| { |
| "paper_id": "E85-1035", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T11:30:28.729933Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "AUTOMATED SPEECH RECOGNITION: A FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Anne", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Johnstone", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Edinburgh University Hope Park Square", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "Meadow Lane" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This paper reflects the view that the decoding of speech, We stress the importance of both psychological and computational theory in developing a particular control strategy which could be implemented within the framework.", |
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| "paper_id": "E85-1035", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This paper reflects the view that the decoding of speech, We stress the importance of both psychological and computational theory in developing a particular control strategy which could be implemented within the framework.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "either by computer systems or people, must to a large extent be determined by the ways in which the speaker has encoded the information necessary for its comprehension. We therefore place great emphasis on the use of psycholinguistics as a tool for the construction of models essential to the characterisation of the speech understanding task.", |
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| "text": "We are primarily concerned with the interactions between the various levels at which a fragment of speech can be described (e.g. acoustic-phonetic, lexical, syntactic, etc), and the ways in which the knowledge bases associated with each of these \"levels\" contribute towards a final interpretation of an utterance. We propose to ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "text": "A multi-level task queueing structure (the Agenda), which is used to order the ways in which the descriptions will be extended, through time and level of abstraction, and thus to control the size and direction of the search space. This ordering on the agenda is controlled by specifically designed search strategies which determine the minimum amount of search compatible with a low rate of error in description. The power and flexibility of this approach in tackling complex system building tasks is well set out in Bobrow et al. 1976) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 517, |
| "end": 536, |
| "text": "Bobrow et al. 1976)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "2)", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "An algorithm which automatically schedules additions to the Chart onto the Agenda for subsequent processing wherever such extensions are possible. Moreover, there is psycholinguistic evidence that the \"intelligibility\" of a particular stretch of sound increases with additional evidence from later \"rightward\" stretches of sound (Pollack & Pickett, 1963; Warren & Warren, 1970) . We propose to adopt a system using a form of left-to-right analysis which could approximate to the power of middle-out analysis (used in HWIM and Hearsay II) but without requiring the construction of distinct \"islands\" and with less computational expense. This more precise method of using \"rightcontext effects\" depends on the priority scores assigned to paths.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 329, |
| "end": 354, |
| "text": "(Pollack & Pickett, 1963;", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 355, |
| "end": 377, |
| "text": "Warren & Warren, 1970)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "3)", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Such scores can be thought of, for present purposes, as some measure of \"goodness of fit\". The score on a spanning pathway (that is, a pathway which spans other pathways \"beneath\" it) is determined by the scores on its constituents, and so is partly determined by scores towards its righthand end. By virtue of affecting the \"spanning score\", a score on one sub-path can affect the probability that another sub-path to its left (as well as to its right) will finally be chosen as the best description for the acoustic segment it represents.", |
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| "section": "3)", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "We Conversely, the attempt to build a working model of at least some parts of the process, will highlight many areas where further experimental data is needed.", |
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| "section": "3)", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "We hope that this sketch of part of the proposed system has given a feel for the combined approach taken here. It developed through a re-examination of a number of issues which arose during the ARPA speech project, and a reconsideration of these issues in the light of recent computational and psycholinguistic advances.", |
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| "section": "Concluding Remark", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Given the success of these recent advancements in the contributing fields of research, we feel that the time is right for the evaluation of a speech recognition system along the lines laid down here.", |
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| "section": "Concluding Remark", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This is a summary of a paper (Johnstone & Altmann,", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
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| } |
| } |
