| { |
| "paper_id": "C90-2010", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:37:19.879577Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Information-based Case Gramlnar", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Keh-Jiann", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Chen", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Ren", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Huang", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "In this paper we propose a framework of Informationbased Case Grammar (ICG). This grammatical formalism entails that the lexical entry for each word contain both semantic and syntactic feature structures. In the feature structure of a phrasal head, we encode syntactic and semantic constraints on grammatical phrasal patterns in terms of thematic structures, and encode the precedence relations in terms of adjunct structures. Such feature structures denote partial information which defines the set of legal phrases. They also provide sufficient information to identify thematic roles. With this formalism, parsing and thematic analysis can be achieved simultaneously. Due to the simplicity and flexibility of Information-based Case Grammar, context dependent and discontinuous relations such as agreements, coordinations, long-distance dependencies, and control and binding, can be easily expressed. ICG is a kind of unification-based formalism. 'H:erefore it inherits the advantages of unification-bmscd formalisms and more.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "C90-2010", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "In this paper we propose a framework of Informationbased Case Grammar (ICG). This grammatical formalism entails that the lexical entry for each word contain both semantic and syntactic feature structures. In the feature structure of a phrasal head, we encode syntactic and semantic constraints on grammatical phrasal patterns in terms of thematic structures, and encode the precedence relations in terms of adjunct structures. Such feature structures denote partial information which defines the set of legal phrases. They also provide sufficient information to identify thematic roles. With this formalism, parsing and thematic analysis can be achieved simultaneously. Due to the simplicity and flexibility of Information-based Case Grammar, context dependent and discontinuous relations such as agreements, coordinations, long-distance dependencies, and control and binding, can be easily expressed. ICG is a kind of unification-based formalism. 'H:erefore it inherits the advantages of unification-bmscd formalisms and more.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "In the feature structure of a phrasal head, we encode syntactic and semantic constraints on grammatical phrasal patterns ha terms of thematic structures, and encode the precedence relations in terms of adjunct structures. The feature structure of a potential phr~al head denotes partial information for defining the set of legal/grammatical phrases. It also provides enough information to identify the thematic roles for arguments and adjuncts [Chert 89] . In other words, with ICG, parsing and thematic analysis are achieved simultaneously without additional operation; and generation with thematic structure can be done with the identical formalism.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 444, |
| "end": 454, |
| "text": "[Chert 89]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
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| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "We take Mandarin Chinese as our representational target. Thus, the features were selected to account for Chinese only. Itowever, the abstract design of this formalism is not limited to only the representation of Chinese. Since the Chinese lexicon is impoverished in inflection, it is necessary to fully stipulate both semantic and syntactic information for the purpose of both parsing and generation. Furthermore the precedence relationship of constituents is defined over thematic roles. This seems to be more appropriate for Chinese. By coincidence, Bresnen and Kanerva's [Bresnan 89] lexical mapping theory represents a shift towards the possibility of senmntics major approaches.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "In this paper, we plopose a lexicon-based gramrrmtical formalism called hfformatiou-based Case Grammar (ICG). This forma[isnl entails that the lexical entry ff~r each word contain both sen:antic and syntactic information. It wiI1 bc argtmd that our lexicon-based representation approach better focuses information for parsit:g a::d generatiotL hi colltrast, the phrase-structure rule approaches lack ,ule focusing capability. Even with the LR parsing strategy [Tomita 8@ ulmecessary branchiltg and backtracking cannot be avoided when adopting these approaches. Therefore, modern linguistic theories share the tendency to be lexicon-based and to reduce I'S rules. For instance, LFG and ftPSG stipulate the argumetU structure as one of the attributes for each verb [Bresnan 82, Pollard 87] and Karttunen [Karttunen 86 ] proposes a radical lexicatism's approach to do without PS rules by representing syntactic itfformation in terms of categorial grail]mar.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 802, |
| "end": 815, |
| "text": "[Karttunen 86", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "l. lntroductiozz", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Categorial granunar, however, offers no straightfop.vard and intuitive mechanisms to handle context dependent or discontinuous relations such as control and long distance dependency [Uszkoreit 86]. llence, we adopt an alterlaative approach equivalent to the ID/LP (immediate dominance and linear prcccdcace) format of GPSG [Gazdar 87].", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "l. lntroductiozz", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Chinese is a weakly marked language with no inflection. Nevertheless, the linear order of arguments and adjuncts are relatively free. Hence syntactic-only representations would cause tremendous ambiguities. For representational precision and for parsing adequacy, semantic information is indispensibte. The most important semantic information includes 1. argument structures and their semantic restrictions, and 2. the semantic features for each word which ;ire necessary to identify thematic roles, l tcnce the following feature structure (1) was selected so that each texical entry can be uniformly represented by the same structure with lexicalty or syntactically defined value (including null).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Feature Structures for Mandarin Chinese", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Semantic:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(l)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Meaning:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Features: Arguments: Adjuncts: 'Class:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Constraints:[Form: ] Basic Patterns: [Adjunct Precedence:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A typical example (2) is given here i)efore we introduce and summarize the values for each feature path below.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) C'hiuan \u00b0persuade\": Semantic \"Ilm syntactic class of a word serves two purposes. The first is to denote the syntactic type. The second is as an index for inheriting common syntactic properties belonging to the mother node in the syntactic hierarchy, Syntactic Form: a set of syntactic and semantic definitions for arguments and adjuncts.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\"Ilm syntactic form for each thematic role in fact constrains the syntactic structures and semantic features of this role. We consider semantic restriction as part of the syntactic constraint. For instance, temporal expressions are instantiated by at least five different syntactic categories which are nouns phrase (NPs), compounds with determinatives and measures (DM, such as Swz. ditto Shi-fen three-hours ten-minute, i.e. 'threeten'), post-position phrases (GPs), preposition phrases (PPs), br adverbs (ADVs). They all share a cornmon semantic feature +time regardless of their categories.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Therefore tile temporal cxprcssions can be expressed as time [ The following notations were adopted. * : denotes a phrasal head.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 61, |
| "end": 62, |
| "text": "[", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "< : e.g. \"a < b\" denotesa precedesb. < < : e.g. \"a < < b\" denotes a immediately precedes 12.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "> < : e.g. \"a > < b\" denotes a and b can not cooccur.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "{ }: e.g. \"a < {t2,_c }\" denotes a precedes both b and _c but there are no preced-ence constraints between b and c. Although Basic Patterns and Adjunct Precedence both govern !inear precedence relations, they differ in their nature. Basic Patterns encode phrasal heads and their arguments. Linear order is but an additional piece of information describing the pattern. It is conceivable, i.e. in non-configurational languages, that linear precedence relations play no role in Basic Patterns. Adjunct Precedence Rules, on the other hand, are constraints on linear precedence relations among possible adjuncts. In other words, linear order is central to Adjunct Precedence statements while the presence of each adjunct is not. \"I2ms, a legal phrase can be viewed as a sequence of thematic roles arranged in a proper order defined by one of the basic patterns and satisfying all the constraints of Adjuncts Precedence when qpplicable. The division of Basic Pattents from Adjunct Precedence is similar to the ID/LP format with the additional inforrnation differentiating adjunts from arguments. The limhed numbers of thematic cases, syntactic categories, and semantic features require only a finite number of notational symbols [Gazdar 87]. \"~erefore we claim that ICG fails into the ch,ss of context-free grammars.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The semantic features would be unified during parsing while the syntactic features are no more than constraints guiding appropriate unification. We [lave a scheme to identify the thematic roles by' fully utilizing the semantic af~d syntactic information Following is the parsing result of", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "rl'be ICG is composed of two major components. One is the lexicon which is the set of feature structures ms described in section 2. The other is the principles. Each feature structure can be viewed as a set of interpretable representations of syntactic and semantic information governed by a formal synt~. A parser or generator interpretes feature structures while parsing or generating sentences. The interpretation processes are guided by the principles of the grammar, qhe principles define wellformedness conditions and the rules for infommtion management for sentences and phrases. The parser or generator takes lexical information and unify it in such a way that changes of lexical information woukl not affect the phr,'ksing or generating process. Therefore we claim that ICG is declarative, qlm major principles of ICG are summarized below:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "77ze Formal Definition for hzformation.based Case Grwnmar: The Lexicon and Principles", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The feature structure of a head contains the partial information that defines the permissible set of phrases with it ,'ks a phrasal head. The possible head types and respective phrase types for Mandarin Chinese are as follows. In fact, the completeness condition is enforced with respect to Basic Patterns (BP) only. The cases of argument omission are idiosyncratically determined by verb classes, and are nut governed by the completeness condition, On the other hand, adjuncts are optional and constrained orfly by linear precedence rules AP and form restrictions. The functional uniqueness condition is also relaxed a bit to account fur cases of multiple occurrences of some adjuncts such as modal at the sentential level, and rop_Lg.p_~ ~ on the noun phrase level, by annotating Kleene's star on top of the adjunct modal and the adjunct There are many possit)Ic types of senlantic features allowed in ICG. qlw.y are differentiated by attribute value pairs. Tim three required types of semantic features for Chinese are 1. semantic classes e.g. + animate 2. syntactic/semantic feature, e.g. + NEG 3. thematic roles, e.g. AGENT.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "1) I Iead Driven Principle", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Different types of features can be identified simply by their attribute names e.g. we know AGENT in <ARGUMENT AGENT> is a thematic role.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The head feature principle is thc same as the one in GPSG [Gazdar 85] which states that in any local subtree, the head features of the mother are identical to the hcad features of the head daul, hter. Similarly, our Foot feature principle also follows GPSG. Roughly speaking, foot features are passed up from any daughter in a tree, with the upper and lower limits of this propagation are determined by prior specification [Gazdar 85] . In Chinese, +_. Question, + Negation, + Plural, + Definite etc. are all considered foot features.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 423, |
| "end": 434, |
| "text": "[Gazdar 85]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The semantic class of a thematic role is usually determined by its head daughter. However, for the marked cases with the syntactic categories of PP/GP, the semantic classes are determined by complement daughters. We can not define every semantic type ,as a foot feature. Therefore, we propose to explicitly state the daughter's feature in the mother node by a feature path such as 'DUMMY featm'es' in (7).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "(6)", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We think that the simplicity and flexibility of the ICG formalism makes it a good representational language. It is simple since ICG is a type of context-free gramnmr and the attributes for feature structures are nniform for all different types of phrases.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "What Makes ICG a Good Representational Language", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Preparation of lexical feature structures are straightfonvard. Linguists can start with the categorial feature structure of each entry by discovering idividual idinsyncracies and then modifying the categorial feature structure accordingly. As for flexibility, ICG is much more flexible than tile other context-free grammatical forms such as BNF, GPSG, etc., due to the wider scope of accessibility and the richness of informatioh encoding on each thematic constituent. Context dependent and discontinuous rdafions such as agreements, coordinations, long-distance dependencies, control and binding, can be easily expressed in ICG.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "What Makes ICG a Good Representational Language", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Agreement and coordination pose similar problems in representation (but different proNems in processing). Both have to express the relations between daughters. Coordination can he viewed as the agreement of syntactic or/and semantic classes between two daughter arguments of a conjunction. In contrast, other types of agreements are the relations between head daughter and complement daughters. Since ICG provides an explicit accessing capability to tim daughters features, both types of agreements can be easily solved. The only difference is that coordination requires a w~riable ranging over a finite domain of syntactic classes and/or semantic classes to denote the common features of two arguments (8). For instance, the subject verb agreement problems are solved by stating agreement constraints on each subject role in every basic pattern. For example, the AGENT of the verb \"persuades\" is expressed as, AGENT [NP, + singular, + third] in active voice. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Agreement altd Coordhmtion", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Kaplan and Zaenen [Kaplan 88, Kaplan 89] proposed functional uncertainty as a new descriptive technique, assuming grammatical function in LFG, in order to account for longdistance dependencies. The schema of functional uncertainty avoid the. problem of infinite specifications so that the attribute positions for topicalizable constituet, us cot, ld be realized as a regular expression such as (T comp subj[obj)=(T topic). This equation expresses the uncertainty about what the with-in clause functional roles of an extraposed topic might be. It offered a clearer and mr.~re accurate characterization of long-distance dependencies but still could not handle the case of context dependency in topicalization. For instance, there are many verbs in Chinese which do not allow the object to be topicalized. When such a verb is the head of aa embedded sentence, it is clear that (comp obj) is not toplicalizable either. There is no way to predict the topicalizable constituent in depth by way of regular expressions. There are similar examples in English. Who/ did Mary think that Bill saw e i ? ?Who/ did Mary quip that Bill saw e i ?", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 18, |
| "end": 29, |
| "text": "[Kaplan 88,", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 30, |
| "end": 40, |
| "text": "Kaplan 89]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2 Long-distattce DepeiMency", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Who/ did John tell you (that) Mary thought that Bill saw e i ? ?Who/ did John tell you (that) Mary quipped that Bill saw e i ?", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2 Long-distattce DepeiMency", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "lIowever we can solve such context dependent problenrs in ICG by recursively defining the topicalizable constituents in terms of topicalizable constituents of embedded sentences. The verb with sentential complements usually causes the problems. We may encode the topicalized sentence patterns ms a part of BP or as derived by iexical rules. The topic of the embedded sentence is ope of the topicalizable cot~sdtuents of such \"\u00a2erb.~< For instance the topicalized sentence pattern of example (2) is: ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2 Long-distattce DepeiMency", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Functional control is tile relation that exists between an antecedent and the missing subject in an XCOMP or XADJUNCT [Bresnan 82, Sells 85] . The coindex label adopted in the unification-based grammars is a simple solution to such problems. We use the same scheme in ICG, e.g. in (2). Anaphoric binding was solved in LFG by the concept of Fcommand [Bresnau 82, Sells 851 . The same concept is also applicable to ICG.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 118, |
| "end": 130, |
| "text": "[Bresnan 82,", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 131, |
| "end": 140, |
| "text": "Sells 85]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Control and Binding", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "From the brief sketch above, it is clear that e:xch lexical entry contains a large amount of redundant syntactic and semantic information shared by other entries belonging to the same category, llence, a more elegant and economic strategy is to form a category hierarchy and to store shared information on higher level nodes. Each lexical entry contains only individual idiosyncracies. Thus the redundancy in representation can be removed and data consistency can also be easily maintained.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5, CoHclusiotl", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "ICG is a kind of unification-based formalism. Therefore all the advantages of unification-based formalism were kept in ICG. Furthernmre, additional advaqtages are incorporated via the following design features of ICG.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "5, CoHclusiotl", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\"II~e lexical information defines legal sentences or phrase. And the changes in the above information does not affect processing procedures and results.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Declarative", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Different control processes are allowed for parsing or generation.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Algorithm-free", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Regardless of whether it is sequential, parallel, or heuristic control, the result will be the same.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Algorithm-free", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The processes are head driven. Each possible head can initiate a phrasal construction process. Thus, processes can be executed in parallel.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Suitable for parallel processing", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "At any moment of the unification processes, the accumulated information shows the partial result up to that momem even if the input is ungrammatical.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Allows a partial parse", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The semantic information contained in the feature structures of each lexical entry is universal. Different languages differ with regard to syntactic of information.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic structure is universal", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The parametrical information for identifying thematic roles can bo encoded in ICG such that syntactic parsing and semantic analysis can be done in parallel.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Incorporated with thenmtic role identification schen~e", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Recent theoretical linguistic studies are concerned with the relationship between thematic structures and argument structures (e.g. Brensan and Kanerva 1989). Our formalism directly and explicitly represents thematic structures.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parsing result is a thematic structure", |
| "sec_num": "7." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Last but not least, we expect future studies of ICG to confirm tile plausibility of the following advantages.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Parsing result is a thematic structure", |
| "sec_num": "7." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "ICG has the advantages of lexicon-based parsing which is better focused on the relavant syntactic and semantic information.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Efficient parsing", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The language capability of a man seems to be improved day after day by learning and polishing lexical information. ICG is able to reflect this phenomenon.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Cognitive reality", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF1": { |
| "ref_id": "b1", |
| "title": "and the Electronic P, esearch and Service O~ganization, industrial Technology P, esearch Institute, Talwan, l<.O.C, under Contract No. X2-79007. Some of the examples are taken from the research results of the Chinese Knowledge Piocessin L, Group at the Cotnputing Ceil[or of Academia Sinica+ We alone", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
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| "num": null, |
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| "text": "{NP, DM, PP, GP, ADV}, +time]. For complex expressions, we adopt the choice system used by tlalliday in the systemic grammar [Winograd 83]. Basic Patterns: a set of linear precedence rules governing arguments and heads. The basic patterns for verbs denote the possible sententkd patterns, including optional argument omission. The familiar syntactic generalizations with regard to passivizatio% topicalization etc. can be captured by lexical rules [Gazdar 85, Pollard 87, Sells 85]. Adopting the lexical mapping theory, however, is a theoretical possibility to make basic patterns obsolete [Bresnan 89, Huang 89].", |
| "type_str": "figure" |
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| "FIGREF1": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "text": "[Chen 89]. In [Chen 89], Chen et al. propose an information accumulation scheme (incremental description refinement in [Mellish 88]) for identifying thematic roles with the parametricalized information encoded with the ICG formalism. The four types of parametric infornaatitm used in Chinese are: a. th_2e ~utactic ~ and semantic features of the constituent, b. the case frame and sern[n~tic rcstrictioas of the verb, c. tlae ~ntactic configuration and word order, and d. obliqE_e \" case assi~gner, includin~ rp_L~msitions and postpositions.", |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF4": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "text": "TOPIC [TOPIC (THEME)]< AGENT[NP]< \u2022 < GOAL[NI'] < TttEME/TOPIC The topics of embedded sentences are defined rccursively under the sentcnce patterns of the verbs of embedded sentences. Detailed discussion is given in [Chen 90, Huang 90].", |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "html": null, |
| "text": "", |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td>: meaning: \"persuade\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>features:</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">arguments:f AGENT: feature: +Human</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>|GOAL :</td><td>[] feature: + 11uman</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[ feature: +Event [I'HEME: [ argument: AGENT: []</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">adjuncts: time, location, manner, ....</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Syutactic: chtss: VNI,,V p</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">constraints: form:( time [{NP, DM, PP, GP, ADV}, +time]</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[location [{PP, ADV}, +location]</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">l mammr [ADV, + m.anner]</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">BP: AGENT [NP] < * < GOAL [NP] < TItEME [VP]</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">AP:(1. {time, location} < *</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">L 2. AGENT < rammer < *</td></tr><tr><td>Meaning:</td><td colspan=\"2\">an atomic value denoting the motoring of tile</td><td>Arguments, adjuncts and head form the right-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">word. Features: a set of atomic values which are tile semantic</td><td>hand side of an immediate dominance</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">features of the word; e.g. + animate, -~</td></tr><tr><td/><td>physical.</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Arguments: a set of thematic arguments for the head if</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">the word is a possible phra.sal head; null</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">othmwise. The value for each thematic</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">argument is a feature structure of the same</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">type ~u~ the value for tile feature path</td></tr><tr><td/><td>'semantic'.</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">E.g. 'a nice boy' is an agent, as in 'A nice</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">boy drove the cattle.'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(3) AGENT:</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u2022 meaning: 'boy'</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">features: + 1 Itmmn</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">arguments: none</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">adjuncts:/quantifier:,naeaning: 'a'</td></tr><tr><td/><td>]</td><td>[fcatures: -defirfite, + singular</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[property: [meaning: 'nice'</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Argument structures for a verb are equivalent to</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">case frames and case restrictions of this verb</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">[Fillmore 68, Winograd 83]. C~me restrictions</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">indicate semantic preferences of thenmtic roles and</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">function as a guide to identifying each case role</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">[Chen 89]. The argument structures fur other</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">phrasal heads such as prepositions, post-positions</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">;.tnd conjunctions serve similar purposes.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Adjuncts: a set of pcrmissible adjuncts of the head word.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">The value of each adjunct is a feature structure</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">of the same type as arguments.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">E.g. 'yestm day'</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(4) time: meaning: 'yesterday'</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">features: + time</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">arguments: none</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[ac juncts: none</td></tr></table>", |
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| "text": "(5) A nice boy persuaded John to go ,o school yesterday.", |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">r meaning; \"persuade\"</td></tr><tr><td>features: mst</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">arguments 'AGENT: \"meaning: \"boy\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td>feature: + }luman</td></tr><tr><td/><td>adjuncts:[ quantifier:[meaning: \"a\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td>[ feature: -definite, +singular</td></tr><tr><td/><td>t property:(meaning: \"nice\"</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">GOAL : L[t me:ruing: \"John\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td>tfeamre: + ]hllrian</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">TIIEME: meaning: \"go to\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td>feature: + Event</td></tr><tr><td/><td>arguments:/AGENT: El</td></tr><tr><td/><td>[GOAL: meaning: %chool\"</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">adjuncts: [ ,hne: [ mcani ng: \"yesterday\"</td></tr><tr><td>[</td><td>{ features: + time</td></tr></table>", |
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| "text": "Linear precedence and syntactic form constraints.", |
| "num": null, |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>2) Well-formedness Conditions</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Like LFG [Bresnan 82], we have tim following</td><td/></tr><tr><td>well-formedness conditions:</td><td/></tr><tr><td>a. Completeness and functional biuniqueness</td><td/></tr><tr><td>conditions,</td><td/></tr><tr><td>b. Coherence conditions,</td><td/></tr><tr><td>and c.</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Icad</td><td>Pbrasc</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>S, VI'</td></tr><tr><td>N</td><td>NP</td></tr><tr><td>Prcp</td><td>pp</td></tr><tr><td>Post P</td><td>GI'</td></tr><tr><td>Determinant</td><td>DM (determinat ire</td></tr><tr><td/><td>atld nleasurecouq~mtnd)</td></tr><tr><td>Conjunction</td><td>CP (conjunctive phrase)</td></tr></table>", |
| "type_str": "table" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
