| { |
| "paper_id": "J77-1007", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:49:54.737233Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "d % Washington Report", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "Consolidated petitions from two Chicago banks and t h e Comptroller of the Currency seeking review of Pedeyal Appeals Court rulings which equate customer-bank conlmunications terminals (CBCTs) with bank branches, and thus forbid CBCTs i n nonbranching s t a t e s , were denied by the Supreme Court l a s t month ttwithout dissent or explanation .\" Banks ' response. The petitioning banks, Gontinental Natiofial Brink and Trust Co. of Chicago and the First National Bank of Chicago, t h i s month deactivated t h e i r combined t o t a l of seven CBCTs. The terminals' three uses permit deposits t o be made, funds t o be transferred, o r funds t o be borrowed; each of the5e functions, various appea-1s courts have held, constitute branch banking under the National Bank IMcFadden) Act. New CBCT regutatiom. The Currency Comptrollerts Attorney Edward J i r a n t o l d AFIPS P~ehington Report i n October t h a t t h e Comptroller w i l l issue new regulations for nat%onal bank CBCTs t h i s month. Rules may be written t o l i b e r a l i z e minimum capitalization requirements f o r terminals shared by more than one financial i n s t i t u t i o n , according t o the Comptroller s Electronic Banking Systems Division Chief Claude A. Raworth. Pawortb told AFIPS t h a t the new regulations w i l l permit banks Itto use the [EFTS] technology without heavy capitalization requirements; [otherwise, 1. some thinly capitalized [banks] would have problems .\" Thus, according to the Currency Comptroller o f f i c i a l , the regulations would encourage sharing EFTS f a c i l i t i e s with smaller banks. NCEFT'and ZegisZatim a c t i~t i e s. Prior t o the Supreme Court action denying the CBCT petitions, National Commission on Electronic Funds Transfer (NCEFJ') Executive Director John B. Benton t o l d t h i s writer i n Washington t h a t the braaching issue should be resolved i n the U.S. Congress, Benton added that \" i t ' s going t o be some time before 1egi.slation i s passed i n CongressIt on whether CBCPs are branches. Last month, the NCEFT convened h q a r~n g s osl both brahching and corlsumer issues. The Senate Subcommittee on Financial ~hsstitutions, chaired by Sen. Thomas d r McIntyre ID-N .H .) , w i 11 hold hearings on the branching question i n December. CBCT court action. Fedgral courts i n various jurisdictions have bean almost unanimous i n their interpretation of the McFad&n Act disallowing off-premises CBCTs. Last August, the U.S. Court of Appeals f o r the Tenth Circuit, ruling i n a Colorado case, upheld a lower d i s t r i c t court judgment t h a t r e c e i p t of deposits by CBCTs vialates t h e McFadden Act. However, a Federal District Court in Oklahoma approved all three uses o f CBCTs, finding terminals \"only processors ,Iv and as such legal. An appeal of the case was mooted when the. state legislature authorized legislation aaactioning the use of CBCTs. GOVERNhIENT OPERATIONS COMMITTliE CRITICIZESNONCOMPETITIVljG PROCUREMENTS Following hekrings last June (Washinqton R e~m t , 8/76), the House Cornittee on Government Operations stated i n October that \"the low level of fully competitive ADP promrements, coupled with the apparent lack of effective utilization of ADP resources will, if allowed to continue, ultimately result in seriously jeopardizing the effectiveness of the Brooks Act [P.L. 89-3061, at a cost of millions of dollars annually to the taxpayers.\" Reexam.inution of 'true-ct of computere ' suggee.ted. In a report, titled Administration of P. L. 89-306, Procwernnt of ADP Re8omes By ths FedemZ Covement (II,), the Committee said: \"If'the full benefits of the'Act are to be achieved, GSA, OMB, NBS, and the user agencies must join together i n a commitment t b fully support and adhere to the provisions of the Act.\" The report suggested a reexamination sf \"the true impact of computers on government operations.\" It raised the question of whether \"acquisition of ADP resources is necessary to carry on an essential program, or whether such acquisition will foster non-essential activity because the computer is available.\" ADP ~t. .. receive a t t e n t h of top management. The Committee concluded that ADP Itcam no longer be viewed as a mere tool, but must now be treated in the same way as other major programs and, as such, receive top attention of top management.\" The report attributed the basic causes of noncompetitive procurements to a lack of: (1) adequate justifications for ADP acquisition; (2) long-range planning; (3) standards ; (4) high level languages ; (5) utilization ~euiews; and (6) use of functional specifications. OMB directs GSA to use vfbwtiomZ ADP specifiwtions*. Responding directly t o the Committee report and other criticisms, OMB Dlrector James T. L letter last month to GSA Administrator Jack ECkerd, wrote that \"[t $a o preclude in a the adverse effects of unduly restrictive specifications, agsncies shall, t o the maximum practical exrent, express their ADP requirements in terms of functional performance specifications rather than equipment specifications. \" NEWS BRIEFS Rep. TiarWirth [D-Colo.) last month wrote Office of Teleconmnmications Policy E T P) Director ,momas Houser (who had reportedly c~n t a c t e~ Assistant Attorney General Donald Baker to discuss the \"economic rationale\" for the Governmpnt ' s antitrust action against ATBT) tliat Itany further contacts between OTP and the Departwent of Justice, concerning the [suit].. . would be most iaappropriat e. The-FCC last month set new dates for providing comments on the second \"Computer InquiryH and rulemaking regarding the use of computers by common carriers jn-providing communciations or data processing services ; comments are now due by January 10, 1977; replies, by February 24, 1977. Responding to protests by-9 AT&T the-FCC last month revised registration specifications for modems t o facilitate direct interconnection of modems to the telephone network. The House Government Operations Committee last month failed to report to the House floor a b i l l that would have authorized the Federal Assistance Program Retrieval System (FAPRS)'. The Institute for Cowuter Sciencesand Technology-[ICST) of t h e National Bureau of Standards QBS) last month issued DisR Drive Interface Charm-teAetics (#-enclose $5.50) ; the report was prepared by Auerbach Associates under NBS contract, and deals with characteristics of the interfaces between high performance disk drives and their controllers. The National Communications System (NCS) last month announced proposed Federal standards for data communications interfaces; the proposed standards specify the general purpose electrical characteristics to be applied to data comrnunicatons interfaces. The National Science Foundation [NSF] last motlth said several of its staff members hyve been appointed to provide initial support for the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). The first Federal $oft?&&; Excchg.e CataZog, designed to promote the exchange and sharing o f software among ~e d e r a l AW units, is-scheduled to be released th$s January by the Agency Services Division of the General-Services Administration (GFA). The Bure,au of the Census last monthanounced the availability of a 584-page report, tit led Conputer Pwgrwns for Demographic Analysis (p-enclose $5. SO), first published last June. The Na'tionql Bureau of Standards (NBS) is holding a Bicentennial Conference on MathematkaZ P r o g d n g November 29 through December 1 in Gaithersburg, Md.; the conference is being co-sponsored by NBS and the ACM Special-. Interest Group on Mathematical Programming (SIGMP). AFIPS IN WASHINGTON A Planning Conference to provide technological background f o r the second FCC \"Computer Inquiry, tt organized by AFIPS in conjunction with the FCC (Wushinqton Report, 10/76) , was convened i n Washington November 8-9. The conference focused on computer communications, especially as it relates to regulatory policy. Detailed coverage will appear in the December AFIPS Washington Report. WASHINGTON OFFICE ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED AT DPMA INFO/EXPO '76 IN IAS VEGAS AFIPS Washington Office Director Philip S. Nyborg last month chaired a panel session on major activities of the Washington Office at the DPMA INFO/EXPO '76, i n Las Vegas October 26. The session covered the Office's activities in such areas as privacy, EFTS, legal protection for softwere, computer security, data conununications , and technology transfer. The panel opened with a discussion of the historical perspective of the office and i t s outlook for the future by Mr. Keith Uncapher, chairman of the AFIPS Washington Activities Committee. Nyborg f o1,lowed with a description of the dai ly operations of the Office, outlining the manner in which comment has been organized by AFIPS on specific issues. Mr. William Moser, DPMA International Vice President for Industry and Government Liaison, described his role as DPMA liaison to the Washington Office. Moser emphasized his interaction with DPMA members h devs Isping comment on testimony , and he encouraged their continued participation. Dr. A. Michael Noll, formerly the staff member for computers in the White House Office of Science and Technology (OST), described past and present Presidential science advisory mechanisms. No11 ' s presentation also covered the new Office of Science and Technology Policy, and its potential relationship to the field of information processing. The AFIPS Washingtom Report is researched and written by Pender M. ' ~c c a r t e r , Research Associate, AFIPS Washingtcn Office. AFIPS societies have permission to use material in the AFIPS Washington Report for their own publications, except where an article title appears with an clearance must first be obtained from the AFIPS Washington Office. Documents indicated by the symbol are available on request to the AFIPS Washington Office. Where price is noted, make checks payable to IrAFIPS.\"' ?", |
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| "paper_id": "J77-1007", |
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| "abstract": [ |
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| "text": "Consolidated petitions from two Chicago banks and t h e Comptroller of the Currency seeking review of Pedeyal Appeals Court rulings which equate customer-bank conlmunications terminals (CBCTs) with bank branches, and thus forbid CBCTs i n nonbranching s t a t e s , were denied by the Supreme Court l a s t month ttwithout dissent or explanation .\" Banks ' response. The petitioning banks, Gontinental Natiofial Brink and Trust Co. of Chicago and the First National Bank of Chicago, t h i s month deactivated t h e i r combined t o t a l of seven CBCTs. The terminals' three uses permit deposits t o be made, funds t o be transferred, o r funds t o be borrowed; each of the5e functions, various appea-1s courts have held, constitute branch banking under the National Bank IMcFadden) Act. New CBCT regutatiom. The Currency Comptrollerts Attorney Edward J i r a n t o l d AFIPS P~ehington Report i n October t h a t t h e Comptroller w i l l issue new regulations for nat%onal bank CBCTs t h i s month. Rules may be written t o l i b e r a l i z e minimum capitalization requirements f o r terminals shared by more than one financial i n s t i t u t i o n , according t o the Comptroller s Electronic Banking Systems Division Chief Claude A. Raworth. Pawortb told AFIPS t h a t the new regulations w i l l permit banks Itto use the [EFTS] technology without heavy capitalization requirements; [otherwise, 1. some thinly capitalized [banks] would have problems .\" Thus, according to the Currency Comptroller o f f i c i a l , the regulations would encourage sharing EFTS f a c i l i t i e s with smaller banks. NCEFT'and ZegisZatim a c t i~t i e s. Prior t o the Supreme Court action denying the CBCT petitions, National Commission on Electronic Funds Transfer (NCEFJ') Executive Director John B. Benton t o l d t h i s writer i n Washington t h a t the braaching issue should be resolved i n the U.S. Congress, Benton added that \" i t ' s going t o be some time before 1egi.slation i s passed i n CongressIt on whether CBCPs are branches. Last month, the NCEFT convened h q a r~n g s osl both brahching and corlsumer issues. The Senate Subcommittee on Financial ~hsstitutions, chaired by Sen. Thomas d r McIntyre ID-N .H .) , w i 11 hold hearings on the branching question i n December. CBCT court action. Fedgral courts i n various jurisdictions have bean almost unanimous i n their interpretation of the McFad&n Act disallowing off-premises CBCTs. Last August, the U.S. Court of Appeals f o r the Tenth Circuit, ruling i n a Colorado case, upheld a lower d i s t r i c t court judgment t h a t r e c e i p t of deposits by CBCTs vialates t h e McFadden Act. However, a Federal District Court in Oklahoma approved all three uses o f CBCTs, finding terminals \"only processors ,Iv and as such legal. An appeal of the case was mooted when the. state legislature authorized legislation aaactioning the use of CBCTs. GOVERNhIENT OPERATIONS COMMITTliE CRITICIZESNONCOMPETITIVljG PROCUREMENTS Following hekrings last June (Washinqton R e~m t , 8/76), the House Cornittee on Government Operations stated i n October that \"the low level of fully competitive ADP promrements, coupled with the apparent lack of effective utilization of ADP resources will, if allowed to continue, ultimately result in seriously jeopardizing the effectiveness of the Brooks Act [P.L. 89-3061, at a cost of millions of dollars annually to the taxpayers.\" Reexam.inution of 'true-ct of computere ' suggee.ted. In a report, titled Administration of P. L. 89-306, Procwernnt of ADP Re8omes By ths FedemZ Covement (II,), the Committee said: \"If'the full benefits of the'Act are to be achieved, GSA, OMB, NBS, and the user agencies must join together i n a commitment t b fully support and adhere to the provisions of the Act.\" The report suggested a reexamination sf \"the true impact of computers on government operations.\" It raised the question of whether \"acquisition of ADP resources is necessary to carry on an essential program, or whether such acquisition will foster non-essential activity because the computer is available.\" ADP ~t. .. receive a t t e n t h of top management. The Committee concluded that ADP Itcam no longer be viewed as a mere tool, but must now be treated in the same way as other major programs and, as such, receive top attention of top management.\" The report attributed the basic causes of noncompetitive procurements to a lack of: (1) adequate justifications for ADP acquisition; (2) long-range planning; (3) standards ; (4) high level languages ; (5) utilization ~euiews; and (6) use of functional specifications. OMB directs GSA to use vfbwtiomZ ADP specifiwtions*. Responding directly t o the Committee report and other criticisms, OMB Dlrector James T. L letter last month to GSA Administrator Jack ECkerd, wrote that \"[t $a o preclude in a the adverse effects of unduly restrictive specifications, agsncies shall, t o the maximum practical exrent, express their ADP requirements in terms of functional performance specifications rather than equipment specifications. \" NEWS BRIEFS Rep. TiarWirth [D-Colo.) last month wrote Office of Teleconmnmications Policy E T P) Director ,momas Houser (who had reportedly c~n t a c t e~ Assistant Attorney General Donald Baker to discuss the \"economic rationale\" for the Governmpnt ' s antitrust action against ATBT) tliat Itany further contacts between OTP and the Departwent of Justice, concerning the [suit].. . would be most iaappropriat e. The-FCC last month set new dates for providing comments on the second \"Computer InquiryH and rulemaking regarding the use of computers by common carriers jn-providing communciations or data processing services ; comments are now due by January 10, 1977; replies, by February 24, 1977. Responding to protests by-9 AT&T the-FCC last month revised registration specifications for modems t o facilitate direct interconnection of modems to the telephone network. The House Government Operations Committee last month failed to report to the House floor a b i l l that would have authorized the Federal Assistance Program Retrieval System (FAPRS)'. The Institute for Cowuter Sciencesand Technology-[ICST) of t h e National Bureau of Standards QBS) last month issued DisR Drive Interface Charm-teAetics (#-enclose $5.50) ; the report was prepared by Auerbach Associates under NBS contract, and deals with characteristics of the interfaces between high performance disk drives and their controllers. The National Communications System (NCS) last month announced proposed Federal standards for data communications interfaces; the proposed standards specify the general purpose electrical characteristics to be applied to data comrnunicatons interfaces. The National Science Foundation [NSF] last motlth said several of its staff members hyve been appointed to provide initial support for the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). The first Federal $oft?&&; Excchg.e CataZog, designed to promote the exchange and sharing o f software among ~e d e r a l AW units, is-scheduled to be released th$s January by the Agency Services Division of the General-Services Administration (GFA). The Bure,au of the Census last monthanounced the availability of a 584-page report, tit led Conputer Pwgrwns for Demographic Analysis (p-enclose $5. SO), first published last June. The Na'tionql Bureau of Standards (NBS) is holding a Bicentennial Conference on MathematkaZ P r o g d n g November 29 through December 1 in Gaithersburg, Md.; the conference is being co-sponsored by NBS and the ACM Special-. Interest Group on Mathematical Programming (SIGMP). AFIPS IN WASHINGTON A Planning Conference to provide technological background f o r the second FCC \"Computer Inquiry, tt organized by AFIPS in conjunction with the FCC (Wushinqton Report, 10/76) , was convened i n Washington November 8-9. The conference focused on computer communications, especially as it relates to regulatory policy. Detailed coverage will appear in the December AFIPS Washington Report. WASHINGTON OFFICE ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED AT DPMA INFO/EXPO '76 IN IAS VEGAS AFIPS Washington Office Director Philip S. Nyborg last month chaired a panel session on major activities of the Washington Office at the DPMA INFO/EXPO '76, i n Las Vegas October 26. The session covered the Office's activities in such areas as privacy, EFTS, legal protection for softwere, computer security, data conununications , and technology transfer. The panel opened with a discussion of the historical perspective of the office and i t s outlook for the future by Mr. Keith Uncapher, chairman of the AFIPS Washington Activities Committee. Nyborg f o1,lowed with a description of the dai ly operations of the Office, outlining the manner in which comment has been organized by AFIPS on specific issues. Mr. William Moser, DPMA International Vice President for Industry and Government Liaison, described his role as DPMA liaison to the Washington Office. Moser emphasized his interaction with DPMA members h devs Isping comment on testimony , and he encouraged their continued participation. Dr. A. Michael Noll, formerly the staff member for computers in the White House Office of Science and Technology (OST), described past and present Presidential science advisory mechanisms. No11 ' s presentation also covered the new Office of Science and Technology Policy, and its potential relationship to the field of information processing. The AFIPS Washingtom Report is researched and written by Pender M. ' ~c c a r t e r , Research Associate, AFIPS Washingtcn Office. AFIPS societies have permission to use material in the AFIPS Washington Report for their own publications, except where an article title appears with an clearance must first be obtained from the AFIPS Washington Office. Documents indicated by the symbol are available on request to the AFIPS Washington Office. Where price is noted, make checks payable to IrAFIPS.\"' ?", |
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| "text": "The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, in a separate case, last July upheld a d i s t r i c t court ruling i n Missouri that the First National Bank i n S t . Louis must remove CBCTs at two St. Louis County locations. The district court said that any one of the three major services provided by CBCTs constituted branch banking, which is limited in Missouri.", |
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| "text": "In the cases o f the two petitioning Chicago banks, decided by the Federal Court of Appeals in Illinois last May, all functions performed by CBCTs were deemed to constitute branch banking, which is forbidden i n 11,Jinoi.s.", |
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| "text": "Lynn added: \"GSA should strive for expeditious review of agency submission to avoid delays in the procurement process. Agencies should cooperate with GSA t o expedite these reviews. An undue length of time for the normal ADP procurement process may be considered a disagreement by GSA with the request of the agency, and may be appealed t o the Office of Management and Budget. fvConsistent with the poliw expressed herein, any such appeal will be handled expeditiously, but the burden w i l l be upon the agency t o demonstrate the need to specify the particular make or model of equipment or its functional equivalent when such specification i s at issue,\" he said. The GSA has 60 days f i -October 6 , the date of thb letter, to comply with the directive. According to the trade press, issues t o be considered by the Subcommittee include : whether the FCC has established fair coppetiti:~.: ground rules; whether business telephone services really subsidize residential services; and what the implications of changing FCC policies are toward competition. In addition, state and local governments can now use the SSN as an identifier for tax administrative programs, for drivers ' licenses, and for motor vehicle registration. However, government officials who disclose the nmber without authorization are subject t o a f i n e o!f up to $1,000 or imprisonment of up to one year. The Comptroller has unsuccessfully argued in the courts that CBCTs are not branches, and are not forbidden in states which limit or disallow branching. The trade press suggests that the new regulations may sanction the operation of non-federally regulated EFTS terminals by retailers, shopping mall operatorsf owners of apartment complexes, or operators of transportation terminals. Thus, the effect of these regulations may be to extend the present list of EFTS ilprovidersff beyond financial institutions, i.e., to include what were formerly on13 EFTS users.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "The Comptroller's new regulations state that capitalization required for a CBCT branch may now be shared among the participants, thus lowering the cost of operating a CBCT, and presumably making CBCTs available to smaller banks with less capital (see Washington Report, 11/76). Also, in contrast to the $500 application fee for a traditional branch, the application fee for a CBCT branch is $200.", |
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| "section": "NEW TAX ACT REPEALS PART OF 1974 PRIVACY ACT ON STATE USE OF SOCIAL SECURITY", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the section of the Acting Comptroller's statement, said to sanction operation of non-federally regulated EFTS terminal^, Bloom held that \"any CBCT which is not established by a national bank . . . is not a branch of a national bani, and not subject to the provisions oftf the applicable section of the federal bank regulation, the McFadden Act, which the courts have held forbids CBCTs in nonbranching states .", |
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| "section": "NEW TAX ACT REPEALS PART OF 1974 PRIVACY ACT ON STATE USE OF SOCIAL SECURITY", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The White House has announced appointments to the President's Committee on Science and-Technology [PCST), which will conduct a two-year review of science and technology as it relates to the Federal government. ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "WHITE HOUSE ANNOUNCES APPOINTMENTS TO PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The Federal Engergy Administration (FEA) is assisting in developing a computerbased system to permit national and regional projections of construction labor needs in relation to energy development. The system will also provide long and short-range forecasts in local areas, FEA Administrator Frank G. Zarb said last month. It will be implemented late next year, Zarb added. ", |
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| "section": "FEDERAL ENERGY ADMINISTRATION ASSISTS WITH COMPUTERIZED CONSTRUCTION FORE,-CASTING SYSTEM", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The at press time l a t e last month reversed the Chief of the Common Carrier Bureau's rejection of ATqT's Dataspeed 40/4 filings (Washington Report, 4/76) ; the Commission concluded that the 40/4 service is \"not inconsistent1' with i t s existing computer rule; detailed covWaga w i l l appear next month. According to the FCC chairman, \"We will see more instances in the future where, as here, the technology is developing in a manner that blurs traditional interfaces. In cases of this sort, the policymakers mu8t have direct access to technical experts and decisions must be based upon an understanding of the technology. Distributing samples of a microcomputer-on-a-chip , he noted technological changes that have produced a 1976 microcomputer CPU costing $20 in contrast to a 1960 IBM CPU costing $30,000. Hopewell added that microprocessors which cost $20 today cost $100 only a year ago. He indicated that such differentials represent only the beginning of extremely low cost computing.", |
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| "section": "20550.", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Hopewell said that the proposed definitions employed in the new \"Computer Inquiryff aid in qlclarifying the permitted uses of computers by common carriers, but in no way allow the proposed abandonment of the 'hybrid1 service concept He noted that the hybrid concept should be retained \"because some service offerings have mixes .ob both computing and communications function^,^' not because of unclear definitions.", |
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| "section": "Wiley also said, \"", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Since \"hybrid services will become even more common in the future,\" Hopewell continued, elimination of the hybrid concept will \"ineyitably suppress innovation because any services that have communication f a c t i o n s inextricably bound into them will be defined as subject to regulation.\" The speaker concluded that he saw no \"technological or economic reason for the regulation of the resale industry.?l $8 'mov;ng t d 8 tntegmted &deband 8 e h I n h i s presentation, t i t l e d frLimitations on the Growth of Computer-Communication service^,^^ Prof. Donald A. Dunn, Engineering Economic Systems Department, Stanford University, indicated t h a t user learning costs w i l l l i m i t the r a t e a t which new computer ~ommunication services can be introduced t o markets serving non-computer professionals. Dunn suggested t h a t , i n future regulatory decisions, integrated service packages (designed t o minimize user learning and operation costs) might be used i n l i e u of individual component services as t h e u n i t of,service t h a t i s judged cohnnunications o r data processing. He added t h a t regulatory limitations 'on t h e r a t e o f return and regulatory p o l i c i e s on depreciation allowances can r e s t r i c t technological change as well as l i m i t t h e r a t e of i n t r oduction of new equipment by carriers.", |
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| "start": 408, |
| "end": 448, |
| "text": "$8 'mov;ng t d 8 tntegmted &deband 8 e h", |
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| "section": "Wiley also said, \"", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "According t o t h e speaker, t h e earliext ftComputer Inquiry\" r u l e , requiring data processing $entices t o be provided by c a r r i e r s through a separate a f f i l i a t e , may l i m i t t h e growth of c a r r i e r s . But he added t h a t t h e r u l e does not a f f e c t t h e growth of t h e data processing industry since unregulated suppliers can respond t o t h i s market. Dunn a l s o noted t h a t t h e r e s a l e and sharing decision, imposing regulation on resale c a r r i e r s , would not necessarily i n h i b i t t h e growth of t h e industry Itsince separate data processing a f f i l i a t e s w i l l not be required of r e s a l e c a r r i e r s t h a t do not provide monopoly services.\" He s t a t e d t h a t the r e s a l e and sharing decision \"removed some of the most serious l i m i t s t o the growth of t h i s industry by opeining t h e market f o r network services t o e s s e n t i a l l y any f i r m w i l l i n g t o operate as a r e s a l e carrier.\" Dunn concluded: \"Pressures are l i k e l y t o develop soon t o regulate providers of information service packages t h a t may o f f e r computer message services t o users t h a t obtain network service from resale c a r r i e r s . Such regulation would i n h i b i t t h e growth of the industry, and i s not needed t o protect t h e i n t e r e s t s of users. l f \"There is no mtmZ bozbzdary' bsttdem cormnm~cat<ons and computtnq. In t h e i r presentation on \"The Future of Computer Communications .\" Vinton G. Cerf and Alex Curran said t h a t \"we cannot o f f e r a solution t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n of a boundary between communicating and computing--in fact, technical considerations convince us t h a t t h e r e is no n a t u r a l boundary.\"", |
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| "section": "Te~htu,Z~gy", |
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| "text": "Cerf and Curran urged t h e FCC t o support the development of ffcompetitive servicestt; t o insure t h a t a ''sufficient setf1 of standards is created t o f a c i l i t a t e i n t e rconnection of 'prime servicesf1; create a climate i n which both computing and c a r r i e r i n t e r e s t s p r o f i t from t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of \"reliablefv f a c i l i t i e s ; and broaden t h e base f o r t h e acquisition o f c a p i t a l so as t o eliminate a possible constraint on growth.", |
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| "section": "Te~htu,Z~gy", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The conference, open t d t h e public, was attended by over two hundred people, including those who watched t h e proceedings v i a closed c i r c u i t t e l e v i s i o n i n an adjoining room. As previously announced. t h e presentations w i l l become part of t h e formal record i n t h e FCC's tlComputer Inquiry.'l A Proceedings containing a l l t h e papers i s a v a i l a b l e a t $10 per s e t from AFIPS Headquarters, 210 Sumtit Avenue, hlontvale, New Jersey 07645. Headquarters telephone number is (201) 391-9810.", |
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| "section": "Conference preeenutiom oiZZ become p r t of f u m t record of Caputer InquCry.", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "Daniel D. McCracken, independent consultant, said he favors l e g i s l a t i o n ?'to prohibit unauthorized matchihg of records\" through use of t h e SSN as a universal i d e n t i f i e r . McCracken wrote Parsons, saying that lacking such l e g i s l a t i o n , \"1 would argue for r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e use of the SSN as a partial s u b s i t i t u e , and a s a way t o keep t h e more basic issue alive and visible.\" McCracken, who is ACM vice-president, is responsible for passage of an ACM resolution opposing the use of the SSN as a universal i d e n t i f i e r . , Herbert S. Bright, president, Computation Planning Inc., who also f i l e d a response t o t h e memo, s a i d use of t h e SSN i n licensing d r i v e r s opens SSN files t o insurance companies as well as l i s t compilers and 6ther vendors. Bright added: \"Continuing progress i n cross-linking practice between insurance companies is increasing t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r vigorous e f f o r t s by the Commission t o examine such a t t a c k s on privacy and t o place t h e f a c t s before the public and t h e Congress .\" Bright i s a l s o a member of ACM.Willard E . Hick, auditor, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., Springfield, Massachusetts, responding t o t h e memo, wrote t h a t t h e Commissionts statement supporting continued use o f t h e personal i d e n t i f i e r tlshould emphasize need and not conaentrate on counteracting sugges*ions that have been made . I 1 Hick questioned why t h e Conunission does not \"address i n more d e t a i l the reason universal i d e n t i f i e r s a r e necessary on a positive r a t h e r than negative note.\" He t o l d AFIPS Washington Report t h a t , t o the best of h i s knowledge, t h e r e i s no I1crosslinkingw between insurance companies. Hick i s a member of the I n s t i t u t e of Internal Auditors.A l s o responding t o t h e memo, with l e t t e r s not available a t press time, were: Jeffrey V. White, president, The Credit h r e a u , Inc., Atlanta, Georgia; John J. Stiglemeier, director, Information Center on Education; Roger E. Creel, a s s i s t a n t vice president-Syst ems 6 Processing, Employers Insurance Co. of Wasau, Wausau, Wisconsin; Alden R. Dalzell, d i r e c t o r of Data Processing, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; J . M. Moore, section head, Exxon Corp., Florham Park, New Jersey; and William E. Perry, d i r e c t o r of EDP and Research, the I n s t i t u t e of Internal Auditors, Orlando, Florida.Washington Report i s researched and w r i t t e a by Pender M. McCarter, Research Associate, AFIPS Washington Office. AFIPS s o c i e t i e s have permission t o use material i n t h e MIPS Washington Report f o r t h e i r own *publications, except where an article t i t l e appears with an I f ( * ) , \" clearance must first be !obtained from t h e AFIPS Washington Office. Documents indicated by the s];sbol '\"(ff)\" are available on request t o t h e AFIPS Washirgton Office. Where p r i c e i \\noted, make checks payable t o \"AFIPSal! The algorithm was first proposed by the Institute for Computer Science and Technology (ICST) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS') in 1973.The encrypt ion algorithm converts informat Ion into -an encoded [C. e. , encrypted) form which can be transmitted or stored, but which cannot be read without the appropriate key. Thus, it can be used to protect inforfiation communicated between a terminal and a computer, as well as between computers; in addition, it can be used to protect information stored in off-line media.Mandatory stundiud for Federa2 agewies. As a FIPS, Federal agencies wlll be requ~red to use the encryption algorithm, whenever encryption of data is deemed necessary. However, data subject to the ilu:iona2 Security Act of 1967 and the Atomic Enenergy Act of 1952 are exempted from the standard. The encryption algorithm may also be used on a voluntary basis by organizations and individuals outside the Federal government.Primary initial appJication in EFTS. The new standard's primary application is, initially expected to be in Electronic Funds Transfer Systems [EFTS). The algorithm can be employed in EFTS to discourage l1skinuning\" of bank card information for the purpose of gaining access to automated teller machines (ATMs). It can also be employed to prevent interception of compute1 messages authorizing transactions at the ATM. Several non-standard encryption algorithms, including one developed by Diebold, Inc,, are already in use by some banks.", |
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| "section": "annex", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "to measure the strength of the algorithm in terms of time and money that must be spent in finding the key. In November, a t the Dartmouth College Symposim on Man and the Computer, ICST Director Dr. Ruth M. Davis stated that, while go code is ~theordtically unbreakable,\" 2,500 years of computer tine on a general-purpose computer Ilslgnlficantly faster\" than a CDC 7600 would be required to derive a key. With respect to future technology, Dr. Davis estimated that \"working from matched sets of clear and clpher data, well over $300 millionH could be spent five years from now to find a key. With technology available in 10 years, it could take $70 million t o derive a key, she said.", |
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| "section": "Strength ofaZgcwith estimated. NBS said technical workshops have been held", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "choeen; compan%es to manufauture devices $morporatl'ng c~ta?t.durd d t h u u t paying royuztiee. ICST began s o l i c i t i n g encryption algorithms in 1973 and 1974. IBM's proposed algorithm was chosen in 1975. While IBM has patent rights in the standard, the company has .agreed to grant royalty-free licenses to other companies which wish to manufacture devices incorporating the algorithm. In testimony presented to the Subcommittee on Financial Iristitutions, chaired by Sen. wllich EFT systems will operate in the future.\" The chairman and executive director, joined by three NCEFT commissioners, said that a competitive imbalance is created when federally-chartered savings institutions have greater freedom in deploying EFT terminals than national bahks,which are governed by more restrictive legislation. The NCEFT representatives+ added that business enterprises, such as retail chains, \"should not be considered , , . regulated institutions or branches thereof,\" when they employ electronic terminals to communicate with depository institutions.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "IBM 'e c r~~o r i t h m", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Last month, the NCEFT convened hearings on competition and sharing. The Commi$sionfs interim report is due February 23.", |
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| "section": "Independent terminal manufacturers and industry associations Bast month criticized the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for i t s approval of t a r i f f filrings on AT&Tts", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "-\"Lack of teamwork between the Government and private enterprise is the number one bottleneck in the nation's pursuit of research and development,\" said Dr. Simon Ramo, vice chairman of the board and chairman of TRW, Inc. Speaking last November in Washington at the annual f a l l meeting of the National Academy of Engineering, Dr. Ramo added, \"Even the nation's most capable researchers spend much of their time defending their selection of projects and describing potential results, rather than in carrying on research. We are persisting in this tendency even with growing indications that the U.S. is losing its leadership position as to the fraction of gross national product being devoted to basic research.\" The TRW Executive, who is also chairman of the President * s Science and Technology Committee,expressed the hope that the new Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, will contribute to the formation of llsoundlt national policy. There was, however, somq support for the USPS compromise. One society representative suggested that attendance a t the meeting, r e f l e c t i n g opposition t o the voluntary page charges, was not representative of most professional societies views.", |
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| "section": "RGD HAMPERED BY LACK OF COOPERATION BETWEEN GOVERNMENT, PRIVATE ENTERPRISE:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Ancker-Johnson stated that her committee could tlmonitorlf cases brought to its attention and a c t as \"brokersv in situations in which voluntary payments, once agreed to, werenot made. She confirmed t h a t the compromise is about t o be put i n writing (#I by USPS counsel.Ancker-Johnson suggested that further comments concerning t h e regulation and t h e proposed compromise be directed t o her i n Room 3862, DOC. 14th Street between Constitution Avenue and E Street, N.W. Washington, DCmZO23O; telephone is (202) 377-3111.", |
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| "section": "ASST. COMMERCE SECKETARY RECOMMENDS USPS COMPROMISE ON-PAGE CHARGES FOR NON-PROFIT SCIENTIFIC, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNICAL", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "$42.9 billion in total funding is predicted for U.S. RBD in calendar year 1977, according to the annual RGD forecast of l~attellets Columbus Laboratories. Federal Judge Joseph C. Waddy lest month ruled that antitrust laws apply t o the Bell System; ATGT has argued, since a suit was f i l e d in Washington two years ago by the US., that antitrust laws do not apply t o the monopoly Credit Bureau President White wrote: \"Since one of CBI's primary obligations is to maintain the confidentiality of the informatibn in its data base, we would be opposed to any general prohibitions against the use of the Social Security Number in the private sector. While CBI does not use this number as a universal i d e n t i f i e r or as a sole factor in the identification or authentication process, it is an aid in maintaining confidentiality in a small number of cases. Therefore, eliminating the use of the Social Security Number would have an adverse impact on our ability to serve the consumer and the credit granting community.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "NEWS BRIEFS", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "he presence of the SSN in the record constitutes unique identification and restricting its use as a formal record identifier would serve no useful purpose,\" Ohio University Data Processing Director Dalzell said: \"I would question whether the individual's knowledge and consent should be s complete qualifier. Ark individual may be informed that he need not supply information i f he does not wish, and he may be informed of how it will be used, but that does not completely answer the question of whether the information should he gathered and used, even with h i s permission .\" ", |
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| "section": "Bxxon Section Head Moore wrote:", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "to-at t icl' overhaul of the 1834 Federa2 Commmications Act, the statute which provides the basis for regulation o f the nation's telecomunications systems, was proposed t o the next Congress last month by Rep. Lionel V a Deerlin (D-Calif.), chairman of the House Communications Subcommittee. The Submcomittee has just completed three day* of hearings on the proposed C o n e~w r Comnications R e f o n Act of 19F6 (Waehh-gton Report, lo/ 76) .Joined by Rep. Lou Erey.@-Fla.), Van Deerlin said the original Act is outdated.", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
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| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Ford last month signed into law the Tm Reform Act of 1076, recently passed by Congress (va~hinqtofl Repopt, 9/ 76 ) , which includes an amendment pemktting state governments to demand and retain an individual's Social Security Number [SSN) to a i d i n searches for parents not supporting their children. The amendment repeals part of the Acivacy Act of 1974.", |
| "num": null, |
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| "FIGREF2": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "PROGRAMS REFLECTING APPROPRIATIONS The NationaL Science Foundation INSF) last month released its Guide to Programs (#--enclose $1.353 reflecting NSFts appropriations for FY 1977. Programs in theoretical computer science, software systems science, software engineering, intelligent systems, computer systems design, and special projects are described. Proposals for support are ordinarily assigned to the appropriate NSF division or office for review and evaluation. The theore ical computer science program encompasses the theory of computation, numerical analysis and computational ~nathematics , theory of formal languages, and analysis of algorithms. The software systems science program covers \"f~ndamental'~ questions of communicating with and controlling computer syszems. The software engineering program includes the methods, tools, and techniques for specifying, designing, and implementing 'lqualityl' software. The intelligent systems program covers computer-based systems which have such characteristics as pattern recognition, pattern generation and knowledge representation. The computer systems design program includes the principles of computer systems design such as: computer system architecture, performance, graphics, man-machine interaction and logic design. The special projects program encompasses research projects, studies, workshops, and other activities which '?miBht encourage the development of new fields of computer science research.\"Should future legislation result in some modification to the FY 1977 program, changes will be announced in the monthly ASP BuZZsth~. Program schedules, deadlines, updates, and availability of brochures describing individual programs ape also published in the BuZZetdn. It may be obtained free-of -charge by writing: Editor, NSF BuZZetin, Public Information Branch, NSF, Washington, D.C.", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null |
| }, |
| "FIGREF3": { |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Chairmum Richard 8: wiiey early last mnth said the -FCC is-considering whether it has authority t o ask the courts to modify the 1956 ATeT antitrust consent decree; the Justice Department has held t h a t the consent decree bars AT4T from interstate marketing of the telephone company s Dataspeed 40h4 as \"incidental\" t o regulated communications,The director of the White House Office of Telecomunications Policy @W] , Thomas J. Houser. last month criticized the Federal Reserve System f o r emandinn -. . ----.ional role in interbank EFT with p i l o t pro j bctslt linki& automated clearing houses (ACHs) with telecolmnmications (Washington Report, 9/76) ; however, H. L . Baynes , president , National Automated Clearing House Association (NACHA], which is operating the project with the Federal Reserve, told t h i s writer last August that the Fed has \"the right to develop an ACH processing capability [and t o go] interregional without involving the private sector.The General Services Administratioq (GSA) l a s t month amended its M v a o y Gu--&de-Zines adding privacy a d security considerations for use i n ADP o r tqlecommunicat ionsT$st ems s o l i c i t a t ioki and corntracts ; the amendments also require that agencies provide an inspection program i n system specigications and contracts that w i l l ?'ensure coptinuous, efficacious and efficient safeguards, and provide f o r the discovery and the countering of any new threats or hazards. \" The National science Foundation [NSJSP) last month said indtutrial spending f o r research and development reached $23.5 b i l l i o n in 1975, up five per cent from the 1974 level of $22.4 billion. A study which lists fffactors important t o successit i n the mainframe computer industry, titled The American Capzrter Industry in ite Intsrnat$omZ C o v e t -it4ve Grzuirommt (#--enclose $1.70) was released last month by the Domestic and International Business Administration of the Department of Commerce. Information which may be needed by managers considering data base implementations i s featured i n Data Bass L%reotions--The flext Steps (#--enclose $2.401, a 158-page special publication of the National ~u r e a u of Standards (NBS~, first announced last October; the document incorporates the Proceedings of a 1975 workshop co-sponsored by NBS and the ACM.", |
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| "text": "It is our belief that AFIPS is a particularly appropriate entity to present this conference fur the Commission, in view of the Federation's sponsorship of the National Computer Conference, and the Joint Comput el' Conferences prior to that. Moreover, it is also our view that AFIPS i s a basically impartial organization in relation to our policy concerns,bringing to us the objective views of a group of highly qualified experts . ' I Computer communieutions aceaunts for 20 per cent of a22 acpenditmes in computgr fietd. In the conference I s first presentation on \"Computer Communications ; An Introduct $on and Overview ,\" Lynn Hopewell (chairman, IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Computer Communications ; and senior member, executive staff , Coihputer Sciences Corp.] said that computer communications systems had first been used in control I i n g ~lcomplexfl operations of industry and government. Hopewell added that the most common use of computer commun2cations is in data base applicat ions.The speaker suggested that the computer communications industry accounts for 20 per cent of all expenditures in the computer field, Examples of industrial areas affected by computer communications technology were listed as law enforcement, securities brokerage, insurance, reservations systems and banking. Hopewell said that 75 per cent of the top 500 industry corporations are now using camputer communications.", |
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| "text": "e s . ' In his presentation on \"Research Topics in Computer Conwnmicati~n ,\" Vinton G. Cerf summarized t ethnological factors influencing the development of computer comhunicat ions, : the availability of wideband transmission media; the use of computers to control the switching and allocation of transmission bandwidth; the trend towards all-digital telephone networks; and interconnection of computer cornmuhications networks. Cerf said the \"technology is leading away from separate, distinct narrowband services . . twoards integrated widenband services. The potential social impact is pervasive; the possibilities for new wealth-creating activity, almost incalculable; and the need for regulatory adjustment, inevitableeft With the juxtaposition of computing and connnunication, he suggested the FCC could: reallocate the radio spectrum using computer-controlled demand access; mandate computer communication network interconnection through the enformcement of interconnection standards; and consider proposals by =plated carriers as well as others \"to provide previously impossible combinat ions of information processing and traditional communication services. 'Boundary betueen corrmunicat~ng und computhg w i t 2 become mare bZurred. ' In h i s presentation on the MDimensions of t&e Need for Computer Communications ,\" Alex Cupan, president, BNR, Inc., suggested that domestic users must seek to reduce the cost of network access for smaller users, especially in the ltsmaller urban centers .'! FCC Interconnection Chief Louis Feldenr , in a question-and-answer period following Currants presentation, stressed the Itneed for computer powervf in rural areas. In his formal presentation, Curran continued that the cost of intercontinental transmission must also be reduced. According to the speaker, these measnres would help to insure that Ifthe common carrier networks can cope with the data communications traffic of commercial users.11 Curran stated that some of the office and home services associated with computer communications could require reintegration of voice and data capabilities. He provided several current examples of personal computing including: Vieuduta, the embryonic electronic newspaper in the' United Kingdom; Icasthzg, instantaneous voting and data collectio~~ in Canada; MzCZgram, a precursor of electronic mail in the U. S.; and CAJ, computer-assisted instruction.Curran also said that other services will require switching machines \"capable of recognizing information [interest] specifications as valid addresses For example, s w i thcing machines could recognize selective informat ion dissemination interest profiles as valid addresses, he noted. Curran concluded : 'Thus, the boundary between communicating and computing w i l l become more blurred. There a r e economic a r w e n t s f o r suggesting t h a t t h e boundary definitions be relaxed t o encourage a new cycle of innovation FCC decisGm8 m y ZMt the growth of carr%ers, not necessaAZy the g~o t h of wegu&%t@d supptiero in data pmoeseSng.", |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">* * * * * * * * * * * * -* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *</td></tr><tr><td>Vo1. 11, NO* 11</td><td>December, 1976</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">WASH1NC;IYIN District court b Z d s that F e h Z In the o r i g i n a l s u i t , ADAPSO argued t h a t t h e Federal Home Loan Banks</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">posed \"a form of unfair competition1' t o private enterprise because they are</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">exempted from taxat ion. William W. Fletcher, president of Midwest Advanced</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Computer Services, inc., Warren, Mlcigan, and ADAPSO member, has been quoted</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">as saying t h a t I</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\"30 per cent lower\" r a t e s . In addition, ADAPSO said t h a t t h e PederaZ Rome</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Loan Bank Act of 2932 forbids banks from participating I n nonbanking commercial</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">a c t i v i t i e s such as those provided by computer service centers.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Federal D i s t r i c t Judge Carl B. Rubin, i n h i s ruling last September, held that</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\"the providing of data processing services t o member i n s t i t u t i o n s is not an</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">express power granted t o the Federal ADAPSO Executive Vice-President</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Jerome L. Dreyer has c r i t i c i z e d the FHLBB f o r encouraging i t s members t o market</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">data processing services t o t h e same banks which the FHLBB regulates.</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">AFIPS Phshington Report t h a t t h e New York Federal Home Loan Bank has ceased</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">offering data processing services since the d i s t r i c t court injunction was</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">obtained. Marks noted that further adverse rulings against the Home Loan Banks</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">could proscribe future data processing offerings by t h e seven other Federal</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Home Loan Banks. He a l s o said that i f the d i s t r i c t court i s upheld by the</td></tr></table>", |
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