Base_JSON/prefixC/json/C86/C86-1007.json

{
    "paper_id": "C86-1007",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:14:59.155422Z"
    },
    "title": "Pragmatic sensitivity in NL interfaces and the structure of conversation",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "Tom",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Wachtel",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "Hamburg University",
                "location": {}
            },
            "email": ""
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "C86-1007",
        "_pdf_hash": "",
        "abstract": [],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "The work reported here is being conducted as part of the LOKI project (ESPRIT Project I07, \"A legio oriented approach to knowledge and data bases supporting natural user interaction\").",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "i. Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The goal of the NL part of the project is to build a pragmatically sensitive natural language interface to a knowledge base. By \"pragmatically sensitive\", we mean that the system should not only produce well-formed coherent and cohesive language (a minimum requirement of any NL system designed to handle discourse), but should also be sensitive to those aspects o~ user behaviour that humans are sensitive %o over and above simply providing a good response, including producing output that is appropriately decorated with those minor and semantically inconsequential elements of language that make the difference between natural language and natural natural language. This paper concentrates on the representation of the structure of conversation in our system.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "i. Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "We will first outline ~he representation we use for dialogue moves, and then outline the nature of the definition of well-formed dialogue that we are operating with. Finally, we will note a few extensions to the representation mechanism.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "i. Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "We are assuming a seven-slot frame for the representation of moves within a dialogue, with the following slots: HOVE, USER, AGENT, TURN, ACT~ BASE, CONT. Every move in a conversation is represented by such a frame. The HOVE slot uniquely idenitifies a particular move in the conversation by an arbitrary integer.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "The USER slot identifies the oucrent user of the system. The AGENT slot specifies whether it i~ a user move o~' a system move. The TURN slot has the value OPEN n or CLOSE n, where n is a number that refers to a particular exchange.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Typically, a move with a value OPEN n for the TURN slot might be a request, and one with a CLOSE n value the c~orresponding response.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "The ACT slot specifies what act is performed by the utterance. This will be either a speech act, or the value ACTION, since not all moves need be speech acts.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "The range of speech acts that the system will have to reoognise or' produce is clearly smaller than that which occurs in conversations between humans.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Furthermore, certain speech acts will be of primary importance given the domain of application of the system, namely, as a front end to an expert system.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "We have therefore produced an initial hierarchy of potentially relevant speech acts (Waehtel 1985a) , where the major classification is into requests, assertions and commentaries. Some of these are referred to below.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 84,
                        "end": 99,
                        "text": "(Waehtel 1985a)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Many of the speech acts we use go one level below what is traditionally viewed as a speech act (i.e. in the sense of Austin (~952), Searle We therefore propose three rules that define the notion of well-formed conversation in the present context, making the following assumptions. The structure of a conversation can be represented as a tree structure.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "The wellformedness of such trees can be defined by rewrite rules. The maximal number of levels of embedding in such trees is six (see below). In particular, subdialogues can be embedded within dialogues, but there can be no embedding within subdialogues. The last restriction conflicts with what people do.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "It is one of the restrictions we consider necessary, and which can be handled in such a way that the user will not notice that any such restriction exists.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "We assume that the following four categories are sufficient for the representation of the structure of conversation. However, this rule must not over-write the original interpretation of the illooutionacy force of the move, which must be retained foc the dialogue to be well-formed with respect to the grammar. We propose that the e~feot of this type of rule (an implioature redundancy rule) is t~ create a hypothetical move immediately following it of the appropriate type. Its effect is to alter the structure of the conversation in exactly the same way as if the user (in this case) had actually uttered something like \"I request you to p~int the minutes now\", except for the fact that it is noted that this is a hypothetical move.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "We now have a formal entity that can trigger the printino of the required text, since this is The result is that (4) is now analysed as a six-move dialogue, with the structure shown a~ (8). and hypothetical moves is that no action is taken by the system until there has been a reaction from the user that either confirms or disoonfirms the correctness of the move that has been anticipated.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "The use of such moves will be of assistance in the interpretation of cryptic follow-.ups, as in (9).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The HOVE frame",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Can you provide progress reports on LOKI subprojeots? S:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "u:",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Yes. Do you want to see them? U: LOKA S: ]'his could either be an e;\u00a2plicit request=for-action (\"Please print the LOKA progress report\"), or ~imply \"Yes\" (i.e. a SUPPAFF(REQAFF(REgACT))), which would ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "u:",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The processes and formalisms outlined above are all tentative in nature, and represent part of an approach to the problem of pragmatic sensitivity, rather than purported solutions to the problem. We envisage then as being part of a system that uses a multi-level parsing technique, with mutual assistance between different subcomponents of the parser, so that pragmatic information can immediately be used to assist par~ing i for syntax, and so on.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusions",
                "sec_num": "6."
            },
            {
                "text": "We also see that par~ing will involve not only ~entence parsing, but also conversation parsing, in that the appropriate structure of a conversation must be built up at each step. This is simply one further part of the general parsing process~ but one that we envisage as being of assistance to other parser suboomponents, as well as fulfilling its primary function of making sure that the system is something of a conversationalist, rather than just being a communicative plodder.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusions",
                "sec_num": "6."
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {},
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "num": null,
                "uris": null,
                "text": "MOVE i: U, OPEN I, REQAFFIREQACT MOVE 2: S, CLOSE I, SUPPAFF(REQAFF) HOVE 3: S, OPEN 2, REQAFF(RE~ACT) MOVE 4: U, CLOSE 2, SUPPAFF(REQAFF(REQACT)) MOVE 5: U, OPEN 3, RE~ACT, hypothetical HOVE &: S, CLOSE 3, ACTION",
                "type_str": "figure"
            },
            "TABREF2": {
                "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>CONV I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>~SER: Max~</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>f DIAL I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>] ASE : IJCA_~ UBD : -</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>f EXCH I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>FSE~: Max q</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>IBASE : IJCAI I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>ISUBD :</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>CmONT: cI 3</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>l</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>J</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">' MOVE I SER: Max SE: IJCAI | ] |</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">I ~SER: Max</td><td>I~</td><td/><td>MOVE 6 IOVE : 6 SER: Max ASE: IJCAI</td><td>q | |</td><td>DIAL3 ~SER: Max ]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">NT: CI</td><td>|</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">IBASE: EXCH</td><td/><td/><td>ONT: CI</td><td>|</td><td>IBASE: EXCH</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">RN: OPEN I</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">~UBD: +</td><td/><td/><td/><td>URN: CLOSE I |</td><td>~SUBD: +</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"8\">ENT:USER T: REQCONST~ | I EXCH 2 ' ~SER: Max q</td><td>I</td><td colspan=\"4\">J EXCH3 FsER: Max -1 IBASE: Excel I</td><td>GENT:SYSTEM | CT : SUPPCONST~ I r-~ [s3)</td><td>I EXCH4 FSER, Mox ] lEASE: EXCH</td></tr><tr><td/><td>f</td><td/><td colspan=\"5\">|SUBD: LC_0NT: C2 _J /___ ]</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">|suED: + ~ONT [ c3 __1 / I</td><td>\"~ ......</td><td>I</td><td>Isu sD: + LC0NT i C4 I</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">MOVE 2</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">__ __ MOVE 3</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">__ __ MOVE 4</td><td>_ __ MOVE 5</td><td>__ MOVE 7</td><td>__ __ MOVE 8</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">OVE: 2 SER: Max</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">ussa: Max</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">I USER: Max</td><td>lUSER: Max</td><td>//USER: Max</td><td>]/US~R: Max</td><td>|</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">ASE: EXCH I ONT: C2 URN: OPEN 2</td><td colspan=\"9\">BASE: EXCH 1 I BASE: EXCU 1 CONT: C2 I CONT: C3 TURN: CSOSE 2 / TURN: OPEN 3</td><td>lEASE: EXCH 1 /CONT: C3 /TURN: CLOSE 3 / /TURN: OPEN 4 / /c\u00b0NT: //BASE: EXCH ~ //EASE: EXCH 1 | //CONT: C4 ' / C4 / /TURN: CLOSE 4 /</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">GENT:SYSTEM</td><td colspan=\"5\">/AGENT:USER</td><td colspan=\"4\">/ IAGENT:SYSTEM</td><td>/AGENT: USER</td><td>/ F GENT:usER</td><td>/ / AGENT=SYSTEM /</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">T~QCON~</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">variable.</td><td/><td colspan=\"10\">The same constant is used as the</td><td>4</td><td>Ui</td><td>When is the next JICAI meeting?</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">value of the feature BASE in</td><td colspan=\"4\">subdialogues.</td><td>Si</td><td>I presume you mean \"IJCAI\"</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">What this</td><td colspan=\"9\">amounts to is a stipulation</td><td>that</td><td>U2 Yes</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">the topic of a subdialogue is the EXCH that</td><td>B2</td><td>Do you mean the next conference</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">it is part of, which seems to be about right</td><td>or the next conveners' meeting?</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">intuitively.</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">This</td><td>is</td><td colspan=\"2\">what</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">makes</td><td>them</td><td>U3</td><td>Conference</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">metalinguistio</td><td>in</td><td colspan=\"5\">character.</td><td colspan=\"3\">Furthermore,</td><td>$3</td><td>12 August</td></tr><tr><td>note</td><td colspan=\"2\">that</td><td colspan=\"2\">this</td><td>is</td><td/><td>a</td><td colspan=\"2\">case</td><td colspan=\"2\">where</td><td>a</td><td>U4 19857</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">feature/value</td><td colspan=\"2\">pair</td><td colspan=\"2\">does</td><td colspan=\"3\">not trickle</td><td colspan=\"2\">down.</td><td>$4</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"10\">This is tantamount to stipulating</td><td colspan=\"2\">that</td><td>DIAL</td></tr><tr><td>is</td><td>a</td><td colspan=\"5\">BASE-bounding</td><td colspan=\"3\">node:</td><td>it</td><td colspan=\"2\">creates</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">\"islands\" with</td><td colspan=\"5\">BASEs that</td><td>do</td><td>not</td><td colspan=\"2\">extend</td><td>The</td><td>structure</td><td>ie</td><td>given</td><td>as</td><td>Table 2.</td><td>The</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">upwards</td><td>to</td><td colspan=\"2\">the</td><td colspan=\"8\">main dialogue, but without</td><td>values</td><td>for</td><td>the</td><td>feature</td><td>CONT are given as</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">overwriting the BASE of</td><td/><td>the</td><td colspan=\"3\">current</td><td>main</td><td>constants</td><td>rather</td><td>than</td><td>as</td><td>full</td><td>semantic</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">dialogue.</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Again,</td><td colspan=\"2\">this</td><td/><td colspan=\"5\">seems intuitively</td><td>representations,</td><td>and</td><td>the</td><td>constants rather</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">correct.</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>than as full</td><td>semantic</td><td>representations,</td><td>and</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>the</td><td>constant</td><td>IJCAI</td><td>is</td><td>used for the BASE,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">Let us now provide a concrete example of the</td><td>which is the actual conference due</td><td>to</td><td>take</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">structure</td><td/><td>that</td><td colspan=\"3\">these</td><td colspan=\"2\">rules</td><td colspan=\"2\">assign</td><td colspan=\"2\">to</td><td>a</td><td>place on 12 August 1985. This value has been</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">dialogue such as (4).</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>given in all relevant oases,</td><td>thus</td><td>glossing</td></tr></table>",
                "text": "",
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "table",
                "html": null
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}