| { |
| "paper_id": "M91-1015", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:15:34.462451Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "SRI INTERNATIONAL'S TACITUS SYSTEM : MUC-3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSI S", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Jerry", |
| "middle": [ |
| "R" |
| ], |
| "last": "Hobb", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "SRI International Menlo Park", |
| "location": { |
| "postCode": "9402 5", |
| "region": "California" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "M91-1015", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Our precision was the highest of any of the sites . Our recall was somewhere in the middle . It is as ye t unclear whether high recall-high precision systems will evolve more rapidly from low recall-high precisio n systems or high recall-low precision systems .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The significant drop in recall we experienced from Matched Templates Only to Matched/Missing is a n indication that we were failing on messages with a large number of template entries . Much of this is probabl y due to failures in handling lists of names, and could be improved by specialized handling of this phenomenon .", |
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| { |
| "text": "We also ran our system, configured identically to the TST2 run, on the first 100 messages of the development set . The results were as follows : Matched Templates 46 64 Matched/Missing 37 64 All Templates 37 5 3 Here recall was considerably better, as would be expected since the messages were used for development . While there are a number of parameter settings possible in our system, we decided upon optimal values , and those values were used . An explanation of the parameters and how we decided what was optimal is to o detailed and system-particular for this report . None of the decisions was made on the basis of total recal l and precision on a test set . All the decisions were made on a much more local basis .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 145, |
| "end": 219, |
| "text": "Matched Templates 46 64 Matched/Missing 37 64 All Templates 37 5 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The only way of even approximating the amount of time spent on this effort is from figures on tim e charged to the project . All participants in the MUC-3 process will realize that this is not a very reliable wa y of estimating the level of effort .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "LEVEL OF EFFORT", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Since the preliminary MUC-3 workshop in February, approximately 800 person-hours were spent on th e project .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "LEVEL OF EFFORT", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The only possible way to break that down into subtasks is by personnel . ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "LEVEL OF EFFORT", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The amount of the training corpus that was used varied with the component . For the relevance filter, al l 1400 available messages were used . For the lexicon, every word in the first 600 and last 200 messages and i n the TST1 corpus were entered . For the remaining messages, those words occurring more than once and al l non-nouns were entered .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "TRAININ G", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For syntax and pragmatics, we were able only to focus on the first 100 messages in the developmen t corpus .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "TRAININ G", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Tests were run almost entirely on the first 100 messages because those were the only ones for which a reliable key existed and because concentrating on those would give us a stable measure of progress .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "TRAININ G", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The system improved over time . On the February TST1 run, our recall was 14% and our precision wa s 68% on Matched and Missing Templates . At the end of March, on the first 100 messages in the developmen t set, our recall was 22% and our precision was 63% . At the time of the TST2 evaluation, on the first 10 0 messages in the development set, our recall was 37% and our precision was 64% .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "TRAININ G", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As described in the System Summary, we felt that the treatment of unknown words was for the mos t part adequate .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "WHAT WAS AND WAS NOT SUCCESSFU L", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The statistical relevance filter was extremely successful . The keyword antifilter, on the other hand, i s apparently far too coarse and needs to be refined or eliminated .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "WHAT WAS AND WAS NOT SUCCESSFU L", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We felt syntactic analysis was a stunning success . At the beginning of this effort, we despaired of bein g able to handle sentences of the length and complexity of those in the MUC-3 corpus, and indeed man y sites abandoned syntactic analysis altogether . Now, however, we feel that the syntactic analysis of materia l such as this is very nearly a solved problem . The coverage of our grammar, our scheduling parser, and ou r heuristic of using the best sequence of fragments for failed parses combined to enable us to get a very hig h proportion of the propositional content out of every sentence . The mistakes that we found in the first 2 0 messages of TST2 can, for the most part, be attributed to about five or six causes, which could be remedie d with a few days work .", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "WHAT WAS AND WAS NOT SUCCESSFU L", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "On the other hand, the results for terminal substring parsing, our method for dealing with sentences o f more than 60 words, are inconclusive, and we believe this technique could be improved .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "WHAT WAS AND WAS NOT SUCCESSFU L", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In pragmatics, much work remains to be done . A large number of fairly simple axioms need to be written , as well as some more complex axioms . In the course of our preparation for MUC-2 and MUC-3, we hav e made sacrifices in robustness for the sake of efficiency, and we would like to re-examine the trade-offs . We would like to push more of the problems of syntactic and lexical ambiguity into the pragmatics component , rather than relying on syntactic heuristics . We would also like to further constrain factoring, which no w sometimes results in the incorrect identification of distinct events .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "WHAT WAS AND WAS NOT SUCCESSFU L", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In template-generation, we feel our basic framework is adequate, but a great many details must be added . The module we would most like to rewrite is in fact not now a module but should be . It consists of the various treatments of subcategorization, selectional constraints, generation of canonical predicate-argumen t relations, and the sort hierarchy in pragmatics . At the present time, due to various historical accidents an d compromises, these are all effectively separate . The new module would give a unified treatment to this whol e set of phenomena .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "WHAT WAS AND WAS NOT SUCCESSFU L", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the preprocessor, the spelling corrector and the morphological word assignment component are usabl e in other applications without change .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "USABILITY FOR OTHER APPLICATION S", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The methods used in the relevance filter are usable in other applications, but, of course, the particula r statistical model and set of keywords are not .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "USABILITY FOR OTHER APPLICATION S", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the syntactic analysis component, the grammar and parsing programs and the vast majority of the core lexicon are usable without change in another application . Only about five or six grammar rules are particular to this domain, encoding the structure of the heading, interview conventions, \"[words indistinct]\" , and so on . The logical form produced is application-independent .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "USABILITY FOR OTHER APPLICATION S", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The theorem prover on which the pragmatics component is based is application-independent . All of the enhancements we have made in our 1VIUC-3 effort would have benefited our MUC-2 effort as well .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "USABILITY FOR OTHER APPLICATION S", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In the knowledge base, only about 20 core axioms carried over from the opreps domain to the terroris t domain . Since most of the current set of axioms is geared toward MUC-3 's particular task, there would ver y probably not be much more of a carry-over to a new domain .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "USABILITY FOR OTHER APPLICATION S", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The extent to which the template-generation component would carry over to a new application depend s on the extent to which the same baroque requirements are imposed on the output .", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "USABILITY FOR OTHER APPLICATION S", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "On the one hand, the mapping from texts to templates is discontinuous in the extreme . One mishandle d semicolon can cost 4% in recall in the overall score, for example . Therefore, the numerical results of thi s evaluation must he taken with a grain of salt . Things can he learned about the various systems only b y a deeper analysis of their performance . On the other hand, the task is difficult enough to provide a rea l challenge, so that pushing recall and precision both into the 70s or 80s will require the system to do virtuall y everything right .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "WHAT WAS LEARNED ABOUT EVALUATIO N", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Leading up to MUC-3 there were a great many difficulties to be worked out, diverting the attention o f researchers from research to the mechanics of evaluation . It is to be hoped that most of these problems hav e been settled and that for 1\\'IUC-4 they will constitute less of a. drain on researchers ' time .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "WHAT WAS LEARNED ABOUT EVALUATIO N", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "We feel the task of the MUC-3 evaluation is both feasible and challenging in the relatively short term . How practical it is is for others to judge .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "WHAT WAS LEARNED ABOUT EVALUATIO N", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This research has been funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Office of Nava l Research contracts N00014-85-C-0013 and N00014-90-C-0220 .", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "bib_entries": {}, |
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| } |
| } |
