| { |
| "paper_id": "C86-1026", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T13:14:51.570827Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "The need for MT-oriented versions of Case and Valency in MT", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Harold", |
| "middle": [ |
| "L" |
| ], |
| "last": "Somers", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "C86-1026", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "It is argued that neither of these models was originally developed with this use in mind, and both must be adapted somewhat to meet this purpose. In particular, the traditional Valency distinction of complements and adjuncts leads to conflicts when valency frames in different languages are compared: a finer but more flexible distinction is required. Also, these concepts must be extended beyond the verb, to include the noun and adjective as valency bearers.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As far as Case is concerned, too narrow an approach has traditionally been taken:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "work in this field has been too conerned only with cases for arguments in verb frames; case label systems for nonvalency bound elements and also for elements Jn nominal groups must be elaborated. The paper suggests an integrated approach specifically oriented towards the particular problems found in MT it is often the much-maligned and quickly supereeded Fillmore (1968) model which is adopted, or at best a 'consensus' model like that of Fillmore (1971) or Chafe (1970) , loosely extended. What is not taken into account is the fact that these models typically concentrate on 'nuclear' arguments in verbphrases, saying little about 'peripheral' roles, or about the structure of nominal or even adjectival groups. This paper will show need for a more taskspecific model, combining Valency and Case into an integrated theory for the purposes of translation.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 301, |
| "end": 303, |
| "text": "MT", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 450, |
| "end": 456, |
| "text": "(1971)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 460, |
| "end": 472, |
| "text": "Chafe (1970)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "specifically, we will show (a) the need for a more flexible Valency system with six degrees of valency-binding instead of the usual two; (b) the need for a finely tuned version of Case to fit the new version of Valency proposed: in particular what depth of abstraction is appropriate; and (c) the need for this combined Case and Valency model to extend beyond verbs, especially to nominal groups.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "More", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The essential notion borrowed from Valency theory found in MT is the distinction between 'complements' and 'adjuncts'.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Valency in existing MT systems", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In several MT systems we find that the lexicon contains information equivalent to that given in a valency dictionary like that of Helbig & Schenkel (1973) In this way for example, the functions of the prepositions in sentences like (la) and (2a) can be differentiated, and the correct translations (ib-2b) arrived at.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 130, |
| "end": 154, |
| "text": "Helbig & Schenkel (1973)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Valency in existing MT systems", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Er wartet auf seinem Freund. ]b)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "la)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "He is waiting for his friend.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "la)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Er wafter auf dem Bahnhof. 2b)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "He is waiting at the station. 3aHe likes the girl. 3bLa fille lui plait.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The farmer supplied the grocer with milk. 4b)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "4a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Le fermier fournit du lait a l'$picier.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "4a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "CharIes entered the'restaurant. (5b)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Charles entra darts le restaurant.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "of the sentence-pairs in (3)- (5) illustrates a change in complement structure between English and French. The example with like and plaire is something of a classic, involving a double argument change; but examples like (4) and (5), which, while less extreme, are nevertheless typical, suggest that the phenomenon is widespread.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 30, |
| "end": 219, |
| "text": "(5) illustrates a change in complement structure between English and French. The example with like and plaire is something of a classic, involving a double argument change;", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Each", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Valency approach to this problem recognises each of the three verb pairs in (3)-(5) as having the same valency, but as having different valency patterns, which must be mapped onto each other.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the case of Rothkegel (1976) , this mapping is achieved by simpIy juxtaposing the two entries, with equivalent arguments next to each other, roughly as in Rothkegel (1976) Alternatively, in GETA's ARIANE-78 (Vauquois, 1978) and TAUM-Aviation (Lehrberger, 1981) , the complements are assigned distinctive labels:", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 15, |
| "end": 31, |
| "text": "Rothkegel (1976)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 158, |
| "end": 174, |
| "text": "Rothkegel (1976)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 200, |
| "end": 226, |
| "text": "ARIANE-78 (Vauquois, 1978)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 231, |
| "end": 263, |
| "text": "TAUM-Aviation (Lehrberger, 1981)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "in both systems the label ARG(ument) is used with a distinctive affixed numeral, roughly as in (6).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The farmer supplied the grocer with milk. ARGI PRED ARG2 ARG3 as an adjunct in another (though note that in the current two-value system, this is common), or an integral mapped onto a middle, and so on. Nothing much could be done in such a case, and it can only be said that the single condition upon which this system depends is that that situation simply does not arise. We also seek to incorporate the additional valency-binding values (integral, middle and extra-peripheral) introduced in Section 3.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 439, |
| "end": 478, |
| "text": "(integral, middle and extra-peripheral)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For guidance as regards the choice of a set of cases, I would like to propose an adaptation of the approach found in METAL (discussed above), where there is a strJ.ct distinction between the cases used for central and peripheral roles.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We saw in our discussion above that some uneasiness results from the combination of general and specific cases, since often both a general (traditional) and a specific case assignment seems appropriate.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The approach I wish to propose here involves the definition of a relatively small set of traditional cases which are associated primarily with complements. The notion 'relatively small' must of course be expanded.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The cases in this set will be rather abstract in the manner of traditional cases. Because they are to be used essentially to distinguish valency-bound elements, and because the maximum possible valency for any verb is probably four, we could argue for having only that many of these 'inner cases'.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "However, we also want to take advantage of the mnemonic value of the case names, so as to make assignment of case labels (by humans, perhaps in relatively independent research groups)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "as easy as possible. The number and exact values of these cases is to be fixed by some preliminary research, and is not in my view an issue of import.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The important point is that this set be fixed, i.e. forming a closed set, so that one of the cases can be used quite explicitly as a 'wastebasket' or neutral case (cf. Mellema, 1974) for those instances where there is no obvious case assignment. Judicious and motivated elaboration of the case-set will reduce such instances to a minimum.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 163, |
| "end": 182, |
| "text": "(cf. Mellema, 1974)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "A further range of less abstract cases will serve for the remaining degrees of valency-binding -middles, adjuncts and extra-peripherals.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "These will typically be more specific, and their character determined by particular translation problems as they arise during the development stage of the system. Some suggestions of candidates for this list can be found in the METAL documentation.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Given the existence of these specific cases, it would be quite acceptable to use them as secondary labels in conjunction with the traditional cases (particularly, perhaps, the neutral case), , 1977; Teubert, 1979) has recognised that many nouns can be attributed 'valency patterns ', and Pi~ha (1980) and Mackenzie (1983) have taken a Case approach to the problem.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 191, |
| "end": 198, |
| "text": ", 1977;", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 199, |
| "end": 213, |
| "text": "Teubert, 1979)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 281, |
| "end": 300, |
| "text": "', and Pi~ha (1980)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 305, |
| "end": 321, |
| "text": "Mackenzie (1983)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Among their findings is the observation that while almost no nouns take obligatory complements, many noun modifiers can be regarded as valency-bound (e.g. the noun book has complements indicating author, subject and contents, signalled by by, about and of respectively). Furthermore, there are a number of case-like relations that are appropriate for noun modifiers, among them almost certainly an essentially nentra] one, for use -in the context of MT -when there turns out to be no need to compute the reJationship: atLrihutive adjectives may be an example of this.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is not my intention here to establish, discuss and", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6a)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "justify such a set of rela~.ions.In any case, only by extensJ ve research and experimentation with a working sys t, em could sne expect be be ab] e to discover the range of relations needed. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "annex", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "bib_entries": {}, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Figure i. supply Ns (animate) No (animate) Np (with,physobj) fournir Ns (animate) Ni (animate) No (physobj)", |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Valency patterns in", |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "text": ".", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">]. Introduction</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">Most (though not all) MT systems claim to incorporate</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">versions of Valency grammar,</td><td colspan=\"2\">and more recently</td><td>have</td></tr><tr><td>also</td><td colspan=\"2\">looked</td><td>to</td><td>Case</td><td colspan=\"3\">grammar.</td><td>However,</td><td>whatever</td></tr><tr><td>theory</td><td colspan=\"2\">they</td><td>use</td><td>is</td><td colspan=\"4\">often imported</td><td>more</td><td>or</td><td>less</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">directly,</td><td colspan=\"7\">without taking account of the fact that</td><td>a</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"9\">model developed for one purpose may not be</td><td>entirely</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">appropriate</td><td>for</td><td colspan=\"2\">another.</td><td colspan=\"3\">This is a less</td><td>serious</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">problem</td><td>for</td><td colspan=\"2\">Valency,</td><td colspan=\"2\">though</td><td colspan=\"2\">this</td><td>was</td><td>originally</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">designed</td><td colspan=\"7\">with a monolingual didactic purpose in mind</td></tr><tr><td>(see</td><td colspan=\"2\">Helbig</td><td colspan=\"3\">& Schenkel,</td><td colspan=\"2\">1973:5)</td><td>rather</td><td>than</td><td>the</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">multiling~al</td><td colspan=\"2\">needs</td><td>of</td><td colspan=\"3\">translation.</td><td>With</td><td>Case</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">however,</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
