Base_JSON/prefixJ/json/J77/J77-4004.json

{
    "paper_id": "J77-4004",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:50:08.133965Z"
    },
    "title": "FIRST COPY OF A F I P S STUDY ON 'T!VORhLATION PROCESSING IN THE U.S.' PRESENTED PO WHITE HOUSE OFF ICE OF SCIENCE, A N D TECHNOLOGY POLICY",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "Mr",
            "middle": [
                "H Lewis"
            ],
            "last": "Parker",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "University of New",
                "location": {}
            },
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "Comsat",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Labratoriqs F~lh);'",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "University of New",
                "location": {}
            },
            "email": ""
        },
        {
            "first": "Anthony",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Ralston",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {
                "laboratory": "",
                "institution": "University of New",
                "location": {}
            },
            "email": ""
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "The Department of Justice, the Ad Hoc Tblecormnunications Users Committee, ATGT, IBM C o r p. , the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA) , the Computer Communications Industry Association (CCIAJ, and the Association of Data Processi'ng Service Organizations (ADAPSO) have all filed recent comments in the Federal Comrmmications C o m i s s i on ' s (FCC] Second Canputer Inquiry. The InquZq is considering the role of a regulated monopoly, ATBT, and otherregulated CQmon carriers in providing unregulated data processing services, generally torbidden by the FCC. In filings last May, the Justice Department opposed broad regulation by the Commission of unregulated firms which, though they may compete in certain areas with AT6T, are not now regulated by the FCC. Justice also s a i d it \"strongly supports the Commission' s intentions to base its rules on marketplace standards, rathet. than simply technolbgical standards.\" l l e Ad Huc Telecommunications Users Committee (composed of 15 users companies such as the Ford Motor Co. and Sears, Roebuck & Co.) oppased \"a prohibition against the usc of new technology for communications purposes.\" The Users Committee suggested that prohibitions against regulated carriers' entry into unregulated data processing a c t i v i t i e s should be confined to the lJpurpose and effect of the services provided,\" rather than be based an the processes or equipment used. ATET argued against anbwoverly restrictive viewff of \"communications common carriage.\" IBM, CBESlA, CCIA and ADAPSO, however, supported a broad definition of data processing, leaving it unregulated, and opening the field to more competition, they said. FEDERAL MINICOMPUTER. TERMINAL STANDARDS TO BE ADOPTED BY NBS A new Federal interface standard, called '%S-XYZ;\" is planned by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to replace the current RS-232C interface between terminals and computers (especially minicomputers) and data communications equipment. According to a June 27, 1977, article in ComputemorZd, the RS-XYZ standard should be implemented this month. In addition, an eight-bit ASCII code (in lieu of the usual seven-bit code), and protocols standardizing the user-terminal interface, are under consideration by NBS. The eight-bit ACII code could be implemented as a Federal standard early iq 1978. A Federal Basic standard is also expected for 1978. FIRST NATIONAL FACILITY FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES RESEARCH ESTABLISHED AT CORNELL BY NSF The first national facility'for research on electronic devlces with dimensions of less than one micron is being established at Cornell University in, Ithaca, New York, with a five-year, five million dollar a grant from the National Science Foundat ion (NSF). The faci l i ty , known as the National Research and Resource Facility for sub-Micron structures, SEPTEMBER, 1977 3 AFIPS WASHIKGTON REPORT 5 AF: 1 T' S WASH I NG'TON RE POK'I b. [As indicated, we recommend that an independent agency is esteblished, with the responsibilitirr outlined in item 3, above; however, if this rscomondation is not adopted): Wether this agency should be placed within th-rce Department ether there should be established, a Federal Data n strator responsible for analyzing and frcilltatinp =* B i X T the overall flow of Federal data Members of the AFIPS pans1 (and society a f f i l i a t i o n s) include: Mr. Isaac L. Auerbach, Auerbach Associates, Inc. (first I F I P president); Mr. Joseph Cunningham (past ACM executive director) ; Dr. N. P. Dwivedi (IEEE) ; John M. Egsr, Esq. ,B Lamb, Eastman 8 Keats (AFIPS) ; M. George R. Epgert (DPMA) ; Dr. Bruce Gilchrist, Columbia University (past AFIPS executive director); Dr. Herbert Grosch (ACM president) ; M r. Wil limn 0. Groth, IBM Corp. [IEEE) ; Dr. Carl Hemmer, 'Univac Federal Systems (ACM); Mr. Thomas McConnell, Atlanta Public Schools (past AEDS prssldent) ; Dr. Wil liam Miller, Stanfotd Univeristy (SIAM); P h i l i p S. Nyborg, Esq.",
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        "paper_id": "J77-4004",
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        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "The Department of Justice, the Ad Hoc Tblecormnunications Users Committee, ATGT, IBM C o r p. , the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA) , the Computer Communications Industry Association (CCIAJ, and the Association of Data Processi'ng Service Organizations (ADAPSO) have all filed recent comments in the Federal Comrmmications C o m i s s i on ' s (FCC] Second Canputer Inquiry. The InquZq is considering the role of a regulated monopoly, ATBT, and otherregulated CQmon carriers in providing unregulated data processing services, generally torbidden by the FCC. In filings last May, the Justice Department opposed broad regulation by the Commission of unregulated firms which, though they may compete in certain areas with AT6T, are not now regulated by the FCC. Justice also s a i d it \"strongly supports the Commission' s intentions to base its rules on marketplace standards, rathet. than simply technolbgical standards.\" l l e Ad Huc Telecommunications Users Committee (composed of 15 users companies such as the Ford Motor Co. and Sears, Roebuck & Co.) oppased \"a prohibition against the usc of new technology for communications purposes.\" The Users Committee suggested that prohibitions against regulated carriers' entry into unregulated data processing a c t i v i t i e s should be confined to the lJpurpose and effect of the services provided,\" rather than be based an the processes or equipment used. ATET argued against anbwoverly restrictive viewff of \"communications common carriage.\" IBM, CBESlA, CCIA and ADAPSO, however, supported a broad definition of data processing, leaving it unregulated, and opening the field to more competition, they said. FEDERAL MINICOMPUTER. TERMINAL STANDARDS TO BE ADOPTED BY NBS A new Federal interface standard, called '%S-XYZ;\" is planned by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to replace the current RS-232C interface between terminals and computers (especially minicomputers) and data communications equipment. According to a June 27, 1977, article in ComputemorZd, the RS-XYZ standard should be implemented this month. In addition, an eight-bit ASCII code (in lieu of the usual seven-bit code), and protocols standardizing the user-terminal interface, are under consideration by NBS. The eight-bit ACII code could be implemented as a Federal standard early iq 1978. A Federal Basic standard is also expected for 1978. FIRST NATIONAL FACILITY FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES RESEARCH ESTABLISHED AT CORNELL BY NSF The first national facility'for research on electronic devlces with dimensions of less than one micron is being established at Cornell University in, Ithaca, New York, with a five-year, five million dollar a grant from the National Science Foundat ion (NSF). The faci l i ty , known as the National Research and Resource Facility for sub-Micron structures, SEPTEMBER, 1977 3 AFIPS WASHIKGTON REPORT 5 AF: 1 T' S WASH I NG'TON RE POK'I b. [As indicated, we recommend that an independent agency is esteblished, with the responsibilitirr outlined in item 3, above; however, if this rscomondation is not adopted): Wether this agency should be placed within th-rce Department ether there should be established, a Federal Data n strator responsible for analyzing and frcilltatinp =* B i X T the overall flow of Federal data Members of the AFIPS pans1 (and society a f f i l i a t i o n s) include: Mr. Isaac L. Auerbach, Auerbach Associates, Inc. (first I F I P president); Mr. Joseph Cunningham (past ACM executive director) ; Dr. N. P. Dwivedi (IEEE) ; John M. Egsr, Esq. ,B Lamb, Eastman 8 Keats (AFIPS) ; M. George R. Epgert (DPMA) ; Dr. Bruce Gilchrist, Columbia University (past AFIPS executive director); Dr. Herbert Grosch (ACM president) ; M r. Wil limn 0. Groth, IBM Corp. [IEEE) ; Dr. Carl Hemmer, 'Univac Federal Systems (ACM); Mr. Thomas McConnell, Atlanta Public Schools (past AEDS prssldent) ; Dr. Wil liam Miller, Stanfotd Univeristy (SIAM); P h i l i p S. Nyborg, Esq.",
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                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "is designed t o find better ways to produce tiny patterns that can be incorporated into various electronic devices. The technology, planned for development i n the new f a c i l i t y , could allow researchers to increase the density of componengs in an integrated circuit by as much as 10 times.",
                "cite_spans": [],
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "As required by the Privacy Act of 1 0 7 4 , President Carter in June submitted his Seaond Annuat Report of Fedem2 Personut Data S y s t s m Subject to tho Morn& Act of 1974. The teport covers personal data systems maintained by the Executive Branch in 97 agencies during calendar year 1976. The study concludes that there was no \"significant change1' in the \"scope and naturetf of Federal persoqal data systems, nor was there any \"significant changew in the use of computers to process personal data.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT RELEASED ON 'FEDERAL PERSONAL DATA SYSTEMS SUBJECT TO THE PRIVACY ACT OF 1974'",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(1) Ninety-seven agencies maintained 6,753 personal data systems containing 3.85 billion individual records at the end of 1976, a net increase of 11 agencies and 30 systems, but a net decrease of 34 million individual records from 1975; and (2) at the end of 1976, 29 per cent of the personal data systems and 74 per cent of tho individual records were fully or partial.1~ computerized, as compared to 27 per cent and 79 per cent, respectively, at the end of 1975.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Specific findings include:",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS has established a panel to comment on the reorganization of computerrelated groups in the Federal government. Chaired by Dr. Stephen S. Yau, Northwestern University, the panel consists of 13 members who prepared a consensus document for submission to the Office of Management and Budget At the direction of the President to begin a \"comprehensive review of the management of administrative services within the Federal government,\" OMB has solicited comments on a ucomprehensive-reexamination of Federal data proce~sing.\" Specifically, the OMB project is focusing on: (1) Improving productivity in the delivery of Government services through the application of computer technology; (2) improving the acquisition, management and use of these resources; and (3) eliminating duplication and overlap in agency jurisdictions dealing with computer issues. 1.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS IN WASHINGTON AFIPS ESTABLISHES PANEL TO COMMENT ON REORGANIZATION OF FEDERAL CNPUTER-RELATED GROUPS. SUBMITS RECOhDlENDATIONS TO OMB",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "An independent agency should be established to have cognizance over all Federal procurement and management functions related to data processing and comunications; this, as explained below, should be the sole mission of the agency.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Dr. Yau and Washington Office",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Office of Management and Budget (OW) should continue t o provide Government-wide enforcement in this area, by exercising fiscal control.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ".",
                "sec_num": "2"
            },
            {
                "text": "Responsibilities of the independent agency should include authority over -a l l other Government agencies concerning the following functions related to data processing and communications (except as noted):",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "3.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "a. Management policy, procurement, t e c h n i c a l support and standards development and implementation (Exceptions would be weapons systems computers and procurements below certain minimum cost?.) Incorporating some 34 figures and t a b l e s , the study i n c l u d e s previously unpublished and unosscmbled data on U.S. computer suppl~ars and users, personnel and educot ion in the information processing field, and s i g n i f i c a n t trends for t h e computer area. Presenting t h e report. AFIPS Washington Officc Director P h i l i p S. Nyborg noted that it i s intended to provide summary data on the information processing field, establishing computer technology as 8 vnon-scarcc\" national resource relevant to a broad range of policy questions. OSTP A s s i s t a n t Director Smith d e s c r i b e d the study a s \"timely\" and \"very helpful . I t",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "3.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In a letter accompanying t h e report, AFIPS President Theodore J . Williams wrote to Dr. Press: ''We can e n v i s i o n that you may have need of furthcr specific reports (or less formal input) on applications of computer science and technology to achieve national program goals and to solve national problems. As these needs arise, f urge you to regard t h e 110,000 men and wanen who constitute the 15 scientific and educational socicties within Coordination with OM0 Study. The amendments also state that the Reorganization \"shall become effective at such time or times on or before April, 1, 1978, as the president' shall specify, but not sooner than the earliest time allbwable,\" in this case 60 working days from July 15th (when the Pkn was presented to Congress), or October 15th (when the PZan becomes law, unless vetoed by Congress in Wash i ngton . 'I'he Advisory Croup has been formed t o i d e n t i f y informat ion systrrns n e c k which can be accommodated t o support t h e \"decision processesr'",
                "cite_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 588,
                        "end": 603,
                        "text": "April, 1, 1978,",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "3.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "SEPTEMBER",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "of t h e W r i t e llouse and t h e Executive Office of the President (EOP) .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Itigher-lcvcl EOP s t a f f members appeared before the Group t o i d e n t i f y t h e i r informat ion requirements. (2) Assessment of Educational Technology: and (3) Assessment of A l t e r n a t i v e Regulatory Approaches Regarding Offerings of Mixed Communications and Data Processing Services. P a r t i c i p a n t s on t h e AFIPS panel were: for AIAA, Mr). between data communications (a tariffed, regulated service) and data processing (an untariffed, unregulated service), regulated carriers could provide EFT as an untariffed, unregulated data processing service, through separate subsidiaries, However, WIT is forbidden in i t s 1956 C a s e n t Decree with the Department of Justice from offering any data processing service (which could now include EFT) even through a separate subsidiary. The NCEFT does not comment on the advisability of t h i s r e s t r i c t i o n , but notes that ATGT Itmay possess dominant market power which could be exercised i n the unregulated EFT markets i n a manner which would force other firms from . , .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "and preclude the entry of new firms i n t o those markets.\"",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Apparently disregarding an earlier statement contained i n i t s interim report that it may become appropriate t o have a Governmental operational role i n point-of-sale (POS) switching and clearing f a c i l i t i e s t o insure an effective national payments system, the Commission (in i t s f i n a l report) concluded that t h e Federal government should \"not be involved operationally, a t present or in the forseeable futurev in POS switches.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "However, the NCEFT did recpmend that the Federal Reserve continue t o provide \"ACH-like services1! (i.e. , automated check clearing house services), also encouraging private sector development in the same area.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Developmental Issues. In regard to developmental issues affecting EFT, the panel support nationwide deployment of EFT terminals w i t h debit services (0-8. B POS devices) . However, it a l s o encourages \"gradual expansinnu of deposit -taking through terminals, an important economic issue with many financial i n s t i t u t i o n s . POS/EFT systems can make money, the panel added.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Technological Issues. In reference t o techno logical issues concerning EFT,",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "the Commission~is recommending t h a t t h e FCC's r e g i s t r a t i o n program f o r interconnection of terminal devices t o the public telephone network be extended t o include EFT terminals. I n addition, it suggests t h a t communicat i o n s protocols which are inconsistent with American National Standards I n s t i t u t e (ANSI) standards should be published as soon as they are adopted for use by EFT equipment manufacturers. According t o t h e NCEFT, In t h e area of security, the Commission recommends j o i n t s t a t e and Federal action t o develop uniform security regulation and security supervision.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The NCEFT, perhaps surprisingly, noted t h a t \"few breaches\" were found i n EFI' security. I t added that \"a balance w i l l have t o be achieved between t h e cost of security measures and the value of the losses they a r e designed t o protect against.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Consumer Issues. In the general area o f consumer i n t e r e s t s , t h e Commission recornended t h a t t h e Government should have the r i g h t t o access EFT financial information when \"legitimate needs of law enforcement\" a r e served. However, the NCEFT a l s o s a i d t h a t a consumer's permission should be obtained before information concerning h i s EFT recordsi s released t o a t h i r d party. Consumers should also have t h e r i g h t t o correct inaccuracies i n EFT records, the Commission held. In general, the panel found present legal safeguards for privacy of financial information as applied to EFT \"inadequate .\"",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In a finding t h a t may disappoint some consumer groups, t h e NCEFT said it could uncover no evidence a t present t h a t would suggest a need to provide t h e equivalent of a paper-based stop order i n EFT transactions. According t o the Commission, such a stop order i n h i b i t s the guaranteed acceptance of payment achieved through EFTS a t the point-of-sale.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The NCEFT would require a monthly written statement for consumers whenever an EFT transaction occumed. However, it would place the burden of proof on consumers t o report unauthorized uses of EFT services. In addition, t h e Commission does not recommend the $50.00 limit on a consumerts l i a b i l i t y now provided with bank c r e d i t cards. Instead, under t h e panel's recommendations, A Q u a t 3 t a t t v e S m a r y , an update of a  similar 1973 report. A presentation copy of the study was delivered in July to the White House Office' of Science and Technology Policy (Waehingtmf' Report, 9/77, p. 6). Incorporating some 34 figures and tables, the SS-page report includes previously unpublished and unassembled data on U.S. suppliers of computer equipment and services, computer users (by government and industry sectors), personnel and education in tbe'information processing field, as well as significant trends.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 394,
                        "end": 466,
                        "text": "A Q u a t 3 t a t t v e S m a r y , an update of a  similar 1973 report.",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS, as a continuing source of experts and expertise from t h c information",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The study notes that the Federal governpent is still the largest single user of computers in the United States, accounting for approximately s i x per centof the total usage in the U.S. According to the report, the Department of Defense accounts, for almost half of all Federal computer usage.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS last month released to the public the printed version of I n f m t h Procescling i n the United States",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "However, it added that Government usage is not increasing a$ fast as in the U.S. at large. As of last year, the Government was said to employ some 9,600 computers.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS last month released to the public the printed version of I n f m t h Procescling i n the United States",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In 1976, the study noted, U.S. computer users (mainly institutions in business, all government and education) spent $38.4 billion including expendi tures on computer goods and services, related salaries and overhead. While the insurance and banking industries have the highest degree of computer usage in terms of the proportion of firms using computer equipment or services, the manufacturing sector is clearly the largest user in the U.S. in terms uf total expenditures on computer equipment and services, the report said.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS last month released to the public the printed version of I n f m t h Procescling i n the United States",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In 1974, according to the study, the total U.S. computer labor force (including traditional computer-related otcupations such as programer, systems analyst, maintenance technician and keypunch operator) numbered 853,000. The manufacturing sector is iisted as the largest employer of the computer labor force in a given field, the Federal govement is the largest single employer of the computer labor force.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS last month released to the public the printed version of I n f m t h Procescling i n the United States",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The report said world revenues of U.S. computer manufacturing and services firms are projected to double from $31.9 billion in 1976 to $64 billion in 1981, and world shipments of U.S. computer equipment are also forecast to double from $15.9 billion in 1976 to $30.5 billion in 1981.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS last month released to the public the printed version of I n f m t h Procescling i n the United States",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Last year, qccording to the study, U.S. computer equipment manufacturers accounted for 87 per cent of the installed base of the world's computers, by value. However, the U.S. share of the world market is reported to be decreasing due to foreign competition (especially from Japan). By 1981, U.S. computer equipment manufacturers are expected to account for 81 per cent of the installed base of the world's computers by value, down six per cent from 1976.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS last month released to the public the printed version of I n f m t h Procescling i n the United States",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS WASHINGTON REPORT U.S. exports of computer equipment are said to exceed imports by a factor of 15 to one and will result in a trade surplus of $2.8 billion in 1977. At the present time, the study said, U.S. firms derive approximately 50 per cent of their revenues from overseas sales.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NOVEMBER, 1977",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The AFIPS report i s based largely on data provided by three major market research firms (;.e., Arthur D, Little, Inc.; Auerbach Associates, Inc.;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NOVEMBER, 1977",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "and International Data COT.) as well as the Federal government. ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NOVEMBER, 1977",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations of the House Judiciary Committee last month held hearings on, favorably reported, and marked up H.R. I , legislation that would restrict the post-service activities of Federal employees, with exceptions in some areas for Itthe making of communications solely for the purpose of furnishing scientific or technological information under procedures acceptable to the [~ederal] agency concerned .\"",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "HOUSE LEGISLATION WOULD LIMIT POST-SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES INTERACTING WITH GOVERNMENT ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL MATTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "At press time, H.R. I is being marked up by the full Judiciary Committee. However, as the legislation is now written, it would (1) impose a lifetime ban on the post-service activities of Federal employees prohibiting them from acting-in matters in which they participated llpersonally and substantially\" while with the Government;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "HOUSE LEGISLATION WOULD LIMIT POST-SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES INTERACTING WITH GOVERNMENT ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL MATTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(2) impose a two-year banonthe post-sefvice activities of Federal employees prohibiting them from acting in the realm of their \"official responsibility\" while with the Government; and",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "HOUSE LEGISLATION WOULD LIMIT POST-SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES INTERACTING WITH GOVERNMENT ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL MATTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(3) impose a one-year ban on the post-service activities of higher-level Federal employees prohibiting them from acting in matters affecting the agency with which they were employed while with the Government.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "HOUSE LEGISLATION WOULD LIMIT POST-SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES INTERACTING WITH GOVERNMENT ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL MATTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "H.R. 1 would not prohibit former Federal employees \"with outstanding scientific or technological qualifications\" from acting in scientific or technological matters'with a Government agency, provided that \"the national interest would be served1' by such actionsand it has approval of the agency head. In addition, the legislation would exempt Federal employees who are classified in higher Federal pay grades from the ~ne-year ban on post-service activities (involving the department or agency with which they were formerly employed) provided that the agency determines no \"undue infludencet? will be exerted by the former employee on \"substantive agency action by yirtue of his or her former association with the agency.\"",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "HOUSE LEGISLATION WOULD LIMIT POST-SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES INTERACTING WITH GOVERNMENT ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL MATTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "The AFIPS Washington Office has been consulting with both the Subcommittee would broaden the exemptions far pos t-service activities of farmer Federal employe& adding, in addition to the exemption for the one-year ban on higher-level employees, an exemption for the two-year and lifetime bans on former Federal employees in circumstances where no Itundue influence1' will be exerted on \"substantive agency action by virtue of the former employee's association with the agency ,I1 . Henriques previously served as a CBEMA v i c e president. Charter. ADAPSO was original ly chartered to provide information on management for its member companies. Thus, it sponsors national and regional conferences and workshops on accounting, sales management, advertising, law, data communications, privacy and security and other related topics. As a registered lobbyist, ADAPSO has become involved directly in influencing legislation that concerns its member companies (discussed more fully below) .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "HOUSE LEGISLATION WOULD LIMIT POST-SERVICE ACTIVITIES OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES INTERACTING WITH GOVERNMENT ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL MATTERS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Organization. With national headquarters in Montvale, New Jersey, the association consists of a professional staff directed by Mr. Jerome L. Dreyer, executive vice president, who is responsible for overall operat ions. In addition to an elected board of directors and elected officers, ADAPSO is supported by special counsel in the areas of law, taxation and public relations. It consists of three \"operating sections\" including: Software Industry Assn.; Data Center Section; and the Rpmote Processing Services Section (concerned with the technical , legislative, legal and operating factors of companies engaged in data communications and interactive computing). Paper #12, A p r i t 18, 1975. 'IComputer p r o f e s~i o n a l s~~ should ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 664,
                        "end": 738,
                        "text": "Paper #12, A p r i t 18, 1975. 'IComputer p r o f e s~i o n a l s~~ should",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "NEWS",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "ApAZ 15, 1875. Federal, state and local officials, administrative agencies, legislatures, councils, \"other government bodies , I 1 and the private sector should withhold action implementing major proposals for EFTS until the National Commission on Electronic Fund transfers (NCEFT) has completed its studies.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ".. \" l s g i d u t i~e and Administmtivs EFTS Action, \" Poettion Paper #l4,",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "-tWmbe~shipof NCEFT,rrPositionPape~ #13, November22, 1875. As approved by the Congress, the amended proposals, with reference to computer-oriented groups, specify: (1) a b o l i t i o n of t h e Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP) ; (2) t r a n s f e r of various OTP functions t o the President and the Office of Maqagement and Budget (CMB) , including preparation o f P r e s i d e n t i a l telecommunications p a l i c y options, and t r a n s f e r of o t h e r OTP functions, not specifically designated, t o t h e Department of Commerce;",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": ".. \" l s g i d u t i~e and Administmtivs EFTS Action, \" Poettion Paper #l4,",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "(3) continuation of t h e r o l e of t h e Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), a s s i s t i n g the President and his advisers i n making decisions about policy and budget issues i n the area of science, engineering and technology; (4) t r a n s f e r of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ' f o r preparing c e r t a i n r e p o r t s , including a five-year out look report on science and technology, t o the National Science Foundat ion, t h e I n t e rgovernmental Sci cnce , Engineering and Advi sory Panel, and t h e Federal",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Congress should predicate extension of repotting times for the NCEFT on appointment by the President of a commissioner from",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Coordinating Counci 1 f o r Sci ence , Engineering and Technology; and 5t r a n s f e r of t h e functions of the l a t t e r two panels t o t h e President. The Plan is expected t o be f u l l y implemented by April 1 , 1978.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Congress should predicate extension of repotting times for the NCEFT on appointment by the President of a commissioner from",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "There i s some doubt regarding the functions and t i t l ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Congress should predicate extension of repotting times for the NCEFT on appointment by the President of a commissioner from",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS WASHINGTON REPORT",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [
            {
                "text": "DATA FLOW Both the Congress and tbe National Security Council are studying r e s t r i c t i o n s placed by foreign nation's on the exchange o f information among countries, f a . , transborder data flow. In conjunction with its hearings on revision of the Comnunications ~c t of 1934, the House Subcommittee on Communications considered U.S. policy on transborder data flow i n early October. On October ZQth, a committee of the National Security Council, Executive Office of t h e President, met f o r the firpt time to consider policy implications of t h e same subject.Summarizing t h e implications of transborder data flow, Mr. G.R. Pipe wrote r e c e n t l y i n the I F I P S Washington Report (3/77, p. 7). 'The emergence of i n t e r n a t i o n a l data transmission networks, coupled with t h e r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t n a t i o n a l l e g i s l a t i o n i s e f f e c t i v e only f o r domestic processing, has resulted in demands for t h e creation of i n t e r n a t i o n a l standards for t h e treatment of personal information. While t h e objectives of these laws have been widely applauded, the consequences of imposing r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e movement of d a t a may run counter t o t r a d i t i o n a l free flow of information1 principles. Additionally, some U.S. computer manufacturers, services, and multinational users are troubled abdut possible xi:::, o r shrinkage of markets, r e s u l t i n g from the rules adopted by various c~u n t r i e s .~ Thirteen European countries are reportedly considering adopting laws which would restrict information flow t o the country of origin. Two countries, Sweden and Germany, have already adopted privacy legislati611 affecting the exchange of information. Eight other countries, including Austria, Belgium, France, Canada, Denmark, Luxembourg, Norway, Finland, and possibly the Netherlands, a r e expected t o support similar l e g i s l a t i o n in t h e next year.A t a recent meeting of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, U.S. representatives opposed a p r e c i p i t o u s international agreement r e s t r i c t i n g data flow. Representatives from Sweden, France, Austria and Germany supported an i n t e r n a t i o n a l accord standardizing conflicting national privacy laws. A French participant i n the meeting expressed an inteiest i n European development of i t s own data bases, independent o f t h e U.S.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "CONGRESS, NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCI L STUDY FOREIGN RESTRICT1 WS ON TRANSBORDER",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Internal a u d i t i n g o f automatic data processing and controls has been I1inadequate\" i n some Federal agencies, according to a recent report of t h e General Accounting Office (GAO) . E n t i t led Computer Auditing in the Sxecutive Departments: Not Engough is Being Lbne, the study suggests",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "COMPUTER AUDITING IN THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS 'INADEQUATE1: GAO",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS WASHINGTON REPORT that audits be instigated in four areas : (1) systems design and development;(2) equipment acquisition; (3) specific applications; and (4) installation management. The GAO said, More work is needed by both Federal managers and internal auditors to make sure that audits adequately cover the four areas, and that computer-based information systems are better control led. \"The complete report, W e r FGMSD-77-82 (dated September 28th), is available free-of-charge to non-profit organizations through the CAO directly a t (202) 275-6241, or through the AFIPS Washington Office .The GAO has also recently released: The computer systems design program includes the principles of computer systems design such as : computer system architecture, performance, graphics, man-machine interaction and logic design. The special proj ects program encompasses research pioj ects, studies, workshops, and other activities which \"might encourage the development of new fields of computer science research.\" Proposals will be assigned to the appropriate program within the Computer Science Section.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "DECEMBER, 1977",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "AFIPS made i t s public presentation of Information Processing i n the United States: A Quantitative Summary a t a b r i e f i n g given t o the Interagency Committee on Automatic Data Processing (IAC/ADP) during t h e Committee Is regular monthly meeting i n Washington, D. C., October 11th. IAC/ADP is composed of some 50 representatives from Federal departments and agencies having s i g n f f i c a n t computer usage, and is chaired by Ms. Mr. Frederic C. Withington, senior s t a f f member, ADL; joined T.B. Steel, Jr., marketing supervisor, ATIT; i n discussing future trends and implications.In h i s t a l k on suppliers, Mr. Wallace noted t h a t , \"while t h e measures that the r e p o r t uses are reasonable ones on which t o judge t h e economic aggregates i n t h e industry, they do not i n there w i l l be a continuing and even an a c c e l e r a t i n g spread of small computer systems, i n t e l l i g e n t terminals, word processing systems and the l i k e throughout agencies of t h e Federal government, and evidently i n t h e Legislative Branch as well a s throughout the whole \"structure.\" According t o the ADL executive, \" t h i s p r o l i f e r a t i o n of t h e resource w i l l t r u l y bring with it new management problems ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "APIPS BRIEFS I A C I ADP : ' INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE JNITED STATES'",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "to work closely with the Congressional group in an effort to assist in the formulation of a technical agenda for the prospective program. AFIPS has worked with the planning study since its inception, earlier contributing a statement of critical issues in this policy area (Washington Report, 6/77, p. 4) and a formal set of program recommendations (Washington Report, 10/77, p. 4). articulated in the following letter which argues the need for the 'prospective UI'A program. This letter merits a careful and thoughtful reading, particularly in its discussion of \"new technologiesw ( i . e . , digital technology has been the driving force .in generating many if not most of the c r i t i c a l policy issues), \"needs and interests o f consumer^,^ \"industry structure^,^' and \"the quest ion of competition. These matters can and will, to a significant extent, shape the future of the information processing field.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "AFIPS WASHINGTON REPORT",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e Honorable Edward M.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "January 2 5 , 1977",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "Oear Ted:We would like to raise with you an area of i n q u i r y for OTA which we have been developing for some time and which w e p l a n to propose at our February Board meeting . major socia2 and economic changes as the i n t r o d u c t i o n of ' ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 183,
                        "end": 252,
                        "text": "major socia2 and economic changes as the i n t r o d u c t i o n of '",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Kennedy Uni t e d S ta t es Senate Washington, D . C . 20510",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "bib_entries": {},
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Whether it is a e s i r a b l c to c o n s o l i d a t e national p o l i c y functions, relating to computer and cornmunicatinns technologies, within 3 single group (i.c.. , in clther the proposed independent agency or within an e x i s t~n g department 1 SEPTEMBER, 1977 of thu Computer Indue try i n the United Statee, published in 1973. Accepting the report on b e h a l f of Dr. Frank Press, OSTP director and Presidential science adviser, wcrc: Mr. P h i l i p Smith. OSTP assistant director, and Mr. William Montgomery, OSTP e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r ."
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "We would welcome the opportunity t o usefully contribute t o the important work of your o f f i c e . \" Mr. Nyborg, who co-edited the study, was accompanied by Research Associate Pendsr M. McCarter, co-editor and principal ingestigntor working on t h e report. Mr. William Erickson, co-editor, was a l s o employed by AFIPS t o participate i n the project as a part-time, temporary research assistant. According to t h e study, world computer manufacturing and services revenues of U.S. firms are projected t o double from $31.9 b i l l i o n i n 1976 t-o $ 6 4 . 0 billion i n 1981, and world computer equipment shipments for U . S . firms arc also forecast t o double from $ In addition, the report notes that, while t h e insurance and banking industries have the highest degrec of computer usage in tcrms of the proport ion of firms ;sing cornputor equipment or scrvices, t h e nanufiicturing sector i s the biggest user i n t h e U . S . i n terms of total expenditures on computcr equipment and services. According to t h e study, t h e t o t a l computer labor force ( i . e . , individuals having f u l lt ime employment in t r a J i t ional computer-related o c c u p a t i o~~s such as programmer or analyst) is placed at 853,000. F i n a l l y , t h e report s t a t e d that whi l c t h c pcxcentagc o f gross national product spent on computer usiigo in the U.S. i s increasing driunsticnlly, the amount spent per capita is incrc;ising at an even faster ratc. I'ublic distribution of the study i s scheduled this month by AFIPS at $ 6 . 0 0 per copy. I n i t i a l inquiries should bc directed t o the Headquarters Of f i c c i n Montvul c , New Jcrsey, local ond s t z e law enforcement units i s being reexmined by t h e IlcpartmanY of .Justice,in view of Congrcssionnl opposition to the project. * h e House ohn nit tee on Science and Tachnolo last month convened hearings on the functions and operations + o the Congressional Off ice of 'Pechnology ---. . .Asscssmcnt ((n'A) , reportedly considering omendmcnt 5 to t h e TeehnoZop~Aoscusnent A d , which established OTA in 1972; among othcr recent a c t i v i t i e s , M'A i s examining t h e hosis for c s t a l~l i s h i n g a serics of 01'A technology nssessrncrlts in t h e area o ftclccommrlrlicotions, computers and iwfomat ion policies . A b i l l to make n cri~nc \" t h c frnudulclit or i l l e g a l usc of any cornput er owned or opcrntcd by t h c I1 . S . , ccrtitin f'iniincrul i n s t i tut i o n s , iind e11t itics a f f e c t i n g interstate comnrerce\" was int roiluccd i 11 tho llousc in .July by Rep. Charles Rose 1 the h i l l follows similir l c g i s l o t i o n introduced in the K t e i n .June (Wushi*rgto~z R~p o r * t . 8/77, p . 2 ) . ~ornp~Fer s p e c i a l i s t s are being sought by the Qrganizat ion of American States (OAS) for short and long-ten technical assistance missions t o merriments inLat i n Amcri c . ,~ end t hc (:sribbc:ln; f u r t h c r i nforrnrlt ion fs nvail;lhlc from t l~c U n i t of Coopcrnl ion w i t h Nonjiovcrnmcntiil Institutions, Offirr of 1 n t c m . l t l o n a l Coopcrnt i o n , O A S , W:~.;hington,"
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Data and 'l'elecommunications Service (ADTS) a s well as t h e National Archives and Record Service, within t h e General Services Administration (GSA); and t h e Bureau of t h e Census, w i t h i n tho Deparment of Commerce.Recommendations pertaining t o data processing are incorporated i n anItInformation Managementt1 section of the f i n a l r e p o r t . The Commission i s expected t o recommend consolidation of Itthe major paperwork, information and communications-related policy oversight functions pnd a u t h o r i t i e s t t which it holds a r e \"now dispersed and fragmentedI1 among: t h e Information Systems Division i n t h e o f f i c e of Management and Budget; ADTS within CSA; and t h e Office of 'I'elecommunications I'olicy, i n t h e Executive Office of t h o President. The Comn~ission on Pedcral Paperwork is a l s o expected t o favor improved ttcoord i riot ion of records and paperwork management programs and pol i c i e s w i t h r e l a t e d information p o l i c i e s such as s t a t i s t i c s , ADP telecommunications, public-use reporting, and other s i m i l a r a c t i v i t i e s . \" The complete report i s scheduled f o r release c o r l y this month. FIHS'L' MEETING OF OS'I'P AL)V ISORY GROUI' ON W111'E t1OUSE INFORMA'I'ION SYSTEMS -The f i r s t meeting of t h e Office of Scicncc and Technology Policy (OSTP] Advisory Croup on White House Information Systems was h e l d August 24-25"
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "t t h e f i r s t meeting, opened by OSTP Director Dr. Frank Press, Stuart E. Eizenstat, a s s i s t a n t t o t h e President f o r Domestic Affairs and Policy, t o l d t h e Advisory Group t h a t the Office of Domestic Affairs and Policy requires more sophisticated document tracking techniques. For example, Mr. Eizenstat noted t h a t t h e r e a r e ttseveral hundredt1 l e g i s l a t i v e b i l l s of i n t e r e s t t o h i s o f f ice. I n addit ion, ' council of Economic Advisers (CEO) Chairman Charles L. Schultze c i t e d t h e need f o r \"large s c a l e data bases,\" a l s o fcr document tracking. Advisory Group Chairman John Cosden of t h e Equitable Life Assurance Society s o l i c i t s written-statements from a l l i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s t o a s s i s t t h e Group with its work. The next meeting of t h e Group is scheduled f o r October 4-5 i n Washington t o continue b r i e f i n g s by EOP s t a f f on t h e i r information needs. Other Group members include : D r . William c o t t e n a n , Georgia S t a t e University; D r . Gerald Dinneen, Department of"
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "H. Lewis Parker, COMSAT Laboratories; f o r ACM, Prof. Peter Lykos, I l l i n o i s Institute of Technology; f o r AEDS, D r . Judy Edwards, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratories; f o r DPMA, Mr. Bruce Spiro, Defense Communications Agency; f o r ZEEE-Computer Society, M r . Lynn Hopewell, Computer Sciences Corp.; f o r IIA, M r . W i l l i a m E. Perry; f o r SIAM, D r . Hans Oser, National Bureau of Standards; and from previous AFIPS panels, Prof. Vinton Cerf, Defense Advanced Research P r o j e c t s Agency; Mr. Alex Curran, Bell-Northern Research, Inc.; and Mr. Frederic G. Withington, Arthur D . L i t t l e , Inc. Alternates included: f o r AIAA, Mr. Kenneth Hales, Boeing Aerospace Co.; and f o r AEDS, M r . David R. Kniefel, New Jersey Educational Computer Network. AFIPS REVIEWERS COMMENT ON APPENDIX TO PRIVACY COMMISSION' S FINAL REPORT The Privacy Protection Study Commission l a s t month released f i v e appendices t o i t s f i n a l r e p o r t , Personal Privacy i n an Information Society, sent t o t h e President and Congress i n J u l y (Washington Report, 8/77, p. 1 ) . A t t h e request of t h e Privacy Conmission, AFIPS volunteers reviewed and f i l e d comments t o t h e Commission's appendix e n t i t l e d Technology and Mvacy ( # ) . AFIPS reviewers included: Mr. Paul Baran, Cabledata Associates, Inc.; Mr. Richard L. Bisbey and M r . Dennis Hollingworth, Information Sciences I n s t i t u t e , University of Sourthern C a l i f o r n i a ; and M r . Richard G. Mills, Citibank, N.A. NEWS BRIEFS Security procedures and c o n t r o l s f o r t h e Social Security Administration's (SSA) Data Acquisition and Response System, s a i d t o access personal information on m i l l i o n s of Americans, a r e deemed inadequate t o prevent fraud and abuse, according t o a recent r e p o r t prepared by t h e a u d i t agency of t h e Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The National Science Foundat ion' s (NSF) Research Applied t o National Needs (RANN) program has been discontinued; according t o an a r t i c l e i n t h e September 5, 1977, issue of Chemical & mgineering News, -NSF Director Richard C. Atkinson abolished t h e program because he i s s a i d t o favor d i s t r i b u t i o n of RANN p r o j e c t s throughout the NSF. Total research and development spending i n t h e United S t a t e s is estimated t o reach $40.8 b i l l i o n i n 1977, nine per cent above t h e 1976 level of $ 3 7 . 3 . b i l l i o n , according t o a new study e n t i t l e d NationuZ Patterns of R&D Resources: 1953-77, published by t h e National Science ~o u n d a t ion. President Carter l a s t month nominated Charles D . F e r r i s , general counsel t o House Speaker Thomas P. O ' N e i l l [D-Mass .) , t o succeed Richard E. Wiley a s chairman of t h e Federal Communications Commission (FCC); Mr. Wiley resigned e a r l y l a s t month."
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "ANSI should' \"expedite the development o f Standards f o r numbering systems, message formats . . , [as well as] standardize invoice and b i l l i n g systems.11"
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "a consumer could be l i a b l e f o r any l o s s when negligenqe i s proven on h i s part, sag., carrying his personal i d e n t i f i c a t i o n number [PIN) with a debit card. NCEFT Background. The Commission was established three years ago by Congress t o recommend action and l e g i s l a t i o n i n connection w i t h the development of public o r p r i v a t e EFT systems. In 1975, President Ford appointed-14 members. RECOEMENDS NEW RESEARCH PROGRAM 1N INFORMATION SCIENCE, LIT^^ OR WF QIVISIcH OF SCIENCE INFORMATION In Sapta'kr, t h e National Science Foundation (NSF) Task Force on Science Information Activities recomnended t o NSF Director Richard C. Atkinson : (1) that a new research pro-i n information science should be created; d t2) the NSF's division of science infornetiun should be dissolved. Infomation science i s defined as the theoretical study o f infarmation as a -o n ; science information i s said t o include a11 elemmts i n the pmeratim, storage, retrieval and dissemination ~f science material. The Tulr Force also recamended doubling of the current budget for information science .ad science information frm $5 million to approximately $11 million. SEE= STANDARD MEA, !UMMENT OF DATA CQMMUNICATICNS Thc Fedem1 Ctmunmications Commission (FCC) should develop standard measurer a t of the quality and r e l i a b i l i t y of data colmrmnications service provided by specialized c m o n carriers, the Department of Commerce's Office of Telscaunicaticms (OT) said in an August filing t o the FCC. According t o 6, custmrs presently experience difficulty i n determining which data services are nost useful because tariffs do not always provide coaplete descriptions of service quality. OT endorses standard measurement of data carrmications services i n lieu of the implementation of mandatory performance and design specifications which it feels inhibit innovation and competition. AEXANDER NAMED HRIS DIRECTOR, REEDER BECOMES DEPUTY DIRECTOR Boyd L. Alexander, acting director o f the House of Representatives Information Systems (HRIS), has now been appointed HRIS director. Mr. Alexander i s former director of Computer Services, Information System Division, Office of Management and Budget (OMB). He replaced Dr. Frank B. Ryan, who left' HRIS t o become director of Athletics and lecturer in mathematics a t Yale University Franklin S Reeder, also a member of the (MI Information Systems Division staff, has been named HRIS deputy director. FCC CHAIRMAN-DESIGNATE PROFILE: CHARLES D . FERRIS Charles D. Ferris, nominated i n September by President Carter to WGGPM Richard E . Wiley as chairman of the Federal Communications Commissidn (FCC), i s general counsel to House Speaker Thomas P. O'Neill (D. Mass .) . Prior t o working with the speaker, Mr. Ferris was chief counselor to the Senate Majority Leader, general counsel t o the $enate Policy Committee, and chief counsel for t h e Senate Majority. A physics graduate with a law degree from Boston College, the FCC chairman-designate also served as a t r i a l attorney i n the C i v i l Division of t h e Department of Justice. In addition, he holds a degree i n Advancedknagement from the Graduate School o f Business, Harvard University. Mr. Ferris has not worked in data processing, an aide t o l d MIPS Waehington Report. [~d . . A t press time, the nomination has been approved; and the new FCC chairman sworn in for a term ending June 30, 1984. ] VERS,ION OF ' INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE U. S . , ' FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ST1 LL LARGEST SINGLE USER OF COMPUTERS IN U. S . : INSURANCE."
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "BRIEFS A limited number of complimenary copies of Canputer Software kmgment A Primer for Project Nanagment and Quality Control is available from the National Bureau of Startaards (NBS): Computer Science Section, Technology A367, NBS, washington, D.C. 20234; also known as Special Publication 500-11, the document describes preferred methods of software development and includes recommendations for specification and testing of software. Computer Science and TechnoZogy Pub Zicatione , containing nirmerous National Bureauof Standards (NBS) listings as of June, 1977, is available from the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, NBS, Washington, D.C. 20034. The 1977 Winter Simuktion Conference is scheduled at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Gaithersburg, Mary land, December 5-7; the program will consider applications of computer simulation in such areas asenergy, criminaljust i c e , behavioral science, agriculture, environment and health care. A call for papers has been issued for Trends and Applikatwns 1078, a symposium on distributed processing to be held at the National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, Maryland, May 18, 1978; spohsored by the IEEE Computer Society, papers are sought describing practical experiences with distributed processing; further information is available through the Computer Society office in Silver Spring, Maryland, president of the Computer and Business Equipment Clanufacturers Association (CBEMA) , re-placing Peter F. McClaskey, who has been appointed president of the Electronic Industry Association;"
            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Product ion assistance for the Washington Report is provided by Linda Martin. AFIPS societies have permission to use material in the newsletter for their own pub1 ications ; however, when an article appears with an aste-risk, clearance must be obtained from the AFIPS Washington Office. COMPVIER TRADE ASSOCIATIbNS : PART I (ADAPSO) . .The AFIPS Washington Office has conducted a survey of computer trade associations to smmakize their positions on data processing issues before the Federal government. The survey, prepared by Research Associate Pender M. McCarter, is an attempt to review the issues which are perceived as important by indus try-orient ed groups in the infonnat ion processing field during the last two years. In this first of four installerments, the Association of Data Processing Service Organizations, Inc. (ADAPSO) is considered with respect to its membership, charter, organization and positions vis-a vis the Federal government.Membership. Established in 1961, ADAPSO is a trade association representingthe computer services industry, i. e. , companies engaged in providing timesharing, facilities management, software systems and products, and data center services. Its 967 member units include large national computer service companies as well as smaller local, regional and sometimes specialty finns, located in the the U.S., with affiliates in Europe, Latin America and the Far East."
            },
            "FIGREF9": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "Federal government during the last two years are summarized in various posit ion ~ papers provided-to AFIPS by ~r -. Dreyer : Resolving A n t i t w e t Disputes,\" ADAPSO Poeition &per # l o , October 24, 1974. Congress would consider 'la responsible and logical approach to the resolution of antitrust claims against IBM incorporating mediation, arbitration and litigation, and avoiding unnecessary burdens, inconsistent results, duplication and waste to the maximum reasonable extent. Right to R h~~c y , PI ARAPSQ Position Paper# l l , Febnccny 12, 1075. Congress, s t a t e legislatures, and \"txecutive administrative agenciesu should require the preparation of a privacy impact statement for every mass data bank weighing the benefits of mass data banks against the detriments.-nC3uenaentuZ Cicem ing af Prof 8seimZ mP Peremel, tt Position"
            },
            "FIGREF10": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "\"private life with special experience and qualifications in the computer industry .\" -Tostat R e p k z t i a s , \" Position Paper #la, April 6, 1976. Congress should amend the United States Code t o exclude data processing materials from consideration as letters which i subject^'^ them to U.S. Postal Service rates [bhether transmitted by independent carrier or th'e U.S. maill) and t o the lfwell-known irregularities of the U.S. mail .\" -'IConsume~ Commmicatiom Reform Act of 10 76, Sltly 21, 1976.Congress should oppose the Commer ~omwtunbatione R e f o n Act because it will eliminate competition; bring computers, station and terminal equipment under regulatory control by the* states; and grant antitrust immunity for future acquisitions by the telephone companies.L t h bh forcement Aeeietance Ach$n&t t m t i o n (LEAA) rnocurementPzucticee, July 27, 1976. Computer service companies should be allowed t o act as both a designer of a computer system as well as an \"implement~r.~ -F h c i a : Accounting Stun&& Board Statement #2, October 15, 1978. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) should reevaluate FASB Statement #2 defining the development/manufacture of software sys tents as a 'Icurrent period expense. \" I Doto Privacy and S e d t y , ApAZ 17, 1977. Data on a private citizen should be ffadequatelyIf protected from viewing, disclosure, or uses which ore Itnot socially desirable .I1 [Ed.: Future reports in this series will deal with CBEMA, CCIA and IIA.] PLAN NO. 1 OF 1977' APPROVED BY CONGRESS; HENRY GELLER RECOMMENDED FOR NEW ASSISTANT SECRETARY BOSITION Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 777, reorganizing the Executive Office of the President (EOP) , including bodies dealing with te~lecommunicat ions, computers and information policies, became e f f e c t i v e October loth, with n e i t h e r t h e Senate nor t h e Hor17e of Representatives adopting a r e s o l u t i o n . of disapproval. ~eorganization Plan No. 1, submitted t o Congress by President Carter J u l y 15th, i s t h e first of a s e r i e s of plans proposed by the President t o reorganize the Executive Branch of t h e Government. The House and Senate held hearings on Plan No. 1 in August (~ashington Report, 9/77, p. 11, and Mr. Carter f i l e d amendments t o h i s o r i g i n a l plan i n September (Washington Report, 10/77, p . 1) ."
            },
            "FIGREF11": {
                "num": null,
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "text": "e o f wl1a.t t h e Plan o r i g i n a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s t h o new Assistant Secretary of Commerce f o r Information and Communications. A t press t ime , @IPS Washington Report has learned t h a t an Executive Order is being circulated f o r comment. by OMB concerning the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of the new Assistant Secretary. 1h October, t h e Commerce Department said t h a t Secretary J u a n i t a M. Kreps rerommended t o President Carter appointment of Henry Gellet, a fellow a t the Aspen I n s t i t u t e , t o become what Commerce called t h e new \"Assistant Secretary of Commerce f o r T e~e c o m u n i~a t i o n s .~~ Pending an announcement from the President and confirmation by the Senate, Mr. Geller occupies an o f f i c e a t OTP."
            },
            "TABREF0": {
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                "text": "",
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            "TABREF1": {
                "num": null,
                "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>:</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">1) Adequate job categorization w i t h particular</td></tr><tr><td/><td>emphasis on software personde1</td></tr><tr><td>2)</td><td>Provision for adequate coat inuing c d~l c o t ion to enable personnel to remain abreast of</td></tr><tr><td/><td>rapid technological change</td></tr></table>",
                "text": "Mandatory periodical total system performance evaluation and analysis of data proccssing and communications operations in all agencies d Providing technical consultants to other",
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                "html": null
            },
            "TABREF3": {
                "num": null,
                "content": "<table><tr><td>PRIVACYAccording</td></tr></table>",
                "text": "). The April I, 1978, date would coincide with the conclusion teams under the supervision of Wayne T. Cranquist , CMB associate director for Administrative . Last month, the Computer and Business Equipfient Manuf actureres Association (CBEMA) and the Computei. and Communications Industry Association (CCIA) filed differing recommendations with the OMB on Federal automatic data processing (ADP) procurement. CBEW criticized the General Services Administration (GSA) for overly strict enforcement of policy concerning agency ADP procurements, whereas CCIA favors further centralization of ADP procurement policy within GSA.",
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            },
            "TABREF4": {
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                "content": "<table/>",
                "text": "Defense; Dr. Vincent McRae, IBM Corp.; Mr. Jon Turner, Columbia University; and D r . Russell Shank, UCLA. NASA, ILLINOIS INSI'IlUTE OF 'TECHNOLOGY SURVEY USER NEEDS FOR VLSCS ($. e. , a consideration i f a d d i t i o n a l funding becomes available include: (1) Assessment of t h e Adequacy of Existing Computer Systems Audit and Control Techniques;",
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            "TABREF6": {
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                "text": "The study was edited by Philip S. Nyborg, Pender M. McCarter and William Erickson. Research for Chapters I, II,, and I11 was performed by Mr. McCarter with the assistance of Mr. Erickson. A '!Note on Future Trendsl'was drafted by T. B. Steel; J r . , member of the SILT Committee. SHARE, I~i c . The report was fom8lly briefed and presented at last month's meeting of the Interagency Committee for Automatic Data Processing, composed of some 50 representatives from Federal departments and agencies having significant computer usage.",
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            "TABREF7": {
                "num": null,
                "content": "<table/>",
                "text": "on Adiminstrative Law and Governmental Relations and affected individuals in an attempt to formulate what are deemed approprinte cxccptions to the limits on post-service activities of Federal employees.",
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                "text": "",
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