Base_JSON/prefixJ/json/J76/J76-2002.json

{
    "paper_id": "J76-2002",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:52:37.021292Z"
    },
    "title": "THE FINITE STRING",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "David",
            "middle": [
                "G"
            ],
            "last": "Hays",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "William",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Benzon",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "James",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Megginson",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "The members and Executive Committee of the Association will soon have to choose among limiting the scope of the Journal, making its content more compact and its content more concise, or increasing dues. The production budget allows for no more than 20 fiches per year. The rate of arrival of acceptable manuscripts and news that's fit to print is going above the level that can be accommodated in that budget. Members who prefer one of the three recognized courses of action, or who have another to propose, can write to the Editor, the President, or any member of the Editorial Board or Executive Committee.",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "J76-2002",
        "_pdf_hash": "",
        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "The members and Executive Committee of the Association will soon have to choose among limiting the scope of the Journal, making its content more compact and its content more concise, or increasing dues. The production budget allows for no more than 20 fiches per year. The rate of arrival of acceptable manuscripts and news that's fit to print is going above the level that can be accommodated in that budget. Members who prefer one of the three recognized courses of action, or who have another to propose, can write to the Editor, the President, or any member of the Editorial Board or Executive Committee.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": ". . .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "ADVANCED STUDY I N S T I T U T E S . . . . . . . . . . . . 53",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NATO8",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The 45th Summer Llngulstlc InstlWte ol the Linguistic Swiety of America is being hosted by the State University of New Yoh at Its Oswego campus. The institute has traditionally offered courses In particular aspeats of linguislics which are not readily available to students and faculty on their home campuses.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "STRUCTURAL-PROCESS T H E O R I E S OF B E H",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The institute focusing on two major themes. \"Language Varlatlon in America.\" In keeping with the bicentennial year, and \"Languepe Universals and Typology.\" will include oourses, lectures and seminars on these themes by internationally known scholsrs",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "STRUCTURAL-PROCESS T H E O R I E S OF B E H",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Institute curriculum has been designed specificaliy to emphasize important Current developments In the dlaoipllne, the mutual contrlbutlons of linguistics and related disclpiines to one another, and the corn munication of these oontributions to linguists and noniinguists alike.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "STRUCTURAL-PROCESS T H E O R I E S OF B E H",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Courses will meet Monday, Tuasday. Thursday and Friday for one hour and 15 minutes unless otherwise spedilied. An additionat 1 and tYI hours w r week is to be arranged in consultation with the instructor. Please consult the Institute flnal brochure tor course descriptions and prereduisltes Students who reglster for a course numbered 500 or above must be graduate students and prepared to do independent research in addition to following regular classroom work. Seniors may by petition to the Graduate Dean, be admltted to courses at the 5W level if they fulfiiCthe prerequisites, and show that they are capable of work at the graduate level",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "STRUCTURAL-PROCESS T H E O R I E S OF B E H",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Courses include undergraduate and graduate offerings. In order to most effectively offer oourses for linguists, and for teachers and scholars outside the field of iingui$tics, the Institute will offer ?-weak. M e e k , Rwwk and bweek courses. The divlsion of the 8-week period into units of 2 weeks and 6 weeks is designed to glve linguists and nonlinguists an opportunity to obtain a structured sequence ot courses outside their particular area of specialization. A 2-week intensive Introductory course will be followed by 6-w& courses in areas ot interest to both linguists and nonlinguists. At the same time that students from other fields pursue the 2-week Intanstve introduction to Linguistics. linguists can aiu, take advantage 01 courses in interdisciplinary topics Basic and advanced linguistics courses will be oflered as 4-week and Bweek courses. Courses listing only language requirements or introductory courses as prerequisites. and those without prerequisites, will be open to advanced undergraduate as well as to graduate students.",
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COURSE OFFERINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Any but the nost rudimentary tasks in automatic lanquage :>roce~sinq ncccssnrily involve o procedure which makes the grammatical structure of sentences c?xplicib and. cliscovcrs qrammatical a~1,iquitics. :.!ost exir;tinq programs are capable of applying context-free phrase-structure qrammars to the sentences anrl t!lc various techniciues for doinq this arc, by now, fairly well unrlcrstood. Ilowcvcr, this kind of grapnar is now qcnerally consitlered t6 be inadequate because it fails to revcnl t!le most important properties of the majority of sentences and becnuse it typically dctlarcs a sentence to be more amhiquous than it really is. These difficulties are overcome to some extent by context-sensitive grammars and to a large extent by transformational granmars. The proqram discussed in this :%emorandurn is capable of analyzinq sentences with context-sensitive qranmars and with grammars cf a class very similar to that of transformational qrammvs. Experimentation with tinis program is still in its very early stages, but the results reported here suqqest that the technique used may prove to he a powerful and efficient tool for language analysis. If so, it can hope to find application in informational retrieval, command and control. intelligence analysis and many other areas.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "COURSE OFFERINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AJCL will reprint from time to time contributions recognized to have signal importance in the history of computational linguistics and continuing value to students and practitioners. AJCL acknowledges with gratitude the approval of the copyright holders=-Martin Kay, The RAND Corporation, and Bernard Vauquois --end the extraordinary help rendered by RAND in ob~aining a photographable copy of this text.--Editor. or p a r t i a l s y n t n c t i c structures, o r P-n*arl;ers, s o t h a t t h c p r o q r n n c a n be u s e d , a t l e a s t t o s o n e c x t c n t , f o r t r a n s C o r~a t i o n a 1 a n a l y s i s .",
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                "section": "COURSE OFFERINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A program o f t h i s !:illr., \\.~llic!i is intcnclcd f o r a n a l y z i n g n a t u r a l l a n p n g a s , ~u s t l~e ca?a'>le of opcrntinrr o n a f a m i l y o f s t r i a g r i a s a ,s,inqle u n i t iiecaus\", of t h o g r a m a t i c a l a n b i q u i t y o f :lards. Ta.l:o, f o r cxanyTe, t 3 e fanous s c n t e n c e \" T i r c f l i c s l i k e a n arrow.\" Thcqe f!.vc words are n o t . t;lc:?selvos, t h c n r i~r a r y d a t a on which n p a r s i n g p r o q r s n c a n ?,e e x . TaXing onc c a t c < f o r y :;:f;d~ol f o r c n c :~ l.:ord, i t i s >osS l b l c t o form 36 i:ifTcrcnt s t r i n c~s , ,srcsr-.rvil!g t b e o r t l e r o f t h e o r i g i n a l scnt(?nce. Tllcse 3 6 :;txincja c o n s t i t u t e t!lc f a m i l y on :ihic!l t h e :>rogram ,ioultl o;)t?ratc if S C~ t o nnnlyze t h i s s e n t e n c e . The program i s s a i d t o p e r f o r m as a non-deterministic clcvica !)ccouse, t*.r!~encvcr two rautually incom.:otil)lo r u l c s a r e a,;~licrt:)lc t o t h e nnric s t r i n ? , n e i t h e r i s n i v c n Any :,ricrity; ?.>ot!~ a r c ap!>licd, aiir; t:lo . r c s u l t i n n ::trincrs ilcvalopcti inJc!?onAcntly.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "section": "COURSE OFFERINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Civcn t :~c : ::t:r.i no \" F T3 C\" ~n c ! t h o r u l e s t h e y r o g r a n :.:ill t h c r c f o r e .>roCuco nev s t r i n~s :",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COURSE OFFERINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The program c o n t a i n s no mcc:lnnisi-. f o r c~u n r d i n q a g a i n s t seCucnces o f r u l e s which do n o t t e r n i n p t e . I f t h e granmar c o n t a i n s t h e follo:.rin? r u l c s The numbers f o l l o w i n g t h e s:~::l,ols on t h e l e f t -h a n d $id;-? of bhe r u l e f u n c t i o n v e r y much l i k e t h e nunl,crs frcr:ucntly a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s t r u c t u r a l i n r i i c e s i n t x n n s f o r a a t i q a l r u l e s . [?hen t h z l e f t -h a n d sic;^ o f t'lc r u l e il; fruvc! t o match a p a r t i c u l a r s u b -s t r i n g , t!la nucljc-a%;<oci.~t.:r3 it'? a g i v e n s:rml~ol i n t h e r u l c :>ccoaes a o i n t c r t o , n r a tem;>orary name f o r , t !~a t slrn!-01. f:ith t'lis i :~t~-~! > . r , ? t -~t i on, t h e l e f t -h a n d sicle o f t :~ z?ovc r u l c can l.e read sc:-o':!~-lt a s f o l l o w s \"Find an KP and c a l l it 1; find a n LUX f o l l o :~i n g t h i s and c a l l it 2; f i n d ' a l V P f o l l o w i n g t h i s and c a l l it",
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                "section": "COURSE OFFERINGS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e d n u d~e r s i n parentheses a f t e r a s y n b o l on t h e r i g h t -h a n d s i d e o f a r u l e a r e p o i n t e r s t o i t c n s i l e n t i f i z ? by t h e l e f t -h a n d s i d e , and !!!lich t h e :lev s v~. \\ o l nust dominate. I n t h e exam?le, t h c s y d j o l \" S f ' i s t o ::oril:nt@ a l l t h e symbols nentionecl on tha l e f t -. l a r d s i C e . Furthermore, t h e s t r i n g t o *rhich a . ? o i n t e r r e f e r s need n o t be c o n t i n u o u s . C o n s i~? e r tl:e L o l l o~r i n y r?::nnple Thig w i l l cause any s t r i n g \"!TP AUX VP\" t o b e r c v r i t t e n as \"S,\" h u t t h e \"S\" : g i l l Qominate o n l y \"iiP\" and ' I VP . \" There be no e v i d e n c e o f t h e i n t c r v c n i n r j \"AUX\" i n t h e f i n a l P-marker which w i 1 1 c o n t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g ?!lrnse:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Consider now tile f o l l o~~i n q ? a i r o f r u l e s : I f t h e s e r u l c s a r e a:splictl t o t h e s t r i n r~ \" A R C D\" t h e fo1lo:iing P-markcr w i l l kc fornerl:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Notice t h a t t h e f i r s t r u l c i n t h e p a i r n o t o n l y re-nyrlers t h e s y~b o l s i n t h e P-marker b u t Forms two p h r~s a s ~i m u l t a n o o u s l y .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "A d i f f e r e n t way of u s i n q L > o i n t e r nur.!>ers on t h e r i g h t -h a n d s i d e c a n b e i l l~~s t r i l t c r~",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Sy co??nrinn t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e f o l l o r r i n q trio r u l e s : \\\\That is requireci, we assume, i s a c o n t e x t s c n s i t i v o ;>hrases t r u c t u r e r u l e which w i l l r e w r i t e \"P S c \" 2s \":,!OLCJ\" i n t h 8 environment b e f o r e \"V SG\". The f i r s t two r u l e s i n t r o t l u c c J. node l n l~c l e d \"llIJbI\" i n t o tile s t r n c t w r e nbovc? t h e s i n q u l r l r anc1 a l u r a l mnrp!len>cs. The t h i r d r u l c cllccks f o r ~g r e c n e n t anit forms t h e s u b j e c t noun phrase. P o i n t e r ~?urnl~)or 2 i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t 1 1 t h e symbol \"NUPI\" i n t h e second p l a c e on t h e l e f t -h a n d sic'e, and o c c u r s :~y i t s e l f i n t h e f o u r t h ? l a c e . T h i s means t h a t t h e f o u r t h symbol ~o t c h e c ! by t h e r u l c ~. u s t b e 8 1~~~~8 8 , and a l s o t h a t it must dominate c::actly t h e s a n e s u b -t r e e a s the second. I n t h e e x a n 2 l e we a r e assuminq t h a t \"P?L'il\" governs a s i n g l e noclc :::~ich v i l l :,e l a t c l c d e i t h e r \"SG\" o r \"PL\" and t h o r u l e w i l l e n s u r e t h a t ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "v d > o l i s",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Aelntcd, a s r.leI.1 a 5 any r r l l i c l~ c a n !;c isitdc :ay r a t e i n i n q it. The syn:,ol \"MULL1' is 11cc(: o n l y r)n t'le right-'land s i d c s of r u l e s . r?!~e s:rn:>ol \"ANY\" is riscd n n l g an t h e lcft-;land s i d e s of r u l e s nnd h a s tile propi?rty t i~a t t!lo vord i n -l i . a s , namely t h z t i t w i l l n a t c h any s:r;?::ol i n a s t r i n r~. The u s e of t h i s s p e c i a l s y n h o l i n i l l u n t r n t c d . i n t!:e ?ollo;;ing r u l e : T h i s w i l l form a v e r b ~1 1 r a s e frorl a V e r '~ clnd a noun ~h r a s e , w i t h one i n t e r v e n i n g r~orcl o r ?.lrzsc, rhnso rrrarrsaticnl c a t e g o r y i s i r r e l e v a n t .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Elements on t h c l e f t -h a n d sirTcs of r u l e s c a n be s p e c i f i e d a s o p t i o n a l S y w r i t i n g a e n l l a r s i g n t o t h e l e f t o r r i g h t o f t h e symi~ol as i n t l~c folln1lj.n.; rule.;:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "The f i r s t o f t h e s e forms a noun ;>;lrase from a d e t e r h i n e r and a noun, w i t h o r v i t h o u t a n i n t e r v e n i n g s d j c c t i v e .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ". \"",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "A v e r b p!lrase-i s formed from a v e r b znd a noun p h r a s e , w i t h or. w i t h o u t a n i n t e r v e n i n g :.rord o r p h r a s e o f some othelr t y p e .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The second i s a new v e r s i o n o f a r u l e alrcnrVy comsiciored.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Elements c a n a l s o be s p e c i f i e d a s r e p e a t a b l e b y w r i t i n g a n a s t e r i s k a g a i n s t t h e s y n b o l , a s i n t h e f o l l o~v i n g example:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The second i s a new v e r s i o n o f a r u l e alrcnrVy comsiciored.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T h i s s a y s t h a t a verb ~a h r z s e nay c o n s i s t o f a v e r b followed by one o r more noun p h r a s e s .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The second i s a new v e r s i o n o f a r u l e alrcnrVy comsiciored.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I t i s o f t e n c o n v e n i e n t t o be a b l e t o s p c c i f y t h a t a g i v e n clenicnt rioy o c c u r z e r o o r n o r e t i n e s . T!iis i s Cone i n t h e o!)vious ,.ray by combining t h e d o l l a r s i p and t h e a s t e r i s k a s i n t h e follorrinq r u l e : nccordinq t o t h i s , a noun may c o n s t i t u t e a noun p h r a s e by i t s e l f . llowever t h e noun may be prcccded b:r a d e t e r m i n e r and any nurni3er of a d j e c t i v p s , ancl follo~:recl. by a p r e p o s i t i o n a l p h r a s e , ancl a l l o f t'lene :,?ill !~c e4,rocecl",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The second i s a new v e r s i o n o f a r u l e alrcnrVy comsiciored.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The c o m l~i n a t i o n i s o f t e n u s e f u l w i t h symbol '\"NQY\" i n r u l e s of tile f o l l o w i n q k i n d T h i s ims s i m i l a r t o a n e a r l i e r example. I t c o d > i n e s t h e number morpheme w i t h a s u b j e c t noun and v i t h a v e r b , provided t h a t t h e two a q r e e , and a l l o w s f o r any number o f o t h e r symbols t o intcxvono. The symbol \"LNY\" w i t h on a s t e r i s k and a d o l l a r s i q n corresponds i n t h i s s y s t e ? t o t h e s o c a l l e d v a r i a b I e s i n t h e f a m i l i a r n o t a t i o n O F t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l grammar.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I>y t h e new noun p h r a s c E l a t i s formed. rrotice t h a t t h e a s t e r i s k and t h e d o l l a r s i g n can be p l a c e d 5 e f o r e o r a f t e rt h e symbol t h e y r e f e r t o .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Consider now t h e f o i l o y~i n g r u l e : T h i s w i l l form a noun p h r a s e from a s u b o r d i n a t i n g c o n j u n c t i o n followed by a noun p h r a s e , provided that t h i s dominates o n l y t h e symbol \"Sn. Any symhol on t h e l e f thand s i d e o f t h e r u l e may be followed by a n e x p r e s s i o n i n p a r e n t h e s e s s p e c i f y i n g t h e s t x i n g o f c h a r a o t e r s t h a t t h i s symbol must c:ircctly c?oninntc. T h i s ex;,ression i s c o n s t r u c t e d oxnctl;? 1i::c tile left-hand sir'cs c f r u l e s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , it may c o n t a i n s y~: > o l s Inllo..~er? by e x i z c s s i o n s i n parenthosea. Tlle follo*.rinq r u l c w i l l s e r v e a s an i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h i s , nnr? of a n o t h e r nc:v Pcaturb:",
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                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I>y t h e new noun p h r a s c E l a t i s formed. rrotice t h a t t h e a s t e r i s k and t h e d o l l a r s i g n can be p l a c e d 5 e f o r e o r a f t e rt h e symbol t h e y r e f e r t o .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "$ PP.5) = 1 3 4 TI14 DCF 4 D ! : A D J ( (2) ) 5",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I>y t h e new noun p h r a s c E l a t i s formed. rrotice t h a t t h e a s t e r i s k and t h e d o l l a r s i g n can be p l a c e d 5 e f o r e o r a f t e rt h e symbol t h e y r e f e r t o .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "This r u l e c a l l s t o r a noun pt~rilsc c o n s i s t i n g of a noun, a prcccding o d j e c t i v c wRich dominates a p r e -e n t p a r t i c i ? l e and, o p t i o n a l l y , a number of o t h e r c l c n c n t s . This noun phrase i s r e~l a c c d by tile S,etcrminer from t h e O r i q i n a l noun p h r a s e , i f t h e r e i s one, t h e c l e n c n t s i>rgceding t h e noun e x c e p t f o r t h e p r e r c n t , n r t i c i -l e , t h e noun i t s e l f , t h e synbol \"!711\", t h e z y c o l u~~:~T 1 , a n o t h e r coy^ of t h e ' noun, t h e synbol \"BE\" , t h e ~y ? i ) o l \"ADJ\" clominntinq e x a c t l y t h o s e e l e x c n t s o r i g i n a l l y clominated '>y \"PPP??\" an$, f i n a l l y , any l o l l o~r i n g ? r e p o s i t i o n a l p'lrases t!le o r i q i~a l noun phrase nay :lave c o n t a i n e d . ?he nup!,cr \"2\" i n double p a r e n t h e s e s follo;.ring \"I\\DJ1' on tile right-!land s i d e of t h i s r u l e specifics t h a t t h i s s y~b o l i s t o d o z i n z t e , n o t t h e p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e i t s e l f , b u t t :~ c l c n c n t s , i f any, t h a t it dominates. T h i s d e v i c e t u r n s o u t t o have u i 2 e u t i l i t y . DouSle parentlleses can a l s o be used f o l l o v i n g a symbol on t h e l e f t -h a n d s i d e of a r u l e , b u t w i t h a d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Ne have s e e n how s i n g l e p a r c n t h e s e s a r e used t o s p e c i f y t h e s t r i n g immediately dominated by a given symbol. Double p a r e n t h e s e s e n c l o s e a s t r i n g vlhich must be a p r o p e r a n a l y s i s o f the, s u b -t r e e dominated by t h e given symbol. A s t r i n g i s s a i d t o be a p r o p e r a n a l y s i s of a s u b -t r e e i f each t e r m i n a l s y d~o l of t h e s u b -t r e e i s dominated by some member o f t h e s t r i n g . A s u s u a l , a symbol i s t a k e n t o dominate i t s e l f . ART.1 S ( (>RT 17.2 ANY*) ) -1 2 = DET(1) 2 T h i s r u l e a p p l i e s t o a s t r i n g c o n s i s t i n g of an a r t i c l e , a s e n t o n c e , a n 2 a noun.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I>y t h e new noun p h r a s c E l a t i s formed. rrotice t h a t t h e a s t e r i s k and t h e d o l l a r s i g n can be p l a c e d 5 e f o r e o r a f t e rt h e symbol t h e y r e f e r t o .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The s e n t e n c e q u s t bc a n a l y s a l~l e , a t some l e v e l , a s an a r t i c l e follower: hy a noun, f o l l o~l e d by a t l e a s t one o t h e r word o r p h r a s e . T h e noun i n t h e eml>odded s e n t e n c e , and t h e sub-tree it clorninntas , n u s t be e x a c t l y matched by t h e noun c o r r e s p o n d i n n t o t h e l a s t element on t h e l e f t -h a n d s i d e of t h e r u l e . The i n i t i a l a r t i c l e and t h e em1xXidea s e n t e n c e 7 . i i l l 1x2 c o l l e c t e r i as a p h r a s e under t h e sylnhol \"DP:Tt' and t h e f i n a l noun w l l l hc l e f t unchanged.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I>y t h e new noun p h r a s c E l a t i s formed. rrotice t h a t t h e a s t e r i s k and t h e d o l l a r s i g n can be p l a c e d 5 e f o r e o r a f t e rt h e symbol t h e y r e f e r t o .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The p r i n c i p a l f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r w r i t i n g r u l e s have now been e x e m p l i f i e d . n1 i n an i n t e g e r which o r d e r s t ! l i s r u l o r e l a t i v e t o t h e o t h e r s . S i n c c t l~e s a n e i c t c q c r c a n Sc nssi7llcd t o nore than one r u l e , t h e o r d e r i n g i s ~a r t i a l . 9wlcs t o :~:hich no number i s e x p l i c i t l y assignecl a r c q i v c n t!lc nuni:cr 0 by t h e program. n 2 and n g , when l~r o s c n t , a r c i n t c r p r e t c d a s f o l l o \\ ; s : Evcry sy;-bol i n t h e s u 5 -s t k i n g m.atched by t h e l e f t -h a n d s i d e o f t!le r u l e n u s t have !,em ;>reduced by a r u l e w i t h n u d e r i, whcre n 2~i l n 3 . F o r t h e s e ?ur;)oses t h e sy~i:>ols i n t h e o r i o i n a l f a m i l y of s t r i n g s o f f e r e d f o r a n a l y s i s a r e t r e a t e d a s thoug!~ t h e y hac? been :?roAuced 11v a r u l e v i t h numi~er 0.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I>y t h e new noun p h r a s c E l a t i s formed. rrotice t h a t t h e a s t e r i s k and t h e d o l l a r s i g n can be p l a c e d 5 e f o r e o r a f t e rt h e symbol t h e y r e f e r t o .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "PHRASE-STXUCTUPJ;: GPA!U.'A3",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ".",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "I t would c l e a r l y b e e n t i r e l y e d e q u a t e f o r a n a l y z i n g s e n t e n c e s w i t h a c o n t e x t -f r e e p h r a s c -s t r u c t u r e granmar. But t h i s problem h a s been solvec? !>cfore, and much more simply. We have s e e n how t h e n o t a t i o n can b e used t o w r i t e c o n t e x t -s e n s i t i v e r u l e s , and w e s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e e x p e c t t h e program t o b e a b l e t o a n a l y z e s e n t e n c e s w i t h a c o n t e x t -s e n s i t i v e grammar. However i n t h e d e s i g n of p a r s i n g a l g o r i t h m s , a s else;ihere, c o n t e x t -s e n s i t i v e grammars t u r n o u t t o be s u r p r i s i n g l y r?.ore c o m p l i c a t e d t h a n contr?xt-free g r a n n a r s .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The ;>ro!~lcn t:mt c o n t e x t -s e n s i t i v e r:rarq.mars pose f o r t h i s y r o g r a n can i~e s:~oi:n i it!^ a ni?:>le exannle. 1",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Consi2er t h o follovring i n 5ril:xnar:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A B C (1) S I3 E (S) ( 2 )",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T h i s grammar, though t r i v i a l , is \\!ell behave2 i n a l l i m p o r t a n t a a y s . The lanquage rjcnerated, though r e q u l a r and unanbiguous, i s i n f i n i t e . F u r t h e r n o r e , e v e r y r u l e i s u s e f u l f o r some d e r i v a t i o n . S i n c e t h e language g e n e r a t e d i s unaml~ir~uous, t h e gramnar i s n e c e s s a r i l y c y c l e -f r e e , i n o t h e r *:~ords, it ?reduces no d e r i v a t i o n i n which t h e s a g e l i n e o c c u r s more t h a n once. Suppose, however, t h a t t h e grammar i s used f o r a n a l y s i s and is p r e s e n t e d w i t h t h e s t r i n g \" A D E\" -n o t a s e n t e n c e o f t h e lanquage. Tho a t t e m p t t o a n a l y z e t h i s s t r i n g u s i n g r u l e s of t n e gramnar r e s u l t s i n a r e w r i t i n g o p e r a t i o n t h a t b e g i n s a s f o l l o w s and c o n t i n u e s i n d e f i n i t e l y : I t m i g h t be a r g u e d t h a t t h e s t r i n g s which h a v e t o b e a n a l y z e d i n p r a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n s come from r e a l t e x t s and c a n he assumed t o b e s e n t e n c e s . A s e n t e n c e which t?ould be a c c e p t e d by t h e above grammar, but which would a l s o g i v e r i s e t o c y c l e s i n t h e a n a l y s i s , m i g h t c o n s i s t o f words w i t h t h e fol1o:iing g r a r a a a t i c a l c a t e g o r i e s :",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The progran, as i t s t a n r :~, c n n t n i~s :io ncc:l;lnisn which a u t o n n t i c a l l y guards a q c i n n t cyclcr,. I I t c c r t a i n l x r coulcl n o t b c c l a i m e d t h a t t h e grogram i s a t r c c :)rocensor i n any r e a l l y 11or1:ahle s e n s e . Rut g r a~m a t i c a l t r a n n f o r n n t i o n s a r c o:>crntions on t r e e s and o u r i n v b f i t i n q t i o n t!larcforc: n:ust ta1:e t h e f o r h o f siloy:ring t h a t t i~c s e o g c r a t i n n s c a n f r e q u e n t l y , i f n o t a l : d y s , :3e n i~i c 1 : e d :,y s t r i n g r m v r i t i n g r u l e s .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "IVe s h a l l t a k e it t h a t a t r a n s P o r 1 1 a t i o n a 1 g r a r n a r c o n s i s t s of a c o n t e x t -E r c o o r c o n t e x t -n a n : ; i t i v c ?:lrasr?s t r u c t u r e conponent and a s e t o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s orderec! i n some way. To b e g i n ! j i t h , v e r y l i t t l e w i l l ?-.e l o s t i f we assume t h a t t h e t r i i n s e n t i o n t h a t , when t h e y a r e used i n t h e a n a l y s i s e f t h e s t r i n q , t h e i r o u t p u t w i l l be u s e d o n l y a s i n p u t t o t h e f i r s t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . Mow t r e a t t h e s e c o n d t r a n s f o r~~a t i o n a l r u l e i n t h e s a n e way. These symbols s e r v e t o d e l i n i t a p a r t of t h e s t r i n g which can o n l y f i g u r e i n t h e complete a n a l y s i s of t h e s e n t e n c e i f i t c o n s t i t u t e s a p h r a s e of t y p o \"But. The second r u l e ro.novcs t h e s e lmundnry sy??hols from t h e p h r a s e o f t y p e \"R\" and, s i n c e no !~o i n t e r is assirjncd t o them, t h e y w i l l lsAve LO t r a c c i n t h e f i n a l P-marker.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Another IIcre the ni arc nontcrr.inn1 syrl>ols and thc ai are strin~r,, possibly null. The qramar y9!lich :?cscri)>o:: the phrases existing after t!le o:)crntion of t!lis tral:!:For?-ntion nust contain, in aAdition, the following rules:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The reverse transformation itself can now be represented by a set of rules as follows:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Notice that the strings referred to !>y the synbols \"X\" and \"Y\" in both of the above transformations are unchanged by the transformation and are therefore not mentioned at a b l in the analysis rules. Experience shm.is that it is in fact rarely necessary to ririte a separate rule for each ai.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In nost cases, a transformation of this kind The problem h e r e i s t h a t a. v a r i a b l e \"Y\" i n t e r v e n e s between \"A\" and \"B\". On t h e f a c e o f i t , t h e a n a l y s i s r u l e corresponding t o t h i s t r a n s , i f t h e r u l e c a n b c applicc? a t a l l , i t c a n be a p p l i c d i n a :?ro(iir~ious n u n t x r of ::nys. n u t , 1:ith r c a l grammars, it u s u a l l y t u r n s o u t t l l a t q u i t e a l o t c a n h e s a i Here t h e t h i r d e l e n c n t i s a v a r i a b l e ;i!lich con c o v e r any number o f nodes i n t h e P m a w .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "I n a n a l y s i s we a r e t h e r e f o r e n o t o n l y w i t h o u t i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t how m a n y . times t h e r u l e may have been a p p l i e d b u t we know n o t h i n g a b o u t where t o i n s e r t new c o p i e s of t h e symbol \"A\", e x c e p t t h a t t h e y must be t o t h e r i g h t o f t h e e x i s t i n g copy.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The o t h e r commonly u s e d elementary t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s ( s u b s t i t u t i o n s and Chomsky-adjunction) do n o t -p r e s e n t s p e c i a l problems.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The main o u t s t a n d i n g d i f f i c u l t y comes from t h e f a c t t h a t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l r u l e s a r e o r d e r e d .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "I t w i l l be c l e a r from what has been s a i d a l r e a d y t h a t t h i s program i s an e x c e e d i n g l y powerful d e v i c e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g on s t r i n g s and t r e e s i n a v i d e v a r i e t y of ways.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "For t h i s r e a s o n :. !e IIRVC PSOURO? t h a t t h e r u l e s a r c a i a p l y o r d o r c d i n t h e h o l~c t i i n t o t h c r :~o s s i !~i~i t i e s w i l l n o t 1)c n o t a S l y :'lore cl.iEficult t o 1:lcal w i t h . Me s h a l l a l s o make the asnum:'ltion t k n t t r a n s f o r n a t i o n a l rulcs a r e a l l o b l i g a t o r y .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "We !~n v e alrcacly s a i d t h a t t h e t h e c r y of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l qrammar i s i n a s t a t e o f c o n t i n u a l c!iacqe anc? t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e , > a r t t h a t concorns t h e o r d e r i n g of r u l e s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Consider npw t h o f o l l o~h~i~~c j qrar,nar P h r a s e st1:ucturc",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "We !~n v e alrcacly s a i d t h a t t h e t h e c r y of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l qrammar i s i n a s t a t e o f c o n t i n u a l c!iacqe anc? t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e , > a r t t h a t concorns t h e o r d e r i n g of r u l e s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "1. S -r A (D) B C 2. C -D E",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "We !~n v e alrcacly s a i d t h a t t h e t h e c r y of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l qrammar i s i n a s t a t e o f c o n t i n u a l c!iacqe anc? t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e , > a r t t h a t concorns t h e o r d e r i n g of r u l e s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T r a n s f o r m a t i o n s and suppose t h a t t h e program i s r e q u i r e d t o a n a l y z e t h e s t r i n g \"A D B En. S i n c e , i n g e n e r a t i o n , t h e l i s t o f t r a n s to top. v?e may take it that the analysis rule corresponding to the sccone tkknsformotion is somcl~hat ns follovs! \"llis, togetllcr with the ti70 phrase-structure rules, is sufficient to give a comi~lctk analysis of tllr: strinq vith this underlying P-mar1:er :",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "We !~n v e alrcacly s a i d t h a t t h e t h e c r y of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l qrammar i s i n a s t a t e o f c o n t i n u a l c!iacqe anc? t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e , > a r t t h a t concorns t h e o r d e r i n g of r u l e s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "But if this is an unfierlying P-narkcr, the second transformational rule could not possibly be used to 7roduce a derived structure from it because the first transformation, which according to our assun!>tion is obligatory, can be applied to it qivinq the follo~iinrl result:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "We !~n v e alrcacly s a i d t h a t t h e t h e c r y of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l qrammar i s i n a s t a t e o f c o n t i n u a l c!iacqe anc? t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e , > a r t t h a t concorns t h e o r d e r i n g of r u l e s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "It is in fact not sufficient to scan the list of transfornations from bottom to top because this procedure does not make allowance for the fact that the transformations are obligatory. To regard transformations as optional which were intended to be obligatory is in general to associate spurious base structures to some The sccond r u l e r e v c r s o s t!le e f f e c t of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n 2. The t h i r 2 r u l c ~>~l u r l e ? any P-mar1:er e x i s t i n 9 a t t h i s s t a g e r i i t l l a ?ro?er a n a l y s i s c o n t a i n i n g \"A 9\" a s a s u b -s t r i n a . The v a r i o u s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of a n am!>iguous sentence, o r a s e n t e n c e which seems l i k e l y t o b e aml>iguous i n t h e e a r l y s t a y e s o f a n a l y s i s , a r e a l l worked on s i n u l t a n c o u s l y . At no s t a g e c a n t h e program be s a i d t o he d e v e l o p i n q one i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a s e n t e n c e r a t h e r t h a n a n o t h a t . W e begin with the e n t i r e back f i l e ; henceforth the Report w i l l appear regularly i n AJCL, omitting only those items t h a t AFIPS does not permit to be reprinted (for example, on account of r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed by third-party copyright owners).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "We !~n v e alrcacly s a i d t h a t t h e t h e c r y of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l qrammar i s i n a s t a t e o f c o n t i n u a l c!iacqe anc? t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e , > a r t t h a t concorns t h e o r d e r i n g of r u l e s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The news from Washington may be good or bad, but is' always important t o those who l i v e a s close to the Federal Government as educators and researchers, not to mention engineers, must do. Senator McIntyre introduced on June 6 a b i l l whYch would r e s t r i c t certain Federal financi a1 institutions from engaging in transactions with i t s customers outside the s t a t e in which the Federal i n s t i t u t i o n i s located, unless the laws of that s t a t e specifically authorized such transfers. Mr. S t . Genain introduced in the House on Federal Agency may not use a system of records a f t e r September 27th unless i t has published in the FEDERAL REGISTER a notice f o r that system t h a t meets the requirements of . . . the Act. Accordingly, the OFR guidelines require in each notice: the system name; location a t which records are maintained; categories of individuals on irlion~ records are maintained; type of information contained in system records; routine use of the system; t i t l e and address of the agency official responsible for system; and a [means by which an individual can gain access to and contest records. ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "We !~n v e alrcacly s a i d t h a t t h e t h e c r y of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l qrammar i s i n a s t a t e o f c o n t i n u a l c!iacqe anc? t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e , > a r t t h a t concorns t h e o r d e r i n g of r u l e s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "--DGH d ! Washington Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "We !~n v e alrcacly s a i d t h a t t h e t h e c r y of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l qrammar i s i n a s t a t e o f c o n t i n u a l c!iacqe anc? t h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e , > a r t t h a t concorns t h e o r d e r i n g of r u l e s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The General Accounting Office has submitted a report to the Congress which finds t h a t , due t o the lack of appropriate Federal procedures, recipients of Federal grants f o r acquisition of data processing equipinent have been allowed t o u t i l i z e unsatisfactory procurenlent practices. The report stated that grantees: obtained new computer equipment without thoroughly evaluating t h e i r needs; obtained t h e i r own computer systems w i t h o~t adequately exploring opportunities f o r joint use of existing computer f a c i l i t i e s ; leased equipment f o r short periods of time without fully considering the savings from purchasing o r long term leasing; and considered primarily mainframe manufacturers as sources of equipment supply, while giving l i t t l e consideration t o reduced-price sources such as leasing firms, used computer suppliers, and independent manufacturers of peripheral equipment. The report recomends that Federal agencies establish consistent and economical acquisition pmcedures, and t h a t grantor agencies be required t o ensure grantee cooipliance. New procedures may indirectly impact private ( e . g . , university) as well as s t a t e and 1 ocal government grantees.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "RDERAL GRANTS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NBS AND ADIS-TO JOINTLY DEVELOP COMPUTER INTERFACE STANDARDS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The b i l l introduced in the llouse by Rep. St. Germain (Washington Report, 8/75), which would limit installation of remote t e l l e r terminals t o a financial i n s t it u t i o n ' s ho~ne s t a t e and within 25 miles of i t s headquarters o r 10 miles of a branch, has apparently died in conmiittee. While the measure to limit installation of such ternlinals has been, therefore, essentially rejected by the Senate, a Federal d i s t r i c t court in Washington ruled i~ July that remote t e l l e r terminals constitute branch banks and are subject t o laws governing branch banking. The decision, i f i t withstands the appeal being requested in the U. S. Comptroller of the Currency, will effectively prohibit future ban< installation of such terminals, and will cause operation of existing installations to be discontinued. I t would allow only conviction records t o be distributed without restriction to law enforcement agencies; arrest and acquittal records could be disclosed only f o r specific purposes (e.g., the investigation of a specific crime] and only to authorized personnel. Further, the b i l l would create a Commission on Criminal Justice Information, composed of rnen~bers of s t a t e and local law enforcement agencies, which would implement and oversee enforcement of the act. I,lhile tile FBI has been attempting for some time t o establish a law enforcement communicationr system interconnecting local police departments throughout the country, the Cormission would have the authority t o modify or terminate the FBI plan.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "RECENT EFTS DEVELOPMENTS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "General! Sa~n Philliijs, Air Force Systems Comn~ander, bas described a new major emphasis on software engineering in the procurement of weapotis-systems computer software by the Department of Defense. The approach described would require s o f tware t o be engineered in niuch the same way that present procurements engineer hardware; greater effoFt would be devoted to work breakdown structures, ~nilestones, technical review of contract work, and software r e l i a b i l i t y assessment.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AIR FORCE DESCRIBES EMPHASIS ON SOtTWARE ENGI' NEERING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "--AFIPS societies mould be aware of the information resources of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). The former organization provides information on ongoing or recently completed research projects, the l a t t e r on recently published research reports; both have developed on-line data bases.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INFORMATION SOURCES FOR CURRENT RESEARCH IN INFORMATION PROCESSING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In the area of information processing, SSIE receives project des'c'riptions from the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Defense (unclassified data), and other public and private groups. The active f i l e covers the 1 ast two government fiscal years, and contait.~ descriptions of approximately 1300 projects in computer hardware research, 000 in compute r software, and 450 in information science theory and applications. In most cases ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INFORMATION SOURCES FOR CURRENT RESEARCH IN INFORMATION PROCESSING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The FCC has approved a request from Western Union International to provide a packetswitched service between the United States and the United Kingdom, for the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) in the Oepartment of Defense. The service i s experimental in nature, and will be the f i r s t transatlantic application of packet-switching technology. I t will be used as a basis for gaining experience in transmitting between two packet networks (the second network being the Experimental Packet-Switched System in the United Kingdom), and to explore the use of s a t e l l i t e s in international networks.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "FCC APPROVES WESTERN UNION REQUEST TO PROVIDE PACKET-SWITCHED SERVICE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Repartment of Comerce has approved a new Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 22-1, which makes Cobol-74 the new language standard applicable to all Federal agencies. Cobol i s the only programing language for which a Federal standard has been established. I t i s maintained on a voluntary basis, and i s presently used by 8 government agencies. The new standard will require Cobol compliers used by the Federal government t o comply with the 1974 Ansi Cobol specifications, and vendors will be required to categorize their compilers within one of four NBS levels, each of which consists of a specific set of Ansi \"functional processing modules.\"",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NBS A~NOUNCES NEW COBOL STANOARD",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The c m i s s i o n e r of the Social Security Administration has testified before an oversight comittee of the House Ways and Means Comittee that Social Security overpayments of $461 million have been identified, and that the actual total may be as high as $800 million. The errors were made largely or entirely through the conlputer system which supports the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. Changes in a Complex statutory scheme have caused a haphazard development of SSI software; but the agency also admits t o a lack of internal control, as well as a lack of coordination between systems or between programers working on the same system. The Comnissioner testified that many of the erroneous transactions are \" l i t e r a l l y beyond anybody's direct control.\" The errors have also led to concern that the system i s vulnerable t o fraudulent abuse by agency employees.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PROGRAM ERROR GENERATES MASSfVE SOCIAL SECURITY OVERPAYMENT",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Privacy Protection Study Comissioh met in Washington on September 8 , with an agenda which included presentations From Federal government groups and prospective contractors. In response t o a suggestion by chairman David Linowes, the Comnission resolved t o create a c o n i t t e e on Freedom of Information and Privacy, chaired by Minnesota State Sen. Robert Tennessen. Executive director Carole Parsons enumerated a l i s t of areas possibly appropriate for the Comission's attention, which included: mailing l i s t s ; private sector usage of universal identifiers; valuntary private sect o r compliance with Federal regulations; data collection c r i t e r i a ; credit card and reservation systems; Freedom of Information Act litigation; health and medical records; multi-jurisdictional data systems; consumer reporting services; credit issuance and insurance; s t a t i s t i c s and research; social services; employment and personnel matters; oversight, enforcement and remedies regarding privacy policies; international implications (including mu1 ti-national corporations) ; cost factors in imp1 ementing privacy safeguards; and the Federal-state relationship in privacy regulation.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PRIVACY PROTECTION STUDY COMMISSION MEETS I N WASHINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Comnission d i r e c t e d Parsons t o i n i t i a l l y look i n t o c r e d i t cards, mailing l i s t s , universal i d e n t i f i e r s and the Federal-state relationship.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PRIVACY PROTECTION STUDY COMMISSION MEETS I N WASHINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Senate Subcornnittee on Constitutional Rights, chaired by Sen. John Tunney, held f a c t -f i n d i n g hearings on September 9 t o investigate computer usage (pertaining t o personal data f i l e s ) by the White House and'the Federal Preparedness Agency (FPA). Speaking i n a recent interview i n EDP Weekly, Rep. Goldwater stated t h a t he hoped f o r an a t t i t u d e of support and voluntary compliance with privacy protection principles i n the colmPercia1 sector. While he f e e l s that the business sector has an incentive t o be concerned with privacy as a \"good business practice,\" he feels t h a t a similar incentive does not e x i s t i n the area of government; he pointed out, however, t h a t he expects the s t a t e s t o enact t h e i r own privacy legislation, and t h a t the Privacy Commission Cof which he i s a member) would be looking primarily a t the Federal-state relationship. In a speech a t the recent IEEE Computer Society CWCON, Goldwater also urged the information processing community In a speech reported by EDP Weekly, she stressed the opportunities related t o the standardization of CAM Systems, pointing out that efficient applications w i l l depend on standards in data base formats, computer languages and interfaces between system components.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "TUNNEY HEARINGS ON WHITE HOUSE COMPUTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "DATA COhMRJICATIONS ISSUES AT THE FCC Telenet and Tymshare. Telenet has f i l e d a request with the FCC, seeking a ruling that m e s h a r e be required t o operate as a regulated common carrier, alleging that m e s h a r e ' s policies do not conform with FCC rules on computer-based communication services. While both companies provide packet-switched network services, only Telenet has f i l e d with the Commission as a common carrier. Regulation of such value-added networks i s also an issue in the current FCC \"Resale. and Sharing Docket;\" t h i s inquiry ( X ) i s investigating whether non-regulated carriers which purchase c m i c a t i o n services a t bulk discqunts (and subsequently r e s e l l o r share them) should be treated as common carriers.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "TUNNEY HEARINGS ON WHITE HOUSE COMPUTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Aetna joins cML s a t e l l i t e . IBM, Comsat General, and Aetna Life E Casualty have proposed t a the FCC a partnership arrangement i n which each would become an equal owner i n ML S a t e l l i t e , a corporation being organized t o provide s a t e l l i t e data comunications; the proposal corresponds t o the \"balanced option\" f o r CML, approved by the FCC i n an e a r l i e r ruling. The e a r l i e r FCC decision allowing an IBM-Comsat General joint venture remains the subject of litigation by three existing s a t e l l i t e carriers, Western Union, RCA Global Counnunications, and American S a t e l l i t e .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "TUNNEY HEARINGS ON WHITE HOUSE COMPUTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The National Academy of Sciences has published a report (#) recommending establishment of a National Resource for Computation i n Chemistry.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEWS BRIEFS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Lear Siegler has agreed to an FTC consent decree, based on allegations of unfair and deceptive sales practices, requiring refund of computer course tuitions to eligible former students. The National Bureau of Standards has received a National Science Foundation grant to study the impact of copyright and other laws on the economics of technology related to scientific and technical information systems. The White House Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP) has f o m d a committee to consider long-range export policy issues; the group will b r coordinated by the OTP Assistant Director for International Communicationb, William 1. Fishman. President Ford has nominated Charles Slichter to the Ndtional Sclence Board of the National Science Foundation. The National Academy of Sciences has published its current report [ # ) of Fellwship and Research Opportunities in the Matbematical Sciences. The General Accounting Office has released reports which (1) criticize the Office of Management and Budget for not adequately centralizing computer procurement, (2) recommend improved management of information systems detelopment in the Federal Aviation Administration, and 3 The objective of the briefing was to provide Rodgers an assessment, from the prospective of professionals in the information processing field, of issues related to Federal government information policy. Vice President Rockefeller, chairman of the Domestic Council Privacy Committee, 1s concerned with the development of a comprehensive policy which would view these Issues in a broad perspective, in contrast to the ad hoc fashion in which they are presently handled by the Federal government.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 824,
                        "end": 829,
                        "text": "[ # )",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEWS BRIEFS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Since several existing MIPS committees address areas of continuing interest in Washington, an effort is undexway to closely coordinate such committees with the activities of the AFIPS Washington Office and to make the facilities of the office available in connection with relevant committee work. AFIPS committees initially identified for close liaison include those on Privacy, EFTS and Statistics. In additian t o conducting i t s regular review and assessment of Washington Office activities, the Connnittee resolved to pursue specific projects with the Federal Communications Commission [FCC) and the I n s t i t u t e for Computer Sciences and Tcchnology (ICST) a t the National Bureau of Standards; both of these projects are presently i n an exploratory phase. The objective of the FCC project i s a major briefing t o the Commission, assessing the impact of developments ~n computer coi!ninmications on FCC regulation and the ICST project i s oriented toward an assessment of the scope, character and impact of computer s c i e n c~ as a discipline.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COORDINATING AFIPS COWITTEES AND WASHINGTON ACTIVITIES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "At i t s recent meeting, the Washington Activities Committee established three major policies for the AFIPS Washington Report:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "N 6 W WASHINGTON-RGPORT POLICIES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Subscriptions t o the Washington Report shall be, for the present, available upon request. While the publication i s viewed primarily as a member service t o MIPS societies, i t i s available to non-AFIPS groups and individuals as well. Ib i s anticipated that subscription charges will be imposed a t a future date, with approprla t e differentials for AFIPS societies and society members.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "N 6 W WASHINGTON-RGPORT POLICIES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Key documents discussed or cited in the Washlnyton Report will be, made available through the Washington Office upon request, whcre feasible; availability will be indicated by a \" ( # ) ' I symbol i n the text of the Washington Report.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "N 6 W WASHINGTON-RGPORT POLICIES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In appropriate instances, the Washington Report will s o l i c i t comments and provide a f o r m f o r discussion of particular events or programs i n the Federal government.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "N 6 W WASHINGTON-RGPORT POLICIES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In addition t o the foregoing services, AFIPS societies can, of course, contact the Washington Office for assistance i n connecti~n with any matters discussed in the Washington Report; it i s indeed hoped that arhicles w i l l precipitate both .inquiries and comment.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "N 6 W WASHINGTON-RGPORT POLICIES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A joint effort by AFIPS Executive Director Robert Rector and the AFLPS Washington Office has resulted i n tentative plans for a February 5, 1976 White House briefing t o senior o f f i c i a l s of the AFIPS societies. AFIPS will be brieted by various executive agency spokesmen i n areas of particular interest t o the ~n f o n a t i o n processing field; prospective topics include research and development, technglogy transfer, EFTS, computer communications, privacy, Federal usage of computers: and standards. In addition. AFIPS may undertake to brief ?he Administration on issues as viewed by professionals i n infonnation processing. Comments on proposed topics are solicited from the AFIPS socleties, AFIPS societies have permission t a use material in the AFIPS Wasl~ington Report f o~ t h e i r own publications, except chat where an a r t i c l e t i t l e appears with an \" * 'I clearance must f i r s t be obtained from the AFIPS Washington Office. Documents indicated by the symbol \"(B)\" are available on request to the AFIPS Washington Office. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has ruled that users may directly connect terminal equipment to the telephone network without the use of carriersupplied connecting arrangements, provided they comply with FCC requirements. The ruling (#) is to become effective April 1, 1976.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Z S P U W S WHITE HOUSE BRIEFING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Impact of the decision. The ruling will permit users to connect computer terminal equipment to the network without the necessity of either a modem supplied by the common carrier (generally ATFjT) or a telephone company data access arrangement (DAA); the D M had previously been required if a Bell modem were not used.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Z S P U W S WHITE HOUSE BRIEFING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "While circuitry similar to the DAA will still have to be incorporated in customersupplied equipment, it is expected to be considerably less expensive to users than present AT&T lease charges.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Z S P U W S WHITE HOUSE BRIEFING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Xistory. The FCC ruling requiring the use of telephone company connecting arrangements for user-supplied terminals has been the subject of controversey ever since its implement?tioh after the Carterfone decision (which allowed the connection of custo,mer-provided equipment) in 1968. The common carriers have argued that such arrhghents are necessary to protect the network against potential hams, such as those identified by a 1970 National Academy of Sciences study: hazardous valtages, excessive signal power levels, excessive longitudinal imbalance, and imp,roper network control signaling. Opponents maintain, however, that the telephone cmpanies have insisted on carrier-supplied access arrangements to protect their own revenues.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Z S P U W S WHITE HOUSE BRIEFING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Registration program. The FCC will allow interconnection only if it is done through either protective circuitry registered with the FCC, or directly through equipment which is itself registered. The Commission has also required that carrier-supplied terminal equipnient be registered (a requirement not generally imposed on comon carriers) in order to enhance network protection, insure competitive equality (between carriers and non-carriers) in the manufacture of such equipment, and to prov'i'de a \"benchmark\" against which to judge non-carrier applications.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Z S P U W S WHITE HOUSE BRIEFING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Possible appeal. ATBT is expected to appeal the FCC ruling, which may delay its effective date. Further, the ruling applies only to the technical aspects of intercomection; a separate proceeding (Docket 20003) is underway to examine the potential economic harm from competition in this area. A reversal of the technical ruling would appear unlikely on economic grounds, since data communications devices account for only the small portion of ATET revenues. OTP REPORT ON SOCIAL ISSUES IN EPTS The White House Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTY) has relensed a study on the non-economic implications of EFTS, entitled \"Value Choices in Electronic Funds Trnnsfer Policy.\" In transmitting the study to the Vice President, OTP Acting Director John Eger said \"both because of our particular mandate to evolve policy relating to the intorconncction of contputers with teleconununications, an intcrconncction which is tlie necessary foundation of any EFT system, and because of our concern for i,.formed and cffcctive formnulution of policy in the executive brdnch, DTP has begun to scrutinize closely the increasing range of Fedcral governmcnt activity in this area. . . . While mnny of the aost significant economic questions have becn rarscd, critical non-ecunomic issues have not bccn addressedsuch as the desirability of unrcttered govcfnltrent acccss to pcrsonnl records either as a user or an operator of alty EFT system.\" A prim:~ry signific:lnce of the rcport is thc indication that OTP is squarely concc~ncd irith the social in~p:ict of EFTS. This subjctt is presently comlsidcrcd (or pl;~nncd to I)c considered) only peripherally by groups such ns the I'rivacy Cummission, the IiF'l'S Cot~~mnission, or the Fedcral Co~~~i~~nications Cu~~unission.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Z S P U W S WHITE HOUSE BRIEFING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "---",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "IVIIITE llOUSE SCIENCE AIIVISER R1I.L PASSES HOUSE",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A new bill to cst.tblish a prcsidcntial scicnce adv~ser, 1i.R. 10230, has bccn passed (362-28) in the Ilo~~se of Reprcsentntivcs. The lcgislntion, draftcd coop-er~tivcly by the Ford Admninistrntion and llousc scicnce lc.idcrs, is a revision of H.R. 9058 (Washinyton Report, 9/75).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "--",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In its present form, the bill (1) cstdblishcs-a nntlon:~l polxcy for scicncc and technology, (2) establishes an Office of Scicnce 4 Technology Policy (OSI'P) in the White House, and (3) establishes a Federal Scicnce 6 l'cclinology Survcy Conunittoe (the Survey Committee) in thc White IIouse. The Survey Comlu~iittce rill have two years to analyze Federal science and technology cfforts .ind lcport its findings to the President, trho must subsequently review and transnut the report to Congress with his recommendations. The director OF OSI'P will scrve as the President's Sclence Adviser, and as chairman of the Survey Co~imittce.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "--",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Despite the likelihood of this bill becoming l~w , thcrc rca1.1ins serious concern in the scicnce commln~unity ( c . g . , llillinm C:lrey's editorial in thc Koven~ber 21 issue of Science) that science budgets may sufrcr st~bst:~mitinl cutb,~chs in Prosident Ford's program to reduce Federal cxpcndituncs by $28 million.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "--",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "President Ford has created two new science advisory groups withln the National Science Fo,undation, to advise him on planning for tlie proposed Office of Science 4 Technology Policy (see above surmnary of H.R. 10230). These arc; respectively, the Anticipated Advances in Science 4 Technology Advisory Group, and the Contributions of Technology to Economic Strength Advisory Group. The former group, headed by Dr. William 0. Baker (president, Bell Labs) will advise the President on national policy implications of developments in science and engineering; the latter group, headed by Dr. Simon Ramo (board vice chairman, TRN) will advise on imitproving the utilization of technology to foster economic strength.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEW NSF ADVISORY GROUPS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In additian to the advisory group chairmen, other members related to the con~puting field include Lew Branscomb (Vice President and Chief Scientist, IBM), Joseph Charyk, (president, Comsat) and Patrick Haggerty, (board chairman, Texas Instruments).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEW NSF ADVISORY GROUPS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Commission is presently investigating eight topical areas. It has thus far produced staff reports in four of these, \"The Use of Mailing Lists in the Private Sector,\" \"The Use of the Social Security Number in the Private Soctor,\" \"Disclosure of Federal Income 'Tax Returns to Third Parties,ll and \"Credit Card Kccord-Keeping: The InFormational Privacy Issues,\" and it has inunediatc plans to look into the remaining areas: consumer credit reporting, en~ployment records, social services, and statistical research. The Commission presently receives input from its own staff (which will be supplemented by contractual support of about $50 thousand per year), industrial groups and non-profit organizations such as AFIPS.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PRIVACY COMMISSION ACTIVITIES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Commissioners rcccntly indicated that they will not postponc their rccommendation until their final report is due (June, 1977) , but will publish proposed rccommendations for public commcnt as the Commission proceeds.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 118,
                        "end": 130,
                        "text": "(June, 1977)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PRIVACY COMMISSION ACTIVITIES",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The NSF Advisory Panel for Computer Science & Engineering met recently to discuss NSP programs in Softwarc and Progra~ning Systems, Software Quality Research, and the general program in computer science. The Federal Home Loan Bank Board, in response to pressure from the Justice Department, has agreed to abstain from advocating government-sponsored EFT, and to support private sector development of EFTS systems. The Association of Data Processing Service Organizations (hDnPSO) has flled a brief in the Johnston software patent case before the Supreme Court (Wash~ngton Report, 9/75) supporting software patentability, and opposing the brief filed The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration has published a compendium of-state laws which govern security and confidentiality of criminal justice information systems. Attorney General Levi has denied permission to the FBI to proceed with the development of its computerized message-switching system; pending passage of further legislation.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEWS BRIEFS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS (1) managers of record kceping systems who are familiar with current prlvate sector usage of the SSN,",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "persons d i r e c t l y familiar with an operation which has recently converted (perhaps i n anticipation of private sector legislation) from the SSN t o some other numbering system, and",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(3) individuals i n s t a t e and local goverments familiar with the impact of Section VII of t h e Privacy Act, which makes it unlawful f o r such governments t o deny benefits t o individuals refusing t o disclose t h e i r SSN.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In response t o t h i s request, the APIPS lashington Office has contacted the liaison from each AFIPS society asking them t o provide nominees t o the AFIPS panel.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS s o c i e t i e s have pennission t o use material i n the AFIPS Washington Report f o r t h e i r own publications, except t h a t where an a r t i c l e t i t l e appears with an \" * \"",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "clearance must f i r s t be obtained from t h e AFIPS IVashington Office. Documents indicated by the symbol ' I ( # ) \" a r e available on r q u e s t t o t h e AFIPS Washington Office. to consider activities which AMPS might undertake in that field. 'Ihc L;rauli is to consider \"what aspects of this rapidly growing discipline and w h~t probie~~~s rel~ted to federal and non-federal applications might benefit through special studies, particularly by [WS] .\"",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 452,
                        "end": 456,
                        "text": "[WS]",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The AFIPS Washington Office has confirmed that the formation of the Comliutcr Science Planning Group was precipitated in part by letters earlier this year to Dr. Philip Handler (president, NAS) from Anthony Ralston and Jean Sammet, presidents of AFIPS and ACM, respectively. Both Ralston and S m e t urged Handler to consider organizational changes which would recognize computer science as .I separate discipline within the National Research Council [NRC -the NAS and the National Academy of Erlgineering), arguing that this recognition has already occurred within major universities and throughout most of the academic commun~ty.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "History. There have been a number of activities within the NRC in the last ten years which relate to computer science and engineering, most recently the Computer Science and Engineering Board (CSEB). The CSEB was in existence from 1968 to 1972, chartered to assess the implications of information performing technology with regard to the public and private sectors of the United States. The National REsearch Council generally operates by performing studies under contract to various Federal groups, and occasionally undertakes similar studies on its own initiative; there have been no studies primarily related to information processingsince the termination of the CSEB.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "While the Academies have approximately n dozen computer scientists and engineers as members, the computer science discipline has not been organizationally recognized outside of existing groups in mathematics and engineering.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Meeting agenda. At its recent first meeting, the Computer Science Planning Group undertook a general discussion of areas which would be candidates for NRC attention, including (1) the impact of computers on soclety, (2) computer engineering, (3) computer science, and (4) the commercial impact of computer technology. Reports will be produced in these areas by early 1976.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Outlook for a permanent group While there is apparently no consensus in the Group on how to proceed, it appears highly likely that a recommendation will be forthcoming to set up a permanent computer science group within the NRC; the principal unresolved questions relate to the structure of such a group. There are presently three other groups proceeding in parallel with the AMPS group, each of which will ultimately produce a report recommending NRC activities in this field, these are the Assembly of Engineering, the Assembly of Behavorial and Social Sciences, and the Connnission on Sociutczhniciil Systems. to Prance, Italy, Spain a~d Austria. The scrvico is cl;~imcd to provide high quality and reliability, primarily by simultnneous transmission of data by undersca cable and satellite. Thc FCC approval is for one year of operation, within whicli IDDS must submit an analysis af its service. IDDS will be required to submit a t:~riff",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "proposal before beginning service, based on transmission speed (from 50 hits to 9.6 kilobits per second), transmission volumc and other f:ictors.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "ITT. ITT Domcstic Transmission Systems has filed an application with thc I:CC nsking for approval of a domestic data commu~iicntions network. Thc proposed scrvice, to be known as Corn-Pak, is a packet-switched system which woul'd be cap.lble of servicing incompatible computers and computer terminals. The network would initially serve 13 cities by 1977, eventually expnnding to 24 cities. Like other value-added carriers (e.g., Telenet) Com-Pak would rely on circuits leased frum common carriers. While computer-related transmissions on the network will generally be immeditite, a delayed-transmission service (at a lawer price) will also be available to customers for'applications such as word processing.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Related issues. ITT World Comunications has bpposed the FCC authori:ation of IDDS, arguing that the FCC should conduct a techaicill inquiry on optimum methods for international digitnl data services, before g~xnting the IDDS application.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "On a separate topic, Western Union and other carriers have petitioned the United States Court of Appeals in Washington to reverse FCC approval of the proposed CML data communications satellite venture (Washington Report, 11/75), asserting that it would have monopolistic effect (such as dividing the market for satellite data communications between ATET and CMI,). The petitioning firms feel the monopoly conditions which might exist subsequent to CML entry into the market could not be reversed by antitrust regulation or litigation.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN 1VASIIINGTON",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "While the EFTS Comission continues to organize, a recent survey released by Comptroller of the Currency, James E. Smith, indicates the extent and distribution of existing EFTS systems. According t b Smith:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COMPTROLLER OF CURRENCY EFTS SURVEY",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The survey, which had a response rate of 97 percent of 4,700 national banks, showed that fully 10 percent of the banks had at least one Automated Teller Machine. As expected, a high proportion of large banks have an EFT system -72.9 percent o t billion dollar banks and 48.4 percent of those in the half billion to billion dollar range.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COMPTROLLER OF CURRENCY EFTS SURVEY",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "However, more than h a l f of ;ill 1' 1\"l' cystcms .ire i n banks with under $100 million i n d e p o s i t s . , I t h i r d .ire In hanks wit11 l e s s than $50 m i l l i o n i n deposits. ( I n t e r e s t i n g l y , u~.h;uli::~tion i s not t h e key i n d i c a t o r of which hanks wi 11 h.rrc rht-111.1rll incs. W:ishington, Oregon, V i r g i n i a , Mississippi nnbl West Virginid r:unl. I I I t h e t o p t e n s t a t e s having tho highest proportion n f hank, k i t h 1.t'I systems. New YorR and I'cnnsylvnnia a r c 33rd ,inJ 3Stl1 in t h r Ilnion rc.;per'ti\\~cly.) Chairing t h e joint mccting, Simon llnmo c.11 I L~ ~, I I . i n i t in1 discussion o f n a t i o n a l science p o l i c y issues appropriate for IVllitc l l~>~~s c a t t e n t i o n , and asked each o f t h e advisory group members t o submit a t t h e i r neht nlreting .~pproximately two such i s s u e s OTA CREATES HIGH-LEVEL SCIENCE ADVISORY GROUP The Congressional Office of Tethnology Assessment (OTA) has organized an advisary panel on research and development policies, according to a recent issue of Science 8 buement.Rsport. The panel was sai'd to be organized in mid-1975; it was therefore not intended to overlap with the Administration's advisory groups which are plsnning for the new Presidential science adviser (Washington Report, 1/76).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COMPTROLLER OF CURRENCY EFTS SURVEY",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COMPTROLLER OF CURRENCY EFTS SURVEY",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The OTA panel, in contrast to the Presidential advisory groups, is largely composed of academicians, including Jerome IVicsner (president, MIT and President Kennedy's science.adviser) and Donald Hornig (president, Brown University and President Johnson's science adviser). Two panel members are closely re1;lted to information processing: Lewis Branscomb (vice president and chief scientist, IBM) and Herbert Simon (Carneige-Mellon University). Branscomb is one of the few members belonging to both the OTA group and the Presidential advisory groups; he will head a special study on applicatlons of science and technology. The panel is funded to October, 1977 at a level of $925 thousand.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COMPTROLLER OF CURRENCY EFTS SURVEY",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Privacy Protection Study Commission will hold hearings on February 11, 12 and 13 in New York City, on the record-keeping practices of credit card issuers and travel reservatiod services. Mr. James Howard, formerly counsel in the Nhite House Officd of Telecommunications Policy (OTP], has accepted a staff position with the EFTS Commission; 'he was closely associated with the Rule Report, lraZuz Choices i n EFTS, published by OTP The Federal CommunicationsCommis~i~n has approved an ATET application to provide transoceanic Dataphone services; this market is presently served by ITT, RCA and Western Union. The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has issued an index (#) of design requirements imposed on Federal government information systems by the Privacy Act of .I074 ($3.50 Richard Shriver is expected to be named by President Ford as the head of the Pentagon Defense Telecommunications and Command Control Systems Directorate; he was formerly a computer-communications software consultant to the Pentagon. The Commerce Department's recently released U.S..IndustriaZ Outlook 2976 has predicted a $12 billion increase in computer industry shipments during 1976, up 16% from 1975 The National Science Foundation (NSF) has released a report on technical job characteristics (I), which includes attention to \"computer specialists\". NSF has reported 1975 graduate science enrollment is up 4%. NBS has issued a. document (#) intended to assist in the conversion of programs that are to be compiled in compliance with the revised 1974 COBOL Standard (FIPS PUB 22-1). The National Bureau of Standards has released its annual report for FY 75 (11, which includes a brief descrintion of computer-related activities. ATET has, as expected petitioned the FCC to reconsider its recent interconnettion decision (Washington Report, 12/75). The White House Science Adviser Bill remains in the Senate, with prospects for passage in early March without some of the provisions to which the President has objected (Washington Report, 1/76). NBS has revised instructions for implementink the ASCII in Federal computer and telecommunications applications. In describing the prospective office of the science adviser, Branscomb said that the office will be more open; he further indicated that economic issues will receive higher priority than with the predecessor office (the Office of Sciehce and Technology) and that cownerical technology will receive greater attention. He also noted the particular interest shown by Dr. Simon Ramo, chairman of the Advisory Group, in the application of computer technology to increase productivity.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEWS BRIEFS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In response to a request from Bep. Charles A. Mosher, the Washington Office coordinated expert comment on H.R. 214, a bill which in its amended form would uake it illegal to intercept data communicatfons sent over common carriers. Data comhlunications experts from whom AFIPS requested comment were Paul Armer, Paul Baran, Martin Hellman, Donn Parker and Keith Uncapher. Comments (#) were restricted to the technological aspects af the data communications provisions in H.R. 214, and were directed-prirnariIy to the point that if the bill is intended to reach data communications generally, it should be amended from its present form (which covers only data communications over wire) to encompass satellite, microwave and other data communications technologies. During the course of developing AFIPS conment, the panel of commentators met In California with representatives of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and the National Security Agency (which is acting as a cryptographic consultant to NBSJ, to discuss the proposed NBS encryption algorithm, and its relationship to H.R. 214.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS COORDINATES EXPERT COMMENT ON DATA CDMMUNICATIOdS ASPECTS OF H.R. 214",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Washington Office recently organized a panel of experts, at the request of the Privacy Protection Study Commission (Washington fieport, 12/75), on private sector usage of the Social Security Number. The panel was formed by soliciting nominations from each of the AFIPS society liaisons to the Washington Office, and the panel itself consists primarily of members of the AFIPS constituent societies. Other AFIPS constituents interested in participating should contact the Washington Office as soon as possible.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS societies h w e pedssion to use material in the APIPS Washington Report for their own publications, except that where an article title appears with an \" * \" clearance must first be obtalned from the AFIPS Washington Office. Documents indicated by the symbol \" ( I t ) \" are available on request to the AFIPS Washington Office.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Phil~pS Nyborg D~rector 90 Vol. 11, No. 3 March, 1976 AFIPS WHITE HOUSE BRIEFING On February 5, 1976, senior officials of AFIPS and its constituent societies were givenaYIhite House briefing on Federal government matters of particular relevance to the information processing comunity. The brienng was presented by Executive Branch spokesmen from the White House as well as from the various Federal agencies cognizant of the subject areas addressed, and was arranged through the White House OfEce of Public Liaison. The specific topics briefed,were selected on the basis of an advance poll taken of the AFIPS attendees.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 24,
                        "end": 53,
                        "text": "90 Vol. 11, No. 3 March, 1976",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Washbnglon Offtce d @ Washington Report",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The material presented at the briefing, because of its general interest to AFIPS beyond the audience which could be accomodated in the Yihite House Family Theater, is described at length below.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "OFFICE OF TELECOWNICATIONS POLICY. John Eger, Acting Director of the White House Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP), began the briefing by describing the mandate of his office to formulate policy on the relationship between the Government and private sectors in telecommunications. Characterizing the Federal government as a primary telecommunications user (a $50 miIlion capital investment, with annual expenditures of $10 -$15 billion), Eger raised two fundamental question:. First, when should the Federal government provide its own computer communications, and when should it rely on the private sector? While the Federal government must be careful not to overburden existing common carriers, he said, it should leave as much as possible to the private sector and not become a competitor with it. Second, what is the proper role of the Federal government in regulation of computer conununications? OTP has generally been an advocate of minimal government regulation (Washington Report, 8/75), ahd is presently developing this policy in three areas: data communications, EFTS, and privqcy. Eger described OTP's systematic review of regulatory legislation, and their efforts to eliminate govement regulation where possible.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Roland Homet, Chief of the Studies and Analysis Section af OTP, reviewed the OTP analysis of computer communications regulatory questions now before the Federal Communications Colmission (FCC). Homet noted the earlier FCC \"Computer Inquiry\" which distinquished between data communications and data processing, ruling that the FCC would regulate the former but not the latter; he further noted that the same fundamental distinction is now at issue in both the controversey between Telenet and p-mshare (Washington Report, 11/75), and the &aspeed 40 tariff now pending before the FCC (Washington Report, 2 / 7 6 ) . He went on, however, to artirulate the critical issue underlying these controversies: should the provision of these services and goods, however they are characterized, be,subject to government regulation at all? While it is, true that the data communications and data processing technologies are becoming increasingly integrated, the most crucial question is whether the markets they address display the \"natural monopoly\" conditiqns which have traditionally been the justification for Federal economic regulation. aTP has formally taken the position that both the sbrvices of value-added carriers (e.g., Telenet), and the manufacture of tenninal equipment (e.g., the Dataspeed 40) should be deregulated.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Charles Joyce (now OTP Special Assistant for National Security Activities and formerly Assistant Director for Government Conununications) discussed issucs relating to the Federal government as a user of computer communications. raising two primary is? ~c s . First, as the Government continues t o develop networks f c r what have tradition 11ly been viewed as government services (e.g., networks for biomedical communic;~Lions, or s c i e n t i f i c and technical information services), when docs the Government cease providing a legitimate Federal service and begin t o infringe on services .ihich should be provided by the private sector? Second, how I s the Pcd-era1 government t o treat privacy and security in i t s computer c o m m~~c h t i o n s systems? Joyce described the primary policy factors t o be balanced as the need for privacy and security in computer networks, and the competing pressure for the c f f icicnces t o be achieved in nctworki~ig and resource sharing. Ife cite3 security tcchnology as a pdssible solution, but onewhich requires a substantial technical basis. Joyce called for assistance on this question from societies such as AFIPS, t o suppacmont the expcrtisc OTP prcscntly draws from i t s own s t a f f as voll as that of the Wllitc llouse Office of hlan;~gmment and Budget, the Nationol Bureau of St;u~Jnrds and the Cencra'l Serviccs Administration.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Tom Keller, OTP General Counsel, addressed OTP a c t i v i t i e s related t o the area of privacy. In addition t o describing the general Federal interest in t h i s area (e.g., the Privacy and EFTS Commissions) he pointed out the VIP studies on current legal protections related t o individual policy (by Prof. Grecnaxalt of Columbia Univers i t y Law School) and on the social implications of EFTS (by Prof. Rule of SUNY). kellcr indicated that OTP is undertaking a follow-up study on the threats t o privacy which may bc posed by a comprehensive EFT system. O' rP i s particularly concerned about information collected by the Federal government, i n that such information can (in distinction t o the private sector) be compelled by legal process Kcller emphasized the OTP position that private sector costs for enforcement of privacy legislation such as H.R. 1984, and private sector alternatives t o Federal government privacy protections, should be fully examined before any related Federal action i s taken; ho specifically called for any empirical data which may be provided by AFIPS on the compliance costs of Federal privacy legislation.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In closing, Mr. Bger extcidcd an invitation for AI:IPS t o continue an opcn dialogue with OT9, on questions of comnputer communications. 'me future of computer co~a~unications, he said, will dcpund I~cnvily on actions tokc11 by the Pedcml govcriimcnt, ;inJ thcso actions w i l l in turn depend on the q~rillity and impact of t h i s d i a l o~u e .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS SUBMITS PANEL OF SSN EXPERTS TO PRIVACY COMMISSION",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Secretary of Commerce for East-West Trade, began his remarks with a dcscriptioii of the co~nplcx F~d e r a l regulatory structure, relating t o the export of computer technology. This structure i s basically t r i p a r t i t e , with the State Department playing a role under the blutual Security Act of 1954, the Commerce Department playing the largest role (in terms of implementation]. under the Export Administration Act of 1969, and the Defense Department playing a major policy role as required by the same 1969 statute [the Pentagon has virtually a veto power over exports relnted to national security]. In addition, the Trade Act of 1975 has created an oversight board for monitoring the flow of technology t o s o c i a l i s t countries, t o be known as the East-Nest Foreign Trade Board. Downey described \"national security\" controls as having the heaviest impact on the export &advanced technology t o socialist countries, while adding that \"foreign policy\" controls may also play a role i n the export of technology t o specific coun-t r i e s (e.g., Angola). While there are several working levels of control, the highest i s a t the cabinet level i n the Export Administration Review b a r d , which i s comprised of the Secretaries of State and Defense, who w i l l soon be joined by the Secretary of the Treasury as well. a i l e most products are exported under a \"general license\" (which must be obtained only once'.lior a category of products), high technology products such as computers move under \"special licenses,\" which must be obtained f o r each specific shipment. While not defining the terms specifically, Downey said that \"scientific and educational technologyt1 is allowed t o transfer ,freely t o a l l countries. \"Indust r i a l data\" i s generally allowed t o move t o the non-co~mnunist \"free world\" on the theory that the U.S. i s advantaged by t h i s flow of technology to our a l l i e s ; the same technology however, when exported t o communist countries, i s very t i g h t l y controlled. In granting special licenses, several factors ara considered: (1) thc s t r a t e g i c or military impact of the product, (2) the end user, (3) the end use (and whether the computer system a t issue i s appropriately scaled t o t h i s use), and 4the r i s k of diversion of the export t o other users. The U.S. cooperates i n t h i s program of export control with i t s 13 NATO a l l i e s and Japan in a group called the Coordinating Committee (COCOM), which maintains an International Commodity List of items which are banned from export t o social t countries.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "T B C W O G Y TRRNSFER I N INFORITION PROCESSING. Arthur Downey, Deputy Assistant",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In particularly d i f f i c u l t o r disputed applications f o r computer export licenses, the Commerce Department w i l l establish a task force with other qgencies to examine c r i t i c a l factors; they often draw upon the I n s t i t u t e for Computer Sciences and Technology a t the National Bureau of Standards, which Dswney described as a \"highly respected, talented group.\" In addition, the Department has organized several technical advisory c m i t t e e s i n areas such as computers and computer peripherals, t o a s s i s t it i n arriving a t the U.S. position on export controls i n the national and international contexts. Downey noted as particularly d i f f i c u l t problems (1) assessing the risks in allowing export of training and software associated with computer sales, and (2) assessing the appropriateness of systems f o r particular applications.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "T B C W O G Y TRRNSFER I N INFORITION PROCESSING. Arthur Downey, Deputy Assistant",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "While describing the present system as a workable one, Downey acknowledged the competing pressures from industry t o relax export controls to a more \"realistic\" level, and from Congress, which i s generally not sympathetic t o decontrol of high technology exports.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "T B C W O G Y TRRNSFER I N INFORITION PROCESSING. Arthur Downey, Deputy Assistant",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The research and development (RED) area was addressed i n preseqtations from the two largest funding organizations of computer R&D i n t h e Federal government, the National Science Foundation (NSF) which has a proposed budget of $15.8 million i n f i s c a l year 1977 (FY 77) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which has a proposed FY 77 budget 6f $37.7 million.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "RESEARCH AND DEVEWPMENT IN INFORMATION PROCESSING.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Dr. John Pasta, Director of the Division of Mathematical and Computer Sciences i n NSF, described the agency's computer science budget f o r F Y 77 i n the c o n t e x t a f the overall RED budget proposed by President Ford (similar figures have been described i n the February Washington Retort) Pasta noted that overall R&D has declined about 30% (in 1967 dollars) from 1967 t o 1975, but that research alone had remained about constant. In the proposed F Y 77 budget, however, computer research funding i s up 26% over FY 76 [an increase on the order of 15% over FY 76, even considering inflation].",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Pasta pointed out that NSF ' and AKPA will remain, under the proposed FY 77 budget, the primary contributors of Federal support for research i n computer science a t universities and colleges. The specific amounts are (in $ millions): Col. David Russell, Director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) in the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) outlined the general operations and specific program of his office. He describes the charter of ARPA to be working a t the forefront of emerging technology, and he emphasized that ARPA is involved only in basic and exploratory research oriented toward the missions of the Department of Defense. ARPA endeavors t o avoid research areas being addressed by industry, and w i l l withdraw from a research area i f it appears that the problem w i l l bd solved through industrial research. Imge understanding ($3.0 million). IPTO is departing from trnditional numerical processing of images, and moving into symbolic processing techniques adopted from the field of artificialintelligence.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "InteZZigent systems ($8.4 million). ARPA will continue its long-standing effort in this area (it has funded approximately 75% of all artificial intelligence research). The agency will focus on three areas: (1) \"basic\" artificial intelligence, including problem solving, natural language processing and general reasoning, (2) command and control applications, e.g., a natural language frontend processor, and an intelligent distributed data base system, ,and (3) the use of intelligent terminals to help solve the manlmachine interface problem.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Advquced memory technology ($4.8 million) . This is a new effort for ARPA beginning in P 76, co isting of a study of hardware available to support very large (13' to lo9' bits) memories in the 1990ts, such as archival beam memories, and a related study of artificial intelligence techniques useful in manipulating very large data bases, such as inference and text summarizing.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 27,
                        "end": 41,
                        "text": "($4.8 million)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Distributed informtion systems ($11.0 million).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "S o f w r e technology ($5.0 million). This research wiLl emphasize the increasing expense, and increasing reliability problems oE software.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Speech processing ($4.1 million). This research represents the last year of ARPA's five.year program in computer understanding of continuous speech (presently feasible only at 100 times real time) and packet speech transmission (which would enable the ARPANET, for example, to transmit both. speech and digital information).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Netuork and system security ($1.1 million). This work will address the problems inherent in the military multilevel classification systems, both from a design and certification standpoint.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Integrated connnand and control, and conminicatdons systems ($9.5 million). Russell cited two examples of programs:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Packet radio. A distributed net of miniprocessors connected by radio links capable of transmitting data a t r a t e s from 100 t o 400 Kb/sec. will be investigated.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Internetting studies. This program w i l l focus on how t o connect dipferent networks through various gateway schcmes and internetwork protocols, as well a$ how t o integrate wire, radio and s a t e l l i t e packet networks.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS COMMFNTS. AFIPS President Anthony Ralston closed the discussion by calling on AFIPS and i t s constituent societies t o continue the dialogue undertaken i n the briefing. This dialogue consists, he noted, not only of obtaining and disseminating information about Washington, but a l s o o l the important task of providing tcchnological input to tho Federal government whore needed.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "PRIVACY COhBIISSION TOLD CREDIT CARD DATA AVAILABLE ~I>VES'TIGA'fOKS -. ..",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Privacy Protcction Study Conunission was t o l d i n February hearings in New York t h a t credit card companies routinely supply information about ~ustomcr transactidns t o invest'igators, i n some cases without a court order and without the customer's knowledge. Officials of American Express t e s t i f i e d t h a t the company supplied information l o s t year i n response t o about 500 subpoenas (i.e., court orders), t o Federa; agoncies and private a ttorneys. The company had not pruviously notified its customers of such Jisclosures,althouyh it announced thnt it would do so in the future, except in some felony investigations. Bank of America also t e s t i f i e d t h a t it releases customer records under subpoena, but t h a t it notifies its custome r s as required by applicable (California) s t a t e law. Both ATET and Hertz s a i d t h a t they had, i n certain cases, released customer records t o the Federal government without being compelled by subponea.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NSF.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The network will be entirely digital, utilizing time division multiplexing. The satellites will transmit to rooftop receiving stations at or near customer sites, with ground communications (SBS or other) to points which could not support their own receivers. Access ports wilI be compatible with industry standards, in accord with SBS's stated policy of nondiscrimination in interconnection.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [
            {
                "text": "for further consideration. The AFII'S W:~shington OfFice plans to provide input to the advisory groups in this issue idctitification process; timely coments f r m the AFIPS societies (i.e., preferably by .January 1.3, hut otherwise as early as possible) are, of course, solicited. One advisor). group member has indicated a substantial interest in Federal regulatory reform (which, wit11 regard to the information processing fic,ld, could include such areas as computer L~ommunications, electronic fund transfer systems, privacy, technology transfer, I I I~ computer industry antitrust).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "acknowledgement",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The General Services Administration has rclc;l.;l%l its unnu:ll \"Inventory of Automatic Data Processing Equipment in the U.S. r:~ii~~~rtimcnt\" (#I, for fisz.~l year 1!175; while IBM still has the most inst.11lcd vq\\~ipmcnt (35:.), DEC was the lending vendor in 1975. The National Sciencc Foundation has ow.~rdccl ovcl. $1 million in grants for studies on the impact of Federal refiul;~tory ape~~cich, including for the National Communications System have been requested by .Innuor). 30, 197b; details are avnilable from AFII'S W:ishington (Iffice. The OFfice of Sci-encc Informatio! ervicc in the National Scienc(. Poundation has released its Summary of Awards I'or fiscal ).c:lr ]!I75 ( x ) . While the U : S . vs. AT&T antitrust suit is del:~yed in court, the Scnote ~\\ntitrust Subcommittee is considering lcgls1.1tion to rcorganizc .\\l'tT; o suggested bill has beon submitted by the Computcr Indt~strirs hssoci~ltio~i. Thc Federal government has denied an IBM request to export il 3iO/!SS-bascd reservations system to the Soviet Union; ;I primary factor 111 the decision was thc approximately thirty model 3330 disc drives involi'rJ in the systcm.The Coml~uter Industry Association has recomendcd stronger Ant 1 1 rust legislation in recent testimony relating to the I'rcdatory I'racticcs \\ r t of 1975, before the House Committee on Seal1 Business. The National Science Board of the National Science Foundation has solicited comments on the peer review system hy circulating qucstionaircr (#) to several thousand pr3spective princip.11 investigators :ind proposal reviewers.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEWS BRIEFS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "At its Docember. 1975 meut in8 tilt: AI:IPS Board of Diractors was gi,rrl a report on the first six manths ,)f W:~sl~lt~pt 111 Ul'ficc opcratlons. It was rcpa-t~-d that substantial progres? had lrecn made !ow:~rd creating a focus (between tile 1l:II'S societies and. the Federal govornmc~lt t for infonnation related to the infonnation procassing field. The report 1 i%.ted sevcrnl activities or p~rtic111.ir sig~lificance:An AFfPS b~iefing was providcd to the executive director of the hlrite House Domestic Council Committoe on the Kight of'Privi~cy, discussing issues in \"Priv.lcy and Government Information Pol'icy.\" AFIPS provldatl witnesses to testify before the Housc Cotmittec on Science nnd rechnology, on computer technology transfct to the OPEC countries.AFIPS was lbrmally established as the association contact for the director ot' the National Scicncc Foundation, on matters related to infonuat ion processing.A series 01' hricfings and discussions were initiated with Federal groups col~curned with the government role in computer comunications, including the White Ilouse Office of Telecommunications Policy and the Federal Comuni cations Col~nission.In cooperation with AI:IPS Ilcadquarters, n February 1976 White tlouse briefing has been planned for senior officials of the XFlPS societies.The Washingtan Office has prov~~lcd: information on Washington events to .\\I'll'S society publicat ion?:, infc,nnotion on AFIPS Washington activiticc to Datamation and ED)' iv'.',,hi:~, and technical experts to NRC News.Relevant to future Washington Office ~ctivity, rIF1FS President Anthony Kalston recently announced that he will Jcvot~. his I'lenary Session address at the 1976 National Computer Conference to tl~c rci .~t ionship between science [particularly information processing) and governnu::. Jiscussing the prerogatives and obligations of computer scientists and tt.:l~~lulogists. \"How our profession responds to this challenge [to interact with y ~~crnment]\", he said, \"should be of great importance to all of us\" AFIPS MEETS WITH WHITE HOUSE DIKEC l'( li UI: 'I'ELECO!PMJNIC.~TLOXS POLICY The Director of the AFIPS Washingttm Office was recently invited to meet with John Eger, acting director of the Ishi t e House Office of Telecommunications Policy. The discussion underscorctl the substantial number of issues of interest to both OTP and AFIPS (see Wa~hioyt~~n Report notes on OTP activities: 8, 9, 10 and 12/75), including computer communications [an area in which OTP has a primary mandate to formulate policy), privacy, EFTS .111tl teclinology transfer. Mr. Eger indicated interest in technical expertise available through AFIPS, and in particular, in a dialogue between his .;taff and AFII'S on contemporary issues and developments in computer communicnt ions.REP MOSHER REQUESTS AFlPS COlENT ON t1.K. 21.1 Rep. Charles A. Mosher (Ohio), ranking minority member of the tlouse Committee on Science and Technology, has requcsted AFIPS colmncnt on an amendment to H.R. 214, a bill which in its m e n d e d Form would outlaw the interception of data transmissions sent over common carriers. APlPS comment, to he submitted by mid-January 1976, will he provided hy Paul Armcr, Paul Baran, Ilonn Parker and Keith Uncapher. Other men~bcrs of AFlPS socictics interested in commenting on this and similar legislation should cont:rct the Washington Office as soon as possiblc.AFIPS societies have-permission to use material i'n the AFIPS Washington Report for their own publications, except that where an article title appears with an \" \" clearance must first be obtained from the AFIPS Washington Office. Documents indicated by the symbol 'I(#)\" are available on request to the AFIPS Washington Office. s t a n t . Ilowever, even constant RED funding represents a significant p r i o r i t y , considering t h a t the overall budget represents a $28 b i l l i o n \"reduction\" fron the ordinary growth of the Federal budget from $370 b i l l i o n i n FY 76 t o $423 b i l l i o n i n FY 77, and t h a t RED is within the 25% of the t o t a l budget which is considered \"discretionary\" (i.e., the remaining 75% i s committed t o p r i o r obligations i n v a r h u s Federal benefit programs). The budget of t h e National Science Foundation (NSF) was increased more than the average with an increase o f 16% i n overall RED t o $726 million i n N 77, and an increase o f 20% i n basic research. According t o NSF, these increases r e f l e c t \"the importance t h a t the Administration attaches t o basic research, and the f a c t t h a t a very large proportion [86%] o f the NSF budget i s devoted t o basic research.\"The Department of Defense share of the overall-R&D budget w i l l remain constant, a t about 50% (see chart 2). llithin t h e NSF budget, approximately 75% is directed toward colleges and universities; the proposed FY 77 increases would r e s u l t i n an 18% increase i n NSF research support a c t i v i t i e s i n colleges and universities (see charts 5 G 41.I q c t on agencies funding computer research. The anticipated FY 77 budget f o r the Computer Science Section i n NSF is $15.8 million, an increase of 26% over the FY 76 budget of $12.5 million. Mr. Kent Curtis, d i r e c t o r of the Section, f e e l s t h a t computer science has fared well within NSF, ~o t 0nl.y because of steady RED budget increases i n the past, but because o f a s h i f t o f funding toward computer science, giving the Section an increase substantially l a r g e r than the overall NSF increase.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 2832,
                        "end": 2836,
                        "text": "21.1",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Al:lI'S 1N WASHINGTON &FIPS BOARD MGETING M R K S I:llfi! ILALI: YEAN EK WASHINGTON lII!I:ICI:",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Research Projects Agency is anticipated t o hove an FY 77 budget o f $37.7 million, a 6% increase over FY 76. I n FY 77, ARPA w i l l have substantially reduced expenditures i n its progrms r e l a t i n g t o the ILLIAC IV, and the ARPANET (which i s now treated as an operational network under the Defense Communications Agency). The budget of the I n s t i t u t e f o r Computer Sciences and Technology i n the National Bureau of Standards w i l l remain e s s e n t i a l l y unchanged i n FY 77, a t $8.5 million.Congressional debate. The President's proposed budget must now go through Congressional hearings and modifications, before enactment. COMPUTER INDUSTRY GROUPS OPPOSE FCC APPROVAL OF AT&T DATA TERMINAL IBM, the Computer 6 Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), and the Computer Industry Association (CIA) have all opposed ATfiT's proposed tariff filed with the FCC for the Dataspeed 40 terminal device. There is little disphte regarding the actual functions of the device; the argument is focused primarily on whether such functions should be characterized as data communications or data processing The fundamental issues, however, are (1) whether the data services embodied in the Dataspeed 40 should be subject to government regulation, and (2) whether a government-regulated monopoly (ATBT) should be allowed td manufacture such terminals and thus compete with the private enterprise computer industry. The Dataspeed 40 is a 1920 character CRT terminal and standard teletypewriter keyboard, with optional features for functions such as printing and editing.The computef industry opponents to AT&T all cite a 1956 consent decree which prohibits AT&T from entering an unregulated industry; further, they refer to the FCC \"Computer Inquiry\", which ruled that cdrmnon carriers may provide data processing services only through unregulated subsidiaries. The terminal manufacturers fear that the Dataspeed 40 will be priced below their competitive offerings, through cross-subsidies from othar ATGT services.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "The Information Processing Techniques Office i n the Department of Defense Advanced",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In a December 18 speech (#) on the Senate floor, Sen. Robert Byrd called for a moratorium on the export of computer technology to the Soviet Union. He recommended that the Departments of State and Commerce take immediate steps to institute a program to reassess technology export, and to evaluate U.S. gains and losses in technology currently exchanged.Byrd argued that the export of. computer technology potentially threatens peace, rather than promotes it. He noted that \"filhe United States has a universally unquestioned superiority in this field . . . . From the standpoint of tefense, the edge in military potential that the United States has enjoyed is due, in large part, to our application of computer technology to military weaponry.\" Bryd described American intelligence reports that the Soviets had been acquiring computers which can be applied to military technology, and that $500 milllm worth of such equipment was acquired from the United States last year.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "SENATOR BYRD URGES MORATORIUM ON EXPORT OF M)hIPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO U. S .S .R'.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "IBM, Comsat and Aetna Insurance have proposed a $250 million network for satellite transmission of voice and data communications, to the Federal Communications Cdnunission (FCC). The new venture, Satellite Business Systems (SBS), would be equally owned by the three uartnere, thereby meeting earlier FCC restrictions on ownership (Washington Report, 11/73)).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "IBM AND PARTNERS PROPOSE SATELLITE BUSINESS SYSTEMS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The EFTS Commission held its first meeting in Washington on February 6. While the Commission agreed that its primary concern would be \"the broad public policy issues of EFTS\" (in contrast to technical issues) the majority of the meeting was devoted to organizational matters. The most substantive aspect of the meeting was a discussion of the proposed amendments to Federal Reserve Regulation J, which would define the duties and liabilities of participants in the Federal Reserve's wire transfer and automated payment services, and the proposed rules for access to the Federal Reserve's electronic clearing, settlement and delivery services (automrlted clearinghouses). Both the Regulation J amendments and the interim guidelines for access [ X I are subject to public comment until March 19. The Comission debated whether it should devote its resources to such interim comments on immediate issues, or whether it should work primarily toward a comprehensive report; agreement could not be reached and the matter was postponed for further discussion at the next Commission meeting (scheduled for March 12).The Commission indicated it would fully exploit existing EFTS research (Chairman Widnall noted in particular the Arthur D. Little study funded by the National Science Foundation, \"The Consequences of Electronic Funds Transfer\"). The Commission staff has been directed to prepare a summary of the current status of EFTS within 60 days; the report is to \"bring together the results from early research, both quantitative and qualitative, and to provide beginnings of a data base for the Commission's inquiry\". Preparation of the report will draw upon government resources as well as independunt organizations puch as A F I P~ .Single copies of the A r t h D. Little study may be obtained by writing to: NSF/RANN Document Center, Room 1241; 1800 G Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20550.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "EPTS COMMISSION HOLDS INITIAL MEETING",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Privacy Comission will meet in Washington on March 11 and 12, primarily ro discuss the Commission's proposed recommendations on Federal tax return confidentiality. The Commission published the draft reconunendations on February 13, allowing only ten working days for written public comment. The recommendations (#) would amend the Internal Revenue Code to provide that the Internal Revenue Service may disclose returns to Federal and state agencies only with prior written consent to the taxpayer, except for disclosures to the Bureau of the Census for statistical purposes, to state tax agencies (under certain restrictive conditions), to the Department of Justice (in some cases without a warrant), and to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare for use in certain welfare programs.",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 315,
                        "end": 318,
                        "text": "(#)",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "PRIVACY COMMISSION RECOMMENDATIONS ON TAX RETURN CONFIDENTIALITY",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Both the Commerce Department (Deputy Assistant Secretary Arthur Downey) and the Computer and Bus5ness Equipment Manufacturers Assqciation differ with Sen. Byrd's statement (Washington Report, 2/76) that $500 million worth of computer equipment w&s exported to the Soviet Union last year; Commerce estimates the figure to be about $5 million, while CBEMA puts it at $3.5 million. The Federal Cbnaunications Commission (FCC) Common Carrier Bureau has ordered AT&T to delay implementation of its Dataspeed 40 tariff (Washington Report, 2/76) until March 3, while the Commission further explores the issues involved. The meeting focused on two areas: (1) whether the U.S. shuuld participate as a member of 101, and [2) ihcther the U.S. should participate in, and perhaps support, the upcoming IBI conference t o be held in 1977 i n Algeria. lkfiile no AFIPS position was expressed a t the meeting, the matter i s being further considered with the AFIPS International Relations Conunittee.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEWS BRIEFS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A m c c t i n~ was recently held a t the AFIPS IVasliington Office with rcprcsentatives of thc Natiol~al Co~~unission on New Ti.cllno1~1gical Uses of Copyrighted kurks (CON' TU), t o discuss input which AFIPS might provide t o the Cv~~~mission 011 copyright matters reluted t o information processing. Speciiicully, thc Colidi:ission i s preliminarily exploring (I) the copyright of data bases, (2) the use of copyrighted materials i n o~ltomated systcms, and (3) the copyright of eoftivare. The Commission's s t a f f i s putting together an iniTial report on the magnitude of the software industry in the United States; i t i s seeking s t a t i s t i c a l information as well as the views of the professional and technical co~munity on the need for copyright protection.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS MEETS WITH CONTU TO DISCUSS SOF17V. lKE C0PYRIC;IIT",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Senate recently passed i t s oim version (S.32) of a b i l l t o establish a White House science adviser. Tl~e b i l l must now go t o a House-Senate conference committee t o resolve difkerences with the llouse version passed e a r l i e r (Washington Report, 12/75], and Sen. Kennedy has asked f o r AFIPS comment. AFIPS had previously commented t o Dr. Lewis Branscomb, in a January meeting (washington Report, 2/76).RFIPS societies have permission t o use material in the AFIps Washington Report for t h e i r own publications, except that where an a r t i c l e t i t l e appears with an \"(*)\"clearan-must f i r s t be obtained from the AFIPS Washingtbn Office.. Documents indicated by the symbol ' I ( # ) \" are available on request t o the AFIPS IVashingon Office.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "SEN. KEh' EDY REQUESTS AFIPS COIBIENT , ON S. W",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "bib_entries": {},
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF1": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "A V I O R . . . . MAN-COMPUTER I N T E R A C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . .COMPUTER-BASED S C I E N C E I N S T R U C T I",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "s ya?cr clcscribofi a s o i 7 : > i s t i c~t c A n\\mr;iictica n d y n i s :lrogram f o r t h e I R 1 7040/44 con:>utcr and c l i s c u s s e s u n r e s t r i c t c ? . rc7:~ritinq r u l c s t o a f a m i l y o f syr1:ol s t r i n q s anA clcliv.~rs a s out1:ut a11 t;le s t r i n q n t i~n t c a n I)e RcrivcC f r o n !qcmi~crs o f t h e i n i t i a l f a m i l y ;)y :~; c~n s . o f t h e r u l c~ provided. A s u i~s i c i i x y r.cch&nisq iloalo e l i t ! l t h o r e l a t i o n of dominance i.n t h e s c n s c cn-:non i n l i n~u i s t i c s . T h i s makes i t p o s s i b l e f o r r u l c s t o r c f c r t o c o~:~l r l t r ?",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "x x t c d t o o L > e r a t c . Instcacl, each word is r e p l a c e d 1,y o n c a r n o r c oymlrols r c p t c s e n t i n q the grammatical c a t c g o r i c t i t o ~r i i i c h it belongs. The a s s i g~l m e n t s f o r t'nis exa:nrlc might !>o ::cn~:~r!i;lt a s . f n l l o : s e r b , a s j e c t i v e P l u r a l noun, 3 r d p a r s o n v e r b S i n g u l a r noun, p r e p o s i t i o n , v e r b ~n d c f i h i t e a r t i c l e S i n g u l a r noun, a d j e c t i v e .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "and t h e s t r i n g t o b e p a r s e d c o n t a i n s e i t h e r \"A B\" o r \"B A\", t h e n t h e program w i l l c o n t i n u e s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e s u b -s t r i n g s f o r o n e a n o t h e r u n t i l t h e s p c e a v a i l a b l e for i n t e r m e d i a t e r e s u l t s i s e x h a u s t e d . T h i s may c o t seem t o p r e s e n t any p a r t i c u l a r l y s e v e r e p r o S l e 7 !~c c a u s e a p a i r o f r u l c s s u c :~ as CICSJ 1fru1A n e v e r a p c a r i n any p s o g e r l y c o n s t r u c t c c ? q r a m a r . g u t , a s :~c s : i a l l s :~o r t l y s c e , c n t i r c l y ? l n u s i i ) l c qramnxars c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d f o r v h i c h t h i s !>roblcn rloaa w i n e . I n o r d e r t o c;ret a g c n c r n l iilca o f t l~c ~a :~a h i l L t i c s of t h e program, i t will LC u a c f u l F i r s t t o consir'.cr t h e lota at ion UDCC! for ?rcsc?nting r u l e s t o it and thr, way t h i s i s i n t e r p r e t e d by t h e nachixxe. I n :!hot follo:vs, !re s h a l l assume t h a t t h c r o o d c r i s f a r n i l i n r :1it!1 t h c tcrminololry and u s u a l c o n v c i~t i o n s of p h r a s e -s t r u c t u r e and t r a n s f o r n a t i o n a l g r a n n a r . An cxnm:)lc o f t h e s i m p l e s t k i n d of r e w r i t ? r u l e i s The \" e q u a l s n s i g n i s u s e d i n p l a c e o f t h e more f a m i l i a r arrow t o s e p a r a t e t h e l e f t and r i q h t -l~n n d siclcs o f t h e r u l e . The s y m l~o l s on which t h e r u l e s o~c r a t c a r e 'lords c o n s i s t i n g o f between o n e an6 si* c..lphaLctic c ; l n r o c t c r s . Tho above r u l e w i l l r e p l a c e t h e ay-bol \"WRST;\" by a s t r i n g of t h r e e s y n b o l s \"P?r:S SC 1~:R.U\" '.li~enevcr i t o c c u r s . The f o l l o w i n g r u l e w i l l i n v e r t t h e o r d e r of t h e s y d~o l s \"VEM\" and \"INC\" VERB IMG = ING VERB The s i m p l e s t way t o r e p r e s e n t a c o n t e x t f r e e p h r a s e s t r u c t u r e r u l e i s a s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g example: NP AUX VP = S ? l o t i c e t h a t t i l e n o r m 1 orAcr o f t h e l e f t and right-!land s i d e s o f t h e r u l e is r e v e r s e d !zccause t h c r c c o q n i t i o n p r o c e s s c o n s i s t s i n r e w r i t i n g s t r i n g s as s i n g l e syn!>ols; the r u l e s n u s t t h c r o f o r e tnlie t!le form o f rccluctinns r a t !~e r t h a n p r o d u c t i o n s . The program v i l l nccopt p:?rnr;c s t r u c t u t e r u l e s i n t h e form we have s:lown, b u t , 111 ai?:>lying t:~cn, it will n o t keep a r e c o r d o f t h e t o t a l eontcncr? s t r u c t u r e t o *.i:lic!i t h e y c o n t r i b u t e . I n o t h e r words, it will caunc a nmi s t r i n g t o lje c o n s t r u c t e d , S u t w i l l n o t r c l n t t l t'iix ? t i -i n o i n any way t o t h c s t r i n g v '~i c h %as rcwrittc'n. one l . c.. -..",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "t o c a u s e t h i s r c l a t i o~s h i p t o lje :srcst?rvrd ic t o .:rite t h e r u l e i n t h e f o l l o v i n g f o r n :",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "p o i n t e r nay r e f e r t o a r;inr;lo s:r?&ol, 8 s we have Sho:m, o r t o a s t r i n g o f s y~m l s . \"!re Collowing r u l e i s eciuivalent t o t h e or.c j u s t rlascribcc'. :",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "The f i r s t r u l e a c i~i e v e s t h i s e f f e c t b u t a l s o i n k r o d u c e s a new \"V\" dominatinq t h e o l d one, and a nev \"SG\". The s e c o n e r u l e ::oes what i s r e a l l y wanted: I t c o n s t r u c t s a p h r a s e l a b e l e d \"i\\TOUiJ1' as r e~u i r e d , and l e a v e s t h e s y d o l s r e f e r r e d t o by p o i n t e r number 2 unchanged. The c o n t e x t -s e n s i t i v e r u l e j u s t c o n s i d e r e d I s presumably i n t e n d e d t o i n s u r e t h a t s i n g u l a r v e r h s have o n l y s i n g u l a r s u b j e c t s . A second r u l e i n tlhich \"SG\" i s r e p l a c e d by \"PL\" would b e r e q u i r e d f o r i~l u r a l v e r b s . But, s i n c e agreements of t h i s k i n d nay jell have t o b e s p e c i f l e d i n o t h e r p a r t s of t h e qrammar, t h e s i t u a t i o n . might b e t t e r b e d e s c r i b e d by t h e f o l 1 o :~i n g t h r e e r u l e s :",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "wilichover o f t h e s e i s dominated 5y t h e f i r s t o c c u r r c n c c o f \"PJTJ':\" -:ill a l s o b e dominated by t h e second o c c u r r e n c e . R o t i c e t h a t noun and v e r b p h r a s e s c o u l d b e E o r x d ~i r u 1 t a n e o u s l : r by t h o f o l l o r i i n g r u l e : The s y n b o l s \"ANY\" and \"IGULL\" a r e t r e a t e d i n a s p e c i a l 17ay by t h i s progrhm and s h o u l d n o t o c c u r i n s t r i n g s t o b e analyzed. The u s e o f t h e symbol \"NULL\" i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e r u l e : PPH = NULL T h i s w i l l c a u s e t h e symbol \"PPH\" t o b e d e l e t e d from any s t r i n g i n which o c c u r s . The program i s n o n d e t e r m i n i s t i c i n i t s t r e a t m e n t o f r u l e s o f t h i s k i n d , a s e l s e r r h e r e , s o t h a t it w i l l c o n s i i . e r nllnly:cs Z.n ~.r!iic:~ t l l c s",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF9": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "n s an example Of t h i n , c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o v i n~ r u l e :",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF10": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Another k i n d of r u l e i s a l s o a v a i l a b l e ~r h i c h h a s a l e f t -h a n d s i d e l i k e t h o s e a l r e a d y des&ibeA b u t no \" e q u a l s \" s i g n and no r i q h t -h a n d s i d e . Uowever it t i i l l be i n t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f c l a r i t y t o d e f e r a p e x p l n l m t i o n o f !low t h e s e r u l e s a r e i n t e r p r e t e d . The u s e r of t h e program may 1.1rite r u l e s i n e x a c t l y t h e form we have d e s c r i b e d o r may add i n f o r m a t i o n t o c o n t r o l t h e o r d e r i n ~i h i c h t h e r u l e s a r e a p ;~l i c d . T h i s a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n t a k e s t h e form of an e x p r e s s i o n w r i t t e n b e f o r e t h e r u l e and s e p a r a t e d from i f by a c o m a . T h i s e x p r e s s i o n , i n i t s t u r n , t a k e s one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r n s :",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF11": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "am i n d e b t e d f o r t h i s example, a s f o r o t h e r i d e a s t o o numerous t o document iridiviclually, t o Susumu Kuno o f IIarvard U n i v e r s i t y .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF12": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "c l e a r l y I>@ p o s s i b l e , i n p r i n c i p n l , t o eciuip t h e program w i t h a p r o c e d u r e f o r d e t e c t i n g c y c l e s o f t h i s s o r t , b u t t h e t i m c ? r d q u i r a d by such a ? r o c e d u r e , and t h e compl'exity t h a t it viould i n t r o d u c e i n t o t!le nroqram a s a whole, a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o r u l e i t o u t o f a l l p r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF13": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "The problem o f d i s t i n g u i s h i n g s e n t e n c e s from n o n s e n t e n c c s i s o f academic i h t e r e s t . R u t , i n n a t u r a l l a n q u a q c s , t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f words t o g r a m a t i c a l c a t c~o r i e s i s , a s we have a l r e a d y remarked, n o t o r i o u s l y a~? l~i q u o u s and f o r t h i s problem t o a r i s e i t i s enouqh f o r s u i t a b l y ambiguous words t o come t o g e t h e r i n t h e s e n t e n c e .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF14": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": ":o::ev~-?r, i f t h e u s e r !<noris tlhare thcy a r e li!:ely t o o c c u r o r d i s c o v e r s t h e n a s a r e s u l t of h i s ex;>ericnce ?ri.th t!lc ,?roqrnrn, !le can i n c l u d e sone s;>ecial r u l e s i n h i s q r a m a r :!i~ici~ w i l l p r e v e n t them from o c c u r r i n g . These r u l e s , v;lich 1 . r~ !lave a l r e a d y eluded t o , a r e f o r m a l l y s i m i l a r t o a l l o t h e r s e x c e p t t h a t t h e y c o n t a i n no \" e q u a l s \" s i~n and no rig!ithand s i d e . 1*7hen a P-marker i s found t o c o n t a i n a s t r i n g which matches t h e l e f t -h a n d s i c k of one o f t h e s e r u l e s , t h e program arranrjes t h a t , t h e n c e fomr~~ard, no o t h e r r u l e s h a l l b e allowed t o apply t o t h e [thole s t r i n g . The c y c l e i n t h i s l a t e s t example c o u l d n o t o c c u r i f t h e rjramlar c o n t a i n e d t h e r u l e : A B E We now cone t o t h e main concern o f t h i s p a p e r which i s t o d i s c u s s t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e program we have been d e s c r i b i n g c a n be made t o f u n c t i o n a s a t r a f l s f o r m a t i o n a l a n a l y z e r . The main purpose of t h e examples t h a t have been g i v e n i s t o show t h d g r e a t power o f t h e program a s a p r o c e s s o r of symbol s t r i n g s . The n o t i o n o f dominance i s provided f o r , b u t o n l y i n a r u d i n e n t a r y :iay.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF15": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "f o r m a t i o n a l r u l e s .arc ni:~>ly o r d e r e d . C o n s i d e r now t h e f i r s t t r a n s f o r r i a t i o n i n t h e l i s t . I n g e n e r a l , t h i s may h e e x p e c t e d t o i n t r o d u c e 1:hrases i n t o t h c P-markers t o which i t a p p l i e s v h i c h c o u l d n o t have b e e n g e n e r a t e d by t!le ;>hrasc-s t r u c t u r e c o n~o n e n t . L e t u s now w r i t e some a d d i t i o n a l p h r a s e -s t r u c t u r e r u l e s c a p a b l e of g e n e r a t i n g t2les.e new p h r a s e s . L e t u s i z s c r t t h e s e r u l e s i n t o t h e g r a m a r i n~e S i a t a l y f o l l o v i n q t h e f i r s t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l r u l e 2nd e s t a b l i s h t h e c o n v",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF16": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "I t a l s o c a n I>e c x p c c t c~P t o c r c a t c new k i n d s o f p h r a s e and p h r a s e -s t r u c t u r e r u l e s c a n b e w r i t t e n which woulZ r e c o g n i z e t h e s e . I t n a y be t h a t some o f t h e p h r a s e s formed by t h e s e c o n d r u l e c o u l d a l s o b e formed b y t h e f i r s t , and i n t h i s c a s e , i t may b e p o s s i b l e t o m o v e . t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r u l e from i t s p o s i t i o n a f t e r t h e f i r s t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o a p o s i t i o n a f t e r t h c second and t o mark it a s ~r o v i d i n g i n p u t o n l y f o r t h e s e t~l o r u l e s . N o t i c e t h a t t h e r u l e s we a r e p r o p o s i n g t o c o n s t r u c t w i l l n o t c o n s t i t u t e what h a s sometimes been c a l l e d a s u r f a c e grammar. The p h r a s e s t h e y r k s c r i b e c e r t a i n l y do n o t b e l o n g t o t h e b a s e n t r u c t u r a and ma!ly n F the-ma: * n o t b e c a n a b l e o f s u r v i v i n g unri~anyrcc: i n t o t h e s u r f a c c n t r u c t u r e . I n g e n e r a l t h o s e r u l e s r?csc?:il.,e ; '~r a s c s v:lich c a n o n l y have t r a n s i t o r y c x i s t c n c c sor:c;t:-ir?re i n t h c g e n e r a t i v e g r o c c s s . : : o t i c c a l s o t:-.nt i n o r d e r t o d c s c r i b e t h e s e 9 h r a s e s a d c c~u a t c l y it may somctiries !>e n e c e s s a r y t o e x t e n d t h e n o t i o n o f p1:rase s t r u c t u r e g r n n n a r sometthat. C~n s i c l e r f o r r?xan:?le t h e f o l l o~r i n q t r a n s f o r m a t i o n : X -A -D -Y I f ...re make t h e s u a l a s s u n p t i o n t h a t a r u l e i s ap:>liorl r e p e a t e d l y u n t i l no p r o p e r a n a l y s e s o f t h e P-marker r c~a i n which c a n !>e matched by i t s s t r u c t u r a l i n d e x , tiler. t h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , and many o t h e r s , may ~> r o~l u c e p h r a s e s o f i n d e f i n i t e l y many t y p e s . ~e t u s su:,?ose t h a t , b e f o r e t h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s a p p l i e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i n e , a l l p o s s i b l e p h r a s e s t h a t c a n h e dominated hy t h e s y n~b o l \"B\" a r e d e s c r i b a b l e by c o n t e x t f r e e p h r a s e s t r u c t u r Q r u l e s o f t h e f o l l o t i i n g form: :There t h e ai arc' ally s t r i n q s . The ;)hranc s t r u c t u r e grammar neeAed t o c k s c r i b e a l l t h e p:lrancs t h z t can c x i s t a f t e r t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h i s t r n n s f o r n a t i o n !.lust c o n t a i n t h c follominq ruler,, o r narc n~o n r~a t o l : . r u l n schclv.ta where t h e a s t e r i s k i n d i c a t e s one o r p o r e repetitions of t h e symbol \"A\". I f t h e l e f t and right-hand s i d e s of t h e s e r u l e s a r e r e v e r s e d and tiley a r e ? r e s e n t e d t o t!le proqrnn i n t h e p r o p e r n o t a t i o n , t!len t!le t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i t s e l f c a n bc r c 2 r e s c n t e d Ly t h e f o i l o v i n g -a i r of r u l e s : S i n c e t h e r e a r e no f a c i l i t ? e s f o r s p e c i f y i n g dominance r e l a t i o n s among elements on t h e right-hand s i d e s of t h e s e r u l e s , it is n e c e s s a r y t o r e s o r t t o su1,terfuge. The p h r a s e dominated by t h e synbol \"B\" i s reproduced i n t h e o u t p u t o f t h i s r u l e w i t h c o p i e s o f t h e symbol \"A\" removed from t h e right-hand end and t h e remainder bounded by t h e symbols \"B+\" and \"+B\".",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF17": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": ", and p e r h a 2 s m r e economical, way t o tlrkt'e r e c o p n i t i o n rul-es c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n v o l v e s c o n f l a t i n g t h e a d d i t i o n a l p h r a s c -s t r t~c t u r e r u l e s w i t h t h e r e v e r s e of t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l r u l o i t s e l f t o g i v e r u l e s of t h e E b l l o~~i n g kind: In f a c t , t h e elementary t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f o r d a u~h t e r a d j u n d t i o n t h a t l w e a r e p r o v i d i n g f o r h e r e i s more g e n e r a l t h a n t h a t o f t e n allowed by t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l grammarians. It i s common ts r e q u i r e t h a t i f some element 5 i s a d j o i n e d as a d a u g h t e r o f a n o t h e r e l e m e n t t h e n 2 must hove no d a u g h t e r s b e f o r e t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t a k e s place. S i s t e r a d j u n c t i d n c a n b e t r e a t e d i n an analogous manner. Consider t h e f o l l o w i n g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n : X -A -B -Y Adjoin 2 a s r i g h t sister: of 4 . The phrases e x i s t i n g b e f o r e this t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s c a r r i e d o u t , and which have \"Bn a s a c o n s t i t u e n t , can be t h o u g h t o f a s being d e s c r i b e d by a s e t o f r u l e s a s follows:",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF18": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "c o u l d he 1:ancllad i n t h e progra.rn. .with a r u l e o t t h e f o l l o t l i n q form:. Tilis i s one o f a l a r g c 17nrher o f c a s c s i n v h i c h i t h a s hcen found t h a t t h e a n a l y s i s r u l c s c a n '~c made more permissive t h a n t h e o r i n i n a l qrammar s u g q c s t s ; i i t h o u t~ i n t r o d u c i n g s 2 u r i o u s s t r u c t u r c n and w i t h o u t s e r i n u s l y i n c r e n s i n g t h e amount of t i n e o r si?acc 11scc1 !'y t h e ?rocgram. vrhile it i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t r~n s f o r n a t i o n d l x n a l y n i s can be done i n an i n t e r e s t i n g :.ray : . q i t !~ a procjram of t!lis s o r t , t h e r e soems t o be l i t t l e :lope o f finclinq an alqoritlln? f o r w r i t i n g a n a l y s i s r u l e s corresponding t o a g i v e n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l grammar. The f o l l o w i n q r u l e a l s o i n v o l v o s s i s t e r a d j u n c t i o n b u t ~o s c s nuch more s e r i o u s problems t h a n t h e p r e v i o u s example: Adjoin 2 a s r i g h t s i s t e r of 4",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF19": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "f o r m a t i o n would have t o b e somewhat a s f o l l o w s : And i n p r i n c i p a l t h e program c o u l d c a r r y o u t a r u l e o f t h i s kind. However t h e f i r s t symbol on t h e l e f t -h a n d s i d e of t h i s r u l e w i l l match any s t r i n g \\ i h a t s o e v e r , s o t l~a b",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF20": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "d a b o u t t h e p a r t o f t h e s c n t c n c e c o v e r c d by t h e v a r i a h l c \"Y\" s o t h a t a n a l y s i s r u l e s c a n be v l r i t t c n which a r e s n f f i c i e n t l y s p e c i f i c t o b e ~r n c t i c a b l c . D e l e t i o n s a r e n o t o r i o u s l y t r o u b l c s o z e i n Trammars of any k i n d because t!lo:r c a n so o n s i l y s i v e r i s e t o c y c l e s and u n d e c i d a b l e prol>ler?s. T r a n s f o r n a t i o n a l nrnmmarinns r e q u i r e t h a t l c x i c a l i t c n s silould o n l y b c c?clateC from o P,-marker i f t h c r c i s some o t h e r copy of t h c s n n c i t e~ which remnins. T h i s conclitioi: i n s u r c s v:llnt t :~c y c a l l t h e r e c o v e r a b i l i t y o f t h c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . ITw~cvcr, it i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o r e a l i z e t h a t r e c o v e r a b i l i t y , i n t h i s s e n s e , is a v e r y *.ieak c o n d i t i o n . The r e q u i r e m e n t i s t h a t , knowing t h a t an i t c n h a s been 6 e l c t c d from a c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n i n t h e P-mar::er, it s h c u l d S e p o s s i l > l e t o t e l l what t h a t i t e m :;as. n u t t h e r e i s no rcc:uircnent t h a t a P-marker s h o u l d c o n t a i n e v i d e n c e t h a t i t !,as r?criveA by means of a d e l e t i o n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o r o f t h e p l a c e s i n it where d e l e t i o n s n i g h t have t a k e n ~l a c c . D e l e t i o n s a r e n o r e e a s y t o cope v i t h i n c e r t a i n q i t u a t i o n s t h a n o t h e r s . Considcr f o r exarlplc t!le f o l l o w i n q t r a n s f o r m a t i o n : c o v e r a b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t i s s a t i s f i e d b e c a u s e of the i d e n t i t y o f t h e second and f o u r t h e l e m e n t s i n t h e s t r u c t u r a l index. The c o r r e s p o n d i n g r u l e f o r t h e program I t i s liccessary t o ;3rovirio ordcrinrr j.r.for?:ation vfith a r n l c o f t h i s k i n d !;ecousc i t ::nuld o t l l e r v i s c Ije capal>lc o f o p o r a t i n g on i t s o!.rn o u t p u t and c ; r c l i n~ i n d e f i n i t e l : ? . c u t presuma!>ly t h i s trans:ornation c a n !~o c a r r i e d o u t any number of t i m c s ' a n d t h e r,mc t l l 2 r c f o r c c,:tould b c t r u e o f t h e c o r r c s p o n d i n g a n a l y s i s r u l e . Once a g a i n , e x p e r i e n c e shows t h a t t h e grammarian a l n o s t i n v a r i a l~l y knows v o r c a b o u t t h e c n v i r o n~? ? c n t i n which a d e l c t i o n talrcs p l a c e t h a n i s s t a t e d i n t h e r u l c , and i f t!lis i n f o r~n a t i o n i s used c a r e f u l l y , a r l a l y s i s rul.es can :,e -,written :fhich do n o t l e a d t o c y c l e s . I n p r i n c i p l e t h e s i t u a t i o n i s oven :..orsc i n r u l c s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g kind:",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF21": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "f o r m a t i o n s i s r e a d from t o p t o bottom it i s r e a s o n a b l e t o suppose t h a t i n a n a l y s i s i t s h o u l d b e r e a d from bottom",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF22": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "s e n t e n c e s . The s o l u t i o n f o r t ?~e pre!;cnt cjranmar is t o use t h e f o l l o~i i n g s e t o f a11a1ysis r u l e s : Tho f i r s t ancl t!lircl r u l e s c o n t a i n , i n e f f e c t , t h e s t r~~c t a r a l i n d i c e s from t h o second a112 f i r s t t r n n u f o r x a t i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y . The f i r s t r u l c s a y s t h a t no s t r i n q i s a c c e p t a b l e a s a s e n t e n c e ~;1ic:1 c o n t a i n s \"B 3\" a s a subs t r i n g :~e c a u s e to, t h i s it ~i o u l d have l~e e n :?ossihle t o apply t r a n s f o r m a t i o n 2.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF23": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "T!lis i s t h e s t r u c t u r a l index of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n 1 which t h c r c f o r c should have been a p p l i e d t o any P -~a r l : e r c o n t a i n i n g i t . Vlc f o u r t :~ r u l e r e v e r s e s t h e . e f f e c t o f t r n n s f o r r , a t i o n 1 and t h e remaininq r u l e s a r e t h e . h r n s e -s t r u c t u r e con:>oi;cnt of t h e granlmar. Once a g a i n it t u r n s o u t t l l a t !,dlat nay5 3 . neccsaary i n t h e o r y i s o n l y r a r e l y ceccled i n 2 r a c t i c e . r x 7 e r i c n c e w i t h t h i s p r o g r a n i s , s o f a r , very l i n i t c ? !:ut no c a s e s have s o f a r been found i n which i n c o r r e c t a n a l y s e s have r e s u l t e d from o m i t t i n g r u l e s such a s t h o s e nun!2cred one and t h r e e above. CONCLUSIONS --I t r e q u i r e s s k i l l t o w r i t e r u l e s f o r nnalyzinq n a t u r a l s e n t e n c e s wit11 t h e ->rogram d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s napcr. A rroqrar: c a n o n l y ? r o p e r l y :>e c a l l a ? q t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l p a r s e r i f i t can :*or!. .!Lrcctl:r , l i t h t h e uncr'litcc! r u l c s of t:lc t r a n s f o r n a t l o n n l qramnar. l R~t no a l g o r i t h m i s known, nor i s it 1il:ely t b a t one d l 1 s !~o r t l y ;m fpund, ',r:lich \\:ill proc;ucc f r o n n t r a n s e o r m a t i o n a l grammar a s e t o f corrcs:>ontlinc r u l o s of t h e !:in<, rcc:uired by t h i s yrogran. I t i s n o t d i E E i c u l t t o c n n s t r u c t a t r a n s f o r n a t i o n a l cfranmar f o r *.r:lich rio o x a c t l y c o r r e s p o n c~i n g s e t of ann1:rsis r u l e s c a n :lo w r i t t e n . I l o~i e v~r , o t h e r grogrann have l,ccn s~r i t t c n s~!lich, t:-~ough t !~c y a r e ' s t i l l i n c!any ways i a p e r f c c t , c a n more r c o s o n n b l y bn c a l l e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a l p a r s e r s . l'hat t h e n a r c t h e advantages o f t h e p r e s e n t proqram? The EUrrent v e r s i o n of t h e 2rogram i s v r i t t c n i n ALSOL and w i t h v e r y l i t t l e r e g a r d f o r e f f i c i e n c y . But t h e b a s i c a l g o r i t h m i s i n h e r e n t l y a v e r y rjrt?at Acal more e f f i c i c n t t h a n any of i t s c o m p e t i t o r s .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF24": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "I f two i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s d i f f e r o n l y i n some s m a l l p a r t of t h e Pmarker, t h e n o n l y one complcte P-marker i s s t o r e d w i t h two v e r s i o n s o f t h e ambiguous p a r t . Plork done on t h e unambiguous p o r t i o n i s Aonc o n l y once f o r b o t h i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . The program, though undoubtedly v e r y powerful, seems n a i v e from t h e p o i n t of view o f modern l i n g u i s t i c t h e o r y . The program embodies v e r y l i t t l e of what tie know o r b e l i e v e t o b e t r u e a b o u t t h e s t r u c t u r e of n a t u r a l languages. I t might w e l l b e s a i d t h a t a computer program f o r a n a l y z i n g n a t u r a l languages i s o n l y i n t e r e s t i n g t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t it makes a c l a i m a b o u t t h e b a s i c form o f t h o s e languages.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF25": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Out t h e Lxorjram :?oscri!>ar: h e r o i s intended a s a t o 0 1 a n d n o t as a l i n n u i s t i c h y :~o t h n s i s . \"!here i s viuch t o l>c learnec? a::out n z t u r n l l n n q u a q e frbm r u~c i n o t i n q o n t h oform o f u l l i v o r s n l nol:orntivc qrn?a..nr and t r a d i n y c o u n t c raxnnl?lc f o r cxainylc. 3 u t t h e r o i s q l s o r n~c h t o b e l c i l r n a d f r o m s t u d y i n g tc:ct a s it n c t u c l l y o c c u r s . Tho s m a l l amount o f worl: t h a t h a s s o F a r ')con ':one v . y i t ! l t h i s procjran has h c c n sufficient t o a u q~z ? ? t s t r o n n l y t h n t a s c t o f r u l c s clerivec? a l g o r i t ! l -7 i c n l l y f r o n a t r o n s f o r r~a t i o n a l q r a m a r i s unlikely t o bo t h o prost c f f o c t i v a o r t h e n o s t r e v e a l i n g a n a l y t i c Z c v i c c . American Journal of Computational Linguistics Microfiche 43 : 53 d$p \\(lashington Report AJCL EDITOR'S NOTE In August, 1975, the Washington Office of AFIPS began publishing a Report. By the time the Report's existence came t o be known to AJCL, and arrangements f o r reprinting were s e t t l e d , the f i r s t volume of the Report had been completed and the second well begun.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF26": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Amercan Feder:ltlon 01 Inf~rnlatl~lil Processing S(3csllus Illc. Sulle 4:' 0 2100 L Sireel. N W Wdsli~nglon llC 20037 ?O? (96 0590    Vol.I, No. 1  August, 1975    A MESSAGE FROM THE AFIPS PRESIDENTThe f i r s t issue o f t h i s Washington Report s i g n i f i e s t h e r e a l beginning o f AFIPS a c t i v i t y i n Washington. Through t h i s medium we s h a l l communicate t o the AFIPS constituent s o c i e t i e s and the members o f these societies about computer and information processing r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s o f the Federal government and about the matters t o which the s t a f f o f t h e Washington O f f i c e i s devoting p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n . I am very pleased t h a t the opening o f t h e Wrtshington O f f i c e o f AFIPS coincides so closely M i t h the s t a r t o f my own term as President o f AFIPS. The e s t a b l i s hment o f t h i s O f f i c e has been a p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t o f mine f o r some time; during my term as President I expect t o devote a considerable amount o f time t o i t . I n order f o r t h e Washington O f f i c e t o be a success, a number o f pieces w i l l have t o fit together. Two o f them most appropriate f o r mention here are: This Washington Report must develop i n t o a useful, n o t t o say indispensable p u b l i c a t i o n t o i t s recipients; t h i s w i l l happen most s u r e l y i f we receive feedback from you on what you l i k e and d o n ' t l i k e , on what should be i n the Report which i s n o t and on what shouldn't be i n the Report which i s . The Washington Report i s being d i s t r i b u t e d t o senior o f f i c i a l s o f t h e AFIPS constituent societies. From you we s o l i c i t ideas on what t h e Washington O f f i c e should be involved i n . Your suggestions on how t h e i n f o n a t i o n processing comnunity can be best served by the AFIPS Washington O f f i c e are most important t H. WARE APPOINTED TO PRIVACY PROTECTION STUDY COMMISSION It was announced on June 10 t h a t Dr. W i l l i s H. Ware o f the Rand Corporation has been appointed as a member o f the Privacy P r o t e c t i o n Study Comnission by t h e President o f t h e United States. Dr. Ware w i l l serve on the Comnission as an independent, p r i v a t e c i t i z e n . He i s c u r r e n t l y Chainan of t h e AFIPS Special Committee on t h e Right of Privacy, and was t h e f i r s t presitient o f t h e Federation. In 1973, he served as Chainan o f the Secretary's Advisory C o n i t t e e on Qutomated Personal Data Systems, i n t h e O f f i c e o f the Secretary o f the Department o f Health, Education and Welfare; t h i s committee produced the landmark r e p o r t Records, Conlputers and the Rights o f C i t i z e n s . Accordiog t o the P r i v a c y A c t of 1974, t h e Commission i S t o \" ( 1 ) make a study of t h e data banks, automated data processing programs, and information systems of governmental, r e g i o n a l , and p r i v a t e organizations, i n o r d e r t o determine t h e standards and procedures i n force f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f persolla1 ,information; and ( 2 ) recopv~end t o t i l e President and t h e Congress t h e extent, i f any, t o which the requirements and p r i n c i p l e s o f [the ~c t ] should be a p p l i e d t o t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r a c t i c e s o f those organizations by legislaticpn, a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a c t i o n , o r vol unt a r y adoption o f such requirements and p r i n c i p l e s , and r e p o r t on such otlier l e g i sl a t i v e ~-ecoirtnendations as i t may detennine t o be necessary t o p r o t e c t the p r i v a c y o f i l i d i v i d u a l s w h i l e meeting the l e g i t i m a t e needs o f governnlent and s o c i e t y f o r i n f o n n a t i o n . ' NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF DOMESTIC COUNCIL COt1MITTEE ON PRIVACY -..---Vice.President Rockefeller' announced on June 26 t h e appointment o f Quincy Rodgers as Executive D i r e c t o r o f the Domestic Council Committee on t h e R i g h t o f Privacy. I.lr. Rodgers i s c u r r e n t l y M i n o r i t y Council t o the Subco~luiiittee on Separation o f Povrers o f the Senate J u d i c i a r y Committee. Tile Ooiilestic Council Privacy C o r n i t t e e was e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1974 as t h e arm o f the A d m i n i s t r a t i o n responsible f o r developing and c o o r d i n a t i n g agency views, pol i c y recommcndations, and s p e c i f i c l e g i s l a t i v e and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e i n i t i a t i v e s regarding t h e c o l l e c t i o n , storage, and dissemination o f i n f o n n a t i o n about i n d i v i dual h i e r i cans. EGER OLITLINES OTP AGENDA -John Eger, Acting D i r e c t o r o f t h e O f f i c e o f Telecommunications P o l i c y , i n the Executive O f f i c e o f the President, o u t l i n e d the agenda o f h i s o f f i c e i n a I-lay 20th speech b e f o r e the Computer and Business Equipnient Manufacturers Assoc i a t i o n , Addressing what t h e O f f i c e o f Teleconiii~uni cations P o l i c y might do t o i n s u r e a nlarket m i n i m a l l y constrained by governllient r e g u l a t i o n , Egcr submitted the f o l l o w i n g : \"One, encourage an even g r e a t e r r o l e f o r competition and market f z e s i n the com~nunications i n d b s t r y . . . . Two, address t h e privacy. and p r i v a c y -r e l a t e d problems i n t e n s i f i n y the sheer speed and eiffictency o f computer coirmunications . . . And, three, . . . seek t o maximize r e l i a n c e on t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r f o r the p r o v i s i o n o f i n f o n n a t i o n services . . . .\" EFTS LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS Against t h e background o f the broad EFTS moratorium proposed l a s t January by Senator Proxmire i n t h e Senate and Mr. St. Germain i n t h e House o f Representatives, two b i l l s of l e s s e r scdpe have r e ce n t l y been introduced. The e a r l i e r Proxmire moratorium would r e q u i r e t h a t no f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n e n t e r i n t o a c o n t r a c t i n v o l v i n g e l e c t r o n i c metbods o f fund t r a n s f e r s a t places o f business o t h e r than f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s and clearinghouses.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF27": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "ADMINISTRATION INTRODUCES BILL FOR WHITE HOUSE SCIENCE ADVICE Senator Moss, in behalf of the Ford Administration, introduced on June 20 a b i l l t o establish a science advisory mechanism in the White House. While there are currently several b i l l s pending before the Congress on t h i s subject, the administration bill (S.1987) and a b i l l introduced in the House by Mr. Teague (H.R.4461) are considered t o be the most likely contenders f o r enactment. S.1987 would establish in the Executive Office of the President an Office of Science and Technology Policy. The Director of the office would be the President's chief policy advisor with respect t o s c i e n t i f i c and technological matters. THEODORE PUCKORIUS NPMED COMMISSIONER OF ADTS The A d m i n i s t r a t o r o f t h e General Services A d m i n i s t r a t i o n announced on May 19 t h a t Theodore D. Puckorius has been named Commissioner of t h e Automated Data and Telecomunications Service (ADTS) ADTS i s responsible f o r governmentwide ADP resource management and procurement. AFIPS I N WASHINGTON AFIPS OPENS WASHINGTON OFFICE ON JUNE 26, 1975 The opening o f t h e AFIPS Was.hington O f f i c e , approved by the AFIPS Board o f D i r e c t o r s i n November, 1974, took place formally on June 26, 1975. O f f i c e Enarter. The c h a r t e r o f t h e Washington O f f i c e , as e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e AFIPS Board, i s : ( I ) , t o provide an i n f o r m a t i o n s e r v i c e t o AF!PS c o n s t i t u e n t s o c i e t i e s ; and (2) t o e s t a b l i s h contact w i t h Federal agencies and the Congress, and make experts and e x p e r t i s e a v a i l a b l e from t h e AFIPS constituency t o such groups. Washington A c t i v i t i e s Committee. The Washington O f f i c e w i l l operate under the AFIPS Washington A c t i v i t i e s Committee, chaired by Mr. K e i t h Uncapher, D i r e c t o r o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f Southern C a l i f o r n i a I n f o r m a t i o n Sciences I n s t i t u t e . Committee members are Dr. Frank Ryan, D i r e c t o r o f Information Systems f o r t h e U. S. House o f Representatives, and Mr. Ralph Leathetman o l the Hughes Tool Company. Special Inaugural Presentation. The Washington O f f i c e was f o r m a l l y inaugurated b y a conference addressing t h e theme o f \"Inforrsation Processing as a National Resource.\" Speakers, representing t h e Federal government, academia and industry, included Senator John Culver (Iowa); Dr. Brockway McMillan, Vice President, M i l i t a r y Systems, B e l l Telephone Laboratories; Dr. Ruth Davis, D i r e c t o r of t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau o f Standards; and Dr. A l l e n Newell, U n i v e r s i t y Professor a t Carnegie-Mellon U n i v e r s i t y . MARCENE TERRONES JOINS AFlYS STAFF Marcene E. Terrones has j o i n e d t h e P.FIPS s t a f f as secretary i n t h e newly opened AFIPS Washington O f f i c e . She b r i n g s matching c r e d e n t i a l s t o a j o b which demands a bruad range o f experience; most r e c e n t l y , she has served as A s s i s t a n t Administ r a t o r i n the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Union o f Operating Engineers and Pipe L i n e Employers H e a l t h and Welfare Fund. We t r u s t y o u w i l l a l l come t o know h e r as y o u come i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e Washington Office; congratulations i n y o u r new j o b , Marcie, and we1 come aboard! PhlllpS Nyborg Director Washlngfon Offtce d % Washington Report * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * American Federat~on of lnformatlon Processing Soclelles. Inc Sulle 420, 2100 L Streef. N W Washington D C 20037 202-296-0590 Vol. I , No. 2 WASHINGTON DEVELOPMENTS September, 1975 NEW LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITY ON WHITE HOUSE SCIENCE ADVICE Representatives Teague and Mosher have introduced a new b i l l .(H.R. '9058)to provide f o r s c i e n t i f i c advice t o the President, which integrates some major features of two e a r l i e r b i l l s introduced by Teague and the Ford Administration, respectively (Washington Report, 8/75). Back round. There have been various science advisory mechanisms in the White + ouse over the years, a t times having a recognition of information processing. In 1957 President Eisenhower, in response t o international developments. in mi ss i l e technology, appointed a Special Assistant t o the President f o r Science and Technology, and a President's Science Advisory Comi t t e e (PSAC) which consisted of non-government s c i e n t i s t s and engineers; in 1959, he also established the Federal Council f o r Science and Technology, which was composed of representatives of the major science-oriented agencies. President Kennedy, in 1962, institutionalized White House involvement in science policy by creating the Office of Science and Technology (OST) in the Executive Qffice of the President. As of 1970 OST included a s t a f f member f o r computers, Dr. A. Michael Noll. However, President Nixon abolished PSAC and OST in 1973, transferring OST's functions (except those relating t o national security) t o the Office of the Director of the National Science Foundation, Dr. H. Guyford Stever. While Stever was simultaneously appointed Science Advisor t o the President, the post was organizationally removed t o agency level, and Stever was effectively barred from White House policy level discussions during the Nixon Administration. The Ford Administratian, in contrast, has recenxly shown several signs of willingness t o reinstate a science advisor in the White House. ,H.R. 9058 d i f f e r s from e a r l i e r b i l l s in two important respects. First, in contrast t o the Administration b i l l and t o Stever's present role, H.R. 9058 would specifically direct the new science advisor t o render advice in the area of national secur i t y . Second, in l i e u of the maior organizational reform proposed in the original Teague Bill (H.R. 4461) t o provide a centralization of s c i e n t i f i c research and development, the new b i l l would simply i n i t i a t e a major study t o assess the total Federal science and techology e f f o r t , devoting particular attention t o organizational reform. Since the e a r l i e r Teague Bill would have consolidated major Federal s c i e n t i f i c and technical information organizations, the study approach i s expected t o create considerably less political resistance. Nevertheless, the b i l l ' s prospects f o r enactment remain unclear. Although AFIPS and other s c i e n t i f i c socie t i e s were t o l d by an official of the Domestic Council in a White House briefing on July 30 t h a t the b i l l was perceived t o be a good one, i t has not y e t received the public support of the Ford Administration.PRIV4CY COMMISSION ELECTS CHAIRMAN, APPOINTS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR The Privacy Protection Study Commission e l e c t e d David F. Linowes as i t s chairman on J u l y 11. Linowes subsequently announced on August 14 the appointment o f Carole W. Parsons as executive d i r e c t o r o f t h e Commission. Mr. Linolves i s an i n t e r n a t i o nal management consultant and a c e r t i f i e d p u b l i c accountant. Ms. Parsons has f o rmerly been associated w i t h the White House DonieStic Council Committee on the Right o f Privacy and the HEW Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems. I n carrying out i t s s t a t u t o r y charter (Washington Re o r t , 8 75), t h e Comlnission w i l l emphasize the assessinent o f p r i v a c y s a f e g u a r h e (usiness and industry sector. I t w i l l examine p o l i c y issues associated ~i t h t h e i n t e r s t a t e t r a n s f e r o f information, the use o f personal i d e n t i f i e r s , and information a c t i v i t i e s i n areas such as employ~nent, insurance, c r e d i t , banking, health, and social service. I t w i l l publish a f i n a l r e p o r t by June, 1977. Chairman Linowes has i n d i c a t e d \"the strong desire o f tlie Conaiission t o receive suggestions from the p u b l i c on which facets o f the p r i v a t e sector should be given major attention;'' further, Ms. Parsons has s t a t e d t h a t she w i l l be looking f o r new ideas and l i n e s o f research t o propose t o the Conirnission. Tlie AFIPS Washington O f f i c e w i l l endeavor t o play an a c t i v e r o l e i n providing assistance and input t o the Commission; comments from tlie AFIPS s o c i e t i e s are therefore o f substantial importance, and are s t r o n g l y s o l i c i t e d . U. 5 . SUPREME COURT TO REVIEW NEW CASE ON PATENT OF SOFTWARE, There i s now pending before the U. S. Supreme Court a review o f the software pat e n t granted t o Thomas R. Johnston. The Court r u l e d i n the 1972 Benson-Tabbot case t h a t the software patent then i n question was n o t v a l i d , b u t the Justices d i d n o t resolve the issue o f software p a t e n t a b i l i t y i n general. Instead, the Court deferred t o t h e Congress f o r a d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e l e g a l protections t o be afforded t o software; t h e Congress, however, has n o t responded. I n the b r i e f f o r the United States f i l e d i n the pending case; S o l i c i t o r General Robert Bork has asked t h e Court t o resolve whether a coniputer program i s patentable as a machine ( r a t h e r than as a process), arguing t h a t i t i s unreasonable t o characterize a programmed general purpose coniputer as a \"new s~achine\". MAJOR FEDERAL AGENCIES PROPOSE REGULATIONS T4 IMPLEMENT PRIVACY ACT OF 1974",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF28": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "agencies are required by t h e Privacy Act o f 1974 t o publish, p r i o r t o August 28, 1975, proposed implementing regulations f o r p u b l i c comment. Comments from t h e AFIPS s o c i e t i e s may be submitted through the AFIPS i.!ashington Office. Major agencies which have proposed r u l e s subject t o comment during September include: Deadline f o rFederal R e j z",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF29": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "I n s t i t u t e f o r Computer Science and Technology (ICST) in the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and the Automated Data and Telecammunications Service (ADTS) in the General Services Administration (GSA) have announced t h a t they will jointly undertake an e f f o r t to develop computer interface standards; one desired res u l t of the program i s to f a c i l i t a t e the competitive Federal procurement of computer peripheral equipment. ICST's overall charter i s t o develop standards related t o information processing, and ADTS i s responsible for automated data processing equipment procurement throughout the Federal government. The NBSIGSA program will: assess Federal government ,experience with multivendor computer systems and produce a report t o the agencies; produce technical guide1 ines t o a s s i s t Federal agencies in t h e planning, selection and operation of multivendor systems; analyze comparativeLy the device level interface employed in high density disk drives; and evaluate the technological and economic impact of computer interface standards in the iiternational , national and Federal sectors. NBS SOLICITS COMMENTS ON DATA,ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM Pursuant t o i t s statutory authority t o establish Federal ADP Standard?, the National Bureau of Standards i s developing a standard data encryption algorithm t o be recomnended f o r Federal use. The purpose of the algorithm i s t o allow f o r compatibility of encrypted data. NBS points out that cryptograghic devices implementing the standard may be covered by patellts held by IBM, which has agreed t o grant non-exclusive, royal ty-free 1 icenses; and that devices re1 ating t o the standard may be subject to e x~o r t c o n t~l~ AFIPS societies may submit comments t o the Associate Director f o r ADP Stagdards, I n s t i t u t e f o r Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234, o r t o the AFIPS Washington Office. Deadline f b r receipt of comments by NBS i s October 30, 1975. The specification f o r the data encryption standard may be found in the Federal Register of August 1 , 1975 a t p. 32395; alternatively, copies may be obtained through the AFIPS Washington Office.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF30": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "NEW BILL INTRODUCED TO CONTROL FEDERAL CRIMJ_NAL JUSTICE INJORMATION SYSTEMS -Sen. Tunney and Rep. Edwards have introduced identical b i l l s (H.R. 8227 and S. 2008) t o control Federal criminal justice information systelns. The bill i s a compromise incorporating features of legislation introduced e a r l i e r this year.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF31": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "t h e r e c o r d f o r each p r o j e c t contains a 200 word d e s c r i p t i o n o f ' t h e work t o be performed. I n f o r m a t i o n s e r v i c e s i n c l u d e custom searches performed o n -l i n e by t h e SSIE s t a f f , ($50.00 f o r t h e search and f i r s t 50 records, $10.00150 records therea f t e r ) and Research I n f o r m a t i o n Packages (pre-designed searchesabout $35.00).Contact SSIE a t Room 300, 1730 M S t r e e t , N.W.,Washington, D. C. 20036, telephone   (202)  381-4211, f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n . The NTIS o n -l i n e data base c o n s i s t s o f F e d e r a l l y sponsored research r e p o r t s conlp l e t e d from 1964 t o date. Each r e c o r d represents a Technical Report Summary avera i n g 250 words. NTIS i n f o r m a t i o n products i n c l u d e t h e custom o n -l i n e NTISearch (!100.00 f o r t h e search and f i r s t 100 records, $25.00/100 records t h e r e a f t e r ) , and Published Searches (standard NTISBarch's -$25.00). NTIS a l s o publishes Week1 Government Abstracts, which c a r r y summaries o f research r e p o r t s as they a d e -1i c; s u b j e c t s i n c l u d e : Computers, Control & I n f o r m a t i o n Theory; Comnunication; and L i b r a r y & I n f o r m a t i o n Sciences. Contact NTIS a t 5285 P o r t Royal Road, S p r i n g f i e l d , V S r g i n i a 22161, telephone (202) 967-4676, f o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n . NEWS BRIEFS -A f t e r heavy debate on b o t h NSF funded p r o j e c t s and t h e peer review system, Congress has passed t h e NSF a u t h o r i z a t i o n b i l l f o r FY76; t h e b i l l passed w i t h o u t t h e proposed Bauman amendment which would have r e q u i r e d p r i o r Congressional approval o f NSF research grants. The FY76 a u t h o r i z a t i o n i s a 2.6% r e d u c t i o n ( i n absolute d o l l a r s ) from FY75, b u t NSF t r a n s f e r r e d about 6% o f i t s research t o ERDA b e f o r e FY76 began. -OSIS and NTIS have p u b l i s h e d t h e Federal S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Comnun i c a t i o n s A c t i v i t i e s : 1974 Progress Report. Order No. PB-242 318, $5.25 NTIS; Dept. o f Commerce, S p r i n g f i e l d , V i r g i n i a 22151. -Hearings. w. o f Commerce: Domestic and I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Administ r a t i o n , Computer Systems Technical Advisory Committee, Technology T r a n s f e r Subcommittee, September 9; L i c e n s i n g Procedures Subcommittee, September 10; Hardware Subcomnitt'ee, Septemben 16. National Bureau o f Standards: Federal I n f o r m a t i o n Processino Standards Coordinatina and Advisorv Committee. Seotember 17. Cowtact A~P S Washington O f f i c e Tor d e t a i l s . --Rep. Staggers has i n t r o d u c e d l e g i s l a t i o n which would a u t h o r i z e new telecommunications R & D. -Rep. M o r r i s Udall has proposed l e g i s l a t i o n which would c r e a t e a Com e t i t i o n Review Conmission t o assess competition i n major economic s e c t o r b g \" e l e c t r o n i c computing and communication equipment.\" AFIPS IN WASHINGTON AFIPS BECOMES CORRESPONDING SOCIETY OF NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AFIPS President Anthony Ralston has accepted an i n v i t a t i o n from t h e National Research Council (NRCt h e p r i n c i p a l o p e r a t i n g agency o f t h e N a t i o n a l Academy of Sciences and t h e National Academy o f Engineering) t o become a corresponding s o c i -e t y o f the newly-formed Assembly o f Mathematical and Physical Sciences (AMPS).. AFIPS was formerly an NRC a f f i l i a t e d organization, b u t a recent NRC reorganizat i o n has required a r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f p r i o r s o c i e t y r e l a t i o n s h i p s . A f f i l i a t i o n o f AFIPS w i t h one NRC assembly does n o t preclude a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h others, such as the Assembly o f Behavioral and Social Sciences. I n NRC t r a d i t i o n , AMPS a c t i v i t i e s w i l l c o n s i s t o f b o t h d i r e c t responses t o research requests i n i t i a t e d by Federal agencies, atid t h e undertaking, on i t s own i n i t i a t i v e , o f p r o j e c t s which are deemed t o be o f n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t . I n making the i n v i t a t i o n t o AFIPS, AMPS Chairman N o r r i s E. Bradbury said,\"it i s essential t h a t serious consideration be given [ b y AMPS] t o b o t h the b e n e f i t s t h a t can accrue t o the Assembly Frogram through i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h tlie professional organizations. .. [and] c o n t r i b u t i o n s t h a t t h e Assembly, i n turn, can ~nake t o these organizations.\" AFlPS SOCIETY PRESIDENTS ASKED TO DESIGNATE W I N G T O N OFFICE LIAISON -----...----AFIPS has asked i t s s o c i e t y presidents t o each designate a l i a i s o n t o the AFIPS Washington O f f i c e . Persons designated w i l l a c t as a primary working contact f o r t h e Office, p r o v i d i n g access t o subject area experts w i t h i n each society, providing nominees f o r various p a m l s , r e l a y i n g disseminated information t o appropriate p o i n t s w i t h i n each society, and p r o v i d i n g feedback regarding the O f f i c e and the issues w i t h which i t deals. ACIIPS WASHINGTON ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE MEETS TO CONSIDER WASHINGTON OFFICE ~E T S I n responding t o i t s fundamental c h a r t e r t o f a c i l i t a t e conimunication between the AFIPS s o c i e t i e s and the Federal government, the AFIPS Washington O f f i c e w i l l become involved i n c e r t a i n p r o j e c t -o r i e n t e d a c t i v i t i e s . The AFIPS Washington A c t i v i t i e s Comnittee met i n \\dashington on J u l y 23 t o consider a l i s t o f 11 unsol i c i t e d proposals ( i n c l u d i n g several on a funded basis) received from Federal agencies, f o r p r o j e c t s which the AFIPS Washington O f f i c e ]night undertake, i n i t iate o r f a c i l i t a t e . As a r e s u l t o f t h e meeting, 6 o f the proposals are being f u r t l i a r investigated, f o r possible f i n a l approval by the Committee. I n addition, presidents o f the AFIPS s o c i e t i e s have been asked t o submit s i m i l a r proposals. format o f the AFIPS Washington Report are i n a formative and experimental stage. Your comments w i l l be o f great assistance i n making t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n responsive t o the needs o f y o u r society.AFTPS s o c i e t i e s have permission t o use material i n th'e AFIPS Washington Report f o r t h e i r own publications, except t h a t where an a r t i c l e t i t l e app ~s w i t h an (*) c7earance must f i r s t be obtained from the AFIPS Washington 8 f i c e .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF32": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "American Federat~on of Information Proasslog Soctel~es Inc Sule 420 2100 L Street N W Wsshlnglon, DC 20037 202.STATUS IN NSF REORGANIZATION Computer research has maintained i t s status through the course o f the recent major reorganization i n the National Science Foundation (NSF). Under the new organizat i o n a l structure, computer research w i l l be conducted IR the Computer Science Section (CSS) o f the Directorate f o r Mathematical and Physical Sciences, and Engineering (MPE). The reorganization i s designed t o provide a more effective management structure, and t o balance research a c t i v i t y among the new Directorates. Impact o f the Reorganization. Dr. John R. Pasta, director f o r the former Division o f Computer Research, w i l l assume broader responsibility as the director o f the new Division o f Mathematlcal and Computer Sciences. Assuming Dr. Pasta's e a r l i e r responsibilities, Mr. Kent Curtis w i l l become the new head o f the Computer Sciences Section. According t o Dr. Pasta, the recognition o f computer science reflected I n the reorganization w i l l help t o insure that i t continues t o be viewed as a unique discipline w i t h i n NSF; the $12 m i l l i o n budget f o r research i n t h i s area w i l l r a i n unaffected. Grants f o r computer research. NSF awards grants t o support research i n Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Cmpl~ter Applications. CSS, I n an e f f o r t t o assess prior1 t i e s as seen from researchers i n the f i e l d , w i l l continue the policy o f accepting unsolicited proposals from any source. While universities are expected t o be primary recipients o f grants, other organizations are e l l g i b l e f o r support. Within CSS, p r i o r i t i e s i n research funding are reflected i n the various programs, and program directors are the primary decision makers i n determining grants; these individuals should be considered the primary contact within NSF f o r researchers interested i n specific grant areas: -Theoretical Computer Sciences Program, Bruce H. Barnes -Software and Programing Systems Program, Thmas A. Keenan -Computer Systems Design Program, John R. Lehmann -Networking f o r Science Program, Walter A. Sedelow -Techniques and Systems Program, Sally Y. Sedelow -Software Q u a l i t y Research Program, J. Richard Phil1 ips -Special Projects Program, Fred Weingarten Cmunications should be addressed t o the Computer Science Section, National Sdence Foundation, Washington, D. C. 20550, o r assistance may be obtained through the AFIPS Washington Office.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF33": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Tunney indicated t h a t the i n v e s t i g a t i o n could l e a d t o l e g i s l a t i o n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e use o f surveillance technology. Witnesses f o r t h e White House O f f i c e o f Management and Budget, and FPA, t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e i r computers were n o t capable o f d i r e c t communications w i t h other agency computers, and t h a t there had been no improper use o f t h e i r systems. Tunney nonetheless expressed concern regarding accountability and control i n the use o f such systems. I n p a r t i c u l a r , he pointed t o t h e lack o f knowledge on t h e p a r t o f White House witnesses concerning the data base content i n t h e FPA computers a t Mt. Weather, w h i l e the d i r e c t o r o f t h a t system had indicated t h a t i t s data base content was a matter f o r the d i s c r e t i o n o f other agencies.NEWS BRIEFSThe Comnerce Department has announced t h a t U.S.Exports o f computers and r e l a t e d equipment t o t a l l e d $555 m i l l i o n during the f i r s t quarter o f t h i s year; imports f o r the same period t o t a l l e d $32 m i l l i o n . The White House O f f i c e o f T e l e c m u n i c a t i o n s P o l i c y has released a privacy study which evaluates privacy safeguards ana proviues r e c m e n d a t i o n s . Brig. Gen. Walter E. Adams has been named Comnander, U. 5. Army Computer Systems Comnand a t Ft. Belvoir, V i r g i n i a ; succeeding him as Deputy C m a n d e r w i l l be m e n . Jack L. Hancock, formerly o f the Defense Comnunications Agency. The U.S. Comptroller General has reconended t h a t the Navy take measures i n several areas t o improve management o f i t s data processing programs. The General Services Administration has s o l i c i t e d (RFP-CDPA-76-1) r o osals t o develop ADP mdnagement guidelines f o r Government executives a * AFIPS IN WASHINGTON PRIVACY As a r e s u l t o f i n t e r a c t i o n s t o date, the Washington O f f i c e has received s p e c i f i c suggestions from bath the Privacy Protection Study Comnission and the White House Danest i c Council Privacy Comnittee regarding assistance which AFIPS might provide. Our next a c t i v i t y w i l l be t o structure a group o f i n d i v i d u a l s from the AFIPS societies who are w i l l i n g t o make a comnitment t o providing t h i s assistance, FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION BRIEFINGS The Washington O f f i c e has i n s t i t u t e d a series o f b r i e f i n g s t o t h e Federal C m i c at l o n s C m i s s i o n , beginning w i t h ivformal presentatioils by AFIPS experts v i s i t i n g Washington. A near-term objective i n t h i s area i s t o provide a more comprehensive b r i e f i n g t o the Coninission, describing broadly how technological developments i n , computing ' w i l l affect communications and u l t i m a t e l y a f f e c t the regulatory responsib i l i t i e s o f t h a t agency. FEDERAL COMPUTER NETWORKS AND PERSONAL DATA FILES The use o r potential use of Federal computer networks t o exchange personal data f i l e s has recently been the subject o f a t t e n t i o n by both Sen, Tunney's Subcommittee on~Constitu$ional Rights, and NBC Tews. E a r l i e r t h i s year, Ford Rowan o f NBC produced a series o f national news stories based on h i s investigation o f Federal networks, p a r t i c u l a r l y those i n the defense and i n t e l l i g e n c e comnunities. With the objective o f providing appropriate input from the computing profession, the AFIPS Washington O f f~c e arranged f o r Mr. Rowan t o interview Prof. Bernard Galler and Dr. W i l l i s Ware; these interviews are expected t o dppear on the NBC Nightly News. GENERAL INFORMATIONAL ACTIVITIES I n addit-ion t o producing the AFIPS Washington Report, recent a c t i v i t i e s have included: the development o f a mechanism t o disseminate NSF program s o l i c i t a t i o n s froni both the Computer Science Section and the O f f i c e o f Science and Information Service; providing i n f o m a t i o n i n response t o individual requests from AFIPS constituents; and providing d i r e c t briefings t o the AEDS and IEEE Computer Society boards which have recently met i n Washington. I n providing information t o the Federal government, the Washington Office has recently responded t o requests from the Federal Comnunications Comnission, the Library o f Congress, and the Domestic Council Privacy Comnittee.PXPLORATORY ACTIVITIESAn Important concept i n the Washington Office charter i s that the Office w i l l funct i o n as an early warning mechanism w i t h regard t o developments i n the Federal government. The objective i s t o permit AFIPS societies the opportunity t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n such developments, rather than responding t o them as f a i t s accom l i s . Accordingly, the Washington Office devotes substantial resources t o a d s hearings and meetings, and scanning on a d a i l y basis such publications as the Federal Regist e r , the Congressional Record and various comnercial reporting cervices.-Recent exploratory meetings have been held with several groups which have indicated a d e f i n i t e i n t e r e s t i n access t o technical information through AFIPS, e.g., the Congressional Office o f Technology Assessment, the A i r Force Systems Comnand, and the O f f i c e o f Automated Data Processing Management i n the General Services Administ r a t i o n . Continued l i a i s o n w i t h congressional comnittees has permitted the Washington Office t o a l e r t AFIPS t o major anticipated hearings, such as those t o be held t h i s f a l l by the House Committee on Science and Technology on (1) technology transfer and (2) the R & D programs o f the National Science Foundation (inc1udin.g i t s program i n computer resear h : .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF34": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "AFIPS societierriav-e permission t o use inaterial I n the AFIPS Washington RepoPt f o r t h e i r own p u b l i c d t~o n s , except that where an a r t i c l e t i t l e appears w i t h an ( * ) clearance must f i r s t be obtained from the AFIPS Washington Office.d ! Washington Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amencan Federalion ol Inlormallon F' tmSung Sot elks Inr Su'lt* 37,) ?I00 L Slreel N W Wdsh' nplun P ?0113i 207 ?96N LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SCIENCE ANNOUNCES GOALS The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) ha$ stated its long range program i n a docment recently transmitted t o the House Conunittee on Education and Labor.NcLI.9. The Comission, established by s t a t u t e i n 1970, i s chartered t o advise the President and the Congress on national policy related t o library and information services; i t s major program objectives a r e (1) t o develop resources supportive of high quality library and information services, and (2) t o form a national network of library and information f a c i l i t i e s . Specific objectives a r e t o \" k]ncourage the private sector . . . t o become an active partner i n the development of the National Program,\" as well as t o ensure adequate library and infomation services, provide adequate special services, strengthen s t a t e resources, ensure education of r e l a t e d personnel, coordinate Federal programs, and establish a locus of Federal responsibility for t h e National Program.Nationwide netwrk. The Commission envisions a nationwide network of l i b r a r i e s and infomation centers encompassing s t a t e networks, multistate networks, and specialized netwrks i n the public and private sectors; the definition of \"network\" i n this cmntext includes computers and computer communications, although it extend3 t o cmventional telephone and teletype devices as well.While the Federal government would neither d i r e c t l y control nor operate the network, it would have responsibility f o r aiding the development of compatible networks, furthering c o m n practices, and increasing coordination between the p r ivate and public sectors; it would also \"collaborate with appropriate professional s o c i e t i e s i n promulgating i n t e r s t a t e technical standards, support the introduction of additional c o y u t e r a n d telecommunications f a c i l i t i e s as needed f o r i n t e r s t a t e purposes, and help establish protocols governing the way transactions are handled by the network.\"Other Federal (as opposed t o private) responsibilities identified by the Comission include developing centralized services f o r networking, exploring computer use, applying new forns of telecommunications, and supporting research and devel opment. Copies of the present National Program Document (U) may be obtained through the MIPS Washington Office; comments are, as noted above, encouraged by NCLIB. FEDERAL PRIVACY ACT IMPLEMENTATION Ihe Privacy Act of 1974 took effect on September 27, amidst certain unresolved questions as t o i t s operation. l h e Department of Health, Education and Welfare has characterized i t s e l f as a single agency f o r purposes of the Act, allowing (barring further Congressional response) the 11 separate agencies within HEW t o exchange personal data f i l e s without the disclosure records required f o r transfers between other Federal agencies. In a separate development, members of Congress expressed concern over the fact t h a t sone agencies were interpreting the Act t o preclude Congressional access t o agency f i l e s of personal data. Members of Congress frequently request such access t o aid t h e i r constituents i n dealing with Federal agencies. The situation was resolved, temporarily a t l e a s t , by an OMB memo recommending that each agency establish Congressional access as a \"routine use\" of a system of records under the Act; the effect on the OMB procedure w i l l be t o obviate the need f o r niembcrs of Congress t o obtain written consent i n order t o access a constituent's data f i l e . Finally, Sen. Kennedy has taken :I strong issue with a Justice Department opinion which operated t o exempt records which an agency had exempted from public access under the Privacy Act, from access under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)as well. In response t o Kennedy's objection, the J u s t i c e Department has proposed a new regulation which would allow the FOIA t o apply t o records exempted from the Privacy Act, but only a t an agency's discretion.POLITICS AND PRIVACYA number of prominent politicians have been addressing the privacy issue recently, most notably President Ford. In an address ((1 a t Stanford Law School, Ford spoke of the need t o balance the individual r i g h t of privacy with the government's l e g i t imate need f o r information related t o i t s program. While Ford made clear h i s intolerance of i l l e g a l invasions of privacy, his coments were primarily directed toward threats t o privacy which result from otherwise beneficial programs; i n such areas, he said, ' k e must protect every individual from excessive and unnecessary intrusions by a Big Brother bureaucracy.\" In a separate statement Ford l a t e r said t h a t \"N eeping only an essential minimum of these records i s the most effective protection we have\" against incursions on privacy.Sen. Tunney, chairman of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, recently reaffirmad h i s concern with privacy i n a speech (#) on the Senate floor. He noted t h a t h i s Subcommittee was presently moving b i l l s which: would prohibit military spying on civilians; would provide f o r control of criminal records (Washington Report, 9/75); and would secure greater privacy protection f o r government employees. Turtney pointed out the need t o anticipate technological threats t o privacy, an endeavor i n which AFIPS has already offered assistance t o the Senator.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF35": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "t o provide technical input as a basis f o r reasonable l e g i s l a t i o n . CONTROVERSY ON,DEFENSE IR$D PROGRAM ?he Department of Defense Independent Research and Development IIRl,ll) progr~mr has been the subject of controversy i n hearings before the Senate Irmed Services Subcommittee. The program permits defense contractors t o charge part of t h e i r general R 6 D programs as overhead-on defense contracts; i t s cost i n 1975 ros over $800 million d o l l a r s . Proponents of the program argued t h a t it allows contractors t o keep abreast of current technological developments, and t h a t it allows the military to buy .td-vnnCed electronic system a t a l e s s e r cost than i f developed under n. J i r c c t l y funded R 6 D program. C r i t i c s of the program, however, t e s t i f i e d that ~t allow:.firms t o charge p a r t of the cost of developing commercial projects t o t h e i r milit a r y contracts; Admiral Hyman Rickover, heatl of the Navy Nuclear Propulsion Program, recornended t h a t the program be eliminated.COMPTROLLER OF CURRENCY EFTS RULING ENJOINED FROM IFIPLEMENTATIONThe Comptroller of the Currency has suspended h i s December, 1974 ruling (#) that Customer-Bank Comunication Terminals (CBCT's) are not branch banks within the meanipg of the laws governing national banks. A decision l a s t July i n the Federal D i s t r i c t Court i n Washington (Washington Report, 9/75) had enjoined fuxther implementation of the ruling, but it remained i n e f f e c t while the Comptroller requested a stay of the D i s t r i c t Court decision, pending appeal; on Octaber 10 the stay was denied and the ruling immediately suspended.PRESIDENT APPQIWS EFTS CCMdISSIONPresident Ford has appointed the non-statutory members of the EFTS Commission, over one year a f t e r the enactment of the s t a t u t e ( t ) creating the Commission. As a r e s u l t of the delay the Commission w i l l have less than a year t o complete i t s work, unless the Congress passes an amendment (presently pending) which would extend i t s period of a c t i v i t y . William B. Widnall, former Congressman and ranking Republican on both the House Banking and Currency Committee and the Joint Economic Committee, has baen nominated as chairman; the Senate Banking Committee held b r i e f confirmation hearings on October 2 3 , and confirmation was expected (at press time) by Novembek 1.Members representing the financial sector are Richard D. H i l l ( F i r s t National Bank of Boston), Verne S. Atwater (Central Savings Bank of New York), and R~~ G , G~~~~ (Fidelity Federal S & L). State banking o f f i c i a l s appointed were James E. Faris (Indiana) and William B. Lewis (New Jersey), and Herb Wegner was appointed as a trade association executive. Other nominees were Freyda P. Koplow, (former Massachusetts Commissioner of Banks), Fairfax Leary, J r . (Temple University law profess o r ) ; Almarin P h i l l i p s (U. of Pennsylvania) ; Gordon R. Worley (Montgomery Ward) ; George W. Waters (American Express); John J. Reynolds (Interbank Card Association); and Ralph F. Lewis (Harvard Business Review).",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF36": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Events. The National Science Foundation held an October 28 conference a t Case Western Reserve University on Production Research and Industrial Automation; part of Vhe NSF Research Applied t o National Needs Program, the conference focused on technological improvement of productivity. NSF also has awarded a grant t o John W. Hamblen, chairman of the University of Missouri Computer Science Department, t o conduct an Inventory of Computer Acrivities and Related Ilegree Programs i n U.S. Higher Education.Nnding Opprtunities. NSF i s seeking proposals from U.S. institutions, for five day mgional conferences, on subjects of current research interest i n the mathematical sciences. The Foundation has also reopened i t s annual competition f o r faculty fellbwships i n Science Applied t o Societal Problems; awards will be offered in a l l s c i e n t i f i c fields, including computer science and mathematics, and applications (#) are due by February 6 , 1976.ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF CWRCE O N COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURINGSpeaking a t the recent Second International Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Standards workshop i n Washington, Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary of Commerce f o r Science and Technology, described the potential of computer-aided manufacturing f o r increasing national productivity.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF37": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Washington Report 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ami.nr,~n Fudrrduon ol lnlormdllon Pruwssng Soc~eltes Inr Su~le 470 2100 LStreel N W WdShlngIOn. DC 20037 202",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF38": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "earlier by the Computer 4 Business Equipment Manufacturers Association [CBEbLk). The National Science Foundation is seeking proposals for participation In U.S.-U.S.S.R. activities in the application of computers to management; present joint activities are (1) econolnetrlc modeling, (2) computer analys~s of economics in management of large systems, (3) applications of computers to management of large citics, (4) theoretical foundations for software applications in econo~nics in management, and (5) computer-aided refinement of decision making, and education of high-level executives. The Stanford Research Institute has received a $275,000.00 grant from the Experimental Technology Incentive Program in the National Bureau of Standards, to develop guidelines for improving research and development planning in fifteen non-defense Federal agencies. The House Committee on Science & Technology has published its Annual Report on Federal R & D Programs (#) .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF39": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "PROVIDES CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY ON TECIWOLOGY TRANSFER -A t tho request of the llouse Committee on Science 4 Technology, Sul)committce on Domestic and International Scientific Planning and Analysis, AFIPS provided w i tncsses t o t o s t i f y a t reccnt hearings on technology t r a n s f e r t o nations i n the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). APIPS provided two witnesses, Prof. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT and Prof. Harry Huskey of the University of California a t Santa Cruz, who t e s t i f i e d s p e c i f i c a l l y on t~a n s f c r of computer technology.Dr. Licklidor distinguished i n h i s remdrks eight aspects of technology subject t o export: hardwars, softworo, systcms, networks, services, inforn~ation, education and individual expertise. Ilo urged t h a t while computer scrviccs and accqss t o computing resources may be appropriate f o r export, t h a t exports of computer hardware should be scrutinized f o r t h e i r national security implications. Prof. Iiuskcy pointcd out t h a t information technology cnn be most hclpful t o developing notions, and tends t o have a s t s b l i f i n g cffcct on these countries; he citcd the cxdmplc of Management Information Systems i n food distribution. Ile s t a t e d further t h a t encouraging u t i l i z a t i o n of the technology by developing nations i s beneficial t o the U.S. economy andstimulates do~~lcstic R F, D (which i n t u r n maintains our r e l a t i v e technological advantage). Trsnscripts of the hearings (#) w i l l be published i n about one month.PRIVACY COhhlISSION REQUESTS AFIPS EXPERTISEThe Privacy Protection Study Commission has lnede a request of AFIPS t o provide a panel of experts familiar with certain aspects of the use of the Social Security Number (SSN) as a universal i d e n t i f i e r . The Commission i s interested i n conuaunicating with thrce specific categories of individuals:",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF40": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": ".lu.;ticc Department hns urged thc I:cdrr:~l Ikc.rrrr Hoard t o modify it.; policy an con~putc.ri:ed chcck-clearing t':icilitic-: (Auto~n,lt~>rl Clearing Il~iuses --\\ ( ' H I < ! opcratcd liy I'cderal Reserve B a n k . The Ilcp:~rt~ncnt I I I . I I ' I~. I~I~: : thilt t h c B o~r d ' h proi)o.;~d r u l e t o provide only Fcderal Rcscrvc S\\.;tcnl m1~111l)i.r Ir:inLs with u n r c s t r i r l c , l access t n A~:il's would e f f e c t i v e l y d i r c~. i~n i n ;~: r ;~g,iillcr t~tin-mrml~cr hanAs on3 tilrit't i n s t i t ut ions (hovinga and loen n s s o c i t~t ions, ; I I I~ c r v d~ t unions) ; t'urtil'r, i f iodicr1Ycd t h a t if. ACllts ot'fercd c o~~~p r r i~c n s i r e scr\\'ici.s h ~t h t l u t i'll;~rgc (r.g., p r o c c s s i n~ d c h i t items) p r i v a t r invcstn~rnt and innor..~tion ill I:I\"I'S, ii.~rt i i ' u l ,~r l y point-of-sale .\\'.;rems, would be discouraged. The J u s t i c c llepartmcnt reconuncndcd t h a t tllc HL,.I~LI r c c t r i c t \\TtI ser\\.lces t o appllcat i o n s such a s payroll deposit p l a n s , and w ;~. i l s e c u r i t y payment plans; i t recommended against s e r v i c e s t h a t would compct'v ~p n i n s t p o i n t -o f -s a l e r e t a i l f i n a n c i a l s e r v i c e s . I t a l s o urged the Board t o adopt ;I p r i c i n g s t r u c t u r e f o r ACH s e r v i c e s which would r e f l e c t t h e ful.1 c o s t of providing sltch s e r v i c e s t o each p a r t i c i p a t~n g finonci;ll i n s t i t u t i o n . WItI' l' E HUUSII SCIENCE tUWISEK I)EVELOPMEWIS The b i l l t o cstabli.sh a Wl~ite llouse scicnc' ;~r i r~s c r , pdsscd recently In t h e House (IJ~sh!nqton Report, 12/\"51, has encountcrril sul,.;t.rnti:~l d~f f i i u l t y in t h e Senate. W h~l c t h e Ford c \\ d~n i n i s t m t i o n had urged S c n ,~t c p ;~s s :~p e o f a b i l l essentiall!. ~d c n t lc a l t o t h e c n r l i e r House version, t h e S m ,~t r i s i~luving toward a h i l l l e s s d e s i r a b l e t o t h e President i n t h a t it would (1) rcrluirc the scicncc r~d v l s e r t o mohe an :lnnnal report t o the Congress, thus making t h e I'rcsidrnt ~c c o u n t o h l c for h i s differences with t h e :~dr,iser, (3) give the science a d v i s c r r c s p i l n s i h i l i t y Sor Funding recornmend a t i o n s (a task the I'msident would p r e f e r t o hare l e f t t o t h e chccutive agencies and OMB], dnd (5) gcner;llly give t h e President l c s s f l e x i h i l~t y in s t r u c t u r i n g t h e o f f i c e o f t h e science .idviser. The Senate cimmlttee:; handling t h e b i l l a r e Labor and Public Welfare (Sen. Kennedy), Commerce (Sen. Tunne).), and ~\\ c r o n a u t i c a l dnd Space Sciences (Sen. Moss). The two National Gc~ence Found.~t~on advisury groups fornlcd by t h e President t o a s s i s t i n plannt~~!: i o r tile o f f i c e of o f f i c e of Silence and 'Technology Policy (Washington Report, I ? -:-) held t h e i r f i r s t meet 111s in A.~.;htngton i n December, a t which they heard hrieS111ys fro111 relcv.mt f e d e r~l grulilis 11 :ltiding tllr k h i t e House Office of Management and 811tl.:ct, t h e Departments n f < t ,~t t -i'o~io~~.rcc, \\ g r i c u l t u r e , and t h e Federal Energy 11,lm~ 11 i s t r u t i o n . I h e gruull. ~\\ c s c ;11zt> IlriefeJ by heads o f t h e National Academies, t h e Ol i~: c o f 'Technology .Ass?. i >~n t .II,J tilt3 \\i.ltion;~l Sclence Foundation.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF41": {
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Russell gave the following outline for proposed I P M research in FY 77 (the initial numbers correspond to standard Department of Defense research categories and the italicized categories are explained in greater detail below):6.1 Bash research i n computer and comnications sciences($17.2 million) 6.2 Exploratory development -Distributed .inforrmtiot~ systems ($11.0 million) -Integmted c o m n d and control, and oommunicntiom systems ($9.5 million) Basic research i n computer and c o m i c a t i o n s sciences ($17.2 million). IPlU undertakes research in three areas:",
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            },
            "TABREF0": {
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                "content": "<table/>",
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                "content": "<table><tr><td>The Commission i s to recorntend, a f t e r</td></tr><tr><td>a thorough study and investigation, appropriate administrative and legislative</td></tr><tr><td>action in connectio~? wi ti1 the possible development of pub1 i c o r private electronic</td></tr><tr><td>fund transfer systems.</td></tr></table>",
                "num": null,
                "html": null,
                "text": "June 18 legislation which would impose a 90 day moratorium under which no Federal regulatory agency o r financial i n s t i t u t i o n could approve o r authorize the establishment o r expa%ion of any electronic funds transfer systenls; during this period, the National Com~ission on Electronic Furid Transfers would submit a report to tile Congress wiiicl~ would contain i t s r~conunendations regarding further legislation.EFTS APPOINTMENTS REMAIN PENDINGPresidential appointments to the National Coniinissioii on Electronic Fund Transfers remain pending, although the Coiiriiission was created in October, 1974 b v Act o f Congress. Concern over the delay has bee11 voiced by Senator FlcIntyre, Chairman of the Financial Institutions Subconr~~ittee of the Senate Banking Conmittee, as well as by Inembers of the private sector."
            },
            "TABREF4": {
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                "content": "<table/>",
                "num": null,
                "html": null,
                "text": "AFIPS NASHINGTON ACTIVITIES CWIITEE MEETS IN WASHINGTON An MIPS Washington Activities Committee meeting was held In Washington on October 8, attended by MIPS Presiden Tony Ralston and Executive Director Robert Rector."
            },
            "TABREF6": {
                "type_str": "table",
                "content": "<table><tr><td>Jerrier Haddad [IRM] Richard Kerp (U. of L,iliforniat, ,Joshua Lcdellicrg (Stanford</td></tr><tr><td>Medical School), J.C.R. Licklidur (YIT), Allrn Xcwcll (C;~rncgic-bi~l inn), 1;cor~c Pake</td></tr><tr><td>(Xerox), Alan Perlis (Yale) , I ' : l t rick Supp?.; (StanFord) W U I AND I T DATA COWNICATIONS \\PI'LICA'l'IONS BBFORI: I:CC</td></tr><tr><td>WUI. Western Union International (Wl) has received ;ipproval from th' Fcdcr:ll Com-</td></tr><tr><td>munications Commission (FCC) to Furnish its Internationnl Digital ll;~t;~ Scrv~ce (1DI)S)</td></tr></table>",
                "num": null,
                "html": null,
                "text": "Members of thc ,\\+ll'S group arc Gordon Bell (Ill.:(:), Ruth Davis (National Burewu of Standards), Bcrn:~rd G.II ler (U, of blichigan) , IN~cll.lrd Garwin (IBM) , , and Ivan SII. 11r1.l ,lnd (RAND) ."
            },
            "TABREF7": {
                "type_str": "table",
                "content": "<table><tr><td>The Advisory Group, in planning for the establishment of a Presidential science adviser</td></tr><tr><td>(Waehington Report, 12/75), is presently attempting to identify primary science policy</td></tr><tr><td>issues.</td></tr></table>",
                "num": null,
                "html": null,
                "text": "AFIPS IN WASHINGTON AFIPS SEEKS M COMMUNICATE WITH PRESIDENT'S SCIENCE ADVISORY GROUPThe AFIPS Washington Activities Committee, Anthony Ralston, Robert Rector and the Director of the AFIPS Washington Office recently met with Dr. Lewis Branscomb, a member of the President's Advisory Group on Contributions of Technology to Economic Strength, to discuss national science policy issues related to information processing."
            },
            "TABREF8": {
                "type_str": "table",
                "content": "<table><tr><td/><td colspan=\"4\">Actual FY 75 -FY 76 Estimated --Estimated F Y 77</td></tr><tr><td>NSF</td><td>8.3</td><td>9.8</td><td>13.9</td></tr><tr><td>ARPA</td><td>13.4</td><td>12.0</td><td>14.2</td></tr><tr><td>Prbgram Title</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Acatual FY 75 -----Estimated Estin1:ited FY 76 1: Y 77</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Theoretical Computer</td><td>2.13</td><td>2.35</td><td>2.65</td></tr><tr><td>Science</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Software. and</td><td/><td>2.68</td><td>2.75</td><td>5.15</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Programing Systems</td><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Computer Systems</td><td/><td>1.69</td><td>1.84</td><td>2.00</td></tr><tr><td>Design</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Netr~orking for</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Scier ee</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Techniques and</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Systems</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Software Quality</td><td/><td>0.94</td><td>1.30</td><td>2.50</td></tr><tr><td>Research</td><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td>Special Projects</td><td/><td>-1.36</td><td>1.40 -</td><td>2.60</td></tr><tr><td>Section Total</td><td/><td>11.78</td><td>12.54</td><td>15.80</td></tr></table>",
                "num": null,
                "html": null,
                "text": "Pama also described in detail the allocation of RGD funds within the Computer Scicnce Scction in NSF for FY 77 (in $ nillions):"
            }
        }
    }
}