| { |
| "paper_id": "O05-5002", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T07:58:24.455250Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "From Frame to Subframe: Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Mei-Chun", |
| "middle": [], |
| "last": "Liu", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "National Chiao Tung University", |
| "location": { |
| "country": "Taiwan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "mliu@mail.nctu.edu.tw" |
| }, |
| { |
| "first": "Chun", |
| "middle": [ |
| "Edison" |
| ], |
| "last": "Chang", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "National Tsing Hua University", |
| "location": { |
| "country": "Taiwan" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "This paper examines the collocational patterns of Mandarin verbs of conversation and proposes that a finer classification scheme than the flat structure of 'frames' [cf. Fillmore and Atkins 1992; Baker et al. 2003] is needed to capture the semantic granularity of verb types. The notion of a 'subframe' is introduced and utilized to explain the syntactic-semantic interdependencies among different groups of verbs in the Conversation Frame. The paper aims to provide detailed linguistic motivations for distinguishing subframes within a frame as a semantic anchor for further defining near-synonym sets.", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "O05-5002", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [ |
| { |
| "text": "This paper examines the collocational patterns of Mandarin verbs of conversation and proposes that a finer classification scheme than the flat structure of 'frames' [cf. Fillmore and Atkins 1992; Baker et al. 2003] is needed to capture the semantic granularity of verb types. The notion of a 'subframe' is introduced and utilized to explain the syntactic-semantic interdependencies among different groups of verbs in the Conversation Frame. The paper aims to provide detailed linguistic motivations for distinguishing subframes within a frame as a semantic anchor for further defining near-synonym sets.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Abstract", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "As the importance of lexical semantic research has grown with the need to represent human knowledge, various lexically-based information networks have been proposed. This includes the comprehensive work on differentiating word senses and sense relations in WordNet [Miller et al. 1990] , the ontological hierarchy in SUMO [Niles and Pease 2003] , and the more linguistically-motivated model of FrameNet [Baker et al. 2003 ]. While all these databases provide valuable information regarding word senses, the first two are constructed in a more intuitive and pre-theoretical manner without detailing the linguistic evidence for sense distinctions. FrameNet, on the other hand, is based on the theory of Frame Semantics [Fillmore and Atkins 1992] and attempts to define meaning within a set of shared knowledge or background information, that is, a frame. However, as pointed out by Liu and Wu [2003] , if meaning is anchored in the notion of a 'frame', then we need independent motivations for postulating different frames. What seems to be lacking in the current framework is a cognitive linguistic explanation as to how individual 'frames' are distinguished and interrelated. To answer this question, we will show that within a frame, a more elaborate classification system is needed to account for the variety of verb behaviors. The notion of a 'subframe' is introduced and utilized to capture the syntactic-semantic interdependencies observed in corpus data 2 .", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 265, |
| "end": 285, |
| "text": "[Miller et al. 1990]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF26" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 322, |
| "end": 344, |
| "text": "[Niles and Pease 2003]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF27" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 403, |
| "end": 421, |
| "text": "[Baker et al. 2003", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 717, |
| "end": 743, |
| "text": "[Fillmore and Atkins 1992]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF20" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 880, |
| "end": 897, |
| "text": "Liu and Wu [2003]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF24" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Introduction 1", |
| "sec_num": "1." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Compared with the other communication frames 3 , the conversation frame is unique in that it profiles the property of reciprocality or two-way communication. Mandarin verbs in the conversation frame encode reciprocal communicative events, where participants are involved as Interlocutors, such as tan \u8ac7 'talk', taolun \u8a0e\uf941 'discuss', xietiao \u5354\u8abf 'negotiate', chaojia \u5435\u67b6 'quarrel', xianliao \u9592\u804a 'chat', etc 4 . These conversation events highlight a particular subpart of the communication schema with its core being frame elements, as proposed in Liu and Wu's conceptual schema for the conversation frame [2003] . We can further characterize the conversation frame as follows:", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 600, |
| "end": 606, |
| "text": "[2003]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Defining the Conversation Frame", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(1) The conversation frame: e) Core frame elements (FEs): Intl1/Intl2 or Intls, Medium, Topic; 2 A preliminary model of the Mandarin VerbNet (http://140.114.75.18/verbnet/webform1.aspx/) has been constructed by researchers from National Chiao Tung University and National Tsing Hua University. 3 For details, please see , where the communication domain is divided into 14 frames and provides conceptual motivations for the cognitive bases of individual frames. 4 The lemmas discussed in this paper are high-frequency words of the conversation frame used in Taiwan.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 461, |
| "end": 462, |
| "text": "4", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Defining the Conversation Frame", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "f) Basic syntactic patterns: \u4ed6\u5011[Intls]\u9762\u5c0d\u9762[Medium]\u8ac7\u653f\u6cbb[Topic]. \u6211[Intl1]\u548c/\u8207/\u8ddf\u4ed6[Intl2]\u8ac7\u653f\u6cbb[Topic].", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Encoding Decoding", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "----Noise----- -----Noise-----", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "By specifying its cognitive schema, definitional description, semantic profile, a distinct set of frame elements, and the basic syntactic patterns, the conversation frame can be uniquely defined and proved to be well-motivated in relation to other communication frames. However, given the diverse range of lemmas included in the frame, there is a fundamental question to be answered: within the conversation frame, are there semantic subtypes that need to be captured? This paper aims to show that corpus-based analyses of verb behavior render clear evidence for further distinguishing 'subframes' 5 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "As mentioned above, verbs of conversation share a set of core frame elements: Interlocutor 1, Interlocutor 2 (or combined as Interlocutors), Topic, and Medium. However, a wide range of verbs are found in the conversation frame, such as tan/tanlun \u8ac7/\u8ac7\uf941 'converse, talk', \u8a0e\uf941/ \u5546\uf97e 'discuss', xietiao/goutong \u5354\u8abf/\u6e9d\u901a 'negotiate', chao/chaojia \u5435/\u5435\u67b6 'quarrel', and lia/liaotian \u804a/\u804a\u5929 'chat'. One inevitably wonders how these verbs differ from each other. Although sharing the same basic pattern, these lemmas differ obviously in terms of manner, register, and purpose. Consider (2):", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Motivations for Distinguishing Subframes", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "5 Although Fillmore et al. [2005] put the label 'subframe' under the description of frames in the new version of FrameNet (http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~framenet), they did not explicitly discuss how to distinguish subframes, that is, what the linguistic motivations for distinguishing and defining subframes are.", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 11, |
| "end": 33, |
| "text": "Fillmore et al. [2005]", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Motivations for Distinguishing Subframes", |
| "sec_num": "3." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Intl 2", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Intl1", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Understanding Sign/Signal Message Topic Medium Motivation (Internal Cause) (2) \u4ed6\u5011\u5728 \u8ac7/\u8a0e\uf941/\u6e9d\u901a/\u5435/\u804a \u4eba\u751f\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Intl1", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The five verbs in (2) may share the same topic, but encode distinct types of conversational events. We would like to know: what exactly are the distinctions in their lexical meanings and what grammatical correlations can be found to such lexical semantic distinctions? In the following, a detailed discussion regarding the coding of their core frame elements (FEs) and the various collocational associations will be given to capture the grammatical motivations for distinguishing subframes.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Intl1", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As mentioned before, a frame is distinguished according to syntactically expressed core frame elements (FEs). Subgroups of a frame may be further distinguished based on frequent foregrounding or backgrounding of certain frame elements observed in the corpus data. Among the core frame elements of the conversation frame, Intl1/Intl2, Intls, Medium, and Topic, the first two are commonly shared by all conversation verbs, but Medium is most frequently found with the 'converse' verbs, tan/tanlun \u8ac7/\u8ac7\uf941 (4.3%) but not common with other verbs (less than 1.2%):", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Realization and Profiling of Core Frame Elements", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Realization and Profiling of Core Frame Elements", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "3) \u5927\u5bb6[Interlocutors]\u9762\u5c0d\u9762[Medium_Means]\u8ac7[Conversation-Converse]\uff0c\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5 \u722d\u53d6\u8a02\u55ae\u3002", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Realization and Profiling of Core Frame Elements", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Although Topic is a default FE for conversation events, only the 'discuss' verbs occur most frequently with a topic (73%) and allow a Topic to be preposed, as in (4):", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Realization and Profiling of Core Frame Elements", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(4) \u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u4e8b[Topic]\u4f60\u5011[Interlocutors]\u518d\u8a0e\uf941[Conversation-Discuss]\u3002", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Realization and Profiling of Core Frame Elements", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "In addition, Topic tends to be absent in a chatting event. In the Sinica Corpus, Topic is simply not found with the verbs liaotian \u804a\u5929 and xianliao \u9592\u804a 'chat' (0%). The suppression of Topic indicates that Topic may not be important in 'chat' events and, thus, tends to be backgrounded:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Realization and Profiling of Core Frame Elements", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(5) \uf983\ufa08\u56de\uf92d\u2026\u6bdb\u7a7a\u53bb\u770b\u671b\u4ed6\uff0c\uf978\u4eba[Interlocutors]\u5c31\u9592\u804a[Conversation-Chat]\u8d77\uf92d\u3002", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Realization and Profiling of Core Frame Elements", |
| "sec_num": "3.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Another interesting observation regarding the coding of Topic is that it may overlap with the marking of Cause; the 'quarrel' verbs tend to take a Topic-Cause as one important role:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(6) \u4ed6\u5011 \u70ba/\u56e0\u70ba \u9322/\u611f\u60c5[Topic_Cause]\u5435\u67b6[Conversation-Quarrel]\u3002", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The overt marking of Topic-Cause with the marker wei/yinwei 'because of' (6% with chaojia/zhenglun \u5435\u67b6/\u722d\uf941) seems to indicate that the 'quarrel' events, coding a highly marked manner of communication, require an explanation for their occurrence. The overt Cause in the above examples also fulfills the role of Topic, since what is being argued about has to do with the cause of the argument.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Finally, a unique pattern is observed regarding the coding of interlocutors: with the 'negotiate' verbs, xietiao/goutong \u5354\u8abf/\u6e9d\u901a, there may be a third participant, Interlocutor 3, since a negotiating event is often conducted between Interlocutor 2 and Interlocutor 3 with a Mediator, Interlocutor 1. Syntactically, Intl2 and Intl3 may be foregrounded as the Direct Object, as exemplified below:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(7) \u4e2d\u6771\u6230\u722d\u7206\u767c\uff0c\uf96d\u5e9c[Interlocutor_1]\u5df2\u5354\u8abf[Conversation-Negotiate]\u53f0\u6c7d [Interlocutor_2]\u548c\u53f0\u9435[Interlocutor_3]\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u9810\u671f\u4e2d\u6771\u4f9b\u6cb9\u6e1b\u5c11\u6642\u7684\u5404\u9805 \u56e0\u61c9\u63aa\u65bd\u3002", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The additional participant, Interlocutor 3, is only found in the 'negotiate' events (3.1%) but completely absent with other verbs. Although most verbs only take the Topic as the direct object, the 'negotiate' verbs may encode Interlocutor 2 (or with Interlocutor 3) as the direct object without adding the associative marker han/yu/gen \u548c / \u8207 / \u8ddf 'and', as further exemplified below:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(8) a. [\u57f7\ufa08\u79d8\u66f8] Intl1 \u5df2\u5354\u8abf [\u76f8\u95dc\u55ae\u4f4d] Intl2 \uff0c b. \u7531[\u4ed6] Intl1 \u8ca0\u8cac\u6e9d\u901a [\u6821\u65b9] Intl2 \u3002", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "This observation suggests that with the 'negotiate' verbs, the co-participant, i.e., Interlocutor2 (or/and Interlocutor 3) may be viewed as the undergoer or the affected target of the event, which is a unique pattern that sets the 'negotiate' verbs apart from other conversation verbs.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The distribution of core frame elements across different conversation verb types is summarized in the following ", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "0% (0/174) 0% (0/174) 0% (0/174) 0% (0/174) 1.1% (2/174)", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "It is clear from the table that each verb type displays a distinct pattern in coding the core frame elements through either the foregrounding or backgrounding of certain participant roles.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Besides the realization of core frame elements, conversation verbs also differ in terms of lexical collocation and grammatical function. Looking closely at their collocational associations in the Sinica Corpus, we found that there are asymmetrical distributions in four respects: 1) V+V pattern: some verbs may occur with a preceding light verb, such as jinxing \u9032\ufa08 'proceed' or dacheng \u9054\u6210 'achieve'; 2) metonymic subject: the subject of some, but not all, verbs of conversation may be inanimate entities taking the role of Interlocutor based on the principle of metonymy; 3) V+ Complement pattern: some verbs take a postverbal complement or adverbial adjunct denoting 'result evaluation', such as chenggong \u6210\u529f 'successful' or shibai \u5931\u6557 'failing'; 4) in terms of the distribution of grammatical functions, conversation verbs exhibit different frequencies of nominalization. Based on the above four criteria, verbs of conversation can be further divided into 5 subgroups with a corresponding set of unique behaviors. We will address the syntactic-semantic interdependencies manifested by each association pattern in the following sections.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Lexical Collocations and Grammatical Functions", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The use of the light verb jinxing \u9032\ufa08 'proceed' entails a formal register and encodes a procedural process or atelic event, according to Huang et al. [1995] 6 . It tends to occur with an activity verb that is compatible with the formal register and involves a durative process, as shown in (10):", |
| "cite_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 136, |
| "end": 155, |
| "text": "Huang et al. [1995]", |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF22" |
| } |
| ], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "V+V Pattern: with Light Verbs Jinxing \u9032\ufa08 or Dacheng \u9054\u6210", |
| "sec_num": "3.2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation (10) a. \u7814 \u7a76 \u5c0f \u7d44 [Intls] \u91dd \u5c0d \u53e3 \u8a2a \u524d \u7f6e \u4f5c \u696d \u968e \u6bb5 \u4e4b \u76f8 \u95dc \u4e8b \u5b9c \u9032 \ufa08 \u8a0e \uf941 [Conversation-Discuss] \u3002 b. *\u9032\ufa08 \u8ac7\uf941/\u5435\u67b6/\u804a\u5929\u3002", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "V+V Pattern: with Light Verbs Jinxing \u9032\ufa08 or Dacheng \u9054\u6210", |
| "sec_num": "3.2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Below is the distributional tendency of jingxing in the Sinica Corpus: The co-occurrence with the preceding verb jinxing \u9032\ufa08 'proceed' or dacheng \u9054\u6210 'achieve' serves to distinguish a conversation event in terms of its pragmatic mode (formal vs. informal) and event type (telic vs. atelic).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "V+V Pattern: with Light Verbs Jinxing \u9032\ufa08 or Dacheng \u9054\u6210", |
| "sec_num": "3.2.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Interlocutors in conversation events are, by default, human participants. However, unlike the 'chat' verbs, other verbs may all take inanimate subjects (place or institute names) as Interlocutors via metonymic extension from institute/building to human organization: 15 The co-occurrence with effect-evaluating complements indicates that the two-way communicative events with xietiao 'negotiate' or goutong 'communicate' involve a solution-seeking process, which is semantically bounded and may be evaluated as to whether the solution has been achieved.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Use of an Inanimate Subject", |
| "sec_num": "3.2.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "With regard to grammatical functions, some groups of verbs tend to be nominalized more frequently than the others. Comparing high-frequency verbs and their distributions over grammatical functions, we see clear skewing in nominal uses based on the Sinica Corpus: 20 Converse \u8ac7/\u8ac7\uf941", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Frequency of Nominalization", |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The syntactic patterns of coding frame elements and collocational variations discussed above provide crucial evidence and support for categorizing conversation verbs into syntactically motivated subgroups, termed 'subframes'. The division of subframes serves to provide the semantic ground for further distinguishing near-synonyms, as one important layer in the hierarchical structure of frame-based semantic classification.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Frequency of Nominalization", |
| "sec_num": "3.2.4" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "As mentioned above, the asymmetrical distributions of conversation verbs over different collocational associations clearly suggest that verbs can be further divided into subtypes. These subtypes may be viewed as different subframes as they further characterize the semantic distinctions within a frame. Each subframe displays unique patterns of its basic structure (Basic Patterns) and collocational skewings (Collocational Associations) that manifest its unique semantic properties. Based on the above syntactic behaviors, we attempt to differentiate and define five subframes within the conversation frame, each with a clear definition, a set of foregrounded or backgrounded FEs, a unique set of semantic features, and representative lemmas. The five subframes as defined above may serve as semantic anchors for further exploring near-synonym sets, such as \u4ea4\u8ac7 jiaotan vs. \u4ea4\uf9ca jiaoliu 'converse, exchange'; taolun \u8a0e\uf941 vs. shangliang \u5546\uf97e 'discuss, talk about'; or xietiao \u5354\u8abf vs. goutong \u6e9d\u901a 'negotiate', etc. It is at the level of subframes that we may find the most relevant information for fine-tuning lexical distinctions among near-synonyms (For further discussion, see ).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Defining Conversation Subframes", |
| "sec_num": "4.1" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The layered structure of frame-based classification entails semantic inheritance from top to bottom in a hierarchical structure. At the subframe level, multiple inheritances may happen; i.e., a given subframe may inherit features from two or more different frames. For example, as mentioned above, verbs belonging to the 'Quarrel'-subframe highlight Topic-Cause for the marked Manner. This is a result of multiple inheritance. The 'quarrel' verbs inherit the element Topic from the Conversation frame, and the element Cause from the Hostile_encounter Frame, where a Cause is normally specified.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Semantic Inheritance", |
| "sec_num": "4.2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "To fully represent the semantic relations among verbs, a multi-layered classificational structure is needed, which helps to manifest different levels of semantic generalization. In this paper, the syntactically well-motivated level of subframes is proposed, rendering a 5-layered hierarchical structure of lexical semantic representation: Domain > Frame > Subframe > Near-synonym sets > Lemma. This model is also adopted in building the lexical network of Mandarin VerbNet . With the proposal of subframes within the theoretical constructs of frame semantics, verb meanings may be defined with finer semantic distinctions that are syntactically motivated. The next task is to show that further fine-grained lexical distinctions are needed to differentiate near-synonyms within each subframe. The postulation of subframes is a necessary refinement of the frame-based approach to lexical semantics. With its detailed lexical information, subframes provide the most relevant semantic anchor for further disambiguating near-synonyms as well as individual lemmas.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Conclusion: Frame-based Hierarchy of Verbal Information", |
| "sec_num": "5." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Huang et al. [1995] claimed that jinxing 'to proceed' takes a processed type argument, which denotes the process of an event. In other words, the verb jinxing implies a non-punctual and non-telic event.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
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| "ref_id": "b0", |
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| "text": "a) Cognitive Schema (grayed and bolded area): b) Domain: communication; c) Definition: a two-way communicative process between Interlocutors (Intl1, Intl2, or Intls) via a certain Medium, on a given Topic; d) Semantic profile: reciprocality between Interlocuters;", |
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| "text": "Backgrounded FE: Topic; Semantic attributes: [event type: process], [register: informal], [manner: casual], [purpose: underspecified]; Lemmas: xianliao/liaotain/xiantan/tantian \u9592\u804a/\u804a\u5929/\u9592\u8ac7/\u8ac7\u5929, etc.", |
| "num": null, |
| "uris": null, |
| "type_str": "figure" |
| }, |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td>Verbs</td><td>FEs</td><td>Intls</td><td>Intl1/Intl2</td><td>Intl3</td><td>Intl2/Int l3 as DO</td><td>Topic</td><td>Topic as Cause</td><td>Medium</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Converse</td><td>40%</td><td>14 %</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td><td>17.3%</td><td>0%</td><td>4.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u8ac7/\u8ac7\uf941</td><td>(441/1103)</td><td>(156/1103)</td><td>(0/1103)</td><td>(0/1103)</td><td>(191/1103)</td><td>(0/1103)</td><td>(47/1103)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Discuss</td><td>62%</td><td>29%</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td><td>73%</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u8a0e\uf941/\u5546\uf97e</td><td>(129/208)</td><td>(60/208)</td><td>(0/208)</td><td>(0/208)</td><td>(152/208)</td><td>(0/208)</td><td>(0/208)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Negotiate</td><td>15 %</td><td>29.5%</td><td>3.1%</td><td>7%</td><td>16.7%</td><td>0%</td><td>0.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u5354\u8abf/\u6e9d\u901a</td><td>(74/485)</td><td>(143/485)</td><td>(15/485)</td><td>(33/485)</td><td>(81/485)</td><td>(0/485)</td><td>(4/485)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Quarrel</td><td>48%</td><td>11.4%</td><td>0%</td><td>0%</td><td>10.4%</td><td>6%</td><td>0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u5435\u67b6/\u722d\uf941</td><td>(101/211)</td><td>(24/211)</td><td>(0/211)</td><td>(0/211)</td><td>(22/211)</td><td>(13/211)</td><td>(0/211)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Chat</td><td>38%</td><td>46 %</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">\u804a\u5929/\u9592\u804a</td><td>(66/174)</td><td>(81/174)</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "Distribution of Core Frame Elements among Conversation Verbs:", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF1": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"4\">Distribution with jingxing \u9032\ufa08 'proceed'</td></tr><tr><td>V2</td><td>taolun</td><td>goutong</td><td colspan=\"2\">Other Verb Types</td></tr><tr><td>V1</td><td>\u8a0e\uf941</td><td>\u6e9d\u901a</td><td colspan=\"2\">tanlun/chaojia/liaotian \u8ac7\uf941/\u5435\u67b6/\u804a\u5929</td></tr><tr><td>Jingxing \u9032\ufa08</td><td>4% (3/83)</td><td>11% (25/231)</td><td/><td>0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">Another verb, (13) a. \u8981\u8017\u8cbb\u76f8\u7576\u9577\u7684\u6642\u9593\uf92d\u9054\u6210\u6e9d\u901a[conversation-negotiate] (yahoo 2005/07/01)\u3002</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">b. \u5404\u65b9\u80a1\u6771\u9054\u6210\u5354\u8abf[conversation-negotiate]</td><td>(yahoo 2005/06/13)\u3002</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(14) Distribution with dacheng \u9054\u6210</td><td/></tr><tr><td>V2</td><td>xieyi</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Other Verb Types</td></tr><tr><td>V1</td><td>\u5354\u8b70</td><td colspan=\"3\">tanlun/taolun/chaojia/liaotian \u8ac7\uf941/\u8a0e\uf941/\u5435\u67b6/\u804a\u5929</td></tr><tr><td>Dacheng \u9054\u6210</td><td>23% (36/154)</td><td/><td>0%</td></tr></table>", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "dacheng \u9054\u6210 'achieve', is also found with some conversation verbs; it requires a formal register but encodes a telic event. Denoting goal-orientation, dacheng \u9054\u6210 is compatible with activity verbs entailing a semantic endpoint with an incremental theme, and it occurs mostly with the nominalized forms of 'negotiate' verbs, such as goutong/xietiao/xieyi \u6e9d\u901a/\u5354\u8abf/\u5354\u8b70, as in(12-13): (12) a. \u96d9\u65b9\u6700\u5f8c\u9054\u6210\u5354\u8b70[conversation-negotiate]\u3002 b. *\u9054\u6210 \u8ac7/\u8ac7\uf941/\u8a0e\uf941/\u5435\u67b6/\u722d\uf941/\u804a\u5929/\u9592\u804a\u3002 Additional examples are found with goutong \u6e9d\u901a and xietiao \u5354\u8abf at the Kimo website:", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "html": null |
| }, |
| "TABREF2": { |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Collocational Asymmetry in Mandarin Verbs of Conversation</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">(19) a. \u9ee8\u5718\u4e5f\u96a8\u5373\u53ec\u958b\u8a18\u8005\u6703\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\u6e9d\u901a\u6210\u529f</td><td>(yahoo 2005/03/20)\u3002</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">b. \u96d9\u65b9\u6e9d\u901a\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53cd\u76ee\u6210\u4ec7</td><td/><td>(yahoo 2005/03/17)\u3002</td></tr><tr><td>subjects:</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">(16) Distribution with inanimate subjects</td><td/></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>tanlun</td><td>taolun</td><td>goutong</td><td/><td>Other Verbs</td></tr><tr><td>Subj. type</td><td>\u8ac7\uf941</td><td>\u8a0e\uf941</td><td>\u6e9d\u901a</td><td colspan=\"2\">Liaotian/xianliao \u804a\u5929/\u9592\u804a</td></tr><tr><td>Inanimate Subject</td><td>3% (8/262)</td><td>6% (5/83)</td><td>9% (21/231)</td><td/><td>0%</td></tr><tr><td>3.2.3 Corpus:</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">(17) a. \u570b\u9632\u90e8\u548c\uf978\u5ef3\u9662\u5df2\u521d\u6b65\u5354\u8abf\u6210\u529f\u3002</td><td/></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">b. \u5728\u5354\u8abf\u5931\u6557\u5f8c\uff0c\u6c34\u516c\u53f8\u7d42\u65bc\u6628\u5929\u5ba3\u5e03\u653e\u68c4\u3002</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">(18) Distribution of result evaluating complements</td><td/></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>xietiao</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">Other Verb Types</td></tr><tr><td>Result Comp.</td><td>\u5354\u8abf</td><td colspan=\"4\">tanlun/taolun/chaojia/liaotian \u8ac7\uf941/\u8a0e\uf941/\u5435\u67b6/\u804a\u5929</td></tr><tr><td>chenggong/shibai \u6210\u529f/\u5931\u6557</td><td>4 % (3/66)</td><td/><td/><td>0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">Additional data obtained from the internet show that the verb goutong \u6e9d\u901a behaves in the</td></tr><tr><td>same way:</td><td/><td/><td/><td/></tr></table>", |
| "num": null, |
| "text": "a. \u53f0\uf963\u548c\uf963\u4eac [Intl1 and Intl2] \u8ac7/\u8ac7\uf941/\u8a0e\uf941/\u6e9d\u901a \uf9ba\u5f88\u4e45\u3002 b. \u53f0\uf963\u548c\uf963\u4eac *\u804a\u5929/*\u9592\u804a \uf9ba\u5f88\u4e45\u3002 Metonymy tends to be associated with verbs that are formal in register and also require an official or non-personal topic (e.g., public affairs). The Sinica Corpus shows that verbs ecoding informal events, such as the 'chat' verbs, seldom occur with metonymic non-human the conversation verbs, only the 'negotiate' verbs(e.g., xietiao \u5354\u8abf and goutong \u6e9d\u901a) may collocate with result-evaluating complements, such as chenggong \u6210\u529f 'successfully' and shibai \u5931\u6557 'failingly', as shown below with examples and percentage rates for the Sinica", |
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| } |
| } |
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| } |
