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| "paper_id": "J77-1002", |
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| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:49:34.055455Z" |
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| "title": "D Y N A M I C I N F O R I A T I O N", |
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| "abstract": "First, an overall characterization of the book It is an outstanding work. Time may well establish it as a masterpiece Salton has succeeded in combining. (1) the presentation of an interesting and, more importantly, a challenging concept-the \"dynamic library\"-toward which he believes libraries and information agencies ought to direct their research, developmental, and organizational efforts, (2) extensive guides to the relevant literature in several fields, through late 1974, (3) a textbook Eor at least two semesterlength courses, for which my suggested titles would be \"Language Processing for Information Storage and Retrieval\" and \"Library Systems Analysisf', plus a good part of a third semester on \"Library Automation\", and (4) an invaluable reference work for computational Wnguists, information scientists, and librarians.", |
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| "text": "First, an overall characterization of the book It is an outstanding work. Time may well establish it as a masterpiece Salton has succeeded in combining. (1) the presentation of an interesting and, more importantly, a challenging concept-the \"dynamic library\"-toward which he believes libraries and information agencies ought to direct their research, developmental, and organizational efforts, (2) extensive guides to the relevant literature in several fields, through late 1974, (3) a textbook Eor at least two semesterlength courses, for which my suggested titles would be \"Language Processing for Information Storage and Retrieval\" and \"Library Systems Analysisf', plus a good part of a third semester on \"Library Automation\", and (4) an invaluable reference work for computational Wnguists, information scientists, and librarians.", |
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| "section": "Abstract", |
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| "text": "Now to the details. Since this review is being prepared for the American Journal of Computational Linguistics, it will be presented in a somewhat unusual format. Instead of beginning at the beginning of the book, I shall start by discussing what seem to me to be the book's highlights for the computational linguist Only after that discussion shall I deal with the gerleral plan of the book and with other specific parts of it The book's ten chapters are intended to be capable of being read independently of one another, although most readers will want to peruse Chapter 1 ahead of any other in order to understand Salton's underlying theme for the book Of the ten chapters, those most immediately relevant to computational linguistics are undoubtedly the last two, plus Chapter 3. The last two are part of a section called \"Dynamic Information Processing,\" in which Salton connects basic concepts in file organization and language processing with their potential applications in the dynamic library (about which more is said below) At the heart of computational linguistics, Chapter 9, \"Language Processing,\" condenses into 49 pages a frank evaluative review of the state-of-the-art in this field Salton links the research in the field with its potential for applications to information systems by saying: ", |
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| "section": "REVIEW* DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSING", |
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| "text": "ships that must be identifled between these e n t i t i e s ; a l l n g u i s t l c The trouble with these arguments i s t h a t a c o r r e c t premise--that most automatic indexing products a r e imperfect--leads wrongly to t h e conclusion t h a t t h e automatic product is n e c e s s a r i l y i n f e r i o r t o one obtained i n t e l l e c t u a l l y by human experts.", |
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| "section": ". requires a t l e a s t three parts: a d e s c r l p t l o n of an area of 'discourse i n terms of basic e n t i t i e s , or concepts, of importance in t h i s area, including also the main logical-semantic relation-", |
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| "text": "He concludes that although \"it is hazardous to extrapolate test results obtained in a laboratory environment t o operational situations involving possibly hundreds of thousands of items\", nevertheless, a number of different, independent tests--several of which he discusses--have shown that \"relatively s i m p l e automatic text analysis systems do not produce in a document retrieval environment search results inferior to\" those of conventional manual indexing As befits a final chapter, Chapter 10, entitled (like its superordinate) \"Dynamic Information Processing\", shows how the theories and techniques developed earlier in the book can be applied to the book's main theme, the dynamic llbrary. As Salton puts it Having dealt with the chapters that I suggest will be of primary interest to computational linguists, we can now examine the book as a whole Salton states that his overall purpose in the book is to brjdge the gap between computer science and information science by intrdducing a new environment, called the dynamic library, and a set of dynamic information processing tasks to operate in that environment. The idea is to carry out most processing tasks, such as content analysis, classification, information searcb, and retrieval, interactively under user control, while simultaneously accommodating the file updating and maintenance procedures that are inherent in a changing data processing situation.", |
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| "section": "REVIEW DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSING", |
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| "text": "The key to achieving the goals of the dynamic library is the This important concept of the clustered file i-s discussed in detail in Chapter 8, \"Automatic Document and Query Classification\"", |
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| "text": "The use of clustered files makes it practical to \"maintain the library system in a continuous state of flux\"--i e , to make it a dynamic library--by facilitating query processing in whlch both query vectors and document vectors are continually subjected to small changes As its vector changes accumulate, a document's \"classification\", i e , its cluster, may change As document changes accwnl~late, a cluster's centroid may change.", |
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| "text": "The book as a whole, then is devoted to expounding the them6 of the dynamic library and to explicating the necessary detalls 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 5 , ( 9 ) A course in \"Library Systems Analysis\"", |
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| "start": 125, |
| "end": 150, |
| "text": "2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 5 , ( 9 )", |
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| "section": "REVIEW DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSING", |
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| "text": "As part of a course in \"Library Automation' 1, 2 , 4", |
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| "text": "Every reviewer finds a few nits to pick I wish Salton had not used the abbreviation \"log\" for \"natural logarithm\" instead of the now starldard \"ln\", or at least that he had explicitly stated his usage A few of the tables contaln minor numerical errors, none that I noticed affeots the conclusions belng drawn, and at least one (\"18\" instead of \"22\" In Table 1 -2) when corrected strengthens the argument I wlsh Salton had dealt less curtly with systems analysis, but, after all, the book contains 537", |
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| "start": 352, |
| "end": 359, |
| "text": "Table 1", |
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| "section": "REVIEW DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSING", |
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| "text": "well-filled pages as it stands", |
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| "text": "In conclusion, I t h b k it likely t h a t this book w i l l come to be viewed as a master contribution to the professional and pedagogical Uterature in natural-language analysis., information science, and library science", |
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| "FIGREF0": { |
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| "text": "content analysis system going beyond the identification of individual terms . .", |
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| "text": "theory based on appropriate characterizations of lexical items and on grammatical and semantic rules that would underlie the language analysis system; a set of procedures capable of generating for each acceptable input string a deep structure specifying the linguisticsemantic relations between entities obtained from the linguistic analysis, as well as the logical-semantic relations derived From the encyclopedia, With the stage thus set, Salton presents a moderately detailed and highly readable overview of recent and current approaches to naturallanguage analysis, with an ample supply of examples The chapter's bibliography can serve as a list of the highlights in computational linguistics during 1963-1973 Not everyone will agree with Salton's somewhat pessimistic view of the usefulness of computational linguistics for information systems in the near future (i e , 10-20 years), but all will find thls chapter a masterful presentation In Chapters 3 and 10, Salton enlarges the horizons of computational linguistics beyond its most frequent area of concern, for whcih one might better use the narrpwer name of \"algebraic linguistics\", by discussing what I like to call \"quantitative linguistics\" --another part of computational linguistics, broadly considered Chapter 3, \"Automatic Indexing and Abstracting\", treats methods by which it is possible to assess progranmrmatically the probable usefulness of wordb and phrases as indicators of the content of documents. Such methods are primarily, but by no means exclusively, statistical, and the discussion includes syntax-analytic methods Salton takes pains to dispose of the standard criticism of automatic indexing as \"imperfect\", by arguing that REVIEW: DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSING The a s s e r t i o n s concerning t h e inadequacy of autonfatic indexing a r e o f t e n bolstered by demonstrations designed t o show t h a t the r e s u l t s of c e r t a i n specified automatic procedures w i l l fail t o pass any r a t i o n a l t e s t c a r r i e d out by independent human observers. And from such demonstrations one concludes t h a t the q u a l i t y obtained through automatic indexing methods i s i n \u00a3 e r i o r t o t h a t of indexing by s p e c i a l i s t s .", |
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| "text": "I n t h i s chapter t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of on-line r e t r i e v a l systems are taken up with emphasis on novel procedures not now implemented i n operational s i t u a t i o n s i n which s u i t a b l e I n t e r a c t i o n s between u s e r s and system may be p a r t i c u l a r l y b e n e f i c i a l . Covered m p a r t i c u l a r a r e indexing methods adapted t o partxcular (possibl? changing) document c o l l e c t i o n s , thesaurus construction and manipulations, search procedures based on t h e use of feedback information supplied by the customer population during the sealch operations, document space REVIEW: DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSING modification methods in which the document characterizations are changed in accordance with experiences accumulated in the course of operations, and co1lection.growth and retirement procedures. Various methods are suggested for these tasks, and evaluation results are given whenever they are available.Computational linguists may be especially interested in the treatments of how to construct indexing vocabularies and of how to construct, maintain, and manipulate thesauruses. Both of these treatments cover syntax-analytic, as well as quantitative, techniques But all readers will find much of interest in the chapter's combining the foregoing treatments with such ideas as the on-going modification of both queries and document index-term sets, to improve not only the retrieval of documents but also the management of the collection as a whole", |
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| "text": "use of the \"clustered flleJ' concept Since this may not yet be a completely familiar concept, it deserves discussion here In REVIEW* DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSING Salton' s words . . . a clustered file organization i s recommended i n which documents c a r r y i n g somewhat s i m i l a r content d e s c r i p t i o n s are automatically grouped i n t o c l u s t e r s . Each c l u s t e r is i d e n t i f i e d by a representat i v e c l u s t e r p r o f i l e , o r centroid, somewhat akin t o t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y of a set of mass points. A c l u s t e r c e n t r o i d i s simply a weighted set of terms derived from t h e document v e c t o r s (index-term s e t s ) included i n t h e corresponding c l u s t e r .", |
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| "text": "c l u s t e r e d f i l e is then similar i n concept t o a normal c l a s s if i e d lib-rary f i l e except t h a t t h e document c l a s s e s are automatically generated and some overlap may e x i s t betweed c l a s s e s , that i s , cert a i n documents may be included i n more than one c l a s s . Furthermore, i n t h e case of t h e c l u s t e r e d f i l e i t i s easy t o r e a r r a n g e t h e c l u s t e r composition by moving documents from one c l a s s t o another i f i t should prove u s e f u l . A search i n a c l u s t e r e d f i l e is c a r r i e d o u t i n s e v e r a l s t e p s : f i r s t , each query i s compared wlth t h e index f i l e of c e n t r o i d vect o r s ; then, f o r thosg c e n t r o i d s e x h i b i t i n g a s u f f i c i e n t l y high similarity wlth t h e query, t h e i n d i v i d u a l document v e c t o r s i n t h e corresponding c~u s t e r s a r e examined, and the document c i t a t i o n s are ranked f o r output purposes In decreasing query-document order. . . It i s c l e a r t h a t t h e \"depth\" of t h e search, as measured by t h e number of query-document comparisons, can be c o n t r o l l e d i n a clust e r e d f i l e because i t i s p o s s i b l e t o search only the \"best1' c l u s t e r --the one e x h i b i t f n g t h e hlghest query-centroid similarity--or t h e top two c l u s t e r s , o r t h e top t e n , as'may be required. Moreover, s i n c e a l l document v e c t o r s and c i t a t i o n s belonging t o a given c l u s t e r a r e s t o r e d a d j a c e n t l y i n t h e same s t o r a g e area, f o r example, on t h e same track o r c y l i n d e r of a given d i s c assembly, only one access operation i s needed f o r each docum-c l u s t e r , as opposed t o one access f o r each document c i t a t i o n i n aa i n v e r t e d f i l e . A d e t a i l e d comparison of i n v e r t e d c l u s t e r e d f i l e organizations shows t h a t t h e c l u s t e r e d f i l e i s more economical of s t o r a g e , l e a d s REVIEW, DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSING to faster retrieval operations, and permits more flexible search strategies,", |
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| "text": "\"Introducing the New Library\", does just what its title says, and, as indicated earlier, most readers will want to peruse it to obtain a more d e t a l l e d idea of what S a l t o n means by the name \"dynamic library\". In t h l s chapter he argues that libraries present data-processing requirements that are unique as a combination of very large size, high level of file activity, great variety of different operations to be performed, large volume of input and output operations, and need for real-tlme control He reviews attempts to solve library problems by mechanization and by cooperation, concluding that such efforts Can offer no more than partial solutions. As a different approach, he proposes his conce~t of the dynamic libraryREVIEW. DYNAMIC IEVORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSINGIn Chapter 2, \"Mechanized Housekeeping\", Salton provides an excellent overview of the present state of library automation in the areas of cataloging, serials control, and circulation controlChapter 4, \"Storage and Retrieval Sys terns\", continues this overview into the areas of reference service, current-awareness systems, and information centers and networks. Chapter 5, \"Library Systems Analysis\", deals much too briefly, in my opinion, with systems analysis as such, but it does offer a very readable presentation of the ideas of bibliometrics and of operations-research techniques applied to libraries. In Chapter 6, \"System Testing\", the difficult problem of evaluating information systems is discussed, the chapter includes a concise treatment of cost-effectiveness and costibeneflt analysis.Flnally, Chapter 7, \"Storage Organization\", provides an excellent sunnary of computer-file structures Any instructor who finds that his or her students tend to become overwhelmed by details when they read Knuth should offer them this chapter d s a highly reddable introduction to file-orgdnization methods Attention is given to the special problems of library files, and the clustered-file concept is introduced. The chapter concludes with a look at some special-purpose flle-organization techniques Salton suggests that the book's chapters could be used for two semester-length courses, as follows, with \" ( ) \" indicating optional chapters and It -\" more advanced topics For computer-oriented students1 , 3 , 4 , (5),l,Es (9), l o -For information-science-oriented students 1 ,", |
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| "text": "REVIEW: DYNAMIC INFORMATION AND LIBRARY PROCESSINGMy feeling is that each of these sequences is too long for a onesemester course, assuming a reasonable amount of additional reading assignments and exercises for the students My suggestions for", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>courses and chapters are these</td></tr><tr><td>A course in \"Language Processing for</td></tr><tr><td>Informaton Storage and Retrieval\"</td></tr><tr><td>, 1 0</td></tr></table>" |
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