) which are composed of some concatenation of nouns (short unit).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(See page 5 *) Fig.9 shows one of the relations between word boundaries and character strings.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 15, |
| "end": 20, |
| "text": "Fig.9", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The graph contains 902 KANJI (total : 1,546) in the textbooks. The axis X represents the rate that the changing points from HIRAGANA to KANJI correspond to word boundaries.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Each KANJI on X=i00", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "is considered as the initial character of a word if it is preceeded by a HIRAGANA. The axis Y represents the rate that the word boundaries correspond to changing points from HIRAGANA to KAN-JI. The symbol of '~' represents a KANJI. x : Rate of word boundary y : Rate of H-K boundary", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Position of characters in a word", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The length of diagonal of '~' is proportionate to the frequency of the KANJI. In the graph, the length of 10% of axis is equal to i00 times of the frequency.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Character string and boundary", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the investigation of newspapers, 20 parts of speech were assumed. 8 Each part of speech has a particular pattern of character strings.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is possible to decide the part of speech of a word based on the knowledge of such patterns in computer processing of Japanese sentences.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In Fig.10 , 'K' in the column of pattern represents a KANJI, 'H' represents a HIRAGAN~, and 'I' represents a KATAKANA. The left side of the bar chart shows the rate of total words. The right side of the bar chart shows the rate of different words. Fig.10-(1) shows the pattern of common nouns.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 3, |
| "end": 9, |
| "text": "Fig.10", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 248, |
| "end": 258, |
| "text": "Fig.10-(1)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The left side of the bar chart shows that KK-pattern accounts for 68.0% of total common nouns in the newspapers.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The right side of the bar chart shows that KK-pattern accounts for 68.5% of different common nouns in the newspapers. Fig.10-(2) shows the pattern of proper nouns.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 118, |
| "end": 128, |
| "text": "Fig.10-(2)", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Most of the proper nouns also have KANJI strings.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The rest of proper nouns have KATAKANA strings expressing foreign words. The verbal nouns consist of KK-pattern up to 97.1% of total.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "If KK-pattern and succeeding characters ' ~ '(se),' ~ '(sa), ' L '(shi ) ...are found, such a character string can be treated as a form of this kind. Fig.10-(4) shows the pattern of verbs.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 150, |
| "end": 160, |
| "text": "Fig.10-(4)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The verb of H-pattern is often used with preceding verbal nouns. Most different verbs have KH-pattern. Fig.10-(5) shows the pattern of adjective.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 103, |
| "end": 113, |
| "text": "Fig.10-(5)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Most of the adjectives are written with KH-pattern or KHH-pattern. Fig.10-(6) shows the pattern of adverbs. Most of the adverbs are written with HHH-pattern or HHHH-pattern. Namely they are written in HIRAGANA.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 67, |
| "end": 77, |
| "text": "Fig.10-(6)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parts of speech and patterns of character strings", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We have assumed patterns of character strings and the patterns are basically available for classifing part of speech in actual data. However, the patterns do not provide sufficient criteria for the classification. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Relation between each character and part of speech", |
| "sec_num": "7." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": ".... In order to obtain more accurate results, we analyzed relations between each character and each part of speech in the data of newspaper (restriction : word-frequency ~ 3).In Fig.ll The reliability of axis X increases according to the value of axis Y. In the lower area of the graph, the value on axis X seems to be discrete because of shortness of the data.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 179, |
| "end": 185, |
| "text": "Fig.ll", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "annex", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "These analyses are preliminary I works to make character dictionary I@@ ~ (X) having statistical data.We plan to use the dictionary for computer processing of various written Japanese.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "8." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": ".n+ -Z. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "References", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "A similation system for transliteration of writing form of Japanese", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tanaka", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1978, |
| "venue": "Mathematical Linguistics", |
| "volume": "ll", |
| "issue": "15", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "T.Tanaka, \"A similation system for transliteration of writing form of Japanese\",Mathematical Linguistics, Vol.ll,No.15,1978", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF1": { |
| "ref_id": "b1", |
| "title": "Transliteration of Japanese writing", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tanaka", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
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| "year": 1978, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "10", |
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| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "T.Tanaka, \"Transliteration of Japanese writing\", bit,Vol.10, No.15, 1978", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF2": { |
| "ref_id": "b2", |
| "title": "Statistics of Japanese characters", |
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| "venue": "National Language Research Inst. Report-67)", |
| "volume": "X", |
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| "raw_text": "T.Tanaka, \"Statistics of Japa- nese characters\", Studies in computational linguistics, Vol. X, (National Language Re- search Inst. Report-67), 1980", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF3": { |
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| "authors": [ |
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| "raw_text": "H.Nakano et al., \"An automatic processing of the natural lan- guage in the word count sys- tem\", (in this proceeding)", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF4": { |
| "ref_id": "b4", |
| "title": "A study of Chinese characters in modern newspapers", |
| "authors": [ |
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| "last": "Nomura", |
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| "venue": "N.L.R. Inst. Report", |
| "volume": "56", |
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| "raw_text": "M.Nomura et al., \"A study of Chinese characters in modern newspapers\", N.L.R. Inst. Re- port-56, 1976", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF5": { |
| "ref_id": "b5", |
| "title": "DAIKANWA dictionary", |
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| "last": "Morohashi", |
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| "BIBREF6": { |
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| "BIBREF7": { |
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| "title": "Studies on the vocabulary of modern newspapers", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ishiwata", |
| "suffix": "" |
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| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "While (A), (B) and (C) are transliterated from (D) by computer. 1,Example of Japanese sentence)", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "and order of frequency in every kind of characters. From Fig.3 we see that a few HIRAGANA have high frequency. They play an important role in writing grammatical elements in a sentence as JOSHI and JODOSHI. ............. :: .... I ( KANJ I ) \u2022 , \"\"-.,., \u2022 .......... , ......... , .......... Num.) .............. . \" ....", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Fig.4", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF3": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": ".............. (H IRAGANA) ..'\" /..\" (KANJI) I \u00b0\u00b0 .................................................. \"\" . ,..\u00b0-...... ~ ....... [ .. . ....~':::::: .................. ;\" (KATAKANA)", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF4": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "~ ~,.., :.,.~.. _.~'A \"H Y Number of different words *AT~ ['~':\" ~'~'~. \":\" \":[~ i~ ~ \u2022 ~'.. ~. %% ~.'...,.~,~.~, ..~ ~\u00a2~ ~:., -~ {:~.'~ .~.\u00a2: :',~-? ,.-.%. . '~k. ~.....,.~'4.b.~-'~-r-~-A; -'. ,J' .\" . .~'~ ~. :.-............... ~{~ ...................... ~ \" ,~,,.~':.-.: ::..:-. -: : ~.+~\"~..~ ~I~ .............. ~ ' (ru),' ~'(i),'~'(shi), '~ '(tsu), ' ~ '(ka) and ' < '(ku) are localized on the upper right side. These are often used for writing some parts of inflectional (no), ' \u00a2:'(ni), ' %'(o), ' ~ '(wa), ' a '(to), ' ~'(ga) and '~'(de) on the right side are frequently used for JOSHI (post-position, expressingcase relations or other grammatical relations). '~ '(ta) on the upper right side is often used for JODOSHI of the past tense.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF5": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "in a Word * word (long unit) : ~m~ (National-language-research-institute) word (short unit) : []~ , ~, ~, (National,Language,Research,Institute) 5. Relation between word boundaries and character strings (Simple Japanese grammar) N, JiN2J ~ ... V. (i)", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF6": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Fig. 9", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF7": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "succeeding characters ' ~' (se), ' 8' (sa) ' b'(shi), ' ~' (su), ' ~ '(suru), ' ~ ' (sure), '~'(seyo).", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF8": { |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Fig.10 .Pattern", |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
