| { |
| "paper_id": "2020", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T11:41:34.031160Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "Challenges of Word Sense Alignment: Portuguese Language Resources", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Ana", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Salgado", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Instituto de Lexicologia e Lexicografia da L\u00edngua Portuguesa", |
| "location": { |
| "settlement": "Lisbon", |
| "country": "Portugal" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "anasalgado@campus.fcsh.unl.pt" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Sina", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ahmadi", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "National University of Ireland", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "Galway 4 2Ai" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "sina.ahmadi@insight-centre.org" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Alberto", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sim\u00f5es", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": {}, |
| "email": "asimoes@ipca.pt" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "John", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Mccrae", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "National University of Ireland", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "Galway 4 2Ai" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "john.mccrae@insight-centre.org" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Rute", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Costa", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "Universidade NOVA de Lisboa", |
| "location": { |
| "settlement": "Lisbon", |
| "country": "Portugal" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "rute.costa@fcsh.unl.pt" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This paper reports on an ongoing task of monolingual word sense alignment in which a comparative study between the Portuguese Academy of Sciences Dictionary and the Dicion\u00e1rio Aberto is carried out in the context of the ELEXIS (European Lexicographic Infrastructure) project. Word sense alignment involves searching for matching senses within dictionary entries of different lexical resources and linking them, which poses significant challenges. The lexicographic criteria are not always entirely consistent within individual dictionaries and even less so across different projects where different options may have been assumed in terms of structure and especially wording techniques of lexicographic glosses. This hinders the task of matching senses. We aim to present our annotation workflow in Portuguese using the Semantic Web standards. The results obtained are useful for the discussion within the community.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "2020", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This paper reports on an ongoing task of monolingual word sense alignment in which a comparative study between the Portuguese Academy of Sciences Dictionary and the Dicion\u00e1rio Aberto is carried out in the context of the ELEXIS (European Lexicographic Infrastructure) project. Word sense alignment involves searching for matching senses within dictionary entries of different lexical resources and linking them, which poses significant challenges. The lexicographic criteria are not always entirely consistent within individual dictionaries and even less so across different projects where different options may have been assumed in terms of structure and especially wording techniques of lexicographic glosses. This hinders the task of matching senses. We aim to present our annotation workflow in Portuguese using the Semantic Web standards. The results obtained are useful for the discussion within the community.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The concept of the dictionary has changed with the advent of the world wide web (WWW) and the digital age. The interoperability of linked data technologies has played an essential role in the evolution of lexicography (Shadbolt et al., 2006; Heath and Bizer, 2011; Gracia et al., 2017) . It has been shown how lexicographic content can be represented and connected dynamically, thus allowing us to abandon once and for all the editorial perspective that still pervades most digital resources which continue to mirror the structure used in the paper versions. The use of semantic standards enables the organization of vast amounts of lexical data in ontologies, Wordnets and other machine-readable lexical resources resorting to novel tools for the transformation and linking of multilingual datasets (McCrae and Declerck, 2019; Chiarcos et al., 2012) . Linked Open Data (LLOD) promotes the use of the RDF data model to publish lexical data on the web for a global information system and interoperability issues. There have been many efforts underway on behalf of numerous researchers to align different lexical resources (e.g. (Navigli, 2006; Knight and Luk, 1994) dealing with the word sense alignment (WSA) task. We define this task as linking a list of pairs of senses from two or more lexical resources using semantic relationships. To mention a few previous projects, Meyer and Gurevych (2011) align the Princeton WordNet with the English Wiktionary 1 , and Henrich et al. (2012) link the GermaNet-the German Wordnet with the German Wikipedia 2 . WSA involves searching for matching senses within dictionary entries of different lexical resources and linking them, which poses significant challenges. The lexicographic criteria are not always entirely consistent within individual dictionaries and even less so across different projects where different options may have been assumed in terms of structure and especially wording techniques of lexicographic glosses. It has been demonstrated that the task of WSA is beneficial in many natural language processing (NLP) applications, particularly word sense disambiguation (Navigli and Ponzetto, 2012) and information extraction (Moro et al., 2013) . In this paper, we are focused on the monolingual word sense alignment (MWSA) task, which involves in sense alignment within two different resources in the same language. As an observer in the European Lexicographic Infrastructure-ELEXIS 3 (Krek et al., 2019; Declerck et al., 2018) , the Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa (ACL) contributed to the task of MWSA in which the Portuguese Academy of Sciences Dictionary is compared to and aligned with the senses in the Dicion\u00e1rio Aberto. We will report our experiences in annotating the senses with four semantic relationships, namely, narrower, broader, exact and related. Representing the final data in the Ontolex-Lemon model (McCrae et al., 2017) , we believe that the outcomes of this project will pave the way for further research on automatic WSA for the Portuguese language and enhance the accessibility of the data on the Semantic Web and Linked Data. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce our Portuguese lexicographic resources and provide a description of their content and structure. Section 3 summarises the methodology for annotation workflow. In Section 4, we point out the major challenges of the MWSA task for the Portuguese resources. We describe the conversion of the data into Ontolex-Lemon model in Section 5. Finally, we conclude in Section 6 with a summary of our contributions.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 218, |
| "end": 241, |
| "text": "(Shadbolt et al., 2006;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF20" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 242, |
| "end": 264, |
| "text": "Heath and Bizer, 2011;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 265, |
| "end": 285, |
| "text": "Gracia et al., 2017)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 800, |
| "end": 827, |
| "text": "(McCrae and Declerck, 2019;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF11" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 828, |
| "end": 850, |
| "text": "Chiarcos et al., 2012)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1127, |
| "end": 1142, |
| "text": "(Navigli, 2006;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF16" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1143, |
| "end": 1164, |
| "text": "Knight and Luk, 1994)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1373, |
| "end": 1398, |
| "text": "Meyer and Gurevych (2011)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1463, |
| "end": 1484, |
| "text": "Henrich et al. (2012)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 2125, |
| "end": 2153, |
| "text": "(Navigli and Ponzetto, 2012)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF15" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 2181, |
| "end": 2200, |
| "text": "(Moro et al., 2013)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 2442, |
| "end": 2461, |
| "text": "(Krek et al., 2019;", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 2462, |
| "end": 2484, |
| "text": "Declerck et al., 2018)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 2876, |
| "end": 2897, |
| "text": "(McCrae et al., 2017)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the scope of ELEXIS, one of the main purposes is to extract, structure and link multilingual lexicographic resources. One of the tasks to achieve this goal consists of word sense alignment manual task in several languages (Ahmadi et al., 2020) .The datasets are publicly freely available 4 .The first established task is to provide semantic relations, as we will demonstrate in Section 3.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 225, |
| "end": 246, |
| "text": "(Ahmadi et al., 2020)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Lexicographic data", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For the completion of this task, we align the following two Portuguese dictionaries:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "DLPC and DA", |
| "sec_num": "2.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 the Dicion\u00e1rio da L\u00edngua Portuguesa Contempor\u00e2nea (DLPC) (Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa, 2001) , with the seal of ACL, coordinated by Malaca Casteleiro and published in 2001, with the financial support of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, under the commercial responsibility of Editorial Verbo. This dictionary also represents the first complete edition of a Portuguese Academy dictionary, from A to Z (previous attempts in 1793 and 1976 did not go further than the letter A). The DLPC contains around 70,000 entries. In 2015, some preparatory work for an online Portuguese Academy of Science Dictionary (DACL) was performed through the Instituto de Lexicologia e Lexicografia da L\u00edngua Portuguesa (ILLLP) and a database was developed by a team working in Natural Language Processing at the University of Minho, which now draws on the participation of IPCA and NOVA CLUNL 5 . The present work, therefore, had the retro-digitised version of DLPC as a starting point.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 85, |
| "end": 98, |
| "text": "Lisboa, 2001)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "DLPC and DA", |
| "sec_num": "2.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 the Dicion\u00e1rio Aberto (DA) (Sim\u00f5es and Farinha, 2010) , a Portuguese language dictionary obtained by the full transcription of N\u00f4vo Diccion\u00e1rio da L\u00edngua Portugu\u00easa, authored by C\u00e2ndido de Figueiredo, and published in 1913 by Livraria Cl\u00e1ssica. Having the 1913 edition entered the public domain, it was digitised and text-converted by a team of distributed proofreaders volunteers between 2007 and 2010 and was made publicly available on the Gutenberg Project website on 8 March 2010. During the transcription process, and as entries got reviewed, and therefore, considered final, they were made freely available on the web. For three years, the dictionary has expanded by including more transcribed entries. After the complete transcription, the dictionary was subject to automatic orthography update and was used for different experiments regarding NLP tasks, as the automatic extraction of information for the creation of Wordnets or ontologies (Gon\u00e7alo Oliveira, 2018; Oliveira and Gomes, 2014). The updated version of the dictionary is available under license CC-BY-SA 2.5 PT. The DA contains 128,521 entries. Although the number of entries seems high, it is necessary to bear in mind that this resource registers orthographic variants of the same entry as we will mention later.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 29, |
| "end": 55, |
| "text": "(Sim\u00f5es and Farinha, 2010)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF26" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "DLPC and DA", |
| "sec_num": "2.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Concerning formats, both Portuguese language resources are available in printed editions and XML versions. The DLPC was published in a two-volume paper version, the first volume from A to F and the second from G to Z, in a total of 3880 pages. This dictionary, available in print and as a PDF document, was converted into XML using a slightly customized version of the P5 schema of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) (Sim\u00f5es et al., 2016) . The XML was generated based on the dictionary PDF file, from which most of the information on the microstructure was recovered automatically. The new ongoing digital edition, DACL, is only privately available and has been edited with LeXmart (Sim\u00f5es et al., 2019) . At the same time, the dictionary is being converted to the TEI Lex-0 format (Salgado et al., 2019b) , a streamlined version of the TEI Dictionary Chapter. The present work, therefore, had this digital version as a starting point. Regarding the DA, the paper version comprises 2133 pages. Currently, the dictionary is available online. Unlike DLPC, DA was transcribed manually by volunteers. This task required that the annotation format would be easy to learn, but also, that it would be similar to the format used in the transcription of other books for the Project Gutenberg 6 . Therefore, entries were only annotated with changes of font types, i.e., italics and bold, and not semantic tags. Although the dictionary is also available in XML, following the general guidelines of the Dictionary Chapter of TEI, the annotation granularity is bigger than DLPC. Specific portions of the microstructure were easy to annotate. Consider, for example, the grammatical information, geographic variant, or the knowledge domain. These entities are from a controlled list of vocabulary, and after creating the list it was straightforward to annotate them. For the construction of these lists we used the tables from the front-matter of the dictionary. Nevertheless, as these lists were manually generated, they were completed by performing dummy runs of the tagging algorithm, and finding out parts of the entries that were not detected. For other situations, like the annotation of usage examples, or to distinguish between two different senses, there are no clear marks to allow an algorithm to perform that automatically. While some hints could help, a good annotation would require manual validation. Under DA every line in the definition element tag can be a different sense, but can also be a usage example or even the continuation of the previous sense definition (Sim\u00f5es et al., 2012) . To correctly detect other parts of the microstructure would require further manual revision that was not possible at that time. Further developments on both dictionaries are programmed as soon as funding is available.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 417, |
| "end": 438, |
| "text": "(Sim\u00f5es et al., 2016)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF22" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 683, |
| "end": 704, |
| "text": "(Sim\u00f5es et al., 2019)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF23" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 783, |
| "end": 806, |
| "text": "(Salgado et al., 2019b)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF19" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 2568, |
| "end": 2589, |
| "text": "(Sim\u00f5es et al., 2012)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF21" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Formats", |
| "sec_num": "2.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The DLPC's micro-structure is more complex than the DA's, with more structured and hierarchical information. Both dictionaries follow lexicographic conventions such as bold type in headwords. Nevertheless, comparing the sample of entries, we may observe certain typographic differences: ACL features initial lowercase entries while the DA has capitalized entries. Furthermore, only the DLPC provides full pronunciation information. The DLPC etymological information figures after the grammatical properties of the lexical item while, in the DA, such information appears at the end of the entry. While the DLPC indicates the part-of-speech and gender, the DA displays the gender in the case of nouns 7 . One of the main features of the DLPC is the split of entries. Not only etymological homonyms are treated as independent entries, but also homonyms of the same etymological family belonging to different partof-speech are differentiated by numeric superscripts to the right of the lemma in order to distinguish the respective entries (e.g. perfurador can function as an adjective, or a noun so is split into two entries). Regarding the structure, the senses are numbered in the DLPC, providing better organised and more fine-grained information, while in the DA only a paragraph distinguishes the different senses. This was the result of the lack of metadata added to the dictionary during the transcription process. Nevertheless, the dictionary has the basic microstructure annotated, including grammatical information, definitions, quotations, usage examples and etymological information. The DLPC has, in general, more structured information such as synonyms (preceded by \u2248), examples (shown in italics), cross-reference to lexical units that preferentially co-occur are represented by the symbol +, usage labelling, among other relevant features.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Micro-structure analysis", |
| "sec_num": "2.3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the next section, we will explain in more detail how the workflow annotation took place. The data was delivered in XLM files and in an Excel format where the data was converted into spreadsheets.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Micro-structure analysis", |
| "sec_num": "2.3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the previous two sections, we have presented the resources we decided to analyze and pointed out that they have very different features. Before we move to the annotation workflow, we would like to define some of the terms used in this particular task:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Methodology", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 The lemma is a \"lexical unit chosen according to lexicographical conventions to represent the different forms of an inflection paradigm\" (ISO, 2007) .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 139, |
| "end": 150, |
| "text": "(ISO, 2007)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Methodology", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 A sense is one of the possible meanings or interpretations in a specific context.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Methodology", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 A gloss is a textual description of a sense's meaning meant for human interpretation.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Methodology", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The selection of entries took into account some points previously defined by the ELEXIS team (Ahmadi et al., 2020) , namely: all open class words should be represented; monosemous and polysemous lemmas should appear; and, finally, the lemmas of both resources must had the same part-of-speech. Taking these points into account, we decided to select isolated lemmas randomly and also select data sets followed alphabetically. As a sample of entries, we chose:", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 93, |
| "end": 114, |
| "text": "(Ahmadi et al., 2020)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF1" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Entries selection", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A. random entries as long as they appeared in both dictionaries: After selecting the sample entries, we created dynamic spreadsheets as the means of the annotation task (Figure 1) . This sheet contains the following information:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 169, |
| "end": 179, |
| "text": "(Figure 1)", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF0" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Entries selection", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "banco [bank],", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Entries selection", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "headwords (DLPC and DA lemmas identification); partof-speech (DLPC POS); senses in DLPC (DLPC senses); semantic relation; sense match (DA equivalent sense); part-of-speech (DA POS); and, finally, senses in DA (DA senses).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Entries selection", |
| "sec_num": "3.1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The annotation task was carried out fully manually. Given a lemma, corresponding senses in both dictionaries, the DA and DLPC, were brought together in the spreadsheets. This way, all the possible combinations of the senses across the two resources were provided to the annotator. Unlike regular dictionaries, where a limited number of semantic relationships are defined, such as synonymy and antonymy, we considered a broader range of semantic relationships, namely the followings:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Annotation workflow", |
| "sec_num": "3.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 exact: the two senses are semantically equivalent;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Annotation workflow", |
| "sec_num": "3.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 narrower: the sense in DLPC describes a narrower concept than that in the DA;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Annotation workflow", |
| "sec_num": "3.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 broader: the sense in DLPC describes a broader concept than that in the DA;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Annotation workflow", |
| "sec_num": "3.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 related: there is a possible alignment, detecting a possible related relationship.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Annotation workflow", |
| "sec_num": "3.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the case where no semantic relationship is found for a sense, none is selected. Note that not all the semantic relationships are symmetric; therefore, the order of the columns determines the relationship. We matched the senses of the two dictionaries, using the label corresponding to the properties cited above. The result is a mapping between senses. In overall, 463 and 323 senses are aligned in the DLPC and DA, respectively. Among the whole number of 275 aligned senses, 207 exact, 38 narrower, 28 related and 2 broader are provided.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Annotation workflow", |
| "sec_num": "3.2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We now move on to the challenges of WSA. When we first chose these two lexicographic resources, we knew that we would be dealing with a significant time lag: the DLPC was published in 2001, and the DA in 1913. In 88 years, the Portuguese lexicon and language undergone many transformations: a Portuguese spelling reform, semantic changes of the lexical items (computador [computer], for example, in the DA, is not defined as an electronic device, new words have appeared, such as futebol [football], which is not included in the DA). All these factors are obstacles to the successful performance of this task. The Portuguese spelling has also changed. In the DA, their development team decided to maintain old spelling variants, e.g. periphr\u00e1stico and perifr\u00e1stico (Figure 2) , thus enabling the search of all the orthographic variants. For this task, we have ignored the old orthographic variant forms of a given lexical unit, as they are present in duplicate in DA (with an updated version of the form). Since the DLPC is a contemporary dictionary, these orthographic~ forms would never appear in the DA and were not useful for the ongoing task 8 . Since we do not intend to discuss the wording techniques of the gloss, we can say that between certain lexical items senses, there is an exact correspondence of sense. There are cases where we can establish an exact relation between the senses even in structural terms (see, mililitro [millilitre] that has only one sense in both dictionaries, i.e., one-thousandth of a litre). However, these easily solvable cases are not what we mostly encounter when dealing with different dictionaries ( Figure 3 ). There are several other cases where there are exact relations, but there are other senses that appear in only one of the dictionaries. In Figure 4 , DLPC sense 1 related to the bullfighting domain [banderilla] corresponds to the only sense of the DA. Sense 2 related to the bookbinding domain only appears in the DLPC. Nevertheless, and although the first sense is identical in both resources, the disallowance is not identical in textual terms, since the meaning is described differently. The DLPC also uses a domain label, \"Taurom.\" while in the DA, there is no label.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 765, |
| "end": 775, |
| "text": "(Figure 2)", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1642, |
| "end": 1650, |
| "text": "Figure 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1792, |
| "end": 1800, |
| "text": "Figure 4", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF2" |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "bandarilha [bBdBr\u00cd\u00c0B] . s. f (Do cast. banderilla). 1. Tau In other cases, the correspondence of senses is evident, but the lexicographic criteria adopted differ as shown in Figure 5 . The structure of these lexicographic articles is different. The DLPC has two entries for tripeiro (tripeiro 1 and tripeiro 2 ) as an adjective and a noun, part-of-speech homonyms. The first entry is an adjective, and the second is a noun; the DA has only one entry and only gender information. Between tripeiro 2 (DLPC) and tripeiro (DA), there is an exact match in the first sense, an obsolete sense, as a tripe seller although the technique of writing the gloss differs (\"Pessoa que vende tripas\" [Person who sells tripes] in DLPC and \"Vendedor de tripas\" [Tripe seller]) in DA. These two glosses point to the same concept. However, although the DA did not record sense numbers, the first two senses could be divided. We can established a match between sense two that start with \"pop.\" [popular] in DLPC and \"Deprec.\" [depreciative] in DA, another tricky topic is usage information. This topic is related to the various types of inconsistencies regarding usage labelling (Salgado et al., 2019a) . Anyway, the only difference is that DLPC uses a cross-reference, and the DA provides the gloss. Other times, the senses are exact correspondences, but the editorial perspective is different as shown in the example of Figure 6 : for pergamin\u00e1ceo [pergameneous] (DLPC), the DA presents a gloss and the DLPC a cross-reference. On the other hand, pergiminh\u00e1ceo (DA) has a cross-reference pergamin\u00e1ceo. The DA, as mentioned above, does not use numbers for senses. Thus, we have considered each paragraph as an independent sense. However, a DLPC sense may correspond to more than one DA sense. See praia [beach] entry in the sense of \"Beira-mar\" [seaside] (Figure 7 ). In the DA (Figure 7 ), the senses \"Beira-mar\" [seaside] and \"Regi\u00e3o, banhada pelo mar; litoral; margem\" [Region, bathed by the sea; coast] correspond to sense 2 of the DLPC: \"Zona banhada pelo mar; zona balnear\" [Zone bathed by the sea; bathing area]. The same can be said, for example, of especial [special], whose DLPC gloss, \"Que tem, dadas as caracter\u00edsticas, uma finalidade ou um uso particular. \u2248 adequado, espec\u00edfico, pr\u00f3prio. = geral.\" [Which has, given the characteristics, a purpose or a particular use. \u2248 suitable, specific, own], may correspond to three paragraphs of the DA: \"Pr\u00f3prio. / Peculiar. / Particular.\" [Own. / Peculiar. / Particular.] . Looking at the three glosses of banco [stool/bench] as \"assento\" [seat] in the DLPC:", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 11, |
| "end": 21, |
| "text": "[bBdBr\u00cd\u00c0B]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1158, |
| "end": 1181, |
| "text": "(Salgado et al., 2019a)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1893, |
| "end": 1902, |
| "text": "[seaside]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 2472, |
| "end": 2504, |
| "text": "[Own. / Peculiar. / Particular.]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 55, |
| "end": 58, |
| "text": "Tau", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 174, |
| "end": 182, |
| "text": "Figure 5", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1401, |
| "end": 1409, |
| "text": "Figure 6", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF3" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1834, |
| "end": 1843, |
| "text": "(Figure 7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 1857, |
| "end": 1866, |
| "text": "(Figure 7", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 \"Assento estreito e comprido, de material vari\u00e1vel, com ou sem encosto, para v\u00e1rias pessoas.\" [Narrow and long seat, of variable material, with or without backrest, for several people.]", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 \"Assento para uma pessoa, sem encosto, de tampo re- \u2022 \"Assento comprido e largo, com encosto alto, de tampo amov\u00edvel, que pode servir tamb\u00e9m de tampa de uma arca. \u2248 arquibanco, escabelo, escano.)\" [Long and wide seat, with high back, removable top, which can also serve as a chest lid. \u2248 bench cabinet; bench.]", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is tough to ascertain whether it is possible to make a correspondence with the first sense of the DA, also this one related to a seat: \"Assento, geralmente tosco, de ferro, madeira ou pedra, e de formas variadas.\" [Seat, usually rough, of iron, wood or stone, and of different shapes.] The last sense of the DLPC is a synonym of \"escabelo\" (also in the DA, so this is an \"exact\" correspondence), but it may also be associated with the first sense of the DLPC. Let us now turn to the lexicografia [lexicography] entry in the DLPC:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 \"Ling. Ramo da lingu\u00edstica que se ocupa dos aspectos te\u00f3ricos e pr\u00e1ticos que t\u00eam em vista a elabora\u00e7\u00e3o de dicion\u00e1rios, vocabul\u00e1rios, gloss\u00e1rios.\" [Branch of linguistics that deals with the theoretical and practical aspects that aim to develop dictionaries, vocabularies, glossaries.]", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The same entry in DA, it is described as:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "\u2022 \"Ci\u00eancia ou estudo, que tem por objecto as palavras que devem constituir um l\u00e9xico.\" [Science or study, whose object is the words that must constitute a lexicon.]", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Although the gloss differs (we intend to explore the issue of definition in more detail in future work), in these cases, we always attribute an exact relationship since both refer to the same concept.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Challenges of MWSA", |
| "sec_num": "4." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In order to increase the interoperability of the annotated data with other language resources, we convert the final datasets into the Ontolex-Lemon model (McCrae et al., 2017) . This model provides rich linguistic groundings for ontologies which enables various representations such as morphology and syntax. Our final output provides the headword, the part-of-speech tag along with the senses for each entry. Therefore, the following properties are respectively used: ontolex:writtenRep, lexinfo:partOfSpeech and skos:definition. Linking between the senses is made with the SKOS matching properties. An example of this data in Turtle is given below:", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 154, |
| "end": 175, |
| "text": "(McCrae et al., 2017)", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Data Conversion", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "<#banco_noun> a ontolex:LexicalEntry ; rdfs:label \"banco\"@pt ; ontolex:sense <#sense0>, <#sense12>, <#sense13> .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Data Conversion", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "<#sense0> skos:definiton \"Assento estreito e comprido, de material vari\u00e1vel, com ou sem encosto, para v\u00e1rias pessoas. \"@pt .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Data Conversion", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "<#sense12> skos:definition \"banco dos r\u00e9us. 1. Lugar destinado aos r\u00e9us, no tribunal. 2. Situa\u00e7\u00e3o em que se\u00e9 objecto de acusa\u00e7\u00e3o em tribunal.\"@pt .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Data Conversion", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "<#sense0> skos:relatedMatch <#sense1> . <#sense95> skos:exactMatch <#sense96> . <#sense97> skos:narrowMatch <#sense96> .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Data Conversion", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The data is publicly available as part of the MWSA benchmark at https://github.com/elexis-eu/MWSA.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Data Conversion", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This paper focuses on the task of monolingual word sense alignment for the Portuguese language. Focusing on two lexicographic resources in Portuguese, namely, Dicion\u00e1rio da L\u00edngua Portuguesa Contempor\u00e2nea and Dicion\u00e1rio Aberto, we presented the challenges and difficulties to manually align senses and annotate their semantic relationships. In addition, we also describe the conversion of our aligned data into the Ontolex-Lemon model which improves interoperability and accessibility within the Linked Data and Semantic Web technologies. We believe that our dataset is beneficial to create tools and techniques to automatically align senses within Portuguese lexicographic resources. Moreover,", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion", |
| "sec_num": "6." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments towards improving our manuscript. Research financed by Portuguese National Funding through the FCT -Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia as part of the project Centro de Lingu\u00edstica da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa -UID/LIN/03213/2020, by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Acknowledgements", |
| "sec_num": "7." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "https://en.wiktionary.org 2 https://de.wikipedia.org", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This project aims to create a European network of lexical resources (http://www.elex.is).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "https://github.com/elexis-eu/MWSA 5 The team works with Alberto Sim\u00f5es (IPCA) and Jos\u00e9 Jo\u00e3o Almeida (Natural Language Processing of the Computer Science Department), and the consultancy of\u00c1lvaro Iriarte Sanrom\u00e1n. The participation of NOVA CLUNL is related to the DACL's transition into the TEI Lex-0 format.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31552", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This a common lexicographic practice: when it is marked as m. (masculine), it is understood that the lemma is a noun.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "From the DA XML file, we ignored the following entries: perhydrol, perianthado, peri\u00e2ntheo, peri\u00e2nthio, periantho, periappendicite, perich\u00e9cio, perich\u00f4ndrio, perichondrite, perichondrio, pericor\u00f3llia, pericyclo, pericystite, perididymite, perid\u00eddymo, per\u00eddyo, per\u00edgrapho, perigyn\u00e2ndrio, perigynadro, perigynia, per\u00edgyno, perim\u00edsio, perimorphose, perinephrite, periophthalmia, periorth\u00f3gono, perioste\u00f3phyto, peripheria, periph\u00e9rico, periphorantho, per\u00edphoro, per\u00edphrase, periphr\u00e1stico, peripyema, perist\u00e1chio, perist\u00e9thio, perist\u00fdlico, periss\u00fdstole, perith\u00e9cio, perityphlite.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": { |
| "BIBREF0": { |
| "ref_id": "b0", |
| "title": "under Grant Agreement No. 731015 (ELEXIS), and through the FCT/MCTES as part of the project 2Ai -School of Technology", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": null, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "under Grant Agreement No. 731015 (ELEXIS), and through the FCT/MCTES as part of the project 2Ai - School of Technology, IPCA -UIDB/05549/2020. 8. Bibliographical References", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF1": { |
| "ref_id": "b1", |
| "title": "A Multilingual Evaluation Dataset for Monolingual Word Sense Alignment", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ahmadi", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "P" |
| ], |
| "last": "Mccrae", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Nimb", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "F", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Khan", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Monachini", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "B", |
| "middle": [ |
| "S" |
| ], |
| "last": "Pedersen", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Declerck", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wissik", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Bellandi", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "I", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Pisani", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Troelsg\u00e5rd", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Olsen", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Krek", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "V", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lipp", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "V\u00e1radi", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "L", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Simon", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Gy\u0151rffy", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "C", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tiberius", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Schoonheim", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Y", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ben Moshe", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Rudich", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Abu Ahmad", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "D", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lonke", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "K", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Kovalenko", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Langemets", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Kallas", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "O", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Dereza", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Fransen", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "D", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Cillessen", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "D", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Lindemann", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "M", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Alonso", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Salgado", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "L" |
| ], |
| "last": "Sancho", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R.-J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Ure\u00f1a-Ruiz", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "K", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Simov", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "P", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Osenova", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Z", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Kancheva", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "I", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Radev", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Stankovi\u0107", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Perdih", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "D", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Gabrov\u0161ek", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2020, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the 12th Language Resource and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2020)", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Ahmadi, S., McCrae, J. P., Nimb, S., Khan, F., Mona- chini, M., Pedersen, B. S., Declerck, T., Wissik, T., Bel- landi, A., Pisani, I., Troelsg\u00e5rd, T., Olsen, S., Krek, S., Lipp, V., V\u00e1radi, T., Simon, L., Gy\u0151rffy, A., Tiberius, C., Schoonheim, T., Ben Moshe, Y., Rudich, M., Abu Ah- mad, R., Lonke, D., Kovalenko, K., Langemets, M., Kallas, J., Dereza, O., Fransen, T., Cillessen, D., Lin- demann, D., Alonso, M., Salgado, A., Sancho, J. L., Ure\u00f1a-Ruiz, R.-J., Simov, K., Osenova, P., Kancheva, Z., Radev, I., Stankovi\u0107, R., Perdih, A., and Gabrov\u0161ek, D. (2020). A Multilingual Evaluation Dataset for Monolin- gual Word Sense Alignment. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resource and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2020), Marseille, France.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF2": { |
| "ref_id": "b2", |
| "title": "Linked Data in Linguistics: Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "C", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Chiarcos", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Nordhoff", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Hellmann", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2012, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Chiarcos, C., Nordhoff, S., and Hellmann, S. (2012). Linked Data in Linguistics: Representing and Connect- ing Language Data and Language Metadata. Springer.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF3": { |
| "ref_id": "b3", |
| "title": "Elexis-european lexicographic infrastructure: Contributions to and from the linguistic linked open data", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Declerck", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Mccrae", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Navigli", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "K", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Zaytseva", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wissik", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2018, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the LREC 2018 Workshop Globalex", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "17--22", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Declerck, T., McCrae, J., Navigli, R., Zaytseva, K., and Wissik, T. (2018). Elexis-european lexicographic infras- tructure: Contributions to and from the linguistic linked open data. In I. Kernerman & S. Krek (Arg.), Proceed- ings of the LREC 2018 Workshop Globalex, pages 17- 22.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF4": { |
| "ref_id": "b4", |
| "title": "A survey on portuguese lexical knowledge bases: Contents, comparison and combination", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Gon\u00e7alo", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Oliveira", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "H", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2018, |
| "venue": "Information", |
| "volume": "9", |
| "issue": "2", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Gon\u00e7alo Oliveira, H. (2018). A survey on portuguese lex- ical knowledge bases: Contents, comparison and combi- nation. Information, 9(2):34.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF5": { |
| "ref_id": "b5", |
| "title": "Toward linked data-native dictionaries", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Gracia", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "I", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Kernerman", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Bosque-Gil", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2017, |
| "venue": "Electronic Lexicography in the 21st Century: Lexicography from Scratch. Proceedings of the eLex 2017 conference", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "19--21", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Gracia, J., Kernerman, I., and Bosque-Gil, J. (2017). Toward linked data-native dictionaries. In Electronic Lexicography in the 21st Century: Lexicography from Scratch. Proceedings of the eLex 2017 conference, pages 19-21.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF6": { |
| "ref_id": "b6", |
| "title": "Linked data: Evolving the web into a global data space", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Heath", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "C", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Bizer", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2011, |
| "venue": "Synthesis lectures on the semantic web: theory and technology", |
| "volume": "1", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "1--136", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Heath, T. and Bizer, C. (2011). Linked data: Evolving the web into a global data space. Synthesis lectures on the semantic web: theory and technology, 1(1):1-136.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF7": { |
| "ref_id": "b7", |
| "title": "Automatically linking germanet to wikipedia for harvesting corpus examples for germanet senses", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "V", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Henrich", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "E", |
| "middle": [ |
| "W" |
| ], |
| "last": "Hinrichs", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "K", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Suttner", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2012, |
| "venue": "JLCL", |
| "volume": "27", |
| "issue": "1", |
| "pages": "1--19", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Henrich, V., Hinrichs, E. W., and Suttner, K. (2012). Au- tomatically linking germanet to wikipedia for harvesting corpus examples for germanet senses. JLCL, 27(1):1- 19.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF8": { |
| "ref_id": "b8", |
| "title": "Presentation/representation of entries in dictionaries -Requirements, recommendations and information. Standard, International Organization for Standardization", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Iso", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2007, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "ISO. (2007). Presentation/representation of entries in dic- tionaries -Requirements, recommendations and infor- mation. Standard, International Organization for Stan- dardization, Geneva, CH, February.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF9": { |
| "ref_id": "b9", |
| "title": "Building a large-scale knowledge base for machine translation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "K", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Knight", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [ |
| "K" |
| ], |
| "last": "Luk", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 1994, |
| "venue": "AAAI", |
| "volume": "94", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "773--778", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Knight, K. and Luk, S. K. (1994). Building a large-scale knowledge base for machine translation. In AAAI, vol- ume 94, pages 773-778.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF10": { |
| "ref_id": "b10", |
| "title": "Towards a Global Lexicographic Infrastructure", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Krek", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Declerck", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "P" |
| ], |
| "last": "Mccrae", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Wissik", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2019, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the Language Technology 4 All Conference", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Krek, S., Declerck, T., McCrae, J. P., and Wissik, T. (2019). Towards a Global Lexicographic Infrastructure. In Pro- ceedings of the Language Technology 4 All Conference.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF11": { |
| "ref_id": "b11", |
| "title": "Linguistic Linked Open Data for All", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "P" |
| ], |
| "last": "Mccrae", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Declerck", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2019, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the Language Technology 4 All Conference", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "McCrae, J. P. and Declerck, T. (2019). Linguistic Linked Open Data for All. In Proceedings of the Language Tech- nology 4 All Conference.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF12": { |
| "ref_id": "b12", |
| "title": "The ontolex-lemon model: development and applications", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "P" |
| ], |
| "last": "Mccrae", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Bosque-Gil", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Gracia", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "P", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Buitelaar", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "P", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Cimiano", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2017, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of eLex 2017 conference", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "19--21", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "McCrae, J. P., Bosque-Gil, J., Gracia, J., Buitelaar, P., and Cimiano, P. (2017). The ontolex-lemon model: devel- opment and applications. In Proceedings of eLex 2017 conference, pages 19-21.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF13": { |
| "ref_id": "b13", |
| "title": "What psycholinguists know about chemistry: Aligning wiktionary and wordnet for increased domain coverage", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "C", |
| "middle": [ |
| "M" |
| ], |
| "last": "Meyer", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "I", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Gurevych", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2011, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "883--892", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Meyer, C. M. and Gurevych, I. (2011). What psycholin- guists know about chemistry: Aligning wiktionary and wordnet for increased domain coverage. In Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Lan- guage Processing, pages 883-892.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF14": { |
| "ref_id": "b14", |
| "title": "Semantic rule filtering for web-scale relation extraction", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Moro", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "H", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Li", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Krause", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "F", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Xu", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Navigli", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "H", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Uszkoreit", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2013, |
| "venue": "International Semantic Web Conference", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "347--362", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Moro, A., Li, H., Krause, S., Xu, F., Navigli, R., and Uszko- reit, H. (2013). Semantic rule filtering for web-scale re- lation extraction. In International Semantic Web Confer- ence, pages 347-362. Springer.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF15": { |
| "ref_id": "b15", |
| "title": "Babelnet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a widecoverage multilingual semantic network", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Navigli", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "S", |
| "middle": [ |
| "P" |
| ], |
| "last": "Ponzetto", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2012, |
| "venue": "Artificial Intelligence", |
| "volume": "193", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "217--250", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Navigli, R. and Ponzetto, S. P. (2012). Babelnet: The auto- matic construction, evaluation and application of a wide- coverage multilingual semantic network. Artificial Intel- ligence, 193:217-250.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF16": { |
| "ref_id": "b16", |
| "title": "Meaningful clustering of senses helps boost word sense disambiguation performance", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Navigli", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2006, |
| "venue": "Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "105--112", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Navigli, R. (2006). Meaningful clustering of senses helps boost word sense disambiguation performance. In Pro- ceedings of the 21st International Conference on Compu- tational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 105- 112. Association for Computational Linguistics.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF17": { |
| "ref_id": "b17", |
| "title": "Eco and onto. pt: a flexible approach for creating a portuguese wordnet automatically. Language resources and evaluation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "H", |
| "middle": [ |
| "G" |
| ], |
| "last": "Oliveira", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "P", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Gomes", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2014, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "48", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "373--393", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Oliveira, H. G. and Gomes, P. (2014). Eco and onto. pt: a flexible approach for creating a portuguese word- net automatically. Language resources and evaluation, 48(2):373-393.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF18": { |
| "ref_id": "b18", |
| "title": "Improving the consistency of usage labelling in dictionaries with tei lex-0", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Salgado", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Costa", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tasovac", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2019, |
| "venue": "Lexicography", |
| "volume": "6", |
| "issue": "2", |
| "pages": "133--156", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Salgado, A., Costa, R., and Tasovac, T. (2019a). Improv- ing the consistency of usage labelling in dictionaries with tei lex-0. Lexicography, 6(2):133-156.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF19": { |
| "ref_id": "b19", |
| "title": "Tei lex-0 in action: Improving the encoding of the dictionary of the academia das ci\u00eancias de lisboa", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Salgado", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Costa", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Tasovac", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sim\u00f5es", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2019, |
| "venue": "", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Salgado, A., Costa, R., Tasovac, T., and Sim\u00f5es, A. (2019b). Tei lex-0 in action: Improving the encoding of the dictionary of the academia das ci\u00eancias de lisboa. Electronic lexicography in the 21st century (eLex 2019): Smart lexicography, page 93.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF20": { |
| "ref_id": "b20", |
| "title": "The semantic web revisited", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "N", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Shadbolt", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "T", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Berners-Lee", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "W", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Hall", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2006, |
| "venue": "IEEE intelligent systems", |
| "volume": "21", |
| "issue": "3", |
| "pages": "96--101", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Shadbolt, N., Berners-Lee, T., and Hall, W. (2006). The semantic web revisited. IEEE intelligent systems, 21(3):96-101.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF21": { |
| "ref_id": "b21", |
| "title": "Dicion\u00e1rio-aberto: A source of resources for the portuguese language processing", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sim\u00f5es", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "\u00c1", |
| "middle": [ |
| "I" |
| ], |
| "last": "Sanrom\u00e1n", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "J" |
| ], |
| "last": "Almeida", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2012, |
| "venue": "International Conference on Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "121--127", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sim\u00f5es, A., Sanrom\u00e1n,\u00c1. I., and Almeida, J. J. (2012). Dicion\u00e1rio-aberto: A source of resources for the por- tuguese language processing. In International Confer- ence on Computational Processing of the Portuguese Language, pages 121-127. Springer. http://www. dicionario-aberto.net/.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF22": { |
| "ref_id": "b22", |
| "title": "Building a dictionary using xml technology", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sim\u00f5es", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "J" |
| ], |
| "last": "Almeida", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Salgado", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2016, |
| "venue": "5th Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE'16). Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sim\u00f5es, A., Almeida, J. J., and Salgado, A. (2016). Build- ing a dictionary using xml technology. In 5th Sym- posium on Languages, Applications and Technologies (SLATE'16). Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer In- formatik.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF23": { |
| "ref_id": "b23", |
| "title": "LeXmart: A smart tool for lexicographers", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sim\u00f5es", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Salgado", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Costa", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "J", |
| "middle": [ |
| "J" |
| ], |
| "last": "Almeida", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2019, |
| "venue": "Electronic lexicography in the 21st century. Proceedings of the eLex 2019 conference", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "453--466", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sim\u00f5es, A., Salgado, A., Costa, R., and Almeida, J. J. (2019). LeXmart: A smart tool for lexicographers. In I. Kosem, et al., editors, Electronic lexicography in the 21st century. Proceedings of the eLex 2019 conference, pages 453-466.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF25": { |
| "ref_id": "b25", |
| "title": "Dicion\u00e1rio da L\u00edngua Portuguesa Contempor\u00e2nea", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": 2001, |
| "venue": "Lisboa. Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa e Editorial Verbo", |
| "volume": "", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa. (2001). Dicion\u00e1rio da L\u00edngua Portuguesa Contempor\u00e2nea. Jo\u00e3o Malaca Casteleiro (ed.). Lisboa. Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lis- boa e Editorial Verbo.", |
| "links": null |
| }, |
| "BIBREF26": { |
| "ref_id": "b26", |
| "title": "Dicion\u00e1rio aberto: um recurso para processamento de linguagem natural", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "A", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Sim\u00f5es", |
| "suffix": "" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "R", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Farinha", |
| "suffix": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": 2010, |
| "venue": "Viceversa: revista galega de traducci\u00f3n", |
| "volume": "16", |
| "issue": "", |
| "pages": "159--171", |
| "other_ids": {}, |
| "num": null, |
| "urls": [], |
| "raw_text": "Sim\u00f5es, A. and Farinha, R. (2010). Dicion\u00e1rio aberto: um recurso para processamento de linguagem natural. Viceversa: revista galega de traducci\u00f3n, 16:159-171.", |
| "links": null |
| } |
| }, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "FIGREF0": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "text": "An example spreadsheet used for the annotation task.", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF1": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "text": "periphr\u00e1stico [periphrastic] and perifr\u00e1stico [periphrastic] in DA mililitro [milil\u00edtru]. s. m. (De mili-1 + litro). Unidade de medida de capacidade (s\u00edmb. ml) equivalente \u00e0 mil\u00e9sima parte do litro. Entrada ------------------. . . . Mi I i I itro m. A mil\u00e9sima parte do litro. (De mi/li ... + litro) mililitro [milliliter] in DLPC (above) and DA (below)", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF2": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "text": "bandarilha [banderilla] in DLPC (above) and DA (below)", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "FIGREF3": { |
| "uris": null, |
| "text": "pergamin\u00e1ceo/pergaminh\u00e1ceo [pergameneous] in DLPC (above) and DA (below)", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "TABREF1": { |
| "text": ". all the lexical items that came up between especial [special] and esperanto [Esperanto], perfume [perfume] and perlimpimpim [a lexical unit used in a fixed combination p\u00f3s de perlimpimpim [magical powder], a sequence of units sorted alphabetically from letters E and P.", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF2": { |
| "text": "Haste munida de ponta de metal penetrante, enfeitada com uma bandeira ou com fitas de papel de cores e que se espeta no cacha\u00e7o dos touros, durante a corrida. =::: Encad. Tira de papel que se cola na margem de um original ou prova, quando as emendas n\u00e3o cabem nas margens.", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">rom. FARPA, FERRO. A eleg\u00e2ncia com que espetou o par de banda-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">rilhas no touro p\u00f4s a pra\u00e7a de p\u00e9. < < Abrem-se ent\u00e3o as portas</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">e a manada entra, esta que ser\u00e1 toureada hoje consoante os</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">preceitos inteiros da arte, passada \u00e0 capa, espetada de banda-</td></tr><tr><td>rilhas, castigada de varas>> (SA</td><td>AGO, Levantado do</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Ch\u00e3o, p. 165). Cravar, espetar as +s; um par de +s; t\u00e9rcio</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">de +s. bandarilhas a quarteio, variedade de farpas em</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">que o toureiro faz um quarto de volta ao espet\u00e1-la no</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">touro. bandarilhas a recorte, movimento que consiste</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">em colocar os ferros no touro no momento em que o</td></tr><tr><td>toureiro evita a marrada. 2. Entrada</td><td/></tr><tr><td>Bandarilha</td><td/></tr><tr><td>f.</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Farpa, enfeitada com bandeiras ou fitas, e destinada a cravar-se no cacha\u00e7o dos</td></tr><tr><td>toiros, quando se correm.</td><td/></tr><tr><td>(Por bandeirilha, cast. banderilla)</td><td/></tr></table>", |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF3": { |
| "text": "[triptjru]. adj. m. ef (De tripa+ suf. -eiro). Pop. O m. que portuense 1 . tripeiro 2 [triptjru]. s. m. ef (De tripa+ suf. -eiro). 1. Pessoa que vende tripas. 2. Pop. O m. que portuense2. [pirgBmip \u00e1sju, -B] . adj. (De pergaminho + suf. -\u00e1ceo) . O m. que pergamin\u00e1ceo. Ult. Dona, 55.", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Entrada</td></tr><tr><td>Tripeiro</td></tr><tr><td>m.</td></tr><tr><td>Vendedor de tripas.</td></tr><tr><td>Aquele que se sustenta de tripas.</td></tr><tr><td>Deprec.</td></tr><tr><td>Habitante do Porto.</td></tr><tr><td>(De tripa)</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 5: tripeiro [tripe seller and native of Porto] in DLPC</td></tr><tr><td>(above) and DA (below)</td></tr><tr><td>pergamin\u00e1ceo, a [pirgemin\u00e1sju, -B] . adj. (Do 6. lar. per-</td></tr><tr><td>gaminum ' pergaminho' + suf. -\u00e1ceo) . I. Que se assemelha</td></tr><tr><td>ao pergaminho; que, p elo seu asp ec to, faz lembrar essa</td></tr><tr><td>p ele. ~ PERGAMIN H\u00c1CEO. 2. Que \u00e9 feito de pergaminho.</td></tr><tr><td>pergaminh\u00e1ceo, a Entrada</td></tr><tr><td>Pergamin\u00e1ceo</td></tr><tr><td>adj.</td></tr><tr><td>Entrada</td></tr><tr><td>Pergaminh\u00e1ceo</td></tr><tr><td>adj.</td></tr><tr><td>Que tem o aspecto de pergaminho: << \u2022\u2022\u2022 os museu/os ... pergaminh\u00e1ceos ... >> Camilo,</td></tr><tr><td>Volc\u00f5es, 154.</td></tr></table>", |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF4": { |
| "text": "praia[pr\u00e1jB] . s. f (Do lat. tardio plagia, t alvez do gr.n \u00c0\u00e0yto\u00e7 'obl\u00edquo'). 1. Faixa arenosa do litoral m ar\u00edtimo, de fraca inclina\u00e7\u00e3o, muito utilizada por banhistas nas zonas de veraneio ou em est\u00e2ncias de turismo. <<e a d\u00e9bil pegada que o meu obscuro p\u00e9 imprimiu nas praias do Mindelo h\u00e1-de ficar gravada na hist\u00f3ria>> ( GARRETT, D iscursos, p. 12 1). casa+ de praia. colch\u00e3o+ de praia. voleibol+ de praia. 2. Zona banhada pelo mar; zona balnear. ~ BEIRA--MAR, COSTA, LITORAL. Passaram as f\u00e9rias na praia.", |
| "num": null, |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Entrada</td></tr><tr><td>Praia</td></tr><tr><td>f.</td></tr><tr><td>Orla de terra, geralmente coberta de areia, confinando com o mar.</td></tr><tr><td>Beiramar.</td></tr><tr><td>Regi\u00e3o, banhada pelo mar; litoral; margem.</td></tr><tr><td>PI. Marn.</td></tr><tr><td>Dep\u00f3sito geral das \u00e1guas que alimentam a salina, e que tamb\u00e9m se chama loi\u00e7as, (cp.</td></tr><tr><td>loi\u00e7a).</td></tr><tr><td>(Do lat. plaga)</td></tr><tr><td>Figure 7: praia [beach] in DLPC (above) and DA (below)</td></tr><tr><td>dondo ou quadrado, sustentado por tr\u00eas ou quatro p\u00e9s.</td></tr><tr><td>\u2248 mocho.\" [One person seat, without backrest, with</td></tr><tr><td>round or square top, supported by three or four feet;</td></tr><tr><td>stool]</td></tr></table>", |
| "html": null |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
