| { |
| "paper_id": "P79-1027", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T08:11:39.356654Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "PI~OSI'ECTS FOR COMI'UTER-ASSISTED DIALECT A1)APTION", |
| "authors": [], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "P79-1027", |
| "_pdf_hash": "", |
| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "a document is to appear ill several dialects or closely related langu-Res, there are many practical reasons for adapting It from one to another rather than preparing separate translations. IIowever, manual adaptlon can be tedious, errorful, and requires a bidialectal adaptor (often unavailable) and/or qualified linguist (if available, very expensive).", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "When", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Computer-aided adaption might be an alternative, but Is it feasible to write a computer program which contributes enough to be worth the bother and cost?", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "When", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "For the source dialect ($D) is provided a root dictionary and a suffix dictionary; each entry contains the string of characters by which that morpheme is recognized, morphological category, morphophonemic properties .... and for roots, the \"0 for,n. For each target dialect (TD) is provided a suffix dictionary, a list of the regular sound changes (RSC's) which when applied to a \"O root will yield the correct TI} reflex, and a list of pairs of roots not cognate in the SD and TD, This paper describes an experiment in computattonally assisting tile adapt;on of text from one dialect of central Peruvian Quechua (a polysynthetic, al:glutinative. American Indian language) to ~everal others. The overall results are extremely encouraging: computer-aided dialect adaptton is feasible and has important advantages over entirely manual methods.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "When", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Bolow we describe the dialect situation, the data and processes of the experimental program, and a field test of text produced by the program.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "When", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Six dialects differing phonologically, lexically, and l;ran|n|atlcally were involved. The rich dlvcrsity of differences are dominated by a few kinds of systematic difference. The program treats these classes of difference separately rather than by a single method (such as string substitution): this requires a detailed analysis of the source dialect text.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "When", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Phonolog.icah the reflexes of four proto-Ouechua ('O) phonemes ('/~/'l~/'fMf/fl/) --in the government-mandated orthography--are: Panao: tr ch II Ji. Huallaga: ch ch ]I if. Dos-de-Mayo: ch t~ I n. l,lata: ch s I n. Yanahuanca: t, xr t ss I n. and Junln: tr ch I n.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "I,-xlcah 'to ~et well/recover from an illnes~' i~ ex-pressed with the root allchaka:-in Iiuallaga, aliya:-in l,lata, and kachaka:-In Junin.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Gran|matlcah 1 ) Morphologicah a suffix may be present In one dialect and absent in another; the forms or properties of corresponding suffixes may difier across dialects; there are different syMems of lndtcatlnf', plurality within the verb., in some dialects there are 3-5 distinct plurallzers occurring in different \"slots\" and conditioned by what other suffixes occur in the word; In others there is only one pluralizor which has a fixed posit/on; ~-) Syntactic: the complements of phasal verbs ('begin', 'finish'...) are subordlnatod as adverbial clauses in some dialects but as infinitival (object)clauses in others.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "A TD root dictionary Is computatlonally derived by I) applying the RSC's to the \"Q form of each $D root and ~-) substituting the TD root for non-cognate root pairs. Tc, xt is adapted word by word, first analyzing SD words and then synthesizing TI) words. (An early penctl-and-lmper ,,xperi;nent sul%~,ested that for Ouechua, word-by-word methods could effect approximately 95% of the required ehange,~.) After orthographic adjustments, a simple. recursivc, exhaustive search attempts to decompose each word Into a root and zero or more suffixes by matching the word's characters to the strings of characters of dictionary entries subject to constraints of a built-in morphology. Tests are applied 1) during the search to teat the suitability of a matching suffix as the immediate succe~or to what precedes, and 2) after all the word is matched to morphemes to test the. overall suitability of that sequence of morphemes. Th-sc tests constrain possible decompositions to within managable ltnlits. Word decomposltioq is complicated by various morphophonemic processes.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Pluralization differences are accommodated by 1) tagging as plural each decomposition which contains a plural morpheme, 2) deleting that plural morpheme, and 3) inserting the appropriate pluralize! for the TD word.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": ",Synthesis of a TD word proceeds by 1) substituting the SD root by the corresponding TD root from the (:oiuputationaily derived TI} root dictim|ary, Z) selecting for each morpheme the correct allomorph, 3) concatenation of the allomorphs, and 4) orthographic adjustment. Examples are shown in Figure 1 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 293, |
| "end": 301, |
| "text": "Figure 1", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Many words have multiple decompositions but this is tolerable because synthesis of alternative decompositions of one 5D word usually yield identical TD words. Nonidentical alternatives for one SD word are left to the choice of the human editor/checker. About 40 pages of text were adapted into each of 5 target dialects for use in the field test. Sampling indicates that the computer correctly changed about 760 morphemes per 1000 words of text; in the worst case native speakers SO orlhogriphi\u00a2 form:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(l) lywarkaykan", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The word analyzer produces, in succession: length converted:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(2) aywarkaykan $egmentatlon:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(3) aywa-rka-yka-n morphophonemic form:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(4) saywa-RKA-YKA:-3 DlurJdify handled:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(5) (taywa-YKA:-3).t4=L", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The word synthesizer produces, in succession:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "r e-plu,alizalion: (6) IIywi-YKA:-YA:-3 allomorph selection:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(7) aywa-yka:-ye-n TD or'thoQf'aphic form:", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(8) aywaykasyan 'lhey are joins\" Figure I suggested about 190 additional changes per |000 words. The computer converted text which otherwise would have been at best only marginally lntellit~lble to a speaker of another dialect into --with a few exceptions--fully comprehensible text. Thus the program brings a text being adapted close enough to the TD that it can be edited/corrected by a native speaker of the TD without much coaching or reference to the 3D text.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 33, |
| "end": 41, |
| "text": "Figure I", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Since Inevitably there is a non-trivial residue of changes Infeasible for the computer, its output requires subsequent manual correcting/editing. Therefore, rather than strive to make the program do everything imaginable, it is wise to do the overwhelming number of systemic, \"low level\" changing and not unduly complicate the prol~ram to accommodate too much. The test identified many relatively infrequent changes not handled by the present program. For most of them, computational adaptlon is not feasible. These are discus.sod in a version of this paper which has been published by Note~ ~. Linguistics. $IL. It is available from The International Linguistics Center, 7500 Camp Wisdom Road, Dallas TX 75236 for $.75 , as Special Publication 1, Prospects for Compttter-Assistod Dialect Adeption.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Conclusion: A computer can contribute significantly to adaption between dialects or closely related languages.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "(9) lywirk|arinanp|q (10) lywirks:rin|npsa (l i) lyWl-rka-:ri-na-n-p|Cl (l 2) saywi-RKU-:RI-NA-3P-PAQ (13) (eaywa-RKU-NA-3P-PAO).(.PL (| 4) eaywa-RKU-YA:-NA-3P-PAO (15) lyws-rku-ya:-nl-n-paq (i6) sywsrkuyaananpaQ 'in order that they 8o'", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Examples of the kinds of d l fferences involved:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| } |
| ], |
| "back_matter": [], |
| "bib_entries": {}, |
| "ref_entries": { |
| "TABREF0": { |
| "content": "<table/>", |
| "type_str": "table", |
| "num": null, |
| "html": null, |
| "text": "David J. Weber UCI,A and Summer Institute of Linguistics William C. Mann USC Information Sciences Institute" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
| } |
