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| "paper_id": "F12-1037", |
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| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T09:44:36.559647Z" |
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| "text": "Predictice control and coding of orofacial actions Predictice control and coding of orofacial actions Predictice control and coding of orofacial actions Predictice control and coding of orofacial actions Recent studies provide evidence for action goal coding of manual actions in premotor and posterior parietal cortices. To further extend these results, we used a repetition suppression paradigm while measuring neural activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging during repeated orofocial movements (lip protrusion, jaw lowering and tongue retraction movements). In the motor domain, this adaptation paradigm refers to decreased activity in specific neural populations due to repeated motor acts and has been proposed to reflect sensorimotor learning and reduced prediction errors by means of forward motor-to-sensory predictive processes. In the present study, orofacial movements activated a set of largely overlapping, common brain areas forming a core neural network classically involved in orofacial motor control. Crucially, suppressed neural responses during repeated orofacial actions were specifically observed in the left hemisphere, within the intraparietal sulcus and adjacent inferior parietal lobule, the superior parietal lobule and the ventral premotor cortex. These results provide evidence for action goal coding and forward motor-tosomatosensory predictive control of intransitive and silent orofacial actions in this frontoparietal circuit. (Rizzolatti et al., 1988; Fogassi et al., 2005; Bonnini et al., 2011) . Chez l'homme, la m\u00e9thode d'imagerie par r\u00e9sonance magn\u00e9tique fonctionnelle (IRMf) a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment utilis\u00e9e conjointement \u00e0 un paradigme d'adaptation afin de dissocier les substrats neuronaux li\u00e9s aux diff\u00e9rents niveaux de repr\u00e9sentation des actions manuelles. Ce paradigme IRMf d'adaptation s'appuie sur un effet de r\u00e9p\u00e9tition suppression (RS) consistant en une r\u00e9duction du signal BOLD (pour blood oxygen level-dependent) de r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales sp\u00e9cifiquement reli\u00e9es \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents niveaux de traitements d'une action per\u00e7ue ou produite, lors de la pr\u00e9sentation de stimuli ou de l'ex\u00e9cution d'un acte moteur r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9 (Grill-Spector & Malach, 2001; Grill-Spector et al., 2006) . En accord avec les \u00e9tudes sur les primates nonhumains, cette approche a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les actions manuelles r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es avec un but similaire induisent un effet RS dans le sulcus intrapari\u00e9tal et la partie adjacente dorsale du lobule pari\u00e9tal inf\u00e9rieur ainsi que dans le gyrus frontal inf\u00e9rieur et le cortex pr\u00e9moteur ventral adjacent (Dinstein et al., 2007; Hamilton & Grafton, 2009; Kilner et al., 2009) .", |
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| "text": "(Rizzolatti et al., 1988;", |
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| "text": "Fogassi et al., 2005;", |
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| "text": "Bonnini et al., 2011)", |
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| "text": "(Grill-Spector & Malach, 2001;", |
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| "text": "Grill-Spector et al., 2006)", |
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| "end": 2569, |
| "text": "(Dinstein et al., 2007;", |
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| "text": "Hamilton & Grafton, 2009;", |
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| "text": "Kilner et al., 2009)", |
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| "text": "Bien que discut\u00e9 en termes de codage du but des actions, une interpr\u00e9tation convergente de l'effet RS dans ces aires pari\u00e9tales et pr\u00e9motrices est bas\u00e9e sur l'existence de processus pr\u00e9dictifs sensorimoteurs. Ces processus permettraient en effet de comparer les cons\u00e9quences sensorielles d'une action r\u00e9alis\u00e9e avec les informations exog\u00e8nes effectivement per\u00e7ues et, de l\u00e0, d'estimer de possibles erreurs en vue de corriger en ligne l'acte moteur (Wolpert, Ghahramani & Jordan, 1995; Kawato, 1999 ; Friston, 2011) . Dans ce cadre et relativement aux \u00e9tudes IRMf pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment cit\u00e9es, il est possible que la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition d'actes moteurs manuels impliquant un m\u00eame but ait entrain\u00e9 un apprentissage sensorimoteur graduel et des mises \u00e0 jour des repr\u00e9sentations motrices li\u00e9es au codage du but de l'action dans les aires pari\u00e9tales et frontales inf\u00e9rieures, avec des erreurs de pr\u00e9diction r\u00e9duites refl\u00e9t\u00e9es par une diminution du signal BOLD.", |
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| { |
| "start": 447, |
| "end": 483, |
| "text": "(Wolpert, Ghahramani & Jordan, 1995;", |
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| }, |
| { |
| "start": 484, |
| "end": 498, |
| "text": "Kawato, 1999 ;", |
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| "text": "Friston, 2011)", |
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| "text": "Ces processus pr\u00e9dictifs sont \u00e9galement \u00e0 la base de mod\u00e8les forward g\u00e9n\u00e9ratifs li\u00e9s \u00e0 la production de la parole dans lesquels les cons\u00e9quences somatosensorielles et auditives des unit\u00e9s de parole produites seraient \u00e9valu\u00e9es avec les retours sensorielles r\u00e9els, afin de permettre un contr\u00f4le en ligne de l'action (Guenther, 2006 L'exp\u00e9rience consistait en la r\u00e9alisation distincte des t\u00e2ches suivantes : une protrusion des l\u00e8vres (condition \"l\u00e8vres\"), une r\u00e9traction arri\u00e8re de la langue (condition \"langue\") et une ouverture mandibulaire (condition \"m\u00e2choire\"). Une condition de repos (sans mouvement ni production sonore) servait de t\u00e2che de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Pour caract\u00e9riser un possible effet de RS, chaque condition \u00e9tait r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par trains cons\u00e9cutifs de 6 essais. Une consigne visuelle indiquait pour chaque essai durant 1s le stimulus \u00e0 produire ou la condition de repos. Chaque t\u00e2che \u00e9tait produite \u00e0 partir d'une position initiale de repos, bouche ferm\u00e9e, mandibule et langue rel\u00e2ch\u00e9es, vers laquelle le sujet retournait apr\u00e8s la t\u00e2che. Un item \u00e9tait produit toutes les 10 secondes selon un ordre pseudo-al\u00e9atoire. Les participants avaient connaissance qu'ils ne devaient pas bouger afin d'\u00e9viter les art\u00e9facts de mouvement. Ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 entra\u00een\u00e9s quelques jours avant la date de l'exp\u00e9rience et un nouvel entra\u00eenement a eu lieu le jour de l'exp\u00e9rience. Aucun participant n'a fait part de difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser les t\u00e2ches. Une premi\u00e8re ANOVA \u00e0 mesures r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9e afin de d\u00e9terminer les corr\u00e9lats neuronaux de chaque t\u00e2che motrice, ind\u00e9pendamment des r\u00e9p\u00e9titions. Trois contrastes t ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9s pour d\u00e9terminer les r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales sp\u00e9cifiquement activ\u00e9es pour chacune des conditions (versus la condition de repos). Les activations communes \u00e0 ces t\u00e2ches ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en \u00e9vidence via une analyse de conjonction. Un contraste 'F' a \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9 pour mettre en \u00e9vidence l'effet principal des t\u00e2ches et les r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales pr\u00e9sentant une variation d'activit\u00e9 significative entre les t\u00e2ches. Les activations correspondantes aux t\u00e2ches motrices ainsi qu'\u00e0 l'analyse de conjonction sont report\u00e9es \u00e0 un seuil corrig\u00e9 de p < 0.05 et une taille de cluster minimale de 30 voxels. L'analyse de l'effet principal du geste est report\u00e9 \u00e0 un seuil non corrig\u00e9 de p < .001 et une taille de cluster minimale de 30 voxels.", |
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| "start": 314, |
| "end": 329, |
| "text": "(Guenther, 2006", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| } |
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| "section": "ABSTRACT _______________________________________________________________________________________________", |
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| "text": "Une seconde ANOVA \u00e0 mesures r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9e afin de d\u00e9terminer de possibles effets de RS en fonction des six mouvements cons\u00e9cutifs de toutes les t\u00e2ches orofaciales. Six contrastes t ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9s pour d\u00e9terminer les r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales activ\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re sp\u00e9cifiques pour chacune des six occurrences en comparaison avec la condition contr\u00f4le de repos (seuil corrig\u00e9 de p < .05, taille de cluster minimale de 30 voxels). Afin d'identifier les r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales montrant une baisse lin\u00e9aire du signal BOLD au fur \u00e0 mesure des 6 occurrences r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es, un contraste t suppl\u00e9mentaire a \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9 (seuil non corrig\u00e9 de p < .001, taille de cluster minimale de 30 voxels.", |
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| "text": "Pour chaque analyse, les pics d'activation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d'abord d\u00e9termin\u00e9s pour chaque cluster et ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ensuite lab\u00e9lis\u00e9s selon les cartes probabilistes cytoarchitectoniques (Eickhoff et al., 2005) , telles qu'impl\u00e9ment\u00e9es dans la toolbox SPM Anatomy (Eickhoff et al., 2005) . Si une r\u00e9gion c\u00e9r\u00e9brale \u00e9tait assign\u00e9e avec une probabilit\u00e9 inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 50% ou si elle n'\u00e9tait pas sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9e, les coordonn\u00e9es des pics d'activation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 converties de l'espace MNI \u00e0 l'espace st\u00e9r\u00e9otaxique standard de Talairach & Tournoux (1988) (Lamm et al., 2007) et dans le codage proprioceptif de l'action (Lestou, Pollick & Kourtzi, 2008) . Comme les gestes orofaciaux n'impliquent pas de retours visuels, nos r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent un encodage des buts d'actions multimodal au sein de ces r\u00e9gions, en l'absence de modalit\u00e9 visuelle pouvant impliquer des repr\u00e9sentations motrices et somatosensorielles. D'autres r\u00e9gions suppl\u00e9mentaires montrent une sensibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition de mouvements (le sulcus intrapari\u00e9tal et le pr\u00e9cuneus droit, le gyrus cingulaire ant\u00e9rieure, le gyrus frontal moyen gauche et des r\u00e9gions visuelles gauches, comme le gyrus fusiforme et le cortex extra stri\u00e9), sans avoir cependant surv\u00e9cues \u00e0 un seuil corrig\u00e9 au niveau du cluster. ", |
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| "start": 171, |
| "end": 194, |
| "text": "(Eickhoff et al., 2005)", |
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| }, |
| { |
| "start": 248, |
| "end": 271, |
| "text": "(Eickhoff et al., 2005)", |
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| }, |
| { |
| "start": 492, |
| "end": 522, |
| "text": "de Talairach & Tournoux (1988)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 523, |
| "end": 542, |
| "text": "(Lamm et al., 2007)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 587, |
| "end": 620, |
| "text": "(Lestou, Pollick & Kourtzi, 2008)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" |
| } |
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| "section": "ABSTRACT _______________________________________________________________________________________________", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Dans la pr\u00e9sente \u00e9tude, les mouvements orofaciaux impliquent un ensemble de r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales communes constituant un r\u00e9seau neural minimal classiquement impliqu\u00e9 dans le contr\u00f4le moteur orofacial. De mani\u00e8re cruciale, une diminution d'activit\u00e9 lors de la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition des mouvements orofaciaux a \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement observ\u00e9e dans l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re gauche, au sein du sulcus intrapari\u00e9tal et le lobule pari\u00e9tal inf\u00e9rieur adjacent, le lobule pari\u00e9tal sup\u00e9rieur et le cortex pr\u00e9moteur ventral. Ces r\u00e9sultats appuient l'existence de m\u00e9canismes de contr\u00f4le pr\u00e9dictif et de codage du but des actions orofaciales intransitives et silencieuses au sein de ce circuit fronto-pari\u00e9tal. FOGASSI, L., FERRARI, P.F., GESIERICH, B., ROZZI, S., CHERSI, F. & RIZZOLATTI, G. (2005) . Parietal lobe: from action", |
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| "text": "GESIERICH, B., ROZZI, S., CHERSI, F. & RIZZOLATTI, G. (2005)", |
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| "section": "Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions", |
| "sec_num": "4" |
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| "text": "Gauche : Vues surfaciques des r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales activ\u00e9es lors de chacune des six r\u00e9p\u00e9titions d'un m\u00eame geste orofacial (tous gestes labial, mandibulaire et lingual confondus). Droite : R\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales sensibles \u00e0 un effet RS et estimations des contrastes \u03b2, refl\u00e9tant les diff\u00e9rences d'activations observ\u00e9es entre les six r\u00e9p\u00e9titions." |
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| "TABREF0": { |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "text": "but du but du but du but des actions oro des actions oro des actions oro des actions orofaciales faciales faciales faciales Krystyna Grabski 1 , Laurent Lamalle 2,3 , Marc Sato 1 (1) D\u00e9partement Parole & Cognition, GIPSA-Lab, CNRS & Grenoble Universit\u00e9, France. (2) SFR1 RMN Biom\u00e9dicale et Neurosciences, CHU de Grenoble. (3) INSERM Correspondance : Krystyna.grabski@gipsa-lab.grenoble-inp.fr RESUME _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Des \u00e9tudes r\u00e9centes d\u00e9montrent l'existence de processus li\u00e9s au codage du but des actions manuelles dans les cortex pr\u00e9moteur et pari\u00e9tal post\u00e9rieur. De mani\u00e8re \u00e0 \u00e9tendre ces r\u00e9sultats \u00e0 des actions orofaciales, nous avons utilis\u00e9 un paradigme de r\u00e9p\u00e9tition suppression lors d'une \u00e9tude par imagerie par r\u00e9sonance magn\u00e9tique fonctionnelle impliquant la r\u00e9alisation r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e de mouvements supralaryng\u00e9s (protrusion des l\u00e8vres, abaissement de la m\u00e2choire, r\u00e9traction de la langue). Ce paradigme d'adaptation s'appuie sur une diminution d'activit\u00e9 de populations neuronales sp\u00e9cifiques lors de la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition d'actes moteurs et refl\u00e8te des m\u00e9canismes d'apprentissage sensorimoteur et une r\u00e9duction d'erreurs de pr\u00e9diction entre les cons\u00e9quences sensorielles r\u00e9elles et pr\u00e9dites des actions r\u00e9alis\u00e9es. Dans la pr\u00e9sente \u00e9tude, les mouvements orofaciaux impliquent un ensemble de r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales communes constituant un r\u00e9seau neural minimal classiquement impliqu\u00e9 dans le contr\u00f4le moteur orofacial. De mani\u00e8re cruciale, une diminution d'activit\u00e9 lors de la r\u00e9p\u00e9tition des mouvements orofaciaux a \u00e9t\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiquement observ\u00e9e dans l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re gauche, au sein du sulcus intrapari\u00e9tal et le lobule pari\u00e9tal inf\u00e9rieur adjacent, le lobule pari\u00e9tal", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "html": null, |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF2": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>2 2 2 2 M\u00e9thode M\u00e9thode M\u00e9thode M\u00e9thode</td></tr><tr><td>2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 Participants Participants Participants Participants</td></tr><tr><td>11 volontaires droitiers de langue maternelle fran\u00e7aise ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude (11 hommes ;</td></tr><tr><td>\u00e2ge : 21-44 ans). 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 Proc Proc Proc Proc\u00e9dure \u00e9dure \u00e9dure \u00e9dure</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": ";Tian & Poeppel, 2010; Guenther & Vladusich, sous presse;Hickok, Houde & Rong, 2011; Price, Crinion & MacSweeney, 2011).Face \u00e0 ces r\u00e9sultats et hypoth\u00e8ses, la pr\u00e9sente \u00e9tude IRMf a pour objectif de d\u00e9terminer si des actions supralyng\u00e9es intransitives et silencieuses induisent \u00e9galement, lorsque r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es, une suppression d'activit\u00e9 neurale dans les aires pari\u00e9tales et pr\u00e9motrices. Bien que des \u00e9tudes pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes concernant des mouvements simples des l\u00e8vres, de la langue ou de la mandibule ont apport\u00e9 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments en faveur d'un r\u00e9seau neural minimal impliqu\u00e9 dans le contr\u00f4le moteur orofacial et d'une somatotopie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale(Takai, Brown & Liotti, 2010;Grabski et al., sous presse), l'existence de boucles pr\u00e9dictives li\u00e9es aux cons\u00e9quences somatosensorielles lors de l'ex\u00e9cution de mouvements orofaciaux reste en effet pos\u00e9e. Les participants ne pr\u00e9sentaient aucun ant\u00e9c\u00e9dent de troubles moteurs, du langage, d'audition, de d\u00e9ficit neurologique ou de pathologie psychiatrique, ni aucune contreindication \u00e0 l'IRM. Cette \u00e9tude a re\u00e7u un avis favorable du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, du Comit\u00e9 de Protection des Personnes pour la Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale de Grenoble et de l'Agence Fran\u00e7aise de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire des Produits de Sant\u00e9.", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "html": null, |
| "num": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF3": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Analyses de groupe :</td></tr><tr><td>2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Mat\u00e9riel et acquisition des donn\u00e9es IRM Mat\u00e9riel et acquisition des donn\u00e9es IRM Mat\u00e9riel et acquisition des donn\u00e9es IRM Mat\u00e9riel et acquisition des donn\u00e9es IRM technique d'acquisition est bas\u00e9e sur le d\u00e9lai existant entre l'activ\u00e9 neuronale li\u00e9e \u00e0 une t\u00e2che motrice ou \u00e0 l'\u00e9coute d'un stimulus auditif et le d\u00e9lai de la r\u00e9ponse h\u00e9modynamique associ\u00e9e. Face au d\u00e9lai optimal estim\u00e9 \u00e0 5s dans de pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes \u00e9tudes du pic de la r\u00e9ponse h\u00e9modynamique lors de la production de mouvements orofaciaux ou de s\u00e9quences de parole (Gracco, Temblay & Pike, 2005 ; Grabski et al., sous presse), l'intervalle de temps s\u00e9parant la perception ou la production d'une voyelle et l'acquisition du volume fonctionnel correspondant variait al\u00e9atoirement pour chaque essai entre 4s, 5s et 6s. Les trois t\u00e2ches motrices et la condition de repos ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es chacune 18 fois dans un ordre pseudo-al\u00e9atoire. De mani\u00e8re \u00e0 caract\u00e9riser un possible effet de RS, chaque condition \u00e9tait r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par train cons\u00e9cutifs de 6 essais. En tout, 72 scans fonctionnels ont ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 acquis (4 t\u00e2ches x 3 trains x 6 r\u00e9p\u00e9titions) pour une dur\u00e9e totale d'environ 13 minutes. 3 scans ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ajout\u00e9s au d\u00e9but de la session pour \u00e9quilibrer le signal IRM et ont ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 supprim\u00e9s des analyses. 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 Pr\u00e9traitements Pr\u00e9traitements Pr\u00e9traitements Pr\u00e9traitements et a et a et a et analyses statistiques nalyses statistiques nalyses statistiques nalyses statistiques Pr\u00e9traitements : Pour chacun des participants, les images fonctionnelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9align\u00e9es, normalis\u00e9es dans l'espace commun du Montreal Neurological Institute (rep\u00e8re MNI) et liss\u00e9es via un filtre gaussien passe-bas de 6 mm 3 . Analyses individuelles : Pour chaque participant, les corr\u00e9lats neuronaux reli\u00e9s aux 3 t\u00e2ches motrices ou aux 6 r\u00e9p\u00e9titions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 analys\u00e9s selon un mod\u00e8le lin\u00e9aire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (GLM ; Friston et al., 1995). Les mod\u00e8les incluaient des r\u00e9gresseurs d'int\u00e9r\u00eat reli\u00e9s soit aux 3 t\u00e2ches (chacune repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par 18 images fonctionnelles) soit ind\u00e9pendamment des trois t\u00e2ches aux 6 r\u00e9p\u00e9titions (chacune repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par 9 images fonctionnelles) et des r\u00e9gresseurs de non-int\u00e9r\u00eat li\u00e9s aux param\u00e8tres de r\u00e9alignement ; les t\u00e2ches de repos formant une ligne de A l'aide du logiciel Presentation (Cette base. Pour les deux mod\u00e8les, la r\u00e9ponse de type h\u00e9modynamique associ\u00e9e \u00e0 chaque</td></tr><tr><td>\u00e9v\u00e8nement a \u00e9t\u00e9 mod\u00e9lis\u00e9e par une r\u00e9ponse impulsionnelle finie de type impulsion unique</td></tr><tr><td>(FIR) pour chaque scan fonctionnel. Avant l'estimation du mod\u00e8le, un filtrage des basses</td></tr><tr><td>fr\u00e9quences a priori non-reli\u00e9es aux conditions exp\u00e9rimentales (variations lentes d'origine</td></tr><tr><td>physiologique) a \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9 (passe-haut de fr\u00e9quence de coupure de 1/128 Hz). Des cartes</td></tr><tr><td>d'analyse statistique individuelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 calcul\u00e9es pour chaque participant, pour chacune</td></tr><tr><td>des trois t\u00e2ches motrices dans le premier mod\u00e8le et pour chacune des 6 r\u00e9p\u00e9titions dans le</td></tr><tr><td>second mod\u00e8le.</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "Neurobehavioral Systems, Albany, EU), les consignes visuelles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 projet\u00e9es au moyen d'un vid\u00e9o projecteur sur un \u00e9cran situ\u00e9 derri\u00e8re le participant et, par r\u00e9flexion, sur un miroir plac\u00e9 au dessus de ses yeux. Lors de l'exp\u00e9rience, les participants portaient des bouchons d'oreille et un casque antibruit. de gradient pond\u00e9r\u00e9e en T2* a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e. Pour chaque volume fonctionnel, quarante coupes axiales adjacentes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 acquises en mode entrelac\u00e9 (temps de r\u00e9p\u00e9tition: 10s, temps d'acquisition : 2600ms, r\u00e9solution: 3 mm 3 ). Entre les conditions de perception et de production, un volume anatomique de haute r\u00e9solution (1 mm 3 ) pond\u00e9r\u00e9e en T1 a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 acquis. Afin de minimiser de possibles artefacts de mouvement sur les images fonctionnelles, un paradigme d'acquisition de type 'sparse sampling' a \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9. En plus d'une analyse visant \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer un possible effet de RS global aux trois articulateurs supralaryng\u00e9s, une analyse suppl\u00e9mentaire des corr\u00e9lats neuronaux des diff\u00e9rents articulateurs a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e afin de comparer et v\u00e9rifier la robustesse des r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9sents avec ceux obtenus lors d'une pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente \u00e9tude, identique en tous points mais sans paradigme d'adaptation(Grabski et al., sous presse).", |
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| "TABREF4": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 Effets de RS Effets de RS Effets de RS Effets de RS</td><td>et les r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">d\u00e9termin\u00e9es avec le logiciel Talairach Daemon (Lancaster et al., 2000). Pour la visualisation,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">les cartes d'activation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 superpos\u00e9es sur un template standard d'un cerveau en</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">utilisant le logiciel MRICRON (http://www.sph.sc.edu/comd/ rorden/mricron/).</td></tr><tr><td>3 3 3 3 R\u00e9sultats R\u00e9sultats R\u00e9sultats R\u00e9sultats et discussion et discussion et discussion et discussion</td><td/></tr><tr><td>3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 T\u00e2ches motrices T\u00e2ches motrices T\u00e2ches motrices T\u00e2ches motrices</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Les projections des activations c\u00e9r\u00e9brales observ\u00e9es pour les trois t\u00e2ches motrices, pour les</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">analyses de conjonction et de diff\u00e9rences entre t\u00e2ches sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans la Figure 1.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Les r\u00e9sultats de l'analyse de groupe montrent des r\u00e9gions largement communes aux trois</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">t\u00e2ches motrices. L'analyse de conjonction r\u00e9v\u00e8le en effet un r\u00e9seau neuroanatomique</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">fonctionnel commun incluant un ensemble de r\u00e9gions bilat\u00e9rales typiquement impliqu\u00e9es</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">dans le contr\u00f4le moteur orofacial. Ce r\u00e9seau orofacial 'minimal' implique: des activations</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">bilat\u00e9rales de l'aire motrice suppl\u00e9mentaire, qui s'\u00e9tend lat\u00e9ralement aux cortex pr\u00e9moteur</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">et sensorimoteur (incluant l'opercule pari\u00e9tal). Des activations sont \u00e9galement observ\u00e9es</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">dans l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re gauche, au niveau de l'insula et du claustrum, du striatum dorsal des</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">ganglions de la base (putamen), du gyrus temporal transverse et du cortex pari\u00e9tal inf\u00e9rieur,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">et dans la partie sup\u00e9rieure du cervelet (r\u00e9gion d\u00e9clive du n\u00e9ocervelet).</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "De plus, des diff\u00e9rences d'activations entre les trois t\u00e2ches motrices sont observ\u00e9es au niveau des cortex pr\u00e9moteur ventral et sensorimoteur primaire. Ces diff\u00e9rences proviennent d'une activation plus importante pour les mouvements de la langue et moindre pour les mouvements de l\u00e8vres. De mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, cette analyse confirme les r\u00e9sultats de notre pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente \u00e9tude(Grabski et al., sous presse).Figure 1. Gauche : Vue surfacique des r\u00e9gions c\u00e9r\u00e9brales activ\u00e9es lors des mouvements labiaux, mandibulaire et linguaux. Droit -haut : R\u00e9seau minimal des mouvements orofaciaux tel que r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 par l'analyse de conjonction. Droit-bas : Estimations des contrastes \u03b2, refl\u00e9tant les diff\u00e9rences d'activations observ\u00e9es entre les trois t\u00e2ches.Les projections des activations c\u00e9r\u00e9brales observ\u00e9es pour les six r\u00e9p\u00e9titions ainsi que l'effet de RS sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans laFigure 2. Les principales r\u00e9gions montrant un effet de RS (diminution du signal BOLD en fonction des r\u00e9p\u00e9titions) sont observ\u00e9es dans l'h\u00e9misph\u00e8re gauche au niveau du lobule pari\u00e9tal inf\u00e9rieur (le gyrus supramarginal, BA 40) et du sulcus intrapari\u00e9tal ainsi que dans le lobule pari\u00e9tal sup\u00e9rieur (pr\u00e9cuneus, BA 7) et la partie la plus dorsale du cortex pr\u00e9moteur ventral (BA 6). Ces r\u00e9sultats sont coh\u00e9rents avec les pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes \u00e9tudes montrant l'encodage dans ces r\u00e9gions des buts d'actions manuelles, actions avec retours sensoriels somatosensoriels et visuels. En effet, le lobule pari\u00e9tal sup\u00e9rieur est impliqu\u00e9 dans le traitement visuo-spatial et l'imagerie visuelle", |
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