| { |
| "paper_id": "P85-1002", |
| "header": { |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T09:39:38.932652Z" |
| }, |
| "title": "TEMPORAL I]~'RRI~C~S IN HEDICAL TEXTS", |
| "authors": [ |
| { |
| "first": "Klaus", |
| "middle": [ |
| "K" |
| ], |
| "last": "Obermeier", |
| "suffix": "", |
| "affiliation": { |
| "laboratory": "", |
| "institution": "BatteIle's Columbus Laboratories", |
| "location": { |
| "addrLine": "505 K~ng Avenue CoLumbus", |
| "postCode": "43201-2693", |
| "region": "Oh\u00a3o", |
| "country": "USA" |
| } |
| }, |
| "email": "" |
| } |
| ], |
| "year": "", |
| "venue": null, |
| "identifiers": {}, |
| "abstract": "", |
| "pdf_parse": { |
| "paper_id": "P85-1002", |
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| "abstract": [], |
| "body_text": [ |
| { |
| "text": "The objectives of this paper are twofold, whereby the computer program is meant to be a particular implementation of a general natural Language", |
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| "text": "[NL] proeessin~ system [NI,PSI which could be used for different domains.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "text": "The first obiective is to provide a theory for processing temporal information contained in a well-structured, technical text. The second obiective is to argue for a knowledge-based approach to NLP in which the parsing procedure is driven bv extra Linguistic knowledRe. for analyzing domain-specific as well as temporal information in a well-defined text type.", |
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| "text": "The analysis, i.e. output, of the NLPS is a data structure which serves as the input to an expert system. The ultimate Real is to allow the user of the expert system to enter data into the system by means of NL text which follows the linguistic conventions of English. (2) map the parsed Linguistic structure into an event-representation;", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "(3) draw temporal and factual inferences within the domain of Liver diseases;", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "(4) create and update a database containing the pertinent information about a patient.", |
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| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "A SampLe Text:", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The user of my NLPS can enter a text of the format given in FiRure L L", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| { |
| "text": "The texts which the NLPS accepts are descriptive for a particular domain.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "The information-processing task consists of the analysis of Linguistic information into datastructures which are chronologically ordered by the NLPS.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| { |
| "text": "L This 80-year-old Cau=aslan female complained of nau.s~, vomlclnL abciommal swelhnl~ and jaundice.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| { |
| "text": "~. She h~[ dlal~ melhtus, credlL~'l wllh iosuiln for slx years ~fora aclm,~on.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "3. She ~ad ~lacl fll-~efmes~ p.sl~romcmuna[ complamu for many ye..lrs ancl occaalonai em~me.s of nau.s~ ancl vomum$ chr~ years ~'evlousiy -~ Four w~ics ~forc aclmlsslon snc dcveloo~l ptm across the u~\" aO~lomen.", |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "radmunll to the rlanlcs. The first module of the program analyzes each word by accessing a [exical component which assigns syntactic, semantic, and conceptual features to it. The second module consists of a bottom-up parser which matches the output from the lexical component to a set of augmented phrase structure rules 2. The third module consists of a knowledge base which contains the domain-specific information as well as temporal knowledge. The knowledge base is accessed during the processing of the text in conjunction with the augmented phrase structure rules. The output of the program includes a lexical feature assignment as given in Figure 2 , a phrase-structure representation as given in Figure 3 , and a knowledge representation as provided in Figure 4 .", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 25, |
| "end": 626, |
| "text": "The first module of the program analyzes each word by accessing a [exical component which assigns syntactic, semantic, and conceptual features to it. The second module consists of a bottom-up parser which matches the output from the lexical component to a set of augmented phrase structure rules 2. The third module consists of a knowledge base which contains the domain-specific information as well as temporal knowledge. The knowledge base is accessed during the processing of the text in conjunction with the augmented phrase structure rules.", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 703, |
| "end": 712, |
| "text": "Figure 2", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 761, |
| "end": 770, |
| "text": "Figure 3", |
| "ref_id": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 819, |
| "end": 827, |
| "text": "Figure 4", |
| "ref_id": null |
| } |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "The resulting knowledge representation of mv NLPS consists of a series of events which are extracted from the text and chronologically ordered by the NLPS based on the stored knowledge the system has about the domain and ~enera [ temporal re[at ions. The final knowledge representation (see Figure 5 ) which my NLPS ~enerates is the input to the expert system or its database specialist. The final output o[ the expert system is a diagnosis of the patient. If a doctor were given a patient's case history (see Figure l) , he would read the text and try to extract the salient pieces of information which are necessary for his diagnosis. In this particular text type, he would be interested in the sign, symptoms, and laboratory data, as well as the medical history of the patient.", |
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| "ref_spans": [ |
| { |
| "start": 291, |
| "end": 300, |
| "text": "Figure 5", |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF2" |
| }, |
| { |
| "start": 511, |
| "end": 520, |
| "text": "Figure l)", |
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| ], |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| { |
| "text": "rlqlS 01[T~ I[IGI4TV-V[AIZ-0m0 ~O~ AG(, C~JC~SIa~ ~ RACE, . F~[NA~( N SEX' , ;~I[T -N([[D-NI[W , ~TE ~.ONPLA|N l ~UOT( ~.LASSI F \u2022 QUOT[ 5VAL, UI[ , , ' ,(D,, , OF me~p, ,N&US[A N SI~YM~TOM, VOMZT ki V S~[~iSyIIIIPTOM ~NGI, \u2022 ~. 60UNOadlV , ,", |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "I[VI[NT 1 SyIOT~l \u2022 k~kiS Jr A/V(:M | T / AS0~U[ NWIV~t SV([ L L. ]r NQ, d~4jNO|", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "The crucial point hereby is the temporal information associated with the occurrences of these data.", |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "In general, he would try to cluster certain abnormal manifestations to form hypotheses which would result in a coherent diagnosis.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "The clustering would be based on the temporal succession of the information in the text.", |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| "text": "Each manifestation of abnormalities [ will refer to as an \"event\". Pain can be characterized by its location, intensity. and nature (e.g., \"shooting\").", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "section": "l", |
| "sec_num": "2." |
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| { |
| "text": "abnormalities found by the physician such as fever, jaundice, or swelling.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Signs:", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "notion of \"key event\" is further discussed in 4.3 \"Key Events\".", |
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| "section": "4The", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| { |
| "text": "\"fever\" is a sign or a symptom is indicated by the verb.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Whether", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "Therefore, the verbs have features which indicate if the following is a sign or a symptom.", |
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| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Whether", |
| "sec_num": null |
| }, |
| { |
| "text": "There are no explicit temporal indicators in (1), except the tense marker on the verb.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Whether", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "The doctor, however, knows chat case histories ordinarily use \"admission\" as a reference point. (2) She had diabetes mellitus, treated with insulin for six veers before admission.", |
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| "section": "Whether", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "The sentence in (2) requires a temporal concept \"year\" in conjunction with the numerical value \"six\", it also requires the concept \"duration\"", |
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| "section": "Whether", |
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| "text": "to represent the meaning of for. The \"key event\" at admission is mentioned explicitly and must be recognized as a concept by the system. month, year, day, week, duration, period, i.e., \"for how long\".", |
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| "section": "Whether", |
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| "text": "In addition to domain-specific knowledge, a person reading a text also uses his linguistic knowledge of the English grammar.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
| "ref_spans": [], |
| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "The Flow of Control", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
| }, |
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| "text": "The problem for a NLPS is how to integrate linguistic and extra linguistic knowledge. [t selects the constituents of a sentence, and groups them into larger \"chunks\", called phrases.", |
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| "section": "The Flow of Control", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
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| "text": "The phrase types noun phrases [NP] and verb phrase [VPI contain procedures to form concepts (e.g., \"abdominal pain\"). These concepts are combined by function specialists. The schema identifies the current topic of the sentence, vlz., \"symptom\".", |
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| "section": "The Flow of Control", |
| "sec_num": "3.2" |
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| "text": "next encounters the word shootin~. This word has no further specification besides that of bein~ used as an adjective.", |
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| "section": "CROK", |
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| "text": "The head noun pain points to a more complex entity \"pain\" which expects further specifications (e.~., location, type). It first tries to find any further specifications within the :malvzed part of the NP.", |
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| "text": "[t finds shootin~ and adds this characteristic to the entity \"pain\".", |
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| "section": "CROK", |
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| "text": "Since \"pain\" is usually specified in terms of its location, a place adverbial is expected. Upon the eqtry of across, the entity \"pain\" includes \"acro~s\" as a local ion marker, expect in~ as the next word a body-part. The next word, flank is a body-part, and the \"pain\" entity is completed. Note here, that the attachment of the preposition was ~uided by the information contained in the knowledge base.", |
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| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "The next word for is a function word which can indicate duration. To determine which adverbial for Lntroduces, the system has to wait for the information from the following Nl'-specialist.", |
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| "text": "After the numeric value \"three\", the temporal indicator \"dav\" identifies for as a duration marker. As soon as GROK verifies that a temporal indicator started an event, it fills in the information from the \"report-:<xx\" ,~chema.", |
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| "text": "The new event representation includes the sign, symptom, or laboratory data, and the temporal indicator.", |
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| "section": "CROK", |
| "sec_num": null |
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| "text": "The last two words in the sample sentence before adm\u00a3ssion, provide Khe missing information as to what \"key event\" the ~ewly created event [s related to.", |
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| "text": "Once a new event frame or domain-specific frame is instnntiated) GROK can use the information associated with each event frame (e.g.) duration, key-event), together with the information from the domain-specific frame (e.g., the pain frame contains slots for specifying the location, intensity, and type of pain) to interpret the text. Words are used for their meaning, and the meaning depends on the use in a given context.", |
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| "text": "The meaning of a word is subject to change according to the context, which is based on the function of the words that make up the text.", |
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| "text": "Therefore, my approach to building a NLPS focuses on modeling the context of a text in a particular domain.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "text": "[ am primarily concerned with the relationship between writertext-reader, rather than with the relationship between two sentences.", |
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| "text": "The use of the context for parsing requLres a knowledge representation of the domain, and the type of text, in addition to linguistic and empirical knowledge. in contradistinction to NLPSs which use conceptual information first [Schank 75 ], GROK, partially due to the limited information pro-cessin\u00a2 task and the particular domain, starts out with a small knowledge base and builds up datastructures which are used subsequently in the processing of the text.", |
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| "start": 228, |
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| "text": "[Schank 75", |
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| "text": "The knowledge base of my system contains only the information it absolutely needs, whereas Schankian scripts have problems with when to activate scripts and when to exit them.", |
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| "text": "Temporal information in a text is conveyed by explicit temporal indicators, implicit temporal relations based on what one knows about written texts (e.g., \"time moves forward\"), and \"key events\".", |
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| "section": "Key Events", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
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| "text": "[ define a key event as a domain-specific concept which is used ro order and group events around a particular key event.", |
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| "text": "[n my theorv, temporal processing is based on the identification of key events far a parti=uLar domain, and their subsequent reco~uition bv the NLPS in the text. [n my theory of text processing, key events build up the temporal structure of a text.", |
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| "text": "[f key events for other domains can be identified, they could be used to explain how a NLPS can \"comprehend\" the texts of the domain in question.", |
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| "text": "The representation of temporal information is significant [n my theory.", |
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| "text": "[ define an event as the result of the assignment of a temporal value to a domain-specific concept. The structure of an event is Reneralizable to other domains.", |
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| "section": "Key Events", |
| "sec_num": "4.3" |
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| "text": "An event consists of a domain-specific concept, a key event, a relation to ke~ event, and a duration.", |
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| "text": "[ ", |
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| "text": "The overall ideas of GROK .is they re[are ~,r differ from ~he extant theories and svstems are introduced by looking at four major issues concerning temporal proces:~ing. I have shown how an integration of linguistic and extra linguistic knowledge achieves a form of comprehension, where comprehension is characterized as a conversion of information based on knowledge from on representation into another.", |
| "cite_spans": [], |
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| "start": 170, |
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| "text": "I have shown how an integration of linguistic and extra linguistic knowledge achieves a form of comprehension, where comprehension", |
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| "section": "Comparison to Extant Theories on Temporal ProcessinR", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
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| "text": "[ have also shown how this approach leads to a parsing technique which avoids corm~on pitfalls, and, at the same time, is consistent with results in psycholinguistic research.", |
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| "section": "Comparison to Extant Theories on Temporal ProcessinR", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
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| "text": "[ have furthermore shown that such a procedural approach is a basis for an event-based theory for temporal information processing.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Comparison to Extant Theories on Temporal ProcessinR", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
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| "text": "In particular, the findings implemented in GROK show the shortcomings of the orthodox rule-based approach to language processing which reduces words to tokens in a larger context while overemphasizing the role of the phrase and sentence level.", |
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| "section": "Comparison to Extant Theories on Temporal ProcessinR", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
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| "text": "It In my theory, temporal processing is possible because of domain-specific key events which provide the \"hooks\" for the temporal structure of a text.", |
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| "eq_spans": [], |
| "section": "Comparison to Extant Theories on Temporal ProcessinR", |
| "sec_num": "4.4" |
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| { |
| "text": "NL can be processed efficiently by a set of integrated linguistic and extra linguistic knowledge sources.", |
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| "section": "\u2022", |
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| "back_matter": [ |
| { |
| "text": "Allen, J.F. Papes -Auignon, France May [3-[5, 1985. ", |
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| "start": 12, |
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| "text": "Papes -Auignon, France May [3-[5, 1985.", |
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| "section": "RgFEREN~S {Allen 83l", |
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| "ref_id": "b0", |
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| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"5\">from domain-specific Hirschman's</td><td colspan=\"4\">system and other</td><td>in</td><td colspan=\"2\">that extra</td><td>GROK uses linguistic</td><td>\u2022 organization:</td><td>are</td><td>events</td><td>or-</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">information</td><td colspan=\"2\">for</td><td colspan=\"4\">analyzing</td><td colspan=\"2\">the</td><td colspan=\"2\">text,</td><td>whereas</td><td>ganized</td><td>on</td><td>a</td><td>time</td><td>line,</td><td>by</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">Hirschman relies primarily on available syntactic</td><td>key</td><td>events,</td><td>calendar</td><td>dates,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">information.</td><td/><td colspan=\"5\">Therefore,</td><td colspan=\"4\">Hirschman's</td><td>system</td><td>before/after chains?</td></tr><tr><td>as</td><td colspan=\"3\">presented</td><td colspan=\"2\">in</td><td colspan=\"4\">[Hirschman</td><td colspan=\"2\">81]</td><td>can</td><td>neither</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">handle anaphoric references to continuous states</td><td>\u2022</td><td>problems:</td><td>how is</td><td>imprecision,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">nor represent imprecision in time specification.</td><td>fuzziness,</td><td>and</td><td>incompleteness</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>of data handled?</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>\u2022</td><td>testing:</td><td>how</td><td>can</td><td>the</td><td>system</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">GROK</td><td>is</td><td>a</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">highly</td><td colspan=\"5\">exploratory</td><td>program.</td><td>be tested;</td><td>by queries,</td><td>proofs,</td></tr><tr><td>The</td><td colspan=\"4\">limitations</td><td colspan=\"6\">of the current</td><td colspan=\"2\">implementation</td><td>etc.?</td><td>Does it have a consistency</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">are in three areas:</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>checker?</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u2022</td><td>The</td><td colspan=\"4\">parser</td><td colspan=\"3\">itself</td><td colspan=\"2\">does</td><td>not</td><td>In GROK,</td><td>[ use an interval-based approach</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">provide</td><td colspan=\"2\">the</td><td colspan=\"4\">capability</td><td colspan=\"2\">of</td><td>a</td><td>to temporal</td><td>information</td><td>processing.</td><td>An event</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">chart</td><td colspan=\"3\">parser</td><td colspan=\"3\">since</td><td colspan=\"2\">it</td><td>will</td><td>is defined</td><td>as</td><td>an entity</td><td>of</td><td>finite duration.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>not</td><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">give</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">different</td><td>As</td><td>in</td><td>IKamp</td><td>79,</td><td>3771,</td><td>event</td><td>structures</td><td>are</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"11\">interpretations of a structurally</td><td>transformed into instants by the Russell-Wiener</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">ambiguous</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">sentences.</td><td/><td/><td>This</td><td>construction.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">type</td><td>of</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">structural</td><td colspan=\"3\">ambiguity,</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"11\">where one constituent can belong</td><td>[n</td><td>GROK,</td><td>the</td><td>NLPS</td><td>processes</td><td>temporal</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>to</td><td colspan=\"2\">two</td><td/><td>or</td><td colspan=\"3\">more</td><td colspan=\"3\">different</td><td>(nformat[on</td><td>by</td><td>first</td><td>associating</td><td>a</td><td>concept</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"5\">constructions,</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">would</td><td colspan=\"2\">not</td><td>be</td><td>with</td><td>a</td><td>temporal</td><td>reference,</td><td>then</td><td>evaluating</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">detected.</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>the extension</td><td>of</td><td>this event.</td><td>The evaluation</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>considers</td><td>syntactic</td><td>(e.~.,</td><td>adverbials)</td><td>and</td></tr><tr><td/><td>\u2022</td><td>The</td><td colspan=\"5\">knowledge</td><td colspan=\"2\">base</td><td colspan=\"2\">does</td><td>not</td><td>pragmatic</td><td>information</td><td>(current</td><td>time</td><td>focus).</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"11\">have a fully implemented frame</td><td>Each</td><td>event</td><td>is</td><td>represented</td><td>in</td><td>the</td><td>knowledge</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">structure.</td><td colspan=\"2\">Each</td><td colspan=\"3\">~eneric</td><td/><td>frame</td><td>base with information about when, for how long,</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"11\">has a certain number of slots</td><td>and what occurred.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">that</td><td colspan=\"3\">define</td><td colspan=\"2\">the</td><td colspan=\"3\">concept.</td><td>A</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">generic</td><td colspan=\"3\">concept</td><td colspan=\"3\">(e.g.,</td><td/><td>sign)</td><td>The parser while analyzing</td><td>the sentences,</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">must</td><td colspan=\"2\">have</td><td colspan=\"2\">slots</td><td colspan=\"3\">which</td><td colspan=\"2\">contain</td><td>orders these events according to a \"key event\".</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">possible</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">attributes</td><td colspan=\"2\">of</td><td>the</td><td>The</td><td>single</td><td>events</td><td>contain</td><td>information</td><td>about</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">specific</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">frame</td><td colspan=\"3\">(e.g.,</td><td/><td>where</td><td>the</td><td>temporal</td><td>indicator</td><td>which</td><td>is attached</td><td>to</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>is</td><td colspan=\"2\">the</td><td colspan=\"2\">sign</td><td colspan=\"2\">found;</td><td colspan=\"4\">how severe</td><td>a</td><td>domain-soec~fic</td><td>fact.</td><td>The</td><td>single</td><td>events</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>is</td><td colspan=\"2\">its</td><td colspan=\"6\">manifestation).</td><td/><td>These</td><td>are</td><td>connected</td><td>to the</td><td>respective</td><td>\"key event\".</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">slots</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">have</td><td colspan=\"2\">not</td><td colspan=\"2\">yet</td><td/><td>been</td><td>\"Key events\" are domain-specific.</td><td>[n general,</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"5\">implemented.</td><td colspan=\"2\">The</td><td colspan=\"3\">number</td><td>of</td><td>[ qcipulate</td><td>that</td><td>everv</td><td>domain</td><td>has a</td><td>limited</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">frames</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">is</td><td colspan=\"3\">strictly</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">i/mired</td><td>number of such \"key events\" which provide the</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>to</td><td colspan=\"2\">the</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">temporal</td><td colspan=\"3\">frames</td><td>and</td><td>\"hooks\"</td><td>for</td><td>the</td><td>temporal</td><td>structure</td><td>of</td><td>a</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"9\">a few exemplary ~eneric</td><td colspan=\"2\">frames</td><td>domain-speci fic text.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"11\">necessary to process the text.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>CROK also</td><td>differs</td><td>from</td><td>logical</td><td>theories</td></tr><tr><td/><td colspan=\"2\">\u2022 The</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">range</td><td>of</td><td colspan=\"4\">phenomena</td><td>is</td><td>[n</td><td>that</td><td>it</td><td>deals</td><td>with</td><td>discourse</td><td>structures</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">limited.</td><td/><td colspan=\"7\">Only \"before-admission\"</td><td>and their conceptual</td><td>representations,</td><td>not with</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">references</td><td colspan=\"2\">are</td><td colspan=\"4\">recognized</td><td>by</td><td>:solated</td><td>sentences</td><td>and</td><td>their</td><td>truth value.</td><td>[t</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"5\">the system.</td><td colspan=\"4\">Furthermore,</td><td/><td>slots</td><td>is different</td><td>from Kahn's rime specialist</td><td>{Kahn</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">that</td><td colspan=\"4\">prevent</td><td>the</td><td colspan=\"4\">inheritance</td><td>771 in that it uses domain knowledge and \"knows\"</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"11\">of events of limited durations</td><td>about temporal relations of a particular domain.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"8\">are not yet in place.</td><td/><td/><td>Moreover, Kahn's program only accepts LiSP-like</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>input</td><td>and</td><td>handled</td><td>only</td><td>explicit</td><td>temporal</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"3\">in general,</td><td colspan=\"5\">GROK is still</td><td colspan=\"3\">in a developmental</td><td>information.</td><td>The use of domain-specific temporal</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">stage at which a number of phenomena have vet</td><td>knowledKe</td><td>also</td><td>qet=; CROK</td><td>apart</td><td>from</td><td>Allen's</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">to be accounted for =hrough an implementation.</td><td>l,\\[len 83] temporal</td><td>inference engine approach.</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">5.0</td><td colspan=\"4\">CONCLUSION</td><td/></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>GROK</td><td>differs</td><td>from</td><td>Kamp's</td><td>discourse</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">[n this</td><td colspan=\"3\">paper,</td><td colspan=\"6\">[ argued for an integration</td><td>structures</td><td>in</td><td>that</td><td>it</td><td>uses</td><td>the</td><td>notion</td><td>of</td></tr><tr><td>of</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">insi%hcs</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">Rained</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">from</td><td/><td>linguistic,</td><td>reference</td><td>intervals</td><td>that</td><td>are</td><td>based</td><td>on</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">psychological, and Al-based research</td><td>to provide</td><td>conventiGnal</td><td>temporal</td><td>units</td><td>(e.g.,</td><td>day,</td><td>week,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">\u2022 a pragmatic theory and cognitive mode[ of how temporaiiry: how is an event</td><td>month,</td><td>year)</td><td>to organize</td><td>single</td><td>events</td><td>into</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">defined temporal inferences in</td><td colspan=\"2\">the can</td><td colspan=\"4\">system; be explained ho~</td><td>within</td><td>chronological order.</td></tr><tr><td>the</td><td/><td colspan=\"5\">is temporal framework of</td><td colspan=\"6\">information treated computational information</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"6\">vis-a-. !.; processing. A</td><td colspan=\"7\">=he pragmatic whole theory system? focuses</td><td>on</td><td>GROK is in many respects</td><td>similar</td><td>to research</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"11\">What the information search from the context algorithms</td><td colspan=\"2\">or (e.g., in-</td><td>co-text,</td><td>reported</td><td>in</td><td>[Hirschman</td><td>[98l]:</td><td>both</td><td>systems</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"13\">ference discourse situation, intentions of interlocutors) procedures are pro-</td><td>deal</td><td>with</td><td>temporal</td><td>relations</td><td>in</td><td>the</td><td>medical</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"10\">vided? to explain linguistic behavior.</td><td/><td/><td>domain;</td><td>both</td><td>syatems</td><td>deal</td><td>with</td><td>implicit</td><td>and</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>explicit</td><td>temporal</td><td>information.</td><td>GROK differs</td></tr></table>", |
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