| { |
| "paper_id": "J78-3012", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:05:26.890180Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Descriptiqri)Pormation = and Discourse Model S y n t h e s i s", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Bonnie", |
| "middle": [ |
| "Lynn" |
| ], |
| "last": "Webber", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "BoLt Beranek and Newman I n c", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "J78-3012", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "r e s e a r c h e r s i n l i n g u i s t i c s , p,,pychology, ph.ilosophy and a r t i f i c i a l , i n t e l l i g e n c e h a v e r e c e n t l y begbn t o [1978] . S t e n n i n g [ I 9 7 5 J . Although I w i l l soon e x p l a i n what I p a r t s : ", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 160, |
| "end": 166, |
| "text": "[1978]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Many", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Kar t t u~e n [I9761 , Levin & Goldman [197&] ,", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "< * 3 > . A similar a s s u m p t i o n is made by", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Lyons (19781 and S t e n n i n g [ 1 9 7 5 ] . 3. constraining t h e possible r e f e r e n t s of a given anaphoric expremsion down t o one possible", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "< * 3 > . A similar a s s u m p t i o n is made by", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "choice -the \" anaphor Lesolution* problem! 4", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "< * 3 > . A similar a s s u m p t i o n is made by", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": ". determining what other functions a d e f i n i t e descr ipkion i s intended t a f i l l besides enabHng the l i s t e n e r t o construct or g e t t o its r e f e r e n t . (1) how i n d e f i n i t e noun phrases a r e associated w i t h the evocation of new discourse e n b i t i e s , independently of any higher-level expectations, and", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "< * 3 > . A similar a s s u m p t i o n is made by", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "( 2 ) how those new discourse e n t i t i e s w i l l i n i t i a l 1 9 be described. I w i l l claim t h a t such an i n i t i a l description ( I D ) is c r i t i c a l t o both model synthesis and gnaphor t e s o l u t i o n since i t aliows the 1 istener t o reason appropriately, about the discourse en-tity i n order t o assign it t o an appropriate r o l e vis-a-vis h i s or her higher-level expectat ions.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 144, |
| "end": 151, |
| "text": "( I D )", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "< * 3 > . A similar a s s u m p t i o n is made by", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Moreover, since i t is possible for a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y ' s current role assignment t o be found incorrect, it is the e n t i t y ' s I D t h a t allows .it t o @ re-assigned t o another r o l e dibcourse e n t i t i e s they evoke and how those e n t i t i e s a r e described.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "< * 4 >", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
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| "text": "I w i l l c o n t r a s t them b r i e f l y w i t h non-anaphor i c d e f i n i t e noun phrases and then show t h a t a l l determined noun phrases, including odd ones l i k e \"few o r c eggsn, 'many lemon gum b a l l s n , e t c . pattern a f t e r e i t h e r def i n i t e s or i n d e f i n i t e s vis-a-vis the discourse e n t i t i e s t h e y evoke and how those e n t i t i e s can be described. j u s t definite and i n d e f i n i t e noun phrases that can evoke e n t i t i e s i n the l i s t e m r ' s discourse model, I w i l l i l l u e t r a t e i n Section 4 an example of deict-irrally-evoked e n t i t i e s and comment on the ptoblem of descr ibing them appropr iately .", |
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| "section": "< * 4 >", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Except a f t e r a copula, i n d e f i n i t e noun phrases I claimea e a r l i e r t n a t t h e i n i t i a l d e s c r i p t i o n ( I D ) of a newly-evaked discourse e n t i t y is c r i t i c a l f o r both model synthesis and anaphor r e s o l u t i o n , s i n c e the ID mediates a l l reasoning about t h e e n t i t y u n t i l i t s assignment t o some r o l e w i t h i n t h e model. An e n t i t y ' s Ir sbould imp1 y neither more nor l e s s about it than is appropriate. Now consider what an appropriate description would be for t h e discourse e n t i t y t h a t \"it*' r e f e r s t o i n sentence lb.", |
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| "start": 134, |
| "end": 141, |
| "text": "( I D )", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Entities", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
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| "text": "I t is not 'the yellow $-shirt t h a t Bruce had l i k e d \" , since sentence l a . can be uttered t r u t h f u l l y even i f Bruce had liked several yellow T-shirts (and both speaker and l i s t e n e r were aware of t h a t f a c t ) . Nor i.s it \" t h e yellow T -s h i r t t h a t Bruce had liked and t h a Wendy boughtn, since senkence l a . can < * 5 > .", |
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| "section": "Entities", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "I w i l l o f t e n S f e r t o i h e s e a s \" e x i s t e n t i a l s n because of t h e i r l o g i b a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a s e x i s t e n t i a l q u a n t i f i e r s . An iedef i n i t e nouh phrase following a copula functions together w i t h t h e copula as a predicate, e -9.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "Entities", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
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| "text": "Beverly is a bargain hunter. Bruce became a l i b r a r i a n . A s such, it is purely d e s c r i p t i w and does not r e f e r t o any particular, l i b r a r i a n or bargain hunter, cf. Kdrlo (19701. be t r u t h f u l l y . u t t e r e d even i f Wendy had bought s e v e r a l sQch T -s h i r t s .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 191, |
| "end": 204, |
| "text": "Kdrlo (19701.", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Entities", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "What is an a p m q p r i a t e d e s c r i p t i o n for t-he r e f e r e n t o f \"itn is something l i k e \" t h e y e l l o w T -s h i r t t h a t Bruce had l i k e d and t h a t Wendy bought and t h a t was mentioned i n seritence l a . \"", |
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| "section": "Entities", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "What I am c l a i m i n g is t h a t i n t h e case of a s i n g u l a r e x i s t e n t i a l t h a t is n o t w i t h i n the sco,pe of e i t h e r n e g a t i o n , a u n i v e r s a l q u a n t i f i e r , a h y p o t h e t i c a l (e .g . ( 2 ) a p r e d i c a t e t h a t embodies t h e remainder of t h e s e n t e n c e (e.9. \"which Wendy b o u g h t n ) ; and ( 3 ) a p r e d i c a t e t h a t r e l a t e s t h a t e n t i t y t o t h e u t t e r a n c e evoking it (e.g.", |
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| "section": "Entities", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I if IU , \"supposen) o r one of s e v", |
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| "section": "Entities", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "\"which was mentioned i n ( o r evoked b y ) s e n t e n c e b a a n ) . This is t h e d e s c r i p t i o n t h a t I am c a l l i n g t h e e n t i t y -' % i n i t i a l d e s c r i p t i o n \" o r ID.", |
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| "section": "Entities", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I D of an existentially-evoked.discourse e n t i t y can ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Given how I s p e c i f i e d its components t h e n , i t should n o t be s u r p r i s i n g t h a t I w i l l c l a i m t h a t t h e", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "i t i o n Sw. T h i s i n d i v i d u a l", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Given how I s p e c i f i e d its components t h e n , i t should n o t be s u r p r i s i n g t h a t I w i l l c l a i m t h a t t h e", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "is t a k e n t o be t h e d i s c o u t +re e n t i t y evoked by t h e e x i s t e n t i a l noun phrase. Then s e n t e n c e l a . can be r e p r e s e n t e d simply as <*7>. 1 w i l l .soon be m r e p r e c i s e about t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n aS r e l a t i v e c l a u s e c o n t a i n i n g noun p h r a s e s . Here, where t h e d e s c r i p t i v e p a r t of t h e noun phrgse can be t r e a t e d as an unanalyzed u n i t , t h e p r e d i c a t e name Y is an a d e q u a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Given how I s p e c i f i e d its components t h e n , i t should n o t be s u r p r i s i n g t h a t I w i l l c l a i m t h a t t h e", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": ". z = i x f Y x & Bought Wendy,x & evoke Sl,,x f i a t is.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Given how I s p e c i f i e d its components t h e n , i t should n o t be s u r p r i s i n g t h a t I w i l l c l a i m t h a t t h e", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "t h e r e is an ind i v i d u a l d e s c r i b a m k a s \" t h e yellow T -s h i r t t h a t Bruce had-TlLked, t h a t Wendy bought and t h a t was evoked by g e n t e n c e l a .\" ( T h i s w i l l a g a i n became a n i s s u e wheh I discuss) otHer d e t e r m i n e r $ 1 i k e *manyw and \"several\". ) s e n t e n c e 12b. shows, \"few < x > s n can a l s o p a t t e r n a f t e r t h e i n d e f i n i t e p l u r a l : t h e r e f e r e n t of \"theyn is t h e e n t i t y appropr i a t e l y d e s c r ibed a s \" t h e just-mentioned set of l i n g u i s t s who were a t t h e p a r t y n . (We l e a r n from' '#fewn t h a t t h i s s e t is small o r s m a l l e r than t h e speaker e x p e c t s . ) \"Many\" , on the other hand, seems t o p a t t e r n only a f t e r t h e i d d e f i n i t e p l u r a l . I n s e n t e n c e 13&,, t h e r e f e r e n t of \" theyn just-mentioned s e t of l i n g u i s t s who smoke\"", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "Given how I s p e c i f i e d its components t h e n , i t should n o t be s u r p r i s i n g t h a t I w i l l c l a i m t h a t t h e", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(We l e a r n from \"many\" t h a t t h i s s e t of l i n g u i s t s is l a r g e o r l a r g e r t h a n t h e speaker expects.)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "Given how I s p e c i f i e d its components t h e n , i t should n o t be s u r p r i s i n g t h a t I w i l l c l a i m t h a t t h e", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Sentence 13b. shows t h a t t h e r e v e r s e p o l a r i b y \" n o t many\" a c t s l i k e \"few\" vis-a-vis evoking d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s : t h e r e f e r e n t of n t h e y n is t h e e n t i r e s e t of l i n g u i s t s .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Given how I s p e c i f i e d its components t h e n , i t should n o t be s u r p r i s i n g t h a t I w i l l c l a i m t h a t t h e", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\"they\" r e f e r s t o t h e just-mentioned set o f l i n g u i s t s who don1 t smoke. The probliim has been t a k e n t o be t h a t w h i l e \"it8' i n t u i t i v e l y seems r e l a i t = t h e donkey he owns b e However, t h e donkeys a r e planning t o g e t back a t them. t h e donkeys = t h e set of donkeys, each of which some man who owns a donkey owns them = t h e s e t of men, each of whom owns a dofiey 19a. m e man I know who owns a donkey b e a t s it. i t = the donkey h e owns b. B u t the donkey is p l a n n i n g t o g e t back a t him. t h e donkey = t h e just-mentioned donkey t h a t t h e man I know who owns a donkey owns him = t h e man I know who owns a (him, them, 3 3 3 3 3 t h e donkeys = ???", |
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| "start": 685, |
| "end": 706, |
| "text": "(him, them, 3 3 3 3 3", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF30" |
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| "section": "However aS s e n t e n c e 13c. shows, a NEG which o c c u r s i n t h e s e n t e n c e a u x i l i a f y d o e s n o t e f f e c t t h i s same change i n behavior:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "c . * I s the donkey, p l a n n i n g to g e t back a t {him, them, I n r e s t r i c t e d q u a n t i f i~a t i~o n , a q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o p e r a t o t (e.g. V , E ) , t h e v a r i a b l e of a u a n t i f i c a t i o n and t h e c l a s s For example, t h e noun$ p h r a s e \" a p e a n u t n c a n be r e p r e s e n t e d a s", |
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| "section": "R e c a l l t h a t ' t h e purpose of t h i s paper is t o p o i n t out t h e importance of d e s c r i p t i o n formation t o both d i s c o u r s e model s y n t h e s i s and r e f e r e n c e r e s o l u t i o q and t o show t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s c a n , t o an important degree, be f~r m a l i z e d . I have taken B s g i v e n t h e n o t i o n t h a t a l i s t e n e r is using both t h e d i s m r s e and his", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(Ex :Peanut) w h i l e t h e noun p h r a s e \" a p e a n u t t h a t Mendy gave t o a g o r i l l ' a \" can be r e p r e s e n t e d as (Ex: X ( u :~k a n u t ) [ (Ey:Gorilla) Gave Wendy,u,y]) I n t h i s c a s e X ( u :~e a n u t ) [ ( E~: G O~ i l l a ) Gave Wendy, u ,y] names a unary p r e d i c a t e which is t r u e i f its argument is a p e a n u t t h a t Wendy gave t o some g o r i l l a .", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "R e c a l l t h a t ' t h e purpose of t h i s paper is t o p o i n t out t h e importance of d e s c r i p t i o n formation t o both d i s c o u r s e model s y n t h e s i s and r e f e r e n c e r e s o l u t i o q and t o show t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s c a n , t o an important degree, be f~r m a l i z e d . I have taken B s g i v e n t h e n o t i o n t h a t a l i s t e n e r is using both t h e d i s m r s e and his", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Using t h i s n o t a t i o n , s e n t e n c e 6 can be r e p r e s e n t e d as Beat x , i y : bonkey y & Own x , y & evoke S6 l,y \"Byery man who owns a donkey b e a t s t h e j ust-mentioned donkey-he owns\"", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "R e c a l l t h a t ' t h e purpose of t h i s paper is t o p o i n t out t h e importance of d e s c r i p t i o n formation t o both d i s c o u r s e model s y n t h e s i s and r e f e r e n c e r e s o l u t i o q and t o show t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s c a n , t o an important degree, be f~r m a l i z e d . I have taken B s g i v e n t h e n o t i o n t h a t a l i s t e n e r is using both t h e d i s m r s e and his", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I noted above t h a t a s e n t e n c e l i k e \"Every man #who owns a donkey b e a t s it\" c o u l d s e n s i b l y be followed by a s e n t e n c e l i k e \"However, the donkeys a r e p l a n n i n g t o g e t back a t themn ( c f . example Notice now t h a t a f t e r the. \" i t n is reswlved i n \"Every man who owns a donkey b e a t s it\" ( s e e a b o v e ) , Kar t t u n e n p r e s e n t s examples l i k e t h e following.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "R e c a l l t h a t ' t h e purpose of t h i s paper is t o p o i n t out t h e importance of d e s c r i p t i o n formation t o both d i s c o u r s e model s y n t h e s i s and r e f e r e n c e r e s o l u t i o q and t o show t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s c a n , t o an important degree, be f~r m a l i z e d . I have taken B s g i v e n t h e n o t i o n t h a t a l i s t e n e r is using both t h e d i s m r s e and his", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "22. If Wendy h a s a c a r or Bruce h a s a b i k e , it w i l l be i n t h e garage. The pr-pblem is a g a i n t o determine j u s t what, it is t h a t \" i t n r e f e r s to.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "R e c a l l t h a t ' t h e purpose of t h i s paper is t o p o i n t out t h e importance of d e s c r i p t i o n formation t o both d i s c o u r s e model s y n t h e s i s and r e f e r e n c e r e s o l u t i o q and t o show t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s c a n , t o an important degree, be f~r m a l i z e d . I have taken B s g i v e n t h e n o t i o n t h a t a l i s t e n e r is using both t h e d i s m r s e and his", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I s e e t w o ways of approaching t h i s problem i n terms of 6 h c o u r s e e n t i t i e s and t h e i r IDS.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "R e c a l l t h a t ' t h e purpose of t h i s paper is t o p o i n t out t h e importance of d e s c r i p t i o n formation t o both d i s c o u r s e model s y n t h e s i s and r e f e r e n c e r e s o l u t i o q and t o show t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s c a n , t o an important degree, be f~r m a l i z e d . I have taken B s g i v e n t h e n o t i o n t h a t a l i s t e n e r is using both t h e d i s m r s e and his", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "DMLt each w i t h a d i f f e r e n t ID:", |
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| "section": "One way h o l d s t h a t i n each s e n t e n c e , each term of t h e d i s j u n c t i o n evokes a d i f f e r e n t d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y i n t o", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "( 2 2 ) \" t h e c a r t h a t Wendy h a s ( i f she h a s a c a r ) \" \" t h e b i k e t h a t Bruce h a s ( i f he has a b i k e ) n The t r u t h of t h e d i s j u n c t i o n ( w h i c h seems i n each c a s e t o be i n t e r p r e t e d a s e x c l u s i v e \" o r \" ) then g u a r a n t e e s t h e r e being one and o n l y one en tit^ i n t h e model t o wh,ich \" i t \" r e f e r s . Notice t h a t i f t h e terms were conjoined r a t h e r -than d i s j o i n e d , t h e t r~t h of t h e c o n j u n c t i o n would .imply t h e s i m u l t a n e o h s e x i s t e n c e of two e n t i t i e s w i t h i n t h e model. In t h a t c a s e , e i t h e r t h e r e f e r e n t of \" i t \" would be ambiguous or t h e s e n t e n c e would j u s t be b i z a r r e . They t r a v e l by t r a i n and ,then by t a x i t o t h e i r h o t e l i n P a r i s , and when t h e y a r r i v e \" C e l e s t e opens all t h e bags.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One way h o l d s t h a t i n each s e n t e n c e , each term of t h e d i s j u n c t i o n evokes a d i f f e r e n t d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y i n t o", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Last of a l l , s h e opens t h e l i t t l e red one. 'Look! she c r i e s .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One way h o l d s t h a t i n each s e n t e n c e , each term of t h e d i s j u n c t i o n evokes a d i f f e r e n t d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y i n t o", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "!What is this? A flute! Babar l %his is not your bagl' '' (p.10) Before t h i s p o i n t i n t h e s t o r y , t h e r e shou.ld have been one l i t t l e red bag i n", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "One way h o l d s t h a t i n each s e n t e n c e , each term of t h e d i s j u n c t i o n evokes a d i f f e r e n t d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y i n t o", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "dow t h e r e should be two. The f i r s t is t h e e x i s t e n t i a l l y -e v o k e d d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y ( s a y , eq3) -\" t h e l i t t l e r e d bag mentioned i n s e n t e n c e < x > Ehat Babar p u t h i s crown int1, However i f \" t h i s n on page 10 is n o t t h a t e n t i t y , t h e n it must be some o t h e r one ( s a y , ed8) . How sbou.ld it be d e s c r i b e d ? S i n c e \" t h i s \" presumably poi.nts t o t h e l i t t l e r e d bag Celeste is opening,", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "DML.", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "can appropr i a t e l y be d e s c r i b e d as \" t h e just-mentioned l i t t l e r e d bag which Celeste is opening, which c o n t a i n s a f l u t e and not Babar Is crown, and which is not e q u i v a l e n t t o eqjn. <*15YThe problem hem is to be able tq a r t i c u l a t e c l e a r l y what each o f t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s d e r i v e s from s i n c e t h e y do n o t come from a s i n g l e s e n t e n c e .Ih t h i s case one m u s t d e t e r m i n e owhat t h i n g s r e l e v a n t t o t h e s t o r y do or do not f o l l o w from eqals n o t b e i n g B a b a r g s bag.I n t h i s p a p e r , I have t r i e d i n as b r i e f a way a s p o s s i b l e t o r e v e a l a n a s p e c t of u n d e r s t a n d i n g d e f i n i t e anaphora ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "e48", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
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| "FIGREF0": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "abandon d p u r e l y l i n g u i s t i c approach t o d e f i n i t e anaphora < * 2 > i n fa.vor of a n o t i o n o f r e f e r e n c e i n t o some kind of model of t h e d i s c o u r s e , (1976.1 1 Levin & Goldman" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": ") f o l l o w s t h i s p a r t i c u l a r making t h e a s s u m p t i o n s : c f . K a r t t u n e n [19781, Lyons M y own r e s e a r c h ( c f . Webber a p p r o a c h , i n f o l l o w i n g f i v e 1. One o b j e c t i v e of d i s c o u r s e is t o e n a b l e a s p e a k e r t o comrqunicate t o a l i s t e n e r a made1 s / h e h a s o f some s i t u a t i o n . t i c i p a t e i n . e t c ." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "The f u n c t i o n of a d e f i n i t e anaphoric e x p r e s s i o n is t o r e f e r t o an e n t i t y i n t h e s p e a k e r ' s d i s c o u r s e model ( D M S ) . < * 3 > I n u s i n g a d e f i n i t e anaphor , c o u r s e t h u s f a r , a s i m i l a r e n t i t y w i l l be i n t h e l i s t e n e r ' e n d e f i n i t e d e s c r i p t i o n o r d e ? l n i t e pronoun. The referent of a d e f i n i t e anaphor is t h u s an e n t i t y i n DMS, which t h c o u r s e e n t i t i e s may have t h e p r o p e r t i e s of i n d i v i d u a l s , s e t s , e v e n t s , a c t i o n s , s t a t e s , f a c t s , b e l i e f s , h y p o t h e s e s , p r o p e r t i e s , g e n e r i c c l a s s e s ; t y p i c a l s e t members , s t u f f , a p e e i f i c q u a n t i t i e s of s t u f f , e t c . I n d e c i d i n g which d i s c o u r s e e n t i t t e n e r ' s judgments stem i n p a r t from how t h e e n t l t i e s i n DML are described. (When a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y E i s t h e r e f e r e n t of a d e f i n i t e anaphor A, one m i g h t d i s t i n g u i s h t h a t d e s c r i p t i o n o f E conveyed t o t h e l i s t e n e r by t h e i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g t e x t and c o n s i d e r i t A ' s a n t e c e d e n t . ) Tne p o i n t of maklng t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s e x p l i c i t i s t o s t r e s s t h a t i n s o f a r a s r e a s o n i n g a b o u t d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s i s m e d i a t e d by t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n s , d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y d e s c r i p t i on e r s t a n d i n g d e f i n i t e a n a p h o r a can be S c i e n c e s , The Moore S c h o o l , U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a , P h i l a d e l p h i aPA 19174" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF3": { |
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| "num": null, |
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| "text": "c r i p t i o n s c a n f i l l a r e d i s c u s s e d i n Geach [1962], P a r t e e [1972], Norman & Rumelhart [I9751 and Webber [ 1 9 7 8 a ] ." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF4": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "1. d e c i d i n g whether a d e f i n i t e pronoun o r d e f i n i t e d e s c r i p t i o n is t r u l y a t l a p h o r i c ( 1 , i s i n t e n d e d t o r e f e r t o some e n t i t y presumed t o a l r e a d y be i n DML) o r whether t h e t e r m f i l l s some o t h e r r o l e i n t h e d i s c o u r s e ; 2. s y n t h e s i z i n g a d i s c o u r s e model which is s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e s p e a k e r and i n h a b i t e d by s i m i l a r d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s ;" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF5": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
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| "text": "While I cannot hope in t h i s s h o r t paper t o cover even one of t h e s e four sub-tasks, what I s h a l l t r y t o do is i l l u s t r a t e how the e x p l i c i t datai.e., the actual sentences of the discourse, produced by a p a r t i c u l a r person (" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF8": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "(cf. Bartsch 11976 1 , Edmund eon A1976 , Hintikka & Carlson" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF9": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Kar ttunen [I9771 ) . Finally, t o show t h a t it i s not < * 4 > . Prom d i f f e r e n t points of view, discussions of the r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e e x p l i c i t t e x t and higher-level organizing s t r u c t u r e s can be found i n Collins, Brown & Larkin 11977 1 and Webber" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF12": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "e r a l o t h e r s p e c i a l c o n t e x t s ( c f . Webber [1978a) ) , t h e e n t i t y it evokes w i l l be a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e s c r i b e d v i a a c o n j u n c t i o n of (1) t h e d e s c r i p t i o n i n l l e r e n t i n t h e noun p h r a s e ( e -g -\"yellow T-shirt that Bruce had admiredn) ;" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF13": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "r e s e n t a t i o n , Such a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n is i n d e p e n d e n t l y motivated by its use i n r e g u l a r . i n f e r e n c e p r o c e d u r e s .Using a somewhat simp1 i f i e d v e r s i o n of t h e formalism d e s c r i b e d i n Webber [1978a], a s i m p l e r u l e c a n be s t a t e d f o r forming t h e I D of an e x i s t e n t i a l l y evoked d i s c o u r s e e n t i t yi.e., (Ex:C) . Fx ==> (Ez) . z = ix: Cx 6 P, c evoke S,x Were (ExrC) is an example of restricted q u a n t i f i c a t i o n , i n which C r e p r e s e n t s an a r b i t r a r y p r e d i c a t e w h i c h x s a t i s f i e s . Px r e p r e s e n t s an a r b i t r a r y open s e n t e n c e i n which x is f r e e ; i s t a n d s f o r R u s s e l l ' s d e f i n i t e o p e r a t o r , i o t a ; and S is the. l a b e l a s s i g n e d t o t h e p r o p o s i t i o n on t h e l e f t -h a n d s i d e of t h e arrow. I n f o r m a l l y , t h i s r u l e , which I s h a l l c a l l [RW-1) , s a y s t h a t i f a p r o p o s i t i o n S s t a t e s t h a t t h e r e is a member x of c l a s s C w h i c h makes F true, then t h e r e e x i s t s a h individual[ d e s c r i b a b l e as \" t h e C whicH F 1 s which was evoked by p r o p o s" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF14": { |
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| "text": "For example, l e t Y s t a n d f o r t h e p r e d i c a t e c o r~e s p o n d i n g t o \"yellow T-shirt t h a t Bruce had l i k e d \" . <*7>" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF15": { |
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| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "Ex : Y) . Bought Wendy, ,x S i n c e t h i s hatches t h e l e f b -h a n d s i d e o f t h e abave r u l e , i t f o l l o w s t h a t (Ez)" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF16": { |
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| "text": "TZl e d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y SO-d e s c r i b e d is tko r e f e r t e n t of \" i t n i n s e n t e n c e l b . Examples 3 L 6i l l u -a t e s i n g u l a r i n d e f i n i t e noun p h r a s e s i n some of t h e s p e c i a l c o n t e x t s noted above.While I w i l l o n l y be d i s c u s s i n g examples 5 and 6 i n t h i s p a p e r , n o t i c e t h a t i n a l l f i v e cases, t h e e n t i t y evoke& by t h e i n d e f i n i t e noun p h r a s e is a p p r~p f i a t s l y d e s c r ibed by t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t a t l e a s t the t h r e e f a c t o r s mentioned abovemat is, i n example 2 t h e r e f e r e n t o f \"them\" can be d e s c r i b e d u n i q u e l y a s \" t h e s e t of p a l f c + n s , e a c h of w h i c h , mentioned i n s e n t e n c e 2a., some t h i r d g r a d e g i r l b r o u g h t t o Wendy's house.: < * 8 > 'In example 3, t h e r e f e r e n t of \"itn Can be desctibed as \" t h e f i s h mentioned i n clause 3a. t h a t Bruce h a s managed t o c a t c h , i f Bruce h a s managed t o c a t c h a f i s h \" . I n example 4 , t h e n e g a t i o n a p p e a r s i n t e n d e d t o scope on-ly \"Swedish\". Thus t h e d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y r e f e r e n t o f Ushen can be d e s c r i b e d a s \" t h e woman mentioned i n s e n t e n c e 4a. t h a t John married\". (We l a t e r l e a r n i n s e n t e n c e 4b. that s h e is Norwegian r a t h e r t h a n Swedish.) IDS f o r t h e -two other e x i s t e n t i a l l y -e v o k e d d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s i n examples 5 and 6 w i l l be d i s c u s s e a i n S e c t i o n 3. Notice t h a t a d e f i n i t e noun p h r a s e i n t h e same. c o n t e x t a s a n c i n d e f i n i t e noun p h r a s e w i l l a l s o evoke a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y , b u t one whose I D i s somewhat d i f f e r e n t . To see t h i s , c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g sentences < * 8 > . A i u l e s i m i l a r t o '[RW-11 is g i v e n i n ~e7jber [ 1 9 7 8 a ] f o r e x i s t e n t i a l s scoped by u n i v e r s a l b . In a l l , sfx such r u l e s a r e g i v e n cover i n g r independent e x i s t e n t l a l s ( s g / p l ) \"1 saw {a c a t , three eats} -on the s t o o p . 'I 2 & d e f i n i t e d e s c r i p t i o n s ( s g / p l ) \" I saw the [cat, c a t s ) ' which h a t e Sam. n 3 , d i s t r i b u c i v e s \"Each cat on the stoop h a t e s S a m . \" \"The three cats each s c r a t c h e d Sam.\" 4. u n i v e r s a l l y q u a n t i f i e d e x i s t e n t i a l s \"Each boy gave each g i r l {a peach, three peaches) . I' 5. c l a s s dependent d e f i n i t e s ''Each boy gave a woman h e k n e w the {peach, t w o peaches) she wanted.\" 6. c l a s s dependent d i s t r i b u t i v e s \"Each boy I know l o v e s every woman he meets.\" 7a. Wendy bought t h e yellow T -s h i r t t h a t Br uce bad 1 iked . b. I t costtwenty d o l l a r s .8a. E a E h t h l r d g r a d e g i r l h a s s e e n t h e p e l i c a n on Wendy's law&. b. They p r e f e r it t o t h e p l a s t g c flamingo she had t h e r e b e f o r e ." |
| }, |
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| "text": "John dldn' t macry t h e Swedish woman. b. He t h r e w her over f o r a Welsh. e c d y s i a s t . I n each case, -an a p p r o p r i a t e desct i p t i o n for t h e d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y evoked by t h e s i n g u l a r d e f i n i t e noun p h r a s e i s j u s t t h a t s i n g u l a r d e f i n i t e noun p h r a s e i t s e l f t h e yellow T -s h i r t t h a t Bruce had, l i k e d \" , \"the p e l i c a n pn Wendy's-lawnn , \" t h e Swedish wernan?.While it is c e r t a i n l y truet h a t t h e def i n i t e n e w of t h e s e nOUh p h r a s e s may be c o n t i n g e n t on c o n t e x t ( i . e . , i a e n t i f i a b i l i t y w u a t i o n ) n e v e t t h e l e s s u n l i k e e n t i t i e s evoked by i n d e f i n i t e noun phrasiis, t h o s eBvoked by d e f i n i t e s do n o t depen'd f o r t h e i r a p p r o p r i a t e IDS on t h e p a r k i c u l a r s e n t e n c e s the d e -f i n i t e noun p h r a s e s appgared in. The same c h a r a c t e r i s t i c behgvior of d e f i n i t e s and i n d e f i n i t e s d i s c u s s e d f o r s i n g u l a r noun p h r a s e s h o l d s f o r plur'al noun phrases as w e l l . That is, w b i l e both i n d e f i n i t e and d e f i n i t e plu-ral noun phrases evoke d i e c o u r s e e n t i t i e s , t h e nri-ique i n i t i a l d e s c r i p t i o n s that can be a s s i g n e d t o t h o s e e n t i t i e s w i l l , d i f f e r i n t h e two c a s e s . see t h i s , consider t h e f o l l o w i n g example.10a. I saw t h e guys from n~i s s ' on TV today. b. I saw the t h r e e guys from \" K i s s \" or.TV today.c . I saw a l l three guys from \" K i s s n orl!I' V today. d. I saw some guys from \" K i s s \" on TV today.e. I saw t h r e e guys fr-om on W today.11, They were being interviewed by ~i c k cave t t .Sentences 10a-c each c o n t a i n s a d e f i n i t e p l u r a l ndun phrase. That noun p h r a s e s h o u l d evoke a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y i n t o t h e l i s t e n e r ' s model, one a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e s c r i b e d as \" t h e ( s e h o f ) guys from ' K i s s ' \" This can be v e r i f i e d by f o l l o w i n g e i t h e r of these s e n t e n c e s by s e n t e n c e 11 and c o n s i d e r i n g what is t h e r e f e r e n t of t h e d e f l n i t e pronoun \"they\". < * 9-> <kg>. While serf'tences. lBb&c. p r o v i d e t h e a d d i t i o q a l i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t t h e number of guys i n \"Kiss\" is t h r e e [ n o t a c t u a l l y true -BLW] , t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n is n o t needed i n o r d e r t o d e s c r i b e t h e s e t uniquely. Sentences. 10d&er on t h e o t h e r hand 8 eaeha c o n t a i n s an indef ifiite p l u r a l noun phrase. !That noun p h r a s e w i l l evoke a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e s c r i b e d a s \"the ( s e t e b f ) guys from tXiss~8 t h a t I saw on W todayvand that was mentioned i n Sentence 10d (e) .\" This is because e i t h e r s e n t e n c e is c o n s i~t e n t w i t h t h e r e being o t h e r members of \"Kissn whom I d i d n ' t see on TV today, a s w e l l as o t h e r members whom I d i d see b u t whom I d o n ' t meen t o include i n my s t a t e m e n t . <*la> Notice again,that t h e s e t s i z e i n f o r m a t i o n provided i n s e n t e w e 10e.is n o t n e c e s s a r y for descr ibing t h a t set uniquely. However, it t o o may be useful l a t e r i n r e s o l v i n g d e f i n i t e anaphora.An i n t e r e s t i n g p o i n t is t h a t them seem t o be no o t h e r patterns t h a t E n g l i s h d e t e r m i n e r s f o l l o w vis-a-vis d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y IDS.To see t h i s c o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s .12a. Few l i n g u i s t s smoke s i n c e they knowit causes cancer. b. Few l i n g u i s t s were a t t h e p a r f y , b u t they drank more t h a n t h e whole Army Corps of Engineers.13a. Many l i n g u i s t s smoke although they know it c a u s e s c a n c e r .b. Not many l i n g u i s t s smoke since they know it c a u s e s cancer. c. Many l i n g u i s t s d o n ' t smoke s i n c e t h e y know it causes cancer. I n s e n t e n c e 12a, t h e r e f e r e n t of \"they\" c r i b e d a s \" ( t h e e n t i r e set o f ) l i n g u i s t s 1 ' . That is, \"few <x>dn can evoke t h e same d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y as t h e d e f i n i t e noun phrase \" t h e < x > s w . However as However, i t should n o t be ignored, as it may be needed l a t e r i n r e s o l v i n g a d e f i n i t e anaphor 1 i ke \" t h e t h r e e guysn. <*la>. This l a t t e r p o i n t is a s u b t l e one, and usage may v a r y from person t o person. !that is, some p e o p l e i n t e n d an i n d e f i n i t e p l u r a l noun p h r a s e c o n t a i n e d i n a s e n t e n c e ,S , \"Some < x > s Pnt o r e f e r t o t h e maqimal s e ti . e . , \" t h e s e t of <x>s which Pn. Other people i n t e n d i t t o r e f e r t o some s u b s e t of t h a t set -\" t h e set of <x>s which P which I ( t h e s p e a k e r ) i n t e n d e d t o mention i n s e n t e n c e S\". For a System t o cope with t h i s v a r i a t i o n i n usage, it would be b e t t e r f o r procedures to d e r i v e t h e l a t t e r , non-maximal s e t des.cr i p t i o n , which is always a p p r o p r i a t e . I f a system is s o p h i s t i c a t e d enough t o a s s o c i a t e a \" b e l i e f spaceh with t h e speaker ( c f . Cohen [I978 J ) , o t h e r p r o c e d u t e s can l a t e r a c c i r a b l e ) t o judge whether t h e maxima1 s e k i n t e r p r e t a t i o n might have been i n t e n d e d ." |
| }, |
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| "text": "or h e r knowledge of t h e world t o s y n t h e s i z e a model of what s/he b e l i e v e s t o u n d e r l i e t h e d i s c o u r s e . D e f i n i t e anaphora a r e viewed a s means by which t h e speaker r e f e r s t o e n t i t i e s i n DMs t h a t a r e presumed t o have c o u n t e r p a r t s i n t h e l i s t e n e r ' s model. What I want t o show i n t h j s s e c t i o n is t h a t t h i s approach t o d e f i n i t e anaphora can accommodate n o t o n l y s t r a i g h t -f o r w a r d c a s e s as d i s c u s s e d above, b u t c e r t a i n problematic c a s e s a s well.3.1 Parameterized I n d i v i d u a l sThe pr ~b l e m of f o r m a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e r e f e r e n t of \" i t n i n examples l i k e 6 below has o f t e n been d man who owns a donkey b e a t s it." |
| }, |
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| "text": "t e d t o t h e embedded noun p h r a s e \" a donkeyn, t h e r e i s no way t o r e p r e s e n t t h i s l o g i c a l l y i n term: of simple q u a n t i f i e r scoping. &?hat I s h a l l show is t h a t an approach i n terms of d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s and t h e i r IDS makes cMs i n t u i t i v e r e l ' a t i o n s h i p simple both t o e x p l a i n and t o r e p r e s e n t ." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF21": { |
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| "text": "e r e n t a s \" t h e just-mentioned donkey he owns\", where \"hen i s bound t o whatever v a l u e t h a t \" ( e a c h , a , the, which, no) man who owns a donkeyn may take.B u t t h i s is j u s t a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y of a r a t h e r s p e c i a l t y p eone w i t h a parameterized I D , r a t h e r t h a n a r i g i d one. I c a l l such e n t i t i e s \"parameterized i n d i v i d u a l s n , borrowing t h e term &om Woods & Brachman [1978]. <*11> Notice t h a t parameter ised i n d i v i d u a l s behave somewhat differently from t h e n a c t u a l l l d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s the s e n t e n c e s evoke. <*12> T h a t is, parameterized i n d i v i d u a l s a t e n c e s do nob. For example, 18a. Each man who owns a donkey b e a t s i t ." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF23": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "i v i d u a l n is being used somewhat l o o s e l y t o i n c l u d e ~~a r a m e t e r i z e d n s e t s , s t u f f ; e t c . For example, (i) No man who owns two donkeys b e a t s them. them = ' t h e two donkeys he owns <*12>. By \" a c t u a l n d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s , I mean o n e s t h a t can be r e f e r r e d t o a n a m o r i c a l l y i n subsequent s e n t e n c e s . it = t h e donkey he owns --\"Nonen b . =~r e the donkeys plaarring t o g e t back a t" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF24": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure", |
| "text": "i n i t e anaphora i n terms of d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s q~d t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n s can e x p l i c a t e \"donkey\" s e n t e n c e s a s well, I w i l l have t o i n t r o d u c e a b i t more of t h e Eormal i s m d e s c r i b e d i" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF25": { |
| "uris": null, |
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| "text": "it ranges over (noted i m p l i c i t l y a s a p r e d i c a t e ) c o n s t i -t u t e a s t r u c t u r a l u n i t of t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . For example, \"Every boy is happyn can be r e p r e s e n t e d a s(4x:Boy) . Happy x This is t r u t h f u n c t i o n a l l y e q f i v a l e n t t o w (Yx) , Boy x ==> Happy x S i m i l a r l y \"Some boy is h a p p y v a n be r e p r e s e n t e d a s (Ex:Boy) . Happy x which i s t r u t h f u n c t i o n a l l y e q u i v a l e n t t o (Ex) . Boy x & Happy x The e x t e n s i o n I w i l l i n t r o d u c e w i l l p e r m i t t h e e g r e s e n t a t i o n of noun p h r a s e s w i t h r e l a t w e c l a u s e s a s w e l l as s i m p l e noun p h r a s e s . S e m a n t i c a l l y , a r e l a t i v e c l a u s e can be viewed as a p r e d i c a t e . One way t o p r o v i d e f p r a r b i t r a r y p r e d i c a t e s is t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f t h e a b s t r a c t i o n o p e r a t o r , r e p r e s e n t e d a s \" \" by Hughes & Cresswell 119681 , f o l l o w i n g Church [1941]." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF26": { |
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| "text": "VX: h ( u :~a n ) [ (EytDonkey) . Own u,yl Beat x , I T By a p p l y i n g rule [RW-11 t o t h e embedded clause [ (Ey: Donkey) . Own u] , t h e e n t i t y Donkeyey & Own u,y & evoke Ssbl,u * the j ust-ment ioned donkey t h a t u ownsn <*13> As I mentioned above, t h e semantic$ of r e s t r i c t e d q u a n t i f i c a t i o n is such t h a t t ) [(Ey:Donkey) . Own u , y ] , there must be an e n t i t y i d e n t i f i a b l e a s i y : Donkey y & Own x,y & evoke Sgdl,Y P t h e just-mehtioned donkey x owns T h i s i s a p a r a m e t e r i z e d i n d i v i d u a lp a r a m e t e r i z e d by the v a r i a b l e i n (Vx: . . .) t h a t is a p o s s i b l e r e f e r e n t f o r \" i t n i n the m a t r i x s e n t e m ei.e., (~s : k ( u :~a n ) [ ( E s D o n k e y ) . Own u , y ] )" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF27": { |
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| "text": "1 8 ) . Given t h a t I have shown how t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e r e f e r e n t of \" i t n i n t h e f i r s t s e n t e n c e i n terms of d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s and t h e i r f o r m a l l y d e r i v a b l e d e s c r i p t i o n s , can t h e r e f e r e n t of \" t h e donkeysw be a c c o u n t f o r i n t h e same way? <*14> Po show t h a t it c a n , 1 need t o p r e s e n t t h e r u l e f o r d e a l i n g with c l a s s dependent d e f i n i t e d e s c r i p t i o n s t h a t 5 mentioned i n f o o t n o t e 8. T h i s r u l e is m o t i v a t e d by examples s u c h a s 21, where t h e r e f e r e n t of *themn is presumably t b e d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y evoked l z~ the noun p h r a s e Itthe flower s h e p i c k e d n , where \" s h e n stands f o r t h e v a r i a b l e bound by \"each g i r l i n t h e c l a s s N . <*13>. I n l a b e l i n g each c l a u s e of a complex s e n t e n c e , I u s e t h e f~l l o w i n g c o n v e n t i o n t if t h e m a t r i x c l a u s e is l a b e l l e d S, its l e f t m o s t embedded c l a u s e will be l'abelled S.1, t h e l e f t m o s t embedded c l a u s e i n S.1 w i l l be l a b e l l e d S.1.1, etc. <*14>. I s h a l l n o t t a k e t h e t i m e h e r e t o d i s c u s s t h e p a t h 4,som t h e p h r a s e \" e v e r y man wh-a owns a donkey\" ta t h e d i s c o u r s e eht i t y i n f o r m a l l y desor i b a b l e a s \" t h e s e t of men, each of whom owns a-donkeyn , s i n c e it #.s r a t h e r s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d , cf. Webber [1978a] . m i s e n t i t y is a p o s s i b l e r e f e r e a t f o r 'ltheml' i n s e n t e n c e 18b. 21a. Each g i r l i n t h e c l a s s gave Ivan t h e flower s h e picked. b. He arranged them a r t f u l l y i n an empty Glen\u00a3 iddach b o t t l e , This i s a d e f i n i t e noun p h r a s e , t r i b u t i v e l y q u a n t i f i e d noun phrade \"each g i r l n , it w i l l evoke a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y with t h e p r o p e r t i e s of a set r a t h e r than an i n d i v i d u a l ( c f . example 8 ) . I n t h i s c a s e , i t w i l l be \" t h e s e t of f l b k e r s , each of which was t h e flower t h a t some g i r l i n t h e c l a s s picked\". S i m p l i f y i n g f o r b r e v i t y h e r e , t h i s r u l e can be w r i t t e n where R r e p r e s e n t s an a r b i t r a r y unary p r e d i c a t e which x s a t i s f i e s and both P and C r e p r e s e n t a r b i t r a r y b i n a r y ptredicates. The right-hand s i d k of t h i s r u l e i m p l i e s t h a t i n c a s e t h e left-hand s i d e matches some s e n t e n c e , t h e r e w i l l be a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y roughly d e s c r i b a b l e a s \" t h e s e t of u 1 s , each of which is t h e t h i n g t h a t s t a n d s i n r e l a t i o n C t o some member of K n ." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF28": { |
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| "text": "e l e e -h a n d s i d e of t h e above r u l ei.e., \"Every man who owns a donkey b e a t s the just-mentioned donkey he owns. Thus it f o l l o w s t h a t t h e r e is a d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y d e s c r i b a b l e as \"tk set of donkeys, each of which is t h e just-mentioned donkey t h a t some man who owns a donkey owns1@i . e . , { w l (~x : x ( u :~a n ) [(Ey:Dohkey) . Own u , y ] ) w = i z : Donkey z & Own x , z & evoke S l e f z ) This is a p o s s i b l e r e f e r e n t f o r \"them\" i n s e n t e n c e 18b. 3.2 D i s j u n c t i o n The o t h e r c l a s s o f p r o b l e m a t i c examples t h a t I want t o d i s c u s s h e r e i n terms of d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s and t h e i r d e s c r i p t i o n s is one I f i r s t encountered i n Kar t t u n e n [1977]." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF29": { |
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| "num": null, |
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| "text": "23. Bruce can have e i t h e r a b i k e o r a c a r , b u t h e m u s t keep it i n t h e garage, 24. E i t h e r Bruce h a s a new c a r or he h a s borrowed h i s b r a t h e r I s . I n any c a s e , it is blocking my driveway. 25. Whether Bruce buys a car o r h i s b r o t h e r buys a b i k e , h e w i l l have-to keep it i n t h e garage." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF30": { |
| "uris": null, |
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| "text": ") \" t h e b i k e t h a t Bruce w i l l have ( i f he chooses a b i k d -\" \" t h e c a r t h a t BruCe w i l l have ( i f h e chooses a c a r ) I' ( 2 4 ) \" t h e new c a r t h a t Bruce h a s ( i f Bruce h a s a new c a r ) \" l'Bruce's b r o t h e r I s c a r \" ( 2 5 ) Ythe c a r Bruce w i l l have bought ( i f he buys a c a r ) l1 \" t h e b i k e Bruce's b r o t h e r w i l l have bought ( i f B r u c e l s b r o t h e r buys a b i k e ) \"" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF31": { |
| "uris": null, |
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| "text": "The o t h e r , I t h i n k n i c e r , way of approaching t h e problem h o l d s t h a t each s e n t e n c e evokes o n l y a single d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y i n t o t h e model, w i t h t h e i n d e c i s i o n ( i -e m , t h e d i s j u n c t i o n ) embodied i n its I D ." |
| }, |
| "FIGREF32": { |
| "uris": null, |
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| "text": "That I D is of t h e form \" A i f P, o t h e r w i s e B\" . For example, t h e e n t i t y evoked by s e n t e n c e 22 would be d e s c r i b a b l e a s \" t h e car. t h a t Wendy h a s ( i f she has .t evoked by s e n t e n c e 23 Gould be d e s c r i b a b l e a s \" t h e b i k e t h a t Bruce w i l l have ( i f he chooses a b i k e ) or t h e c a r t h a t Bruce w i l l have otherwise\"; t h a t evoked by, s e n t e n c e 2 4 , a s \" t h e new m r t h a t Bruce h a s ( i f he h a s a new c a r ) o r B t u c e ' s broth& 's c a r o t h e r w i s e n ; and t h a t evoked by s e n t e n c e 25, as \" t h e c a r Bruce w i l l have bought ( i f he buys a c a r ) or t h e b i k e Bruce's b r o t h e r w i l l have bought o t h e r w i s e \" .One advantage t o t h i s approach is t h at a d d i t i o n a l proper t i e s which t r u t h f u l l y f o l l o w from e i t h e r I D can be a s c r i b e d t o t h e e n t i t y w i t h o u t committing o n e s e l f t o one d e s c r i p t i o n or t h e o t h e r . hi.^ can be u s e f u l i n anaphor r e s o l u t i o n . For example, i n s e n t e n c e 24, t h e s u b j e c t of \"block my drivewayr must be a p h y s i c a l object, p r e f e r a b l y l a r g e and somewhat mobile. This c o n d i t i o n is s a t i s f i e d by t h e d i s c o u r s e e n t i t y evoked by s e n t e n Although t h e r e may be o t h e r ways t o approach t h e problem of d i s j u n c t i o n , t h e ndonkeytl problem, and t h e whole problem of d e f i n i t e r e f e r e n c e i n g e n e r a l , what I hope t o have shown i n t h e s e two s e c t i o n s is t h e r o b u s t n e s s of an approach based on n o t i o n s of a d i s c o u r s e model, d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s and t h e i r f o r m a l l y d e r ived d e s c r i p t i o n s . 4. Conclusion I n arguing f o r t h e importance of d e s c r i p t i o n f o r m a t i o n t o both d i s c o u r s e model s y n t h e s i s and r e f e r e n c e r e s o l u t i o n , I c o n c e n t r a t e d on how i n d e f i n i t e noun p h r a s e s evoke new e r i ' t i t i e s i n t o t h e l i s t e n e r ' s d i s c o u r s e model and how t h e i r a p p r o p r i a f e i n i t i a l d e s c r i p t i o n s ( I D S ) could be d e r i v e d , from a formal s e n t e n c e -l e v e l r e p r e s e n t 9 t i o n of t h e t e x t . There a r e many o t h e r ways i n which d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s c a n be evoked, and many i n t e r e s t i n g problems i n forming a p p r o p r i a t e d e s c r i p t i o n s of them. 1 w i l l conclude t h e r e f o r e w i t h a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o f d e i c t i c a l l y -e v a k e d d i s c o u r s e e n t i t i e s pnd t h e problem of d e s c r i b i n g them a p p r o p r i a t e l y . The exanple comes from t h e c h i l d r e n ' s book Babar W s e s his Crown by Laurent d e Brunhof \u00a3 , and i n v o l v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g s i t u a t i o n : Babar , King of t h e E l e p h a n t s , d e c i d e s t o t a k e h i s w i f e Celeste and his f a m i l y on a t r i p t o P a r i s . I n packing f o r t h e t r i p ''Babar p u t s h i s crown i n a 1 i . t t l e r e d bag.\" (p.3)" |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td>F i r s t n o t i c e t h a t t h i s problem a r i s e s qg -independently of how t h e m a t r i x m noun ghr a s e is determined.</td></tr><tr><td>14. A man I know who owns a donkey b e a t s</td></tr><tr><td>i t .</td></tr><tr><td>15. it? 17. No man who own6 a donkey beats it.</td></tr></table>", |
| "text": "The man who owns a donkey beats it. 16. Which man who owns a donkey b e a t s", |
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