| { |
| "paper_id": "C86-1012", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:14:53.459431Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Particle Homonymy and Machine Translation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "K6roly", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "F&bricz", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "JATE University of Szeged", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "Egyetem u. 2" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "The purpose of this contribution is to formulate ways in which the homonymy of socalled 'Modal Particles' and their etymons can be handled. Our aim is to show that not only a strategy for this type of homonymy can be worked out, but also a formalization of information beyond propositional content can be introduced with a view to its MT application.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "C86-1012", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The purpose of this contribution is to formulate ways in which the homonymy of socalled 'Modal Particles' and their etymons can be handled. Our aim is to show that not only a strategy for this type of homonymy can be worked out, but also a formalization of information beyond propositional content can be introduced with a view to its MT application.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "During the almost 40 years of its existence machine translation has undergone a con- Nevertheless, there seems to be no reason why these combinations could not be included in the subgrammar under one or the other dictionary entry.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Whilst intensifiers, conjunctions, operators, pronouns, or adverbs have meanings which may be considered more or less \"universal\", the semantics of particles takes us into a field specific to a particular lan- ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Translation of Modal Particles", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": {}, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "siderable refinement in the fields of both syntactic parsing and semantic representation. The development of MT can be seen as a tendency to incorporate more and more linguistic knowledge into [:he formalization of translational processes. Formalization has thus become a keyword for MT and has had sevto do with language can in fact be formalized. At present, there are several semantic theories which could be labelled \"formal semantics\". They are preoccupied with exploring the propositional content of different text-units and they do not deal with the phenomenon of \"subjectivity\". Subjectivity, or self-expression, as ]Lyons /1981, 240/ has pointed out, \"cannot be reduced to the expression of propositional knowledge and beliefs\". If we think of MT in its ideal form, i.e. not as an abstracting device, but as a system producing automatic translation, then the inadequacy of restriction to propositional content wi]l be evident\u00b0 The present paper sets out to show that the expression of lexical subjectivity, conveyed by modal particles, should, and can, be accounted for in the process of MT.", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "guage. In other words, using ~ as an operator is \"almost\" identical to using, say, nur~ or seulment, or csah etc. as an Operator in German, French or Hungarian respectively. But when it comes to particles, we may experience difficulties in preserving the operator equivalent of onl~ in the translation of sentences like /ib/ into any other language. One possible solution, as with lots of different types of translation, would simply be to consider these words irrelevant from the point of view of propositional content matching. However, it would seem more plausible to try to find equivalents to these particles in the target language since, depending on the type of context to be translated, the expression of subjectivity may play a major role in producing the actual co~nunicative message. Functional equivalence is a notion frequently used in linguistic theory /Arnol'd 1976; Sanders 1980/, and it can be applied as a yardstick in particle matching /Fig. i/. A study of modal particle translation is now being undertaken in Szeged University's Eng-lish-Hungarian MT project and it is based on functional equivalence. Those researchers who study MT in restricted semantic domains might overlook the problem of the subjectivity of the different texts. It should be noted, however, that \"most of the unexpected structures one finds in a sublanguage text can be associated not so much with a shift in semantic domain as with a shift /usually quite temporary/ in the attitude which the text producer takes towards his domain of discourse\" /Kittredge 1982, 135/. But even with academic papers it happens to be the case that during their translation one should be aware of the appearance of some subjective overtone lest some mistranslation should ensue. In this respect, consider the following two examples with on/]/ as a particle: /9/ Onl\u00a3 too often have far-reaching conclusions been drawn from inadequate data collected from a limited number of languages. /Ullmann:Semantic Universals, 1966, p. 218/ /].0/ Similarly, it is ~nl~_ natural that verbs for \"snoring\" should in many languages contain an /r/... /Op. cit. csak Fig. I. Subgrammar of ~ based on its Hungarian functional equivalents MP = Modal Part. LO = Log. operator", |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
