| { |
| "paper_id": "C86-1009", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:15:38.453038Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Linguistic Coverage and Query Reformulation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Yvette", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Mathieu", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Universit4 Paris", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "7 Tour Centrale 9 E 2 Place Jussleu", |
| "postCode": "75005", |
| "settlement": "Paris" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Paul", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sabatier", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Universit4 Paris", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "7 Tour Centrale 9 E 2 Place Jussleu", |
| "postCode": "75005", |
| "settlement": "Paris" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "C86-1009", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The experience we have gained in designing [3, 6, 7] and using natural lanauage interfaces has led us to develop a general natural language system, INTERFAC[LE, involving the following principles : the linguistic coverage must be elementary but must include phenomena that allow a rapid, concise and spontaneous interaction, such as anapho~a (ellipsis, pronouns, etc.) the linguistic competence and limits of the interface must be easily and rapidly perceived by the user. the interface must be equipped with strategies and procedures for leading the user to adjust his linguistic competence to the capacities of the system.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 43, |
| "end": 46, |
| "text": "[3,", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 47, |
| "end": 49, |
| "text": "6,", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 50, |
| "end": 52, |
| "text": "7]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 342, |
| "end": 368, |
| "text": "(ellipsis, pronouns, etc.)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "I. INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We have illustrated these principles in an application : a natural language (French) interface for acquiring the formal commands of some operating system languages. (The examples given here concern DCL of Digital Equipment Corporation).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "I. INTRODUCTION", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The system is composed of :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTERFACILE's ARCHITECTURE", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "-a portable syntactic grammar of French written in the formalism of Metamorphosis Grammars [2] .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 91, |
| "end": 94, |
| "text": "[2]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTERFACILE's ARCHITECTURE", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "-a domain dependent lexicon-grammar [4].", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTERFACILE's ARCHITECTURE", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "a domain dependent knowledge base written in a subset of predicate logic (Horn Clauses).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTERFACILE's ARCHITECTURE", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Operating on these linguistic data and domain knowledge :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTERFACILE's ARCHITECTURE", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "a syntactic parser coupled with the grammar and the lexicon-grammar (i) produces intermediate analyses of questions, and (2) generates some messages in case of errors.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 68, |
| "end": 71, |
| "text": "(i)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTERFACILE's ARCHITECTURE", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "a semantlc parser transforms the syntactic analysis into a semantic representation by consulting the knowledge base.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTERFACILE's ARCHITECTURE", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "-an evaluator consults the knowledge base and produces answers to questions given their semantic representation. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "INTERFACILE's ARCHITECTURE", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "to \"the problem of error recoverJng is to \"accept\" user queries that deviate from the system's expectations and (unbeknown to the user) manipulate them into a form that can be analysed.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "FoP an overview of this approach, see [1] . This method is costly to implement, and moreover }%as 'two theoretical faults :", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 38, |
| "end": 41, |
| "text": "[1]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(I) There is no guarantee that the system's interpretation of a \"deviant\" query will correspond to the user's intention in posing the question.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) There will always be a limit to the degree of deviation the system can tolerate before it gives up trying to analyse a user query.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "But if the transformation of deviant queries into recognizable structures is performed automatically, the user will *lever know where this limit lles, and may believe that the system can make sense of anything he enters. The distinction between the sentences the system interprets correctly i~nd those which it entirely rejects will seem arbitrary to him. To guide the user in reformulating his query, the grammar and the lexicon-grammar are consulte~ as knowledge bases. The user may reformulate his query with the information given by INTERFACILE.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(At any moment, the user can also obtain the lists of verbs, nouns, prepositions, pronouns, etc.).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "When the user has an erroneous or incomplete view of the application domain, INTERFACILE points out his misunderstanding, as in the following dialogue : The guidance given here goes beyond linguistic reformulation.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": ">", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It concerns the semantics of the application domain. Note that the information given to the user is not preprogrammed, but is (I) deduced from the knowledge base and (2) generated by the linguistic component (grammar, lexicon-grammar and parsers).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One approach", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As far as the domain of application is concerned, INTERFACILE has much in common with systems like UC [9] or INTERIX [5] .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 117, |
| "end": 120, |
| "text": "[5]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The originality of our system lies in the effort we have devoted to :", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "-linguistic phenomena such as anaphora that ensure a natural dialogue.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "strategies and procedures for reformulation in order to live with the unavoidable linguistic limitations of any interface.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Our research and experience in developing applications in these two domains have led us to believe that it is not practical to add procedures to an albeady existing system to make it user-\u00a3rlendly. On the contrary, these problems must be taken into account in the design phase, as we have done in designing INTERFACILE.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[3] Duchier D., Sabatier P., INTERFRANCE: Un prototype d'interface en langue franGalse, Rapport de recherche, CGE, Harcoussis, 1982.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[4] Gross H., \"Lexlcon-Grammars and the syntactic analysis of French\", Proc. of COLING, Karlsruhe, 1984.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[5] Guez S., Sabbagh S., \"INTERIX:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Un systbme d'aide & l'utlllsation d'Unix\", Confdrence", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "AFCET, Paris, 1984.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[6] Ollvelra E., Perelra L., Sabatier P., \"ORBI: ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "CONCLUSION", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "We are gra'te\u00a3ul to Hannah Blau for her fruitful comments on a preliminary version of this paper.We thank the Centre Nondial d'Informatique (CNI, Paris) for giving us the opportunity to develop a version of INTERFACILE on a VAX 785.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| } |
| ], |
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| } |
