Base_JSON/prefixC/json/C94/C94-1017.json

{
    "paper_id": "C94-1017",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:49:37.770842Z"
    },
    "title": "Perspectives of DBMT for monolingual authors on the basis of LIDIA-1, an implemented mock-up",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "Herv6",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Blanchon",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "Institut IMAG (UJF & CNRS",
                "location": {
                    "addrLine": "BP 53",
                    "postCode": "38041, Cedex 9",
                    "settlement": "Grenoble",
                    "country": "France"
                }
            },
            "email": "herve.blanchon@imag.fr"
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "DBMT is researched lm,'e in the context of future systems for the general public, where :t monolingual author wants to translate into several languages. We have produced a complete mock-up, IADIA-1, which demonslrales how ;| French IlyperCard TM stack could lie translated into German, Russian and English. We present Ihe contputational, linguistic and crgononlic aspects of tile mock-tip, and discuss them in the perspective of buikling an operalional prototype in the future.",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "C94-1017",
        "_pdf_hash": "",
        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "DBMT is researched lm,'e in the context of future systems for the general public, where :t monolingual author wants to translate into several languages. We have produced a complete mock-up, IADIA-1, which demonslrales how ;| French IlyperCard TM stack could lie translated into German, Russian and English. We present Ihe contputational, linguistic and crgononlic aspects of tile mock-tip, and discuss them in the perspective of buikling an operalional prototype in the future.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "Our LIDIA project aims at studying the concept of 'Personal Machine Translalion', or more precisely, I)BMT for monolingual authors [Boitet & Blanchon 19931 , in a multilinguql setting.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 131,
                        "end": 155,
                        "text": "[Boitet & Blanchon 19931",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "We have now completed the first imlflemcutalion of it mock-up, I,I1)IA-1. Working on a inock-t]p first, and not oq a prototype, has made it possible to tackle all aspecls of such future systems, comlmtational, linguistic and ergonomic. Even if we could not solve all problems, we fell they m'e put in perspective. Almost all other attempts in the direction of 1)BMT have consklered only some aspects of the paradigm, leading to tmbalanced and somethnes inadequate architectures.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Ileforc a demonstration which shows the principles of the Iralislalioli process, we present au overview of the COlt{ex[ of the iltock-tlp. Then, we give some more details about the mock-up ilsell, Ihe implemcnt:ttion techniques used and the principles of Ihe interactive dis:tmbigualion process. Finally, we discuss some important poitlls (interface, implementation techniques and tools, and disambiguation process) of tile mock-up in the perspective of building an operational prototype in the filture.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Interactive MT was first proposed in the sixties by M. Kay lot the MINI) system [Kay 19731 , iuld several projects expe,'imenled with variations of this design, notably the rl'S project [Melby 1981 ] at Pmvo (75 -gl), the Alvey Ntran project IWood 1989] at Manchester (85 -87) , the DLT project [Sadler 1989 ] at Utrecht (82 -88), Ihe I.MT prqicct [P, imon, et al. 1991 ] from 1989 at seve,al IBM research centers, and the JETS project [Tsutsumi, et al. 1993 ] font 1989 at IBM Tokyo l~abs.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 80,
                        "end": 90,
                        "text": "[Kay 19731",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 186,
                        "end": 197,
                        "text": "[Melby 1981",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF6"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 268,
                        "end": 276,
                        "text": "(85 -87)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 295,
                        "end": 307,
                        "text": "[Sadler 1989",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 348,
                        "end": 369,
                        "text": "[P, imon, et al. 1991",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 436,
                        "end": 458,
                        "text": "[Tsutsumi, et al. 1993",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The DBMT",
                "sec_num": "1.1."
            },
            {
                "text": "Ill KBMT-89 [Goodmau & Nirenburg 1991] :It CMU-CCI,, queslions were also asked by the \"augmentor\" if ambiguities could not bc solved by the ontology.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 4,
                        "end": 38,
                        "text": "KBMT-89 [Goodmau & Nirenburg 1991]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The DBMT",
                "sec_num": "1.1."
            },
            {
                "text": "Among those projects where an interactive disambigtmtion component was [nlegraled, we were inspired by:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The DBMT",
                "sec_num": "1.1."
            },
            {
                "text": "-Ihe interface proposed in KBMT-g9, --Ihe pattern-lmsed disambiguation process used for several ,~urflfiguities in t.MT, -the distriblfled \"trchiteclure of JF.TS.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The DBMT",
                "sec_num": "1.1."
            },
            {
                "text": "We have chosen a well-define(l silualion as regard to Ihe profile of Ihe task Imd the profile of the user. We have integrated the use of an interactive disambiguation process at the very beginning of the design. This means Ihat the whole set of ctmslraints was well established before we starled the implement:ilion. The tr:mslatiou process organization is described in [Boitel & I] lanchon 199311.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 370,
                        "end": 382,
                        "text": "[Boitel & I]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The LIDIA-I mock-up",
                "sec_num": "1.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "In the scctlario we propose, a m(~tlolitigtl,lll ]:rench engineer creates technical documentation, in the form of \u2022 m I lypc,'(;ard stack, on a middle-range Macintosh, and helps the system translate it into l:nglish, German and l;',ussian. We have opted for a dislribuled architecture (author wt}rkstation on a m/leitllosh arid MT server on a mini--IBM-4361).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The LIDIA-I mock-up",
                "sec_num": "1.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "We have l~roduced a demonstration stack id)olit tile linguistics ambiguily we have chosen to cope wilh in French.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The LIDIA-I mock-up",
                "sec_num": "1.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Our denlouslrali(m stack, called 'I,II)IA les histoires' is made of story cards (Fig. 2 ) and treatment cards ( Fig. 1 ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 80,
                        "end": 87,
                        "text": "(Fig. 2",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF0"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 112,
                        "end": 118,
                        "text": "Fig. 1",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The demonstation stack",
                "sec_num": "1.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "A story card is a collection of two or three stories sharing an ambiguous sentence. The author is supposed to solve the mnbiguities through his understanding of the stories. Ilere is m~ example of a story em'd (see translations t ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "l,'igure I: a card and its objects",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Z~ c#.,q't~'nc_a r~t.,t_,ozld ua_z~e.. de For the puqmse of the demonstration, each story is presented in a treatment card, where the context of the ambiguous sentence may be shown or hidden, llere is the card Ik)r tile story on the right. ",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 39,
                        "end": 41,
                        "text": "de",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "l,'igure I: a card and its objects",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "To have the story translated, the user will ask for the translation of dm fields of the treatment stack. Note that tile user is never interrupted by a question. Ol~jecls show they are waiting for answers, and tile user decides when and which question to answer.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Figure 3: a treatment card",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The user can choose the seleclion tool (v\") and select Ihe object to be translated ( Fig. 4 ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 85,
                        "end": 91,
                        "text": "Fig. 4",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Demonstration",
                "sec_num": "2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Le eapitaine it rupl)ort6 un vitse de Chine.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "\u2022 I",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The button of treatment state then appears. When clicking on it (lig 5), a windoid or pop-up window appears ( Fig. 7 ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 110,
                        "end": 116,
                        "text": "Fig. 7",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF2"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Figure 4: the selection rf an object",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Le eapititine a rapport6 un vase de Chine. ] With the dialogue (Fig. 8 ), the author select the attachement of 'de Chine' (Chinese). Then, a second dialogue appears ( Fig. 9) where tile author chooses Ihe sense of 'capitainc'. The senses are l'oul~d in ])atax, a multilingual lexical database mock-up [Sdrasset 19931. Once the dis,'unbigualion step h:cs been performed, tile user can ask for the mmotated form of the text (Fig. 10 ) which contains the syntactic class 0f each occurrence and the syntactic ftmction of each phrase. These annotations should help tile user understatLd tile structure produced by the analyser. We lhink that experienced users would like to shortcut some dialogues by inserting some disambiguation marks flmmselves.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 63,
                        "end": 70,
                        "text": "(Fig. 8",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF4"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 167,
                        "end": 174,
                        "text": "Fig. 9)",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF6"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 422,
                        "end": 430,
                        "text": "(Fig. 10",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Figure 4: the selection rf an object",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "/ ...................................................................................................................................... %",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Figure 4: the selection rf an object",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "To check the translalion produced in each target language, tile user can ask for the \"reverse translation\". From German and for the second interpretalion of tile example, The inleraclion wilh the atHhor is ma(le through tile LIDIA mentl (Fig. 13) , the Messages IIlelltl, a palette ( Fig. 14) , feedback buttons ( Fig. 1) and windoids (Fig. [ ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 237,
                        "end": 246,
                        "text": "(Fig. 13)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 284,
                        "end": 292,
                        "text": "Fig. 14)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 314,
                        "end": 321,
                        "text": "Fig. 1)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 335,
                        "end": 342,
                        "text": "(Fig. [",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Figure 4: the selection rf an object",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The nLenu shown hew. offers 8 choices: process the selected object according to tile set of preferences, process some object with a particular preference set, show tile The translation process is divided into two steps: lhe sland;udisalion and tile clarification. Wc lrwe seen tile clarification pr(Ecss during 1he (lelllOllStration, let us have a l(\u00d7lk on tile standardization step.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Other aspects",
                "sec_num": "3."
            },
            {
                "text": "The implememati(m is cha,aclerizcd by Ihe use of a distributed archilccltlre, a whilelmard apluO;~ch , and object-orienled techniques.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Implementation",
                "sec_num": "3.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "a.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Implementation",
                "sec_num": "3.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Three machines (Fig. 15) are involvc(l in the IiallslaliOll process.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 15,
                        "end": 24,
                        "text": "(Fig. 15)",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF11"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Distributed architecture",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "On die aulhor's workstation tile HyperCard Kernel sends and receives nlessages lronl the LIDIA kernel which organists the translation process for each object. The LIDIA Kernel sends transladotl jobs to lhe Translation server via lhe Communication serve/'. The LIDIA Kernel also asks 1o prepare the disambigualion questions.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Distributed architecture",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Igor each object to be hanslated, the LJDIA Kernel creates a mirror object (it text file) in which arc sto,ed all information required by lhe lranslalion process aml necessary for Ihe construction of tile target stack. We distinguish Ix~twccn static trod dynamic id/brmation. Static inlormalion is whal is altache(I by llyperCard to each object. It is necessary to construcl target slacks. I)ynamic inlormation is any information used by l ADIA to translale ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "b. Whiteboard approach",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "'phvb' -- i)hvb +dgn' -- 'tlg'n' -- gn 'gl \u00a2 gn -- ohjl git suj ~ argl otto,l,",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "qe' 'capitaine' 'a' 'rapport6' 'un' 'vase' 'de.' 'Chine' 1\u00a3 'capitaine' 'avoir' 'rappaller' 'mr 'vast' 'de' 'Chiut' d 11",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "g V d I1 S II (1~ gov aUX gov c:t~ gov reg gov 'phvb' g'd--n' ph vb -- -- -- 'dgn' 'dgn' gll --- gn gn .' ' objl cite gl -.......T unde , /\\ le' 'capitaint' 'a'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "'rapportS' 'un' 'vast' 'tlt' 'Chine' ]e,' 'capitaine ' 'avoir' 'ral',potler' 'un' 'vase' 'de' 'Chim;' ([ II g The disambiguati0n process is organized around a pattern marcher [Blanchon 199211. For five out of the eight classes of ambiguity considered ill tile mock-up, we use a mechanism of pattern matching with unification of variables which allows to recognize tile ambiguity and produce tile disambiguation dialogue. A dialogue construction method is associated with each pattern. These melheds rely on a set of thirteen operators. Figure 16 shows the trees produced for the sentence 'Le capitaine a rapport6 un vase de Chine.'",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 53,
                        "end": 109,
                        "text": "' 'avoir' 'ral',potler' 'un' 'vase' 'de' 'Chim;' ([ II g",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 536,
                        "end": 545,
                        "text": "Figure 16",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "V d U S II (l~ gov aUX gov dt~ gov l~3g gc*v",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "The p'ttterns (Patron \"i2 & Patron 13 ) used to recognize the ambiguity in our example are shown in Fig. 17 .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 100,
                        "end": 107,
                        "text": "Fig. 17",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF2"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "The method associated with imttern",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "']ke<te(Y) rll-~tQ(Z) l<trc]-It:h%qe('[bxte('['), qt~t-o(V) )",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "which produces the lolIowing text:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "Le eapitaine a rapport6 tun vase de chine.)",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "The method associated wid] pattern 13 is:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "\"[t~:e(V) , ffbxte (Y) ~Ibxtc,(Z) 'l~:,xte (T)",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "which produces tim following text:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "de Chine, le capitaine a rapport6 un vase.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "disambiguation",
                "sec_num": "3.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "For a prototype, tim modules for tile terminology and tile idioms should use, at least, a lemmalizer, and with the text categorization module they shouM not rely on llyperCard any more ( Fig. 17 ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 187,
                        "end": 194,
                        "text": "Fig. 17",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF2"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Interface",
                "sec_num": "4.1."
            },
            {
                "text": "Our implementation of the 'guided kmguages' idea is still very primilive. We hope to develop working techniques frolii our stu(lies on 'utlerence slyles' and 'lexl genres'.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Interface",
                "sec_num": "4.1."
            },
            {
                "text": "The inlerfaces of the standardization modtfles are only a first sketch. The iconic buttons used to ask for Ihe user intervention hgtve to be redesigned (we haven't fotmd a good solution yet). On Ihe olher hand, the etu'sors for tile I31)IA tools and (he feed-back bultons arc homogenous and could be kept (l:ig. 1 & 7).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Interface",
                "sec_num": "4.1."
            },
            {
                "text": "Ill a future work, it will be necessary to adapt the dialogue type to the skills of tile audmr. The kind of dialogue we have developed allows only the user t(t select the right an'dysis. A new dialogue type could allow the user to get information and examples about lhe ambiguity currenlly solved. The user could then change its text or insert disambiguating marks.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Interface",
                "sec_num": "4.1."
            },
            {
                "text": "The current iml)lementalion in terms of software anti hardware may be characlerizL:d ,as integrated, distributed and extensible.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Implementation techniques",
                "sec_num": "4.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Using four servers (LIDIA, I)isambiguation, Communication,",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Implementation techniques",
                "sec_num": "4.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "aud Translation) collaborating through messages and tcxl files as made it relatively easy to integrate tools running in different hardware attd/or sof(w,'ue environments.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Implementation techniques",
                "sec_num": "4.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "For using DBMT at home, a simple cmnmunication server could pilote a modem to request services from a LII)IA server, exactly as a mail utility. With such au architecture, a low-cost personal computer would be usable for mtthoring and translating.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Implementation techniques",
                "sec_num": "4.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "Using object-oriented programming techuklues makes the system easy to custo,nize.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Implementation techniques",
                "sec_num": "4.2."
            },
            {
                "text": "The dictionaries used by the Ariane-G5 lingwarc arc build from Parax [S6rasset & Blanc 1993] . For a prototype we need a more powerfull and flexible tool, as also described iu [SOrasset & Blanc 19931. For developing (he lingware, we have used Ariane-G5, designed for heuristic programming in the context of snblanguages. We plan to develop some new Specialized Languages for l,ingnistic Programming, thereby workiug iq the direction of 'ambiguous programming' IBoilc ( 1993] .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 63,
                        "end": 92,
                        "text": "Parax [S6rasset & Blanc 1993]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 176,
                        "end": 200,
                        "text": "[SOrasset & Blanc 19931.",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 467,
                        "end": 474,
                        "text": "( 1993]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Implementation tools",
                "sec_num": "4.3."
            },
            {
                "text": "It has bceu clear from the begiuning that we would not be able to find, for each class of ambiguity we have chosen to solve, a uuique resolution method. Keeping in mind the kind of dialogues we wanted, we have cxamiued a large quanlity of ambiguity configurations and have arrived al 9 problem patterns.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Disambiguation process",
                "sec_num": "4.4."
            },
            {
                "text": "The use of at strategy, organizing the disaml)igualkm process, the use of patterns and methods implemented with a set of basic operators makc the process highly customizable. That's why we think about an etwi,'onment for the description of disambiguation pr(mess.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Disambiguation process",
                "sec_num": "4.4."
            },
            {
                "text": "This environment integrates three modules: a ntodule for the pa(lerns definition, a module for the defiuition of the dialogue produclion methods, ;rod finally a module for the descriptiou of the disambiguation shategy.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Disambiguation process",
                "sec_num": "4.4."
            },
            {
                "text": "The implementation of our mock-up I,IDIA-I, firs( concrete experiment towards the I)BMT 'fo,\" cveryNxly', has been done 'in breadth' at first, and 'in dcplh' o11 cerlaiu points. It was very important to tackle all the aspects. Previous experiments have showll Ihe necessity of a broad conception for a MT system to succeed, l)uring ot,r work we have seen that tile ergonomics goals cau trigger compulational and linguistic choices. The situalion is the same for (he compulati(mal or linguistic goals.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The idea of the interactive clarilication approach in the context of natural language processing seems now to interest a real cotmnunity. For MT, the current work of [Wehrli 1993 ], [Yamaguchi, et al. 1993 , atul lhc ongoing work on JETS [Tsutsumi, et al. 199311 arc some good examples. For speech systems, tile interactive clarification approach is also a solution as shown iu [Fraukish, et aL 1992] and proposed in [Ainsworth & Pratt 1992] and [Saito 1992] .",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 166,
                        "end": 178,
                        "text": "[Wehrli 1993",
                        "ref_id": "BIBREF15"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 179,
                        "end": 205,
                        "text": "], [Yamaguchi, et al. 1993",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 238,
                        "end": 262,
                        "text": "[Tsutsumi, et al. 199311",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 378,
                        "end": 400,
                        "text": "[Fraukish, et aL 1992]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 417,
                        "end": 441,
                        "text": "[Ainsworth & Pratt 1992]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 446,
                        "end": 458,
                        "text": "[Saito 1992]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "As far as 1he l'tlture is concerned, we have begun to study multimodal interactive disambiguation with ATR-ITL in a more general framework than 1,1DIA-1. We hope to gel adequate support R}r developing a more larger-scale prototype in the next few years.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Conclusion",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I.eft story : 'From China, the captaht has bring hack a vase. This vase is English'. Right story: 'The c:q)tain has bring h;ick a Chlnese vase. llis boat is soiled.'",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {
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        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "text": "a story card",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "text": "the user asks for the treatment state 'file task in progress is displayed in bold, tile previous ones in plain, and the following ones in italic. 'lChus, in figure 7 the system is currently mmlyzing the text fragment. windoid for the treatment stateIf the sentence has to be disambiguated, the author is asked to answer some questions. The aulhor is advised a new question is ready by a new ilem in the menu Message and by a button which appears over the concerned object as in figure 7. The user can choose to interact at once or later l ee eal)itaine a rapl)ort6 un vase tie Chine.]",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "text": "the object have a question of terminologySuppose the user clicks on the ~ button. A first queslion appears(Fig. 8).",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "text": "11 y e plusleurs tnterpr~tatton,~ pour le phrase :Le capitaine a rapport6 un vase de chine.Cl~qlsissoZ 18 bonll~. 0 de Chine, le capitaine a rapport6 un vase, Le capitaine a rapporte (un vase de chine).",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "text": "attachement disamhiguation(story 2)",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "text": "I1 q o I)lllMeur3 ~\u00a2n~ ~\u00a2\u00a2ept~bl\u00a2$ pour le mot : capitaine C~izis~z le ben. 00fficier qui commande une compagnie d'infanterie, un escadron de cavalerie, une batterie d'artillerie Officier qui commande un navire de commerce 0 Chef d'une 6quipe sportive",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "text": "word sense disambiguation(story 2)",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "text": "ke.&ort capltalnei&p,).&~uj:(o.&v F~pport{:,&v).&nv ~I (un,&art vase.&n'(de.~s Chine:&n'):&comP),&obJ ( ..&ponct)~ol M l,'igure lO: annotated form",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "text": "Phrase du Corpus i~:;;i~:;:'; i~; ;;;~ eTarapport6 un vase chinois. ~I l,'igure 11: reverse translation 2 Finally, tile system produces a translated story card. translation qf the two stories into German",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF9": {
                "text": "2 'The captain has brought back a Chinese vase.' trealillcnts' progress, show the reverse translatiOll, show tile annolations, show the palelte, modil3t tile preferences and build tile target stacks.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF10": {
                "text": "the first line are displayed the 1.1DIA Iools (process lhe selected ohject, show Ihe [reiltinellt progress, show the annotations and show tile reverse trallS]aliOll). Ill tile second lille are Ihe browsing tools.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF11": {
                "text": "the architecture of LIDIA-I The use of messages and olject-oriented programufiug techniques is close to the actor model used in the context of distributed cooperative systems.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF12": {
                "text": "Figure 16: multisohaion, multilevel and concrete structure X:PHVB",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF2": {
                "text": "",
                "num": null,
                "content": "<table><tr><td>Once tile preferences have been</td></tr><tr><td>defined, tile author uses a ltlClltl</td></tr><tr><td>and a palette to inlcracl with</td></tr><tr><td>Voir l'6tat du IrMtement</td></tr><tr><td>Voir la r~trotraduction</td></tr><tr><td>Voir les annolation~</td></tr><tr><td>PMe{te Lidia</td></tr><tr><td>Pr6f~renees...</td></tr><tr><td>Construirepiles eibles</td></tr><tr><td>l,'igure 13: the menu</td></tr></table>",
                "html": null,
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