| "text": "csncernlnq t h e p r o p e r lneorperatton a f a g i v e n Utterance conrtiturnt fn l a r g e r p h r r r e r m y b e oncodrd rimultrnaourly in one n e t r ( 2 1 c o m p t t l n g users o f r canatltuent may share a single netrotk structure representing t h e constituentr and [ 3 ) t h o assaciation between aaeh syntactic unlt a t an input; and its translation image Ln t h e network I s c x p l l c t t l y encoded for use In discourse analysis, THE 8EMANTfC NETWORK The ramantic network i e t h a ptinclpal InfsIYhatisn source PO^ SCRIP cncodlng euch diverse rntltlrr as objectsr situatlansr ertrgorler, taxanomlra, d c f i n l t l o n r l and quantlflad 8 t d t r m c n t~. Network structure8 indtcrting p o r t i b l e t e l a t l o n b h l~s between objects rrc uacd t o drttfminc the moaningtulnc~ss a f ghkasc cambinskionor while t n e network i t s e l f serve8 a t t h e medium t a r recording l n h r p r d t r t l o n a of uttrrancc fragment8 d u r i n g Parting, The ~t t u c t u r t o f this network d i f f e r s f r~m t h a t o f canvrntionrl netr in that nodcr and s r c t arc ~~r t l t i o of the permanent knowledge secttan at thr rrmintic network 1 s d e p i c t e d in P i p i r e i. I n t h e u p p a r l e f t cbrnsr i r . n d d a ' U o r rrprr#enting t h e u n i v b r r a l s e t rlturtion in which t h r DOtPHfH has a beam o f i 9 f e a t . HB i s rn clrmtnt of <HAVE,BEAMBP the s e t o f a l l rlturtionr i n which a physical o b j e c t i s chrractarizrd by a rnrarurc a t i t r breadth, Cartrin autgoing arc# f r o % r nods rsprrrrntlnp r rituatlon are u r e d to specify rbtuatlon r t t r i b u t r r t h r o u g h d e r p rrmrntlc c r t c s , l o r txrmPLe, t h e outgoing o b p r r c from 'HB' rveettirs t h e value o f t h e w o b j w [(ObjftCt) lttrlbutt o t HB t o be DOLPHLN, Fluure 1 h a t bran divL4e6 i n t o f i v e spacer, KSP S 4 r 85, 86, and 87, Pictarirllyc each o f t h r l e 8paeCa 11 t d O r e a t n t e d by' b o x c The mo8t g l o b a l informrtion In t h e network i r encoded in rprca KS r t h r outerrnofit b o g , ramrtimrs erllQ4 t 37 may b e thought of as h o l e 8 ln t h e box of KB, Patrllaling t h e rrlrti6nahlp b o t w e q n an i n n~r and an outer black of an ALGOL program, qach of t h r m sprees 8~e c i t l e 8 a nore lac41 rrra o f t h e net than 1 8 r p e c i t i c d by KS. From t h e pcrrprettvr o t 85, f a r a X a m D l r~ i t & S Pasribls t o a c c r t r b a t h l a c r l node * P o and ( r t l a t l . v e l y ) P l~b r l node . P H Y I O B J I F , Haravrt, from KI t h e n o d a l and r r c t I n r i d e $5 a t e not &cc&##ibl@, T h e h i e r a r c h y o f S P l c a 1oealiertlon nay b e t t p r e r r n t c d b y r partial o r d e r i n g s u o h rr t h a t o f Flqura 2 , F r o m any F P I C C 251 t h e n o d e 8 and arcs arc aCC*LISblc t h a t l i e in 6 or f h any mace S ' above 8 i n tht h i e r r r c h y , For r x a w p l e r from 83 onty nodes and arcs in 5 3 , 6 2 , $1, and KS &?Q &ceersfblc, Pictorfrllyl k t may ba nscegaary t o 6raw an arc crossing box baundariar , In such e r a r s , t h e arc b e l b n g s t o t h e space (or spacer) In whose b o x t h t , a r c Zabrl i s written, S p &~e t may overtap, For e x a m p l e r in f i g u r e 1 r node 'ED,HBe l l e r In b o t h rpacc 84 a n d rpaeo 8 5 , F u r t h e r , r s p a t e m a y t c r v e 4r a node in s more global S p i c e , Both 64 a n d S 5 b h h s v e &I n o d e s in KS and arc connected by s conssrsrc (~a n s e q~r n c e ]~ FIGURE 2 SPACE LOCALIZATION HIERARCHY Typleally, locrllzed rpaeQ8 ruch ar $ 4 and 55 a r t used t o @ncoda higher-order \"~r t d i c r t e~,~ such as quantiflarrr logical eonnrctlvrr, and h y p~t h e t i c 1 1 d a t a , Here, 84 and 55 rm used t o ancoda an fmpllcatlon, Thr r p a e t 84, doubling a8 a node in apace KS, L o connected by an emarc t o ' * f H P t Y > ' and by a e a n r w r r c t o ' S S P r The i n t t t~r t t a t i~n o f any tiamant o f s e t cLM~ty.> $8 t h a t i f rntltlos can b e found matchlng t h e structure of the element Egticer then t h e exirtence o f rnttties matching t h e rtructurc of t h o rrsoclated con14 W a c @ may b e i n t e r r e d , The only S t n I~t U m encoded In elomrnt Speec. $ 4 l a a nod@ P E D , # B 0 I w i t h an @-arc t o QcHAVE,BEAM>@, This structure mateher any concrete i n s t a n c e o f eHAVE,BEAM> (such as HB), Thus, f a t any instance of (WAVE.BEAM3, entitlss matching t h r t t t u c t o r e o f 55 J n U I B t r x l r t , The S t r u~t u x e of 65 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e element o t cHAYE,BEAM> w i l l have a I Q o b j , r h l c h i s an t l~m c n t o f PHYSOBJSI and a #@mcarurt, whlch is r n element of LINEAR,MEA8URES, The ImPlication mcQd1)4 b3 $4 and $5 arervclr t o delineate t h e 8 @ t G H A V E~B E A M~, Thrt I a , t h e i m~l i e a t l o n l n d l c a t a r a l l the attribotrr t d r r p e a r~s l o f r gHAVE,BEAM> riturtion and t h e i r r @ n W r o f 4 e~1 p t r b l a v r l u~~, T h l r d~l l n r r t l o n may ba urrd d u r i n g p a r r i n g t o t e a t t h e plrutibiAity of r given group of rntitirr baing united in r (HhVE,BEhM, situation 6 r r in a p r c d l c t l v r mode, t a rUug@rt & o # g l b l c rdntance partlclprntr, Such d e l i n e a t i o n 8 arc m c a d r d f o r every rltuation and w a n t r a t known t o t h e system, a recond cXsmPla in Figure 1 b a i n g t h e drlinration a t r r t * B U I L D > . THE SYSTEM IN A C T I O N The u r s o f She SCRs and remantic network in translation may be seen by conriberltlg t h e parr.Sng o f *The paw-p l a n t a t the s u b was b u i l t b y W e s t l n g h o u s e r m The Ultimate result o f the translation Process f o r thts utterance i s t h e network structuge recorded in t h e SCRATCH $pact of F.1uure 3 , StrucEurar repre8enttng new i~p u t s arc construeted in a scratch space (or &pacer) t o prevent them from becoming confured with t h e Sy8twnq% P e t m r~n t knowledge (recordrd in K 8 I r S l n c o t h e syrtem unclerrtand8 new l~p u t t by a p p a a l f n g t o P Y @ V~O U~ knowledge, t h a r e art many link81 I n the form of cmarcs, from t h e SCRATCH Space Into KS, (Note! Only a fragment of KS i t S h 6 W n in the varlous flouras o f t h i s p a p e r , ) FIGURE 3 PARGE TARGET STRUCTURE FOR \"THE-POWER-PLANT OF THE-SUB WAS-BUILT BY WESTINGHOUSE\" The interpretation o f the network in t h e SCRATCH space I8 a8 follcwr: Node ' 0 ' reprerant8 an element o f t h e ret <BUILD> o f building event8 an w n A c n a #@dgt W built a #%bj P I The agent W of t h r building event i s an element o f t h e r a t o t WESTXNGHOUSES. The # @ o b j built by W is P t an elemant of t h e art POWER.PLANTS, According t o node 'H*, t h i a power p l a n t i s t h e $ @ s u b p a r t in a <H-AVE,PART, r e l r t i o n a h l p in which S I t h e PartlCular m q m b e r o f SUBS currantiy In context, i s t h e # @ s u~p . a r t ( W t r p 8 r t ) a Discourse analY8Ls mrchani#mS dlrcusred Ln Deutrch [1'975f and, rare fully, in Walker r t a l , ( 1 9 7 5 ) will b r used t a r r r a c l a t e W Rsthcr, NOM npowrr p l a n t 9 8 f i r s t comb-tncd ~t t h PREPP rnof t h e r u b w and only afterward i s \"thew appended to produce the NP \" t h e Power p l a n t o f t h e s u b R , ) In t h e trrnalatlon procerrt r p a c e r are created t o r e p r a r e n t t h e ternantleg o f each grammatically d e f i n e d conrtltuent o f t n e t o t a l utterance, These spaces I r e shown In Figure 4 w i t h he8VY arrows indicating the space hlararchy, S A -3804-1 9~ FIGURE 4 MULTIPLE SCRATCH SPACES FOR \"THE-POWER-PLANT OF THE-SUB WAS-BUILT BY WES'I'INGHOUSE\" Westinghousa, On r p o t t l n g t h e noun phraae athe-powrr-plantc, an 8CR i r called t o s e t up a rpaee, NPI, below KS tn t h e partial dtderlng, W i t h l n t h f r rpace, a structure i s new space8 are bet UP t o encad@ the 0 t h N Sentence cbnrtitucntr that correspond to c x p l l c i t lexLcrl a n t r l a s , A 8 the ~h r r a r g t b u~s rubphrase8 into l a k p e r units, a . r -b u l~~t n ) w i t h PREPPI, the appropt. & a t e SCR it cac.icd, Con8ulting a r u r f a c e~t o~d e s p * c a s t map a o s o e i a t t d with t h e l e x l c a l entry f a t h e verb w b~l l d R , the 8CR dttetmknt8' that I @ b y w PREPP following the v e r b often rignalr the drrep rrqt ear* Iri a p l r s r l v c conrtruction, Operating under t h i r hypothesis. the 8CR checks the v o i c e O f VPI, PISSing t h i r t a l t r t h e SCR naxt cheek8 t h e stmantic fearlbiLlty of t h e NP o f PREPP1 s e r v i n g 4 % tne bQagt in a eBUIbD> e v e n t , To $ 0 t h i s , t h e SCR Consult8 t h e #@d@lincstlon o f tBU13LD> i n 8pQcc KS C 1 4~ F l g u t e 1 ) . The dclinration 1 8 tncoded ra an <IMPLY> 81turtlon in t a t m a o f spacer 86 and S f , A 8 dlteurrrd c r t l l e r r t h i s drlinertlon indieate8 t h a t any #@rut o t a <BUILD% situation wurt b e an altwent of LEG&L,PERsONS, The candldatr f o r t h e # @ a p t position i s W o f space NP3. Sinec W I# an alcaont o f WEbTINGHOUsES and UESTINCWOUSES i r a s u b s s t o f LEGALcPERSONSt W in accepted, A canstruction such ar w b u i l t by t h e r y b m r t~n c m would have been rejected. Once VP1 and PREPPl have p a S 8 e d t h e acceptability t a~t~, a new #pace, VP2, fs constructed t o encode the rarultsnt VP, This new rpace link8 node ' 0 ' of VPI w i t h node ' W * o f WP3 v i a an a g t -~~r c , This new a r c L 8 accerslblo o n l y from space VP2 (and lower spaces in t h e hierarchy) and L a not r e c t~a i b l t from either VP1 ox N P 3 , Thtg l e a v e s ths c o m~o n e n t s encoded i n V P I and NP3 f r e e t o comblne in alternativtr to VP2 i f need b e , continuing t h e Parse, NP2 ('tha~SUb\"1 i a comblnrd With VFZ (wwar=built by We$tinghoure~.) t o form, s l , 6 f t e r parrtng t r r t s ~i m l h r t& t h e b e above, The o b j~a l c linking t h e constituent phrart6 of 8 1 ir aontalnad Ln space S l and hence Is I n a c c~s r l b l e from t h e spaces of t h e conrtituentr, Notice t h a t t construct \" t h e -~u b war-built by WaStlnghoUsaw w h l c h is encoded bY 81 i # r ispurlou8S obj-arc f.rom '13\" t o ' 8 ' t h a t llsr in space I When the syntax a t r u l e R 2 rupgrrtr cunbAning NPI and PREPP2 t o f o r m r new NP ( w t h e -p~w~r~p l & n t o f thr*rubw), an SCR i s called, This SCR checks NPI t o $ 4 0 i f I t is relational In nature u s I s 'bermH in *beam Of t h e D o l p h i n V and hence r w p r c t i n g an argument t o b4 8 U P P l $ , & b r Since NPi f a l l 8 t h i s t a % t , the 8CR check8 t h e p r o p r r t i r r o f t h e PREP * o f w and d 2 8 c o v e t # t h a t i t may b e used t o encode <HRVE.PART> rlturtl~ns. Calling upan the dellneation of <HAVE.PART> and a~p r o p t i a t a #urtaea.to-dccp~care maprt t h e ICR detetmlnas t h i c t o b e 4 legltlmate interprctrt'ion and hence b u i l d # space NP4 with a node 'W' and three arc8 a t shownr Whlls these new Cenrtructt 4 t 4 4 C~d d s l b L e from space N P l , t h e y ere i n r c c r r r i b l e from c o n a t l t u a n t r NP1 and PREFP2 (and NP2f. Furthermore# they Cannot b e a c c e r r e d fram ~p u x l s u r #Pace S i t hence the construction s f NP4 hag n o t a l t e r e d t h e v i e w of t h e not from 51. U$ing rule R1, 52 i s canStruct@d from NP4 and VP2, In addition t o t h e QbJ-atC c o n t r l n e d i n space 82 it$clft t h e v i e w of the net from 82 i n c l u d t r a l l t h e infarmatlan acCtodibla from e i t h e r t p u c e NP4 or rprca VP2 and hence is i d a n t i c a l t o t h e v The partial ~r d~r i n g of spacer fram S 2 t o KS indlcatrd In Figure 4 1s idcntlcrl t o t h r t rcprraentcd more elearly in ~i q u r e 5 , which, b r c a u a e o f the choler o f $pace labclq, may bc r r c o a n i~c d r r t h e p a r s e t r e e of t h e i n p u t rentcnce. T h e syntax o f t h e i n p u t and t h e assoeiatlon b e t w e e n each ryntactlc unit and i t s corresponding rcnantlcr has t h t r e f o ?~ been c a p t u r e d in t h e structures built b y the SCRs, nature af netwotkr c a u r a r a constituent t o b e r l t e t s d when i t 1 8 incorporatad into & larqer unit and hanca renders i t unurrblt in e1taa;nctLvc conrtructianr, The highly r m b i g u~u r naturr o f W o U 8 t i C input mrktr thest a b l L i t 1 W t o m a i n t a i n Partitleninp also allows r r l c c t r d p o r t i o n 6 of a network t o be arroclattd w i t h ryntretic units, shoring 'the correspondtncc b t t w t r n network c n t i t t t g and t h e syntactic strocturrr t h a t *@re used t o communlcat@ them, A & d l r c u s s r d In t h e section on rs6ociatlon i6 crUcf81 in analyzlnp the t l l l p t i e uttcrrnctr t h a t arc 6 0 characterlrtic of r p e c c h ,", |
