| { |
| "paper_id": "C94-1048", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T12:49:18.793178Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Con, tructlon of a ]3ili:ngua, l )\" \u2022 1 tci, onary Intermediated by a Third Langua, ge", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Kumiko", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tanaka", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "Kyo.ii UMEM[JID\\ ])ivisim, of Engineering", |
| "institution": "University of Tokyo", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "When using i~ third l;mgu;~g(' to const:rl,(:t a bilingum dictionary, it is necessary t;o discriminate equiwflencies from imwprol)riat:o words deriw~d as ,~ resnll; of ambiguity in I:hc third lat<gmtge. We propose it metho(l 1:o t;re,d: this by utilizing the strucl;llr(m of di(:donari(,s to measm'(~ die near. n(,ss of the meanings of words. Th(' resuli:ing dic-I;ionary is it wor(l-I:o-wor([ })ilingu;d dictionary (,f nOllIiS and can })e used t:() refin,~ I;h(, (mt.ri(m and equlvalm~eies in published bilingual dicl:hmarie'.. 1 Introduction When vocabulary cmmot be found in bilingual dictionaries, it is freqnendy obt;ain(;d by using a l:hird language as an intermediary. ']'his imlical;es thai: SUl)i)lemei~tal informal, ion llla, y lie in ot;her forlns in other dicl;ionarie.~< I[(;re we Lry nsinp; electroni(\" (ti(:i;ionaries which cau t)e rel'ormod (m it large s(:ah.', 1:o extract; this iMornud;ions so thai: w(' can ohi;Mn subsidiary (la, t;a and re{hi(! a (llr(~(:t: bilingual dictionary. Looking up words in bilingual dicl:i(maries in termediating the third llutguage is a inethod ofl;en used by t)eople who handh.' m~(:omm(m ]itll,~ll;14~(;s in a specific domain. If this i)ro(:ess c;m l)e mlt;O-nutt(,(t, biliI~gual (tiedonmries of any kind l)el;ween any languages may l)(: ol)taine([ its long ;m l:ho.'m concerned languagos haw' di(:donaries to a (:(mtmort hmp;uage. One objecl;iw,. (ff the r(!sem'(:h r('l)orte([ here is to est;al)lish ;t first st(' 1, in itlli;OllH'ti,lug t;his i)roeess. To consl;ruet, a \u00a31apanese~-+lh'ench dictiom~ry, we chose English its tim inte.rme(liary l;m/,;u;q,/(', beta, rise JN)anesev-+English and Englishv-d)'rench dictionaries e.xist in electronic forms and because publMw, d aN)anese~l,'rench dicl;ionm'ies provide enough vocabulary in comparison with the resulting dict;iona.ry. In Section 2 we describe a method for exl:ra(:t;ing equiv,'denei(;s for a given wor(I. ]l;s fmMamentel concepts m:e stated in Secti(m :3. Tim whole. procedure used to construct th(', new dictionary is shown in Section 4 ~tn(l in Se(:", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "C94-1048", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "When using i~ third l;mgu;~g(' to const:rl,(:t a bilingum dictionary, it is necessary t;o discriminate equiwflencies from imwprol)riat:o words deriw~d as ,~ resnll; of ambiguity in I:hc third lat<gmtge. We propose it metho(l 1:o t;re,d: this by utilizing the strucl;llr(m of di(:donari(,s to measm'(~ die near. n(,ss of the meanings of words. Th(' resuli:ing dic-I;ionary is it wor(l-I:o-wor([ })ilingu;d dictionary (,f nOllIiS and can })e used t:() refin,~ I;h(, (mt.ri(m and equlvalm~eies in published bilingual dicl:hmarie'.. 1 Introduction When vocabulary cmmot be found in bilingual dictionaries, it is freqnendy obt;ain(;d by using a l:hird language as an intermediary. ']'his imlical;es thai: SUl)i)lemei~tal informal, ion llla, y lie in ot;her forlns in other dicl;ionarie.~< I[(;re we Lry nsinp; electroni(\" (ti(:i;ionaries which cau t)e rel'ormod (m it large s(:ah.', 1:o extract; this iMornud;ions so thai: w(' can ohi;Mn subsidiary (la, t;a and re{hi(! a (llr(~(:t: bilingual dictionary. Looking up words in bilingual dicl:i(maries in termediating the third llutguage is a inethod ofl;en used by t)eople who handh.' m~(:omm(m ]itll,~ll;14~(;s in a specific domain. If this i)ro(:ess c;m l)e mlt;O-nutt(,(t, biliI~gual (tiedonmries of any kind l)el;ween any languages may l)(: ol)taine([ its long ;m l:ho.'m concerned languagos haw' di(:donaries to a (:(mtmort hmp;uage. One objecl;iw,. (ff the r(!sem'(:h r('l)orte([ here is to est;al)lish ;t first st(' 1, in itlli;OllH'ti,lug t;his i)roeess. To consl;ruet, a \u00a31apanese~-+lh'ench dictiom~ry, we chose English its tim inte.rme(liary l;m/,;u;q,/(', beta, rise JN)anesev-+English and Englishv-d)'rench dictionaries e.xist in electronic forms and because publMw, d aN)anese~l,'rench dicl;ionm'ies provide enough vocabulary in comparison with the resulting dict;iona.ry. In Section 2 we describe a method for exl:ra(:t;ing equiv,'denei(;s for a given wor(I. ]l;s fmMamentel concepts m:e stated in Secti(m :3. Tim whole. procedure used to construct th(', new dictionary is shown in Section 4 ~tn(l in Se(:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "As for rat(;, the. l'h@ish word race has several m(,aninv~s with l:he sam,, slmlling: otto is to co're.pole and another is h, wma',. \"rata. Ig is h.',,ma'n r(u:c which induces the inad(~quat;e EC race, As for h/it('., the English wor(1 race has the widm\" m<uv ing to h'u'rry whMt the (n'it~inal Ja,plmese wm'(l \"}?~{ (fJ-\" does not. Since hSte is i~ dire(:t t;ransl~tt:iou of to /vurry, i|; is in;q)propri:~:e as an equivahm(:(< The fifth)wing l:lm,,e (:ase,~; l,;eneral:e irrelewmt: ECs.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I. An lih@ish wor(I wit.lt t:he same si)ellin/,; lml; wiLh <lill'erelfl: nlemfings is inl;erme(liated. (race in t;he al)(we ('xamph.') 2. An English word wil.h a wider IneiLl,ill/Y li]lttll that of originid .lal)mW.:;(! wor(] is intermedi.. ated. (h&te in the Mmw! exam.ph!) 3. '])here are misI;akes in dict.iomn'ies. The lirsl; two (::tses ~tr(.' dlle |,o t;he ambiguity in En-tJish. An English word with ;t narrower mo.~mln/,; I;hall the ,]itl)a, lle,q(', SOl/l'ce lna~y miss ,qOlll(~ French equivah;nl;,q. W( 3 think thai; il' du.' origimd word has ambiguit:y a, nd several meaning,, I;he (licdonary gives t:he (:orr(,si)(mdinl, ~ English wor(ls.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We couhl han(lh~ the l~rol)lem of choosing equiv-. alenci(~s t'rom ;tltlOllg ]'](].q by :{elll~tll[.i(; pro(:essin/,;, but expr('ssing m(;a.ing of vocMmlary in (lieti(,nm'ies is a /,;r(.'~tt l)robh.'m. A simpler way is I:o look t;he ECs u I) in l;he inverse (li(:t,i(mary. For extoni)l('. ~ (,he (:ml consult Dic, ,j for COml)6.tition , contours, a u(I rac(', a, ud du;reby gel; ~9, J , De, ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Equivalence eandhlates (ECs) for \"~'. flY\", and \"&}i~\" (jinshu : human race) as their respective equivalencies. Since \".&~i[(\" has notl,ing to do with \"~(/,'\", race is excluded. We call this inethod of looking up ECs in the inverse dictionaries when choosing relevant equivalencies inverse consultation, and we call the words obtained by looking up inverse dictionaries the selection area (SA). Inverse consultation utilizes the. structure of dictionaries to measure the nearness of the meanings of words in (tiff>rent languages. The simplest application of inverse consultation is to use Dic~_,~. In the above example, each EC is looked up in Dict_,e and the results are compared with the English equivalencies of \")~'6\"\" (E); namely, competition, contest, and race. The SA of eompdtitlon is competition, contest and match, which have tile elements contest and competition in common with E ( Fig. 2) . As compdtition derived from competition, competition should be put aside, but contest is still left as a common element and thus compdtition is selected as an equivalence of '\"~(P\"'. As for race, the SA of race consists of race and ancestry, whose intersection with E only gives race; so race is judged as an inadequate EC. In shorl;, the number of elements in common between the selection area and E indicates the nearness of the meaning between the EC and the original word.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 893, |
| "end": 900, |
| "text": "Fig. 2)", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "raco ~ CO rse", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For the inverse consultation (lmseril)ed above, the SA was in English. If we use Dice~j as an inverse dictionary successively afl;er consult> ing Dic~-.e, then the SA is in Japanese an(1 we ~f[' with the SA (Fig. 3) . The. SA for ~e.=T(~ aI)I)ears only once for race, we (lis(:ar(l the. EC race.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 207, |
| "end": 215, |
| "text": "(Fig. 3)", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF3" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "raco ~ CO rse", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "There can be a infinit.e number of inverse (:onsultations according to the nmnber of (:onsulte(1 inverse (tietionaries. If the inverse dictionaries arc consulted 'n times, we call the method n ti'mes inverse cons'ultation. (/C',,). Which inverse di(:tionary to use. does not always have a unique answer.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "raco ~ CO rse", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For IC2 for example, we ntay consulU Di%_** af ter consulting Dicf.-.e with the SA in French.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "raco ~ CO rse", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Once the SA tbr a give.n woM is obtained, equiv-Mencies are selected by handling two collections of words. We (:all this process the selection p'roced.ure.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Selection Procedure", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "One way to do this is to count the mnnber of specific element:s in the SA. For example, if the SA is in Japanesc', the number of l.he element \"\"~\u00a2~d @\"' itself is counted. Another way is to count how many parts of words (PWs) are eontMnmd in the SA. \" ~a and \"\u00a26\"", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Selection Procedure", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[ or exaulple, the number o[' \"\"'~:\" contained in the SA is considered (thus \"\" ..... ~ in \"~j~'~\" iS ;dSO collnl;ed).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Selection Procedure", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "If we handle the meaning of words, a third way .v)\u00a2.~ ~ in ;t Japalmse Lhesaurns an(1 is to look up ' *'~-\" COllar how nlal]y times the synottynls ai)i)ear in the $A. For exanq)le, il' ,.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Selection Procedure", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "is a synonym or .,%,k ~\" , ~)t.)', , then the numl)e.r of at)i)ear:mces of \"~j~ ~( ~'lfi: z\" I ~}:\" is added to that of ~,g ~ . If we go further to h;mdle the meaning, we might as well process words by semantic processing. Since a kanji is an ideogram, the second method also handles the meaning. When 1;11o s(,qection area is in English or l\"rench, the eorresi)on(ting me.tlm(1 is to count morphemes such as \"inl;er\" and \"national\" for the word \"int0.rnationar'. W(; are interested in to what extent the method that does not (;xplicitly concern the meaning may be used to handle the me,ruing of words, lln |;11(; for lowing, we. focus on 1;11(; former two inethods.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Selection Procedure", |
| "sec_num": "2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A bilingual dictionary forms a grN)h whose nodes are words and whose })ranches are correspondences between the words. Branchc's haw; directions, which make the graph asymmetric. D:ic.,(1,g is a graph with all the tn'anches in Dic> 'v in inverse direction.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Harmonized Dictionary", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Since the purpose of bilingual dictionaries is to denote the correspondences of words that have the same meaning [tIar83], it; is Iud.ura] that branches ~re bidirectional. We t;herefore design symmetrical dictionaries and we denote, a di(:tionary from hmguage :c to y as D .... u ,calling it; ;t harmonized dictiona'uI. When D,._ ,,/and D:j ,~, are construc~;e(1 fi'om the same dictionaries, D!t.**=: DTly holds. We remove the overlaps of branches.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Harmonized Dictionary", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A multiset here is a set in which each element: has :~ weight that is a m~tural nmnl)er. The weighl; of ml element is defined as the nmnl)er of times it appears when looking up words in dietiomwies. In the example shown in Fig. 3 , the nmltiset SA ~[(' with weighl; 2 for eompdtition ('onsists of \"~\"~ .... and \")j~J,hi\" with weight 3. We denote the. weight: of eh;nlent x in multiset X as ba(X,x); for in- SA that have kanji \"q\"\"). Using ~lw. same notal;ion, 5a(X,Y) is defined as fi)llows when X ~md Y are multisets:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 223, |
| "end": 229, |
| "text": "Fig. 3", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF3" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic Selection Procedure", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "eb(X,V) :: ~ eb(X,v) y~Y", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic Selection Procedure", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For instance, 5b(SA, Z) = 12; that is 7 plus 5 (=~b(SA,'~)).We ,,se the .,,t~|:i,,,, ~ .s ~ >ramet;er for ~a or ~5 b.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Syntactic Selection Procedure", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the following, we use In l~he following, we focus on the ICI and 1C2", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Properties of Inverse Consultation", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "described above and ex:tmine their proimrl;ics. This properi;y is cle~u' with symmel,rically strut-. turcd dictionaries. When St, is used, t;he resuli;inl, ~ dicl:ionary depends on how PW is de.fined and doe.s not ~dways l)ecome a harmonized dictimu~ry.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Properties of Inverse Consultation", |
| "sec_num": "3.3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "If there is (t st'ructure s'u.ch as shown in Fig. ~ , 5b must bc used as 5 to e:rcl'ude ir'rclcva'nl ECs.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 45, |
| "end": 51, |
| "text": "Fig. ~", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Property 3", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "When 5 a is used, t;he SA for two ECs will be exael;ly the same, which makes i~. intpossible to discard inapprol)riate ECs. All.hough this kind of structure seems t;o b(.' rare, it cmt exist lw.(:ause of the hist:m'ical transition of words. When a sit@e l);nglish word is int.ern|edi;d:ed, inN)ln:oi)rial;e ECs cannot be discarded by using 5a [or ICI. [Led82] . The whole exl)erimental procedure is shown in Fig. 5 . Word-to-wm'd dietionm'ies are first extracted fi'om each dictionary. All words ~we nouns; in I~m:tic,dar, they are one word n(mns in English and ]\"tenth. Since the diet;|o-. mu'y synt~tx was not; :tlways consisl;ent, word-toword dictionaries toni;a in some mistakes (imuh> gives its definition or explam~tion of the word in m. Therefore, all the foreign words can be contained in the dictionary. In Dic,r>~f on tl,e other hand, if there are no equivalencies in f for a word of m, the word itself is often dropped fl'om the dictionary. The words contained in the dictionary are therefbre a part of m, and Dic ....... f lacks many entries. A harmonized dictionary is a solution t;o this problem because it contains equiwdenc, ies of Dicf_.,~ as entries of Diem--,]'. There are no ECs. Entries of Type A acquire more appropri~te equivalencies than do entries of Type B, and entries of Type B acquire more appropri~d;e equiw> lencies t;han do entries of Type C. Table 1 , which indic.ates that inverse consultation can detect the relewmt words even when there are ndstakes ill the dictionaries. The word which should not be dropped was", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 352, |
| "end": 359, |
| "text": "[Led82]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 408, |
| "end": 414, |
| "text": "Fig. 5", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1375, |
| "end": 1382, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF3" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Property 3", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Equivalencic's for ,.,,~.z. in [Tam85] D~ P are Our result contains dmulation (which means r'iyah'y) in addition to the entries lit the published dictionm'y. Table 2 lists the each number of enl;ric's 1)elong-ing to the Tyt)cs A~-,D ((lefined in Section ,1.2). '.12ype 1) consists of the following entries.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 31, |
| "end": 38, |
| "text": "[Tam85]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 158, |
| "end": 165, |
| "text": "Table 2", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF4" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "joute.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "* One English word is inte.rm(,.diated ;rod sevend ECs apt)e~u'. ,, The entry contains no PW. The Type D percentage difference betwc(',n Dj__,f and D~_,j shows that the nmnl)er of m1`trics of Type D det)ends on the numl)er of registered", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Evaluation of Entries", |
| "sec_num": "5.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "No EC appears when ~m English word t:o be in-termediated does nol; exist as the curry of De ,f or De-,j. Such entries can be categorized as in Table 3 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 143, |
| "end": 150, |
| "text": "Table 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Original words are apt to t)e transl:ttcd into m> common English words, so they normally do not. appear as entries if the same kind of words (la not exist in tit(,' objeetiw', hmgm|ge. ']'echnic~d t(,rms and proper nouns det)end very much on eultm'e. Many French 1)lacen~m~cs, for instance, arc 'l'ypc F,. lhn'r()wed words ave expressed in inconsistc,lt spd]ings, mid which o[ l;hem are to be found in the dictionary ~dso depends ou I:he cuitm'e (apdritif i.'; t:he eqldvalence in D\u00b1cj_,~.). Since ~ hm:monizint,; dictionm'y mtgments the entries, t;he resulting dictiomtry contains entries thaL are not in the lmblished dictiomwy. As explained in Section ,l.], this phenomenon is conspicuous when we compa, re Dj_,f with the publishcd dictionary [shtz70]. '.l'he,,', entries can be cati:-egorizcd as follows:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "1. Colloquia.1 words. \u00ae RI F,'aetion of eqldwde|mie.s in the lmblished dlcl;ionary which were also found by this method. \u2022 1{.2 l\"raetion of equlvalencies found by this method which were judge([ ~q)prol)riate. Note thud; entries with greater R2 cont~dn N)i):'o.pt'iate c'quiwdencies on higher rate. This is not true for R], since 11.] indical:es the discrep~mcy of equivalencies bei:wec'n the resulting dicgionary and published dictiomu'ies.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Enl,rics of 112=]00% ca,n 1)(,' classified as follows: 1. Entries of '['ype A or B. (See Section 4.2.) 2, Entries l;ll~d; ]taw,' less [.hart three ],;Cs. Fmtries with less than 3 ECs a,l~loltnt to 29.0% for Dj ~, and 34.2% [k)r De-,j. This indicates I:hat words with specific meanings are apt to ;u:quire ~q)I)l:opriate equiwtlcncies. 2 ~1: ~} (2 gyou-shi : coinage for the term for European i)oems) 7/ )!/ :t--J';~ (lmru obar : frail-over written with aal)anese letters.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This term is not eonllnon ill Japan) (soroban, kazoedama : Japanese abacus) = Table 6 Japanese entries whose I1.1 are 0 %. The entries tend to have either R1=80%,,~10{1% or R1=0%~,20%. Of the latter, some examples are listed in Table 5 and 6. For distique in Table 5, which is a term in French literature, De~j translates it into the term for the corresponding kind of Japanese literature. Although it resembles to the direct translation of distique, it is only an analogy. On the other hand, since the direct translation of distlque in the published dictionary adopts the concept of French imems, it is uncommon and cannot be mttlerstoo(1 ])y iilOSl; Japanese readers. The same is true for boulier except that the commml Japanese is indicated in a published dictionary. Pull is borrowed front the English word pull-over whose direct translation is contained in a published dictionary, and it is not a common word in Japanese.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 78, |
| "end": 85, |
| "text": "Table 6", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 228, |
| "end": 235, |
| "text": "Table 5", |
| "ref_id": "TABREF6" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the first example in Table 6 , grive is the generic name equivalent to th rush, whereas merle is a kind of thrush. The second example shows that more equivalencies are found in Dj_d.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 24, |
| "end": 31, |
| "text": "Table 6", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "To sum up, the resulting dictionary can be utilized in conjunction with the published (tictionaries as follows:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 To revise the equiwdeneies.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 To supplement the equivaleneies. Sections of the resulting dictionaries is listed in Table 7 . List 1 is Dj_~, and List 2 is D,+j.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 87, |
| "end": 94, |
| "text": "Table 7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For each list, entrie.s arc in t;he first row and their equiwdeneies are in the third row. Symbols in the. second row indicate how approI/riate each equivalence is. (Refer to t, he notes beside.)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "6 Related Work The use of a third hmguage English as an intermediary in the construction of a bilingual diet:to-nary was test;ed manually on a large scale on c(liting the Spanish-Japanese (lictionary [Kuwg0] . It is now a representative middle-sized dictionary having a large quantity of informal;ion.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 200, |
| "end": 207, |
| "text": "[Kuwg0]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Toktmaga and Tanaka [Tok90] tried t;o extract; a eonceI)tual dictionary fi'om Japanese-English and English-Japanese dictionaries.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Although they used a concept similar to ours that is the graph structure of a dictionaryrelate([ to meaning of words, their t?ameworks and final product differ frolil ollrs.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "PWs.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The i)rol)osed method for using a intermediate hmguage to construct a l)ilingu:d dictionary utilizes the structure of dictionaries and morphemes and can choose appropriate equiwdencies for most, entries. Comi)aring the resulting dictionary with publishe(l dictionaries showed that tiara obtained are usefltl for revising and sUi)l)lementing t.he vocabulary of existing dictionaires.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion and Future Works", |
| "sec_num": "7" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "To increase the accuracy with which eqnivah',ncie.s can be selected, mistakes in word-to-word dictionaries must t)e corrected even if' our method may detect aI)i)ropri:~te equiwdeneies. One way to do this would be t.o use thesaurus to cheek whether the extracted eorresi)ondences are relewmt.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion and Future Works", |
| "sec_num": "7" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Nouns were l;akeu into consideration in tiffs research, and the next ste I) will be to apply the proposed method to other parts of speech. We also need to estat/lish a way to handle compom~d words in European languages. A,zknowledge.ments We exl>ress o11l-grai;itude t<) Prof. tlideya Iwasaki of University <)f Tokyo r<)r his guidance on the<)retteal aspects and essential remarks on exi)eriments. We. are also thankful to Prof. Nigel Ward of University of Tokyo tot\" his lexicographieal advice and for his inwduable aid in shapillg our idea.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion and Future Works", |
| "sec_num": "7" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "[Bog89] Bogm'aev, 13. et al. (1989 ", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 29, |
| "end": 34, |
| "text": "(1989", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion and Future Works", |
| "sec_num": "7" |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The following two lemnu~s ~u'e needed to prow~ l'roi)erty ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Appendix", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As branches do not ow~rhp, Df_.j is a set. From ]Jmuma l-2, the proof for Property 1 is giwm as follows: ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": ". ,.q) t~", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "Shorter E'nglish-French Dictiona<q. f[m:rap Limited", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "P", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Forbes", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1982, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Forbes, P. et M. (1982). Shorter E'nglish- French Dictiona<q. f[m:rap Limited.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF1": { |
| "ref_id": "b1", |
| "title": "Le:6cography: principlcs and practice. Academic Pre, ss", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Itartmann", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1983, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Itartmann, R. (1983). Le:6cography: principlcs and practice. Academic Pre, ss.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF2": { |
| "ref_id": "b2", |
| "title": "New ,lapa'n, cse-English Dictionary", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ichikawa", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1990, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Ichikawa, S. (1990). New ,lapa'n, cse- English Dictionary. Kenkyuusha.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF4": { |
| "ref_id": "b4", |
| "title": "knowledge basis fi'om machine ri!adal)h,' dii:ti.-naries. KB~KS", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "knowledge basis fi'om machine ri!adal)h,' dii:ti.- naries. KB~KS, JIPDIi3C.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF5": { |
| "ref_id": "b5", |
| "title": "New EngIish,-dapane,s'c Dictionary", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Y", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "I(oinc", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1990, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "I(oinc, Y. (1990). New EngIish,-dapane,s'c Dictionary. Kcnkyuusha,", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF6": { |
| "ref_id": "b6", |
| "title": "Spa'n.isl~-Japa'nese Dictionary", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "K", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Kuwana", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1990, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Kuwana, K. (1990). Spa'n.isl~-Japa'nese Dictionary. Shougakukan.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF7": { |
| "ref_id": "b7", |
| "title": "Shorter l,)'eneh,-English Dictionary. IIarrat) Limited", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Led&err", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1982, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Led&err, M. et al. (1982). Shorter l,)'eneh,-English Dictionary. IIarrat) Limited.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF8": { |
| "ref_id": "b8", |
| "title": "!185). G'ra'", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "P", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Maubourguet", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "m85] Maubourguet, P. et al. (1!185). G'ra',,,d Dictionnaire Encyclopddiq'ne LARO USSE. Larousse.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF9": { |
| "ref_id": "b9", |
| "title": "Fiw~ Papers on WordNet", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "G", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Miller", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1990, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Miller, G. et al. (1990). Fiw~ Papers on WordNet. CSL Report d2. Cog,fitive Science Laboratory, Princeton University.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF12": { |
| "ref_id": "b12", |
| "title": "Diction,mire F,',m~:aiSo gapo'nais R 0 YAL. H akusuislm", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tanmn~", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1985, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Tanmn~, T. (1985). Diction,mire F,',m~:aiSo gapo'nais R 0 YAL. H akusuislm.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF14": { |
| "ref_id": "b14", |
| "title": "The Automat, it F, xtracdon of Concei)Lual Itmns from Bilingual l)icdonm'ie, s. I'IUCAI", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "The Automat, it F, xtracdon of Concei)Lual Itmns from Bilingual l)icdonm'ie, s. I'IUCAI.", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "is t:o h)ok ltl) t]l(~ Jalmmese word iu a Dicj_.e am(I th(m look up {:he rosultaut; En,,~lish words in ;~ Dice ,/,. The r(m,dlting Fren(:h words (:m~ I,(: regard('(| its e(luivMenco c~mdldates (E(]s) o[' the origin~d Jal)an('.:m wt)M. For ex;ullple, ill Fit';. I, ]\",:Cs for a ,lal)aues(, word *'~:*'\" \" ~,~]~ (kyousou : (:,mpel:itiolO are comp(.'i;ition, contours, race cix:. Am()nl< these, race a, nd hSte are ina(h.'(lUatta~ a,q ,', ,Z ] \"1 O(ltfivahufl;s of >~.l ." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Fig. 1" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "One time inverse eonsultatlon ([C~)." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF3": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Two times inverse consultation (IC~) . compdtition consists of two JeJt ~( s an(1 three \"~j~5~\"s (kyougi : game). For race, the SA has J ~,[,. , \"~ld~ll.' (s(nzo : ancestry). Siuee ,,~ff,.,,, ,, ~. ....." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF4": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "stance, 5~(SA, ~e)-Tf**~ ) = 2. Using the same notation, 5a(X, Y) is defined as ibllows when X and Y are multisets: ~'a(X, Y) = ~ 5a(X, .,) yCl / When a multiset Z consists of\" , , , . , , :zw)~. )q ...... and ma~z,~'\"\" the.n G(SA, Z) = 5. The nol;;tl;ion ~b(X, X) represents the sum of the weights of the elements that contain PWs of :c in Inultiset X. For instance., if PWs are defined as k~mji, 5 / ..... ~a, bLot*,~.~q) is 7 by adding 5 (sum of weights of elements in the SA that have kmt}i \"~\") ~ul(l 2 (SlllII Of weights of elemenl:s ht I.he" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF5": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Df.~ e ~tn([ De__+ j ~ts hlverse dictionaries when starting fl'om Japanese words :tnd we use Dj_~ e and De_~ f as invers(,, di(:timmries when starting Dora French words. French gCs for a Japanese word j form a muir|set F expressed as g = D~-.2Dj-.~j \u2022 I~'c.nch equivalencies selected })y fC1 forltt a structure that \u00a3, is inapplh:alde. multiset: whose e, lemenl: f satMies f ~ F mid 5(Df-,ef,Dj--~ej) 2> 1 . French equiwdencies selected by IC,~ form a multisel: whose element \u00a3 s:tl:isfies f (~ F ;tIld \u00a25(De ~jDf-,ef, j) > 1 ." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF6": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "quate CO1TeSpOII([(!IICeS), Ilarmouized dicl:ion:zries are thou consl;ruete(l from the. word-to-word dM:ionaries as follows: Although there are other ways to symmetrize dictionaries, (for example, by removing all branches that are not bidirectional), we chose the above procedm:es for the lexieographical reason described below [IlarS3]. There are two kinds of bilingual dictionaries, one is from ,~ foreign language (f) to the nmther language (Die/ ..... ), and tile other is fi'om a mother language [m) to a foreign language (Diem_,/). In Dic/ ...... when there are no equivaleneies in m for a foreign word, the dictionary" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF7": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Ewduation of Experiment 5.1 Result of the Example Fquivaleneies ol)tained fin\" the Japanese word \"'~ \u2022 .~1.\" are eoneours, rivalitd, comphtition, eollrse~ concurrence, 6mulation and the intermediated English words are competition, contest, rival, rivalry, race. The entry \";~(/'~-\" is of Type B. '.the, munlmr of ECs is 4] (inchading overlaps), and 13 of thenl are selected by ICt. The number of ECs in each category of irrelewmt words described in Section 2.1 is listed in" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF8": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Ex. ~)/vl~ ,p/,~ (wanchan : ImPl)y) 2. Tecllnic~d terlllS or [)rol)er ,to,,Hs. la;x. y X-'VS,', 1\" (~tSltbeStltO : aSl:,CStc') 3, (JOlllpOll,ld IIOllltS. Ex. )K{[;{g')I] (lmukasayou : disinl:cgrate) !1 !/J 1]11 i '~: 51\" i[~ .~,~ (buld~uml:eiseisaku : wdot'izal;ion) ilarmonizing dictionaries help t;o g~,thcr corre. spondctlces between the inotltcr language ~md at fln'eign langu:~gc' and ~n'e usefitl in revising publisht,d dictionaries. 5.3 Ewduation of Equiwdenc.ics We ewdmtted the equiwdencies of resulting dictionm'ies I~y con|p:u'iI|/,; I,ltenl with I;h()se o[7 lmblished dictionaries [Ta,,85] [S,zT0]. For vm|do|n 1()(1 entries in both dictiona.ries, the following two imrc(!ul;n.gcs ((:/d(:ul;tl,cll mn.nlmlly) ~u'c list{xl in 'I';d>h'. el:" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF9": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "entryDj ~:f Pul)lished dietionary [Suz70' ~0 <\" g* (tsugumi : thrush)'~\" N (share : witticism, joke, jest, pun)" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF10": { |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "apl)rol)riah? (counted fl)r 112). h Significance slighdy different.. 2: Significanc.e comphq;ely different. *: [POlllld COIIIIIIOII ill I;WO dictionaries (couuted for II1). Mark 'T' af.tached to en-(:)'it's lllO[lllS I;lllg Lhc entries were not forum in the published dictionarics." |
| }, |
| "TABREF2": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>\u2022 Type A</td><td>A single EC exists and is selected</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">unconditionally as the eqnivalence.</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">\u2022 Type 13 Equiwdeneies 1)y [CI exist; all are</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">selected and the rest of the ECs are discarded.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u2022 Type C</td><td>There are no equivalencies by ICt</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">but there are by [C.2 . One third (empirically</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">decided) of ECs by 1C2 arc' selected according</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">to the wdue of the following fl'action (larger</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">ones are seleet:ed):</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>Value of flmction 5b</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>SA (byte)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u2022 Type D</td><td>No equivahmeies by ICt nor by</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">IC'2 appeared but there are several ECs. For</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">this entry, it is impossible to select the rele-</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">wmt equivalencies.</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u2022 Type E</td></tr><tr><td>lows:</td><td/></tr><tr><td>\u2022 Japanese</td><td>6353 kanjis.</td></tr><tr><td>\u2022 French</td><td>morphemes [Mauaa].</td></tr><tr><td/><td>1151 prefix and 710 suffix.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">ih'om Property 2, inverse consultation is applied</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">to both Japanese and French entries, and then</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">tile results are put together to construct a harmo-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">nized dictionary. Each entry within Dj-+e and Dt--,e is classified</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">into one of five types according to the procedure</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">used to select its equivaleneies from ECs.</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "Consultation lh'om Property 1, we use 5a wi~h IC1 and we use 5b with IC'2. The PW for 5b are defined as for We denote it as Dj~t or Df_+j.", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF3": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Different meaning in English</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Memdng extended in English</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Mistakes of dictionaries</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Words which, nmst, not be droplwd</td><td/></tr></table>", |
| "text": "", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF4": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>0, ,j</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td colspan=\"4\">42190 (10(}.0%)</td><td>~,37m (1oo.1~%)</td></tr><tr><td>Type A</td><td colspan=\"2\">1600</td><td colspan=\"2\">(3.8%))</td><td>38~;~</td><td>(1~,~%)</td></tr><tr><td>Type B</td><td>8179</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(19.,1%)</td><td>7397</td><td>(31,3%)</td></tr><tr><td>I 'l'vtw. (d</td><td>24(),17</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(57.0%)</td><td>6,t52</td><td>(27.2%)</td></tr><tr><td>I 'l.'wm l)</td><td>1514</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(3.6%)</td><td>~988</td><td>(]~.(;%)</td></tr><tr><td>I 't'vt)e E</td><td>6850</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">(16.2%)</td><td>30:!]</td><td>(~2.7%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Table</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Entries witt, no FC.</td></tr><tr><td>eategory</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">examph*</td><td/><td>l';n/~/lish</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>cqttivalenee</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Cultural words</td><td colspan=\"4\">:t3 :~F .-' ],{ (otoshidama : handsel</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">Our tradition to give</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">mone.y to childrei~ on</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">New Year)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">c&lille</td><td/><td>cedilln</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Technical terms</td><td colspan=\"4\">~f')' .X (gwns : gauss)</td><td>gauss</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">or l)roper ll()llllS</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Cicdron</td><td/><td>Cicero</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Borrowed words</td><td colspan=\"4\">~y..e. U q7 (al)eriehihu aperitif</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">: apctizer)</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">tee-shirt</td><td/><td>teeshirt</td></tr><tr><td>coneours,</td><td colspan=\"3\">rivalit6,</td><td colspan=\"2\">competition,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">eollrse~ cone.llrrenee.</td><td/></tr></table>", |
| "text": "", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF5": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">__ D-JZ'~ _A' \"-'~I</td></tr><tr><td>rate</td><td colspan=\"2\">I'I1 ] l(2 R1 I 112 I</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">80%,-,100% 58 I 56 18 I 58 I</td></tr><tr><td>60%~80%</td><td>,i, i 1..1,</td><td>8 I 15 I</td></tr><tr><td>,1{}%,-{30%</td><td colspan=\"2\">9 I 13 13 I 9 I</td></tr><tr><td>20%~,10%</td><td>,u I 10</td><td>24 I ,1 I</td></tr><tr><td>()%~2()~,</td><td>'22 I 7</td><td>37 I M [</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "q'alfle 4 Ewduatlon of equiwdencles.", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF6": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Df~j</td><td/><td>Published dictionary</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>[Tam85]</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">ourenku,</td><td>tuiku :</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">the terminology for</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">Japanese and Chi-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">nese poelns of sanle</td></tr><tr><td>kind)</td><td/></tr><tr><td>~-</td><td colspan=\"2\">Y-\" ( seetm'~</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">: sweater wrltten</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">with Japanese let-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">ters. This word is</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">conllnon )</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">gfl,~ (sa.nban : Aba-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">cus in general)</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table" |
| }, |
| "TABREF8": { |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "text": "", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "type_str": "table" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
