| { |
| "paper_id": "J95-2008", |
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| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T02:46:34.338734Z" |
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| "title": "Verbmobih A Translation System for Face-to-Face Dialog", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Martin", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Kay", |
| "suffix": "", |
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| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "SRI Inter-national, and Sun Microsystems Laborator-ies)", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Jean", |
| "middle": [ |
| "Mark" |
| ], |
| "last": "Gawron", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "SRI Inter-national, and Sun Microsystems Laborator-ies)", |
| "location": {} |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Peter", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Norvig", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "SRI Inter-national, and Sun Microsystems Laborator-ies)", |
| "location": {} |
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| "email": "" |
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| "year": "", |
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| "abstract": "Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI Lecture Notes 33), 1994, viii + 235 pp. Hardbound, ISBN 0-937073-96-2, no price listed Paperbound, ISBN 0-937073-95-4, no price listed Verbmobil is a project sponsored by the German government, whose aim is to develop a translation system for face-to-face speech dialogue. This book is the report on a preliminary study of the project conducted by CSLI, Stanford University. The contents of the book are as follows: Chapter 1 contains introductory material; Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 are devoted to describing the current state-of-the-art of machine translation and speech recognition and speech synthesis technologies, respectively; and Chapter 4 reports a technical recommendation for the Verbmobil project based on the discussions in the preceding chapters. Chapter 2, which would be the most inter", |
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| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI Lecture Notes 33), 1994, viii + 235 pp. Hardbound, ISBN 0-937073-96-2, no price listed Paperbound, ISBN 0-937073-95-4, no price listed Verbmobil is a project sponsored by the German government, whose aim is to develop a translation system for face-to-face speech dialogue. This book is the report on a preliminary study of the project conducted by CSLI, Stanford University. The contents of the book are as follows: Chapter 1 contains introductory material; Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 are devoted to describing the current state-of-the-art of machine translation and speech recognition and speech synthesis technologies, respectively; and Chapter 4 reports a technical recommendation for the Verbmobil project based on the discussions in the preceding chapters. Chapter 2, which would be the most inter", |
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| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "esting for readers of Computational Linguistics, exhaustively covers various aspects of machine translation. First, the authors argue why machine translation is so difficult. They discuss the indeterminacy of language by referring to a number of examples: situatedness, mismatches between two languages in translation, and ambiguities of various levels. From these considerations, they suggest that good translation is not defined as preserving the meaning but as preserving the intention of the original (p. 27), sometimes by adding or deleting information (p. 26). Then, they review current technologies, historical perspectives, and theoretical issues such as syntax and grammar formalism. The most interesting and important discussion in this chapter is the section \"Translation Strategy.\" First, the authors refer to the controversial argument concerning the comparison between the transfer approach and the interlingual approach, but they claim that \"the issue of interest is not whether to pursue a transfer or an interlingual approach; the issue is which levels of analysis are necessary, and how to arrive at a representation suitable for generation of a target text\" (p. 82).", |
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| "text": "From this point, and by considering many examples of translation mismatch that imply the impossibility of a naive interlingual scheme, the authors propose a new architecture called \"translation by negotiation.\" In this architecture, some interlingual representation is still supposed, but it does not require that an invariant representation that will be the same for the translation of a source sentence, or text, into any other language can be found at any time. There are three components: an analyzer, a generator, and a negotiator. The analyzer delivers to the negotiator an interlingual representation. The negotiator hands the interlingual representation to the generator. In some (or rare) cases, the generator can find the phrase in the target language that has exactly the same interlingual representation. In other cases, the generator reports to the negotiator error information such as the overspecification or underspecification of the input interlingual representation. Now, it is up to the negotiator to decide whether the error is fatal or not. When it is not so serious, the translation is accepted, but when it is serious, the negotiator has to solve it by some other means, such as referring to the context. In Chapter 2, the authors also discuss other topics: an overview of nonlinguistic translation approaches such as the stochastic approach and the example-based approach, and a comprehensive survey of current machine translation systems. These would also be quite informative to a reader.", |
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| "text": "Chapter 3 is devoted to introducing speech-recognition technology and speechsynthesis technology, and Chapter 4 contains recommendations for the Verbmobil project. These might be less interesting for a reader of Computational Linguistics, so only a brief description is given below.", |
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| "text": "In Chapter 3, general characteristics of speech are given, and current major speechrecognition technologies (the knowledgebased approach, the stochastic-based [HMMbased] approach, and the connectionismbased approach) are introduced, as well as a traditional template-based approach. These descriptions would be a good introduction for a reader who wants to see a general overview of speech-recognition technologies. As for speech synthesis, most pages are given to prosody processing and voice conversion.", |
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| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "Most of Chapter 4 consists of technical and planning recommendations for the project. However, the discussion of target domains would be informative to those researchers who are interested in the corpus-based approach.", |
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| "text": "As the authors pointed out, this book is not a feasibility study, and unfortunately, there is only a little description of those technologies, such as contextual processing or integration of speech and language processing, that are some of the key technologies for speech translation. However, this book is undoubtedly of value not only to students who want to study machine translation or speech recognition, but also to all researchers who are engaged in machine translation or natu- For several weeks, The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics has sat heavily in its box on the floor of my office; I couldn't find space for it anywhere else. I wasn't supposed to be reviewing it myself (as I contributed a couple of the articles in it), but I never stopped using it myself long enough to send it out to anyone else. Since it arrived, it has been used as an oracle whenever a linguistic question arose that I couldn't answer from my own knowledge--which is not infrequent, as, like many in computational linguistics, my formal training is heavily computational and only moderately linguistic--and for browsing as a guilt-free diversion from any work that I should have been doing but didn't want to.", |
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| "text": "Conclusion: Everyone who is a linguist of any flavor at all should have a copy of this encyclopedia.", |
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| "text": "In its sheer size and comprehensiveness, Of course, in a work as large as this, it is inevitable that there will be a few disappointments and misjudgments. For example, the article on the Summer Institute of Linguistics, which is nearly five encyclopedia pages long, is written in the style of a prospectus (\"The Summer Institute of Linguistics began modestly enough in 1934 ... \"), omitting any mention of the controversies over the ethics of the Institute's activities in Latin America.", |
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| "text": "Unfortunately, given the ELL's price of nearly $3000 a set, most linguists will have to resort to using a copy in their local library (which will have used its entire year's acquisition budget for linguistics books in order to buy it). That's a pity, as much of the value of the work is realized only when it is ready-to- independent of a Fregean ideology, Dewey's work has the potential to affect future developments in modern logic at a crucial point in its history. Dewey's work belongs at the cutting edge of current research. It is not just a historical oddity. Logic is in fact progressing beyond the narrow limits which Russell was defending, becoming more and more Deweyan in character despite the pervasive ignorance of Dewey's work. In contrast, the view", |
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| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "of logic which Russell helped develop and was defending in his debates with Dewey is now old. Dewey's views are very much more timely these days than ever before, whereas Russell's way of thinking about logic is now pass6. \"--From ", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
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| "start": 223, |
| "end": 230, |
| "text": "\"--From", |
| "ref_id": null |
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| "section": "annex", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "ral language processing.--Tsuyoshi Morimoto, ATR Interpreting Telecommunications Research Laboratories, Kyoto The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics R. E. Asher (editor-in-chief) (University of Edinburgh) Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994, xlviii + 5644 pp. in 10 volumes Hardbound, ISBN 0-08-035943-4, $2975.00", |
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| "text": "the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University) Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994, xii + 288 pp. Hardbound, ISBN 0-226-08069, $32.00 \"This book addresses a number of issues", |
| "uris": null, |
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| "text": "2 A random sample of articles from The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. The slightly strange order of the machine translation articles is as in the encyclopedia. McDavid, Raven I. (1911-84) (3 page) Machine translation in Europe (8\u00bd pages) Machine translation: History and general principles marked: The language of Indian dance (1 page) Marketing: Semiotics (3\u00bd pages) Marr, Nikolai Jakovlevich (1864--1934) (\u00bd page) Marstrander, Carl J.S. (1883-1965) (\u00bd page) Martin of Dacia (d. 1304) (\u00bc page) Martinet, Andr6 (1908-) (3 page) Marty, Anton (1847-1914) (\u00bd page) Marxist theories of language (3 pages) Mass expressions (2 pages) which arose in the debate between John Dewey and Bertrand Russell following the appearance of Dewey's Logic: The Theory of Inquiry in 1938 .... As a rich course of intuitions", |
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| "TABREF1": { |
| "num": null, |
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| "text": "The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics compared with The International Encyclopedia of Linguistics on objective data.", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>Encyclopedia of</td><td>Intl Encyclopedia</td></tr><tr><td/><td>Lang and Ling</td><td>of Linguistics</td></tr><tr><td>Publication date</td><td>1994</td><td>1992</td></tr><tr><td>Number of volumes</td><td>10</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Number of pages</td><td>xlviii + 5644</td><td>xvi + 1805</td></tr><tr><td>Page size</td><td>A4 (210 x 297 mm)</td><td>8\u00bd x 11 inches (217 x 280 ram)</td></tr><tr><td>Weight</td><td>17.9 kg / 39.4 lb</td><td>6.2 kg / 13.7 lb</td></tr><tr><td>Number of articles</td><td>\"over 2000\"</td><td>about 700</td></tr><tr><td>Words per page (est.)</td><td>1100</td><td>750</td></tr><tr><td>Size of glossary</td><td>\"over 3000\" entries</td><td>about 1400 entries</td></tr><tr><td>Size of index (est.)</td><td>55,000 lines</td><td>31,000 lines</td></tr><tr><td>Price (US dollars)</td><td>$2975</td><td>$425</td></tr><tr><td>Price per page</td><td>$0.54</td><td>$0.23</td></tr><tr><td>Price per kiloword\"</td><td>$0.53</td><td>$0.36</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">*Excluding index, glossary, and front matter.</td><td/></tr></table>" |
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